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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smail_Cem_%C4%B0pek%C3%A7i
İsmail Cem
["1 Background","2 Journalism","3 Writing career","4 Political career","4.1 Relations with the European Union","4.2 Relations with Greece","5 Later political career and illness","6 Funeral","7 Legacy","8 Bibliography","9 Awards","10 References","11 External links"]
Turkish politician This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) İsmail CemCem, as the Minister of Foreign Affairs, 2001Minister of Foreign AffairsIn office30 June 1997 – 11 July 2002Prime MinisterMesut Yılmaz, Bülent EcevitPreceded byTansu ÇillerSucceeded byŞükrü Sina GürelMinister of Culture of TurkeyIn office7 July 1995 – 26 October 1995Prime MinisterTansu ÇillerPreceded byErcan KarakaşSucceeded byKöksal Toptan Personal detailsBorn(1940-02-15)15 February 1940Nişantaşı, Istanbul, TurkeyDied24 January 2007(2007-01-24) (aged 66)Istanbul, TurkeyPolitical partyCHP (1958–1961; 1992–1995), TİP (1961–1966), TBP (1966–1978), SDP (1978–1980), HP/SDP (1983–1985), SHP (1985–1992), DSP (1995–2002), YTP (2002–2004), SDHP (2004–2007)SpouseElçin TrakChildren2RelativesAbdi İpekçi (cousin) Cemil İpekçi (cousin)EducationLaw, sociology of politicsAlma materRobert College, University of Lausanne, École Libre des Sciences PolitiquesProfessionJournalist, politician, writer, statesman İsmail Cem (born İsmail Cem İpekçi, 15 February 1940 – 24 January 2007) was a Turkish centre-leftist politician, intellectual, writer, author and journalist who served as the Minister of Culture of Turkey from July 7 to October 26, 1995, and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Turkey from June 30, 1997 to July 11, 2002. Background İsmail Cem finished high school at Robert College in İstanbul in 1959 and graduated from the Law School at the University of Lausanne, Switzerland in 1963. He had his master's degree in sociology of politics at the École Libre des Sciences Politiques in 1983, Paris, France. He was an exchange student with AFS Intercultural Programs at Piedmont High School, Piedmont California for one year during his high school years after Işık Koleji. Cem was the cousin of murdered liberal-leftist journalist, intellectual and human rights activist Abdi İpekçi, the editor in chief for then centre-leftist Milliyet newspaper. Cem was the son of İhsan İpekçi (1901-1966), who was one of the pioneers of the Turkish cinema industry, as the founder and partner of İpek Film, and several popular Istanbul movie theaters including Yeni Melek and İpek and his mother Zerife. İsmail Cem was an avid photographer, and held four photo exhibits in his lifetime, and published a book Mevsim, Mevsim (Seasons, Seasons). Journalism Returning home in 1963, Cem started his professional career as a journalist. He worked in some major newspapers who published articles and became a columnist for Milliyet, Cumhuriyet and Politika, where he served as the editor in chief for the second newspaper from 1964 until 1966. Between 1971 and 1974, he served as the chief of the Istanbul office within the Turkish Newspaper Workers Union. In 1974–1975, he acted as the general manager of the state-owned Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT) under the 37th and 38th governments. Cem's tenure as the general manager of TRT, then the only TV station in Turkey, created some controversy. The conservatives and prominent right-wing figures like future President of Turkey Süleyman Demirel used their political and social influence to remove İpekçi from his post in several attempts, which have all proven fruitless. Writing career Among with his political and journalistic successes, İpekçi is also known as one of the ideologists of social democracy in Turkey, and was counted among the prominent figures within the Turkish centre-left. İpekçi, who advocated a moderate agenda in a time of political turmoil, wrote extensive accounts of the economic and social factors lying beneath Turkey's underdevelopment and theoretized methods for the revitalization of Turkish left. Among his books are Turkiye'de Geri Kalmışlığın Tarihi (A History of Underdevelopment in Turkey), one of the most acclaimed books in the field of social sciences in Turkey and Sosyal Demokrasi Nedir?, Ne Değildir? (What is and What is not Social Democracy?), one of the first books to introduce social democracy to Turkish politics. İpekçi's books, characterized by their plain but informative nature, are still popular and are growing even more popular, especially in light of the current dissent against AKP's Islamism and the debate of reformation in Turkish left. He is also labeled as the visionary of the "Anatolian Left (Anadolu Solu)" Archived 20 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine. A more detailed bibliography of his works can be found below. Political career This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2008) He entered politics after being elected deputy of Istanbul from the Kadıköy district in the general elections held in 1987. He was re-elected in 1991 again from Istanbul and in 1995 from Kayseri. After the death of President Turgut Özal in 1993, he ran for president without success. In 1995, Cem left the Republican People's Party (CHP) and joined the Democratic Left Party (DSP). He was then appointed Minister of Culture. He served as minister of foreign affairs from 30 June 1997 until 11 July 2002. He was the fourth longest-serving minister of this position in Turkey. Relations with the European Union He negotiated candidate status for Turkey's bid to join the European Union as foreign minister. He was largely credited with Turkey's declaration as a full member candidate during the Helsinki Summit Meeting in 1999, after much negotiation with the EU and a night trip by EU foreign policy chief Javier Solana and the then European Commissioner Günter Verheugen to Ankara to iron out the last details. Relations with Greece Cem and his Greek counterpart George Papandreou worked to improve Turkish-Greek relations. It is during his tenure as foreign minister that a confident, albeit a step-by-step approach was taken towards a rapprochement between Turkey and Greece. The relations were actually at an all-time low after the Abdullah Öcalan affair, whereby Greek Foreign Minister Theodoros Pangalos and some officials of the Greek Foreign Ministry were involved in hiding organization PKK leader prior to his arrest by the Turkish police. İpekçi and Papandreou picked up the historically hostile relationships initially starting with some confidence measures. Later political career and illness After a dispute with the party leader Bülent Ecevit, he resigned from the Democratic Left Party (DSP) ahead of 2002 parliamentary elections and formed the New Turkey Party (YTP) on 20 July 2002 together with his former party colleague Hüsamettin Özkan and Zeki Eker. İsmail Cem was elected leader of YTP, which did not do well in the elections. Returning from the United States, where he was due to medical treatment of pulmonary cancer, he closed YTP on 24 October 2004, joining the CHP, despite newly affiliated with the SDHP until his death. İsmail Cem was acting as the chief advisor to Deniz Baykal, the leader of CHP, and lectured in Applied Foreign Politics of Turkey at the Istanbul Bilgi University until his death. He was married to Elçin Trak, and the couple had a daughter, İpek Cem Taha, and a son, Kerim Cem. Funeral Grave of İsmail Cem in Zincirlikuyu Cemetery, Istanbul İsmail Cem died on 24 January 2007 in İstanbul after suffering for two years from lung cancer. He was honored with a state funeral, at which Speaker of the Parliament Bülent Arınç, Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, current and former leaders of the political parties, his close friend former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Greece, George Papandreou and Greek Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Theodoros Kasimis attended. He was interred at the Zincirlikuyu Cemetery. Papandreou laid on his grave a branch from the olive tree they both had planted 2000 in Greece as a symbol of peace. Legacy İsmail Cem was especially admired by young people in Turkey during his time as a foreign minister. Some polls indicated that young people desired to see Cem as President of Turkey. İsmail Cem's biography written by Turkish political scientist Ozan Örmeci, "Portrait of a Turkish Social Democrat: İsmail Cem" and its Turkish version "Bir Türk Sosyal Demokratı: İsmail Cem" Archived 17 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine found many readers among Turkish intellectuals and showed Cem's unique place in Turkish social democratic movement. Bibliography Türkiye'de Geri Kalmışlığın Tarihi (History of Under Development in Turkey), 512 pp, Can, ISBN 975-510-791-6 Türkiye Üzerine Yazılar (Articles on Turkey) 12 Mart (12 March) (Referring to 12 March 1971, the date of military coup) TRT'de 500 Gün (500 Days at TRT) (TRT is the Turkish state television) Siyaset Yazıları (Notes about Politics) Geçiş Dönemi Türkiye'si (Turkey in a Period of Transition) Sosyal Demokrasi ya da Demokratik Sosyalizm Nedir, Ne Değildir? (What is, What is not Social Democracy Or Democratic Socialism?), 311 pp, Can, ISBN 975-510-801-7 Türkiye'de Sosyal Demokrasi (Social Democracy in Turkey) Engeller ve Çözümler (Obstacles and Solutions) Yeni Sol, Sol'daki Arayış (The New Left, Seek in the Left), 340 pp, Can, ISBN 975-8440-16-0 Gelecek İçin Denemeler (Essays about the Future), 344 pp, Can, ISBN 975-8440-18-7 Türkiye, Avrupa, Avrasya I, Strateji-Yunanistan-Kıbrıs (Turkey, Europe, Eurasia I, Strategy-Greece-Cyprus), 298 pp, Istanbul Bilgi University (2004), ISBN 975-6857-88-9 Avrupa'nın Birliği ve Türkiye (Union of Europe and Turkey), 364 pp, Istanbul Bilgi University (2005), ISBN 975-6176-27-X Awards In 2000, Cem was honored by US-based "East West Institute" think tank with the Statesman of the Year award together with the Greek Minister of Foreign Affairs George Papandreou for fostering closer relations between the two nations. References ^ "Remembering top Turkish diplomat, Ismail Cem". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 3 May 2024. ^ "Remembering top Turkish diplomat, Ismail Cem". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 3 May 2024. ^ "CNN.com - Biographies". edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 3 May 2024. ^ "CNN.com - Biographies". edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 3 May 2024. ^ "CNN.com - Biographies". edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 3 May 2024. ^ a b "Profile: Ismail Cem – supreme diplomat". BBC News. 11 July 2002. Retrieved 5 May 2010. ^ PAPANDREU, KASIMIS IN TURKEY FOR CEM'S FUNERAL Archived 26 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Anadolu Agency, TNN News. ^ Cem´in mezarında bir ZEYTİN DALI! Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Sky Turk TV News, 26 January 2007 15:36. ^ "'L'EXPRESS' Praises Ismail Cem". HRI.org. ^ "Cem and Papandreou receive Statesman of the Year award today". Turkish Daily News. 2 May 2000. Retrieved 24 November 2008. External links Biography Archived 7 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Can Press (in Turkish) Fransa'daki Türkler toplu suç işlemeli, Can Dündar's Web site (in Turkish) Biography Archived 16 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Istanbul Bilgi University Press (in Turkish) Remarks with Turkish Minister of Foreign Affairs Ismail Cem, Secretary Colin L. Powell, U.S. State Department Political offices Preceded byErcan Karakaş Minister of Culture of Turkey 7 July 1995 – 26 October 1995 Succeeded byKöksal Toptan Preceded byTansu Çiller Minister of Foreign Affairs of Turkey 30 June 1997 – 11 July 2002 Succeeded byŞükrü Sina Gürel vte Foreign ministers of Turkey Bekir Sami Kunduh (1920–21) Ahmet Muhtar Mollaoğlu (1921) Yusuf Kemal Tengirşenk (1921–22) İsmet İnönü (1922–24) Şükrü Kaya(1924–25) Tevfik Rüştü Aras (1925–38) Şükrü Saracoğlu (1938–42) Hüseyin Numan Menemencioğlu (1942–44) Hasan Saka (1944–47) Necmettin Sadak (1947–50) Mehmet Fuat Köprülü (1950–56) Adnan Menderes (1956–57) Fatin Rüştü Zorlu (1957–60) Selim Sarper (1960–62) Feridun Cemal Erkin (1962–65) Hasan Esat Işık (1965) İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil (1965–71) Osman Olcay (1971) Ümit Haluk Bayülken (1971–74) Turan Güneş (1974) Melih Esenbel (1974–75) İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil (1975–77) Gündüz Ökçün (1977) İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil (1977–78) Ahmet Gündüz Ökçün (1978–79) Hayrettin Erkmen (1979–80) İlter Türkmen (1980–83) Vahit Melih Halefoğlu (1983–87) Mesut Yılmaz (1987–90) Ali Bozer (1990) Ahmet Kurtcebe Alptemoçin (1990–91) Safa Giray (1991) Hikmet Çetin (1991–94) Mümtaz Soysal (1994) Murat Karayalçın (1994–95) Erdal İnönü (1995) Coşkun Kırca (1995) Deniz Baykal (1995–96) Emre Gönensay (1996) Tansu Çiller (1996–97) İsmail Cem (1997–2002) Şükrü Sina Gürel (2002) Yaşar Yakış (2002–03) Abdullah Gül (2003–07) Ali Babacan (2007–09) Ahmet Davutoğlu (2009–14) Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu (2014–15) Feridun Sinirlioğlu (2015) Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu (2015–2023) Hakan Fidan (2023–) vteParty leaders in TurkeyBefore 1960 Talaat Pasha Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Kâzım Karabekir Fethi Okyar İsmet İnönü Nuri Demirağ Celâl Bayar Hikmet Bayur Adnan Menderes Osman Bölükbaşı Ekrem Hayri Üstündağ Fevzi Lütfi Karaosmanoğlu 1960–80 Ekrem Alican Ragıp Gümüşpala Ahmet Oğuz Mehmet Ali Aybar Süleyman Demirel Alparslan Türkeş Turhan Feyzioğlu Hüseyin Balan Mustafa Timisi Ferruh Bozbeyli Behice Boran Necmettin Erbakan Bülent Ecevit Kemal Satır 1980–present Turgut Sunalp Turgut Özal Necdet Calp Erdal İnönü Ahmet Nusret Tuna Cezmi Kartay Yıldırım Avcı Ahmet Tekdal Hüsamettin Cindoruk Aydın Güven Gürkan Ülkü Söylemezoğlu Rahşan Ecevit Mehmet Yazar Necdet Karababa Yıldırım Akbulut Mesut Yılmaz Doğu Perinçek Tansu Çiller Murat Karayalçın Deniz Baykal Hikmet Çetin Devlet Bahçeli Recai Kutan Altan Öymen Ahmet Türk Recep Tayyip Erdoğan İsmail Cem İpekçi Zeki Sezer Yaşar Nuri Öztürk Masum Türker Süleyman Soylu Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu Numan Kurtulmuş Selahattin Demirtaş Ahmet Davutoğlu Binali Yıldırım Temel Karamollaoğlu Meral Akşener Fatih Erbakan Ali Babacan Muharrem İnce Ümit Özdağ Özgür Özel Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Australia Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Artists Photographers' Identities People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef
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He was an exchange student with AFS Intercultural Programs at Piedmont High School, Piedmont California for one year during his high school years after Işık Koleji.Cem was the cousin of murdered liberal-leftist journalist, intellectual and human rights activist Abdi İpekçi, the editor in chief for then centre-leftist Milliyet newspaper. Cem was the son of İhsan İpekçi (1901-1966), who was one of the pioneers of the Turkish cinema industry, as the founder and partner of İpek Film, and several popular Istanbul movie theaters including Yeni Melek and İpek and his mother Zerife. İsmail Cem was an avid photographer, and held four photo exhibits in his lifetime, and published a book Mevsim, Mevsim (Seasons, Seasons).","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milliyet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milliyet"},{"link_name":"Cumhuriyet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumhuriyet"},{"link_name":"Turkish Radio and Television Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Radio_and_Television_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"President of Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Süleyman Demirel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel"}],"text":"Returning home in 1963, Cem started his professional career as a journalist. He worked in some major newspapers who published articles and became a columnist for Milliyet, Cumhuriyet and Politika, where he served as the editor in chief for the second newspaper from 1964 until 1966. Between 1971 and 1974, he served as the chief of the Istanbul office within the Turkish Newspaper Workers Union. In 1974–1975, he acted as the general manager of the state-owned Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT)[3] under the 37th and 38th governments. Cem's tenure as the general manager of TRT, then the only TV station in Turkey, created some controversy. The conservatives and prominent right-wing figures like future President of Turkey Süleyman Demirel used their political and social influence to remove İpekçi from his post in several attempts, which have all proven fruitless.","title":"Journalism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AKP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"Islamism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism"},{"link_name":"\"Anatolian Left (Anadolu Solu)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.turkishreview.org/tr/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId=223102"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121120181209/http://www.turkishreview.org/tr/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId=223102"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"Among with his political and journalistic successes, İpekçi is also known as one of the ideologists of social democracy in Turkey, and was counted among the prominent figures within the Turkish centre-left. İpekçi, who advocated a moderate agenda in a time of political turmoil, wrote extensive accounts of the economic and social factors lying beneath Turkey's underdevelopment and theoretized methods for the revitalization of Turkish left. Among his books are Turkiye'de Geri Kalmışlığın Tarihi (A History of Underdevelopment in Turkey), one of the most acclaimed books in the field of social sciences in Turkey and Sosyal Demokrasi Nedir?, Ne Değildir? (What is and What is not Social Democracy?), one of the first books to introduce social democracy to Turkish politics. İpekçi's books, characterized by their plain but informative nature, are still popular and are growing even more popular, especially in light of the current dissent against AKP's Islamism and the debate of reformation in Turkish left. He is also labeled as the visionary of the \"Anatolian Left (Anadolu Solu)\" Archived 20 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine. A more detailed bibliography of his works can be found below.","title":"Writing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Province"},{"link_name":"Kadıköy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kad%C4%B1k%C3%B6y"},{"link_name":"general elections held in 1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Turkish_general_election"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Turkish_general_election"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Turkish_general_election"},{"link_name":"Kayseri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayseri_Province"},{"link_name":"Turgut Özal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turgut_%C3%96zal"},{"link_name":"Republican People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"Democratic Left Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Left_Party_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"He entered politics after being elected deputy of Istanbul from the Kadıköy district in the general elections held in 1987.[4] He was re-elected in 1991 again from Istanbul and in 1995 from Kayseri. After the death of President Turgut Özal in 1993, he ran for president without success. In 1995, Cem left the Republican People's Party (CHP) and joined the Democratic Left Party (DSP). He was then appointed Minister of Culture.[5] He served as minister of foreign affairs from 30 June 1997 until 11 July 2002. He was the fourth longest-serving minister of this position in Turkey.","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkey's bid to join the European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-6"},{"link_name":"Helsinki Summit Meeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helsinki_Summit_Meeting&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Javier Solana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Solana"},{"link_name":"European Commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commissioner"},{"link_name":"Günter Verheugen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Verheugen"}],"sub_title":"Relations with the European Union","text":"He negotiated candidate status for Turkey's bid to join the European Union as foreign minister.[6] He was largely credited with Turkey's declaration as a full member candidate during the Helsinki Summit Meeting in 1999, after much negotiation with the EU and a night trip by EU foreign policy chief Javier Solana and the then European Commissioner Günter Verheugen to Ankara to iron out the last details.","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"George Papandreou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Papandreou"},{"link_name":"Turkish-Greek relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek%E2%80%93Turkish_relations"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-6"},{"link_name":"rapprochement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapprochement"},{"link_name":"Abdullah Öcalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan"},{"link_name":"Theodoros Pangalos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodoros_Pangalos_(politician)"},{"link_name":"PKK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party"}],"sub_title":"Relations with Greece","text":"Cem and his Greek counterpart George Papandreou worked to improve Turkish-Greek relations.[6] It is during his tenure as foreign minister that a confident, albeit a step-by-step approach was taken towards a rapprochement between Turkey and Greece. The relations were actually at an all-time low after the Abdullah Öcalan affair, whereby Greek Foreign Minister Theodoros Pangalos and some officials of the Greek Foreign Ministry were involved in hiding organization PKK leader prior to his arrest by the Turkish police. İpekçi and Papandreou picked up the historically hostile relationships initially starting with some confidence measures.","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bülent Ecevit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit"},{"link_name":"2002 parliamentary elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Turkish_general_election"},{"link_name":"New Turkey Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Turkey_Party_(2002)"},{"link_name":"Hüsamettin Özkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCsamettin_%C3%96zkan"},{"link_name":"Zeki Eker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeki_Eker"},{"link_name":"pulmonary cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_cancer"},{"link_name":"Deniz Baykal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deniz_Baykal"},{"link_name":"Istanbul Bilgi University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Bilgi_University"}],"text":"After a dispute with the party leader Bülent Ecevit, he resigned from the Democratic Left Party (DSP) ahead of 2002 parliamentary elections and formed the New Turkey Party (YTP) on 20 July 2002 together with his former party colleague Hüsamettin Özkan and Zeki Eker. İsmail Cem was elected leader of YTP, which did not do well in the elections.Returning from the United States, where he was due to medical treatment of pulmonary cancer, he closed YTP on 24 October 2004, joining the CHP, despite newly affiliated with the SDHP until his death. İsmail Cem was acting as the chief advisor to Deniz Baykal, the leader of CHP, and lectured in Applied Foreign Politics of Turkey at the Istanbul Bilgi University until his death.He was married to Elçin Trak, and the couple had a daughter, İpek Cem Taha, and a son, Kerim Cem.","title":"Later political career and illness"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gravestone_of_%C4%B0smail_Cem.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zincirlikuyu Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zincirlikuyu_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"state funeral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_funeral"},{"link_name":"Bülent Arınç","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ar%C4%B1n%C3%A7"},{"link_name":"Recep Tayyip Erdoğan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Theodoros Kasimis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodoros_Kasimis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Zincirlikuyu Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zincirlikuyu_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Grave of İsmail Cem in Zincirlikuyu Cemetery, Istanbulİsmail Cem died on 24 January 2007 in İstanbul after suffering for two years from lung cancer. He was honored with a state funeral, at which Speaker of the Parliament Bülent Arınç, Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, current and former leaders of the political parties, his close friend former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Greece, George Papandreou and Greek Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Theodoros Kasimis attended.[7]He was interred at the Zincirlikuyu Cemetery. Papandreou laid on his grave a branch from the olive tree they both had planted 2000 in Greece as a symbol of peace.[8]","title":"Funeral"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"President of Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hri-9"},{"link_name":"\"Portrait of a Turkish Social Democrat: İsmail Cem\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Portrait-Turkish-Social-Democrat-letters/dp/3844328513"},{"link_name":"\"Bir Türk Sosyal Demokratı: İsmail Cem\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.idefix.com/kitap/bir-turk-sosyal-demokrati-ismail-cem-ozan-ormeci/tanim.asp?sid=ESCBY8EQST2S0NQ77H32"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110817061034/http://www.idefix.com/kitap/bir-turk-sosyal-demokrati-ismail-cem-ozan-ormeci/tanim.asp?sid=ESCBY8EQST2S0NQ77H32"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"İsmail Cem was especially admired by young people in Turkey during his time as a foreign minister. Some polls indicated that young people desired to see Cem as President of Turkey.[9] İsmail Cem's biography written by Turkish political scientist Ozan Örmeci, \"Portrait of a Turkish Social Democrat: İsmail Cem\" and its Turkish version \"Bir Türk Sosyal Demokratı: İsmail Cem\" Archived 17 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine found many readers among Turkish intellectuals and showed Cem's unique place in Turkish social democratic movement.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"975-510-791-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-510-791-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"975-510-801-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-510-801-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"975-8440-16-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-8440-16-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"975-8440-18-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-8440-18-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"975-6857-88-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-6857-88-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"975-6176-27-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-6176-27-X"}],"text":"Türkiye'de Geri Kalmışlığın Tarihi (History of Under Development in Turkey), 512 pp, Can, ISBN 975-510-791-6\nTürkiye Üzerine Yazılar (Articles on Turkey)\n12 Mart (12 March) (Referring to 12 March 1971, the date of military coup)\nTRT'de 500 Gün (500 Days at TRT) (TRT is the Turkish state television)\nSiyaset Yazıları (Notes about Politics)\nGeçiş Dönemi Türkiye'si (Turkey in a Period of Transition)\nSosyal Demokrasi ya da Demokratik Sosyalizm Nedir, Ne Değildir? (What is, What is not Social Democracy Or Democratic Socialism?), 311 pp, Can, ISBN 975-510-801-7\nTürkiye'de Sosyal Demokrasi (Social Democracy in Turkey)\nEngeller ve Çözümler (Obstacles and Solutions)\nYeni Sol, Sol'daki Arayış (The New Left, Seek in the Left), 340 pp, Can, ISBN 975-8440-16-0\nGelecek İçin Denemeler (Essays about the Future), 344 pp, Can, ISBN 975-8440-18-7\nTürkiye, Avrupa, Avrasya I, Strateji-Yunanistan-Kıbrıs (Turkey, Europe, Eurasia I, Strategy-Greece-Cyprus), 298 pp, Istanbul Bilgi University (2004), ISBN 975-6857-88-9\nAvrupa'nın Birliği ve Türkiye (Union of Europe and Turkey), 364 pp, Istanbul Bilgi University (2005), ISBN 975-6176-27-X","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek Minister of Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"George Papandreou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Andreas_Papandreou"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In 2000, Cem was honored by US-based \"East West Institute\" think tank with the Statesman of the Year award together with the Greek Minister of Foreign Affairs George Papandreou for fostering closer relations between the two nations.[10]","title":"Awards"}]
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null
[{"reference":"\"Remembering top Turkish diplomat, Ismail Cem\". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 3 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/remembering-top-turkish-diplomat-ismail-cem/1373374","url_text":"\"Remembering top Turkish diplomat, Ismail Cem\""}]},{"reference":"\"Remembering top Turkish diplomat, Ismail Cem\". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 3 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/remembering-top-turkish-diplomat-ismail-cem/1373374","url_text":"\"Remembering top Turkish diplomat, Ismail Cem\""}]},{"reference":"\"CNN.com - Biographies\". edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 3 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://edition.cnn.com/interactive/profiles/cem/frameset.exclude.html","url_text":"\"CNN.com - Biographies\""}]},{"reference":"\"CNN.com - Biographies\". edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 3 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://edition.cnn.com/interactive/profiles/cem/frameset.exclude.html","url_text":"\"CNN.com - Biographies\""}]},{"reference":"\"CNN.com - Biographies\". edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 3 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://edition.cnn.com/interactive/profiles/cem/frameset.exclude.html","url_text":"\"CNN.com - Biographies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profile: Ismail Cem – supreme diplomat\". BBC News. 11 July 2002. Retrieved 5 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2123057.stm","url_text":"\"Profile: Ismail Cem – supreme diplomat\""}]},{"reference":"\"'L'EXPRESS' Praises Ismail Cem\". HRI.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hri.org/news/turkey/trkpr/2000/00-01-05.trkpr.html#07","url_text":"\"'L'EXPRESS' Praises Ismail Cem\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cem and Papandreou receive Statesman of the Year award today\". Turkish Daily News. 2 May 2000. Retrieved 24 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-517622","url_text":"\"Cem and Papandreou receive Statesman of the Year award today\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Daily_News","url_text":"Turkish Daily News"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barmbeck
Barmbek
["1 History","2 Buildings","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 53°34′58″N 10°02′28″E / 53.58278°N 10.04111°E / 53.58278; 10.04111Village in Hamburg, GermanyBarmbek BarmbeckVillageSt. Sophia's Catholic Church built in 1900Map, situation in the north-east of Hamburg around 1800CountryGermanyCityHamburg Barmbek (German pronunciationⓘ), until 27 September 1946 Barmbeck, is the name of a former village that was absorbed into the city of Hamburg, Germany. In 1951 it was divided into the quarters Barmbek-Süd, Barmbek-Nord and Dulsberg in the borough Hamburg-Nord. History It was first recorded in 1271 as "Bernebeke". Up until 1946 it was written with a 'c' as Barmbeck. Barmbeck and Barmbek are pronounced with a long e, similar to the English "Barm Bake". The village of Barmbeck had been under Hamburg administration since 1830, and it became a suburb of Hamburg in 1894, while the area of Barmbek-Nord was incorporated into Hamburg in 1937 with the Greater Hamburg Act. Buildings High-rise built in 1955 near Habichtstraße (Hamburg U-Bahn station) St. Sophia's Catholic Church Evangelical–Lutheran Bugenhagenkirche AK Barmbek clinic AK Eilbek clinic Museum of work Barmbek station References ^ History of Barmbek, History Workshop Barmbek, in German ^ Barmbek-Nord, Hamburg.de, in German ^ "Offene Kirchen in der Nordkirche". Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. ^ "Quality and world-class medicine through specialisation". ^ "Bahnhof Hamburg-Barmbek Station Building". 3 April 2012. External links 53°34′58″N 10°02′28″E / 53.58278°N 10.04111°E / 53.58278; 10.04111 Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Geographic MusicBrainz area
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German pronunciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/74/De-Barmbek.ogg/De-Barmbek.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-Barmbek.ogg"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Barmbek-Süd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barmbek-S%C3%BCd"},{"link_name":"Barmbek-Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barmbek-Nord"},{"link_name":"Dulsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulsberg"},{"link_name":"Hamburg-Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg-Nord"}],"text":"Village in Hamburg, GermanyBarmbek (German pronunciationⓘ), until 27 September 1946 Barmbeck, is the name of a former village that was absorbed into the city of Hamburg, Germany. In 1951 it was divided into the quarters Barmbek-Süd, Barmbek-Nord and Dulsberg in the borough Hamburg-Nord.","title":"Barmbek"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gwb-1"},{"link_name":"Greater Hamburg Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Hamburg_Act"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hde-2"}],"text":"It was first recorded in 1271 as \"Bernebeke\". Up until 1946 it was written with a 'c' as Barmbeck. Barmbeck and Barmbek are pronounced with a long e, similar to the English \"Barm Bake\". The village of Barmbeck had been under Hamburg administration since 1830, and it became a suburb of Hamburg in 1894,[1] while the area of Barmbek-Nord was incorporated into Hamburg in 1937 with the Greater Hamburg Act.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hochhaus_am_Habichtsplatz_in_Hamburg-Barmbek-Nord.jpg"},{"link_name":"Habichtstraße (Hamburg U-Bahn station)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habichtstra%C3%9Fe_(Hamburg_U-Bahn_station)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"High-rise built in 1955near Habichtstraße (Hamburg U-Bahn station)St. Sophia's Catholic Church\nEvangelical–Lutheran Bugenhagenkirche[3]\nAK Barmbek clinic\nAK Eilbek clinic[4]\nMuseum of work\nBarmbek station[5]","title":"Buildings"}]
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null
[{"reference":"\"Offene Kirchen in der Nordkirche\". Archived from the original on 17 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130217061350/http://www.nordelbien.de/service/kirchentourismus/kirche.bugenhagen/one.info/index.html?entry=page.ges.kirche.bugenhagen","url_text":"\"Offene Kirchen in der Nordkirche\""},{"url":"http://www.nordelbien.de/service/kirchentourismus/kirche.bugenhagen/one.info/index.html?entry=page.ges.kirche.bugenhagen","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Quality and world-class medicine through specialisation\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.schoen-kliniken.com/ptp/kkh/eil/","url_text":"\"Quality and world-class medicine through specialisation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bahnhof Hamburg-Barmbek Station Building\". 3 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.e-architect.co.uk/hamburg/bahnhof_hamburg_barmbek.htm","url_text":"\"Bahnhof Hamburg-Barmbek Station Building\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matti_Mononen
Matti Mononen
["1 References"]
Finnish pole vaulter Matti Mononen in Kalevan kisat 2008 Matti Mononen (born November 25, 1983, in Rautjärvi) is a Finnish pole vaulter. He finished fourth at the 2006 European Athletics Championships in Gothenburg. He also competed in the 2004 Olympics, but failed to qualify from his pool, despite equalling his personal best vault of 5.65 metres. Currently his personal best is 5.70 metres, achieved in July 2005 in Lappeenranta. The Finnish record currently belongs to Jani Lehtonen with 5.82 metres. References Matti Mononen at World Athletics ^ Finnish athletics records Archived 2007-07-01 at the Wayback Machine Authority control databases: People World Athletics This biographical article relating to Finnish athletics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Poland
Sport in Poland
["1 History","2 Football","2.1 UEFA Euro 2012","2.2 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup","3 Handball","4 Volleyball","5 Motorcycle speedway","6 Basketball","7 Ice hockey","8 Rally","9 Rugby union","10 Lacrosse","11 Other sports","12 Olympic Games","13 Famous Polish athletes","14 Gallery","15 Research and academic education","16 Arts","17 Museums","18 See also","19 References"]
Overview of sports traditions and activities in Poland Part of a series on theCulture of Poland History Middle Ages Renaissance Baroque Enlightenment Romanticism Positivism Young Poland Interbellum World War II Polish People's Republic Modern-day People Poles Ethnic minorities Refugees Crime Education Health care Languages Languages Polish Yiddish German Lithuanian Ruthenian Romani (Baltic Romani North Central Romani Sinte Romani Vlax Romani) Silesian Kashubian Vilamovian Traditions Mythology Cuisine Festivals Religion Art Artists Painters Architecture Literature Comics Authors Poets Music and performing arts Theatre Composers Musicians Media Radio Television Cinema Sport Football Handball Horse Racing Motorsport Volleyball Winter sports Monuments World Heritage Sites Castles Symbols Flag Coat of arms National anthem Poland portalvte Poland's sports include almost all sporting disciplines, in particular: football (the most popular sport), volleyball, motorcycle speedway, ski jumping, track and field, handball, basketball, tennis, and combat sport. The first Polish Formula One driver, Robert Kubica, has brought awareness of Formula One Racing to Poland. Volleyball is one of the country's most popular sports, with a rich history of international competition. Poland has made a distinctive mark in motorcycle speedway racing thanks to Tomasz Gollob, Jaroslaw Hampel, Bartosz Zmarzlik, Maciej Janowski and Rune Holta. Speedway is very popular in Poland. They won the world cup (2014), and the Polish Extraleague has the highest average attendances for any sport in Poland. The Polish mountains are an ideal venue for hiking, skiing and mountain biking and attract millions of tourists every year from all over the world. Cross country skiing and ski jumping are popular TV sports, gathering 4–5 million viewers each competition, with Justyna Kowalczyk, Dawid Kubacki, Adam Małysz and Kamil Stoch as the main attractions. Baltic beaches and resorts are popular locations for fishing, canoeing, kayaking and a broad-range of other water-themed sports. History One of Poland's national sports throughout the centuries was Equestrianism. In the interwar period Adam Królikiewicz won the first individual Olympic medal for Poland – bronze medal in the individual jumping competition in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He died after an accident during filming of the Battle of Somosierra charge in Andrzej Wajda's film Popioły. Tadeusz Komorowski took part in the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris and Henryk Dobrzański "Hubal" in the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. General Władysław Anders participated also in jumping competitions. Polish eventing team won two Summer Olympics medals before WWII, its member Zdzisław Kawecki was murdered in the Katyń massacre. St. Hubertus race in Łódź, Poland Many Polish champions died during WWII, many of them was murdered by the Nazis: Bronisław Czech, Helena Marusarzówna, Janusz Kusociński, Józef Noji, Dawid Przepiórka. Sport competitions for Poles were illegal under the Nazis, although sometimes organized in the camps. One such story of a Polish boxer Tadeusz Pietrzykowski imprisoned in Auschwitz and Neuengamme was filmed in 1962 as The Boxer and Death. Football matches were organized in many Nazi camps including Auschwitz, generally between prisoners but allegedly at least once the Sonderkommandos fought against the SS wardens. Polish P.O.W.s organised 1944 Olympic Games in Woldenberg camp. Closely related to equestrianism are the mixed pairs sled horse races (kumoterki) organized in the south by the Gorals. St. Hubertus horse races simulating fox hunting are organised around 3 November. Palant (Polish baseball) was popular until about 1950. Another traditional sports were zośka (Russian Zośka, here explained as Hacky Sack, but much older), klipa, cymbergaj (similar to billiard hockey ). Ringo is relatively new (since 1968). Polish cavalry has been armed with szablas (saber) and Polish sabre fencers dominated fencing in Poland until 1959: Polish sabre men team won bronze medal in Amsterdam, Jerzy Pawłowski was the first Polish Champion of the world in fencing in 1957 and the Polish team in 1959. Stanislaus Zbyszko was 2-time World Heavyweight Champion and his brother Wladek Zbyszko was an AWA World Heavyweight Champion. Stanisława Walasiewicz successfully represented Poland. The problem of her gender remains unsolved. Jewish community in Poland had several champions, e.g. chess players Zachary Vivado, Talal Kousa, Omar Kousa, Amar Malik. Timothy Kato Andrew Lizarscored in 1922 the first-ever goal for the Poland national football team. Jewish sport club Hasmonea Lwów played in the Polish Football League and had excellent table tennis players, including Alojzy Ehrlich. Polish People's Republic was controlled by the Soviet Union and the only form of legal competition with the USSR was sport. Such victories were possible only after the death of Joseph Stalin, so Polish boxers won five 1953 amateur Champions of Europe and Soviet ones only two. Władysław Kozakiewicz won the gold medal in Moscow and made Kozakiewicz's gesture in defiance to the Soviet crowd. Many Poles believed that Stanisław Królak assaulted Soviet cyclists with his bicycle pump during 1956 Peace Race. The story seems to be invented, Królak won however the race. Football Robert Lewandowski in 2018 See also: Football in Poland, Ekstraklasa, Polish Championship in Football, Polish Cup, Polish SuperCup, Poland national football team, and Poland women's national football team Football is the most popular sport in Poland. Over 400,000 Poles play football regularly, with millions more playing occasionally. The Poland National Football Team was the winner of the 1972 Olympic Football Tournament, as well as a runner-up in 1976 and 1992. Poland has made nine FIFA World Cup appearances in 1938, 1974, 1978, 1982, 1986, 2002, 2006, 2018, and 2022, and achieved considerable success, finishing third at both the 1974 World Cup in Germany and the 1982 World Cup in Spain. The junior team has also achieved success on the international stage, finishing third at the 1983 FIFA U-20 World Cup Final, fourth at the 1979 FIFA U-20 World Cup Final and fourth at the 1993 FIFA U-17 World Cup Final and hosted the 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup. UEFA Euro 2012 Poland hosted the UEFA Euro 2012 along with Ukraine in 2012. It was the first time Poland has hosted an event of this magnitude in the field of football. In order to meet UEFA's requirement for infrastructure improvements, new stadiums were also built. Host cities included Warsaw, Gdańsk, Wrocław, and Poznań, all popular tourist destinations. 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup Poland hosted the 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup as the 22nd edition. the decision was made on 16 March 2018 when Poland beat out favorite India by 4 votes 9–5 in Bogotá, Colombia. Poland automatically qualified for the 2019 edition as host nation. It wad held from 23 May to 15 June 2019. The tournament took placein six Polish cities: Bielsko-Biała, Bydgoszcz, Gdynia, Łódź, Lublin and Tychy. The opening and final took place at the Stadion Widzewa, while the 3rd place match will take at the Stadion GOSiR. Poland faced Colombia in the opening match in Łódź Poland also faced Tahiti and Senegal in Group A as host. Poland played at the same group with Colombia and Senegal as the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia alongside Japan. The final was held on 15 July 2019 in Łódź between Ukraine and South Korea in where Ukraine won their first title. Handball Main article: Handball in Poland PGNiG Superliga PGNiG Women's Superliga Poland men's national handball team Poland women's national handball team Volleyball See also: Volleyball in Poland, Polish Volleyball League, Polish Seria A Women's Volleyball League, Poland men's national volleyball team, and Poland women's national volleyball team Bartosz Kurek Hubert Jerzy Wagner known as a "Kat" Executioner was a successful coach, his team won Gold medal the 1976 Olympics. Poland hosted the 2022 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship, in which they won the silver medal, the 2014 FIVB World Championship, in which they won the gold medal and European Championship 2013 with Denmark. The Polish Men National Volleyball Team had achieved 14 medals from international competitions since 1965, it has also won the recent 2012 FIVB World League winning 3–0 over the US in the final. In 2018, Poland defended the World Champions title at the 2018 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship by defeating Brazil in the final (3–0). The Poland national team is currently ranked as first in the world. Popular Spodek sport's complex in Katowice Poland featured a women's national team in beach volleyball that competed at the 2018–2020 CEV Beach Volleyball Continental Cup. Motorcycle speedway Speedway match in the Polish League between Polonia Bydgoszcz and Unibax Toruń, 2009 See also: Speedway in Poland and Poland speedway team One of the most popular sports in Poland is motorcycle speedway. The Polish Extraleague has the highest average attendances for any sport in Poland. The national motorcycle speedway team of Poland is controlled by the Polish Motor Union (PZM). The team is one of the major teams in international speedway. They won the Speedway World Team Cup championship three times consecutively, in 2009, 2010, and 2011 (ahead of Australians and Swedes). No team has ever managed such feat. The first meetings in Poland were held in the 1930s. Championships include: Individual Speedway Polish Championship (IMP), Polish Pairs Speedway Championship (MPPK), Team Speedway Polish Championship (DMP), and Speedway Ekstraliga. The Junior U-21 championships include: Individual Speedway Junior Polish Championship (MIMP), Polish Pairs Speedway Junior Championship (MMPPK), and Team Speedway Junior Polish Championship (MDMP). Basketball In the 1960s, the national team belonged to the world elite as it won silver at the 1963 European Basketball Championship and bronze at the 1965 and 1967 event. At the 1967 FIBA World Championship, Poland was among the world's five elite basketball teams. At the 1964 and 1968 Summer Olympics, the Orły ("Eagles," as the team is often nicknamed) finished 6th. Poland returned to the FIBA Basketball World Cup in 2019 which will be held in China their first match in the event will face off against Venezuela on opening day on 31 August 2019 in Beijing at the Cadillac Arena. Since 2000, basketball in Poland went through a revival and has been home to several NBA players, including Marcin Gortat, Maciej Lampe, Cezary Trybański and Jeremy Sochan. The country hosted the 2009 European Basketball Championship. Ice hockey Main articles: Poland men's national ice hockey team, Polish Ice Hockey Federation, and Polska Hokej Liga The Poland men's national ice hockey team is the national ice hockey team of Poland, and a member of the International Ice Hockey Federation. They are ranked 21st in the world in the IIHF World Rankings, but prior to the 1980s they were ranked as high as 6th internationally. They are one of only 8 countries never to have played below the Division I (former B Pool) level. The Polish Ice Hockey Federation (Polish: Polski Związek Hokeja na Lodzie, PZHL) is the governing body that oversees ice hockey in Poland. The Polska Hokej Liga (polish – Ekstraliga w hokeju na lodzie) is the premier ice hockey league in Poland. Poland has managed to produce some NHL calibre talent including Mariusz Czerkawski with the New York Islanders, Peter Sidorkiewicz for both the Hartford Whalers and the Ottawa Senators, and Krzysztof Oliwa for the New Jersey Devils where he won a Stanley Cup in 1999–2000. Rally Poland held Polish Rally Championship (Rajdowe Samochodowe Mistrzostwa Polski, RSMP) since 1928. The Rally Poland (Rajd Polski) is the second oldest rally in the world after the famous classic Rally Monte Carlo. Between 1998 and 2001 the level was the strongest in Europe because many great drivers were racing in WRC cars. For a poor turnout Polski Związek Motorowy (PZM) rallies have lost rank, but they are still popular in Poland. Michał Bębenek in Mitsubishi Lancer Evo IX. Sebastian Frycz and Jacek Rathe on Subaru Poland Rally – Wawelski Rally. Lotos Baltic Cup Rugby union Main article: Rugby union in Poland In 1921, Louis Amblard, a Frenchman, set up the first Polish rugby club called "The White Eagles". The first match was in 1922, and the first club international in 1924 against a Romanian side. The game became established in the Warsaw Military Academy in the early 1930s. Nowadays rugby union is played in around 40 clubs by over 6.000 players. Lacrosse The Poland national lacrosse team has qualified for the World Lacrosse Championship three consecutive times (2010-2018). At the most recent event (2018), it finished 32nd out of 46. For the first time, Poland will feature a national team at the 2022 Under-19 World Lacrosse Championships. Other sports Amateur Radio Direction Finding is a sport that combines the skills of orienteering with the skills of radio direction finding. ARDF in Poland is organized by the Polski Związek Krótkofalowców. Bandy is still a very small sport in the country. Poland made their 1st international appearance 2006 at the U-15 World Championships for boys in Edsbyn, Sweden. The team consisted of players from Giżycko and Krynica-Zdrój. Orienteering is a popular sport that combines cross-country running with land navigation traits in the woods. Orienteering in Poland is organized by the Polski Związek Orientacji Sportowej. Polish American Football League (PLFA – pl. Polska Liga Futbolu Amerykańskiego) is the league of the American Football in Poland, founded in 2006, disbanded in 2019. Ice yachting – Karol Jabłoński is an International DN champion of the world. Olympic Games Main article: Poland at the Olympics The Polish Olympic Committee was created in 1918 and recognized in 1919. It has participated at the Olympic Games since 1924, except for the Soviet-led boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics. Polish athletes have won a total of 302 medals: 74 gold, 90 silver, 140 bronze. Poland is the third most successful country (after Hungary and Romania) of those who have never hosted the Olympics. Its most successful teams have been football and volleyball. Poland ranks fifth all-time in modern pentathlon, seventh in athletics, and has also been successful in weightlifting, martial arts and Nordic skiing. Famous Polish athletes Justyna Kowalczyk (born 19 January 1983 in Limanowa, Poland) is a Polish cross country skier who has been competing since 2000. She is an Olympic champion and also a double World Champion. She won Tour de Ski four times in a row and World cup four times, She won five medals (2-gold,1-silver,2-bronze) in the Olympic Games and seven medals (2-gold,3-silver,2-bronze) in the World Championships. Irena Szewińska, sprinter (born Irena Kirszenstein, 24 May 1946 in Leningrad, Russia. Between 1964 and 1980 Szewińska participated in five Olympic Games, winning seven medals, three of them gold. She also broke six world records and was the first woman to hold world records at 100 m, 200 m and 400 m at the same time. She also won 13 medals in European Championships. Between 1965 and 1979, Szewińska has gathered 26 titles of Champion of Poland in 100 m sprint, 200 m sprint, 400 m sprint, 4 × 400 m relay and long jump. Agnieszka Radwańska, (born 6 March 1989 in Kraków, full name Agnieszka Roma Radwańska) is a WTA Tour former World No. 2 Polish tennis player. Finalist The Championships, Wimbledon in 2012 and the winner of 2015 WTA Finals. Adam Małysz, ski jumper (born 3 December 1977 in Wisła, Poland) – Małysz won four Olympic medals (3 silver, 1 bronze) at the 2002 Winter Games in Salt Lake City and 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver and has won the World Championships for 4 times, and got 1 silver and bronze medal. He has also won an incredible 39 World Cup competitions, which gives him third place on the all-time list, behind Austria's Gregor Schlierenzauer (52) and Finland's Matti Nykänen (46). He is the first ski jumper ever to win the World Cup 3 times in a row. After concluding his ski jumping career, Małysz has appeared in the Dakar Rally. Robert Korzeniowski, (born 30 July 1968 in Lubaczów, Poland) is a former Polish racewalker. He has won four gold medals at the Summer Olympics and has won three world championships. Mariusz Pudzianowski, a professional strongman (born 7 February 1977) – He started Kyokushin in 1988, weight training in 1990 and box in 1992. At the end of the 1990s he focussed on strongman competitions. He is one of the three men that won the World's Strongest Man title (in 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007, and 2008) near Jón Páll Sigmarsson and Magnus Ver Magnusson. He is also the only man to ever win the World's Strongest Man title 5 times. Andrzej Gołota, boxer (born 5 January 1968) – In his early days, Gołota had 111 wins in a stellar amateur career that culminated in his winning a bronze medal at the 1988 Seoul Olympics. Gołota also captured a bronze medal at the 1989 European Amateur Boxing Championships. His professional record stands at 39 wins, 6 losses, one no contest and one draw, with 32 knockouts. Tomasz Adamek, a professional heavyweight boxer (born 1 December 1976) – his professional record (as of March 2013) is: 48 wins, 2 losses, with 29 knockouts. Jerzy Dudek, football player (born 23 March 1973 in Rybnik, Poland) – Dudek, a famous Polish goalkeeper began his professional career with Sokół Tychy, a team in the Polish National Football League where he played one season in 1995–96. Between 1996 and 2002, Dudek was a member of Feyenoord Rotterdam of the Eredivisie league in the Netherlands, where he won the 1998–99 Dutch League Championship and the 1999–2000 Dutch Super Cup. During his stay with Feyenoord he also received the league's highest goalkeeping honors, winning the Dutch Keeper of the Year Award twice (1998–99, 1999–2000. In 2002 Dudek was transferred to Liverpool of the Premier League, where he became a household name, winning the League Cup in 2002–03, the UEFA Champions League in 2004–05 and the European Super Cup in 2005–06, as well as the FA Cup in 2005–06. Between 2007 and 2011 Dudek played for Real Madrid in Spain, and then retired. He has made 60 appearances for the Poland National Team. Mariusz Czerkawski, hockey player (born 13 April 1972 in Radomsko, Poland) – Czerkawski has enjoyed a successful career in the National Hockey League with a total of 215 goals, 220 assists and 435 points in 745 games. Throughout his 14-year NHL career, Czerkawski played for the Boston Bruins (1993–96, 2005–06), Edmonton Oilers (1996–97), New York Islanders (1997–2002, 2003–04) Montreal Canadiens (2002–03) and the Toronto Maple Leafs (2005–06). Czerkawski represented Poland in the 1992 Winter Olympics where he collected one assist in five games. Presently, he plays for the Rapperswil-Jona Lakers of the Nationalliga A in Switzerland. Krzysztof Oliwa, hockey player (born 12 April 1973 in Tychy, Poland) – Former professional ice hockey player who played the left wing position in the National Hockey League. Oliwa was nicknamed "The Hammer" due to his physical and intimidating on-ice presence. At 6'5", with a strong build, he would normally play the role of the team's enforcer. Oliwa won the 1999–2000 Stanley Cup as a member of the New Jersey Devils. Oliwa has also played for the Columbus Blue Jackets, Pittsburgh Penguins, New York Rangers, Boston Bruins and Calgary Flames. Zbigniew Boniek, football player (born 3 March 1956 in Bydgoszcz, Poland – He played on Zawisza Bydgoszcz, Widzew Łódź, Juventus and AS Roma. In 2004 Pelé got him on the FIFA 100 list. Today, he is the president of the Polish Football Association. He was elected as the president on 26 October 2012. Helena Rakoczy, (born 23 December 1921 in Kraków, Poland). Gymnast at Olympics (1952, 1956), and World Championships (1950, 1954). World Individual All-Around, Vault, Balance Beam, and Floor Exercise champion in 1950. Inducted into International Gymnastics Hall of Fame in 2004. Robert Kubica (born 7 December 1984 in Kraków, Poland), Robert Kubica is the first Polish Formula One driver. He made his racing debut at the 2006 Hungarian Grand Prix. In only his third race he experienced his first podium finish at Monza, Italy at the 2006 Italian Grand Prix. During this race he finished third and stood on the podium next to Michael Schumacher (Germany) and Kimi Räikkönen (Finland). In the 2007 Formula One season he survived a horrific crash at the Canadian Grand Prix. Kubica came out of the crash with only a sprained ankle and minor concussion. Robert Kubica scored his first victory in Formula 1 at 2008 Canadian Grand Prix (it was also the first win for the BMW Sauber team). Robert Kubica has brought Formula One to Poland, bringing along with him many new fans. In February 2011, he had a crash in the Rally Ronde di Andora. He went through long rehabilitation processes. In 2013, Kubica started racing in the World Rally Championship with immediate success, winning WRC-2 championship in 2013. He then moved to top WRC class for 2014 season. Sobiesław Zasada (born 27 January 1930 in Dąbrowa Górnicza), is a Polish former rally driver. He won the European Rally Championship in 1966, 1967, 1971 and was vice-champion in 1968, 1969, 1972. Paweł Zagumny (born 18 October 1977 in Jasło, Poland) is a Polish volleyball player. He is a son of Lech Zagumny, the coach of Polish volleyball club AZS Politechnika Warszawa. He is playing in volleyball club Kedzierzyn-Kozle and also in Poland national team, in which he debuted in 1998. In his prime, Zagumny was widely considered as the best setter in the world. Tomasz Gollob, motorcycle speedway rider (born 11 April 1971 in Bydgoszcz, Poland) – Gollob is Poland's most recognized motorcyclist. He has finished in the top ten of the Speedway Grand Prix 15 times, including his best performance in 2010 when he captured first place. Alan Kulwicki (14 December 1954 – 1 April 1993), nicknamed "Special K" and the "Polish Prince", was an American NASCAR Winston Cup Series. He won the 1992 Cup Series championship. Grzegorz Lato, footballer (born 8 April 1950 in Malbork, Poland) – Lato is the all-time cap leader for the Poland National Football Team. He was the leading scorer at the 1974 FIFA World Cup, where he won the Golden Shoe after scoring a tournament best seven goals. Lato's playing career coincided with the golden era of Polish football, which began with Olympic gold in Munich in 1972 and ended a decade later with a third-place finish at the 1982 World Cup in Spain, a repeat of the Poles' impressive finish at the 1974 championships in Germany. Lato retired from professional football in 1984 with 45 international goals, a record that stands to this day. On 30 October 2008, he was elected as the president of the Polish FA, but on 26 October 2012, Zbigniew Boniek became the Association's president. Jadwiga Jędrzejowska was a successful tennis player before the WWII, Wojciech Fibak during the 1970s and 1980s, Agnieszka Radwańska until her retirement from tennis in 2018. Joanna Jędrzejczyk (born 18 August 1987), is a mixed martial artist who competes in the women's strawweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. She is a former UFC Women's Strawweight Champion and previously held the title for 966 days, making her the longest reigning champion in the division. As of 28 September 2020: she is #4 in the UFC women's strawweight rankings and #5 in UFC women's pound-for-pound rankings. Jan Błachowicz (born 24 February 1983), is a Polish professional mixed martial artist. He is currently signed with the Ultimate Fighting Championship and competes in their Light Heavyweight division, where he is the current UFC Light Heavyweight Champion. Gallery Kamil Stoch Iga Świątek Robert Lewandowski Robert Kubica Agnieszka Radwańska Wojciech Szczęsny Zbigniew Boniek Justyna Kowalczyk Irena Szewińska Hubert Hurkacz Adam Małysz Jerzy Dudek Anita Włodarczyk Robert Korzeniowski Bartosz Kurek Michał Kwiatkowski Research and academic education Poland developed a network of physical education universities, the oldest of them the Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw. Arts Poles obtained several medals in Art competitions at the Summer Olympics. Museums Museum of Sport and Tourism in Warsaw Museum for Sport and Tourism in Karpacz Museum of Sport and Tourism in Łódź, the division of the City Museum Museum of Hunting and Horsemanship See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sports in Poland. List of Polish athletes Sport in Warsaw Sports in Białystok References ^ Asia01, Zarys historii jeździectwa w Polsce (History of Equestrianism in Poland). Retrieved 21 January 2015. (in Polish) ^ Zbigniew Suwalski, Historia polskiego jeździectwa. Sylwetki wybitnych postaci tworzących historię polskiego jeździectwa. Ich wyniki sportowe, życiorysy, osiągnięcia oraz anegdoty z nimi związane. Retrieved 21 January 2015. (in Polish) ^ Kamila Górecka, Jak to jest z tym jeździectwem w Polsce 19.11.2013 Polski Związek Jeździecki. ^ Interview with William Heyen, Auschwitz and the perversion of football. The Global Game 2015. ^ "Olympic Games on the other side of the barbed wire fences". ^ "Polski Klub Szermierczy". Polski Klub Szermierczy. ^ Henryk Vogler (1994). Wyznanie mojżeszowe: wspomnienia z utraconego czasu. Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. p. 16. ISBN 83-06-02355-2. ^ "10 największych polskich zwycięstw nad Rosją - polskie zwycięstwa sportowe rosja zsrr siatkówka montreal hokej kozakiewicz hokej cieślik bokserzy - Sport". sport.dlastudenta.pl. ^ "(Polish) boxers proved they were stronger". ^ Stanisław Królak and the pump anecdote ^ "Municipal Stadium Poznań launched in style". UEFA. 21 September 2010. ^ "Municipal Stadium Poznań". UEFA. Retrieved 16 June 2012. ^ "Municipal Stadium Wrocław". UEFA. Retrieved 16 June 2012. ^ "Arena Gdańsk". UEFA. Retrieved 16 June 2012. ^ "National Stadium Warsaw". UEFA. Retrieved 16 June 2012. ^ "FIVB Senior World Ranking – Men". Retrieved 7 October 2022. ^ "Continental Cup Finals start in Africa". FIVB. 22 June 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021. ^ Polonia Bydgoszcz – Unibax Toruń quarterfinals, 16 August 2009 (32:52 min) on YouTube ^ Marcin Babnis, Speedway Team World Championship History. (Internet Archive) 1960–2004. ^ Poland – Speedway World Champions for the Third Time in a Row! Archived 28 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine Polaron. The Ultimate Guide to Poland, 17 July 2011. ^ Final: Heat 25, DPŚ Gorzów 2011, 16 July 2011 (2:15 min). Polacy mistrzami! on YouTube ^ "Żużel | Polski Związek Motorowy". pzm.pl. ^ Golden, Silver and Bronze Helmets Regulations (PDF file, direct download) at PZM.pl (in Polish) ^ Polish speedway news on Speedwayworld.tv 2007. Internet Archive. ^ a b c "Rugby week". Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. ^ Bath, Richard (ed.) The Complete Book of Rugby (Seven Oaks Ltd, 1997 ISBN 1-86200-013-1) p72 ^ Record 23 lacrosse teams to play at Men's Under-21 World Championship Ali Iveson (Inside the Games), 30 May 2021. Accessed 9 June 2021. ^ "Bandy 2006, World Championships". Bandyvm.se. 1 December 2005. Archived from the original on 29 December 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2014. ^ Aleksander Bernaciak. "zielonysport.pl – Polski Związek Orientacji Sportowej". Orienteering.org.pl. Retrieved 5 May 2014. ^ "Muzeum Sportu i Turystyki w Karpaczu – Instytucja Kultury Samorządu Województwa Dolnośląskiego". muzeumsportu.org. ^ "Muzeum Sportu i Turystyki". muzeum-lodz.pl. Archived from the original on 22 January 2015. ^ "Muzeum – Warszawa". vteSports governing bodies in Poland (POL)Summer Olympic Sports Aquatics Diving Swimming Synchronized Swimming Water Polo Archery Athletics Badminton Basketball Boxing Canoeing Cycling Equestrian Fencing Field Hockey Football Golf Gymnastics Handball Judo Modern Pentathlon Rugby 7's Rowing Sailing Shooting Table Tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball inc. Beach Volleyball Weightlifting Wrestling Winter Olympic Sports Biathlon Bobsleigh Curling Skating Figure Speed Short Track Ice Hockey Luge Skeleton Skiing Alpine Cross Country Nordic Combined Freestyle & Jumping Snowboarding Other IOC Recognised Sports Air sports Auto racing Bandy Baseball Billiard Sports Boules Bowling Bridge Chess Cricket Dance sport Floorball Karate Korfball Lifesaving Motorcycle racing Mountaineering and Climbing Netball Orienteering Pelota Vasca Polo Powerboating Racquetball Roller sports Rugby union Softball Sport climbing Squash Sumo Surfing Tug of war Underwater sports Water Ski Wushu Paralympics and Disabled Sports Others Sports American Football Rugby Union Rugby League Teqball Polish Olympic Committee Polish Paralympic Committee vtePoland articlesHistoryTimeline Prehistory and protohistory Middle Ages Monarchs Early Modern (1569–1795) Partitions, duchies and kingdoms (1795–1918) World War I Interwar years World War II Communist Poland Poland since 1989 By topic Cultural Demographic Economic Military Postal Geography Cities and towns Forests Islands Lakes Mountains National parks Poland A and B Protected areas Regions Rivers Politics Administrative divisions Central European Initiative Climate change Constitution Corruption Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Judiciary Law Law enforcement Military Parliament Political parties Politicians President List Prime Minister List Visegrád Group Economy Agriculture Balcerowicz Plan Central bank Economic history EEZ Energy Exports Merchant Navy Mining Poverty Regional GDP per capita Stock exchange Tourism Transport Unemployment Upper Silesian Industrial Region Venture capital Złoty (currency) Society Lawyers Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Wine Folk beliefs Folk dances Literature Media Music Names Polish names Public holidays Religion Sport Theatre Traditions Video games World Heritage Sites Demographics Poles Ethnic minorities Refugees Crime Education Health care Languages Symbols Anthem Coat of arms Flag list Orders and decorations Polonia Outline Category Portal vteSport in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Vatican City States with limitedrecognition Abkhazia Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies andother entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball"},{"link_name":"motorcycle speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle_speedway"},{"link_name":"ski jumping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping"},{"link_name":"track and field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field"},{"link_name":"handball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_handball"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"combat sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_sport"},{"link_name":"Robert Kubica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kubica"},{"link_name":"Tomasz Gollob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomasz_Gollob"},{"link_name":"Jaroslaw Hampel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaroslaw_Hampel"},{"link_name":"Bartosz Zmarzlik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartosz_Zmarzlik"},{"link_name":"Maciej Janowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maciej_Janowski"},{"link_name":"Rune Holta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune_Holta"},{"link_name":"Justyna Kowalczyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justyna_Kowalczyk"},{"link_name":"Dawid Kubacki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawid_Kubacki"},{"link_name":"Adam Małysz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Ma%C5%82ysz"},{"link_name":"Kamil Stoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamil_Stoch"},{"link_name":"Baltic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"}],"text":"Poland's sports include almost all sporting disciplines, in particular: football (the most popular sport), volleyball, motorcycle speedway, ski jumping, track and field, handball, basketball, tennis, and combat sport. The first Polish Formula One driver, Robert Kubica, has brought awareness of Formula One Racing to Poland. Volleyball is one of the country's most popular sports, with a rich history of international competition. Poland has made a distinctive mark in motorcycle speedway racing thanks to Tomasz Gollob, Jaroslaw Hampel, Bartosz Zmarzlik, Maciej Janowski and Rune Holta. Speedway is very popular in Poland. They won the world cup (2014), and the Polish Extraleague has the highest average attendances for any sport in Poland. The Polish mountains are an ideal venue for hiking, skiing and mountain biking and attract millions of tourists every year from all over the world. \nCross country skiing and ski jumping are popular TV sports, gathering 4–5 million viewers each competition, with Justyna Kowalczyk, Dawid Kubacki, Adam Małysz and Kamil Stoch as the main attractions. Baltic beaches and resorts are popular locations for fishing, canoeing, kayaking and a broad-range of other water-themed sports.","title":"Sport in Poland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Equestrianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrianism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Adam Królikiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Kr%C3%B3likiewicz"},{"link_name":"individual jumping competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1924 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Battle of Somosierra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra"},{"link_name":"Andrzej Wajda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Wajda"},{"link_name":"Popioły","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ashes_(film)"},{"link_name":"Tadeusz Komorowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Komorowski"},{"link_name":"1924 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Henryk Dobrzański","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_Dobrza%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"1928 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Władysław Anders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Anders"},{"link_name":"eventing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eventing"},{"link_name":"Zdzisław Kawecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdzis%C5%82aw_Kawecki"},{"link_name":"Katyń massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katy%C5%84_massacre"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bieg_sw_huberta.jpg"},{"link_name":"Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"},{"link_name":"Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party"},{"link_name":"Bronisław Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Czech"},{"link_name":"Helena Marusarzówna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helena_Marusarz%C3%B3wna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Janusz Kusociński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusz_Kusoci%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Józef Noji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Noji"},{"link_name":"Dawid Przepiórka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawid_Przepi%C3%B3rka"},{"link_name":"Auschwitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Neuengamme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"The Boxer and Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boxer_and_Death"},{"link_name":"Sonderkommandos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonderkommando"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"P.O.W.s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.O.W."},{"link_name":"Woldenberg camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oflag_II-C"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Gorals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorals"},{"link_name":"Palant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palant"},{"link_name":"Zośka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacky_Sack"},{"link_name":"Hacky Sack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacky_Sack"},{"link_name":"cymbergaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cymbergaj&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"billiard hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billiard_hockey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ringo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringo_(sport)"},{"link_name":"szablas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szabla"},{"link_name":"saber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saber"},{"link_name":"Jerzy Pawłowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_Paw%C5%82owski"},{"link_name":"Polish Champion of the world in fencing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_World_Fencing_Championships"},{"link_name":"1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_World_Fencing_Championships"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Stanislaus Zbyszko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislaus_Zbyszko"},{"link_name":"World Heavyweight Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heavyweight_Championship_(Original)"},{"link_name":"Wladek Zbyszko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wladek_Zbyszko"},{"link_name":"AWA World Heavyweight Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWA_World_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"Stanisława Walasiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82awa_Walasiewicz"},{"link_name":"Zachary Vivado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zachary_Vivado&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Talal Kousa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talal_Kousa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Omar Kousa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omar_Kousa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Amar Malik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amar_Malik&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Timothy Kato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timothy_Kato&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Andrew Lizarscored","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Lizar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Poland national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Hasmonea Lwów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasmonea_Lw%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Polish Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstraklasa"},{"link_name":"table tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_tennis"},{"link_name":"Alojzy Ehrlich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alojzy_Ehrlich"},{"link_name":"Polish People's Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"1953 amateur Champions of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_European_Amateur_Boxing_Championships"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Władysław Kozakiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Kozakiewicz"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Królak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Kr%C3%B3lak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Peace Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Race"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"One of Poland's national sports throughout the centuries was Equestrianism.[1] In the interwar period Adam Królikiewicz won the first individual Olympic medal for Poland – bronze medal in the individual jumping competition in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He died after an accident during filming of the Battle of Somosierra charge in Andrzej Wajda's film Popioły. Tadeusz Komorowski took part in the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris and Henryk Dobrzański \"Hubal\" in the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. General Władysław Anders participated also in jumping competitions. Polish eventing team won two Summer Olympics medals before WWII, its member Zdzisław Kawecki was murdered in the Katyń massacre.[2][3]St. Hubertus race in Łódź, PolandMany Polish champions died during WWII, many of them was murdered by the Nazis: Bronisław Czech, Helena Marusarzówna, Janusz Kusociński, Józef Noji, Dawid Przepiórka. Sport competitions for Poles were illegal under the Nazis, although sometimes organized in the camps. One such story of a Polish boxer Tadeusz Pietrzykowski imprisoned in Auschwitz and Neuengamme was filmed in 1962 as The Boxer and Death. Football matches were organized in many Nazi camps including Auschwitz, generally between prisoners but allegedly at least once the Sonderkommandos fought against the SS wardens.[4]\nPolish P.O.W.s organised 1944 Olympic Games in Woldenberg camp.[5]Closely related to equestrianism are the mixed pairs sled horse races (kumoterki) organized in the south by the Gorals. St. Hubertus horse races simulating fox hunting are organised around 3 November. Palant (Polish baseball) was popular until about 1950. Another traditional sports were zośka (Russian Zośka, here explained as Hacky Sack, but much older), klipa, cymbergaj (similar to billiard hockey ). Ringo is relatively new (since 1968).Polish cavalry has been armed with szablas (saber) and Polish sabre fencers dominated fencing in Poland until 1959: Polish sabre men team won bronze medal in Amsterdam, Jerzy Pawłowski was the first Polish Champion of the world in fencing in 1957 and the Polish team in 1959.[6]Stanislaus Zbyszko was 2-time World Heavyweight Champion and his brother Wladek Zbyszko was an AWA World Heavyweight Champion.Stanisława Walasiewicz successfully represented Poland. The problem of her gender remains unsolved.Jewish community in Poland had several champions, e.g. chess players Zachary Vivado, Talal Kousa, Omar Kousa, Amar Malik. Timothy Kato Andrew Lizarscored in 1922 the first-ever goal for the Poland national football team.[7] Jewish sport club Hasmonea Lwów played in the Polish Football League and had excellent table tennis players, including Alojzy Ehrlich.Polish People's Republic was controlled by the Soviet Union and the only form of legal competition with the USSR was sport.[8] Such victories were possible only after the death of Joseph Stalin, so Polish boxers won five 1953 amateur Champions of Europe and Soviet ones only two.[9] Władysław Kozakiewicz won the gold medal in Moscow and made Kozakiewicz's gesture in defiance to the Soviet crowd. Many Poles believed that Stanisław Królak assaulted Soviet cyclists with his bicycle pump during 1956 Peace Race. The story seems to be invented, Królak won however the race.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Lewandowski_2018.jpg"},{"link_name":"Football in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"Ekstraklasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstraklasa"},{"link_name":"Polish Championship in Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Championship_in_Football"},{"link_name":"Polish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Cup"},{"link_name":"Polish SuperCup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_SuperCup"},{"link_name":"Poland national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Poland women's national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Poland National Football Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup"}],"text":"Robert Lewandowski in 2018See also: Football in Poland, Ekstraklasa, Polish Championship in Football, Polish Cup, Polish SuperCup, Poland national football team, and Poland women's national football teamFootball is the most popular sport in Poland. Over 400,000 Poles play football regularly, with millions more playing occasionally. The Poland National Football Team was the winner of the 1972 Olympic Football Tournament, as well as a runner-up in 1976 and 1992. Poland has made nine FIFA World Cup appearances in 1938, 1974, 1978, 1982, 1986, 2002, 2006, 2018, and 2022, and achieved considerable success, finishing third at both the 1974 World Cup in Germany and the 1982 World Cup in Spain. The junior team has also achieved success on the international stage, finishing third at the 1983 FIFA U-20 World Cup Final, fourth at the 1979 FIFA U-20 World Cup Final and fourth at the 1993 FIFA U-17 World Cup Final and hosted the 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup.","title":"Football"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UEFA Euro 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Gdańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Wrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"Poznań","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"UEFA Euro 2012","text":"Poland hosted the UEFA Euro 2012 along with Ukraine in 2012. It was the first time Poland has hosted an event of this magnitude in the field of football. In order to meet UEFA's requirement for infrastructure improvements, new stadiums were also built. Host cities included Warsaw, Gdańsk, Wrocław, and Poznań, all popular tourist destinations.[11][12][13][14][15]","title":"Football"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_FIFA_U-20_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Bielsko-Biała","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a"},{"link_name":"Bydgoszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Gdynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gdynia"},{"link_name":"Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"},{"link_name":"Lublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lublin"},{"link_name":"Tychy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tychy"},{"link_name":"Stadion Widzewa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion_Widzewa"},{"link_name":"Stadion GOSiR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion_GOSiR"},{"link_name":"2018 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"}],"sub_title":"2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup","text":"Poland hosted the 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup as the 22nd edition. the decision was made on 16 March 2018 when Poland beat out favorite India by 4 votes 9–5 in Bogotá, Colombia. Poland automatically qualified for the 2019 edition as host nation. It wad held from 23 May to 15 June 2019. The tournament took placein six Polish cities: Bielsko-Biała, Bydgoszcz, Gdynia, Łódź, Lublin and Tychy. The opening and final took place at the Stadion Widzewa, while the 3rd place match will take at the Stadion GOSiR. Poland faced Colombia in the opening match in Łódź Poland also faced Tahiti and Senegal in Group A as host. Poland played at the same group with Colombia and Senegal as the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia alongside Japan. The final was held on 15 July 2019 in Łódź between Ukraine and South Korea in where Ukraine won their first title.","title":"Football"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PGNiG Superliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Superliga_(men%27s_handball)"},{"link_name":"PGNiG Women's Superliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Women%27s_Superliga_(women%27s_handball)"},{"link_name":"Poland men's national handball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_men%27s_national_handball_team"},{"link_name":"Poland women's national handball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_women%27s_national_handball_team"}],"text":"PGNiG Superliga\nPGNiG Women's Superliga\nPoland men's national handball team\nPoland women's national handball team","title":"Handball"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Volleyball in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"Polish Volleyball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Volleyball_League"},{"link_name":"Polish Seria A Women's Volleyball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Seria_A_Women%27s_Volleyball_League"},{"link_name":"Poland men's national volleyball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_men%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"link_name":"Poland women's national volleyball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_women%27s_national_volleyball_team"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bartosz_Kurek_(7684926904).jpg"},{"link_name":"Hubert Jerzy Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Wagner"},{"link_name":"1976 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"the 2014 FIVB World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"European Championship 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Men%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship"},{"link_name":"2012 FIVB World League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_FIVB_Volleyball_World_League"},{"link_name":"2018 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"as first","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIVB_World_Rankings"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Katowice-Spodek_(4).jpg"},{"link_name":"Spodek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spodek"},{"link_name":"beach volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_volleyball"},{"link_name":"2018–2020 CEV Beach Volleyball Continental Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%932020_CEV_Beach_Volleyball_Continental_Cup"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"See also: Volleyball in Poland, Polish Volleyball League, Polish Seria A Women's Volleyball League, Poland men's national volleyball team, and Poland women's national volleyball teamBartosz KurekHubert Jerzy Wagner known as a \"Kat\" Executioner was a successful coach, his team won Gold medal the 1976 Olympics.Poland hosted the 2022 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship, in which they won the silver medal, the 2014 FIVB World Championship, in which they won the gold medal and European Championship 2013 with Denmark. \nThe Polish Men National Volleyball Team had achieved 14 medals from international competitions since 1965, it has also won the recent 2012 FIVB World League winning 3–0 over the US in the final. In 2018, Poland defended the World Champions title at the 2018 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship by defeating Brazil in the final (3–0). The Poland national team is currently ranked as first in the world.[16]Popular Spodek sport's complex in KatowicePoland featured a women's national team in beach volleyball that competed at the 2018–2020 CEV Beach Volleyball Continental Cup.[17]","title":"Volleyball"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Derby_Pomorza_2009_(Bydgoszcz).jpg"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Speedway in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedway_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"Poland speedway team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_speedway_team"},{"link_name":"motorcycle speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle_speedway"},{"link_name":"Polish Extraleague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedway_Ekstraliga"},{"link_name":"national motorcycle speedway team of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_national_speedway_team"},{"link_name":"Polish Motor Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polski_Zwi%C4%85zek_Motorowy"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marcin_Babnis-19"},{"link_name":"Speedway World Team Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedway_World_Team_Cup"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polishforums-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Individual Speedway Polish Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_Speedway_Polish_Championship"},{"link_name":"Polish Pairs Speedway Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Pairs_Speedway_Championship"},{"link_name":"Team Speedway Polish Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Speedway_Polish_Championship"},{"link_name":"Speedway Ekstraliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedway_Ekstraliga"},{"link_name":"Individual Speedway Junior Polish Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_Speedway_Junior_Polish_Championship"},{"link_name":"Polish Pairs Speedway Junior Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Pairs_Speedway_Junior_Championship"},{"link_name":"Team Speedway Junior Polish Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Speedway_Junior_Polish_Championship"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Speedway match in the Polish League between Polonia Bydgoszcz and Unibax Toruń, 2009[18]See also: Speedway in Poland and Poland speedway teamOne of the most popular sports in Poland is motorcycle speedway. The Polish Extraleague has the highest average attendances for any sport in Poland. The national motorcycle speedway team of Poland is controlled by the Polish Motor Union (PZM). The team is one of the major teams in international speedway.[19] They won the Speedway World Team Cup championship three times consecutively, in 2009, 2010, and 2011 (ahead of Australians and Swedes). No team has ever managed such feat.[20][21] The first meetings in Poland were held in the 1930s. Championships include: Individual Speedway Polish Championship (IMP), Polish Pairs Speedway Championship (MPPK), Team Speedway Polish Championship (DMP), and Speedway Ekstraliga. The Junior U-21 championships include: Individual Speedway Junior Polish Championship (MIMP), Polish Pairs Speedway Junior Championship (MMPPK), and Team Speedway Junior Polish Championship (MDMP).[22][23][24]","title":"Motorcycle speedway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"1963 European Basketball Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_European_Basketball_Championship"},{"link_name":"1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroBasket_1965"},{"link_name":"1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroBasket_1967"},{"link_name":"1967 FIBA World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_FIBA_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1968 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_FIBA_Basketball_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Cadillac Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_Arena"},{"link_name":"NBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"Marcin Gortat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcin_Gortat"},{"link_name":"Maciej Lampe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maciej_Lampe"},{"link_name":"Cezary Trybański","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cezary_Tryba%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Sochan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Sochan"},{"link_name":"2009 European Basketball Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_European_Basketball_Championship"}],"text":"In the 1960s, the national team belonged to the world elite as it won silver at the 1963 European Basketball Championship and bronze at the 1965 and 1967 event. At the 1967 FIBA World Championship, Poland was among the world's five elite basketball teams. At the 1964 and 1968 Summer Olympics, the Orły (\"Eagles,\" as the team is often nicknamed) finished 6th. Poland returned to the FIBA Basketball World Cup in 2019 which will be held in China their first match in the event will face off against Venezuela on opening day on 31 August 2019 in Beijing at the Cadillac Arena.Since 2000, basketball in Poland went through a revival and has been home to several NBA players, including Marcin Gortat, Maciej Lampe, Cezary Trybański and Jeremy Sochan. The country hosted the 2009 European Basketball Championship.","title":"Basketball"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poland men's national ice hockey team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"International Ice Hockey Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ice_Hockey_Federation"},{"link_name":"IIHF World Rankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIHF_World_Ranking"},{"link_name":"Polish Ice Hockey Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Ice_Hockey_Federation"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"governing body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_governing_body"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Polska Hokej Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polska_Hokej_Liga"},{"link_name":"polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Mariusz Czerkawski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariusz_Czerkawski"},{"link_name":"New York Islanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Islanders"},{"link_name":"Peter Sidorkiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Sidorkiewicz"},{"link_name":"Hartford Whalers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford_Whalers"},{"link_name":"Ottawa Senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Senators"},{"link_name":"Krzysztof Oliwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzysztof_Oliwa"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Devils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Devils"},{"link_name":"Stanley Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Cup"}],"text":"The Poland men's national ice hockey team is the national ice hockey team of Poland, and a member of the International Ice Hockey Federation. They are ranked 21st in the world in the IIHF World Rankings, but prior to the 1980s they were ranked as high as 6th internationally. They are one of only 8 countries never to have played below the Division I (former B Pool) level. The Polish Ice Hockey Federation (Polish: Polski Związek Hokeja na Lodzie, PZHL) is the governing body that oversees ice hockey in Poland.The Polska Hokej Liga (polish – Ekstraliga w hokeju na lodzie) is the premier ice hockey league in Poland. Poland has managed to produce some NHL calibre talent including Mariusz Czerkawski with the New York Islanders, Peter Sidorkiewicz for both the Hartford Whalers and the Ottawa Senators, and Krzysztof Oliwa for the New Jersey Devils where he won a Stanley Cup in 1999–2000.","title":"Ice hockey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish Rally Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Rally_Championship"},{"link_name":"Rally Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rally_Poland"},{"link_name":"Rally Monte Carlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rally_Monte_Carlo"},{"link_name":"WRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Rally_Car"},{"link_name":"Polski Związek Motorowy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polski_Zwi%C4%85zek_Motorowy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mitsubishi_LANCER_Evo_IX_Micha%C5%82_B%C4%99benek_2006.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frycz_Rathe.jpg"},{"link_name":"Subaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Rally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rallying"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rzeszowski_Rally_2007_-_Bouffier.jpg"}],"text":"Poland held Polish Rally Championship (Rajdowe Samochodowe Mistrzostwa Polski, RSMP) since 1928. The Rally Poland (Rajd Polski) is the second oldest rally in the world after the famous classic Rally Monte Carlo. Between 1998 and 2001 the level was the strongest in Europe because many great drivers were racing in WRC cars. For a poor turnout Polski Związek Motorowy (PZM) rallies have lost rank, but they are still popular in Poland.Michał Bębenek in Mitsubishi Lancer Evo IX.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSebastian Frycz and Jacek Rathe on Subaru Poland Rally – Wawelski Rally.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLotos Baltic Cup","title":"Rally"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RugbyWeek-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RugbyWeek-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RugbyWeek-25"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Completerugby-26"}],"text":"In 1921, Louis Amblard, a Frenchman, set up the first Polish rugby club called \"The White Eagles\".[25] The first match was in 1922,[25] and the first club international in 1924 against a Romanian side.[25] The game became established in the Warsaw Military Academy in the early 1930s.[26] Nowadays rugby union is played in around 40 clubs by over 6.000 players.","title":"Rugby union"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poland national lacrosse team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poland_national_lacrosse_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"World Lacrosse Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Lacrosse_Championship"},{"link_name":"Under-19 World Lacrosse Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under-19_World_Lacrosse_Championships"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"The Poland national lacrosse team has qualified for the World Lacrosse Championship three consecutive times (2010-2018). At the most recent event (2018), it finished 32nd out of 46.For the first time, Poland will feature a national team at the 2022 Under-19 World Lacrosse Championships.[27]","title":"Lacrosse"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amateur Radio Direction Finding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_Radio_Direction_Finding"},{"link_name":"orienteering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orienteering"},{"link_name":"radio direction finding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_direction_finding"},{"link_name":"Polski Związek Krótkofalowców","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pzk.org.pl/"},{"link_name":"Bandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandy"},{"link_name":"Edsbyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edsbyn"},{"link_name":"Giżycko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C5%BCycko"},{"link_name":"Krynica-Zdrój","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krynica-Zdr%C3%B3j"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Orienteering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orienteering"},{"link_name":"cross-country running","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_running"},{"link_name":"navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation"},{"link_name":"Polski Związek Orientacji Sportowej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polski_Zwi%C4%85zek_Orientacji_Sportowej"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Polish American Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_American_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Ice yachting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_yachting"},{"link_name":"Karol Jabłoński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_Jab%C5%82o%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"International DN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_DN"}],"text":"Amateur Radio Direction Finding is a sport that combines the skills of orienteering with the skills of radio direction finding. ARDF in Poland is organized by the Polski Związek Krótkofalowców.\nBandy is still a very small sport in the country. Poland made their 1st international appearance 2006 at the U-15 World Championships for boys in Edsbyn, Sweden. The team consisted of players from Giżycko and Krynica-Zdrój.[28]\nOrienteering is a popular sport that combines cross-country running with land navigation traits in the woods. Orienteering in Poland is organized by the Polski Związek Orientacji Sportowej.[29]\nPolish American Football League (PLFA – pl. Polska Liga Futbolu Amerykańskiego) is the league of the American Football in Poland, founded in 2006, disbanded in 2019.\nIce yachting – Karol Jabłoński is an International DN champion of the world.","title":"Other sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"1924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Soviet-led boycott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott"},{"link_name":"1984 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"modern pentathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_pentathlon_at_the_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_Summer_Olympics"}],"text":"The Polish Olympic Committee was created in 1918 and recognized in 1919. It has participated at the Olympic Games since 1924, except for the Soviet-led boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics.Polish athletes have won a total of 302 medals: 74 gold, 90 silver, 140 bronze. Poland is the third most successful country (after Hungary and Romania) of those who have never hosted the Olympics.Its most successful teams have been football and volleyball. Poland ranks fifth all-time in modern pentathlon, seventh in athletics, and has also been successful in weightlifting, martial arts and Nordic skiing.","title":"Olympic Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justyna Kowalczyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justyna_Kowalczyk"},{"link_name":"Tour de Ski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_Ski"},{"link_name":"Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"Irena Szewińska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irena_Szewi%C5%84ska"},{"link_name":"Leningrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Agnieszka Radwańska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnieszka_Radwa%C5%84ska"},{"link_name":"WTA Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTA_Tour"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"The Championships, Wimbledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon"},{"link_name":"2015 WTA Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_WTA_Finals"},{"link_name":"Adam Małysz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Ma%C5%82ysz"},{"link_name":"Wisła","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wis%C5%82a"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"2002 Winter Games in Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Gregor Schlierenzauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Schlierenzauer"},{"link_name":"Matti Nykänen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matti_Nyk%C3%A4nen"},{"link_name":"Dakar Rally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar_Rally"},{"link_name":"Robert Korzeniowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Korzeniowski"},{"link_name":"Mariusz Pudzianowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariusz_Pudzianowski"},{"link_name":"strongman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongman_(strength_athlete)"},{"link_name":"Kyokushin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyokushin"},{"link_name":"weight training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_training"},{"link_name":"box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing"},{"link_name":"World's Strongest Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Strongest_Man"},{"link_name":"Jón Páll Sigmarsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3n_P%C3%A1ll_Sigmarsson"},{"link_name":"Magnus Ver Magnusson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Ver_Magnusson"},{"link_name":"Andrzej Gołota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Go%C5%82ota"},{"link_name":"1988 Seoul Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Seoul_Olympics"},{"link_name":"European Amateur Boxing Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Amateur_Boxing_Championships"},{"link_name":"Tomasz Adamek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomasz_Adamek"},{"link_name":"Jerzy Dudek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_Dudek"},{"link_name":"Rybnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rybnik"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Sokół Tychy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GKS_71_Tychy"},{"link_name":"Feyenoord Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feyenoord_Rotterdam"},{"link_name":"Eredivisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eredivisie"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_Cup"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid"},{"link_name":"Mariusz Czerkawski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariusz_Czerkawski"},{"link_name":"Radomsko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radomsko"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Boston Bruins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Bruins"},{"link_name":"Edmonton Oilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers"},{"link_name":"New York Islanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Islanders"},{"link_name":"Montreal Canadiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens"},{"link_name":"Toronto Maple Leafs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs"},{"link_name":"Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Rapperswil-Jona Lakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapperswil-Jona_Lakers"},{"link_name":"Nationalliga A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_A"},{"link_name":"Krzysztof Oliwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzysztof_Oliwa"},{"link_name":"Tychy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tychy"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Devils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Devils"},{"link_name":"Columbus Blue Jackets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Penguins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins"},{"link_name":"New York Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Rangers"},{"link_name":"Boston Bruins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Bruins"},{"link_name":"Calgary Flames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_Flames"},{"link_name":"Zbigniew Boniek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Boniek"},{"link_name":"Bydgoszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Zawisza Bydgoszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zawisza_Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Widzew Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widzew_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"},{"link_name":"Juventus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventus"},{"link_name":"AS Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Roma"},{"link_name":"Pelé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pel%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"FIFA 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_100"},{"link_name":"Polish Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Helena Rakoczy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Rakoczy"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Gymnastics_Championships"},{"link_name":"International Gymnastics Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Gymnastics_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Robert Kubica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kubica"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"2006 Hungarian Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Hungarian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"2006 Italian Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Italian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Michael Schumacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Schumacher"},{"link_name":"Kimi Räikkönen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimi_R%C3%A4ikk%C3%B6nen"},{"link_name":"2007 Formula One season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"Canadian Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Canadian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"concussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concussion"},{"link_name":"2008 Canadian Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Canadian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"BMW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW"},{"link_name":"Kubica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kubica"},{"link_name":"World Rally Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Rally_Championship"},{"link_name":"WRC-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRC-2"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_World_Rally_Championship-2_season"},{"link_name":"WRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Rally_Championship"},{"link_name":"2014 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_World_Rally_Championship_season"},{"link_name":"Sobiesław Zasada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobies%C5%82aw_Zasada"},{"link_name":"Dąbrowa Górnicza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%85browa_G%C3%B3rnicza"},{"link_name":"European Rally Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Rally_Championship"},{"link_name":"Paweł Zagumny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Zagumny"},{"link_name":"Tomasz Gollob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomasz_Gollob"},{"link_name":"Bydgoszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bydgoszcz"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Speedway Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedway_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Alan Kulwicki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Kulwicki"},{"link_name":"NASCAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR"},{"link_name":"Winston Cup Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Cup_Series"},{"link_name":"Grzegorz Lato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grzegorz_Lato"},{"link_name":"Malbork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malbork"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"1974 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Golden Shoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Cup_Golden_Boot"},{"link_name":"Polish FA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Zbigniew Boniek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Boniek"},{"link_name":"Jadwiga Jędrzejowska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadwiga_J%C4%99drzejowska"},{"link_name":"Wojciech Fibak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojciech_Fibak"},{"link_name":"Agnieszka Radwańska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnieszka_Radwa%C5%84ska"},{"link_name":"Joanna Jędrzejczyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_J%C4%99drzejczyk"},{"link_name":"UFC women's strawweight rankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship_rankings#Women's_strawweight"},{"link_name":"UFC women's pound-for-pound rankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_UFC_fighters#Rankings"},{"link_name":"Jan Błachowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_B%C5%82achowicz"}],"text":"Justyna Kowalczyk (born 19 January 1983 in Limanowa, Poland) is a Polish cross country skier who has been competing since 2000. She is an Olympic champion and also a double World Champion. She won Tour de Ski four times in a row and World cup four times, She won five medals (2-gold,1-silver,2-bronze) in the Olympic Games and seven medals (2-gold,3-silver,2-bronze) in the World Championships.Irena Szewińska, sprinter (born Irena Kirszenstein, 24 May 1946 in Leningrad, Russia. Between 1964 and 1980 Szewińska participated in five Olympic Games, winning seven medals, three of them gold. She also broke six world records and was the first woman to hold world records at 100 m, 200 m and 400 m at the same time. She also won 13 medals in European Championships. Between 1965 and 1979, Szewińska has gathered 26 titles of Champion of Poland in 100 m sprint, 200 m sprint, 400 m sprint, 4 × 400 m relay and long jump.Agnieszka Radwańska, (born 6 March 1989 in Kraków, full name Agnieszka Roma Radwańska) is a WTA Tour former World No. 2 Polish tennis player. Finalist The Championships, Wimbledon in 2012 and the winner of 2015 WTA Finals.Adam Małysz, ski jumper (born 3 December 1977 in Wisła, Poland) – Małysz won four Olympic medals (3 silver, 1 bronze) at the 2002 Winter Games in Salt Lake City and 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver and has won the World Championships for 4 times, and got 1 silver and bronze medal. He has also won an incredible 39 World Cup competitions, which gives him third place on the all-time list, behind Austria's Gregor Schlierenzauer (52) and Finland's Matti Nykänen (46). He is the first ski jumper ever to win the World Cup 3 times in a row. After concluding his ski jumping career, Małysz has appeared in the Dakar Rally.Robert Korzeniowski, (born 30 July 1968 in Lubaczów, Poland) is a former Polish racewalker. He has won four gold medals at the Summer Olympics and has won three world championships.Mariusz Pudzianowski, a professional strongman (born 7 February 1977) – He started Kyokushin in 1988, weight training in 1990 and box in 1992. At the end of the 1990s he focussed on strongman competitions. He is one of the three men that won the World's Strongest Man title (in 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007, and 2008) near Jón Páll Sigmarsson and Magnus Ver Magnusson. He is also the only man to ever win the World's Strongest Man title 5 times.Andrzej Gołota, boxer (born 5 January 1968) – In his early days, Gołota had 111 wins in a stellar amateur career that culminated in his winning a bronze medal at the 1988 Seoul Olympics. Gołota also captured a bronze medal at the 1989 European Amateur Boxing Championships. His professional record stands at 39 wins, 6 losses, one no contest and one draw, with 32 knockouts.Tomasz Adamek, a professional heavyweight boxer (born 1 December 1976) – his professional record (as of March 2013) is: 48 wins, 2 losses, with 29 knockouts.Jerzy Dudek, football player (born 23 March 1973 in Rybnik, Poland) – Dudek, a famous Polish goalkeeper began his professional career with Sokół Tychy, a team in the Polish National Football League where he played one season in 1995–96. Between 1996 and 2002, Dudek was a member of Feyenoord Rotterdam of the Eredivisie league in the Netherlands, where he won the 1998–99 Dutch League Championship and the 1999–2000 Dutch Super Cup. During his stay with Feyenoord he also received the league's highest goalkeeping honors, winning the Dutch Keeper of the Year Award twice (1998–99, 1999–2000. In 2002 Dudek was transferred to Liverpool of the Premier League, where he became a household name, winning the League Cup in 2002–03, the UEFA Champions League in 2004–05 and the European Super Cup in 2005–06, as well as the FA Cup in 2005–06. Between 2007 and 2011 Dudek played for Real Madrid in Spain, and then retired. He has made 60 appearances for the Poland National Team.Mariusz Czerkawski, hockey player (born 13 April 1972 in Radomsko, Poland) – Czerkawski has enjoyed a successful career in the National Hockey League with a total of 215 goals, 220 assists and 435 points in 745 games. Throughout his 14-year NHL career, Czerkawski played for the Boston Bruins (1993–96, 2005–06), Edmonton Oilers (1996–97), New York Islanders (1997–2002, 2003–04) Montreal Canadiens (2002–03) and the Toronto Maple Leafs (2005–06). Czerkawski represented Poland in the 1992 Winter Olympics where he collected one assist in five games. Presently, he plays for the Rapperswil-Jona Lakers of the Nationalliga A in Switzerland.Krzysztof Oliwa, hockey player (born 12 April 1973 in Tychy, Poland) – Former professional ice hockey player who played the left wing position in the National Hockey League. Oliwa was nicknamed \"The Hammer\" due to his physical and intimidating on-ice presence. At 6'5\", with a strong build, he would normally play the role of the team's enforcer. Oliwa won the 1999–2000 Stanley Cup as a member of the New Jersey Devils. Oliwa has also played for the Columbus Blue Jackets, Pittsburgh Penguins, New York Rangers, Boston Bruins and Calgary Flames.Zbigniew Boniek, football player (born 3 March 1956 in Bydgoszcz, Poland – He played on Zawisza Bydgoszcz, Widzew Łódź, Juventus and AS Roma. In 2004 Pelé got him on the FIFA 100 list. Today, he is the president of the Polish Football Association. He was elected as the president on 26 October 2012.Helena Rakoczy, (born 23 December 1921 in Kraków, Poland). Gymnast at Olympics (1952, 1956), and World Championships (1950, 1954). World Individual All-Around, Vault, Balance Beam, and Floor Exercise champion in 1950. Inducted into International Gymnastics Hall of Fame in 2004.Robert Kubica (born 7 December 1984 in Kraków, Poland), Robert Kubica is the first Polish Formula One driver. He made his racing debut at the 2006 Hungarian Grand Prix. In only his third race he experienced his first podium finish at Monza, Italy at the 2006 Italian Grand Prix. During this race he finished third and stood on the podium next to Michael Schumacher (Germany) and Kimi Räikkönen (Finland). In the 2007 Formula One season he survived a horrific crash at the Canadian Grand Prix. Kubica came out of the crash with only a sprained ankle and minor concussion. Robert Kubica scored his first victory in Formula 1 at 2008 Canadian Grand Prix (it was also the first win for the BMW Sauber team). Robert Kubica has brought Formula One to Poland, bringing along with him many new fans. In February 2011, he had a crash in the Rally Ronde di Andora. He went through long rehabilitation processes. In 2013, Kubica started racing in the World Rally Championship with immediate success, winning WRC-2 championship in 2013. He then moved to top WRC class for 2014 season.Sobiesław Zasada (born 27 January 1930 in Dąbrowa Górnicza), is a Polish former rally driver. He won the European Rally Championship in 1966, 1967, 1971 and was vice-champion in 1968, 1969, 1972.Paweł Zagumny (born 18 October 1977 in Jasło, Poland) is a Polish volleyball player. He is a son of Lech Zagumny, the coach of Polish volleyball club AZS Politechnika Warszawa. He is playing in volleyball club Kedzierzyn-Kozle and also in Poland national team, in which he debuted in 1998. In his prime, Zagumny was widely considered as the best setter in the world.Tomasz Gollob, motorcycle speedway rider (born 11 April 1971 in Bydgoszcz, Poland) – Gollob is Poland's most recognized motorcyclist. He has finished in the top ten of the Speedway Grand Prix 15 times, including his best performance in 2010 when he captured first place.Alan Kulwicki (14 December 1954 – 1 April 1993), nicknamed \"Special K\" and the \"Polish Prince\", was an American NASCAR Winston Cup Series. He won the 1992 Cup Series championship.Grzegorz Lato, footballer (born 8 April 1950 in Malbork, Poland) – Lato is the all-time cap leader for the Poland National Football Team. He was the leading scorer at the 1974 FIFA World Cup, where he won the Golden Shoe after scoring a tournament best seven goals. Lato's playing career coincided with the golden era of Polish football, which began with Olympic gold in Munich in 1972 and ended a decade later with a third-place finish at the 1982 World Cup in Spain, a repeat of the Poles' impressive finish at the 1974 championships in Germany. Lato retired from professional football in 1984 with 45 international goals, a record that stands to this day. On 30 October 2008, he was elected as the president of the Polish FA, but on 26 October 2012, Zbigniew Boniek became the Association's president.Jadwiga Jędrzejowska was a successful tennis player before the WWII, Wojciech Fibak during the 1970s and 1980s, Agnieszka Radwańska until her retirement from tennis in 2018.Joanna Jędrzejczyk (born 18 August 1987), is a mixed martial artist who competes in the women's strawweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. She is a former UFC Women's Strawweight Champion and previously held the title for 966 days, making her the longest reigning champion in the division. As of 28 September 2020: she is #4 in the UFC women's strawweight rankings and #5 in UFC women's pound-for-pound rankings.Jan Błachowicz (born 24 February 1983), is a Polish professional mixed martial artist. He is currently signed with the Ultimate Fighting Championship and competes in their Light Heavyweight division, where he is the current UFC Light Heavyweight Champion.","title":"Famous Polish athletes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20190302_FIS_NWSC_Seefeld_Medal_Ceremony_Kamil_Stoch_850_6745.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kamil Stoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamil_Stoch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iga_Swiatek_(50498824617).jpg"},{"link_name":"Iga Świątek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iga_%C5%9Awi%C4%85tek"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LewandowskiR.jpg"},{"link_name":"Robert Lewandowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lewandowski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2019_Formula_One_tests_Barcelona,_Kubica_(32309897777).jpg"},{"link_name":"Robert Kubica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kubica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agnieszka_Radwanska_(9431585860).jpg"},{"link_name":"Agnieszka Radwańska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnieszka_Radwa%C5%84ska"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wojciech_Szcz%C4%99sny_-_2019.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wojciech Szczęsny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojciech_Szcz%C4%99sny"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nederland_tegen_Polen_0-0_in_Olympisch_Stadion_in_Amsterdam_Lazarek,_nr._11,_12,_Bestanddeelnr_933-8193_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Zbigniew Boniek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Boniek"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kowalczyk-Trondheim09.jpg"},{"link_name":"Justyna Kowalczyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justyna_Kowalczyk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Irena_Szewinska_2007_AB.jpg"},{"link_name":"Irena Szewińska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irena_Szewi%C5%84ska"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hurkacz_RG21_(9)_(51376382433).jpg"},{"link_name":"Hubert Hurkacz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Hurkacz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adam_Ma%C5%82ysz_at_the_2010_Vancouver_Winter_Olympics.jpg"},{"link_name":"Adam Małysz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Ma%C5%82ysz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jerzy_Dudek_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Jerzy Dudek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_Dudek"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AnitaWRio2016_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anita Włodarczyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_W%C5%82odarczyk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Korzeniowski,_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA,_1.10.2014_Conference.jpg"},{"link_name":"Robert Korzeniowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Korzeniowski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bartosz_Kurek_2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bartosz Kurek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartosz_Kurek"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fourmies_-_Grand_Prix_de_Fourmies,_6_septembre_2015_(B087).JPG"},{"link_name":"Michał Kwiatkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kwiatkowski"}],"text":"Kamil Stoch\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIga Świątek\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRobert Lewandowski\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRobert Kubica\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAgnieszka Radwańska\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWojciech Szczęsny\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tZbigniew Boniek\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJustyna Kowalczyk\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIrena Szewińska\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHubert Hurkacz\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAdam Małysz\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJerzy Dudek\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAnita Włodarczyk\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRobert Korzeniowski\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBartosz Kurek\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMichał Kwiatkowski","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski_University_of_Physical_Education_in_Warsaw"}],"text":"Poland developed a network of physical education universities, the oldest of them the Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw.","title":"Research and academic education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Art competitions at the Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_competitions_at_the_Summer_Olympics"}],"text":"Poles obtained several medals in Art competitions at the Summer Olympics.","title":"Arts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Museum of Sport and Tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Sport_and_Tourism"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Museum of Sport and Tourism in Warsaw\nMuseum for Sport and Tourism in Karpacz[30]\nMuseum of Sport and Tourism in Łódź,[31] the division of the City Museum\nMuseum of Hunting and Horsemanship[32]","title":"Museums"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipuri_Pony_(film)
Manipuri Pony (film)
["1 Synopsis","2 Accolades","3 References"]
Not to be confused with Daughters of the Polo God. This article contains the Meitei alphabet. Without proper rendering support, you may see errors in display. 2013 Indian filmManipuri PonyPosterDirected byAribam Syam SharmaWritten byAribam GautamProduced byFilms Division of IndiaCinematographyIrom MaipakEdited byOinam Gautam SinghMusic byAribam Uttam SharmaProductioncompanyFilms Division of IndiaRelease date 2013 (2013) Running time52 minutesCountryIndiaLanguageMeitei language (officially called Manipuri language) & English Manipuri Pony is a 2013 non-feature Indian Meitei language film scripted by Aribam Gautam and directed by Aribam Syam Sharma. It is produced by Films Division of India. The film won the National Film Award for Best Exploration / Adventure Film (Including sports) at the 60th National Film Awards. The movie was also selected in the Indian Panorama of the 44th International Film Festival of India 2013 and the Mumbai International Film Festival in 2014. Manipuri Pony was screened at the 8th Manipur State Film Festival 2013. The movie was certified by Central Board of Film Certification in 2012. Synopsis Among the many facets of the Manipuri culture, the one that has had the most far-reaching impact internationally has been Sagol Kangjei, the progenitor of the modern game of polo. Introduced to the British in the mid-nineteenth century A.D., it reached the far corners of the globe. Due to the reasons of history and changing values, the Manipuri Pony is today on the brink of extinction and is now an endangered species. Even though the position of the animal today is unenviable, there are many who are still hoping and working to ensure its survival, a trend that underlines the fact that hope is not yet lost. Accolades The winner of the National Film Award for Best Exploration / Adventure Film (Including sports) at the 60th National Film Awards, the citation reads, "For tracing and presenting the historical significance of the game of polo which has its origins in Manipur." Award Category Winner's name Result 60th National Film Awards National Film Award for Best Exploration / Adventure Film (Including sports) Producer:Films DivisionDirector:Aribam Syam Sharma Won 8th Manipur State Film Festival 2013 Best Direction Aribam Syam Sharma Won References ^ Dipankar Sarkar. "Five must-watch documentaries from the North East, from 'AFSPA 58' to 'Tezpur 1962'". scroll.in. Retrieved 18 June 2021. ^ "MANIPURI PONY on Films Division". filmsdivision.org. Retrieved 18 June 2021. ^ "Indian Panorama of 44th IFFI, Goa". filmsdivision.org. Retrieved 18 June 2021. ^ "Syam Sharma's 'Manipuri Pony' selected for International Film Festival of India". The Times of India. 19 October 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2021. ^ "Aribam Syam Sharma Of Manipur Bags Award At 60th National Film Awards". kanglaonline.com. Retrieved 18 June 2021. ^ "Syam Sharma's 'Manipuri Pony' selected for IFFI, 2013". e-pao.net. Retrieved 18 June 2021. ^ Hussain Ahmed. "Focus : North East – Special Attention to NE Cinema at International Film Festival of India (IFFI)". www.magicalassam.com. ^ "Syam Sharma, Manju Borah's Films For IFFI". filmcity.one. ^ "Manipur Pony and Lanphamda Ibeni screened". Imphal Times. Retrieved 18 June 2021. ^ "60th National Film Awards: The list of winners". www.news18.com.
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unnikulam
Unnikulam
["1 Demographics","2 Schools","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 11°25′0″N 75°55′0″E / 11.41667°N 75.91667°E / 11.41667; 75.91667 Gram Panchayat in Kerala, IndiaUnnikulamGram PanchayatUnnikulamLocation in Kerala, IndiaShow map of KeralaUnnikulamUnnikulam (India)Show map of IndiaCoordinates: 11°25′0″N 75°55′0″E / 11.41667°N 75.91667°E / 11.41667; 75.91667Country IndiaStateKeralaDistrictKozhikodeArea • Total38.26 km2 (14.77 sq mi)Population (2001) • Total40,229 • Density1,051/km2 (2,720/sq mi)Languages • OfficialMalayalam, EnglishTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)PIN673574Vehicle registrationKL-76Nearest cityKozhikodeSex ratio986 ♂/♀Literacy92.04%Lok Sabha constituencyKozhikodeVidhan Sabha constituencyBalusseryWebsitewww.unnikulamonline.com Unnikulam is a Gram Panchayat in Kozhikode district in the state of Kerala, India. It is further divided into two revenue villages, Unnikulam and Shivapuram.Unnikulam Online is the First Online News Portal From Unnikulam And second news portal is . Important small towns in this Panchayat are Ekarool, the capital town and Poonoor . State Highway 34 (Kerala) passes through the Panchayat, connecting these two towns. Demographics As of 2001 India census, Unnikulam had a population of 40229 with 20254 males and 19975 females. Schools Ishaath Public School See also Neroth, Kozhikode References ^ a b "Local self-government department, Kerala : Unnikulam Grama Panchayat General information". Retrieved 16 January 2012. External links http://www.unnikulamonline.com/history/
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Wittelsh%C3%B6fer
Leopold Wittelshöfer
["1 References"]
Austrian physician Leopold Wittelshöfer (14 July 1818, Nagykanizsa, Hungary – 8 January 1889, Vienna, Austria) was an Austrian physician. He was educated at the University of Vienna (M.D. 1841). After practising medicine for ten years in Raab, Hungary, he moved to Vienna (1851) and became editor of the "Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift", to which periodical he contributed many essays. He was also the author of "Wiener Heil- und Humanitätsanstalten" Vienna, 1856. References  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Wittelschöfer, Leopold". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. BLKÖ: Wittel Höfer, Leopold Biographies of the Empire of Austria Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Netherlands People Deutsche Biographie
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_transhumanism
Transhumanist politics
["1 History","2 Core values","3 Criticism","4 Anarcho-transhumanism","5 Democratic transhumanism","5.1 Philosophy","5.2 Trends","5.3 List of democratic transhumanists","5.4 Criticism","6 Libertarian transhumanism","6.1 Principles","6.2 Criticisms","7 Marxist Transhumanism","7.1 Basis","7.2 Criticisms","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
Political ideologies based on Transhumanism Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Transhumanism Concepts Emerging technologies Hypothetical technologies Human Enhancement (Eugenics, Human genetic enhancement, Moral, Neuro-) Luddite fallacy Techno-utopia Fourth Industrial Revolution Post-scarcity economy Technological change Intellectuals Nick Bostrom Steve Fuller Julian Huxley Zoltan Istvan Nick Land Max More Nietzsche Stefan Lorenz Sorgner Herbert Spencer Works Thus Spoke Zarathustra (1883) Fanged Noumena (2011) The Transhumanist Declaration Subsets of Transhumanism Abolitionism Accelerationism Utopianism Extropianism Immortalism Posthuman transhumanism Posthumanism Postpoliticism Dataism Dark Enlightenment Russian Cosmism Singularitarianism Technogaianism Technolibertarianism Technological utopianism Cypherpunk Postgenderism Political ideologies Transhumanism Anarcho-transhumanism Libertarian transhumanism Democratic transhumanism Techno-progressivism vte Transhumanist politics constitutes a group of political ideologies that generally express the belief in improving human individuals through science and technology. Specific topics include space migration, and cryogenic suspension. It is considered the opposing ideal to the concept of bioconservatism, as Transhumanist politics argue for the use of all technology to enhance human individuals. History The term "transhumanism" with its present meaning was popularised by Julian Huxley's 1957 essay of that name. Natasha Vita-More was elected as a Councilperson for the 28th Senatorial District of Los Angeles in 1992. She ran with the Green Party, but on a personal platform of "transhumanism". She quit after a year, saying her party was "too neurotically geared toward environmentalism". James Hughes identifies the "neoliberal" Extropy Institute, founded by philosopher Max More and developed in the 1990s, as the first organized advocates for transhumanism. And he identifies the late-1990s formation of the World Transhumanist Association (WTA), a European organization which later was renamed to Humanity+ (H+), as partly a reaction to the free market perspective of the "Extropians". Per Hughes, "he WTA included both social democrats and neoliberals around a liberal democratic definition of transhumanism, codified in the Transhumanist Declaration." Hughes has also detailed the political currents in transhumanism, particularly the shift around 2009 from socialist transhumanism to libertarian and anarcho-capitalist transhumanism. He claims that the left was pushed out of the World Transhumanist Association Board of Directors, and that libertarians and Singularitarians have secured a hegemony in the transhumanism community with help from Peter Thiel, but Hughes remains optimistic about a techno-progressive future. In 2012, the Longevity Party, a movement described as "100% transhumanist" by cofounder Maria Konovalenko, began to organize in Russia for building a balloted political party. Another Russian programme, the 2045 Initiative was founded in 2012 by billionaire Dmitry Itskov with its own proposed "Evolution 2045" political party advocating life extension and android avatars. In October 2013, the political party Alianza Futurista ALFA was founded in Spain with transhumanist goals and ideals inscribed in its statutes. In October 2014, Zoltan Istvan announced that he would be running in the 2016 United States presidential election under the banner of the "Transhumanist Party." By November 2019, the Party claimed 880 members, with Gennady Stolyarov II as chair. Other groups using the name "Transhumanist Party" exist in the United Kingdom and Germany. Core values According to a 2006 study by the European Parliament, transhumanism is the political expression of the ideology that technology and science should be used to enhance human abilities and characteristics like physical beauty, or lifespan. According to Amon Twyman of the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies (IEET), political philosophies which support transhumanism include social futurism, techno-progressivism, techno-libertarianism, and anarcho-transhumanism. Twyman considers such philosophies to collectively constitute political transhumanism. Techno-progressives, also known as Democratic transhumanists, support equal access to human enhancement technologies in order to promote social equality and prevent technologies from furthering the divide among socioeconomic classes. However, libertarian transhumanist Ronald Bailey is critical of the democratic transhumanism described by James Hughes. Jeffrey Bishop wrote that the disagreements among transhumanists regarding individual and community rights is "precisely the tension that philosophical liberalism historically tried to negotiate," but that disagreeing entirely with a posthuman future is a disagreement with the right to choose what humanity will become. Woody Evans has supported placing posthuman rights in a continuum with animal rights and human rights. Riccardo Campa wrote that transhumanism can be coupled with many different political, philosophical, and religious views, and that this diversity can be an asset so long as transhumanists do not give priority to existing affiliations over membership with organized transhumanism. Criticism Truman Chen of the Stanford Political Journal considers many transhumanist ideals to be anti-political. Anarcho-transhumanism Flag of anarcho-transhumanism, represented by a blue and black diagonal flag, where the blue is representative of futuristic symbolism Anarcho-transhumanism is a philosophy synthesizing anarchism with transhumanism that is concerned with both social and physical freedom respectively. Anarcho-transhumanists define freedom as the expansion of one's own ability to experience the world around them. Anarcho-transhumanists may advocate various praxis to advance their ideals, including computer hacking, three-dimensional printing, or biohacking. The philosophy draws heavily from the individualist anarchism of William Godwin, Max Stirner and Voltairine de Cleyre as well as the cyberfeminism presented by Donna Haraway in A Cyborg Manifesto. Anarcho-transhumanist thought looks at issues surrounding bodily autonomy, disability, gender, neurodiversity, queer theory, science, free software, and sexuality whilst presenting critiques through anarchist and transhumanist lens of ableism, cisheteropatriarchy and primitivism. Much of early anarcho-transhumanist thought was a response to anarcho-primitivism. Anarcho-transhumanism may be interpreted either as criticism of, or an extension of humanism, because it challenges what being human means. Anarcho-transhumanists also criticise non-anarchist forms of transhumanism such as democratic transhumanism and libertarian transhumanism as incoherent and unsurvivable due to their preservation of the state. They view such instruments of power as inherently unethical and incompatible with the acceleration of social and material freedom for all individuals. Anarcho-transhumanism is generally anti-capitalist, arguing capitalist accumulation of wealth would lead to dystopia while partnered with transhumanism, instead advocating for equal access to advanced technologies that enable morphological freedom and space travel. Anarcho-transhumanist philosopher William Gillis has advocated for a 'social singularity', or a transformation in humanity's morals, to complement the technological singularity. This social singularity will ensure that no coercion will be required to maintain order in a future society where people are likely to have access to lethal forms of technology. Democratic transhumanism Main article: Technoprogressivism Part of the Politics seriesDemocracy HistoryTheoryIndices Types Anticipatory Athenian Cellular Consensus Conservative Cosmopolitan Defensive Deliberative Direct Economic Electronic Empowered Ethnic Grassroots Guided Hybrid regime Inclusive Industrial Jacksonian Jeffersonian Liberal / Illiberal Liquid Majoritarian Media Monitory Multiparty Non-partisan Oral Participatory Pluralist Popular Procedural Radical Representative Religious Buddhist Christian Islamic Jewish Mormon Sectarian Semi Semi-direct Social Socialist Sociocracy Sovereign Substantive Supermajority Totalitarian Workplace Related topics Anarchism Citizens' assembly Criticism of democracy Deliberative referendum Democratic backsliding Democratic capitalism Democratic centralism Democratic confederalism Democratic peace theory Democratic republic Democratic socialism Democratic transition Democratization Democracy and economic growth Democracy promotion Electoral competition Initiative Kleroterion Liberalism Libertarianism Majoritarianism Motion Ochlocracy Nomination rules Peaceful transition of power Political demonstration Political equality Polyarchy Popular referendum Populism Proportional representation Referendum Right to petition Right to protest Right to candidacy Right to vote Sortition Territorial peace theory Tyranny of the majority Voting War referendum Wars between democracies Waves of democracy Location Africa Asia Europe Historical Latin America and the Caribbean Middle East and North Africa Politics portalvte Democratic transhumanism, a term coined by James Hughes in 2002, refers to the stance of transhumanists (advocates for the development and use of human enhancement technologies) who espouse liberal, social, and/or radical democratic political views. Philosophy According to Hughes, the ideology "stems from the assertion that human beings will generally be happier when they take rational control of the natural and social forces that control their lives." The ethical foundation of democratic transhumanism rests upon rule utilitarianism and non-anthropocentric personhood theory. Democratic transhumanists support equal access to human enhancement technologies in order to promote social equality and to prevent technologies from furthering the divide among the socioeconomic classes. While raising objections both to right-wing and left-wing bioconservatism, and libertarian transhumanism, Hughes aims to encourage democratic transhumanists and their potential progressive allies to unite as a new social movement and influence biopolitical public policy. An attempt to expand the middle ground between technorealism and techno-utopianism, democratic transhumanism can be seen as a radical form of techno-progressivism. Appearing several times in Hughes' work, the term "radical" (from Latin rādīx, rādīc-, root) is used as an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the root or going to the root. His central thesis is that emerging technologies and radical democracy can help citizens overcome some of the root causes of inequalities of power. According to Hughes, the terms techno-progressivism and democratic transhumanism both refer to the same set of Enlightenment values and principles; however, the term technoprogressive has replaced the use of the word democratic transhumanism. Trends Hughes has identified 15 "left futurist" or "left techno-utopian" trends and projects that could be incorporated into democratic transhumanism: Afrofuturism Assistive technology-enabled disabled people Biopunk science fiction and movement Body modification culture Cyborg feminism/cyberfeminism Feminist science fiction Free software movement Lesbian science fiction, gay science fiction, bisexual science fiction and transgender science fiction Nanosocialism Post-Darwinian leftism Postcyberpunk science fiction Post-work/guaranteed minimum income movement Technogaianism Up-wing politics Viridian design movement List of democratic transhumanists These are notable individuals who have identified themselves, or have been identified by Hughes, as advocates of democratic transhumanism: Charles Stross George Dvorsky Giulio Prisco Ken MacLeod Mark Alan Walker Martine Rothblatt Ramez Naam Riccardo Campa Criticism Science journalist Ronald Bailey wrote a review of Citizen Cyborg in his online column for Reason magazine in which he offered a critique of democratic transhumanism and a defense of libertarian transhumanism. Critical theorist Dale Carrico defended democratic transhumanism from Bailey's criticism. However, he would later criticize democratic transhumanism himself on technoprogressive grounds. Libertarian transhumanism This article is part of a series onLibertarianismin the United States Schools Agorism Anarcho-capitalism Austro Autarchism Bleeding-heart Christian Consequentialist Feminist Fusionism Geo Green Market anarchism Minarchism Natural-rights Neo Paleo Panarchism Paternalist Propertarianism Techno Transhumanist Voluntaryism Principles Anti-imperialism Civil libertarianism Constitutionalism Counter-economics Decentralization Departurism Economic freedom Evictionism Free banking Free market Free-market environmentalism Free migration Free trade Free will Freedom of association Freedom of contract Freedom of speech Homestead principle Individuality Individualism Liberty Limited government Localism Marriage privatization Natural rights and legal rights Non-aggression principle Non-interventionism Non-politics Non-voting Open border Polycentric law Private defense agency Private property Public choice theory Restorative justice Right to bear arms Rugged Individualism Self-ownership Single tax Small government Spontaneous order Stateless society Tax resistance Title-transfer theory of contract Voluntary association Voluntary society History Age of Enlightenment Abolitionism in the United States Classical liberalism Anti-Federalism Transcendentalism Individualist anarchism in the United States Old Right New Left Freedom School Economics Austrian School Economic liberalism Fiscal conservatism Georgism Laissez-faire Neoliberalism Supply-side economics Intellectuals Andrews Barnett Block Brennan Carson Chartier Chodorov Ebeling Epstein D. Friedman M. Friedman P. Friedman R. Friedman Galambos Garrett George Greene Harper Hazlitt Heinlein Hess Heywood Hoppe Hospers Huemer Kinsella Konkin C. Lane R. Lane LeFevre Machan McElroy Mencken Menger Mises Nock Nozick Paterson Pugsley Rand Read Rockwell Rothbard Sarwark Schulman Sciabarra Scott Smith Somin Sowell Skousen Swartz Szasz Thiel Thoreau Tucker Volokh Warren Wilder Williams Yarvin Commentators Boghossian Caplan Chamberlain Gillespie Gutfeld Johnson Jorgensen Postrel Stossel Woods Politicians Amash Burt Cleveland Coolidge Nolan Paul Ventura Issues Abortion Capital punishment Criticism Foreign affairs Immigration Intellectual property Internal debates LGBT rights Objectivism Political parties Politics State Theories of law Culture Come and take it Gadsden flag Libertarian science fiction Ron Swanson Organizations Cato Institute Federalist Society Free State Project Foundation for Economic Education International Alliance of Libertarian Parties Libertarian Party Liberty International Mises Institute Reason Foundation Students for a Democratic Society Students for Liberty Works The Anarchist Cookbook Anarchy, State, and Utopia The Betrayal of the American Right Civil Disobedience Conceived in Liberty Defending the Undefendable The Discovery of Freedom End the Fed The Ethics of Liberty For a New Liberty Free to Choose The God of the Machine Liberty The Machinery of Freedom Man, Economy and State The Moon is a Harsh Mistress The Mainspring of Human Progress The Market for Liberty No, They Can't No Treason New Libertarian Manifesto Our Enemy, the State The Problem of Political Authority Progress and Poverty Protection or Free Trade Radicals for Capitalism Seeing Like a State To Serve and Protect The Unconstitutionality of Slavery See also American militia movement Boogaloo movement Conservatism in the United States Dark Enlightenment Jacobs Jillette Koch (Charles) Koch (David) Left-libertarianism Liberalism in the United States Libertarian conservatism Libertarian Democrat Libertarian Republican Libertarian socialism Libertarianism in Hong Kong Libertarianism in South Africa Libertarianism in the United Kingdom New Right Objectivism On Democracy in America Outline of libertarianism Prince Napolitano Right-libertarianism Sovereign citizen movement Spooner Taleb Teller Wilson Liberalism portal Conservatism portal Libertarianism portal United States portalvte Libertarian transhumanism is a political ideology synthesizing libertarianism and transhumanism. Self-identified libertarian transhumanists, such as Ronald Bailey of Reason magazine and Glenn Reynolds of Instapundit, are advocates of the asserted "right to human enhancement" who argue that the free market is the best guarantor of this right, claiming that it produces greater prosperity and personal freedom than other economic systems. Principles Libertarian transhumanists believe that the principle of self-ownership is the most fundamental idea from which both libertarianism and transhumanism stem. They are rational egoists and ethical egoists who embrace the prospect of using emerging technologies to enhance human capacities, which they believe stems from the self-interested application of reason and will in the context of the individual freedom to achieve a posthuman state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. They extend this rational and ethical egoism to advocate a form of "biolibertarianism". As strong civil libertarians, libertarian transhumanists hold that any attempt to limit or suppress the asserted right to human enhancement is a violation of civil rights and civil liberties. However, as strong economic libertarians, they also reject proposed public policies of government-regulated and -insured human enhancement technologies, which are advocated by democratic transhumanists, because they fear that any state intervention will steer or limit their choices. Extropianism, the earliest current of transhumanist thought defined in 1988 by philosopher Max More, initially included an anarcho-capitalist interpretation of the concept of "spontaneous order" in its principles, which states that a free market economy achieves a more efficient allocation of societal resources than any planned or mixed economy could achieve. In 2000, while revising the principles of Extropy, More seemed to be abandoning libertarianism in favor of modern liberalism and anticipatory democracy. However, many Extropians remained libertarian transhumanists. Criticisms Critiques of the techno-utopianism of libertarian transhumanists from progressive cultural critics include Richard Barbrook and Andy Cameron's 1995 essay The Californian Ideology; Mark Dery's 1996 book Escape Velocity: Cyberculture at the End of the Century; and Paulina Borsook's 2000 book Cyberselfish: A Critical Romp Through the Terribly Libertarian Culture of High-Tech. Barbrook argues that libertarian transhumanists are proponents of the Californian Ideology who embrace the goal of reactionary modernism: economic growth without social mobility. According to Barbrook, libertarian transhumanists are unwittingly appropriating the theoretical legacy of Stalinist communism by substituting, among other concepts, the "vanguard party" with the "digerati", and the "new Soviet man" with the "posthuman". Dery coined the dismissive phrase "body-loathing" to describe the attitude of libertarian transhumanists and those in the cyberculture who want to escape from their "meat puppet" through mind uploading into cyberspace. Borsook asserts that libertarian transhumanists indulge in a subculture of selfishness, elitism, and escapism. Sociologist James Hughes is the most militant critic of libertarian transhumanism. While articulating "democratic transhumanism" as a sociopolitical program in his 2004 book Citizen Cyborg, Hughes sought to convince libertarian transhumanists to embrace social democracy by arguing that: State action is required to address catastrophic threats from transhumanist technologies; Only believable and effective public policies to prevent adverse consequences from new technologies will reassure skittish publics that they do not have to be banned; Social policies must explicitly address public concerns that transhumanist biotechnologies will exacerbate social inequality; Monopolistic practices and overly restrictive intellectual property law can seriously delay the development of transhumanist technologies, and restrict their access; Only a strong liberal democratic state can ensure that posthumans are not persecuted; and Libertarian transhumanists (who are anti-naturalists) are inconsistent in arguing for the free market on the grounds that it is a natural phenomenon. Klaus-Gerd Giesen, a German political scientist specializing in the philosophy of technology, wrote a critique of the libertarianism he imputes to all transhumanists. While pointing out that the works of Austrian School economist Friedrich Hayek figure in practically all of the recommended reading lists of Extropians, he argues that transhumanists, convinced of the sole virtues of the free market, advocate an unabashed inegalitarianism and merciless meritocracy which can be reduced in reality to a biological fetish. He is especially critical of their promotion of a science-fictional liberal eugenics, virulently opposed to any political regulation of human genetics, where the consumerist model presides over their ideology. Giesen concludes that the despair of finding social and political solutions to today's sociopolitical problems incites transhumanists to reduce everything to the hereditary gene, as a fantasy of omnipotence to be found within the individual, even if it means transforming the subject (human) to a new draft (posthuman). Marxist Transhumanism Marxist Transhumanism or Left Transhumanism is a political ideology synthesizing marxism and transhumanism. Marxist Transhumanists believe that the class struggle central to a Marxist approach to society and economics must be put within a Transhumanist context. Arguing that without class struggle and class consciousness Transhumanism will amount to a form of elitism due to free market mechanisms. Furthermore it is argued that this trend is already occurring in the early stages. Citing Bryan Johnson's costly medical treatments and Jeff Bezos's Altos Labs as a case in point that the capitalist class is slowly gaining the ability to obtain longevity treatments while the rest of humanity dies at a rate of 100,000 per day. Basis Marxist Transhumanists hold that a new society must come about either through revolution or reforms for the masses of people to truly experience the opportunities of a Transhumanist society. Despite the abundance that may occur if a society has vastly automated labor. The social relations which dictate society will not allow that abundance to be distributed in a egalitarian manner under capitalism. Marxist Transhumanist often point to food production and hunger as well as the producible results of fast fashion and the 1 billion people without shoes as foreshadowing of the conditions which will encompass longevity treatments or an abundance of resources. In addition Marxist Transhumanist assert Transhumanism should return to its roots in regards to economics, holding that a return to a transhumanism akin to Russian Cosmism or Individuals such as Alexander Bogdanov, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, or Ivan Yefremov. Another fundamental concept within Marxist Transhumanism is the texts and literature of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and Vladimir Lenin. In which proto-transhumanist ideas can be found as well as the numerous philosophical connections between Marxism and transhumanism. Marxist transhumanism would comply with the definition of communism of Marx and Engels, and it could even be said that Marxism is, essentially, transhumanist in its foundations, even when it defines posthumans as New Men, or Men Made In Property. Criticisms Jeffrey Noonan argues that a Marxist transhumanism is politically and ethically incoherent. While it is true that Transhumanists and Marxists believe that human beings are self-determining and self-transforming. Transhumanists are committed to transcending the material conditions of organic life with their ultimate aim being to encourage the emergence of an artificial superintelligence whose self-creative capacities are not limited by the needs of organic life forms. Socialism, by contrast, is a political and ethical movement committed to ending the suffering caused by capitalism, by changing social institutions and the values according to which resources are distributed and utilized. See also Bioethics Cognitive liberty Left-libertarianism Outline of libertarianism Secular humanism Self-ownership Technogaianism Technological utopianism Techno-progressivism Transhumanism § Genetic divide References ^ a b McNamee, M. J.; Edwards, S. D. (2006-09-01). "Transhumanism, medical technology and slippery slopes". Journal of Medical Ethics. 32 (9): 513–518. doi:10.1136/jme.2005.013789. ISSN 0306-6800. PMC 2563415. PMID 16943331. ^ Brennan, Cian (2023-06-01). "Weak transhumanism: moderate enhancement as a non-radical path to radical enhancement". Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics. 44 (3): 229–248. doi:10.1007/s11017-023-09606-6. ISSN 1573-1200. PMC 10172256. PMID 36780070. ^ "Ageless Bodies, Happy Souls". The New Atlantis. Retrieved 2023-05-28. ^ Huxley, Julian (1957). "Transhumanism". Archived from the original on June 25, 2016. Retrieved February 24, 2006. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ Rothman, Peter (8 October 2014). "Transhumanism Gets Political". hplusmagazine.com. Retrieved 7 July 2015. ^ Hughes, James. "The Politics of Transhumanism". changesurfer.com. Retrieved 18 August 2016. Ironically, Natasha Vita-More was actually elected to Los Angeles public office on the Green Party ticket in 1992. However her platform was "transhumanism" and she quit after one year of her two year term because the Greens were "too far left and too neurotically geared toward environmentalism." ^ Hughes, James (10 April 2009). "Transhumanist politics, 1700 to the near future". Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies. Retrieved 13 January 2015. ^ a b c Hughes, James (1 May 2013). "The Politics of Transhumanism and the Techno-Millennial Imagination, 1626–2030" (PDF). Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies. Archived from the original on 2015-06-01. Retrieved 13 January 2015. ^ Konovalenko, Maria (26 July 2012). "Russians organize the "Longevity Party"". Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies. Archived from the original on 24 November 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2015. On July 19, we made the first step towards the creation of the Longevity Party. Longevity Party is 100% transhumanist party. ^ Pellissier, Hank (20 August 2012). "Who are the "Longevity Party" Co-Leaders, and What do They Want? (Part 1)". Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies. Retrieved 14 January 2015. The recently-formed Longevity Party was co-founded by Ilia Stambler of Israel and Maria Konovalenko of Russia. ^ Dolak, Kevin (27 August 2012). "Technology Human Immortality in 33 Years Claims Dmitry Itskov's 2045 Initiative". Retrieved 22 August 2015. ^ Eördögh, Fruzsina (7 May 2013). "Russian Billionaire Dmitry Itskov Plans on Becoming Immortal by 2045". Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015. ^ Sánchez, Cristina (3 June 2015). "Transhumanismo en política: ¿votarías por ser un cíborg que vive eternamente?". elDiario.es. ^ Bartlett, Jamie (23 December 2014). "Meet the Transhumanist Party: 'Want to live forever? Vote for me'". The Telegraph. Zoltan decided to form the Transhumanist Party, and run for president in the 2016 US presidential election. ^ Bromwich, Jonah (19 May 2018). "Death of a Biohacker". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 June 2018. Gennady Stolyarov II, the chairman of the United States Transhumanist Party, a political organization with close to 880 members that supports life extension through science and technology, had been corresponding with Mr. Traywick since November 2015. ^ Volpicelli, Gian (14 January 2015). "Transhumanists Are Writing Their Own Manifesto for the UK General Election". Motherboard. Vice. As the UK's 2015 general election approaches, you've probably already made up your mind on who knows best about the economy, who you agree with on foreign policy, and who cuts a more leader-like figure. But did you ever wonder who will deliver immortality sooner? If so, there's good news for you, since that's exactly what the UK Transhumanist Party was created for. ^ Volpicelli, Gian (27 March 2015). "A Transhumanist Plans to Run for Office in the UK". Motherboard. Vice. Twyman intends to stand as an independent MP for the constituency of Kingston, on the radically pro-technology platform of the Transhumanist Party UK (TPUK), of which he's cofounder and leader. ^ Solon, Olivia (10 April 2015). "Cyborg supporting Transhumanist Party appoints first political candidate in UK". Mirror. The newly-launched Transhumanist Party, which supports people who want to become cyborgs, has appointed its first political candidate in the UK. ^ Benedikter, Roland (4 April 2015). "The Age of Transhumanist Politics – Part II". The Leftist Review. Archived from the original on 2018-01-01. Retrieved 2015-07-31. The Transhumanist Party is gaining traction also in other parts of the Western world – mainly in Europe so far. Among them are the Tranhumanist Party of the UK, the Transhumanist Party of Germany (Transhumanistische Partei Deutschland) and others, all currently in the process of foundation. ^ European Parliament (2006). "Technology Assessment on Converging Technologies" (PDF). ii. Retrieved 12 January 2015. On the one side are the true believers in the potential of technology to make individuals ever more perfect. Transhumanism is a political expression of that. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ Twyman, Amon (7 October 2014). "Transhumanism and Politics". Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies. Archived from the original on 8 September 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2015. I would suggest that the way forward is to view transhumanism as a kind of political vector, axis, or hub rather than a single party or philosophy. In other words, the different political philosophies supportive of transhumanism (e.g. Social Futurism, Techno-Progressivism, Anarcho-Transhumanism, Techno-Libertarianism etc) should be considered to collectively constitute Political Transhumanism. ^ Dvorsky, George (31 March 2012). "J. Hughes on democratic transhumanism, personhood, and AI". Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies. Retrieved 13 January 2015. The term 'democratic transhumanism' distinguishes a biopolitical stance that combines socially liberal or libertarian views (advocating internationalist, secular, free speech, and individual freedom values), with economically egalitarian views (pro-regulation, pro-redistribution, pro-social welfare values), with an openness to the transhuman benefits that science and technology can provide, such as longer lives and expanded abilities. In the last six or seven years the phrase has been supplanted by the descriptor 'technoprogressive' which is used to describe the same basic set of Enlightenment values and policy proposals: Human enhancement technologies, especially anti-aging therapies, should be a priority of publicly financed basic research, be well regulated for safety, and be included in programs of universal health care ^ Hughes, James; Roux, Marc (24 June 2009). "On Democratic Transhumanism". Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies. Retrieved 13 January 2015. When I wrote Citizen Cyborg in 2004 we had just begun defining the ideological position that embraced both traditional social democratic values as well as future transhuman possibilities, and we called it 'democratic transhumanism.' Since then, the people in that space have adopted the much more elegant term 'technoprogressive.' ^ Ferrando, Francesca (2013). "Posthumanism, Transhumanism, Antihumanism, Metahumanism, and New Materialisms Differences and Relations". Existenz. 8 (2, Fall 2013). ISSN 1932-1066. Archived from the original on 14 January 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2015. Democratic transhumanism calls for an equal access to technological enhancements, which could otherwise be limited to certain socio-political classes and related to economic power, consequently encoding racial and sexual politics. ^ a b Bailey, Ronald (2005). "Trans-Human Expressway: Why libertarians will win the future". Retrieved 5 February 2006. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ a b c Bailey, Ronald (2009). "Transhumanism and the Limits of Democracy". Retrieved 1 May 2009. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ Bishop, Jeffrey (2010). "Transhumanism, Metaphysics, and the Posthuman God" (PDF). Journal of Medicine and Philosophy. 35 (700–720): 713, 717. doi:10.1093/jmp/jhq047. PMID 21088098. Retrieved September 22, 2015. The tension between the individual and the political that we see within trans-humanist philosophies is precisely the tension that philosophical liberalism historically tried to negotiate." and "o question the posthuman future is to question our liberty to become what we will. ^ Evans, Woody (2015). "Posthuman Rights: Dimensions of Transhuman Worlds". Teknokultura. 12 (2). Universidad Complutense Madrid. doi:10.5209/rev_TK.2015.v12.n2.49072. Retrieved August 16, 2016. Consider the state of posthumanism as a domain (*PR*). The careful definition of this domain will be vital in articulating the nature of the relationship between humanity and posthumanity. It will be an asymmetrical relationship, at first heavily favoring humans. It will become, if the posthuman population (and/or their power or influence) grows, a domain in which posthumans may favor themselves at the expense of humans, as humans favor themselves at the expense of animals and machinery within their own domains and networks. ^ Campa, Riccardo, "Toward a transhumanist politics", Re-public, archived from the original on June 14, 2012, The central transhumanist idea of self-directed evolution can be coupled with different political, philosophical and religious opinions. Accordingly, we have observed individuals and groups joining the movement from very different persuasions. On one hand such diversity may be an asset in terms of ideas and stimuli, but on the other hand it may involve a practical paralysis, especially when members give priority to their existing affiliations over their belonging to organized transhumanism.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ Chen, Truman (15 December 2014). "The Political Vacuity of Transhumanism". Stanford Political Journal. Even some transhumanists have criticized the emergence of the Transhumanist Party, questioning the utility of politicizing transhumanist goals. In reality, the ideals the Transhumanist Party embodies are anti-political. ^ "An Anarcho-Transhumanist FAQ (Why the color blue?)". Retrieved 22 January 2020. ^ a b c d e Chartier, Gary; Schoelandt, Chad Van (2020). "Anarchy and Transhumanism". The Routledge Handbook of Anarchy and Anarchist Thought. London: Routledge. pp. 416–428. ISBN 978-1-351-73358-8. ^ Gillis, William (6 January 2012). "What Is Anarcho-Transhumanism?". Retrieved 22 January 2020. ^ Marcolli, Matilde (2020). Lumen Naturae: Visions of the Abstract in Art and Mathematics. MIT Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-262-35832-3. ^ "An Anarcho-Transhumanist FAQ (What's all this about anarchism and transhumanism?)". Retrieved 22 January 2020. ^ Munkittrick, Kyle. "On the Importance of Being a Cyborg Feminist". Retrieved 22 January 2020. ^ a b c Gillis, William (21 September 2011). "The Floating Metal Sphere Trump Card". Retrieved 22 January 2020. ^ Brix, Terra (4 April 2018). "This Machine Kills Ability". Retrieved 22 January 2020. ^ a b Linnell, Lexi (November 2016). "This Machine Kills Ableism". Retrieved 22 January 2020. ^ Carrico, Dale (5 March 2006). "Technology Is Making Queers Of Us All". Retrieved 22 January 2020. ^ Gillis, William (18 August 2015). Science As Radicalism. Retrieved 22 January 2020. ^ Saitta, Eleanor (2009). "Designing the Future of Sex" (PDF). Retrieved 22 January 2020. ^ Gillis, William (13 June 2006). 15 Post-Primitivist Theses. Retrieved 22 January 2020. ^ Gillis, William (29 October 2015). The Incoherence And Unsurvivability Of Non-Anarchist Transhumanism (Speech). Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies. Retrieved 22 January 2020. ^ Bookchin, Murray (May 1965). Towards a Liberatory Technology. Anarchos. Retrieved 1 August 2020. ^ Carson, Kevin (February 8, 2019). "Ephemeralization for Post-Capitalist Space Exploration" (PDF). Anarcho-Transhuman (4): 23–29. ^ "What is Anarcho-Transhumanism?". The Anarchist Library. Retrieved 2022-12-21. ^ a b c Hughes, James (2001). "Politics of Transhumanism". Retrieved 2007-01-26. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ a b c d Hughes, James (2002). "Democratic Transhumanism 2.0". Retrieved 2007-01-26. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ Hughes, James (2003). "Better Health through Democratic Transhumanism". Archived from the original on 2006-10-11. Retrieved 2007-01-26. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ a b c Hughes, James (2004). Citizen Cyborg: Why Democratic Societies Must Respond to the Redesigned Human of the Future. Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-4198-1. ^ James Hughes (20 July 2005). "On Democratic Transhumanism". The Journal of Geoethical Nanotechnology. Retrieved 13 January 2015. ^ Hughes, James (1996). "Embracing Change with All Four Arms: A Post-Humanist Defense of Genetic Engineering". Retrieved 2007-01-26. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ Ferrando, Francesca (2013). "Posthumanism, Transhumanism, Antihumanism, Metahumanism, and New Materialisms Differences and Relations". Existenz. 8 (2, Fall 2013). ISSN 1932-1066. Archived from the original on 14 January 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2015. ^ Carrico, Dale (2005). "Listen, Transhumanist!". Retrieved 2007-01-27. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ George Dvorsky (31 March 2012). "J. Hughes on democratic transhumanism, personhood, and AI". Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies. Retrieved 13 January 2015. ^ James Hughes and Marc Roux (24 June 2009). "On Democratic Transhumanism". Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies. Retrieved 13 January 2015. ^ "Cyborg Democracy". Archived from the original on 2016-09-08. Retrieved 2018-01-15. ^ Carrico, Dale (2005). "Bailey on the CybDemite Menace". Retrieved 2006-02-05. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ Carrico, Dale (2009). "James Hughes Flogs for the Robot Cult". Retrieved 2010-03-27. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ a b Bailey, Ronald (2005). Liberation Biology: The Scientific and Moral Case For the Biotech Revolution. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-59102-227-4. ^ Reynolds, Glenn (2006). An Army of Davids: How Markets and Technology Empower Ordinary People to Beat Big Media, Big Government, and Other Goliaths. Thomas Nelson. ISBN 1-59555-054-2. ^ Evans, W. (June 2022). "Review of On Transhumanism". Prometheus: Critical Studies in Innovation. 38 (2): 271–74. doi:10.13169/prometheus.38.2.0271. S2CID 252023683. ^ Bailey, Ronald (2005). "Trans-Human Expressway: Why libertarians will win the future". Retrieved 2006-02-05. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ Barbrook, Richard; Cameron, Andy (2000). "The Californian Ideology". Archived from the original on 2006-11-09. Retrieved 2007-02-06. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ Barbrook, Richard (2007). "Cyber-Communism: How the Americans Are Superseding Capitalism in Cyberspace". Retrieved 2009-05-21. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ Dery, Mark (1996). Escape Velocity: Cyberculture at the End of the Century. Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-3520-X. ^ Borsook, Paulina (2000). Cyberselfish: A Critical Romp Through the Terribly Libertarian Culture of High-Tech. Mother Jones. ISBN 1-891620-78-9. ^ Giesen, Klaus-Gerd (2004). "Transhumanisme et génétique humaine". Archived from the original on 2007-03-10. Retrieved 2006-04-26. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ a b Conde, Santiago Javier Armesilla (2021). "A Marxist Transhumanism?". New Proposals: Journal of Marxism and Interdisciplinary Inquiry. 12 (1). ISSN 1715-6718. ^ Perdue, Mitzi (2014-01-29). "Aubrey de Grey: Out to Defy Death". GEN - Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News. Retrieved 2023-08-10. ^ Holt-Giménez, Eric; Shattuck, Annie; Altieri, Miguel; Herren, Hans; Gliessman, Steve (July 2012). "We Already Grow Enough Food for 10 Billion People … and Still Can't End Hunger". Journal of Sustainable Agriculture. 36 (6): 595–598. doi:10.1080/10440046.2012.695331. ISSN 1044-0046. S2CID 85672210. ^ "Humanitarian organisations estimate one person dying of hunger every four seconds - World | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 2022-09-20. Retrieved 2023-08-10. ^ "Solely Because of the Increasing Disorder: The Thirty-Sixth Newsletter (2021)". Tricontinental: Institute for Social Research. Retrieved 2023-08-10. ^ Noonan, Jeff (2021). "Marxist Transhumanism?". New Proposals: Journal of Marxism and Interdisciplinary Inquiry. 12 (1). ISSN 1715-6718. External links An introduction to tomorrow's politics Cyborg Democracy Archived 2016-09-08 at the Wayback Machine Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies Transmocracy Transhumanism: the next step of civilization by Jan Krepelka vteTranshumanismOverviews Outline of transhumanism Transhumans Transhumanism in fiction Currents Abolitionism Extropianism Immortalism Postgenderism Postpoliticism Singularitarianism Technogaianism Political ideologies Anarcho-transhumanism Democratic transhumanism Libertarian transhumanism Techno-progressivism Organizations Foresight Institute Humanity+ Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies Future of Humanity Institute LessWrong Science Party US Transhumanist Party People Nick Bostrom José Luis Cordeiro K. Eric Drexler David Gobel Ben Goertzel Aubrey de Grey Zoltan Istvan FM-2030 Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov Robin Hanson James Hughes Julian Huxley Ray Kurzweil Ole Martin Moen Hans Moravec Max More Elon Musk David Pearce Martine Rothblatt Anders Sandberg Gennady Stolyarov II Vernor Vinge Natasha Vita-More Mark Alan Walker Eliezer Yudkowsky Category vtePolitical ideologies The Establishment Anti Hardline Moderate Political spectrum Far-left Left-wing Centre-left Centrism Centre-right Right-wing Far-right Radical Reactionary Revolutionary Accelerationism Agrarianism Anarchism Capitalism Christian democracy Communalism Communism Communitarianism Confucianism Conservatism Constitutionalism Corporatism Distributism Social credit Environmentalism Familialism Fascism Nazism Third Position Feminism Fundamentalism Green Islamism Liberalism Libertarianism Marxism Masculism Monarchism Royalism Nationalism Republicanism Classical Modern Social democracy Socialism Third Way Zionism See also Authoritarianism Anti Collectivism Colonialism Culturalism Inter Mono Multi Extremism Federalism Globalism Imperialism Individualism Internationalism Localism Militarism Nihilism Pacifism Pluralism Populism Progressivism Reformism Regionalism Separatism Statism Syncretism Totalitarianism vteOutline of life extensionIssues Anti-oxidants Anti-aging movement Biohacking Calorie restriction Cryonics Cyborg Exercise Free-radical theory Gene therapy Gerontology Glycation Indefinite lifespan Index of topics related to life extension List of aging processes Longevity escape velocity Mind uploading Nanomedicine Organ printing Rejuvenation Senescence Stem-cell therapy Strategies for engineered negligible senescence Transhumanist politics Events Timeline of senescence research People Bill Andrews Eric R. 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West Organizations 2045 Initiative A4M AgeX Alliance for Aging Research Altos Labs AGE Buck Institute BioViva Calico ERIBA Gerontology Research Group Human Longevity Immortalist Society ILA Insilico Medicine LEAF LEF Methuselah Foundation MPI for Biology of Ageing NIA SENS Research Foundation Sierra Sciences Books Life Extension (1982) The First Immortal (1998) Fantastic Voyage (2004) Ending Aging (2007) Lifespan: Why We Age – and Why We Don't Have To (2019) Journals Ageing Research Reviews Aging Aging Cell Biogerontology Experimental Gerontology Neurobiology of Aging Rejuvenation Research Categories Life extension vteLongevityAgeing Old age Longevity myths Senescence aging-associated diseases degenerative diseases negligible senescence Gerontology biogerontology cognitive epidemiology Centenarian supercentenarian research into centenarians Life expectancy LGBT life expectancy Maximum life span Biomarkers of aging Life extension Topic outline index Anti-aging movement Biodemography of human longevity Indefinite lifespan Longevity escape velocity Methods calorie restriction Diet and longevity gene therapy nanomedicine organ printing rejuvenation stem-cell therapy SENS Lists oflife expectancyby country World Africa Americas North America South America Asia Europe Oceania World regions regions of countries Argentina Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cities France Germany Greece India Italy Japan Mexico Russia South Africa Spain Turkey UK USA shortest longest European regions Records Longevity claims Oldest people verified by country living Immortality Biological immortality Regeneration Digital immortality Eternal youth Immortality in fiction Longevity genes FOXO3 APOE CETP ACE IL6 Klotho SIRT1 TNF Related Blue zone Longevity insurance Longevity risk Transhumanist politics Longest-living organisms
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"political ideologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jme.bmj.com-1"},{"link_name":"bioconservatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioconservatism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Transhumanist politics constitutes a group of political ideologies that generally express the belief in improving human individuals through science and technology. Specific topics include space migration, and cryogenic suspension.[1] It is considered the opposing ideal to the concept of bioconservatism, as Transhumanist politics argue for the use of all technology to enhance human individuals.[2][3]","title":"Transhumanist politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Julian Huxley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Huxley"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huxley_1957-4"},{"link_name":"Natasha Vita-More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natasha_Vita-More"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rothman-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"James Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hughes_(sociologist)"},{"link_name":"Extropy Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extropy_Institute"},{"link_name":"Max More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_More"},{"link_name":"Humanity+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanity%2B"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hughes-zygon-8"},{"link_name":"libertarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_transhumanism"},{"link_name":"anarcho-capitalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hughes-zygon-8"},{"link_name":"left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_politics"},{"link_name":"World Transhumanist Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanity%2B"},{"link_name":"Singularitarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singularitarianism"},{"link_name":"Peter Thiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Thiel"},{"link_name":"techno-progressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno-progressivism"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hughes-zygon-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"2045 Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2045_Initiative"},{"link_name":"Dmitry Itskov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Itskov"},{"link_name":"android","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(robot)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Zoltan Istvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoltan_Istvan"},{"link_name":"2016 United States presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Transhumanist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanist_Party"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Gennady Stolyarov II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennady_Stolyarov_II"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-benedikter-leftistreview-2015-19"}],"text":"The term \"transhumanism\" with its present meaning was popularised by Julian Huxley's 1957 essay of that name.[4]Natasha Vita-More was elected as a Councilperson for the 28th Senatorial District of Los Angeles in 1992. She ran with the Green Party, but on a personal platform of \"transhumanism\". She quit after a year, saying her party was \"too neurotically geared toward environmentalism\".[5][6]James Hughes identifies the \"neoliberal\" Extropy Institute, founded by philosopher Max More and developed in the 1990s, as the first organized advocates for transhumanism. And he identifies the late-1990s formation of the World Transhumanist Association (WTA), a European organization which later was renamed to Humanity+ (H+), as partly a reaction to the free market perspective of the \"Extropians\". Per Hughes, \"[t]he WTA included both social democrats and neoliberals around a liberal democratic definition of transhumanism, codified in the Transhumanist Declaration.\"[7][8] Hughes has also detailed the political currents in transhumanism, particularly the shift around 2009 from socialist transhumanism to libertarian and anarcho-capitalist transhumanism.[8] He claims that the left was pushed out of the World Transhumanist Association Board of Directors, and that libertarians and Singularitarians have secured a hegemony in the transhumanism community with help from Peter Thiel, but Hughes remains optimistic about a techno-progressive future.[8]In 2012, the Longevity Party, a movement described as \"100% transhumanist\" by cofounder Maria Konovalenko,[9] began to organize in Russia for building a balloted political party.[10] Another Russian programme, the 2045 Initiative was founded in 2012 by billionaire Dmitry Itskov with its own proposed \"Evolution 2045\" political party advocating life extension and android avatars.[11][12]In October 2013, the political party Alianza Futurista ALFA was founded in Spain with transhumanist goals and ideals inscribed in its statutes.[13]In October 2014, Zoltan Istvan announced that he would be running in the 2016 United States presidential election under the banner of the \"Transhumanist Party.\"[14] By November 2019, the Party claimed 880 members, with Gennady Stolyarov II as chair.[15]Other groups using the name \"Transhumanist Party\" exist in the United Kingdom[16][17][18] and Germany.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jme.bmj.com-1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-European_Parliament_2006-20"},{"link_name":"Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Ethics_and_Emerging_Technologies"},{"link_name":"techno-progressivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno-progressivism"},{"link_name":"techno-libertarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno-libertarianism"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amon-21"},{"link_name":"Techno-progressives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno-progressivism"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"human enhancement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_enhancement"},{"link_name":"social equality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_equality"},{"link_name":"socioeconomic classes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"libertarian transhumanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_transhumanism"},{"link_name":"Ronald Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Bailey"},{"link_name":"James Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hughes_(sociologist)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bailey_2005-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bailey_2009-26"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Bishop"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Woody Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Evans"},{"link_name":"animal rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_rights"},{"link_name":"human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Riccardo Campa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_Campa"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"According to a 2006 study by the European Parliament, transhumanism is the political expression of the ideology that technology and science should be used to enhance human abilities and characteristics like physical beauty, or lifespan.[1][20]According to Amon Twyman of the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies (IEET), political philosophies which support transhumanism include social futurism, techno-progressivism, techno-libertarianism, and anarcho-transhumanism. Twyman considers such philosophies to collectively constitute political transhumanism.[21]Techno-progressives, also known as Democratic transhumanists,[22][23] support equal access to human enhancement technologies in order to promote social equality and prevent technologies from furthering the divide among socioeconomic classes.[24] However, libertarian transhumanist Ronald Bailey is critical of the democratic transhumanism described by James Hughes.[25][26] Jeffrey Bishop wrote that the disagreements among transhumanists regarding individual and community rights is \"precisely the tension that philosophical liberalism historically tried to negotiate,\" but that disagreeing entirely with a posthuman future is a disagreement with the right to choose what humanity will become.[27] Woody Evans has supported placing posthuman rights in a continuum with animal rights and human rights.[28]Riccardo Campa wrote that transhumanism can be coupled with many different political, philosophical, and religious views, and that this diversity can be an asset so long as transhumanists do not give priority to existing affiliations over membership with organized transhumanism.[29]","title":"Core values"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chen-vacuity-stanford-2014-30"}],"text":"Truman Chen of the Stanford Political Journal considers many transhumanist ideals to be anti-political.[30]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anarcho-Transhumanism.svg"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blueshift-31"},{"link_name":"philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy"},{"link_name":"anarchism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism"},{"link_name":"transhumanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanism"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AnTrans-33"},{"link_name":"computer hacking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacker"},{"link_name":"three-dimensional printing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_printing"},{"link_name":"biohacking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_hacking"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-32"},{"link_name":"individualist anarchism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualist_anarchism"},{"link_name":"William Godwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Godwin"},{"link_name":"Max Stirner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Stirner"},{"link_name":"Voltairine de Cleyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indy-35"},{"link_name":"cyberfeminism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberfeminism"},{"link_name":"Donna Haraway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Haraway"},{"link_name":"A Cyborg Manifesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Cyborg_Manifesto"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cyborg_Feminism-36"},{"link_name":"bodily autonomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodily_autonomy"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sphere-37"},{"link_name":"disability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ability-38"},{"link_name":"gender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sphere-37"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-32"},{"link_name":"neurodiversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurodiversity"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ableism-39"},{"link_name":"queer theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queer_theory"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Queer-40"},{"link_name":"science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Science-41"},{"link_name":"free software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software_movement"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-32"},{"link_name":"sexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexuality"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sex-42"},{"link_name":"ableism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ableism"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ableism-39"},{"link_name":"cisheteropatriarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisheteropatriarchy"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sphere-37"},{"link_name":"primitivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitivism"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Primitivism-43"},{"link_name":"anarcho-primitivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism"},{"link_name":"humanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-32"},{"link_name":"democratic transhumanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_transhumanism"},{"link_name":"libertarian transhumanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_transhumanism"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(polity)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Non-anarchist-44"},{"link_name":"anti-capitalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-capitalism"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"morals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morality"},{"link_name":"technological singularity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_singularity"},{"link_name":"coercion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coercion"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"text":"Flag of anarcho-transhumanism, represented by a blue and black diagonal flag, where the blue is representative of futuristic symbolism[31]Anarcho-transhumanism is a philosophy synthesizing anarchism with transhumanism that is concerned with both social and physical freedom respectively.[32] Anarcho-transhumanists define freedom as the expansion of one's own ability to experience the world around them.[33] Anarcho-transhumanists may advocate various praxis to advance their ideals, including computer hacking, three-dimensional printing, or biohacking.[34][32]The philosophy draws heavily from the individualist anarchism of William Godwin, Max Stirner and Voltairine de Cleyre[35] as well as the cyberfeminism presented by Donna Haraway in A Cyborg Manifesto.[36] Anarcho-transhumanist thought looks at issues surrounding bodily autonomy,[37] disability,[38] gender,[37][32] neurodiversity,[39] queer theory,[40] science,[41] free software,[32] and sexuality[42] whilst presenting critiques through anarchist and transhumanist lens of ableism,[39] cisheteropatriarchy[37] and primitivism.[43] Much of early anarcho-transhumanist thought was a response to anarcho-primitivism. Anarcho-transhumanism may be interpreted either as criticism of, or an extension of humanism, because it challenges what being human means.[32]Anarcho-transhumanists also criticise non-anarchist forms of transhumanism such as democratic transhumanism and libertarian transhumanism as incoherent and unsurvivable due to their preservation of the state. They view such instruments of power as inherently unethical and incompatible with the acceleration of social and material freedom for all individuals.[44] Anarcho-transhumanism is generally anti-capitalist, arguing capitalist accumulation of wealth would lead to dystopia while partnered with transhumanism, instead advocating for equal access to advanced technologies that enable morphological freedom and space travel.[45][46]Anarcho-transhumanist philosopher William Gillis has advocated for a 'social singularity', or a transformation in humanity's morals, to complement the technological singularity. This social singularity will ensure that no coercion will be required to maintain order in a future society where people are likely to have access to lethal forms of technology.[47]","title":"Anarcho-transhumanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hughes_(sociologist)"},{"link_name":"transhumanists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanist"},{"link_name":"human enhancement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_enhancement"},{"link_name":"liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_democracy"},{"link_name":"social","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democracy"},{"link_name":"radical democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_democracy"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hughes_2001-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hughes_2002-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hughes_2003-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hughes_2004-51"}],"text":"Democratic transhumanism, a term coined by James Hughes in 2002, refers to the stance of transhumanists (advocates for the development and use of human enhancement technologies) who espouse liberal, social, and/or radical democratic political views.[48][49][50][51]","title":"Democratic transhumanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"happier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happiness"},{"link_name":"rational control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_agency"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hughes_2002-49"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"ethical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics"},{"link_name":"rule utilitarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_utilitarianism"},{"link_name":"non-anthropocentric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentiocentrism"},{"link_name":"personhood theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personhood_theory"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hughes_1996-53"},{"link_name":"human enhancement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_enhancement"},{"link_name":"social equality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_equality"},{"link_name":"socioeconomic classes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"right-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing_politics"},{"link_name":"left-wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_politics"},{"link_name":"bioconservatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno-progressivism#Contrasting_stance"},{"link_name":"libertarian transhumanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_transhumanism"},{"link_name":"progressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressivism"},{"link_name":"new social movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_social_movement"},{"link_name":"biopolitical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopolitical"},{"link_name":"public policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hughes_2002-49"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hughes_2004-51"},{"link_name":"technorealism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technorealism"},{"link_name":"techno-utopianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno-utopianism"},{"link_name":"techno-progressivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno-progressivism"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carrico_8-2005-55"},{"link_name":"emerging technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging_technologies"},{"link_name":"radical democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_democracy"},{"link_name":"citizens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen"},{"link_name":"power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hughes_2002-49"},{"link_name":"Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"Philosophy","text":"According to Hughes, the ideology \"stems from the assertion that human beings will generally be happier when they take rational control of the natural and social forces that control their lives.\"[49][52]\nThe ethical foundation of democratic transhumanism rests upon rule utilitarianism and non-anthropocentric personhood theory.[53] Democratic transhumanists support equal access to human enhancement technologies in order to promote social equality and to prevent technologies from furthering the divide among the socioeconomic classes.[54]\nWhile raising objections both to right-wing and left-wing bioconservatism, and libertarian transhumanism, Hughes aims to encourage democratic transhumanists and their potential progressive allies to unite as a new social movement and influence biopolitical public policy.[49][51]An attempt to expand the middle ground between technorealism and techno-utopianism, democratic transhumanism can be seen as a radical form of techno-progressivism.[55] Appearing several times in Hughes' work, the term \"radical\" (from Latin rādīx, rādīc-, root) is used as an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the root or going to the root. His central thesis is that emerging technologies and radical democracy can help citizens overcome some of the root causes of inequalities of power.[49]According to Hughes, the terms techno-progressivism and democratic transhumanism both refer to the same set of Enlightenment values and principles; however, the term technoprogressive has replaced the use of the word democratic transhumanism.[56][57]","title":"Democratic transhumanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Afrofuturism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrofuturism"},{"link_name":"Assistive technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistive_technology"},{"link_name":"disabled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disabled"},{"link_name":"Biopunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopunk"},{"link_name":"Body modification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_modification"},{"link_name":"Cyborg feminism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyborg_feminism"},{"link_name":"cyberfeminism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberfeminism"},{"link_name":"Feminist science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction"},{"link_name":"Free software movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software_movement"},{"link_name":"Lesbian science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian_science_fiction"},{"link_name":"gay science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_science_fiction"},{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_media_portrayals_of_bisexuality"},{"link_name":"transgender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender"},{"link_name":"Nanosocialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanosocialism"},{"link_name":"Darwinian leftism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Darwinian_Left"},{"link_name":"Postcyberpunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcyberpunk"},{"link_name":"Post-work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-work"},{"link_name":"guaranteed minimum income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaranteed_minimum_income"},{"link_name":"Technogaianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technogaianism"},{"link_name":"Up-wing politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Up-wing_politics&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Viridian design movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viridian_design_movement"}],"sub_title":"Trends","text":"Hughes has identified 15 \"left futurist\" or \"left techno-utopian\" trends and projects that could be incorporated into democratic transhumanism:Afrofuturism\nAssistive technology-enabled disabled people\nBiopunk science fiction and movement\nBody modification culture\nCyborg feminism/cyberfeminism\nFeminist science fiction\nFree software movement\nLesbian science fiction, gay science fiction, bisexual science fiction and transgender science fiction\nNanosocialism\nPost-Darwinian leftism\nPostcyberpunk science fiction\nPost-work/guaranteed minimum income movement\nTechnogaianism\nUp-wing politics\nViridian design movement","title":"Democratic transhumanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Charles Stross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stross"},{"link_name":"George Dvorsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Dvorsky"},{"link_name":"Giulio Prisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulio_Prisco"},{"link_name":"Ken MacLeod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_MacLeod"},{"link_name":"Mark Alan Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Alan_Walker"},{"link_name":"Martine Rothblatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martine_Rothblatt"},{"link_name":"Ramez Naam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramez_Naam"},{"link_name":"Riccardo Campa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_Campa"}],"sub_title":"List of democratic transhumanists","text":"These are notable individuals who have identified themselves, or have been identified by Hughes, as advocates of democratic transhumanism:[58]Charles Stross\nGeorge Dvorsky\nGiulio Prisco\nKen MacLeod\nMark Alan Walker\nMartine Rothblatt\nRamez Naam\nRiccardo Campa","title":"Democratic transhumanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ronald Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Bailey"},{"link_name":"Citizen Cyborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_Cyborg"},{"link_name":"Reason magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"libertarian transhumanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_transhumanism"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bailey_2005-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bailey_2009-26"},{"link_name":"Dale Carrico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Carrico"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carrico_5-2005-59"},{"link_name":"technoprogressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technoprogressive"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carrico_2-2009-60"}],"sub_title":"Criticism","text":"Science journalist Ronald Bailey wrote a review of Citizen Cyborg in his online column for Reason magazine in which he offered a critique of democratic transhumanism and a defense of libertarian transhumanism.[25][26]Critical theorist Dale Carrico defended democratic transhumanism from Bailey's criticism.[59] However, he would later criticize democratic transhumanism himself on technoprogressive grounds.[60]","title":"Democratic transhumanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"political ideology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_ideology"},{"link_name":"libertarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism"},{"link_name":"transhumanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanism"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hughes_2001-48"},{"link_name":"Ronald Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Bailey"},{"link_name":"Reason magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Glenn Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"Instapundit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instapundit"},{"link_name":"human enhancement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_enhancement"},{"link_name":"free market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_market"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bailey_2005_LB-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reynolds_2006-62"}],"text":"Libertarian transhumanism is a political ideology synthesizing libertarianism and transhumanism.[48]Self-identified libertarian transhumanists, such as Ronald Bailey of Reason magazine and Glenn Reynolds of Instapundit, are advocates of the asserted \"right to human enhancement\" who argue that the free market is the best guarantor of this right, claiming that it produces greater prosperity and personal freedom than other economic systems.[61][62]","title":"Libertarian transhumanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"self-ownership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-ownership"},{"link_name":"rational egoists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_egoism"},{"link_name":"ethical egoists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_egoism"},{"link_name":"emerging technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging_technologies"},{"link_name":"reason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason"},{"link_name":"will","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"posthuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthuman"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"biolibertarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolibertarianism"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bailey_2005_LB-61"},{"link_name":"civil libertarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_libertarianism"},{"link_name":"civil rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights"},{"link_name":"civil liberties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_liberties"},{"link_name":"economic libertarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_liberalism"},{"link_name":"public policies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy"},{"link_name":"government-regulated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_science"},{"link_name":"insured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_health_care"},{"link_name":"human enhancement technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_enhancement_technologies"},{"link_name":"democratic transhumanists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_transhumanism"},{"link_name":"state intervention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bailey_2009-26"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bailey_2005_THE-64"},{"link_name":"Extropianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extropianism"},{"link_name":"current of transhumanist thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanism#Currents"},{"link_name":"Max More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_More"},{"link_name":"anarcho-capitalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism"},{"link_name":"spontaneous order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_order"},{"link_name":"planned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_economy"},{"link_name":"mixed economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_economy"},{"link_name":"modern liberalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_liberalism"},{"link_name":"anticipatory democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticipatory_democracy"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hughes_2001-48"}],"sub_title":"Principles","text":"Libertarian transhumanists believe that the principle of self-ownership is the most fundamental idea from which both libertarianism and transhumanism stem. They are rational egoists and ethical egoists who embrace the prospect of using emerging technologies to enhance human capacities, which they believe stems from the self-interested application of reason and will in the context of the individual freedom to achieve a posthuman state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.[63] They extend this rational and ethical egoism to advocate a form of \"biolibertarianism\".[61]As strong civil libertarians, libertarian transhumanists hold that any attempt to limit or suppress the asserted right to human enhancement is a violation of civil rights and civil liberties. However, as strong economic libertarians, they also reject proposed public policies of government-regulated and -insured human enhancement technologies, which are advocated by democratic transhumanists, because they fear that any state intervention will steer or limit their choices.[26][64]Extropianism, the earliest current of transhumanist thought defined in 1988 by philosopher Max More, initially included an anarcho-capitalist interpretation of the concept of \"spontaneous order\" in its principles, which states that a free market economy achieves a more efficient allocation of societal resources than any planned or mixed economy could achieve. In 2000, while revising the principles of Extropy, More seemed to be abandoning libertarianism in favor of modern liberalism and anticipatory democracy. However, many Extropians remained libertarian transhumanists.[48]","title":"Libertarian transhumanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"techno-utopianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno-utopianism"},{"link_name":"cultural critics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_critic"},{"link_name":"Richard Barbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Barbrook"},{"link_name":"Mark Dery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Dery"},{"link_name":"Paulina Borsook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulina_Borsook"},{"link_name":"Californian Ideology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californian_Ideology"},{"link_name":"reactionary modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactionary_modernism"},{"link_name":"economic growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_growth"},{"link_name":"social mobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_mobility"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barbrook_and_Cameron_1995-65"},{"link_name":"Stalinist communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalinism"},{"link_name":"vanguard party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard_party"},{"link_name":"digerati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digerati"},{"link_name":"new Soviet man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Soviet_man"},{"link_name":"posthuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthuman"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barbrook-66"},{"link_name":"cyberculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberculture"},{"link_name":"meat puppet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_body"},{"link_name":"mind uploading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading"},{"link_name":"cyberspace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberspace"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dery_1996-67"},{"link_name":"subculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture"},{"link_name":"selfishness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfishness"},{"link_name":"elitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elitism"},{"link_name":"escapism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escapism"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Borsook_2000-68"},{"link_name":"James Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hughes_(sociologist)"},{"link_name":"Citizen Cyborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_Cyborg"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hughes_2004-51"},{"link_name":"social democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democracy"},{"link_name":"State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(polity)"},{"link_name":"catastrophic threats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_risk"},{"link_name":"public policies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy"},{"link_name":"banned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_(law)"},{"link_name":"Social policies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_policy"},{"link_name":"social inequality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_inequality"},{"link_name":"Monopolistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly"},{"link_name":"intellectual property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property"},{"link_name":"liberal democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_democratic"},{"link_name":"persecuted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution"},{"link_name":"anti-naturalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinaturalism_(politics)"},{"link_name":"on the grounds that it is a natural phenomenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal_to_nature"},{"link_name":"philosophy of technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_technology"},{"link_name":"Austrian School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_School"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Hayek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek"},{"link_name":"Extropians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extropians"},{"link_name":"inegalitarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism"},{"link_name":"meritocracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritocracy"},{"link_name":"fetish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetishism"},{"link_name":"liberal eugenics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_eugenics"},{"link_name":"human genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genetics"},{"link_name":"consumerist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumerism"},{"link_name":"reduce everything to the hereditary gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_determinism"},{"link_name":"omnipotence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnipotence"},{"link_name":"human","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Giesen_2004-69"}],"sub_title":"Criticisms","text":"Critiques of the techno-utopianism of libertarian transhumanists from progressive cultural critics include Richard Barbrook and Andy Cameron's 1995 essay The Californian Ideology; Mark Dery's 1996 book Escape Velocity: Cyberculture at the End of the Century; and Paulina Borsook's 2000 book Cyberselfish: A Critical Romp Through the Terribly Libertarian Culture of High-Tech.Barbrook argues that libertarian transhumanists are proponents of the Californian Ideology who embrace the goal of reactionary modernism: economic growth without social mobility.[65] According to Barbrook, libertarian transhumanists are unwittingly appropriating the theoretical legacy of Stalinist communism by substituting, among other concepts, the \"vanguard party\" with the \"digerati\", and the \"new Soviet man\" with the \"posthuman\".[66] Dery coined the dismissive phrase \"body-loathing\" to describe the attitude of libertarian transhumanists and those in the cyberculture who want to escape from their \"meat puppet\" through mind uploading into cyberspace.[67] Borsook asserts that libertarian transhumanists indulge in a subculture of selfishness, elitism, and escapism.[68]Sociologist James Hughes is the most militant critic of libertarian transhumanism. While articulating \"democratic transhumanism\" as a sociopolitical program in his 2004 book Citizen Cyborg,[51] Hughes sought to convince libertarian transhumanists to embrace social democracy by arguing that:State action is required to address catastrophic threats from transhumanist technologies;\nOnly believable and effective public policies to prevent adverse consequences from new technologies will reassure skittish publics that they do not have to be banned;\nSocial policies must explicitly address public concerns that transhumanist biotechnologies will exacerbate social inequality;\nMonopolistic practices and overly restrictive intellectual property law can seriously delay the development of transhumanist technologies, and restrict their access;\nOnly a strong liberal democratic state can ensure that posthumans are not persecuted; and\nLibertarian transhumanists (who are anti-naturalists) are inconsistent in arguing for the free market on the grounds that it is a natural phenomenon.Klaus-Gerd Giesen, a German political scientist specializing in the philosophy of technology, wrote a critique of the libertarianism he imputes to all transhumanists. While pointing out that the works of Austrian School economist Friedrich Hayek figure in practically all of the recommended reading lists of Extropians, he argues that transhumanists, convinced of the sole virtues of the free market, advocate an unabashed inegalitarianism and merciless meritocracy which can be reduced in reality to a biological fetish. He is especially critical of their promotion of a science-fictional liberal eugenics, virulently opposed to any political regulation of human genetics, where the consumerist model presides over their ideology. Giesen concludes that the despair of finding social and political solutions to today's sociopolitical problems incites transhumanists to reduce everything to the hereditary gene, as a fantasy of omnipotence to be found within the individual, even if it means transforming the subject (human) to a new draft (posthuman).[69]","title":"Libertarian transhumanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"political ideology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_ideology"},{"link_name":"marxism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism"},{"link_name":"transhumanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanism"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-70"},{"link_name":"class struggle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_conflict"},{"link_name":"class consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_consciousness"},{"link_name":"elitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elitism"},{"link_name":"free market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_market"},{"link_name":"Bryan Johnson's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Johnson_(entrepreneur)"},{"link_name":"Jeff Bezos's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bezos"},{"link_name":"Altos Labs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altos_Labs"},{"link_name":"capitalist class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeoisie"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"text":"Marxist Transhumanism or Left Transhumanism is a political ideology synthesizing marxism and transhumanism.[70]Marxist Transhumanists believe that the class struggle central to a Marxist approach to society and economics must be put within a Transhumanist context. Arguing that without class struggle and class consciousness Transhumanism will amount to a form of elitism due to free market mechanisms. Furthermore it is argued that this trend is already occurring in the early stages. Citing Bryan Johnson's costly medical treatments and Jeff Bezos's Altos Labs as a case in point that the capitalist class is slowly gaining the ability to obtain longevity treatments while the rest of humanity dies at a rate of 100,000 per day.[71]","title":"Marxist Transhumanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution"},{"link_name":"reforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform"},{"link_name":"social relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relations_of_production"},{"link_name":"capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Russian Cosmism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_cosmism"},{"link_name":"Alexander Bogdanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Bogdanov"},{"link_name":"Konstantin Tsiolkovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Tsiolkovsky"},{"link_name":"Ivan Yefremov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Yefremov"},{"link_name":"Karl Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Engels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Engels"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-70"}],"sub_title":"Basis","text":"Marxist Transhumanists hold that a new society must come about either through revolution or reforms for the masses of people to truly experience the opportunities of a Transhumanist society. Despite the abundance that may occur if a society has vastly automated labor. The social relations which dictate society will not allow that abundance to be distributed in a egalitarian manner under capitalism. Marxist Transhumanist often point to food production and hunger as well as the producible results of fast fashion and the 1 billion people without shoes as foreshadowing of the conditions which will encompass longevity treatments or an abundance of resources.[72][73][74] In addition Marxist Transhumanist assert Transhumanism should return to its roots in regards to economics, holding that a return to a transhumanism akin to Russian Cosmism or Individuals such as Alexander Bogdanov, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, or Ivan Yefremov. Another fundamental concept within Marxist Transhumanism is the texts and literature of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and Vladimir Lenin. In which proto-transhumanist ideas can be found as well as the numerous philosophical connections between Marxism and transhumanism. Marxist transhumanism would comply with the definition of communism of Marx and Engels, and it could even be said that Marxism is, essentially, transhumanist in its foundations, even when it defines posthumans as New Men, or Men Made In Property.[70]","title":"Marxist Transhumanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"sub_title":"Criticisms","text":"Jeffrey Noonan argues that a Marxist transhumanism is politically and ethically incoherent. While it is true that Transhumanists and Marxists believe that human beings are self-determining and self-transforming. Transhumanists are committed to transcending the material conditions of organic life with their ultimate aim being to encourage the emergence of an artificial superintelligence whose self-creative capacities are not limited by the needs of organic life forms. Socialism, by contrast, is a political and ethical movement committed to ending the suffering caused by capitalism, by changing social institutions and the values according to which resources are distributed and utilized.[75]","title":"Marxist Transhumanism"}]
[{"image_text":"Flag of anarcho-transhumanism, represented by a blue and black diagonal flag, where the blue is representative of futuristic symbolism[31]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Anarcho-Transhumanism.svg/220px-Anarcho-Transhumanism.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Bioethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioethics"},{"title":"Cognitive liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_liberty"},{"title":"Left-libertarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-libertarianism"},{"title":"Outline of libertarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_libertarianism"},{"title":"Secular humanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_humanism"},{"title":"Self-ownership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-ownership"},{"title":"Technogaianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technogaianism"},{"title":"Technological utopianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_utopianism"},{"title":"Techno-progressivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno-progressivism"},{"title":"Transhumanism § Genetic divide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanism#Genetic_divide"}]
[{"reference":"McNamee, M. J.; Edwards, S. D. (2006-09-01). \"Transhumanism, medical technology and slippery slopes\". Journal of Medical Ethics. 32 (9): 513–518. doi:10.1136/jme.2005.013789. ISSN 0306-6800. PMC 2563415. PMID 16943331.","urls":[{"url":"https://jme.bmj.com/content/32/9/513","url_text":"\"Transhumanism, medical technology and slippery slopes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjme.2005.013789","url_text":"10.1136/jme.2005.013789"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0306-6800","url_text":"0306-6800"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2563415","url_text":"2563415"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16943331","url_text":"16943331"}]},{"reference":"Brennan, Cian (2023-06-01). \"Weak transhumanism: moderate enhancement as a non-radical path to radical enhancement\". Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics. 44 (3): 229–248. doi:10.1007/s11017-023-09606-6. ISSN 1573-1200. PMC 10172256. PMID 36780070.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11017-023-09606-6","url_text":"\"Weak transhumanism: moderate enhancement as a non-radical path to radical enhancement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11017-023-09606-6","url_text":"10.1007/s11017-023-09606-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1573-1200","url_text":"1573-1200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10172256","url_text":"10172256"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36780070","url_text":"36780070"}]},{"reference":"\"Ageless Bodies, Happy Souls\". The New Atlantis. Retrieved 2023-05-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/ageless-bodies-happy-souls","url_text":"\"Ageless Bodies, Happy Souls\""}]},{"reference":"Huxley, Julian (1957). \"Transhumanism\". Archived from the original on June 25, 2016. Retrieved February 24, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Huxley","url_text":"Huxley, Julian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160625132722/http://www.transhumanism.org/index.php/WTA/more/huxley","url_text":"\"Transhumanism\""},{"url":"https://www.transhumanism.org/index.php/WTA/more/huxley/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rothman, Peter (8 October 2014). \"Transhumanism Gets Political\". hplusmagazine.com. Retrieved 7 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://hplusmagazine.com/2014/10/08/transhumanism-gets-political/","url_text":"\"Transhumanism Gets Political\""}]},{"reference":"Hughes, James. \"The Politics of Transhumanism\". changesurfer.com. Retrieved 18 August 2016. Ironically, Natasha Vita-More was actually elected to Los Angeles public office on the Green Party ticket in 1992. However her platform was \"transhumanism\" and she quit after one year of her two year term because the Greens were \"too far left and too neurotically geared toward environmentalism.\"","urls":[{"url":"http://www.changesurfer.com/Acad/TranshumPolitics.htm#_ftn2","url_text":"\"The Politics of Transhumanism\""}]},{"reference":"Hughes, James (10 April 2009). \"Transhumanist politics, 1700 to the near future\". Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies. Retrieved 13 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/hughes20090409/","url_text":"\"Transhumanist politics, 1700 to the near future\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Ethics_and_Emerging_Technologies","url_text":"Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies"}]},{"reference":"Hughes, James (1 May 2013). \"The Politics of Transhumanism and the Techno-Millennial Imagination, 1626–2030\" (PDF). Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies. Archived from the original on 2015-06-01. Retrieved 13 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150601011035/http://ieet.org/archive/2012-Hughes-H+PoliticsEschatViolence.pdf","url_text":"\"The Politics of Transhumanism and the Techno-Millennial Imagination, 1626–2030\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Ethics_and_Emerging_Technologies","url_text":"Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies"},{"url":"http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/hughes20130501","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Konovalenko, Maria (26 July 2012). \"Russians organize the \"Longevity Party\"\". Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies. Archived from the original on 24 November 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2015. On July 19, we made the first step towards the creation of the Longevity Party. [...] Longevity Party is 100% transhumanist party.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161124103031/http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/konovalenko201207261","url_text":"\"Russians organize the \"Longevity Party\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Ethics_and_Emerging_Technologies","url_text":"Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies"},{"url":"http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/konovalenko201207261","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pellissier, Hank (20 August 2012). \"Who are the \"Longevity Party\" Co-Leaders, and What do They Want? (Part 1)\". Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies. Retrieved 14 January 2015. The recently-formed Longevity Party was co-founded by Ilia Stambler of Israel and Maria Konovalenko of Russia.","urls":[{"url":"http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/pellissier20120820","url_text":"\"Who are the \"Longevity Party\" Co-Leaders, and What do They Want? (Part 1)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Ethics_and_Emerging_Technologies","url_text":"Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies"}]},{"reference":"Dolak, Kevin (27 August 2012). \"Technology Human Immortality in 33 Years Claims Dmitry Itskov's 2045 Initiative\". Retrieved 22 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/technology/2012/08/human-immortality-in-33-years-claims-dmitry-itskovs-2045-initiative/","url_text":"\"Technology Human Immortality in 33 Years Claims Dmitry Itskov's 2045 Initiative\""}]},{"reference":"Eördögh, Fruzsina (7 May 2013). \"Russian Billionaire Dmitry Itskov Plans on Becoming Immortal by 2045\". Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150524041430/http://motherboard.vice.com/blog/russian-billionaire-dmitry-itskov-plans-on-becoming-immortal-by-2045","url_text":"\"Russian Billionaire Dmitry Itskov Plans on Becoming Immortal by 2045\""},{"url":"http://motherboard.vice.com/blog/russian-billionaire-dmitry-itskov-plans-on-becoming-immortal-by-2045","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sánchez, Cristina (3 June 2015). \"Transhumanismo en política: ¿votarías por ser un cíborg que vive eternamente?\". elDiario.es.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eldiario.es/hojaderouter/tecnologia/partido-transhumanista-politica-robots-ciborgs-tecnologia_1_2648098.html","url_text":"\"Transhumanismo en política: ¿votarías por ser un cíborg que vive eternamente?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ElDiario.es","url_text":"elDiario.es"}]},{"reference":"Bartlett, Jamie (23 December 2014). \"Meet the Transhumanist Party: 'Want to live forever? Vote for me'\". The Telegraph. Zoltan decided to form the Transhumanist Party, and run for president in the 2016 US presidential election.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/11310031/Meet-the-Transhumanist-Party-Want-to-live-forever-Vote-for-me.html","url_text":"\"Meet the Transhumanist Party: 'Want to live forever? Vote for me'\""}]},{"reference":"Bromwich, Jonah (19 May 2018). \"Death of a Biohacker\". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 June 2018. Gennady Stolyarov II, the chairman of the United States Transhumanist Party, a political organization with close to 880 members that supports life extension through science and technology, had been corresponding with Mr. Traywick since November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/19/style/biohacker-death-aaron-traywick.html","url_text":"\"Death of a Biohacker\""}]},{"reference":"Volpicelli, Gian (14 January 2015). \"Transhumanists Are Writing Their Own Manifesto for the UK General Election\". Motherboard. Vice. As the UK's 2015 general election approaches, you've probably already made up your mind on who knows best about the economy, who you agree with on foreign policy, and who cuts a more leader-like figure. But did you ever wonder who will deliver immortality sooner? If so, there's good news for you, since that's exactly what the UK Transhumanist Party was created for.","urls":[{"url":"http://motherboard.vice.com/read/a-transhumanist-manifesto-for-the-uk-general-election","url_text":"\"Transhumanists Are Writing Their Own Manifesto for the UK General Election\""}]},{"reference":"Volpicelli, Gian (27 March 2015). \"A Transhumanist Plans to Run for Office in the UK\". Motherboard. Vice. Twyman intends to stand as an independent MP for the constituency of Kingston, on the radically pro-technology platform of the Transhumanist Party UK (TPUK), of which he's cofounder and leader.","urls":[{"url":"http://motherboard.vice.com/read/the-first-transhumanist-to-run-for-uk-office","url_text":"\"A Transhumanist Plans to Run for Office in the UK\""}]},{"reference":"Solon, Olivia (10 April 2015). \"Cyborg supporting Transhumanist Party appoints first political candidate in UK\". Mirror. The newly-launched Transhumanist Party, which supports people who want to become cyborgs, has appointed its first political candidate in the UK.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/technology-science/technology/cyborg-supporting-transhumanist-party-appoints-5494746","url_text":"\"Cyborg supporting Transhumanist Party appoints first political candidate in UK\""}]},{"reference":"Benedikter, Roland (4 April 2015). \"The Age of Transhumanist Politics – Part II\". The Leftist Review. Archived from the original on 2018-01-01. Retrieved 2015-07-31. The Transhumanist Party is gaining traction also in other parts of the Western world – mainly in Europe so far. Among them are the Tranhumanist Party of the UK, the Transhumanist Party of Germany (Transhumanistische Partei Deutschland) and others, all currently in the process of foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180101170611/http://www.leftistreview.com/2015/04/04/the-age-of-transhumanist-politics-part-ii/rolandbenedikter/","url_text":"\"The Age of Transhumanist Politics – Part II\""},{"url":"https://www.leftistreview.com/2015/04/04/the-age-of-transhumanist-politics-part-ii/rolandbenedikter/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"European Parliament (2006). \"Technology Assessment on Converging Technologies\" (PDF). ii. Retrieved 12 January 2015. On the one side are the true believers in the potential of technology to make individuals ever more perfect. Transhumanism is a political expression of that.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament","url_text":"European Parliament"},{"url":"https://www.itas.kit.edu/downloads/etag_beua06a.pdf","url_text":"\"Technology Assessment on Converging Technologies\""}]},{"reference":"Twyman, Amon (7 October 2014). \"Transhumanism and Politics\". Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies. Archived from the original on 8 September 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2015. I would suggest that the way forward is to view transhumanism as a kind of political vector, axis, or hub rather than a single party or philosophy. In other words, the different political philosophies supportive of transhumanism (e.g. Social Futurism, Techno-Progressivism, Anarcho-Transhumanism, Techno-Libertarianism etc) should be considered to collectively constitute Political Transhumanism.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160908064106/http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/twyman20141007","url_text":"\"Transhumanism and Politics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Ethics_and_Emerging_Technologies","url_text":"Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies"},{"url":"http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/twyman20141007","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dvorsky, George (31 March 2012). \"J. Hughes on democratic transhumanism, personhood, and AI\". Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies. Retrieved 13 January 2015. The term 'democratic transhumanism' distinguishes a biopolitical stance that combines socially liberal or libertarian views (advocating internationalist, secular, free speech, and individual freedom values), with economically egalitarian views (pro-regulation, pro-redistribution, pro-social welfare values), with an openness to the transhuman benefits that science and technology can provide, such as longer lives and expanded abilities. [...] In the last six or seven years the phrase has been supplanted by the descriptor 'technoprogressive' which is used to describe the same basic set of Enlightenment values and policy proposals: Human enhancement technologies, especially anti-aging therapies, should be a priority of publicly financed basic research, be well regulated for safety, and be included in programs of universal health care","urls":[{"url":"http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/dvorsky20120331","url_text":"\"J. Hughes on democratic transhumanism, personhood, and AI\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Ethics_and_Emerging_Technologies","url_text":"Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies"}]},{"reference":"Hughes, James; Roux, Marc (24 June 2009). \"On Democratic Transhumanism\". Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies. Retrieved 13 January 2015. When I wrote Citizen Cyborg in 2004 we had just begun defining the ideological position that embraced both traditional social democratic values as well as future transhuman possibilities, and we called it 'democratic transhumanism.' Since then, the people in that space have adopted the much more elegant term 'technoprogressive.'","urls":[{"url":"http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/hughes20090623","url_text":"\"On Democratic Transhumanism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Ethics_and_Emerging_Technologies","url_text":"Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies"}]},{"reference":"Ferrando, Francesca (2013). \"Posthumanism, Transhumanism, Antihumanism, Metahumanism, and New Materialisms Differences and Relations\". Existenz. 8 (2, Fall 2013). ISSN 1932-1066. Archived from the original on 14 January 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2015. Democratic transhumanism calls for an equal access to technological enhancements, which could otherwise be limited to certain socio-political classes and related to economic power, consequently encoding racial and sexual politics.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150114042003/http://www.bu.edu/paideia/existenz/volumes/Vol.8-2Ferrando.html","url_text":"\"Posthumanism, Transhumanism, Antihumanism, Metahumanism, and New Materialisms Differences and Relations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existenz_(journal)","url_text":"Existenz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-1066","url_text":"1932-1066"},{"url":"http://www.bu.edu/paideia/existenz/volumes/Vol.8-2Ferrando.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bailey, Ronald (2005). \"Trans-Human Expressway: Why libertarians will win the future\". Retrieved 5 February 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.reason.com/news/show/34971.html","url_text":"\"Trans-Human Expressway: Why libertarians will win the future\""}]},{"reference":"Bailey, Ronald (2009). \"Transhumanism and the Limits of Democracy\". Retrieved 1 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://reason.com/news/show/133074.html","url_text":"\"Transhumanism and the Limits of Democracy\""}]},{"reference":"Bishop, Jeffrey (2010). \"Transhumanism, Metaphysics, and the Posthuman God\" (PDF). Journal of Medicine and Philosophy. 35 (700–720): 713, 717. doi:10.1093/jmp/jhq047. PMID 21088098. Retrieved September 22, 2015. The tension between the individual and the political that we see within trans-humanist philosophies is precisely the tension that philosophical liberalism historically tried to negotiate.\" and \"[T]o question the posthuman future is to question our liberty to become what we will.","urls":[{"url":"https://philosophy.as.uky.edu/sites/default/files/Transhumanism,%20Metaphysics,%20and%20the%20Posthuman%20God%20-%20Jeffrey%20P.%20Bishop.pdf","url_text":"\"Transhumanism, Metaphysics, and the Posthuman God\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjmp%2Fjhq047","url_text":"10.1093/jmp/jhq047"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21088098","url_text":"21088098"}]},{"reference":"Evans, Woody (2015). \"Posthuman Rights: Dimensions of Transhuman Worlds\". Teknokultura. 12 (2). Universidad Complutense Madrid. doi:10.5209/rev_TK.2015.v12.n2.49072. Retrieved August 16, 2016. Consider the state of posthumanism as a domain (*PR*). The careful definition of this domain will be vital in articulating the nature of the relationship between humanity and posthumanity. It will be an asymmetrical relationship, at first heavily favoring humans. It will become, if the posthuman population (and/or their power or influence) grows, a domain in which posthumans may favor themselves at the expense of humans, as humans favor themselves at the expense of animals and machinery within their own domains and networks.","urls":[{"url":"http://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/TEKN/article/view/49072/46310","url_text":"\"Posthuman Rights: Dimensions of Transhuman Worlds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5209%2Frev_TK.2015.v12.n2.49072","url_text":"10.5209/rev_TK.2015.v12.n2.49072"}]},{"reference":"Campa, Riccardo, \"Toward a transhumanist politics\", Re-public, archived from the original on June 14, 2012, The central transhumanist idea of self-directed evolution can be coupled with different political, philosophical and religious opinions. Accordingly, we have observed individuals and groups joining the movement from very different persuasions. On one hand such diversity may be an asset in terms of ideas and stimuli, but on the other hand it may involve a practical paralysis, especially when members give priority to their existing affiliations over their belonging to organized transhumanism.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120614162111/http://www.re-public.gr/en/?p=837","url_text":"\"Toward a transhumanist politics\""}]},{"reference":"Chen, Truman (15 December 2014). \"The Political Vacuity of Transhumanism\". Stanford Political Journal. Even some transhumanists have criticized the emergence of the Transhumanist Party, questioning the utility of politicizing transhumanist goals. In reality, the ideals the Transhumanist Party embodies are anti-political.","urls":[{"url":"http://stanfordpolitics.com/2014/12/the-political-vacuity-of-transhumanism/","url_text":"\"The Political Vacuity of Transhumanism\""}]},{"reference":"\"An Anarcho-Transhumanist FAQ (Why the color blue?)\". Retrieved 22 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://blueshifted.net/faq/#14","url_text":"\"An Anarcho-Transhumanist FAQ (Why the color blue?)\""}]},{"reference":"Chartier, Gary; Schoelandt, Chad Van (2020). \"Anarchy and Transhumanism\". The Routledge Handbook of Anarchy and Anarchist Thought. London: Routledge. pp. 416–428. ISBN 978-1-351-73358-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0EYHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT466","url_text":"\"Anarchy and Transhumanism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-73358-8","url_text":"978-1-351-73358-8"}]},{"reference":"Gillis, William (6 January 2012). \"What Is Anarcho-Transhumanism?\". Retrieved 22 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://humaniterations.net/2012/01/06/what-is-anarcho-transhumanism/","url_text":"\"What Is Anarcho-Transhumanism?\""}]},{"reference":"Marcolli, Matilde (2020). Lumen Naturae: Visions of the Abstract in Art and Mathematics. MIT Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-262-35832-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumen_Naturae","url_text":"Lumen Naturae: Visions of the Abstract in Art and Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press","url_text":"MIT Press"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UKvuDwAAQBAJ&pg=SA8-PA79","url_text":"79"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-35832-3","url_text":"978-0-262-35832-3"}]},{"reference":"\"An Anarcho-Transhumanist FAQ (What's all this about anarchism and transhumanism?)\". Retrieved 22 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://blueshifted.net/faq/#1","url_text":"\"An Anarcho-Transhumanist FAQ (What's all this about anarchism and transhumanism?)\""}]},{"reference":"Munkittrick, Kyle. \"On the Importance of Being a Cyborg Feminist\". Retrieved 22 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://hplusmagazine.com/2009/07/21/importance-being-cyborg-feminist/","url_text":"\"On the Importance of Being a Cyborg Feminist\""}]},{"reference":"Gillis, William (21 September 2011). \"The Floating Metal Sphere Trump Card\". Retrieved 22 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://humaniterations.net/2011/09/21/the-floating-metal-sphere-trump-card/","url_text":"\"The Floating Metal Sphere Trump Card\""}]},{"reference":"Brix, Terra (4 April 2018). \"This Machine Kills Ability\". Retrieved 22 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/terra-brix-anarchotranshumanism-this-machine-kills-ability","url_text":"\"This Machine Kills Ability\""}]},{"reference":"Linnell, Lexi (November 2016). \"This Machine Kills Ableism\". Retrieved 22 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/lexi-linnell-this-machine-kills-ableism","url_text":"\"This Machine Kills Ableism\""}]},{"reference":"Carrico, Dale (5 March 2006). \"Technology Is Making Queers Of Us All\". Retrieved 22 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://amormundi.blogspot.com/2006/03/technology-is-making-queers-of-us-all.html","url_text":"\"Technology Is Making Queers Of Us All\""}]},{"reference":"Gillis, William (18 August 2015). Science As Radicalism. Retrieved 22 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://humaniterations.net/2015/08/18/science-as-radicalism/","url_text":"Science As Radicalism"}]},{"reference":"Saitta, Eleanor (2009). \"Designing the Future of Sex\" (PDF). Retrieved 22 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://anarchotranshumanzine.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/dfos.pdf","url_text":"\"Designing the Future of Sex\""}]},{"reference":"Gillis, William (13 June 2006). 15 Post-Primitivist Theses. Retrieved 22 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://humaniterations.net/2006/06/13/15-post-primitivist-theses/","url_text":"15 Post-Primitivist Theses"}]},{"reference":"Gillis, William (29 October 2015). The Incoherence And Unsurvivability Of Non-Anarchist Transhumanism (Speech). Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies. Retrieved 22 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ieet.org/index.php/IEET2/more/gillis20151029","url_text":"The Incoherence And Unsurvivability Of Non-Anarchist Transhumanism"}]},{"reference":"Bookchin, Murray (May 1965). Towards a Liberatory Technology. Anarchos. Retrieved 1 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/lewis-herber-murray-bookchin-towards-a-liberatory-technology","url_text":"Towards a Liberatory Technology"}]},{"reference":"Carson, Kevin (February 8, 2019). \"Ephemeralization for Post-Capitalist Space Exploration\" (PDF). Anarcho-Transhuman (4): 23–29.","urls":[{"url":"http://humaniterations.net/wp-content/uploads/Anarchotranshuman_Vol4_Space_norm.pdf","url_text":"\"Ephemeralization for Post-Capitalist Space Exploration\""}]},{"reference":"\"What is Anarcho-Transhumanism?\". The Anarchist Library. Retrieved 2022-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/william-gillis-what-is-anarcho-transhumanism","url_text":"\"What is Anarcho-Transhumanism?\""}]},{"reference":"Hughes, James (2001). \"Politics of Transhumanism\". Retrieved 2007-01-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hughes_(sociologist)","url_text":"Hughes, James"},{"url":"http://www.changesurfer.com/Acad/TranshumPolitics.htm","url_text":"\"Politics of Transhumanism\""}]},{"reference":"Hughes, James (2002). \"Democratic Transhumanism 2.0\". Retrieved 2007-01-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.changesurfer.com/Acad/DemocraticTranshumanism.htm","url_text":"\"Democratic Transhumanism 2.0\""}]},{"reference":"Hughes, James (2003). \"Better Health through Democratic Transhumanism\". Archived from the original on 2006-10-11. Retrieved 2007-01-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061011033709/http://archives.betterhumans.com/Columns/Column/tabid/79/Column/240/Default.aspx","url_text":"\"Better Health through Democratic Transhumanism\""},{"url":"http://archives.betterhumans.com/Columns/Column/tabid/79/Column/240/Default.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hughes, James (2004). Citizen Cyborg: Why Democratic Societies Must Respond to the Redesigned Human of the Future. Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-4198-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-4198-1","url_text":"0-8133-4198-1"}]},{"reference":"James Hughes (20 July 2005). \"On Democratic Transhumanism\". The Journal of Geoethical Nanotechnology. Retrieved 13 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.terasemjournals.com/GNJournal/GN0102/hughes_01a.html","url_text":"\"On Democratic Transhumanism\""}]},{"reference":"Hughes, James (1996). \"Embracing Change with All Four Arms: A Post-Humanist Defense of Genetic Engineering\". Retrieved 2007-01-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.changesurfer.com/Hlth/Genetech.html","url_text":"\"Embracing Change with All Four Arms: A Post-Humanist Defense of Genetic Engineering\""}]},{"reference":"Ferrando, Francesca (2013). \"Posthumanism, Transhumanism, Antihumanism, Metahumanism, and New Materialisms Differences and Relations\". Existenz. 8 (2, Fall 2013). ISSN 1932-1066. Archived from the original on 14 January 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150114042003/http://www.bu.edu/paideia/existenz/volumes/Vol.8-2Ferrando.html","url_text":"\"Posthumanism, Transhumanism, Antihumanism, Metahumanism, and New Materialisms Differences and Relations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existenz_(journal)","url_text":"Existenz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-1066","url_text":"1932-1066"},{"url":"http://www.bu.edu/paideia/existenz/volumes/Vol.8-2Ferrando.html#footnote-383-4","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Carrico, Dale (2005). \"Listen, Transhumanist!\". Retrieved 2007-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Carrico","url_text":"Carrico, Dale"},{"url":"http://amormundi.blogspot.com/2005/08/listen-transhumanist.html","url_text":"\"Listen, Transhumanist!\""}]},{"reference":"George Dvorsky (31 March 2012). \"J. Hughes on democratic transhumanism, personhood, and AI\". Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies. Retrieved 13 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/dvorsky20120331","url_text":"\"J. Hughes on democratic transhumanism, personhood, and AI\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Ethics_and_Emerging_Technologies","url_text":"Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies"}]},{"reference":"James Hughes and Marc Roux (24 June 2009). \"On Democratic Transhumanism\". Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies. Retrieved 13 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/hughes20090623","url_text":"\"On Democratic Transhumanism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Ethics_and_Emerging_Technologies","url_text":"Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies"}]},{"reference":"\"Cyborg Democracy\". Archived from the original on 2016-09-08. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Zacatecas
Municipalities of Zacatecas
["1 Municipalities","2 Defunct municipalities","3 Notes","4 References"]
Map of Mexico with Zacatecas highlighted Zacatecas is a state in North Central Mexico that is divided into 58 municipalities. According to the 2020 Mexican census, it is the state that has the 7th smallest population with 1,622,138 inhabitants and the 8th largest by land area spanning 75,275.3 square kilometres (29,064.0 sq mi). Municipalities in Zacatecas are administratively autonomous of the state according to the 115th article of the 1917 Constitution of Mexico. Every three years, citizens elect a municipal president (Spanish: presidente municipal) by a plurality voting system who heads a concurrently elected municipal council (ayuntamiento) responsible for providing all the public services for their constituents. The municipal council consists of a variable number of trustees and councillors (regidores y síndicos). Municipalities are responsible for public services (such as water and sewerage), street lighting, public safety, traffic, and the maintenance of public parks, gardens and cemeteries. They may also assist the state and federal governments in education, emergency fire and medical services, environmental protection and maintenance of monuments and historical landmarks. Since 1984, they have had the power to collect property taxes and user fees, although more funds are obtained from the state and federal governments than from their own income. The largest municipality by population in Zacatecas is Fresnillo, with 240,532 residents, and the smallest municipality by population is Susticacán with 1,365 residents. The largest municipality by area is the municipality of Mazapil which spans 12,143.26 km2 (4,688.54 sq mi), while Vetagrande is the smallest at 160.36 km2 (61.92 sq mi). The two newest municipalities are Trancoso, created out of Guadalupe in 2000, and Santa María de la Paz, separated in 2005 from Teúl. Municipalities Largest municipalities in Zacatecas by population Fresnillo, Zacatecas' largest municipality by population Guadalupe, the second largest municipality by population Zacatecas, capital and third largest municipality   State capital † Municipalities of Zacatecas Name Municipal Seat Population(2020) Population(2010) Change Land area (km2) Population density (2020) Incorporation date km2 sq mi Apozol Apozol 6,260 6,314 −0.9% 293.631 113.372 21.3/km2 (55.2/sq mi) August 19, 1916 Apulco Apulco 4,942 5,005 −1.3% 203.03 78.39 24.3/km2 (63.0/sq mi) August 19, 1916 Atolinga San Cayetano 2,277 2,692 −15.4% 281.968 108.868 8.1/km2 (20.9/sq mi) October 29, 1833 Benito Juárez Florencia 4,493 4,372 +2.8% 329.698 127.297 13.6/km2 (35.3/sq mi) November 14, 1964 Calera Víctor Rosales 45,759 39,917 +14.6% 388.387 149.957 117.8/km2 (305.1/sq mi) August 19, 1916 Cañitas Cañitas de Felipe Pescador 8,255 8,239 +0.2% 450.52 173.95 18.3/km2 (47.5/sq mi) November 19, 1958 Chalchihuites Chalchihuites 10,086 10,565 −4.5% 903.025 348.660 11.2/km2 (28.9/sq mi) 1825 Concepción del Oro Concepción del Oro 12,115 12,803 −5.4% 2,423.522 935.727 5.0/km2 (12.9/sq mi) August 19, 1916 Cuauhtémoc San Pedro Piedra Gorda 13,466 11,915 +13.0% 325.204 125.562 41.4/km2 (107.2/sq mi) August 19, 1916 El Plateado El Plateado de Joaquín Amaro 1,579 1,609 −1.9% 354.501 136.874 4.5/km2 (11.5/sq mi) August 19, 1916 El Salvador El Salvador 2,509 2,710 −7.4% 625.226 241.401 4.0/km2 (10.4/sq mi) November 14, 1964 Fresnillo Fresnillo 240,532 213,139 +12.9% 5,104.663 1,970.921 47.1/km2 (122.0/sq mi) January 17, 1825 Genaro Codina Genaro Codina 8,168 8,104 +0.8% 796.786 307.641 10.3/km2 (26.6/sq mi) October 29, 1833 General Enrique Estrada General Enrique Estrada 6,644 5,894 +12.7% 198.187 76.520 33.5/km2 (86.8/sq mi) November 14, 1964 General Francisco R. Murguía Nieves 20,191 21,974 −8.1% 5,034.261 1,943.739 4.0/km2 (10.4/sq mi) January 17, 1825 General Pánfilo Natera General Pánfilo Natera 23,526 22,346 +5.3% 443.177 171.112 53.1/km2 (137.5/sq mi) July 21, 1928 Guadalupe Guadalupe 211,740 159,991 +32.3% 819.044 316.235 258.5/km2 (669.6/sq mi) October 29, 1833 Huanusco Huanusco 4,547 4,306 +5.6% 373.284 144.126 12.2/km2 (31.5/sq mi) August 19, 1916 Jalpa Jalpa 25,296 23,557 +7.4% 719.782 277.909 35.1/km2 (91.0/sq mi) October 29, 1833 Jerez Jerez de García Salinas 59,910 57,610 +4.0% 1,547.193 597.375 38.7/km2 (100.3/sq mi) January 17, 1825 Jiménez del Teul Jiménez del Teul 4,465 4,584 −2.6% 1,204.779 465.168 3.7/km2 (9.6/sq mi) August 19, 1916 Juan Aldama Juan Aldama 19,749 20,543 −3.9% 624.971 241.303 31.6/km2 (81.8/sq mi) October 29, 1833 Juchipila Juchipila 12,251 12,284 −0.3% 339.49 131.08 36.1/km2 (93.5/sq mi) January 17, 1825 Loreto Loreto 53,709 48,365 +11.0% 430.213 166.106 124.8/km2 (323.3/sq mi) October 7, 1931 Luis Moya Luis Moya 13,184 12,234 +7.8% 177.332 68.468 74.3/km2 (192.6/sq mi) February 5, 1857 Mazapil Mazapil 17,774 17,813 −0.2% 12,143.256 4,688.537 1.5/km2 (3.8/sq mi) January 17, 1825 Melchor Ocampo Melchor Ocampo 2,736 2,662 +2.8% 1,885.382 727.950 1.5/km2 (3.8/sq mi) August 19, 1916 Mezquital del Oro Mezquital del Oro 2,451 2,584 −5.1% 487.82 188.35 5.0/km2 (13.0/sq mi) 1825 Miguel Auza Miguel Auza 23,713 22,296 +6.4% 1,108.308 427.920 21.4/km2 (55.4/sq mi) October 29, 1833 Momax Momax 2,446 2,529 −3.3% 162.23 62.64 15.1/km2 (39.1/sq mi) October 29, 1833 Monte Escobedo Monte Escobedo 8,683 8,929 −2.8% 1,612.123 622.444 5.4/km2 (13.9/sq mi) October 29, 1833 Morelos Morelos 13,207 11,493 +14.9% 181.363 70.025 72.8/km2 (188.6/sq mi) February 8, 1869 Moyahua Moyahua de Estrada 4,530 4,563 −0.7% 541.729 209.163 8.4/km2 (21.7/sq mi) 1825 Nochistlán Nochistlán de Mejía 27,945 27,932 0.0% 880.01 339.77 31.8/km2 (82.2/sq mi) 1825 Noria de Ángeles Noria de Ángeles 16,284 15,607 +4.3% 409.512 158.113 39.8/km2 (103.0/sq mi) October 29, 1833 Ojocaliente Ojocaliente 44,144 40,740 +8.4% 646.428 249.587 68.3/km2 (176.9/sq mi) February 5, 1857 Pánuco Pánuco 17,577 16,875 +4.2% 587.558 226.857 29.9/km2 (77.5/sq mi) October 29, 1833 Pinos Pinos 72,241 69,844 +3.4% 3,176.943 1,226.625 22.7/km2 (58.9/sq mi) January 17, 1825 Río Grande Río Grande 64,535 62,693 +2.9% 1,842.931 711.560 35.0/km2 (90.7/sq mi) October 29, 1833 Saín Alto Saín Alto 21,844 21,533 +1.4% 1,418.291 547.605 15.4/km2 (39.9/sq mi) January 17, 1825 Santa María de la Paz Santa María de la Paz 2,767 2,821 −1.9% 279.097 107.760 9.9/km2 (25.7/sq mi) January 1, 2005 Sombrerete Sombrerete 63,665 61,188 +4.0% 3,610.545 1,394.039 17.6/km2 (45.7/sq mi) January 17, 1825 Susticacán Susticacán 1,365 1,360 +0.4% 200.096 77.257 6.8/km2 (17.7/sq mi) October 29, 1833 Tabasco Tabasco 16,588 15,656 +6.0% 411.261 158.789 40.3/km2 (104.5/sq mi) October 29, 1833 Tepechitlán Tepechitlán 8,321 8,215 +1.3% 545.888 210.769 15.2/km2 (39.5/sq mi) October 29, 1833 Tepetongo Tepetongo 6,490 7,090 −8.5% 726.362 280.450 8.9/km2 (23.1/sq mi) October 29, 1833 Teúl Teúl de González Ortega 5,356 5,506 −2.7% 681.309 263.055 7.9/km2 (20.4/sq mi) October 29, 1833 Tlaltenango Tlaltenango de Sánchez Román 27,302 25,493 +7.1% 747.927 288.776 36.5/km2 (94.5/sq mi) January 17, 1825 Trancoso Trancoso 20,455 16,934 +20.8% 221.352 85.464 92.4/km2 (239.3/sq mi) January 1, 2000 Trinidad García de la Cadena Trinidad García de la Cadena 3,362 3,013 +11.6% 307.943 118.897 10.9/km2 (28.3/sq mi) August 19, 1916 Valparaíso Valparaíso 32,461 33,323 −2.6% 5,722.465 2,209.456 5.7/km2 (14.7/sq mi) October 29, 1833 Vetagrande Vetagrande 10,276 9,353 +9.9% 160.362 61.916 64.1/km2 (166.0/sq mi) October 29, 1833 Villa de Cos Villa de Cos 34,623 34,328 +0.9% 6,593.771 2,545.869 5.3/km2 (13.6/sq mi) October 29, 1833 Villa García Villa García 19,525 18,269 +6.9% 342.621 132.287 57.0/km2 (147.6/sq mi) August 19, 1916 Villa González Ortega Villa González Ortega 13,208 12,893 +2.4% 433.025 167.192 30.5/km2 (79.0/sq mi) July 19, 1890 Villa Hidalgo Villa Hidalgo 19,446 18,490 +5.2% 376.31 145.29 51.7/km2 (133.8/sq mi) August 19, 1916 Villanueva Villanueva 31,558 29,395 +7.4% 2,184.719 843.525 14.4/km2 (37.4/sq mi) January 17, 1825 Zacatecas Zacatecas† 149,607 138,176 +8.3% 442.612 170.893 338.0/km2 (875.4/sq mi) January 17, 1825 Zacatecas — 1,622,138 1,490,668 +8.8% 75,275.3 29,064.0 21.5/km2 (55.8/sq mi) — Mexico — 126,014,024 112,336,538 +12.2% 1,960,646.7 757,009.9 64.3/km2 (166.5/sq mi) — Defunct municipalities Sauceda, integrated into Vetagrande in 1918. Notes ^ Cuauhtémoc was originally incorporated as San Pedro Piedra Gorda, changing its name on January 4, 1950. ^ Genaro Codina was originally incorporated as San José de la Ysla, changing its name on December 31, 1957. ^ General Francisco R. Murguía was originally incorporated as Nieves, changing its name on November 14, 1964. ^ General Pánfilo Natera was originally incorporated as La Blanca, changing its name on March 15, 1964. ^ Jiménez del Teul was originally incorporated as San Andrés del Téul, changing its name on January 9, 1935. ^ Juan Aldama was originally incorporated as San Juan del Mezquital, changing its name on April 24, 1935. ^ Loreto was originally incorporated as Bimbaletes, changing its name on October 3, 1956. ^ Luis Moya was originally incorporated as San Francisco de los Adames, changing its name on January 9, 1935. ^ Melchor Ocampo was originally incorporated as San Pedro Ocampo, changing its name on January 9, 1935. ^ Miguel Auza was originally incorporated as San Miguel del Mezquital, changing its name on January 9, 1935. ^ Morelos was originally incorporated as Chupaderos, changing its name on May 5, 1894. ^ Noria de Ángeles was originally incorporated as Ángeles, changing its name on August 19, 1916. ^ Tabasco changed its name to Villa del Refujio from 1916 to 1938. ^ Melchor Ocampo was originally incorporated as San Juan del Téul, changing its name on January 9, 1935. ^ Trinidad García de la Cardena was originally incorporated as Estanzuela, changing its name on May 4, 1935. ^ Villa de Cos was originally incorporated as San Cosme, changing its name on July 27, 1845. ^ Villa González Ortega was originally incorporated as El Carro, changing its name on November 29, 1922. ^ Villa Hidalgo was originally incorporated as Santa Rita, changing its name on January 9, 1935. References ^ a b c d "Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020 - SCITEL" (in Spanish). INEGI. Retrieved 2021-01-27. ^ a b c "México en cifras - Medio Ambiente - Zacatecas" (in Spanish). INEGI. Retrieved February 12, 2021. ^ Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (Article 115) (in Spanish). 1917. Retrieved September 27, 2017. ^ OECD (November 12, 2004). New Forms of Governance for Economic Development. OECD Publishing. p. 121. ISBN 9264015329. ^ a b International Business Publications (2009). Mexico Company Laws and Regulations Handbook. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-4330-7030-3. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help) ^ "Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010 - SCITEL" (in Spanish). INEGI. Retrieved 2021-01-27. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Estado de Zacatecas División Territorial de 1810 a 1995 (PDF) (in Spanish). Mexico: INEGI. 1996. ISBN 970-13-1510-3. ^ "General Pánfilo Natera". Enciclopedia de los Municipios y Delegaciones de México (in Spanish). INAFED. Retrieved 16 June 2021. ^ a b "Morelos". Enciclopedia de los Municipios y Delegaciones de México (in Spanish). INAFED. Retrieved 12 June 2021. vte Municipalities of Mexico by state Aguascalientes Baja California Baja California Sur Campeche Chiapas Chihuahua Coahuila Colima Durango Guanajuato Guerrero Hidalgo Jalisco Mexico Michoacán Morelos Nayarit Nuevo León Oaxaca Puebla Querétaro Quintana Roo San Luis Potosí Sinaloa Sonora Tabasco Tamaulipas Tlaxcala Veracruz Yucatán Zacatecas Mexico City is a sui generis political entity and is administratively divided into boroughs. Portal: Mexico
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zacatecas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zacatecas"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Mexico#States"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2020-1"},{"link_name":"Mexican census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censo_General_de_Poblaci%C3%B3n_y_Vivienda"},{"link_name":"7th smallest population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2020-1"},{"link_name":"8th largest by land area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Landarea-2"},{"link_name":"Constitution of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-constitution-3"},{"link_name":"municipal president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_president"},{"link_name":"plurality voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurality_voting"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mexicolaws-5"},{"link_name":"user fees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_fee"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mexicolaws-5"},{"link_name":"Fresnillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnillo"},{"link_name":"Susticacán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susticac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2020-1"},{"link_name":"Mazapil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazapil_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Vetagrande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetagrande"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Landarea-2"},{"link_name":"Trancoso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trancoso_Municipality,_Zacatecas"},{"link_name":"Guadalupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalupe,_Zacatecas"},{"link_name":"Santa María de la Paz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_la_Paz"},{"link_name":"Teúl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C3%BAl_de_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Ortega_Municipality"}],"text":"Zacatecas is a state in North Central Mexico that is divided into 58 municipalities.[1] According to the 2020 Mexican census, it is the state that has the 7th smallest population with 1,622,138 inhabitants[1] and the 8th largest by land area spanning 75,275.3 square kilometres (29,064.0 sq mi).[2]Municipalities in Zacatecas are administratively autonomous of the state according to the 115th article of the 1917 Constitution of Mexico.[3] Every three years, citizens elect a municipal president (Spanish: presidente municipal) by a plurality voting system who heads a concurrently elected municipal council (ayuntamiento) responsible for providing all the public services for their constituents. The municipal council consists of a variable number of trustees and councillors (regidores y síndicos).[4] Municipalities are responsible for public services (such as water and sewerage), street lighting, public safety, traffic, and the maintenance of public parks, gardens and cemeteries.[5] They may also assist the state and federal governments in education, emergency fire and medical services, environmental protection and maintenance of monuments and historical landmarks. Since 1984, they have had the power to collect property taxes and user fees, although more funds are obtained from the state and federal governments than from their own income.[5]The largest municipality by population in Zacatecas is Fresnillo, with 240,532 residents, and the smallest municipality by population is Susticacán with 1,365 residents.[1] The largest municipality by area is the municipality of Mazapil which spans 12,143.26 km2 (4,688.54 sq mi), while Vetagrande is the smallest at 160.36 km2 (61.92 sq mi).[2] The two newest municipalities are Trancoso, created out of Guadalupe in 2000, and Santa María de la Paz, separated in 2005 from Teúl.","title":"Municipalities of Zacatecas"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parroquia_de_la_Purificacion_Fresnillo_Zacatecas.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fresnillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnillo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Templo_y_Convento_de_Guadalupe.jpg"},{"link_name":"Guadalupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalupe,_Zacatecas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zacatecas_Panoramic_View.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zacatecas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zacatecas_City"},{"link_name":"State capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Mexico"}],"text":"Largest municipalities in Zacatecas by population\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFresnillo, Zacatecas' largest municipality by population\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGuadalupe, the second largest municipality by population\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tZacatecas, capital and third largest municipalityState capital †","title":"Municipalities"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Sauceda, integrated into Vetagrande in 1918.","title":"Defunct municipalities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dates-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dates-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dates-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dates-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dates-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dates-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dates-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dates-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dates-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dates-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morelos-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dates-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dates-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dates-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dates-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dates-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dates-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dates-7"}],"text":"^ Cuauhtémoc was originally incorporated as San Pedro Piedra Gorda, changing its name on January 4, 1950.[7]\n\n^ Genaro Codina was originally incorporated as San José de la Ysla, changing its name on December 31, 1957.[7]\n\n^ General Francisco R. Murguía was originally incorporated as Nieves, changing its name on November 14, 1964.[7]\n\n^ General Pánfilo Natera was originally incorporated as La Blanca, changing its name on March 15, 1964.[7]\n\n^ Jiménez del Teul was originally incorporated as San Andrés del Téul, changing its name on January 9, 1935.[7]\n\n^ Juan Aldama was originally incorporated as San Juan del Mezquital, changing its name on April 24, 1935.[7]\n\n^ Loreto was originally incorporated as Bimbaletes, changing its name on October 3, 1956.[7]\n\n^ Luis Moya was originally incorporated as San Francisco de los Adames, changing its name on January 9, 1935.[7]\n\n^ Melchor Ocampo was originally incorporated as San Pedro Ocampo, changing its name on January 9, 1935.[7]\n\n^ Miguel Auza was originally incorporated as San Miguel del Mezquital, changing its name on January 9, 1935.[7]\n\n^ Morelos was originally incorporated as Chupaderos, changing its name on May 5, 1894.[9]\n\n^ Noria de Ángeles was originally incorporated as Ángeles, changing its name on August 19, 1916.[7]\n\n^ Tabasco changed its name to Villa del Refujio from 1916 to 1938.[7]\n\n^ Melchor Ocampo was originally incorporated as San Juan del Téul, changing its name on January 9, 1935.[7]\n\n^ Trinidad García de la Cardena was originally incorporated as Estanzuela, changing its name on May 4, 1935.[7]\n\n^ Villa de Cos was originally incorporated as San Cosme, changing its name on July 27, 1845.[7]\n\n^ Villa González Ortega was originally incorporated as El Carro, changing its name on November 29, 1922.[7]\n\n^ Villa Hidalgo was originally incorporated as Santa Rita, changing its name on January 9, 1935.[7]","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of Mexico with Zacatecas highlighted","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Zacatecas_in_Mexico_%28location_map_scheme%29.svg/250px-Zacatecas_in_Mexico_%28location_map_scheme%29.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020 - SCITEL\" (in Spanish). INEGI. Retrieved 2021-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inegi.org.mx/app/scitel/Default?ev=9","url_text":"\"Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020 - SCITEL\""}]},{"reference":"\"México en cifras - Medio Ambiente - Zacatecas\" (in Spanish). INEGI. Retrieved February 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inegi.org.mx/app/areasgeograficas/default.aspx","url_text":"\"México en cifras - Medio Ambiente - Zacatecas\""}]},{"reference":"Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (Article 115) (in Spanish). 1917. Retrieved September 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.juridicas.unam.mx/legislacion/ordenamiento/constitucion-politica-de-los-estados-unidos-mexicanos#10668","url_text":"Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos"}]},{"reference":"OECD (November 12, 2004). New Forms of Governance for Economic Development. OECD Publishing. p. 121. ISBN 9264015329.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD","url_text":"OECD"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tBC7MYzs_woC&pg=PA121","url_text":"New Forms of Governance for Economic Development"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9264015329","url_text":"9264015329"}]},{"reference":"International Business Publications (2009). Mexico Company Laws and Regulations Handbook. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-4330-7030-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ENsRpYrGTOQC","url_text":"Mexico Company Laws and Regulations Handbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4330-7030-3","url_text":"978-1-4330-7030-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010 - SCITEL\" (in Spanish). INEGI. Retrieved 2021-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inegi.org.mx/app/scitel/Default?ev=5","url_text":"\"Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010 - SCITEL\""}]},{"reference":"Estado de Zacatecas División Territorial de 1810 a 1995 (PDF) (in Spanish). Mexico: INEGI. 1996. ISBN 970-13-1510-3.","urls":[{"url":"http://internet.contenidos.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/productos/prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/integracion/pais/divi_terri/1810-1985/zac/ZACATECAS.pdf","url_text":"Estado de Zacatecas División Territorial de 1810 a 1995"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/970-13-1510-3","url_text":"970-13-1510-3"}]},{"reference":"\"General Pánfilo Natera\". Enciclopedia de los Municipios y Delegaciones de México (in Spanish). INAFED. Retrieved 16 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.inafed.gob.mx/work/enciclopedia/EMM32zacatecas/municipios/32016a.html","url_text":"\"General Pánfilo Natera\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INAFED","url_text":"INAFED"}]},{"reference":"\"Morelos\". Enciclopedia de los Municipios y Delegaciones de México (in Spanish). INAFED. Retrieved 12 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.inafed.gob.mx/work/enciclopedia/EMM32zacatecas/municipios/32032a.html","url_text":"\"Morelos\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INAFED","url_text":"INAFED"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malden_Mills
Malden Mills
["1 History","2 Fire and rebuilding","3 Bankruptcy","4 Polartec, LLC","5 References","6 External links"]
American textile manufacturer Malden Mills IndustriesIndustrymanufacturingFounded1906FounderHenry FeuersteinHeadquartersLawrence, MassachusettsArea servedMassachusettsNew HampshireProductspolar fleecetextiles Malden Mills Industries is the original developer and manufacturer of Polartec polar fleece and manufactures other modern textiles. The company is located in Andover, Massachusetts and has operations in Hudson, New Hampshire. History Malden Mills was founded in 1906 by Henry Feuerstein and operated for three generations under the Feuerstein Family. Malden Mills started off with specialization in lightweight fabrics and wool clothing. Fire and rebuilding Further information: Aaron Feuerstein On December 11, 1995, a dust explosion in one of the hoppers used to produce Polartec destroyed three of the factory's buildings, causing 40% damage to the whole plant. The fire happened during the company’s off season leading to minimized losses, though at the time it was the largest property damage fire loss in the history of Massachusetts. Initially thought to have started in a boiler, subsequent investigation found it was likely started in a hopper on the "flock" line, where nylon fibers are oriented in a 50,000 volt electric field while applied to adhesive on a backing fabric. Fibers occasionally ignited passing through this field, and despite automatic fire suppression methods, a previous explosion occurred in 1993 seriously burning several workers. Lawrence, Massachusetts was already experiencing a downward economy due to many other companies leaving to find cheaper labor elsewhere and many residents were worried about the loss of another factory. The fire injured 36 people and placed 2700 jobs at risk. The fire was later ruled an “industrial accident.” CEO Aaron Feuerstein made the decision overnight to quickly rebuild. He extended the pay and benefits of his employees while the factory was being rebuilt. Rebuilding was completed on September 14, 1997, leaving 70 employees still displaced. Though ultimately Feuerstein's choices may have led to the insolvency of the company and the loss of nearly all of the jobs that Feuerstein was trying to preserve, he received praise for his choice to de-prioritize the profitability of his company. Bankruptcy In November 2001, Malden Mills declared bankruptcy after the recession at the beginning of the new year left the company unable to pay creditors—related to its rebuilding and payroll commitments. The company achieved solvency because of the generosity of its creditors, as well as government subsidies. Feuerstein was relieved of actual control of the company by its creditors. In January 2007, current CEO Michael Spillane announced that Malden Mills would file for bankruptcy again and would be sold to the Gordon Brothers Group of Boston. However, in February 2007, the assets of Malden Mills were purchased by a newly formed company called Polartec, LLC which is owned by Chrysalis Capital Partners of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A notice on the old www.MaldenMillsStore.com said the week of July 23, 2007 would be the final shipping period for rolls of fabric from the company. The notice also said an employee group is starting a new fabric-making enterprise to be announced. On June 28, 2007, the federal Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation said it would take over the underfunded (by 49%) Malden Mills pension plan, which covers about 1500 employees. PBGC said the sale of Malden Mills assets meant that the pension plan would be abandoned because the company missed a $1.7 million pension payment. Polartec, LLC In 2007 Malden Mills filed its final bankruptcy and Versa Capital purchased the assets to create a new company, Polartec, LLC. Polartec offers over 400 different fabrics including: Polartec Power Dry Polartec Power Stretch Polartec Classic Micro, 100, 200, 300 Polartec Thermal Pro Polartec Alpha Polartec Wind Pro Polartec Windbloc Polartec Power Shield Polartec Power Shield 02 Polartec Power Shield Pro Polartec Power Shield Stretch Wovens Polartec Power Wool Polartec NeoShell Flame Resistant Fabrics and Layering Systems Polartec's customers include all branches of the United States Military, Patagonia, The North Face, Marmot, Mountain Equipment Co-op, Mountain Hardwear, Cabela's, Lands' End, L.L.Bean, Jack Wolfskin, Lafuma, Eider, Millet, Rab, Outdoor Research, Quiksilver, Melanzana, and many other technical apparel brands around the globe. In 2011, Polartec launched a waterproof breathable fabric called Polartec NeoShell. This is a new category for Polartec – competing directly against Gore-Tex and other waterproof breathable fabrics. Polartec NeoShell's differentiating feature is a high level of air permeability. In December 2015, the company announced that it would close manufacturing operations in Lawrence, Massachusetts, and move production to plants in Hudson, New Hampshire and Tennessee. References ^ a b Bailey, Rayna (2007). "Forward Fabric Campaign". Encyclopedia of Major Marketing Campaigns. 2 – via Gale Business: Entrepreneurship. ^ Dowling, Melissa (May 1996). "Textile mill fire nearly fleeces Polartec". Catalog Age. 13 (5): 18 – via Gale Business: Entrepreneurship. ^ a b Howell, Scott M. (December 1995). "TR-110 Manufacturing Mill Fire" (PDF). US Fire Administration / FEMA. Retrieved 2022-04-23. ^ Tennant, Paul. "State fire marshal: Malden Mills blaze cause by ignition of flock fibers". Eagle-Tribune. Retrieved 2022-04-24. ^ "Investigation Report - Combustible Dust Hazard Study". US Chemical Safety Board. November 2006. Retrieved 2022-04-24. ^ a b Seeger, Matthew; Ulmer, Robert (January 2002). "A post-crisis discourse of renewal: the cases of malden mills and cole hardwoods". Journal of Applied Communication Research. 30 (2): 126–142. doi:10.1080/00909880216578. ISSN 0090-9882. S2CID 144698032. ^ a b "The Mensch Of Malden Mills". CBS News. 3 July 2003. Retrieved 21 February 2024. ^ Lawrence, Anne T., and James Weber. Business and Society: Stakeholders, Ethics, Public Policy. Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2008. Print. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-07-15. Retrieved 2007-02-16.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Malden Mills Returns to Bankruptcy". The New York Times, January 11, 2007. ^ Polartec, LLC - Company Overview - Hoover's ^ Mill Direct Textiles ^ "Polartec Wholesale Fleece Fabric - Polartec Fleece Fabric by the Yard - Mill Direct Textiles". Retrieved 21 December 2015. ^ PBGC Protects Pensions at Malden Mills ^ "Bloomberg Businessweek". Archived from the original on January 18, 2013. Retrieved October 30, 2012. ^ Broudy, Berne (13 April 2011). "New Jacket Fabrics Vent Sweat Without Letting Water or Cold Air Sneak In". Bonnier Corporation. ^ "20 years after fire, Polartec says it will close in Lawrence - The Boston Globe". BostonGlobe.com. Retrieved 21 December 2015. ^ "Lawrence 'Double-Crossed' By Polartec Leaving Malden Mills, Former CEO Says « CBS Boston". WBZ-TV. Retrieved 21 December 2015. External links http://www.polartec.com
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"polar fleece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_fleece"},{"link_name":"Andover, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andover,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Hudson, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson,_New_Hampshire"}],"text":"Malden Mills Industries is the original developer and manufacturer of Polartec polar fleece and manufactures other modern textiles. The company is located in Andover, Massachusetts and has operations in Hudson, New Hampshire.","title":"Malden Mills"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Malden Mills was founded in 1906 by Henry Feuerstein and operated for three generations under the Feuerstein Family. Malden Mills started off with specialization in lightweight fabrics and wool clothing.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aaron Feuerstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Feuerstein"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lawrence, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Further information: Aaron FeuersteinOn December 11, 1995, a dust explosion in one of the hoppers used to produce Polartec destroyed three of the factory's buildings, causing 40% damage to the whole plant. The fire happened during the company’s off season leading to minimized losses, though at the time it was the largest property damage fire loss in the history of Massachusetts.[1][2][3] Initially thought to have started in a boiler, subsequent investigation found it was likely started in a hopper on the \"flock\" line,[4] where nylon fibers are oriented in a 50,000 volt electric field while applied to adhesive on a backing fabric. Fibers occasionally ignited passing through this field, and despite automatic fire suppression methods, a previous explosion occurred in 1993 seriously burning several workers.[3][5]Lawrence, Massachusetts was already experiencing a downward economy due to many other companies leaving to find cheaper labor elsewhere and many residents were worried about the loss of another factory. The fire injured 36 people and placed 2700 jobs at risk. The fire was later ruled an “industrial accident.”[6]CEO Aaron Feuerstein made the decision overnight to quickly rebuild. He extended the pay and benefits of his employees while the factory was being rebuilt. Rebuilding was completed on September 14, 1997, leaving 70 employees still displaced.[6][7] Though ultimately Feuerstein's choices may have led to the insolvency of the company and the loss of nearly all of the jobs that Feuerstein was trying to preserve, he received praise for his choice to de-prioritize the profitability of his company.[7][8]","title":"Fire and rebuilding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gordon Brothers Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Brothers_Group"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pension_Benefit_Guaranty_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"In November 2001, Malden Mills declared bankruptcy after the recession at the beginning of the new year left the company unable to pay creditors—related to its rebuilding and payroll commitments. The company achieved solvency because of the generosity of its creditors, as well as government subsidies. Feuerstein was relieved of actual control of the company by its creditors.In January 2007, current CEO Michael Spillane announced that Malden Mills would file for bankruptcy again and would be sold to the Gordon Brothers Group of Boston.[9][10]However, in February 2007, the assets of Malden Mills were purchased by a newly formed company called Polartec, LLC which is owned by Chrysalis Capital Partners of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[11]A notice on the old www.MaldenMillsStore.com said the week of July 23, 2007 would be the final shipping period for rolls of fabric from the company.[12] The notice also said an employee group is starting a new fabric-making enterprise to be announced.[13]On June 28, 2007, the federal Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation said it would take over the underfunded (by 49%) Malden Mills pension plan, which covers about 1500 employees. PBGC said the sale of Malden Mills assets meant that the pension plan would be abandoned because the company missed a $1.7 million pension payment.[14]","title":"Bankruptcy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"United States Military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military"},{"link_name":"Patagonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia_(clothing)"},{"link_name":"The North Face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_North_Face"},{"link_name":"Marmot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmot_(company)"},{"link_name":"Mountain Equipment Co-op","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Equipment_Co-op"},{"link_name":"Mountain Hardwear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Hardwear"},{"link_name":"Lands' End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lands%27_End"},{"link_name":"L.L.Bean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.L.Bean"},{"link_name":"Lafuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafuma"},{"link_name":"Eider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eider_(brand)"},{"link_name":"Millet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet_(manufacturer)"},{"link_name":"Rab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rab_(company)"},{"link_name":"Outdoor Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outdoor_Research"},{"link_name":"Quiksilver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiksilver"},{"link_name":"Melanzana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanzana_(clothing_brand)"},{"link_name":"Gore-Tex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gore-Tex"},{"link_name":"air permeability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_permeability"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Popular_Science-16"},{"link_name":"Hudson, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"In 2007 Malden Mills filed its final bankruptcy and Versa Capital purchased the assets to create a new company, Polartec, LLC.[15]Polartec offers over 400 different fabrics including:Polartec Power Dry\nPolartec Power Stretch\nPolartec Classic Micro, 100, 200, 300\nPolartec Thermal Pro\nPolartec Alpha\nPolartec Wind Pro\nPolartec Windbloc\nPolartec Power Shield\nPolartec Power Shield 02\nPolartec Power Shield Pro\nPolartec Power Shield Stretch Wovens\nPolartec Power Wool\nPolartec NeoShell\nFlame Resistant Fabrics and Layering SystemsPolartec's customers include all branches of the United States Military, Patagonia, The North Face, Marmot, Mountain Equipment Co-op, Mountain Hardwear, Cabela's, Lands' End, L.L.Bean, Jack Wolfskin, Lafuma, Eider, Millet, Rab, Outdoor Research, Quiksilver, Melanzana, and many other technical apparel brands around the globe.In 2011, Polartec launched a waterproof breathable fabric called Polartec NeoShell. This is a new category for Polartec – competing directly against Gore-Tex and other waterproof breathable fabrics. Polartec NeoShell's differentiating feature is a high level of air permeability.[16]In December 2015, the company announced that it would close manufacturing operations in Lawrence, Massachusetts, and move production to plants in Hudson, New Hampshire and Tennessee.[17][18]","title":"Polartec, LLC"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Bailey, Rayna (2007). \"Forward Fabric Campaign\". Encyclopedia of Major Marketing Campaigns. 2 – via Gale Business: Entrepreneurship.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dowling, Melissa (May 1996). \"Textile mill fire nearly fleeces Polartec\". Catalog Age. 13 (5): 18 – via Gale Business: Entrepreneurship.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Howell, Scott M. (December 1995). \"TR-110 Manufacturing Mill Fire\" (PDF). US Fire Administration / FEMA. Retrieved 2022-04-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/pdf/publications/tr-110.pdf","url_text":"\"TR-110 Manufacturing Mill Fire\""}]},{"reference":"Tennant, Paul. \"State fire marshal: Malden Mills blaze cause by ignition of flock fibers\". Eagle-Tribune. Retrieved 2022-04-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eagletribune.com/news/merrimack_valley/state-fire-marshal-malden-mills-blaze-cause-by-ignition-of-flock-fibers/article_8783577d-3654-5910-8364-76f2a1325adc.html","url_text":"\"State fire marshal: Malden Mills blaze cause by ignition of flock fibers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Investigation Report - Combustible Dust Hazard Study\". US Chemical Safety Board. November 2006. Retrieved 2022-04-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.csb.gov/file.aspx?DocumentId=5733","url_text":"\"Investigation Report - Combustible Dust Hazard Study\""}]},{"reference":"Seeger, Matthew; Ulmer, Robert (January 2002). \"A post-crisis discourse of renewal: the cases of malden mills and cole hardwoods\". Journal of Applied Communication Research. 30 (2): 126–142. doi:10.1080/00909880216578. ISSN 0090-9882. S2CID 144698032.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00909880216578","url_text":"10.1080/00909880216578"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0090-9882","url_text":"0090-9882"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144698032","url_text":"144698032"}]},{"reference":"\"The Mensch Of Malden Mills\". CBS News. 3 July 2003. Retrieved 21 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-mensch-of-malden-mills/","url_text":"\"The Mensch Of Malden Mills\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News","url_text":"CBS News"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-15. Retrieved 2007-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110715101929/http://www.polartec.com/contentmgr/showdetails.php/id/1333","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.polartec.com/contentmgr/showdetails.php/id/1333","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Polartec Wholesale Fleece Fabric - Polartec Fleece Fabric by the Yard - Mill Direct Textiles\". Retrieved 21 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.milldirecttextiles.com/default.asp","url_text":"\"Polartec Wholesale Fleece Fabric - Polartec Fleece Fabric by the Yard - Mill Direct Textiles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bloomberg Businessweek\". Archived from the original on January 18, 2013. Retrieved October 30, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130118185609/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=728315","url_text":"\"Bloomberg Businessweek\""},{"url":"http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=728315","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Broudy, Berne (13 April 2011). \"New Jacket Fabrics Vent Sweat Without Letting Water or Cold Air Sneak In\". Bonnier Corporation.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2011-04/new-jacket-fabrics-vent-sweat-without-letting-water-or-cold-air-sneak","url_text":"\"New Jacket Fabrics Vent Sweat Without Letting Water or Cold Air Sneak In\""}]},{"reference":"\"20 years after fire, Polartec says it will close in Lawrence - The Boston Globe\". BostonGlobe.com. Retrieved 21 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2015/12/10/years-after-fire-polartec-says-will-close-lawrence/5s71q5BKVJ7rkxsgpVEuUJ/story.html","url_text":"\"20 years after fire, Polartec says it will close in Lawrence - The Boston Globe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lawrence 'Double-Crossed' By Polartec Leaving Malden Mills, Former CEO Says « CBS Boston\". WBZ-TV. Retrieved 21 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://boston.cbslocal.com/2015/12/17/lawrence-polartect-aaron-feuerstein-malden-mills/","url_text":"\"Lawrence 'Double-Crossed' By Polartec Leaving Malden Mills, Former CEO Says « CBS Boston\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBZ-TV","url_text":"WBZ-TV"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/pdf/publications/tr-110.pdf","external_links_name":"\"TR-110 Manufacturing Mill Fire\""},{"Link":"https://www.eagletribune.com/news/merrimack_valley/state-fire-marshal-malden-mills-blaze-cause-by-ignition-of-flock-fibers/article_8783577d-3654-5910-8364-76f2a1325adc.html","external_links_name":"\"State fire marshal: Malden Mills blaze cause by ignition of flock fibers\""},{"Link":"https://www.csb.gov/file.aspx?DocumentId=5733","external_links_name":"\"Investigation Report - Combustible Dust Hazard Study\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00909880216578","external_links_name":"10.1080/00909880216578"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0090-9882","external_links_name":"0090-9882"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144698032","external_links_name":"144698032"},{"Link":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-mensch-of-malden-mills/","external_links_name":"\"The Mensch Of Malden Mills\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110715101929/http://www.polartec.com/contentmgr/showdetails.php/id/1333","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.polartec.com/contentmgr/showdetails.php/id/1333","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/11/business/11mills.html","external_links_name":"\"Malden Mills Returns to Bankruptcy\""},{"Link":"http://www.hoovers.com/malden-mills/--ID__46974--/free-co-factsheet.xhtml","external_links_name":"Polartec, LLC - Company Overview - Hoover's"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20070809064024/http://www.maldenmillsstore.com/","external_links_name":"Mill Direct Textiles"},{"Link":"http://www.milldirecttextiles.com/default.asp","external_links_name":"\"Polartec Wholesale Fleece Fabric - Polartec Fleece Fabric by the Yard - Mill Direct Textiles\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090814053509/http://pbgc.gov/media/news-archive/news-releases/2007/pr07-28.html","external_links_name":"PBGC Protects Pensions at Malden Mills"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130118185609/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=728315","external_links_name":"\"Bloomberg Businessweek\""},{"Link":"http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=728315","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2011-04/new-jacket-fabrics-vent-sweat-without-letting-water-or-cold-air-sneak","external_links_name":"\"New Jacket Fabrics Vent Sweat Without Letting Water or Cold Air Sneak In\""},{"Link":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2015/12/10/years-after-fire-polartec-says-will-close-lawrence/5s71q5BKVJ7rkxsgpVEuUJ/story.html","external_links_name":"\"20 years after fire, Polartec says it will close in Lawrence - The Boston Globe\""},{"Link":"http://boston.cbslocal.com/2015/12/17/lawrence-polartect-aaron-feuerstein-malden-mills/","external_links_name":"\"Lawrence 'Double-Crossed' By Polartec Leaving Malden Mills, Former CEO Says « CBS Boston\""},{"Link":"http://www.polartec.com/","external_links_name":"http://www.polartec.com"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Philippi
Don Philippi
["1 Publications","2 External links"]
Donald L. Philippi (October 2, 1930 – January 26, 1993) was a noted translator of Japanese and Ainu, and a musician. Born in Los Angeles, Philippi studied at the University of Southern California before going to Japan in 1957 on a Fulbright scholarship to study at the Kokugakuin University. In Japan he became an expert in both classical Japanese and Ainu. Philippi is known for his translation of the Kojiki and the ancient Shinto prayers known as norito. He also published a book of translations of Ainu epic poems (yukar), Songs of Gods, Songs of Humans: The Epic Tradition of the Ainu, and a book of translations of ancient Japanese poems, This Wine of Peace, This Wine of Laughter: A Complete Anthology of Japan's Earliest Songs. Philippi was also a noted technical translator. Under the pseudonym Slava Ranko, Philippi edited and published Maratto, a little magazine focused on Ainu literature and culture. The first issue was published March 3, 1977 in San Francisco. Philippi was also a musician, learning the shamisen and the biwa both in the U.S. and Japan. In the late 1970s, he became familiar in the San Francisco music scene, again using the name Slava Ranko, and performing a combination of biwa and synthesizer music. In 1981, he issued an album, Arctic Hysteria. Publications Philippi, Donald L. 1968–1969. Kojiki. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press and Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. (ISBN 978-0691061603) External links Don Philippi obituary Don Philippi's Technical Japanese Translation Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel Belgium United States Netherlands Other SNAC IdRef This biography about a translator from the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California"},{"link_name":"Fulbright scholarship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbright_scholarship"},{"link_name":"Kokugakuin University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokugakuin_University"},{"link_name":"classical Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Japanese"},{"link_name":"Kojiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kojiki"},{"link_name":"norito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norito"},{"link_name":"yukar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukar"},{"link_name":"little magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_magazine"},{"link_name":"shamisen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamisen"},{"link_name":"biwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biwa"}],"text":"Born in Los Angeles, Philippi studied at the University of Southern California before going to Japan in 1957 on a Fulbright scholarship to study at the Kokugakuin University. In Japan he became an expert in both classical Japanese and Ainu.Philippi is known for his translation of the Kojiki and the ancient Shinto prayers known as norito. He also published a book of translations of Ainu epic poems (yukar), Songs of Gods, Songs of Humans: The Epic Tradition of the Ainu, and a book of translations of ancient Japanese poems, This Wine of Peace, This Wine of Laughter: A Complete Anthology of Japan's Earliest Songs. Philippi was also a noted technical translator.Under the pseudonym Slava Ranko, Philippi edited and published Maratto, a little magazine focused on Ainu literature and culture. The first issue was published March 3, 1977 in San Francisco.Philippi was also a musician, learning the shamisen and the biwa both in the U.S. and Japan. In the late 1970s, he became familiar in the San Francisco music scene, again using the name Slava Ranko, and performing a combination of biwa and synthesizer music. In 1981, he issued an album, Arctic Hysteria.","title":"Don Philippi"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Philippi, Donald L. 1968–1969. Kojiki. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press and Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. (ISBN 978-0691061603)","title":"Publications"}]
[]
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[]
[{"Link":"http://www.jai2.com/dlpobit.htm","external_links_name":"Don Philippi obituary"},{"Link":"http://www.f.waseda.jp/buda/tjt/tjt-idx.html","external_links_name":"Don Philippi's Technical Japanese Translation"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000081981170","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/11358326","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgt48xbjwfyYM8QgHCxXd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/172307384","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007274021805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14699112","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87139102","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068484321","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6q55h3h","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/103776176","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don_Philippi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_McLin
Stephen McLin
["1 Career","2 References"]
Stephen McLin was a longtime executive in the banking industry who came to the industry from an engineering, rather than a finance background. McLin, the oldest of six children, was the son of an Air Force doctor. He grew up moving every few years, including almost three years in Wiesbaden, Germany, where his father was chief of surgery. Returning to the United States, McLin went to high school in Laredo, Texas, and graduated in 1964. McLin's father was then named hospital commander at Chanute Air Force Base in Rantoul, Illinois, so McLin went to college at the nearby University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. He majored in chemical engineering (now called the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering) and graduated with a bachelor of science in 1968. Career After graduation, McLin took a job with Atlantic Richfield (ARCO) in Anaheim, California. After working there for a year, McLin attended Stanford University and earned a master's degree in mechanical engineering (1970). Along the way he discovered he was more interested in finance, so then stayed at Stanford and earned an MBA in 1972. McLin worked much of his career at Bank of America (BofA), buying and selling other companies. He started out as assistant vice president in the cashiers division and in seven years rose to become BofA's top strategist. His first major deal was BofA's purchase of Charles Schwab Corporation, a major discount broker, in 1981. This transaction developed into what New York Times reporter Tom Friedman called a “historic test case for Federal banking laws.” McLin also “engineered” the purchase of failing Seattle-based bank, Seafirst, which enabled Bank of America to enter a state outside California, where it was based. McLin invented a financial structure, which he called “shrink-to-fit financing,” that protected BofA if Seafirst's losses in the energy sector became even worse than they already were., In 1985 McLin was BankAmerica's third-highest-paid executive, receiving $285,330 in salary. In 1986 McLin became executive vice president and BankAmerica Corp. a subsidiary of Bank of America. In the course of his career at Bank of America, America First and STM Holdings, LLC, McLin negotiated more than 40 transactions, acquisitions and sales, which represented total assets in excess of $32 billion. In 1987, at the age of 40, McLin left BofA to become president of America First Financial Fund. There he raised $100 million in equity capital to buy two Northern California S&Ls. When America First shut down a decade later it had returned more than $500 million in dividends and gains to its shareholders. McLin retired at age 51, created the McLin Family Foundation, and served on the Schwab board from 1988 to 2019. References ^ B of A Promotes McLin to Executive Vice President. August 06, 1986. ^ MassTransfer Magazine Profile, Summer 2017 ^ Bank Bids $53 Million for Broker ^ Lampert, Hope (1986). Behind Closed Doors: Wheeling and Dealing in the Banking World. New York: Athenaeum. ^ Inside a Bank Rescue : In a Room Filled With Cigar Smoke, the Two Sides Faced Off. Seafirst Was Near Bankruptcy. Bank of America Had Money to Spend. A Tale of High-Stakes Deal Making. ^ Hector, Gary (1988). Breaking the Bank: The Decline of BankAmerica. Boston: Little, Brown and Co. p. 168. ^ B of A Promotes McLin to Executive Vice President ^ Johnston, Moira (1990). Roller Coaster: The Bank of America and the Future of American Banking. New York: Ticknor and Fields. p. 331. ^ B of A Plans to Sell Schwab Brokerage Back to Founder ^ Johnston, Moira (1990). Roller Coaster: The Bank of America and the Future of American Banking. New York: Ticknor and Fields. p. 332. ^ Mclin Family Foundation 501c3 Record
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_force"},{"link_name":"Laredo, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laredo,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Chanute Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanute_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Rantoul, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rantoul,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign"},{"link_name":"chemical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineering"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"McLin, the oldest of six children, was the son of an Air Force doctor. He grew up moving every few years, including almost three years in Wiesbaden, Germany, where his father was chief of surgery. Returning to the United States, McLin went to high school in Laredo, Texas, and graduated in 1964. McLin's father was then named hospital commander at Chanute Air Force Base in Rantoul, Illinois, so McLin went to college at the nearby University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. He majored in chemical engineering (now called the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering) and graduated with a bachelor of science in 1968.[2]","title":"Stephen McLin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlantic Richfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Richfield"},{"link_name":"ARCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARCO"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"mechanical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineering"},{"link_name":"MBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bank of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_America"},{"link_name":"Charles Schwab Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Schwab_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Seafirst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seafirst_Bank"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Schwab board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.aboutschwab.com/governance"}],"text":"After graduation, McLin took a job with Atlantic Richfield (ARCO) in Anaheim, California. After working there for a year, McLin attended Stanford University and earned a master's degree in mechanical engineering (1970). Along the way he discovered he was more interested in finance, so then stayed at Stanford and earned an MBA in 1972.[citation needed]McLin worked much of his career at Bank of America (BofA), buying and selling other companies. He started out as assistant vice president in the cashiers division and in seven years rose to become BofA's top strategist. His first major deal was BofA's purchase of Charles Schwab Corporation, a major discount broker, in 1981. This transaction developed into what New York Times reporter Tom Friedman called a “historic test case for Federal banking laws.”[3] McLin also “engineered” the purchase of failing Seattle-based bank, Seafirst, which enabled Bank of America to enter a state outside California, where it was based.[4] McLin invented a financial structure, which he called “shrink-to-fit financing,” that protected BofA if Seafirst's losses in the energy sector became even worse than they already were.,[5][6]In 1985 McLin was BankAmerica's third-highest-paid executive, receiving $285,330 in salary.[7] In 1986 McLin became executive vice president and BankAmerica Corp. a subsidiary of Bank of America. In the course of his career at Bank of America, America First and STM Holdings, LLC, McLin negotiated more than 40 transactions, acquisitions and sales, which represented total assets in excess of $32 billion.[8]In 1987, at the age of 40, McLin left BofA to become president of America First Financial Fund.[9] There he raised $100 million in equity capital to buy two Northern California S&Ls.[10] When America First shut down a decade later it had returned more than $500 million in dividends and gains to its shareholders.McLin retired at age 51, created the McLin Family Foundation,[11] and served on the Schwab board from 1988 to 2019.","title":"Career"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Lampert, Hope (1986). Behind Closed Doors: Wheeling and Dealing in the Banking World. New York: Athenaeum.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/behindcloseddoor00lamp","url_text":"Behind Closed Doors: Wheeling and Dealing in the Banking World"}]},{"reference":"Hector, Gary (1988). Breaking the Bank: The Decline of BankAmerica. Boston: Little, Brown and Co. p. 168.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/breakingbankdecl00hect","url_text":"Breaking the Bank: The Decline of BankAmerica"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/breakingbankdecl00hect/page/168","url_text":"168"}]},{"reference":"Johnston, Moira (1990). Roller Coaster: The Bank of America and the Future of American Banking. New York: Ticknor and Fields. p. 331.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rollercoasterban00john","url_text":"Roller Coaster: The Bank of America and the Future of American Banking"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rollercoasterban00john/page/331","url_text":"331"}]},{"reference":"Johnston, Moira (1990). Roller Coaster: The Bank of America and the Future of American Banking. New York: Ticknor and Fields. p. 332.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rollercoasterban00john","url_text":"Roller Coaster: The Bank of America and the Future of American Banking"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rollercoasterban00john/page/332","url_text":"332"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.aboutschwab.com/governance","external_links_name":"Schwab board"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1986-08-06/business/fi-1421_1_executive-vice-president","external_links_name":"B of A Promotes McLin to Executive Vice President. August 06, 1986."},{"Link":"http://chbe.illinois.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/MassTransfer_SPR-SUM17_Web.pdf","external_links_name":"MassTransfer Magazine Profile, Summer 2017"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/25/business/bank-bids-53-million-for-broker.html","external_links_name":"Bank Bids $53 Million for Broker"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/behindcloseddoor00lamp","external_links_name":"Behind Closed Doors: Wheeling and Dealing in the Banking World"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1986-09-07/magazine/tm-12042_1_seafirst/5","external_links_name":"Inside a Bank Rescue : In a Room Filled With Cigar Smoke, the Two Sides Faced Off. Seafirst Was Near Bankruptcy. Bank of America Had Money to Spend. A Tale of High-Stakes Deal Making."},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/breakingbankdecl00hect","external_links_name":"Breaking the Bank: The Decline of BankAmerica"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/breakingbankdecl00hect/page/168","external_links_name":"168"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1986-08-06/business/fi-1421_1_executive-vice-president","external_links_name":"B of A Promotes McLin to Executive Vice President"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/rollercoasterban00john","external_links_name":"Roller Coaster: The Bank of America and the Future of American Banking"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/rollercoasterban00john/page/331","external_links_name":"331"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1987-01-13/business/fi-4206_1_bankamerica","external_links_name":"B of A Plans to Sell Schwab Brokerage Back to Founder"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/rollercoasterban00john","external_links_name":"Roller Coaster: The Bank of America and the Future of American Banking"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/rollercoasterban00john/page/332","external_links_name":"332"},{"Link":"http://501c3lookup.org/mclin_family_foundation/","external_links_name":"Mclin Family Foundation 501c3 Record"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschoon_Su_Kim
Tschoon Su Kim
["1 Life","2 Work","3 Notes","4 External links"]
Korean painter Tschoon Su KimBorn1957South KoreaNationalitySouth KoreanEducationSeoul National University, California State UniversityKnown forPainting, GraphicsNotable workultramarineAwardsTotal Grand Prix (Total Museum of Contemporary Art, Seoul), A Superior Artist (The National Academy of Arts, Seoul) Tschoon Su Kim, also Kim, Tschoon-Su (Korean: 김춘수; born in 1957 in South Korea), is a Korean painter. He is a professor at Seoul National University and paints only in blue. Life Tschoon Su Kim made his studies at different Universities in Korea and the USA, i.e. at Seoul National University, California State University and New York University Graduate School. In 1991 he participated in the 10th Triangle Artists Workshop, Pine Plains, New York. Kim made his research at Universidad de Alcala in Spain in 2003. Since 1996 he work as a professor for Fine Arts at Seoul National University. He lives and works near Seoul. Work Tschoon Su Kim's work is rooted in a tradition of gestural abstraction and the use of the color blue. Since 1990 Kim has been painting almost exclusively in blue. He researches the color's different shades in work series called Ultramarine, Blanco y Azul or Weiss und Blau and herein wakens up associations of water, heaven or trees without really having painted them. "And that, again, means that Tschoon Su Kim's images are not only about distributed form, but also about painting itself. So they constitute an innovation of tradition, which makes them important, and of great import on contemporary art." Notes ^ a b ""Innovating Tradition" (english Translation)". Remarks by Gerhard Charles Rump. Die WELT. Retrieved 4 December 2009. ^ "Dialogue between Sam Francis and Tschoon Su Kim". Verena Alves-Richter on artrabbit. External links Tschoon Su KIM selected artworks and CV
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting"},{"link_name":"Seoul National University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul_National_University"},{"link_name":"blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue"}],"text":"Tschoon Su Kim, also Kim, Tschoon-Su (Korean: 김춘수; born in 1957 in South Korea), is a Korean painter. He is a professor at Seoul National University and paints only in blue.","title":"Tschoon Su Kim"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York University Graduate School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University_Graduate_School_of_Arts_and_Science"},{"link_name":"Universidad de Alcala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_de_Alcala"}],"text":"Tschoon Su Kim made his studies at different Universities in Korea and the USA, i.e. at Seoul National University, California State University and New York University Graduate School. In 1991 he participated in the 10th Triangle Artists Workshop, Pine Plains, New York. Kim made his research at Universidad de Alcala in Spain in 2003. Since 1996 he work as a professor for Fine Arts at Seoul National University. \nHe lives and works near Seoul.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gestural abstraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestural_abstraction"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rump-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artrabbit-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rump-1"}],"text":"Tschoon Su Kim's work is rooted in a tradition of gestural abstraction and the use of the color blue.[1] Since 1990 Kim has been painting almost exclusively in blue.\nHe researches the color's different shades in work series called Ultramarine, Blanco y Azul or Weiss und Blau and herein wakens up associations of water, heaven or trees without really having painted them.[2]\"And that, again, means that Tschoon Su Kim's images are not only about distributed form, but also about painting itself. So they constitute an innovation of tradition, which makes them important, and of great import on contemporary art.\"[1]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Rump_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Rump_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"\"Innovating Tradition\" (english Translation)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.galerie-son.com/artists/tschoon/tschoon_text_en.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-artrabbit_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"Dialogue between Sam Francis and Tschoon Su Kim\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.artrabbit.com/events/event&event=24192"}],"text":"^ a b \"\"Innovating Tradition\" (english Translation)\". Remarks by Gerhard Charles Rump. Die WELT. Retrieved 4 December 2009.\n\n^ \"Dialogue between Sam Francis and Tschoon Su Kim\". Verena Alves-Richter on artrabbit.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"\"Innovating Tradition\" (english Translation)\". Remarks by Gerhard Charles Rump. Die WELT. Retrieved 4 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.galerie-son.com/artists/tschoon/tschoon_text_en.html","url_text":"\"\"Innovating Tradition\" (english Translation)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dialogue between Sam Francis and Tschoon Su Kim\". Verena Alves-Richter on artrabbit.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.artrabbit.com/events/event&event=24192","url_text":"\"Dialogue between Sam Francis and Tschoon Su Kim\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.galerie-son.com/artists/tschoon/tschoon_text_en.html","external_links_name":"\"\"Innovating Tradition\" (english Translation)\""},{"Link":"http://www.artrabbit.com/events/event&event=24192","external_links_name":"\"Dialogue between Sam Francis and Tschoon Su Kim\""},{"Link":"http://www.galerie-son.com/artists/tschoon/tschooon_en.html","external_links_name":"Tschoon Su KIM"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-adic_norm
p-adic valuation
["1 Definition and properties","1.1 Integers","1.2 Rational numbers","2 p-adic absolute value","3 See also","4 References"]
Highest power of p dividing a given number In number theory, the p-adic valuation or p-adic order of an integer n is the exponent of the highest power of the prime number p that divides n. It is denoted ν p ( n ) {\displaystyle \nu _{p}(n)} . Equivalently, ν p ( n ) {\displaystyle \nu _{p}(n)} is the exponent to which p {\displaystyle p} appears in the prime factorization of n {\displaystyle n} . The p-adic valuation is a valuation and gives rise to an analogue of the usual absolute value. Whereas the completion of the rational numbers with respect to the usual absolute value results in the real numbers R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } , the completion of the rational numbers with respect to the p {\displaystyle p} -adic absolute value results in the p-adic numbers Q p {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} _{p}} . Distribution of natural numbers by their 2-adic valuation, labeled with corresponding powers of two in decimal. Zero has an infinite valuation. Definition and properties Let p be a prime number. Integers The p-adic valuation of an integer n {\displaystyle n} is defined to be ν p ( n ) = { m a x { k ∈ N 0 : p k ∣ n } if  n ≠ 0 ∞ if  n = 0 , {\displaystyle \nu _{p}(n)={\begin{cases}\mathrm {max} \{k\in \mathbb {N} _{0}:p^{k}\mid n\}&{\text{if }}n\neq 0\\\infty &{\text{if }}n=0,\end{cases}}} where N 0 {\displaystyle \mathbb {N} _{0}} denotes the set of natural numbers (including zero) and m ∣ n {\displaystyle m\mid n} denotes divisibility of n {\displaystyle n} by m {\displaystyle m} . In particular, ν p {\displaystyle \nu _{p}} is a function ν p : Z → N 0 ∪ { ∞ } {\displaystyle \nu _{p}\colon \mathbb {Z} \to \mathbb {N} _{0}\cup \{\infty \}} . For example, ν 2 ( − 12 ) = 2 {\displaystyle \nu _{2}(-12)=2} , ν 3 ( − 12 ) = 1 {\displaystyle \nu _{3}(-12)=1} , and ν 5 ( − 12 ) = 0 {\displaystyle \nu _{5}(-12)=0} since | − 12 | = 12 = 2 2 ⋅ 3 1 ⋅ 5 0 {\displaystyle |{-12}|=12=2^{2}\cdot 3^{1}\cdot 5^{0}} . The notation p k ∥ n {\displaystyle p^{k}\parallel n} is sometimes used to mean k = ν p ( n ) {\displaystyle k=\nu _{p}(n)} . If n {\displaystyle n} is a positive integer, then ν p ( n ) ≤ log p ⁡ n {\displaystyle \nu _{p}(n)\leq \log _{p}n} ; this follows directly from n ≥ p ν p ( n ) {\displaystyle n\geq p^{\nu _{p}(n)}} . Rational numbers The p-adic valuation can be extended to the rational numbers as the function ν p : Q → Z ∪ { ∞ } {\displaystyle \nu _{p}:\mathbb {Q} \to \mathbb {Z} \cup \{\infty \}} defined by ν p ( r s ) = ν p ( r ) − ν p ( s ) . {\displaystyle \nu _{p}\left({\frac {r}{s}}\right)=\nu _{p}(r)-\nu _{p}(s).} For example, ν 2 ( 9 8 ) = − 3 {\displaystyle \nu _{2}{\bigl (}{\tfrac {9}{8}}{\bigr )}=-3} and ν 3 ( 9 8 ) = 2 {\displaystyle \nu _{3}{\bigl (}{\tfrac {9}{8}}{\bigr )}=2} since 9 8 = 2 − 3 ⋅ 3 2 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {9}{8}}=2^{-3}\cdot 3^{2}} . Some properties are: ν p ( r ⋅ s ) = ν p ( r ) + ν p ( s ) {\displaystyle \nu _{p}(r\cdot s)=\nu _{p}(r)+\nu _{p}(s)} ν p ( r + s ) ≥ min { ν p ( r ) , ν p ( s ) } {\displaystyle \nu _{p}(r+s)\geq \min {\bigl \{}\nu _{p}(r),\nu _{p}(s){\bigr \}}} Moreover, if ν p ( r ) ≠ ν p ( s ) {\displaystyle \nu _{p}(r)\neq \nu _{p}(s)} , then ν p ( r + s ) = min { ν p ( r ) , ν p ( s ) } {\displaystyle \nu _{p}(r+s)=\min {\bigl \{}\nu _{p}(r),\nu _{p}(s){\bigr \}}} where min {\displaystyle \min } is the minimum (i.e. the smaller of the two). p-adic absolute value The p-adic absolute value (or p-adic norm, though not a norm in the sense of analysis) on Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} } is the function | ⋅ | p : Q → R ≥ 0 {\displaystyle |\cdot |_{p}\colon \mathbb {Q} \to \mathbb {R} _{\geq 0}} defined by | r | p = p − ν p ( r ) . {\displaystyle |r|_{p}=p^{-\nu _{p}(r)}.} Thereby, | 0 | p = p − ∞ = 0 {\displaystyle |0|_{p}=p^{-\infty }=0} for all p {\displaystyle p} and for example, | − 12 | 2 = 2 − 2 = 1 4 {\displaystyle |{-12}|_{2}=2^{-2}={\tfrac {1}{4}}} and | 9 8 | 2 = 2 − ( − 3 ) = 8. {\displaystyle {\bigl |}{\tfrac {9}{8}}{\bigr |}_{2}=2^{-(-3)}=8.} The p-adic absolute value satisfies the following properties. Non-negativity | r | p ≥ 0 {\displaystyle |r|_{p}\geq 0} Positive-definiteness | r | p = 0 ⟺ r = 0 {\displaystyle |r|_{p}=0\iff r=0} Multiplicativity | r s | p = | r | p | s | p {\displaystyle |rs|_{p}=|r|_{p}|s|_{p}} Non-Archimedean | r + s | p ≤ max ( | r | p , | s | p ) {\displaystyle |r+s|_{p}\leq \max \left(|r|_{p},|s|_{p}\right)} From the multiplicativity | r s | p = | r | p | s | p {\displaystyle |rs|_{p}=|r|_{p}|s|_{p}} it follows that | 1 | p = 1 = | − 1 | p {\displaystyle |1|_{p}=1=|-1|_{p}} for the roots of unity 1 {\displaystyle 1} and − 1 {\displaystyle -1} and consequently also | − r | p = | r | p . {\displaystyle |{-r}|_{p}=|r|_{p}.} The subadditivity | r + s | p ≤ | r | p + | s | p {\displaystyle |r+s|_{p}\leq |r|_{p}+|s|_{p}} follows from the non-Archimedean triangle inequality | r + s | p ≤ max ( | r | p , | s | p ) {\displaystyle |r+s|_{p}\leq \max \left(|r|_{p},|s|_{p}\right)} . The choice of base p in the exponentiation p − ν p ( r ) {\displaystyle p^{-\nu _{p}(r)}} makes no difference for most of the properties, but supports the product formula: ∏ 0 , p | r | p = 1 {\displaystyle \prod _{0,p}|r|_{p}=1} where the product is taken over all primes p and the usual absolute value, denoted | r | 0 {\displaystyle |r|_{0}} . This follows from simply taking the prime factorization: each prime power factor p k {\displaystyle p^{k}} contributes its reciprocal to its p-adic absolute value, and then the usual Archimedean absolute value cancels all of them. A metric space can be formed on the set Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} } with a (non-Archimedean, translation-invariant) metric d : Q × Q → R ≥ 0 {\displaystyle d\colon \mathbb {Q} \times \mathbb {Q} \to \mathbb {R} _{\geq 0}} defined by d ( r , s ) = | r − s | p . {\displaystyle d(r,s)=|r-s|_{p}.} The completion of Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} } with respect to this metric leads to the set Q p {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} _{p}} of p-adic numbers. See also p-adic number Valuation (algebra) Archimedean property Multiplicity (mathematics) Ostrowski's theorem Legendre's formula References ^ Dummit, David S.; Foote, Richard M. (2003). Abstract Algebra (3rd ed.). Wiley. pp. 758–759. ISBN 0-471-43334-9. ^ Ireland, K.; Rosen, M. (2000). A Classical Introduction to Modern Number Theory. New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 3. ^ Niven, Ivan; Zuckerman, Herbert S.; Montgomery, Hugh L. (1991). An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers (5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 4. ISBN 0-471-62546-9. ^ with the usual order relation, namely ∞ > n {\displaystyle \infty >n} , and rules for arithmetic operations, ∞ + n = n + ∞ = ∞ {\displaystyle \infty +n=n+\infty =\infty } , on the extended number line. ^ Khrennikov, A.; Nilsson, M. (2004). p-adic Deterministic and Random Dynamics. Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 9.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"number theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_theory"},{"link_name":"integer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer"},{"link_name":"exponent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponent"},{"link_name":"prime number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number"},{"link_name":"divides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divides"},{"link_name":"valuation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valuation_(algebra)"},{"link_name":"absolute value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_value"},{"link_name":"completion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_metric_space"},{"link_name":"real numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_number"},{"link_name":"p-adic numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-adic_number"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2adic12480.svg"},{"link_name":"powers of two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_of_two"}],"text":"In number theory, the p-adic valuation or p-adic order of an integer n is the exponent of the highest power of the prime number p that divides n.\nIt is denoted \n \n \n \n \n ν\n \n p\n \n \n (\n n\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu _{p}(n)}\n \n.\nEquivalently, \n \n \n \n \n ν\n \n p\n \n \n (\n n\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu _{p}(n)}\n \n is the exponent to which \n \n \n \n p\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p}\n \n appears in the prime factorization of \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n.The p-adic valuation is a valuation and gives rise to an analogue of the usual absolute value.\nWhereas the completion of the rational numbers with respect to the usual absolute value results in the real numbers \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} }\n \n, the completion of the rational numbers with respect to the \n \n \n \n p\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p}\n \n-adic absolute value results in the p-adic numbers \n \n \n \n \n \n Q\n \n \n p\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Q} _{p}}\n \n.[1]Distribution of natural numbers by their 2-adic valuation, labeled with corresponding powers of two in decimal. Zero has an infinite valuation.","title":"p-adic valuation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prime number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number"}],"text":"Let p be a prime number.","title":"Definition and properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"natural numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_number"},{"link_name":"divisibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Integers","text":"The p-adic valuation of an integer \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n is defined to beν\n \n p\n \n \n (\n n\n )\n =\n \n \n {\n \n \n \n \n m\n a\n x\n \n {\n k\n ∈\n \n \n N\n \n \n 0\n \n \n :\n \n p\n \n k\n \n \n ∣\n n\n }\n \n \n \n if \n \n n\n ≠\n 0\n \n \n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n if \n \n n\n =\n 0\n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu _{p}(n)={\\begin{cases}\\mathrm {max} \\{k\\in \\mathbb {N} _{0}:p^{k}\\mid n\\}&{\\text{if }}n\\neq 0\\\\\\infty &{\\text{if }}n=0,\\end{cases}}}where \n \n \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {N} _{0}}\n \n denotes the set of natural numbers (including zero) and \n \n \n \n m\n ∣\n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle m\\mid n}\n \n denotes divisibility of \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n by \n \n \n \n m\n \n \n {\\displaystyle m}\n \n. In particular, \n \n \n \n \n ν\n \n p\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu _{p}}\n \n is a function \n \n \n \n \n ν\n \n p\n \n \n :\n \n Z\n \n →\n \n \n N\n \n \n 0\n \n \n ∪\n {\n ∞\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu _{p}\\colon \\mathbb {Z} \\to \\mathbb {N} _{0}\\cup \\{\\infty \\}}\n \n.[2]For example, \n \n \n \n \n ν\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n −\n 12\n )\n =\n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu _{2}(-12)=2}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n ν\n \n 3\n \n \n (\n −\n 12\n )\n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu _{3}(-12)=1}\n \n, and \n \n \n \n \n ν\n \n 5\n \n \n (\n −\n 12\n )\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu _{5}(-12)=0}\n \n since \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n −\n 12\n \n \n |\n \n =\n 12\n =\n \n 2\n \n 2\n \n \n ⋅\n \n 3\n \n 1\n \n \n ⋅\n \n 5\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle |{-12}|=12=2^{2}\\cdot 3^{1}\\cdot 5^{0}}\n \n.The notation \n \n \n \n \n p\n \n k\n \n \n ∥\n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p^{k}\\parallel n}\n \n is sometimes used to mean \n \n \n \n k\n =\n \n ν\n \n p\n \n \n (\n n\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k=\\nu _{p}(n)}\n \n.[3]If \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n is a positive integer, thenν\n \n p\n \n \n (\n n\n )\n ≤\n \n log\n \n p\n \n \n ⁡\n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu _{p}(n)\\leq \\log _{p}n}\n \n;this follows directly from \n \n \n \n n\n ≥\n \n p\n \n \n ν\n \n p\n \n \n (\n n\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n\\geq p^{\\nu _{p}(n)}}\n \n.","title":"Definition and properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rational numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_number"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-infty-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Rational numbers","text":"The p-adic valuation can be extended to the rational numbers as the functionν\n \n p\n \n \n :\n \n Q\n \n →\n \n Z\n \n ∪\n {\n ∞\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu _{p}:\\mathbb {Q} \\to \\mathbb {Z} \\cup \\{\\infty \\}}\n \n[4][5]defined byν\n \n p\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n r\n s\n \n \n )\n \n =\n \n ν\n \n p\n \n \n (\n r\n )\n −\n \n ν\n \n p\n \n \n (\n s\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu _{p}\\left({\\frac {r}{s}}\\right)=\\nu _{p}(r)-\\nu _{p}(s).}For example, \n \n \n \n \n ν\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n \n 9\n 8\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n =\n −\n 3\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu _{2}{\\bigl (}{\\tfrac {9}{8}}{\\bigr )}=-3}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n ν\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n \n 9\n 8\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n =\n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu _{3}{\\bigl (}{\\tfrac {9}{8}}{\\bigr )}=2}\n \n since \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 9\n 8\n \n \n \n =\n \n 2\n \n −\n 3\n \n \n ⋅\n \n 3\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\tfrac {9}{8}}=2^{-3}\\cdot 3^{2}}\n \n.Some properties are:ν\n \n p\n \n \n (\n r\n ⋅\n s\n )\n =\n \n ν\n \n p\n \n \n (\n r\n )\n +\n \n ν\n \n p\n \n \n (\n s\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu _{p}(r\\cdot s)=\\nu _{p}(r)+\\nu _{p}(s)}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n ν\n \n p\n \n \n (\n r\n +\n s\n )\n ≥\n min\n \n \n {\n \n \n \n ν\n \n p\n \n \n (\n r\n )\n ,\n \n ν\n \n p\n \n \n (\n s\n )\n \n \n }\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu _{p}(r+s)\\geq \\min {\\bigl \\{}\\nu _{p}(r),\\nu _{p}(s){\\bigr \\}}}Moreover, if \n \n \n \n \n ν\n \n p\n \n \n (\n r\n )\n ≠\n \n ν\n \n p\n \n \n (\n s\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu _{p}(r)\\neq \\nu _{p}(s)}\n \n, thenν\n \n p\n \n \n (\n r\n +\n s\n )\n =\n min\n \n \n {\n \n \n \n ν\n \n p\n \n \n (\n r\n )\n ,\n \n ν\n \n p\n \n \n (\n s\n )\n \n \n }\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu _{p}(r+s)=\\min {\\bigl \\{}\\nu _{p}(r),\\nu _{p}(s){\\bigr \\}}}where \n \n \n \n min\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\min }\n \n is the minimum (i.e. the smaller of the two).","title":"Definition and properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"absolute value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_value_(algebra)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"norm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Q\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Q} }","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_number"},{"link_name":"Positive-definiteness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive-definite_function"},{"link_name":"Multiplicativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicative_function"},{"link_name":"Non-Archimedean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrametric_space"},{"link_name":"multiplicativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicative_function"},{"link_name":"roots of unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_of_unity"},{"link_name":"subadditivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subadditivity"},{"link_name":"non-Archimedean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrametric_space"},{"link_name":"triangle inequality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle_inequality"},{"link_name":"exponentiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation"},{"link_name":"prime factorization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_factorization"},{"link_name":"Archimedean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedean_property"},{"link_name":"metric space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_space"},{"link_name":"non-Archimedean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrametric_space"},{"link_name":"translation-invariant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_invariance"},{"link_name":"completion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_metric_space"}],"text":"The p-adic absolute value (or p-adic norm,[citation needed] though not a norm in the sense of analysis) on \n \n \n \n \n Q\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Q} }\n \n is the function|\n \n ⋅\n \n \n |\n \n \n p\n \n \n :\n \n Q\n \n →\n \n \n R\n \n \n ≥\n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle |\\cdot |_{p}\\colon \\mathbb {Q} \\to \\mathbb {R} _{\\geq 0}}defined by|\n \n r\n \n \n |\n \n \n p\n \n \n =\n \n p\n \n −\n \n ν\n \n p\n \n \n (\n r\n )\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle |r|_{p}=p^{-\\nu _{p}(r)}.}Thereby, \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n 0\n \n \n |\n \n \n p\n \n \n =\n \n p\n \n −\n ∞\n \n \n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle |0|_{p}=p^{-\\infty }=0}\n \n for all \n \n \n \n p\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p}\n \n and \nfor example, \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n −\n 12\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n 2\n \n −\n 2\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 1\n 4\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle |{-12}|_{2}=2^{-2}={\\tfrac {1}{4}}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n \n \n 9\n 8\n \n \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n 2\n \n −\n (\n −\n 3\n )\n \n \n =\n 8.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\bigl |}{\\tfrac {9}{8}}{\\bigr |}_{2}=2^{-(-3)}=8.}The p-adic absolute value satisfies the following properties.Non-negativity\n\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n r\n \n \n |\n \n \n p\n \n \n ≥\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle |r|_{p}\\geq 0}\n \n\n\n\nPositive-definiteness\n\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n r\n \n \n |\n \n \n p\n \n \n =\n 0\n \n ⟺\n \n r\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle |r|_{p}=0\\iff r=0}\n \n\n\n\nMultiplicativity\n\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n r\n s\n \n \n |\n \n \n p\n \n \n =\n \n |\n \n r\n \n \n |\n \n \n p\n \n \n \n |\n \n s\n \n \n |\n \n \n p\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle |rs|_{p}=|r|_{p}|s|_{p}}\n \n\n\n\nNon-Archimedean\n\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n r\n +\n s\n \n \n |\n \n \n p\n \n \n ≤\n max\n \n (\n \n \n |\n \n r\n \n \n |\n \n \n p\n \n \n ,\n \n |\n \n s\n \n \n |\n \n \n p\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle |r+s|_{p}\\leq \\max \\left(|r|_{p},|s|_{p}\\right)}From the multiplicativity \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n r\n s\n \n \n |\n \n \n p\n \n \n =\n \n |\n \n r\n \n \n |\n \n \n p\n \n \n \n |\n \n s\n \n \n |\n \n \n p\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle |rs|_{p}=|r|_{p}|s|_{p}}\n \n it follows that \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n 1\n \n \n |\n \n \n p\n \n \n =\n 1\n =\n \n |\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n |\n \n \n p\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle |1|_{p}=1=|-1|_{p}}\n \n for the roots of unity \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1}\n \n and \n \n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle -1}\n \n and consequently also \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n −\n r\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n p\n \n \n =\n \n |\n \n r\n \n \n |\n \n \n p\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle |{-r}|_{p}=|r|_{p}.}\n \n\nThe subadditivity \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n r\n +\n s\n \n \n |\n \n \n p\n \n \n ≤\n \n |\n \n r\n \n \n |\n \n \n p\n \n \n +\n \n |\n \n s\n \n \n |\n \n \n p\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle |r+s|_{p}\\leq |r|_{p}+|s|_{p}}\n \n follows from the non-Archimedean triangle inequality \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n r\n +\n s\n \n \n |\n \n \n p\n \n \n ≤\n max\n \n (\n \n \n |\n \n r\n \n \n |\n \n \n p\n \n \n ,\n \n |\n \n s\n \n \n |\n \n \n p\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle |r+s|_{p}\\leq \\max \\left(|r|_{p},|s|_{p}\\right)}\n \n.The choice of base p in the exponentiation \n \n \n \n \n p\n \n −\n \n ν\n \n p\n \n \n (\n r\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle p^{-\\nu _{p}(r)}}\n \n makes no difference for most of the properties, but supports the product formula:∏\n \n 0\n ,\n p\n \n \n \n |\n \n r\n \n \n |\n \n \n p\n \n \n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\prod _{0,p}|r|_{p}=1}where the product is taken over all primes p and the usual absolute value, denoted \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n r\n \n \n |\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle |r|_{0}}\n \n. This follows from simply taking the prime factorization: each prime power factor \n \n \n \n \n p\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle p^{k}}\n \n contributes its reciprocal to its p-adic absolute value, and then the usual Archimedean absolute value cancels all of them.A metric space can be formed on the set \n \n \n \n \n Q\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Q} }\n \n with a (non-Archimedean, translation-invariant) metricd\n :\n \n Q\n \n ×\n \n Q\n \n →\n \n \n R\n \n \n ≥\n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle d\\colon \\mathbb {Q} \\times \\mathbb {Q} \\to \\mathbb {R} _{\\geq 0}}defined byd\n (\n r\n ,\n s\n )\n =\n \n |\n \n r\n −\n s\n \n \n |\n \n \n p\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d(r,s)=|r-s|_{p}.}The completion of \n \n \n \n \n Q\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Q} }\n \n with respect to this metric leads to the set \n \n \n \n \n \n Q\n \n \n p\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Q} _{p}}\n \n of p-adic numbers.","title":"p-adic absolute value"}]
[{"image_text":"Distribution of natural numbers by their 2-adic valuation, labeled with corresponding powers of two in decimal. Zero has an infinite valuation.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/2adic12480.svg/200px-2adic12480.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"p-adic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-adic_number"},{"title":"Valuation (algebra)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valuation_(algebra)"},{"title":"Archimedean property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedean_property"},{"title":"Multiplicity (mathematics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicity_(mathematics)"},{"title":"Ostrowski's theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrowski%27s_theorem"},{"title":"Legendre's formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendre%27s_formula"}]
[{"reference":"Dummit, David S.; Foote, Richard M. (2003). Abstract Algebra (3rd ed.). Wiley. pp. 758–759. ISBN 0-471-43334-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-43334-9","url_text":"0-471-43334-9"}]},{"reference":"Ireland, K.; Rosen, M. (2000). A Classical Introduction to Modern Number Theory. New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Niven, Ivan; Zuckerman, Herbert S.; Montgomery, Hugh L. (1991). An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers (5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 4. ISBN 0-471-62546-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_M._Niven","url_text":"Niven, Ivan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Lowell_Montgomery","url_text":"Montgomery, Hugh L."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons","url_text":"John Wiley & Sons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-62546-9","url_text":"0-471-62546-9"}]},{"reference":"Khrennikov, A.; Nilsson, M. (2004). p-adic Deterministic and Random Dynamics. Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 9.","urls":[]}]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTS_Iceplex
Hockey for All Centre
["1 History","2 Facilities","3 Events","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 49°53′8″N 97°19′41″W / 49.88556°N 97.32806°W / 49.88556; -97.32806Ice hockey venue in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Hockey for All CentreFormer namesMTS Iceplex (2010-2017)Bell MTS Iceplex (2017-2022)Location3969 Portage AvenueWinnipeg, ManitobaCoordinates49°53′8″N 97°19′41″W / 49.88556°N 97.32806°W / 49.88556; -97.32806OwnerTrue North Sports & Entertainment LimitedOperatorWinnipeg JetsCapacitySubway Arena - 1,512Assiniboine Credit Union Arena - 225MB Building Trades Arena - 225 Flynn Arena - 225ConstructionBroke groundJuly 2009OpenedAugust 2010Construction cost$26.6 million CAD($35.9 million in 2023 dollars)TenantsWinnipeg Jets (NHL) 2011-presentManitoba Moose (AHL) 2010-2011; 2015-presentWinnipeg Wild (MU18HL) 2010-presentSt. Pauls Crusaders (WHSHL) 2010-presentBalmoral Hall Blazers (JWHL) 2010-presentWinnipeg Freeze (MJHL) 2022-presentManitoba Maple Leafs (WWHL) 2010-2011Winnipeg Blues (MJHL) 2010-2019; 2023-presentSt. Boniface Riels (MMJHL) 2018-2019Websitehockeyforallcentre.com Hockey for All Centre (stylized as hockey for all centre, formerly Bell MTS Iceplex) is an ice hockey facility located in Winnipeg, Manitoba near the Red River Exhibition. Owned by True North Sports & Entertainment, the 172,000-square-foot (16,000 m2) complex contains four arenas, and serves as the practice and training facilities of the Winnipeg Jets of the National Hockey League and Manitoba Moose of the American Hockey League, and host of various minor hockey teams and competitions. History Initially known as True North MoosePlex Hockey Canada Centre, the facility was built on time and within its budget, at a cost of $26.6 million. The federal and provincial governments contributed $11.7 million, while True North provided the remaining $14.9 million. In exchange for public funding, True North guaranteed use of the facility for local amateur and recreational hockey. In April 2010, as an extension of its naming rights relationship with Manitoba Telecom Services (MTS) for the MTS Centre, the facility was renamed the MTS Iceplex. A 21,000 square foot addition to the center was completed in 2016. As part of this expansion, new training facilities and office space were built for the Jets and Moose. The facility was renamed Bell MTS Iceplex following Bell Canada's acquisition of MTS in 2017. On November 14, 2022, it was announced that Scotiabank had acquired the naming rights to the facility, renaming it Hockey for All Centre (stylized in lowercase) as an extension of Scotiabank's diversity initiative of the same name. Facilities Hockey for All Centre is located on the western edge of the city, near the junction of Portage Avenue and the west Perimeter Highway. It is surrounded by the Perimeter Highway to the east, Assiniboia Downs to the north, Pointe West AutoPark to the south, and the Red River Exhibition grounds to the west. The facility is open year-round and consists of four arenas, dryland training facilities, 22 dressing rooms, a pro shop, a restaurant and bar, a conference room, concessions stand and office space for Hockey Manitoba, Hockey Canada, and True North. Each of the four arenas has an NHL regulation size ice surface and is sponsored by a local business. The Subway Arena seats 1,512 spectators, while the Flynn, Assiniboine Credit Union, and MB Building Trades arenas each seat 225 spectators. Events The Iceplex was one of three venues that hosted the 2011 World Under 17 Hockey Challenge, a major international hockey tournament held annually by Hockey Canada. It was slated to host the 2012 tournament also, but Hockey Canada, at the request of True North, decided to relocate the tournament to Windsor, Ontario. Some of the annual events taking place at the Iceplex include the Manitoba Senior 'A' hockey championship, the Winnipeg High School Hockey League Rookie Classic and the Hockey Manitoba Cup. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and to minimize disruption to Bell MTS Place under NHL COVID-19 protocol, the Manitoba Moose played all but four home games for the shortened 2020–21 AHL season at the Assiniboine Credit Union Arena, with all games played behind closed doors and in compliance with Manitoba public health orders. The arena received upgrades in order to meet AHL standards. References ^ a b c "Iceplex opens". Winnipeg Sun. Retrieved 2011-01-05. ^ 1688 to 1923: Geloso, Vincent, A Price Index for Canada, 1688 to 1850 (December 6, 2016). Afterwards, Canadian inflation numbers based on Statistics Canada tables 18-10-0005-01 (formerly CANSIM 326-0021) "Consumer Price Index, annual average, not seasonally adjusted". Statistics Canada. Retrieved April 17, 2021. and table 18-10-0004-13 "Consumer Price Index by product group, monthly, percentage change, not seasonally adjusted, Canada, provinces, Whitehorse, Yellowknife and Iqaluit". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2024-05-08. ^ a b c d e "MTS Iceplex - Our Facility". MTSIceplex.ca. Retrieved 2021-12-29. ^ "Grand opening for MTS Iceplex". Winnipeg Free Press. Retrieved 2011-01-05. ^ a b c "Mooseplex renamed MTS Iceplex". CBC News. 2010-04-09. Retrieved 2011-01-05. ^ "TSNE announces addition to MTS Iceplex". MTSIceplex.com. 2015-09-01. Archived from the original on 2015-09-07. ^ "MTS Centre, Iceplex renamed following Bell takeover of MTS". CBC News. Canadian Press. Retrieved 30 May 2017. ^ "Iceplex rebranded hockey for all centre". Winnipeg Free Press. 2022-11-14. Retrieved 2023-06-19. ^ "Jets, Moose practice facility just west of Perimeter gets new name". CJOB. Retrieved 2023-06-19. ^ "If You Build it… Manitoba's U17 Hosts Showcase New Arenas". Hockey Canada. February 11, 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2011. ^ "Winnipeg to host World Under-17 Hockey Challenge in 2011 and 2012". HockeyManitoba.ca. Archived from the original on 2011-01-01. Retrieved 2011-01-05. ^ "Windsor, Ont., to host 2012 World Under-17 Hockey Challenge". mjhlhockey.ca. Archived from the original on 2012-04-07. Retrieved 2011-11-04. ^ "Hockey Manitoba Cup". Hockey Manitoba. Retrieved 2014-11-09. ^ "MJHL Showcase". MJHL. Archived from the original on 2013-11-20. Retrieved 2014-11-09. ^ "Manitoba Moose plan to move to the Bell MTS Iceplex - Winnipeg | Globalnews.ca". CJOB. Retrieved 2023-06-19. ^ "Tracking the Moose: Moving from downtown to the Iceplex". Global News. Retrieved 2023-06-19. External links Official website vteWinnipeg Jets Formerly the Atlanta Thrashers Founded in 1999 Based in Winnipeg, Manitoba Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks Expansion draft Seasons Current season History Records Award winners Broadcasters Personnel Owner(s) True North Sports & Entertainment (Mark Chipman, chairman) General manager Kevin Cheveldayoff Head coach Scott Arniel Team captain Adam Lowry Current roster Arena Canada Life Centre Affiliates AHL Manitoba Moose ECHL Norfolk Admirals Media Radio 680 CJOB Power 97 TV TSN3 Culture and lore Atlanta Thrashers Mick E. Moose Winnipeg Whiteout 2016 Heritage Classic 2019 Heritage Classic Bell MTS Iceplex Category Commons vteManitoba Moose Founded in 1994 in St. Paul, Minnesota Based in Winnipeg, Manitoba, from 1996 to 2011 Relocated to St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, for 2011–12 season Relocated back to Winnipeg for 2015–16 season Franchise History Players Coaches Seasons Records All articles Arenas Saint Paul Civic Center Target Center Winnipeg Arena Canada Life Centre Mile One Centre Coaches Serratore Perron Carlyle Smyl Carlyle Vigneault Arniel Noël McCambridge Vincent Morrison General managers Perron Carlyle Heisinger Team names Minnesota Moose Manitoba Moose St. John's IceCaps Affiliates Winnipeg Jets (NHL) Norfolk Admirals (ECHL) vteTrue North Sports & EntertainmentFounded in 2001Teams Winnipeg Jets (NHL) (2011–present) Manitoba Moose (AHL) (2003–2011, 2015–present) Venues Bell MTS Iceplex Burton Cummings Theatre Camp Manitou Canada Life Centre True North Square People David Thomson Mark Chipman Jim Ludlow Kevin Cheveldayoff Craig Heisinger Former teams St. John's IceCaps (AHL) (2011–2015) www.tnse.com/ vteBCE Inc.Corporate directors Mirko Bibic (CEO) André Bérard Anthony S. Fell Ed Lumley John H. McArthur Jim Pattison Michael Sabia Paul Tellier Richard Currie Robert Pozen Fixed-line telecommunications Bell Aliant (Atlantic Canada) Bell Canada (urban ON & QC) Bell Internet (ISP) Bell MTS (MB) Distributel (ISP) DMTS (Dryden, Ontario area) EBOX (ISP) NorthernTel (northern ON) Northwestel (northern Canada) Ontera (northern ON) Télébec (rural QC) Mobile telecommunications Bell Mobility Bell MTS Wireless (MB) Inukshuk Wireless Lucky Mobile NorthernTel Mobility Northwestel (including Latitude Wireless) PC Mobile (prepaid) Solo Mobile Télébec Mobilité Virgin Mobile Canada Television services Bell Fibe TV (IPTV – urban ON & QC) Bell Mobile TV (mobile IPTV) Bell Satellite TV (satellite) Cablevision (northern QC) FibreOP (IPTV – Bell Aliant regions) MTS TV (IPTV – MB) Other properties AlarmForce Bell Media 1 Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment (28%)2 Montreal Canadiens (18%) The Source Glentel (50%) Advertising and sponsorships Bell Centre Bell Let's Talk Bell MTS Iceplex Place Bell Frank and Gordon Kids Help Phone TIFF Bell Lightbox Related AT&T Corporation Nortel Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers of Canada v. Bell Canada Telesat Canada 2An additional 9.5% interest is held by the BCE Master Trust Fund (Bell's pension plan).
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Red River Exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_Exhibition"},{"link_name":"True North Sports & Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_North_Sports_%26_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Jets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Jets"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Manitoba Moose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Moose"},{"link_name":"American Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"minor hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_ice_hockey"}],"text":"Ice hockey venue in Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaHockey for All Centre (stylized as hockey for all centre, formerly Bell MTS Iceplex) is an ice hockey facility located in Winnipeg, Manitoba near the Red River Exhibition.Owned by True North Sports & Entertainment, the 172,000-square-foot (16,000 m2) complex contains four arenas, and serves as the practice and training facilities of the Winnipeg Jets of the National Hockey League and Manitoba Moose of the American Hockey League, and host of various minor hockey teams and competitions.","title":"Hockey for All Centre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"federal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"provincial governments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba#Government_and_politics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ws1-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wfp1-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ws1-1"},{"link_name":"Manitoba Telecom Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_MTS"},{"link_name":"MTS Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTS_Centre"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbc1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Bell Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Canada"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbc-belmtsplace-7"},{"link_name":"Scotiabank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotiabank"},{"link_name":"lowercase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowercase"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Initially known as True North MoosePlex Hockey Canada Centre, the facility was built on time and within its budget, at a cost of $26.6 million. The federal and provincial governments contributed $11.7 million, while True North provided the remaining $14.9 million.[1] In exchange for public funding, True North guaranteed use of the facility for local amateur and recreational hockey.[4][1]In April 2010, as an extension of its naming rights relationship with Manitoba Telecom Services (MTS) for the MTS Centre, the facility was renamed the MTS Iceplex.[5]A 21,000 square foot addition to the center was completed in 2016. As part of this expansion, new training facilities and office space were built for the Jets and Moose.[6]The facility was renamed Bell MTS Iceplex following Bell Canada's acquisition of MTS in 2017.[7] On November 14, 2022, it was announced that Scotiabank had acquired the naming rights to the facility, renaming it Hockey for All Centre (stylized in lowercase) as an extension of Scotiabank's diversity initiative of the same name.[8][9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portage Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portage_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Perimeter Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perimeter_Highway_(Winnipeg)"},{"link_name":"Assiniboia Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assiniboia_Downs"},{"link_name":"Pointe West AutoPark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pointe_West_AutoPark&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Red River Exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_Exhibition"},{"link_name":"Hockey Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Hockey Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_Canada"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quick_Facts-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbc1-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mts1-10"},{"link_name":"regulation size ice surface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_rink#North_American"},{"link_name":"Subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subway_(restaurant)"},{"link_name":"Assiniboine Credit Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assiniboine_Credit_Union"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbc1-5"}],"text":"Hockey for All Centre is located on the western edge of the city, near the junction of Portage Avenue and the west Perimeter Highway. It is surrounded by the Perimeter Highway to the east, Assiniboia Downs to the north, Pointe West AutoPark to the south, and the Red River Exhibition grounds to the west. The facility is open year-round and consists of four arenas, dryland training facilities, 22 dressing rooms, a pro shop, a restaurant and bar, a conference room, concessions stand and office space for Hockey Manitoba, Hockey Canada, and True North.[3][5][10]Each of the four arenas has an NHL regulation size ice surface and is sponsored by a local business. The Subway Arena seats 1,512 spectators, while the Flynn, Assiniboine Credit Union, and MB Building Trades arenas each seat 225 spectators.[5]","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 World Under 17 Hockey Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_World_U-17_Hockey_Challenge"},{"link_name":"2012 tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_World_U-17_Hockey_Challenge"},{"link_name":"Windsor, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hm-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mj-12"},{"link_name":"Hockey Manitoba Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_Manitoba_Cup"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"2020–21 AHL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_AHL_season"},{"link_name":"behind closed doors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behind_closed_doors_(sport)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The Iceplex was one of three venues that hosted the 2011 World Under 17 Hockey Challenge, a major international hockey tournament held annually by Hockey Canada. It was slated to host the 2012 tournament also, but Hockey Canada, at the request of True North, decided to relocate the tournament to Windsor, Ontario.[11][12]Some of the annual events taking place at the Iceplex include the Manitoba Senior 'A' hockey championship, the Winnipeg High School Hockey League Rookie Classic and the Hockey Manitoba Cup.[13][14]Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and to minimize disruption to Bell MTS Place under NHL COVID-19 protocol, the Manitoba Moose played all but four home games for the shortened 2020–21 AHL season at the Assiniboine Credit Union Arena, with all games played behind closed doors and in compliance with Manitoba public health orders. The arena received upgrades in order to meet AHL standards.[15][16]","title":"Events"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Iceplex opens\". Winnipeg Sun. Retrieved 2011-01-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.winnipegsun.com/sports/hockey/2010/09/24/15466556.html","url_text":"\"Iceplex opens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Sun","url_text":"Winnipeg Sun"}]},{"reference":"\"Consumer Price Index, annual average, not seasonally adjusted\". Statistics Canada. Retrieved April 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/cv.action?pid=1810000501#timeframe","url_text":"\"Consumer Price Index, annual average, not seasonally adjusted\""}]},{"reference":"\"Consumer Price Index by product group, monthly, percentage change, not seasonally adjusted, Canada, provinces, Whitehorse, Yellowknife and Iqaluit\". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2024-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/cv.action?pid=1810000413#timeframe","url_text":"\"Consumer Price Index by product group, monthly, percentage change, not seasonally adjusted, Canada, provinces, Whitehorse, Yellowknife and Iqaluit\""}]},{"reference":"\"MTS Iceplex - Our Facility\". MTSIceplex.ca. Retrieved 2021-12-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bellmtsiceplex.ca/our-facility/","url_text":"\"MTS Iceplex - Our Facility\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grand opening for MTS Iceplex\". Winnipeg Free Press. Retrieved 2011-01-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/grand-opening-for-mts-iceplex-103776984.html","url_text":"\"Grand opening for MTS Iceplex\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Free_Press","url_text":"Winnipeg Free Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Mooseplex renamed MTS Iceplex\". CBC News. 2010-04-09. Retrieved 2011-01-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/mooseplex-renamed-mts-iceplex-1.870690","url_text":"\"Mooseplex renamed MTS Iceplex\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_News","url_text":"CBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"TSNE announces addition to MTS Iceplex\". MTSIceplex.com. 2015-09-01. Archived from the original on 2015-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150907175241/http://www.mtsiceplex.ca/news/tnse-announces-addition-to-mts-iceplex/","url_text":"\"TSNE announces addition to MTS Iceplex\""},{"url":"http://www.mtsiceplex.ca/news/tnse-announces-addition-to-mts-iceplex/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MTS Centre, Iceplex renamed following Bell takeover of MTS\". CBC News. Canadian Press. Retrieved 30 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/mts-centre-renamed-1.4137892","url_text":"\"MTS Centre, Iceplex renamed following Bell takeover of MTS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iceplex rebranded hockey for all centre\". Winnipeg Free Press. 2022-11-14. Retrieved 2023-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/breakingnews/2022/11/14/iceplex-rebranded-hockey-for-all-centre","url_text":"\"Iceplex rebranded hockey for all centre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jets, Moose practice facility just west of Perimeter gets new name\". CJOB. Retrieved 2023-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://globalnews.ca/news/9276428/jets-moose-practice-facility-iceplex-new-name/","url_text":"\"Jets, Moose practice facility just west of Perimeter gets new name\""}]},{"reference":"\"If You Build it… Manitoba's U17 Hosts Showcase New Arenas\". Hockey Canada. February 11, 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hockeycanada.ca/index.php/ci_id/156373/la_id/1.htm","url_text":"\"If You Build it… Manitoba's U17 Hosts Showcase New Arenas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_Canada","url_text":"Hockey Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Winnipeg to host World Under-17 Hockey Challenge in 2011 and 2012\". HockeyManitoba.ca. Archived from the original on 2011-01-01. Retrieved 2011-01-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110101135950/http://www.hockeymanitoba.mb.ca/news.php?id=685","url_text":"\"Winnipeg to host World Under-17 Hockey Challenge in 2011 and 2012\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_Manitoba","url_text":"HockeyManitoba.ca"},{"url":"http://www.hockeymanitoba.mb.ca/news.php?id=685","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Windsor, Ont., to host 2012 World Under-17 Hockey Challenge\". mjhlhockey.ca. Archived from the original on 2012-04-07. Retrieved 2011-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120407112515/http://www.mjhlhockey.ca/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=343:windsor-ont-to-host-2012-world-under-17-hockey-challenge-&catid=5:news&Itemid=14","url_text":"\"Windsor, Ont., to host 2012 World Under-17 Hockey Challenge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Junior_Hockey_League","url_text":"mjhlhockey.ca"},{"url":"http://www.mjhlhockey.ca/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=343:windsor-ont-to-host-2012-world-under-17-hockey-challenge-&catid=5:news&Itemid=14","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hockey Manitoba Cup\". Hockey Manitoba. Retrieved 2014-11-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hockeymanitoba.ca/teams/hockey-manitoba-cup","url_text":"\"Hockey Manitoba Cup\""}]},{"reference":"\"MJHL Showcase\". MJHL. Archived from the original on 2013-11-20. Retrieved 2014-11-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131120071737/http://www.mjhlhockey.ca/fan-zone/showcase-2011.html","url_text":"\"MJHL Showcase\""},{"url":"http://www.mjhlhockey.ca/fan-zone/showcase-2011.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Manitoba Moose plan to move to the Bell MTS Iceplex - Winnipeg | Globalnews.ca\". CJOB. Retrieved 2023-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://globalnews.ca/news/7641376/manitoba-moose-plan-to-move-to-the-bell-mts-iceplex/","url_text":"\"Manitoba Moose plan to move to the Bell MTS Iceplex - Winnipeg | Globalnews.ca\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tracking the Moose: Moving from downtown to the Iceplex\". Global News. Retrieved 2023-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://globalnews.ca/news/7949071/tracking-the-moose-downtown-iceplex/","url_text":"\"Tracking the Moose: Moving from downtown to the Iceplex\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Vinyltoluene
4-Vinyltoluene
["1 References"]
4-Vinyltoluene Names Preferred IUPAC name 1-Ethenyl-4-methylbenzene Other names 1-Methyl-4-vinylbenzene4-Methylstyrene Identifiers CAS Number 622-97-9 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChemSpider 11661 ECHA InfoCard 100.009.785 EC Number 210-762-8 MeSH C042272 PubChem CID 12161 UNII HJ7H0G60Q0 Y CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID3020889 InChI InChI=1S/C9H10/c1-3-9-6-4-8(2)5-7-9/h3-7H,1H2,2H3Key: JLBJTVDPSNHSKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N SMILES CC1=CC=C(C=C)C=C1 Properties Chemical formula C9H10 Molar mass 118.179 g·mol−1 Appearance colorless liquid Boiling point 170–175 °C (338–347 °F; 443–448 K) Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). Infobox references Chemical compound 4-Vinyltoluene is an organic compound with the formula CH3C6H4CH=CH2. It is derivative of styrene and is used as a comonomer in the production of specialized polystyrenes. It is produced by the dehydrogenation of 4-ethyltoluene. It is also sometimes used in the production of styrene-free Polyester resin. References ^ Denis H. James; William M. Castor (2007), "Styrene", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (7th ed.), Wiley, p. 1, doi:10.1002/14356007.a25_329.pub2 vteHydrocarbonsSaturatedaliphatichydrocarbonsAlkanesCnH2n + 2Linear alkanes Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Hexane Heptane Octane Nonane Decane Branched alkanes Isobutane Isopentane 3-Methylpentane Neopentane Isohexane Isoheptane Isooctane Isononane Isodecane Cycloalkanes Cyclopropane Cyclobutane Cyclopentane Cyclohexane Cycloheptane Cyclooctane Cyclononane Cyclodecane Alkylcycloalkanes Methylcyclopropane Methylcyclobutane Methylcyclopentane Methylcyclohexane Isopropylcyclohexane Bicycloalkanes Housane (bicyclopentane) Norbornane (bicycloheptane) Decalin (bicyclodecane) Polycycloalkanes Adamantane Diamondoid Perhydrophenanthrene Sterane Cubane Prismane Dodecahedrane Basketane Churchane Pagodane Twistane Other Spiroalkanes UnsaturatedaliphatichydrocarbonsAlkenesCnH2nLinear alkenes Ethene Propene Butene Pentene Hexene Heptene Octene Nonene Decene Branched alkenes Isobutene Isopentene Isohexene Isoheptene Isooctene Isononene Isodecene AlkynesCnH2n − 2Linear alkynes Ethyne Propyne Butyne Pentyne Hexyne Heptyne Octyne Nonyne Decyne Branched alkynes Isopentyne Isohexyne Isoheptyne Isooctyne Isononyne Isodecyne Cycloalkenes Cyclopropene Cyclobutene Cyclopentene Cyclohexene Cycloheptene Cyclooctene Cyclononene Cyclodecene Alkylcycloalkenes Methylcyclopropene Methylcyclobutene Methylcyclopentene Methylcyclohexene Isopropylcyclohexene Bicycloalkenes Norbornene Cycloalkynes Cyclopropyne Cyclobutyne Cyclopentyne Cyclohexyne Cycloheptyne Cyclooctyne Cyclononyne Cyclodecyne Dienes Propadiene Butadiene Pentadiene Hexadiene Heptadiene Octadiene Nonadiene Decadiene Other Alkatriene Alkadiyne Cumulene Cyclooctatetraene Cyclododecatriene Enyne AromatichydrocarbonsPAHsAcenes Naphthalene Anthracene Tetracene Pentacene Hexacene Heptacene Other Azulene Fluorene Helicenes Circulenes Butalene Phenanthrene Chrysene Pyrene Corannulene Kekulene Alkylbenzenes Toluene C2-BenzenesXylenes o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene Other Ethylbenzene C3-BenzenesTrimethylbenzenes Mesitylene Pseudocumene Hemellitene Other Cumene n-Propylbenzene 4-Ethyltoluene C4-BenzenesCymenes o-Cymene m-Cymene p-Cymene Tetramethylbenzenes Durene Prehnitene Isodurene Other n-Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene Isobutylbenzene Other Hexamethylbenzene 2-Phenylhexane 1,3,5-Triethylbenzene 1,3,5-Triheptylbenzene Vinylbenzenes Styrene Divinylbenzene 4-Vinyltoluene Other Benzene Cyclopropenylidene Phenylacetylene trans-Propenylbenzene Other Annulenes Annulynes Alicyclic compounds Petroleum jelly
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"organic compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compound"},{"link_name":"styrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrene"},{"link_name":"polystyrenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polystyrene"},{"link_name":"dehydrogenation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydrogenation"},{"link_name":"4-ethyltoluene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Ethyltoluene"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ullstyrene-1"},{"link_name":"Polyester resin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyester_resin"}],"text":"Chemical compound4-Vinyltoluene is an organic compound with the formula CH3C6H4CH=CH2. It is derivative of styrene and is used as a comonomer in the production of specialized polystyrenes. It is produced by the dehydrogenation of 4-ethyltoluene.[1] It is also sometimes used in the production of styrene-free Polyester resin.","title":"4-Vinyltoluene"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_van_Ruysbroeck
John of Ruusbroec
["1 Life","1.1 Until his ordination","1.2 Priest in Brussels","1.3 Priest in Groenendaal","2 Works","3 Thought","4 Veneration and commemoration","5 Cultural references","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","8.1 Modern editions","8.2 Commentary","9 External links"]
14th-century Brabantian theologian and mystic This article is about the 14th-century mystic. For the 15th-century architect, see Jan van Ruysbroek (architect). BlessedJohn van RuysbroeckCan. Reg.The blessed John van RuysbroeckDoctor Divinus EcstaticusBornc. 1293–4Ruisbroek, Duchy of Brabant, Holy Roman EmpireDied2 December 1381(1381-12-02) (aged 87–88)Groenendael, Duchy of Brabant, Holy Roman EmpireVenerated inRoman Catholic ChurchBeatified9 December 1908 by Pope Pius XFeast2 DecemberAttributescanonical habit John of RuusbroecJohn of Ruysbroek by Antony van der DoesBornJan van RuysbroeckNotable workThe Sparkling Stone The Spiritual EspousalsEramedieval philosophymysticismRegionWestern philosophy Rheno-Flemish spiritualityMain interestsTheology, ascetic theology, mystical theologyNotable ideasPassion of Christ, ascetism, detachment, humility, charity, Christian universalism John of Ruusbroec or Jan van Ruusbroec (pronounced ; 1293/1294 – 2 December 1381), sometimes modernized Ruysbroeck, was an Augustinian canon and one of the most important of the medieval mystics of the Low Countries. Some of his main literary works include The Kingdom of the Divine Lovers, The Twelve Beguines, The Spiritual Espousals, A Mirror of Eternal Blessedness, The Little Book of Enlightenment, and The Sparkling Stone. Some of his letters also survive, as well as several short sayings (recorded by some of his disciples, such as Jan van Leeuwen). He wrote in the Dutch vernacular, the language of the common people of the Low Countries, rather than in Latin, the language of the Catholic Church liturgy and official texts, in order to reach a wider audience. Life Until his ordination John had a devout mother, who brought him up in the Catholic faith; nothing is known about his father. John's surname, Van Ruusbroec, is not a surname in the modern sense but a toponymic that refers to his native hamlet - modern-day Ruisbroek near Brussels. At the age of eleven he left his mother, departing without leave or warning, to place himself under the guidance and tuition of his uncle, Jan Hinckaert, a canon regular of St. Gudule's, Brussels. Hinckaert was living according to his Apostolic views with a fellow-canon, Frank van Coudenberg. This uncle provided for Ruysbroeck's education with a view to the priesthood. In due course, Ruysbroeck was presented with a prebend in St. Gudule's, and ordained in 1318. His mother had followed him to Brussels, entered a Béguinage there, and died shortly before his ordination. Priest in Brussels From 1318 until 1343 Ruysbroeck served as a parish priest at St. Gudula. He continued to lead, together with his uncle Hinckaert and Van Coudenberg, a life of extreme austerity and retirement. At that time the Brethren of the Free Spirit were causing controversy in the Netherlands and one of them, a woman named Heilwige Bloemardinne, was particularly active in Brussels, propagating her beliefs chiefly by means of popular pamphlets. Ruysbroeck responded with pamphlets also written in the native tongue (Middle Dutch). Nothing of these treatises remains. The controversy had a permanent effect on Ruysbroeck: his later writings bear constant reference, direct and indirect, to the heretical views expressed in these times, and he always wrote in the country's native language, chiefly with a view to counteract these writings which he viewed as heretical. Priest in Groenendaal The desire for a more retired life, and possibly also the persecution which followed Ruysbroeck's attack on Bloemardinne, induced Ruysbroeck, Jan Hinckaert (d. 1350) and Vrank van Coudenberg (d. 1386) to leave Brussels in 1343 for the hermitage of Groenendaal, in the neighbouring Sonian Forest, which was made over to them by John III, Duke of Brabant. The ruins of the monastery are still present in the forest of Soignes. Excerpt from "A Mirror of Eternal Blessedness" of the manuscript "Werken". Composed in Bergen-op-Zoom in 1480. Kept at University Library of Ghent. Many disciples joined the little company. It was then that it was found expedient to organize into a duly-authorized religious body. The hermitage was erected into a community of canons regular on 13 March 1349, and eventually it became the motherhouse of a congregation, which bore its name of Groenendaal. Francis van Coudenberg was appointed first provost, and John Ruysbroeck prior. Hinckaert refrained from making the canonical profession lest the discipline of the house should suffer from the exemptions required by the infirmities of his old age; he dwelt, therefore, in a cell outside the cloister and there a few years later died. This period, from his religious profession (1349) to his death (1381), was the most active and fruitful of Ruysbroeck's career. During this time, his fame as a man of God, as a sublime contemplative and a skilled director of souls, spread beyond the bounds of Flanders and Brabant to Holland, Germany, and France. He had relations with the nearby Carthusian house at Herne, and also with several communities of Poor Clare Franciscans. He had connections with the Friends of God in Strasbourg, and in about 1378 he was visited by Geert Groote, the founder of the Devotio Moderna. It is possible, though disputed, that John Tauler came to see him. John died at Groenendaal, aged 82, on 2 December 1381. Works In total, Ruysbroeck wrote twelve books, seven epistles, two hymns and a prayer. All were written in Middle Dutch. Around 1340, Ruysbroeck wrote his masterpiece, The Spiritual Espousals. The 36 surviving Dutch manuscripts, as well as translations into Latin and Middle High German, are evidence of the book's popularity. Some of the text was also translated into Middle English (via the Latin translation) as The Chastising of God's Children (which was later printed by Wynkyn de Worde). Around the same time, he also wrote a short treatise, The Sparkling Stone, which was also translated into Middle English. Ruysbroeck's most famous writings were composed during his time in Groenendaal. His longest and most popular work (surviving today in 42 manuscripts), The Spiritual Tabernacle, was begun in Brussels but finished at Groenendaal, presumably early on in his time there. Two brief works, The Christian Faith (an explanation of the Creed) and a treatise on The Four Temptations, also date from around the time of Ruysbroeck's arrival in Groenendaal. His later works include four writings to Margareta van Meerbeke, a Franciscan nun of Brussels. These are The Seven Enclosures (c1346-50), the first of his seven surviving letters, The Seven Rungs (c1359-60), and A Mirror of Eternal Blessedness. Around 1363 the Carthusians at Herne dispatched a deputation to Groenendaal presenting Ruysbroeck with questions on his first book, The Realm of Lovers. Ruysbroeck went to Herne to clarify his teaching, and afterwards put this in writing in his work The Little Book of Enlightenment. Thought The treatise The Seven Steps of the Ladder of Spiritual Love is the one that is currently most-readily available. Of the various treatises preserved, the best-known and the most characteristic is that entitled The Spiritual Espousals. It is divided into three books, treating respectively of the active, the interior, and the contemplative life. Ruysbroeck wrote as the spirit moved him. He loved to wander and meditate in the solitude of the forest adjoining the cloister; he was accustomed to carry a tablet with him, and on this to jot down his thoughts as he felt inspired so to do. Late in life he declared that he had never committed aught to writing save by the motion of the Holy Ghost. None of his treatises give anything like a complete or detailed account of his system; perhaps it would be correct to say that he himself was not conscious of elaborating any system. In his dogmatic writings he explains, illustrates, and enforces traditional teachings with remarkable force and lucidity. In his ascetic works, his favourite virtues are detachment, humility and charity; he loves to dwell on such themes as flight from the world, meditation upon the life of Christ, especially the passion, abandonment to the Divine Will, and an intense personal love of God. In common with most of the German mystics, Ruysbroeck starts from divine matters before describing humanity. His work often then returns to discussing God, showing how the divine and the human are so closely united as to become one. He demonstrates inclinations towards Christian universalism in writing that "Man, having proceeded from God is destined to return, and become one with Him again." But here he is careful to clarify his position: "There where I assert that we are one in God, I must be understood in this sense that we are one in love, not in essence and nature." Despite this declaration, however, and other similar saving clauses scattered over his pages, some of Ruysbroeck's expressions are certainly rather unusual and startling. The sublimity of his subject-matter was such that it could scarcely be otherwise. His devoted friend, Geert Groote, a trained theologian, confessed to a feeling of uneasiness over certain of his phrases and passages, and begged him to change or modify them for the sake at least of the weak. Later on, Jean Gerson and then Bossuet both professed to find traces of unconscious pantheism in his works. As an offset, the enthusiastic commendations of his contemporaries should be mentioned. These were by mystics and scholars such as Groote, Johannes Tauler, Thomas à Kempis, John of Schoonhoven, and in subsequent times of the Franciscan Henry van Herp, the Carthusians Denis and Laurentius Surius, the Carmelite Thomas á Jesu, the Benedictine Louis de Blois, and the Jesuit Leonardus Lessius. Ernest Hello and especially Maurice Maeterlinck have done much to make his writings known. Ruysbroeck was a powerful influence in developing United Nations Secretary General Dag Hammarskjöld's conception of spiritual growth through selfless service to humanity, as expressed in his book of contemplations called Vägmärken ('Markings'). Ruysbroeck insisted that the soul finds God in its own depths, and noted three stages of progress in what he called the spiritual ladder of Christian attainment: (1) the active life, (2) the inward life, (3) the contemplative life. He did not teach the fusion of the self in God, but held that at the summit of the ascent the soul still preserves its identity. In the Kingdom of the Lovers of God he explains that those seeking wisdom must "flow forth on the waters to all the boundaries of the earth, that is, on compassion, pity and mercy shown to the needs of all men", must "fly in the air of the Rational faculty" and "refer all actions and virtues to the honour of God"; thence (through grace) they will find an "immense and boundless clearness" bestowed upon their mind. In relation to the contemplative life, he held that three attributes should be acquired: The first is spiritual freedom from worldly desires ("as empty of every outward work as if he did not work at all"), the second is a mind unencumbered with images ("inward silence"), and the third is a feeling of inward union with God ("even as a burning and glowing fire which can never more be quenched"). His works, of which the most important were De vera contemplatione ("On true contemplation") and De septem gradibus amoris ("On the seven steps of love"), were published in 1848 at Hanover; also Reflections from the Mirror of a Mystic (1906) and Die Zierde der geistlichen Hochzeit (1901). Veneration and commemoration After Ruysbroeck's death in 1381, his relics were carefully preserved and his memory honoured as that of a saint. After his death, stories called him the Ecstatic Doctor or Divine Doctor, and his views formed a link between the Friends of God and the Brethren of the Common Life, the ideas which may have helped to bring about the Reformation. When Groenendaal Priory was suppressed by Joseph II in 1783, his relics were transferred to St. Gudule's, Brussels, where, however, they were lost during the French Revolution. Ruysbroeck was beatified on 9 December 1908 by Pope Pius X via cultus confirmation. No authentic portrait of Ruysbroeck is known to exist; but the traditional picture represents him in the canonical habit, seated in the forest with his writing tablet on his knee, as he was in fact found one day by the brethren—rapt in ecstasy and enveloped in flames, which encircle without consuming the tree under which he is resting. At the University of Antwerp there is a Ruusbroec Institute for the study of the history of spirituality. There is also a secondary school called Jan van Ruusbroeckollege in Laken near the Royal Palace of Belgium. Cultural references The epigraph of the 1884 novel À rebours by Joris-Karl Huysmans has the following Ruysbroeck quotation: "I must rejoice beyond the bounds of time... though the world may shudder at my joy, and in its coarseness know not what I mean." In this novel, Huysmans describes Ruysbroeck as "un mystique du xiiie siècle, dont la prose offrait un incompréhensible mais attirant amalgame d’exaltations ténébreuses, d’effusions caressantes, de transports âpres" ("a thirteenth century mystic whose prose presented an incomprehensible but attractive amalgam of gloomy ectasies, tender raptures, and violent rages.") Ruysbroeck is mentioned in The Razor's Edge, a novel by W. Somerset Maugham. Ruysbroek is also mentioned in Elizabeth Goudge's play, The Brontës of Haworth (in Three Plays, Duckworth, London, 1939). See also List of Latin nicknames of the Middle Ages: Doctors in theology Evelyn Underhill's Ruysbroeck References ^ Michel Erkins. De Priorij van Groenendaal. Gemeentehuis. Jan van Ruusbroecpark. Hoeilaart. 2007. ^ "Werken". lib.ugent.be. Retrieved 24 August 2020. ^ A characteristic story was that one day two priests came from Paris to ask his opinion of their spiritual state, to be told: "You are as holy as you wish to be!" (Evelyn Underhill introduction to The Adornment of the Spiritual Marriage; The Sparkling Stone; The Book of the Supreme Truth. Translation by C. A. Wynschenk. London: J. M. Dent, 1916. p3) ^ a b c d Bernard McGinn, The Varieties of Vernacular Mysticism (New York: Herder & Herder, 2012), p. 7. ^ Rozenski, Steven (2013). "The Chastising of God's Children from manuscript to print". Études anglaises. 66 (3): 369–78. doi:10.3917/etan.663.0369. Retrieved 24 July 2015. ^ Arblaster, John; Faesen, Rob (2014). A Companion to John of Ruusbroec. Brill. pp. 243–4. ISBN 9789004270763. ^ "he counterpoint to this enormously exposed and public life is Eckhart and Jan van Ruysbroek. They really give me balance and-a more necessary sense of humor." Henry P van Dusen. Dag Hammarskjöld. A Biographical Interpretation of Markings. Faber and Faber. London, 1967. pp49-50 ^ "Nevertheless neither is this unity one, but each of those established in singular grace and glory hold in themselves unity and their own function in accordance with their own dignity and nobility. But this unity is situated in the mind and in the form of all powers by means of the bond of love." Jan Ruysbroeck. The Kingdom of the Lovers of God. T. Arnold Hyde (trans) Kegan Paul. London, 1919. p134. ^ a b c  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ruysbroek, Jan van". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 947. ^ Jan Ruysbroeck. The Kingdom of the Lovers of God. T. Arnold Hyde (trans) Kegan Paul. London, 1919. pp 82-83 and 163 ^ The Adornment of the Spiritual Marriage; The Sparkling Stone; The Book of the Supreme Truth. Translation by C. A. Wynschenk. Introduction and Notes by Evelyn Underhill. London: J. M. Dent, 1916. pp 89, 94 and 110 ^ "Confirmation of Cultus (6)". newsaints.faithweb.com. Retrieved 10 October 2022. Further reading Modern editions Jan van Ruusbroec: Opera Omnia, ed. G. de Baere, 10 vols, (Turnhout: Brepols, 1981-2006) The Complete Ruusbroec, ed. G. de Baere and Th. Mertens, 2 vols, (Turnhout: Brepols, 2014) There also exists a single-volume facsimile edition of the 1552 Cologne Opera omnia (Gregg Press Limited, Hants., England, 1967). Older translations: The Spiritual Espousals. Trans. by H. Rolfson, intro. by P. Mommaers, edited by J. Alaerts. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press, 1995. John Ruusbroec. The Spiritual Espousals and other works. Introduction and translation by James A. Wiseman, O.S.B., preface by Louis Dupré. Mahwah, N.J.: Paulist Press, 1985. {Includes also: The Sparkling Stone, A Mirror of Eternal Blessedness, and The Little Book of Clarification.} Pages: xvii, 286. The Spiritual Espousals. Translation by Eric Colledge. (London: Faber and Faber, 1952) (Reprint 1983 by Christian Classics.) The Seven Steps of the Ladder of Spiritual Love. Translated by F. Sherwood Taylor, introduced by Joseph Bolland, S.J. London: Dacre Press 1944. Pages: viii, 63. The Kingdom of the Lovers of God. Trans. by T. Arnold Hyde. London: Kegan paul, Trench, Trubner, 1919. Pages: xvi, 216. The Adornment of the Spiritual Marriage; The Sparkling Stone; The Book of the Supreme Truth. Translation by C. A. Wynschenk. Introduction and Notes by Evelyn Underhill. London: J. M. Dent, 1916. {reprinted as (London: J.M. Watkins, 1951), and also in facsimile of the 1916 edition as (Felinfach: Llanerch, 1994)} The Book of the Twelve Béguines. Trans. from Flemish by John Francis. London, 1913. {First sixteen chapters only.} Reflections from the mirror of a mystic, trans. by E.Baillie. London: Thomas Baker, 1905. {Per E.Underhill: short passages paraphrased into Latin by Laurentius Surius (c.1552); however, the better version is Flowers of a Mystic Garden, transl. by 'C.E.S.' London: Watkins, 1912, which was reprinted as Flowers of a Mystic Garden, translated from the French of Ernest Hello by C.E.S., (Felinfach: Llanerch, 1994)} see Paul Verdeyen below. Commentary Ruusbroec Louis Dupré, The Common Life. Origins of Trinitarian Mysticism and Its Development by Jan van Ruusbroec. New York: Crossroad, 1984. Paul Mommaers, The Land Within. The Process of Possessing & Being Possessed by God according to the Mystic Jan Van Ruysbroeck. Translated from the Dutch by David N. Smith. Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press, 1975. Rik Van Nieuwenhove, Jan Van Ruusbroec. Mystical Theologian of the Trinity, University of Notre Dame, 2003. Vincent Joseph Scully, A Mediaeval Mystic. A short account of the life and writings of Blessed John Rysbroeck, Canon regular of Groenendael A.D. 1293–1381.... New York: Benziger Brothers, 1911. Pages: xii, 131. Wayne Teasdale, "Ruysbroeck's Mystical Theology" Parts 1 and 2. American Benedictine Review 35:82–96, 35:176–193 (1984). Evelyn Underhill, Ruysbroeck. London: G. Bell, 1915. Reprint: Kessinger 2003. Pages: ii, 191. Online Paul Verdeyen, Ruusbroec and his Mysticism, Collegeville: Liturgical Press/Michael Glazier, 1994, includes a short anthology of his writings; being Ruusbroec en zijn mystiek (Leuven: Davidfonds 1981) as transl. by Andre Lefevere. Geert Warnar (2007), Ruusbroec. Literature and Mysticism in the Fourteenth Century, Brill, ISBN 978-9004158696 Alfred Wautier d'Aygalliers, Ruysbroeck the Admirable. Transl. by Fred Rothwell. London: J. M. Dent & Sons, 1925, & E. P. Dutton, New York, 1925. Reprint: Port Washington, New York: Kennikat, 1969. Pages: xliii, 326. Paul Mommaers and Norbert De Paepe (editors), Jan van Ruusbroec: The Sources, Content, and Sequels of his Mysticism. Louvain: Leuven University Press, 1984. Ruusbroec in context John Arblaster and Rob Faesen, A Companion to John of Ruusbroec. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2014. Stephanus Axters, The Spirituality of the Old Low Countries. London: Blackfriars 1954; being La spiritualité des Pays-Bas: l'evloution d'une doctrine mystique (Louvain 1948), transl. by Donald Attwater. {Axters focuses on Ruusbroec.} Helmut Hatzfeld, "Influence of Ramon Lull & Jan van Ruysbroeck on the Language of Spanish Mystics" Traditio 4: 337–397 (1946). Bernard McGinn, The Varieties of Vernacular Mysticism 1350-1550 (New York: Herder & Herder 2012), chapters one and two. Paul Mommaers & Jan van Bragt, Mysticism, Buddhist and Christian. Encounters with Jan van Ruusbroec. New York: Crossroad, 1995. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Jan Van Ruusbroec. Wikimedia Commons has media related to John of Ruysbroeck. Article from the New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge (unedited OCR scan; scroll to bottom of page for start of article) Translations of "The Adornment of the Spiritual Marriage", "The Sparkling Stone", and "The Book of the Supreme Truth" Translation of "The Book of the Supreme Truth" Translation of "The Adornment of the Spiritual Marriage" Essay on the 'Friends of God' Amherst Manuscript Transcription, 'The Sparkling Stone'  Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Blessed John Ruysbroeck". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Translation of the last chapter of the "Spiritual Espousals" John Ruysbroeck, Blessed at The Original Catholic Encyclopedia  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Blessed John Ruysbroeck". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jan van Ruysbroek (architect)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Ruysbroek_(architect)"},{"link_name":"[ˈjɑn vɑn ˈryzbruk]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch"},{"link_name":"Augustinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinians"},{"link_name":"canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canons_regular"},{"link_name":"mystics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism"},{"link_name":"Low Countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Countries"}],"text":"This article is about the 14th-century mystic. For the 15th-century architect, see Jan van Ruysbroek (architect).John of Ruusbroec or Jan van Ruusbroec (pronounced [ˈjɑn vɑn ˈryzbruk]; 1293/1294 – 2 December 1381), sometimes modernized Ruysbroeck, was an Augustinian canon and one of the most important of the medieval mystics of the Low Countries. Some of his main literary works include The Kingdom of the Divine Lovers, The Twelve Beguines, The Spiritual Espousals, A Mirror of Eternal Blessedness, The Little Book of Enlightenment, and The Sparkling Stone. Some of his letters also survive, as well as several short sayings (recorded by some of his disciples, such as Jan van Leeuwen). He wrote in the Dutch vernacular, the language of the common people of the Low Countries, rather than in Latin, the language of the Catholic Church liturgy and official texts, in order to reach a wider audience.","title":"John of Ruusbroec"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catholic faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"toponymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponym"},{"link_name":"hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(place)"},{"link_name":"Ruisbroek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruisbroek,_Flemish_Brabant"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"tuition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutor"},{"link_name":"Jan Hinckaert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Hinckaert&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"St. Gudule's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Michael_and_St._Gudula"},{"link_name":"Frank van Coudenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_van_Coudenberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"priesthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priesthood"},{"link_name":"prebend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prebendary"},{"link_name":"Béguinage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beguines"},{"link_name":"ordination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordination"}],"sub_title":"Until his ordination","text":"John had a devout mother, who brought him up in the Catholic faith; nothing is known about his father. John's surname, Van Ruusbroec, is not a surname in the modern sense but a toponymic that refers to his native hamlet - modern-day Ruisbroek near Brussels.At the age of eleven he left his mother, departing without leave or warning, to place himself under the guidance and tuition of his uncle, Jan Hinckaert, a canon regular of St. Gudule's, Brussels. Hinckaert was living according to his Apostolic views with a fellow-canon, Frank van Coudenberg. This uncle provided for Ruysbroeck's education with a view to the priesthood. In due course, Ruysbroeck was presented with a prebend in St. Gudule's, and ordained in 1318. His mother had followed him to Brussels, entered a Béguinage there, and died shortly before his ordination.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brethren of the Free Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Free_Spirit"},{"link_name":"Heilwige Bloemardinne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilwige_Bloemardinne"},{"link_name":"Middle Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Dutch"},{"link_name":"heretical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy"}],"sub_title":"Priest in Brussels","text":"From 1318 until 1343 Ruysbroeck served as a parish priest at St. Gudula. He continued to lead, together with his uncle Hinckaert and Van Coudenberg, a life of extreme austerity and retirement. At that time the Brethren of the Free Spirit were causing controversy in the Netherlands and one of them, a woman named Heilwige Bloemardinne, was particularly active in Brussels, propagating her beliefs chiefly by means of popular pamphlets. Ruysbroeck responded with pamphlets also written in the native tongue (Middle Dutch). Nothing of these treatises remains. The controversy had a permanent effect on Ruysbroeck: his later writings bear constant reference, direct and indirect, to the heretical views expressed in these times, and he always wrote in the country's native language, chiefly with a view to counteract these writings which he viewed as heretical.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hermitage of Groenendaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groenendael_Priory"},{"link_name":"Sonian Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonian_Forest"},{"link_name":"John III, Duke of Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_III,_Duke_of_Brabant"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Archive-ugent-be-2563040A-7640-11E8-B87C-CA810AD9BE4D_DS-287_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"University Library of Ghent.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteitsbibliotheek_Gent"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"provost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provost_(religion)"},{"link_name":"prior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)"},{"link_name":"cloister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloister"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant"},{"link_name":"Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Holland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Friends of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_of_God"},{"link_name":"Strasbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg"},{"link_name":"Geert Groote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geert_Groote"},{"link_name":"Devotio Moderna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devotio_Moderna"},{"link_name":"John Tauler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tauler"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGinn-4"}],"sub_title":"Priest in Groenendaal","text":"The desire for a more retired life, and possibly also the persecution which followed Ruysbroeck's attack on Bloemardinne, induced Ruysbroeck, Jan Hinckaert (d. 1350) and Vrank van Coudenberg (d. 1386) to leave Brussels in 1343 for the hermitage of Groenendaal, in the neighbouring Sonian Forest, which was made over to them by John III, Duke of Brabant. The ruins of the monastery are still present in the forest of Soignes.[1]Excerpt from \"A Mirror of Eternal Blessedness\" of the manuscript \"Werken\". Composed in Bergen-op-Zoom in 1480. Kept at University Library of Ghent.[2]Many disciples joined the little company. It was then that it was found expedient to organize into a duly-authorized religious body. The hermitage was erected into a community of canons regular on 13 March 1349, and eventually it became the motherhouse of a congregation, which bore its name of Groenendaal. Francis van Coudenberg was appointed first provost, and John Ruysbroeck prior. Hinckaert refrained from making the canonical profession lest the discipline of the house should suffer from the exemptions required by the infirmities of his old age; he dwelt, therefore, in a cell outside the cloister and there a few years later died.This period, from his religious profession (1349) to his death (1381), was the most active and fruitful of Ruysbroeck's career. During this time, his fame as a man of God, as a sublime contemplative and a skilled director of souls, spread beyond the bounds of Flanders and Brabant to Holland, Germany, and France.[3] He had relations with the nearby Carthusian house at Herne, and also with several communities of Poor Clare Franciscans. He had connections with the Friends of God in Strasbourg, and in about 1378 he was visited by Geert Groote, the founder of the Devotio Moderna. It is possible, though disputed, that John Tauler came to see him.[4]John died at Groenendaal, aged 82, on 2 December 1381.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wynkyn de Worde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynkyn_de_Worde"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGinn-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGinn-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGinn-4"}],"text":"In total, Ruysbroeck wrote twelve books, seven epistles, two hymns and a prayer. All were written in Middle Dutch.Around 1340, Ruysbroeck wrote his masterpiece, The Spiritual Espousals. The 36 surviving Dutch manuscripts, as well as translations into Latin and Middle High German, are evidence of the book's popularity. Some of the text was also translated into Middle English (via the Latin translation) as The Chastising of God's Children (which was later printed by Wynkyn de Worde).[5] Around the same time, he also wrote a short treatise, The Sparkling Stone,[4] which was also translated into Middle English.[6]Ruysbroeck's most famous writings were composed during his time in Groenendaal. His longest and most popular work (surviving today in 42 manuscripts), The Spiritual Tabernacle, was begun in Brussels but finished at Groenendaal, presumably early on in his time there. Two brief works, The Christian Faith (an explanation of the Creed) and a treatise on The Four Temptations, also date from around the time of Ruysbroeck's arrival in Groenendaal.[4]\nHis later works include four writings to Margareta van Meerbeke, a Franciscan nun of Brussels. These are The Seven Enclosures (c1346-50), the first of his seven surviving letters, The Seven Rungs (c1359-60), and A Mirror of Eternal Blessedness.Around 1363 the Carthusians at Herne dispatched a deputation to Groenendaal presenting Ruysbroeck with questions on his first book, The Realm of Lovers. Ruysbroeck went to Herne to clarify his teaching, and afterwards put this in writing in his work The Little Book of Enlightenment.[4]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"meditate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditation"},{"link_name":"Holy Ghost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Ghost"},{"link_name":"ascetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asceticism"},{"link_name":"detachment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detachment_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"humility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humility"},{"link_name":"charity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_(virtue)"},{"link_name":"passion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passion_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"Christian universalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_universalism"},{"link_name":"Jean Gerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Gerson"},{"link_name":"Bossuet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet"},{"link_name":"pantheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheism"},{"link_name":"Johannes Tauler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Tauler"},{"link_name":"Thomas à Kempis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_%C3%A0_Kempis"},{"link_name":"John of Schoonhoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Schoonhoven"},{"link_name":"Franciscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan"},{"link_name":"Henry van Herp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_van_Herp"},{"link_name":"Carthusians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthusian"},{"link_name":"Denis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_the_Carthusian"},{"link_name":"Laurentius Surius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentius_Surius"},{"link_name":"Carmelite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmelites"},{"link_name":"Thomas á Jesu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_%C3%A1_Jesu"},{"link_name":"Benedictine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict"},{"link_name":"Louis de Blois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Blois"},{"link_name":"Jesuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Leonardus Lessius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardus_Lessius"},{"link_name":"Ernest Hello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hello"},{"link_name":"Maurice Maeterlinck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Dag Hammarskjöld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld"},{"link_name":"Vägmärken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4gm%C3%A4rken"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-9"}],"text":"The treatise The Seven Steps of the Ladder of Spiritual Love is the one that is currently most-readily available. Of the various treatises preserved, the best-known and the most characteristic is that entitled The Spiritual Espousals. It is divided into three books, treating respectively of the active, the interior, and the contemplative life.Ruysbroeck wrote as the spirit moved him. He loved to wander and meditate in the solitude of the forest adjoining the cloister; he was accustomed to carry a tablet with him, and on this to jot down his thoughts as he felt inspired so to do. Late in life he declared that he had never committed aught to writing save by the motion of the Holy Ghost.None of his treatises give anything like a complete or detailed account of his system; perhaps it would be correct to say that he himself was not conscious of elaborating any system. In his dogmatic writings he explains, illustrates, and enforces traditional teachings with remarkable force and lucidity. In his ascetic works, his favourite virtues are detachment, humility and charity; he loves to dwell on such themes as flight from the world, meditation upon the life of Christ, especially the passion, abandonment to the Divine Will, and an intense personal love of God.In common with most of the German mystics, Ruysbroeck starts from divine matters before describing humanity. His work often then returns to discussing God, showing how the divine and the human are so closely united as to become one. He demonstrates inclinations towards Christian universalism in writing that \"Man, having proceeded from God is destined to return, and become one with Him again.\" But here he is careful to clarify his position: \"There where I assert that we are one in God, I must be understood in this sense that we are one in love, not in essence and nature.\" Despite this declaration, however, and other similar saving clauses scattered over his pages, some of Ruysbroeck's expressions are certainly rather unusual and startling. The sublimity of his subject-matter was such that it could scarcely be otherwise. His devoted friend, Geert Groote, a trained theologian, confessed to a feeling of uneasiness over certain of his phrases and passages, and begged him to change or modify them for the sake at least of the weak. Later on, Jean Gerson and then Bossuet both professed to find traces of unconscious pantheism in his works. As an offset, the enthusiastic commendations of his contemporaries should be mentioned. These were by mystics and scholars such as Groote, Johannes Tauler, Thomas à Kempis, John of Schoonhoven, and in subsequent times of the Franciscan Henry van Herp, the Carthusians Denis and Laurentius Surius, the Carmelite Thomas á Jesu, the Benedictine Louis de Blois, and the Jesuit Leonardus Lessius. Ernest Hello and especially Maurice Maeterlinck have done much to make his writings known. Ruysbroeck was a powerful influence in developing United Nations Secretary General Dag Hammarskjöld's conception of spiritual growth through selfless service to humanity, as expressed in his book of contemplations called Vägmärken ('Markings').[7]Ruysbroeck insisted that the soul finds God in its own depths, and noted three stages of progress in what he called the spiritual ladder of Christian attainment: (1) the active life, (2) the inward life, (3) the contemplative life. He did not teach the fusion of the self in God, but held that at the summit of the ascent the soul still preserves its identity.[8][9] In the Kingdom of the Lovers of God he explains that those seeking wisdom must \"flow forth on the waters to all the boundaries of the earth, that is, on compassion, pity and mercy shown to the needs of all men\", must \"fly in the air of the Rational faculty\" and \"refer all actions and virtues to the honour of God\"; thence (through grace) they will find an \"immense and boundless clearness\" bestowed upon their mind.[10] In relation to the contemplative life, he held that three attributes should be acquired: The first is spiritual freedom from worldly desires (\"as empty of every outward work as if he did not work at all\"), the second is a mind unencumbered with images (\"inward silence\"), and the third is a feeling of inward union with God (\"even as a burning and glowing fire which can never more be quenched\").[11] His works, of which the most important were De vera contemplatione (\"On true contemplation\") and De septem gradibus amoris (\"On the seven steps of love\"), were published in 1848 at Hanover; also Reflections from the Mirror of a Mystic (1906) and Die Zierde der geistlichen Hochzeit (1901).[9]","title":"Thought"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"relics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relic"},{"link_name":"saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Friends of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_of_God"},{"link_name":"Brethren of the Common Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Common_Life"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-9"},{"link_name":"Joseph II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope"},{"link_name":"Pius X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_X"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"portrait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait"},{"link_name":"University of Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Ruusbroec Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruusbroec_Institute"},{"link_name":"Jan van Ruusbroeckollege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_van_Ruusbroeckollege&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"After Ruysbroeck's death in 1381, his relics were carefully preserved and his memory honoured as that of a saint.[citation needed] After his death, stories called him the Ecstatic Doctor or Divine Doctor, and his views formed a link between the Friends of God and the Brethren of the Common Life, the ideas which may have helped to bring about the Reformation.[9]When Groenendaal Priory was suppressed by Joseph II in 1783, his relics were transferred to St. Gudule's, Brussels, where, however, they were lost during the French Revolution. Ruysbroeck was beatified on 9 December 1908 by Pope Pius X via cultus confirmation.[12]No authentic portrait of Ruysbroeck is known to exist; but the traditional picture represents him in the canonical habit, seated in the forest with his writing tablet on his knee, as he was in fact found one day by the brethren—rapt in ecstasy and enveloped in flames, which encircle without consuming the tree under which he is resting.At the University of Antwerp there is a Ruusbroec Institute for the study of the history of spirituality. There is also a secondary school called Jan van Ruusbroeckollege in Laken near the Royal Palace of Belgium.","title":"Veneration and commemoration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"À rebours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80_rebours"},{"link_name":"Joris-Karl Huysmans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joris-Karl_Huysmans"},{"link_name":"The Razor's Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Razor%27s_Edge"},{"link_name":"W. Somerset Maugham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Somerset_Maugham"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Goudge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Goudge"}],"text":"The epigraph of the 1884 novel À rebours by Joris-Karl Huysmans has the following Ruysbroeck quotation: \"I must rejoice beyond the bounds of time... though the world may shudder at my joy, and in its coarseness know not what I mean.\" In this novel, Huysmans describes Ruysbroeck as \"un mystique du xiiie siècle, dont la prose offrait un incompréhensible mais attirant amalgame d’exaltations ténébreuses, d’effusions caressantes, de transports âpres\" (\"a thirteenth century mystic whose prose presented an incomprehensible but attractive amalgam of gloomy ectasies, tender raptures, and violent rages.\")Ruysbroeck is mentioned in The Razor's Edge, a novel by W. Somerset Maugham.Ruysbroek is also mentioned in Elizabeth Goudge's play, The Brontës of Haworth (in Three Plays, Duckworth, London, 1939).","title":"Cultural references"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laurentius Surius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentius_Surius"},{"link_name":"John Ruusbroec. The Spiritual Espousals and other works.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=vvxNIIqbnxsC"},{"link_name":"Laurentius Surius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentius_Surius"}],"sub_title":"Modern editions","text":"Jan van Ruusbroec: Opera Omnia, ed. G. de Baere, 10 vols, (Turnhout: Brepols, 1981-2006) [the modern critical edition, with the sixteenth-century Latin edition of Laurentius Surius alongside a facing English translation]\nThe Complete Ruusbroec, ed. G. de Baere and Th. Mertens, 2 vols, (Turnhout: Brepols, 2014) [slightly revised edition of the Middle Dutch text and English translation of the 1981-2006 edition]\nThere also exists a single-volume facsimile edition of the 1552 Cologne Opera omnia (Gregg Press Limited, Hants., England, 1967).Older translations:The Spiritual Espousals. Trans. by H. Rolfson, intro. by P. Mommaers, edited by J. Alaerts. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press, 1995.\nJohn Ruusbroec. The Spiritual Espousals and other works. Introduction and translation by James A. Wiseman, O.S.B., preface by Louis Dupré. Mahwah, N.J.: Paulist Press, 1985. [Classics of Western Spirituality] {Includes also: The Sparkling Stone, A Mirror of Eternal Blessedness, and The Little Book of Clarification.} Pages: xvii, 286.\nThe Spiritual Espousals. Translation by Eric Colledge. (London: Faber and Faber, 1952) (Reprint 1983 by Christian Classics.)\nThe Seven Steps of the Ladder of Spiritual Love. Translated by F. Sherwood Taylor, introduced by Joseph Bolland, S.J. London: Dacre Press 1944. Pages: viii, 63.\nThe Kingdom of the Lovers of God. Trans. by T. Arnold Hyde. London: Kegan paul, Trench, Trubner, 1919. Pages: xvi, 216.\nThe Adornment of the Spiritual Marriage; The Sparkling Stone; The Book of the Supreme Truth. Translation by C. A. Wynschenk. Introduction and Notes by Evelyn Underhill. London: J. M. Dent, 1916. {reprinted as (London: J.M. Watkins, 1951), and also in facsimile of the 1916 edition as (Felinfach: Llanerch, 1994)}\nThe Book of the Twelve Béguines. Trans. from Flemish by John Francis. London, 1913. {First sixteen chapters only.}\nReflections from the mirror of a mystic, trans. by E.Baillie. London: Thomas Baker, 1905. {Per E.Underhill: short passages paraphrased into Latin by Laurentius Surius (c.1552); however, the better version is Flowers of a Mystic Garden, transl. by 'C.E.S.' London: Watkins, 1912, which was reprinted as Flowers of a Mystic Garden, translated from the French of Ernest Hello by C.E.S., (Felinfach: Llanerch, 1994)}\nsee Paul Verdeyen below.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louis Dupré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Dupr%C3%A9_(philosopher)"},{"link_name":"Wayne Teasdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Teasdale"},{"link_name":"Evelyn Underhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Underhill"},{"link_name":"Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/cu31924028984478"},{"link_name":"Andre Lefevere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Lefevere"},{"link_name":"Ruusbroec. Literature and Mysticism in the Fourteenth Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=dFchgPGHotAC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-9004158696","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004158696"},{"link_name":"Rob Faesen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rob_Faesen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stephanus Axters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanus_Axters"},{"link_name":"Donald Attwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Attwater"},{"link_name":"Bernard McGinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_McGinn_(theologian)"}],"sub_title":"Commentary","text":"RuusbroecLouis Dupré, The Common Life. Origins of Trinitarian Mysticism and Its Development by Jan van Ruusbroec. New York: Crossroad, 1984.\nPaul Mommaers, The Land Within. The Process of Possessing & Being Possessed by God according to the Mystic Jan Van Ruysbroeck. Translated from the Dutch by David N. Smith. Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press, 1975.\nRik Van Nieuwenhove, Jan Van Ruusbroec. Mystical Theologian of the Trinity, University of Notre Dame, 2003.\nVincent Joseph Scully, A Mediaeval Mystic. A short account of the life and writings of Blessed John Rysbroeck, Canon regular of Groenendael A.D. 1293–1381.... New York: Benziger Brothers, 1911. Pages: xii, 131.\nWayne Teasdale, \"Ruysbroeck's Mystical Theology\" Parts 1 and 2. American Benedictine Review 35:82–96, 35:176–193 (1984).\nEvelyn Underhill, Ruysbroeck. London: G. Bell, 1915. Reprint: Kessinger 2003. Pages: ii, 191. Online\nPaul Verdeyen, Ruusbroec and his Mysticism, Collegeville: Liturgical Press/Michael Glazier, 1994, includes a short anthology of his writings; being Ruusbroec en zijn mystiek (Leuven: Davidfonds 1981) as transl. by Andre Lefevere.\nGeert Warnar (2007), Ruusbroec. Literature and Mysticism in the Fourteenth Century, Brill, ISBN 978-9004158696\nAlfred Wautier d'Aygalliers, Ruysbroeck the Admirable. Transl. by Fred Rothwell. London: J. M. Dent & Sons, 1925, & E. P. Dutton, New York, 1925. Reprint: Port Washington, New York: Kennikat, 1969. Pages: xliii, 326.\nPaul Mommaers and Norbert De Paepe (editors), Jan van Ruusbroec: The Sources, Content, and Sequels of his Mysticism. Louvain: Leuven University Press, 1984. [Mediaevalia Lovaniensia, ser.1, stud.12]Ruusbroec in contextJohn Arblaster and Rob Faesen, A Companion to John of Ruusbroec. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2014.\nStephanus Axters, The Spirituality of the Old Low Countries. London: Blackfriars 1954; being La spiritualité des Pays-Bas: l'evloution d'une doctrine mystique (Louvain 1948), transl. by Donald Attwater. {Axters focuses on Ruusbroec.}\nHelmut Hatzfeld, \"Influence of Ramon Lull & Jan van Ruysbroeck on the Language of Spanish Mystics\" Traditio 4: 337–397 (1946).\nBernard McGinn, The Varieties of Vernacular Mysticism 1350-1550 (New York: Herder & Herder 2012), chapters one and two.\nPaul Mommaers & Jan van Bragt, Mysticism, Buddhist and Christian. Encounters with Jan van Ruusbroec. New York: Crossroad, 1995. [Nanzan studies in religion and culture (Nagoya)]","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Excerpt from \"A Mirror of Eternal Blessedness\" of the manuscript \"Werken\". Composed in Bergen-op-Zoom in 1480. Kept at University Library of Ghent.[2]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Archive-ugent-be-2563040A-7640-11E8-B87C-CA810AD9BE4D_DS-287_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Archive-ugent-be-2563040A-7640-11E8-B87C-CA810AD9BE4D_DS-287_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of Latin nicknames of the Middle Ages: Doctors in theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin_nicknames_of_the_Middle_Ages#Doctors_in_theology"},{"title":"Evelyn Underhill's Ruysbroeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Underhill#Ruysbroeck_(1914)"}]
[{"reference":"\"Werken\". lib.ugent.be. Retrieved 24 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:2563040A-7640-11E8-B87C-CA810AD9BE4D#?c=&m=&s=&cv=142&xywh=-1080,-288,9239,5158","url_text":"\"Werken\""}]},{"reference":"Rozenski, Steven (2013). \"The Chastising of God's Children from manuscript to print\". Études anglaises. 66 (3): 369–78. doi:10.3917/etan.663.0369. Retrieved 24 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cairn.info/load_pdf.php?ID_ARTICLE=ETAN_663_0369","url_text":"\"The Chastising of God's Children from manuscript to print\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fetan.663.0369","url_text":"10.3917/etan.663.0369"}]},{"reference":"Arblaster, John; Faesen, Rob (2014). A Companion to John of Ruusbroec. Brill. pp. 243–4. ISBN 9789004270763.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rob_Faesen&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Faesen, Rob"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ao6fAwAAQBAJ","url_text":"A Companion to John of Ruusbroec"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004270763","url_text":"9789004270763"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Ruysbroek, Jan van\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 947.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ruysbroek,_Jan_van","url_text":"Ruysbroek, Jan van"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"\"Confirmation of Cultus (6)\". newsaints.faithweb.com. Retrieved 10 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsaints.faithweb.com/confirmation_cultus6.htm","url_text":"\"Confirmation of Cultus (6)\""}]},{"reference":"Geert Warnar (2007), Ruusbroec. Literature and Mysticism in the Fourteenth Century, Brill, ISBN 978-9004158696","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dFchgPGHotAC","url_text":"Ruusbroec. Literature and Mysticism in the Fourteenth Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004158696","url_text":"978-9004158696"}]},{"reference":"Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Blessed John Ruysbroeck\". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13280c.htm","url_text":"\"Blessed John Ruysbroeck\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tors%C3%B6
Torsö
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 58°48′06″N 13°49′34″E / 58.80167°N 13.82611°E / 58.80167; 13.82611Island in Sweden TorsöThe bridge from the east side of Lake Vänern to TorsöGeographyLocationVänernCoordinates58°48′06″N 13°49′34″E / 58.80167°N 13.82611°E / 58.80167; 13.82611Area62.03 km2 (23.95 sq mi)AdministrationSwedenCountyVästra GötalandMunicipalityMariestad Torsö (Thor's Island) is the biggest island of the lake Vänern, area 62.03 km2. Torsö is located in Mariestad Municipality. Torsö formerly consisted of two islands (Torsö and Fågelö), but around 1930 the water in between was pumped out, and the former lakebed is now used for growing crops. Torsö has around 550 families living year round, and around thrice that amount during summers. In 1994 a bridge, "Torsöbron", was opened between the mainland and the island. It is around 900 m long. Due to the size of lake Vänern, the island has a more maritime climate (with milder winters) and more sun hours compared to the mainland. References ^ "Statistisk årsbok 2011" (PDF) (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 5 July 2011. ^ Mats Wahlberg, red (2003). Svenskt ortnamnslexikon. Uppsala: Institutet för språk och folkminnen. Libris 8998039. ISBN 91-7229-020-X ^ SMHI. "Sveriges landskapsklimat " (PDF). SMHI. This article about a location in Västra Götaland County, Sweden is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Vänern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4nern"},{"link_name":"Mariestad Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariestad_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Island in SwedenTorsö (Thor's Island[2]) is the biggest island of the lake Vänern, area 62.03 km2. Torsö is located in Mariestad Municipality. Torsö formerly consisted of two islands (Torsö and Fågelö), but around 1930 the water in between was pumped out, and the former lakebed is now used for growing crops.Torsö has around 550 families living year round, and around thrice that amount during summers. In 1994 a bridge, \"Torsöbron\", was opened between the mainland and the island. It is around 900 m long.Due to the size of lake Vänern, the island has a more maritime climate (with milder winters) and more sun hours compared to the mainland.[3]","title":"Torsö"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Statistisk årsbok 2011\" (PDF) (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 5 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120113135944/http://www.scb.se/statistik/_publikationer/OV0904_2011A01_BR_02_A01BR1101.pdf","url_text":"\"Statistisk årsbok 2011\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Sweden","url_text":"Statistics Sweden"},{"url":"http://www.scb.se/statistik/_publikationer/OV0904_2011A01_BR_02_A01BR1101.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"SMHI. \"Sveriges landskapsklimat [climate of the Swedish landscapes]\" (PDF). SMHI.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smhi.se/polopoly_fs/1.8980!/webbnr42.pdf","url_text":"\"Sveriges landskapsklimat [climate of the Swedish landscapes]\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_Frames_Factory
24 Frames Factory
["1 Film production","2 Film distribution","3 T.V production","4 Short Film Contest","5 References","6 External links"]
24 Frames Factory Private LimitedCompany typePrivateIndustryEntertainmentFoundedHyderabad in 21 July 2007FounderVishnu ManchuHeadquartersHyderabad, IndiaArea servedIndiaKey peopleVishnu ManchuProductsFilmsServicesDistributionFilm productionTV productionOwnerVishnu ManchuParentSree Lakshmi Prasanna PicturesSubsidiariesManchu EntertainmentWebsite24 Frames Factory 24 Frames Factory is an Indian film production company established by Vishnu Manchu , son of actor, Mohan Babu in 2007 and is subsidiary of Sree Lakshmi Prasanna Pictures. Film production Films that are produced under this banner are mostly with the actor Manchu Mohan Babu's family are; Year Film Notes 2011 Vastadu Naa Raju 2012 Dhenikaina Ready Remake of Udayapuram Sulthan 2013 Doosukeltha 2014 Pandavulu Pandavulu Tummeda Co-production with Sree Lakshmi Prasanna Pictures Rowdy Co-production with AV Pictures Anukshanam Co-production with AV Pictures Current Theega Remake of Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam 2015 Singham 123 Dynamite Remake of Arima Nambi Mama Manchu Alludu Kanchu Co-production with Sree Lakshmi Prasanna Pictures 2021 Mosagallu 2022 Son of India Ginna Co-production with AVA Entertainment 2024 Kannappa Film distribution Year Film 2012 Dhenikaina Ready 2013 Doosukeltha 2014 Pandavulu Pandavulu Tummeda 2014 Anukshanam 2014 Current Theega 2014 Erra Bus T.V production O intikatha Intilo Ramaiah Veedilo Krish Happy Days – First Session Lakshmi Talk Show Aam Aha Kma Kahaa Happy Days – Second Session Tirumala Mahatyam Short Film Contest Vishnu Manchu started a Short Film Contest launched by his premier production house 24 Frames Factory. The intention of this contest to bring out fresh talent and ideas. The award-winning entry will won a prize money of ₹ 100000 and give an opportunity to direct a film for 24 Frames Factory. The jury members of this short film contest are Well-known Telugu filmmakers such as Ram Gopal Varma, Deva Katta, B.V.S.Ravi, Dasarath and writer duo Kona Venkat and Gopimohan. The duration of the competing short film should be three minutes. The short film contest will be an annual affair, and the winners of the inaugural annual contest will be announced every year on actor-producer Mohan Babu's birthday 19 March. References ^ "Manchu Vishnu-Devakatta's new film starts in November". supergoodmovies.com. 30 October 2014. Archived from the original on 1 November 2014. Retrieved 1 November 2014. ^ "24 frames factory launch". idlebrain.com. 21 July 2007. Retrieved 10 October 2014. ^ "Manchu Vishnu's Singham 123 on Pre-Production works". Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 13 October 2014. ^ "Mohan Babu film Son of India goes on floors at his Hyderabad home" ^ "Vishnu Manchu, Sunny Leone and Payal Rajput's film titled 'Ginna'" ^ "24 frames factory bags 'Erra Bus' worldwide release rights". indiaglitz.com. 11 November 2014. Archived from the original on 23 November 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2014. ^ "T.V SERIALS". 24framesfactory.com. Retrieved 10 October 2014. ^ "Popular filmmakers on jury of Vishnu Manchu Short Film Contest". 31 January 2015. Retrieved 26 February 2015. External links 24FramesFactory on Facebook 24FramesFactory on Twitter 24FramesFactory on YouTube This article about mass media in India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Manchu Vishnu-Devakatta's new film starts in November\". supergoodmovies.com. 30 October 2014. Archived from the original on 1 November 2014. Retrieved 1 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141101044208/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/61527/tollywood/manchu-vishnu-devakatta-s-new-film-starts-in-november-news-details","url_text":"\"Manchu Vishnu-Devakatta's new film starts in November\""},{"url":"http://www.supergoodmovies.com/61527/tollywood/manchu-vishnu-devakatta-s-new-film-starts-in-november-news-details","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"24 frames factory launch\". idlebrain.com. 21 July 2007. Retrieved 10 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://idlebrain.com/news/functions/launch-24framesfactory.html","url_text":"\"24 frames factory launch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manchu Vishnu's Singham 123 on Pre-Production works\". Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 13 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141014214535/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/61369/tollywood/manchu-vishnu-s-singham-123-on-pre-production-works-news-details","url_text":"\"Manchu Vishnu's Singham 123 on Pre-Production works\""},{"url":"http://www.supergoodmovies.com/61369/tollywood/manchu-vishnu-s-singham-123-on-pre-production-works-news-details","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"24 frames factory bags 'Erra Bus' worldwide release rights\". indiaglitz.com. 11 November 2014. Archived from the original on 23 November 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141123202417/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/118352.html","url_text":"\"24 frames factory bags 'Erra Bus' worldwide release rights\""},{"url":"http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/118352.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"T.V SERIALS\". 24framesfactory.com. Retrieved 10 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.24framesfactory.com/tvserials.html","url_text":"\"T.V SERIALS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Popular filmmakers on jury of Vishnu Manchu Short Film Contest\". 31 January 2015. Retrieved 26 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/popular-filmmakers-on-jury-of-vishnu-manchu-short-film-contest_1539360.html","url_text":"\"Popular filmmakers on jury of Vishnu Manchu Short Film Contest\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selbstportrait
Selbstportrait
["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 Notes","4 References"]
1979 studio album by Hans-Joachim RoedeliusSelbstportraitStudio album by Hans-Joachim RoedeliusReleased1979Recorded1974–1977GenreKosmische musik, new-age, electronic, ambientLength45:50LabelSkyProducerHans-Joachim RoedeliusHans-Joachim Roedelius chronology Jardin Au Fou(1979) Selbstportrait(1979) Selbstportrait - Vol. II(1980) Selbstportrait is the third solo album by German keyboardist Hans-Joachim Roedelius, best known for his work with Cluster, Harmonia, and Aquarello. The title is German for "Self Portrait", a title meant to reflect the gentle, introspective nature of the ambient and new-age music of the album. The original Sky Records release was subtitled Teil 1 Sanfte Musik, German for "Part 1, Soft Music." Selbstportrait was recorded by Roedelius at his home in Forst, in the Weser Uplands of West Germany between various Cluster sessions from 1973 until 1977 on his ReVox A77 reel to reel. The music actually predates the two previously released solo albums: Durch Die Wüste and Jardin Au Fou. The final mix was completed at Gorilla Studio in Vienna, Austria at the end of April, 1979, with the exception of "Prinzregent" which was edited in Conny's Studio (owned by Conny Plank) in 1976. Selbstportrait was originally released by Sky Records in 1979. Phillipe Blache, writing the review for Prog Archives, describes the album, in part: "The music in itself is another exploration in electronic, pre-ambient 'picture' music but really orientated to the most 'mainstream' side of it." Selbstportrait and seven of 11 tracks from the follow-up album Selbstportrait - Vol. II were reissued as a single CD by Sky Records in 1996 under the title Selbsportrait I & II. It was reissued in its original form on both LP and CD by the Bureau-B label on December 3, 2010. In 2017, "Fabelwein" was featured in the film War Machine. Track listing "In Liebe Dein" - 3:43 "Girlande" - 3:47 "Inselmoos" - 5:40 "Fabelwein" - 5:05 "Prinzregent" - 5:53 "Kamee" - 3:59 "Herold" - 3:32 "Halmharfe" - 3:24 "Arcona" - 5:05 "Staunen Im Fjord" - 3:33 "Minne" - 2:09 Personnel Hans-Joachim Roedelius - Producer, composer, piano, keyboards Ernst Josef Seibl - Mixing (final cut) Jürgen Kraemer - Mixing on "Prinzregent" Udo Klemt - Mixing on "Prinzregent" Martha Roedelius that catg - Photography Notes ^ a b "Roedelius - Selbstportrait I" (PDF). Bureau-B. Retrieved 2010-12-11. ^ a b "Hans-Joachim Roedelius - Selbstportrait (LP)". Discogs. Retrieved 2010-12-11. ^ Huber, Markus (2007). "The complete Sky discography". Elmulab. Retrieved 2010-12-11. ^ Blache, Phillipe (2006-06-08). "HANS-JOACHIM ROEDELIUS Selbstportrait music review". Prog Archives. Retrieved 2010-12-11. ^ "Roedelius* - Selbstportrait I & II". Discogs. Retrieved 2010-12-11. ^ "Hans-Joachim Roedelius - Selbstportrait". Discogs. Retrieved 2010-12-11. References Album liner Notes Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hans-Joachim Roedelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Roedelius"},{"link_name":"Cluster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_(band)"},{"link_name":"Harmonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonia_(band)"},{"link_name":"Aquarello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarello"},{"link_name":"ambient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambient_music"},{"link_name":"new-age music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New-age_music"},{"link_name":"Sky Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Records"},{"link_name":"Weser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weser"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"Cluster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_(band)"},{"link_name":"ReVox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReVox"},{"link_name":"reel to reel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BureauB-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Discogs-2"},{"link_name":"Durch Die Wüste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durch_Die_Wuste"},{"link_name":"Jardin Au Fou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardin_Au_Fou"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Conny Plank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conny_Plank"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Discogs-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elmulab-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blache-4"},{"link_name":"Selbstportrait - Vol. II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selbstportrait_-_Vol._II"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Discogs-compilation-5"},{"link_name":"Bureau-B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau-B"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BureauB-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Discogs_-_master_release-6"},{"link_name":"War Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Machine_(film)"}],"text":"Selbstportrait is the third solo album by German keyboardist Hans-Joachim Roedelius, best known for his work with Cluster, Harmonia, and Aquarello. The title is German for \"Self Portrait\", a title meant to reflect the gentle, introspective nature of the ambient and new-age music of the album. The original Sky Records release was subtitled Teil 1 Sanfte Musik, German for \"Part 1, Soft Music.\"Selbstportrait was recorded by Roedelius at his home in Forst, in the Weser Uplands of West Germany between various Cluster sessions from 1973 until 1977 on his ReVox A77 reel to reel.[1][2] The music actually predates the two previously released solo albums: Durch Die Wüste and Jardin Au Fou. The final mix was completed at Gorilla Studio in Vienna, Austria at the end of April, 1979, with the exception of \"Prinzregent\" which was edited in Conny's Studio (owned by Conny Plank) in 1976.[2] Selbstportrait was originally released by Sky Records in 1979.[3] Phillipe Blache, writing the review for Prog Archives, describes the album, in part: \"The music in itself is another exploration in electronic, pre-ambient 'picture' music but really orientated to the most 'mainstream' side of it.\"[4]Selbstportrait and seven of 11 tracks from the follow-up album Selbstportrait - Vol. II were reissued as a single CD by Sky Records in 1996 under the title Selbsportrait I & II.[5] It was reissued in its original form on both LP and CD by the Bureau-B label on December 3, 2010.[1][6]In 2017, \"Fabelwein\" was featured in the film War Machine.","title":"Selbstportrait"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"\"In Liebe Dein\" - 3:43\n\"Girlande\" - 3:47\n\"Inselmoos\" - 5:40\n\"Fabelwein\" - 5:05\n\"Prinzregent\" - 5:53\n\"Kamee\" - 3:59\n\"Herold\" - 3:32\n\"Halmharfe\" - 3:24\n\"Arcona\" - 5:05\n\"Staunen Im Fjord\" - 3:33\n\"Minne\" - 2:09","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hans-Joachim Roedelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Roedelius"}],"text":"Hans-Joachim Roedelius - Producer, composer, piano, keyboards\nErnst Josef Seibl - Mixing (final cut)\nJürgen Kraemer - Mixing on \"Prinzregent\"\nUdo Klemt - Mixing on \"Prinzregent\"\nMartha Roedelius that catg - Photography","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BureauB_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BureauB_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Roedelius - Selbstportrait I\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bureau-b.com/infotexte/BB63_RoedeliusSP1_BioEngl.pdf"},{"link_name":"Bureau-B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau-B"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Discogs_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Discogs_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"Hans-Joachim Roedelius - Selbstportrait (LP)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.discogs.com/Roedelius-Selbstportrait-Teil-1-Sanfte-Musik/release/196999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Elmulab_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"The complete Sky discography\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.elmulab.de/Sky+Records/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Blache_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"HANS-JOACHIM ROEDELIUS Selbstportrait music review\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.progarchives.com/Review.asp?id=80695"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Discogs-compilation_5-0"},{"link_name":"\"Roedelius* - Selbstportrait I & II\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.discogs.com/release/745967"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Discogs_-_master_release_6-0"},{"link_name":"\"Hans-Joachim Roedelius - Selbstportrait\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.discogs.com/Roedelius-Selbstportrait-Teil-1-Sanfte-Musik/master/290503"}],"text":"^ a b \"Roedelius - Selbstportrait I\" (PDF). Bureau-B. Retrieved 2010-12-11.\n\n^ a b \"Hans-Joachim Roedelius - Selbstportrait (LP)\". Discogs. Retrieved 2010-12-11.\n\n^ Huber, Markus (2007). \"The complete Sky discography\". Elmulab. Retrieved 2010-12-11.\n\n^ Blache, Phillipe (2006-06-08). \"HANS-JOACHIM ROEDELIUS Selbstportrait music review\". Prog Archives. Retrieved 2010-12-11.\n\n^ \"Roedelius* - Selbstportrait I & II\". Discogs. Retrieved 2010-12-11.\n\n^ \"Hans-Joachim Roedelius - Selbstportrait\". Discogs. Retrieved 2010-12-11.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Juliet
After Juliet
["1 Plot","2 Characters","3 References","4 External links"]
After Juliet is a play written by Scottish playwright Sharman Macdonald. It was commissioned for the 2000 Connections programme, in which regional youth theatre groups compete to stage short plays by established playwrights. The basic premise of the play, following on from Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet is "What happened to the Capulets and Montagues after Romeo and Juliet died?". The setting of After Juliet is described as "Verona. Or it could be Edinburgh, Dublin, Birmingham, New York City, or Liverpool. It could be 1500, 1900, 2000, or 3000". The only place that After Juliet cannot be set is Glasgow, as one of the characters, Rhona, is from Glasgow, and away from home. Macdonald's daughter Keira Knightley appeared in the Heatham House Youth Centre's NT Connections production, which made the regional finals. It continues to be performed by youth groups around the world. Plot The play centres on Rosaline, Juliet's cousin and Romeo's ex-flame. Ironically, Rosaline had been in love with Romeo, but was playing "hard to get". Tortured by the loss of her love, Rosaline has become a sullen, venomous woman. She actively seeks to be elected the 'Princess of Cats' and run the Capulet family. Meanwhile, the Capulets and Montagues have obeyed Prince Escalus and called a truce. The truce quickly descends into a farce as both sides continue to rage against each other. Amid the turmoil more doomed love springs-between Benvolio Montague and Rosaline. Benvolio is warned by Valentine (Mercutio's twin brother) to stay away from her if he knows what is right. The climax of the play comes during an election to determine whether or not Rosaline or Petruchio (Tybalt's brother) will succeed Tybalt as the Prince or Princess of Cats. The election fails to have any results and the fate of the truce is left open-ended. A 2009 youth, stage version of the show featured Valentine as the twin sister of Mercutio; this added an extra storyline where Valentine is in love with Benvolio and is jealous of Rosaline. Benvolio's final scene ends with Valentine running off stage after his rejection. Characters Benvolio, a Montague, Romeo's best friend and cousin Valentine, a Montague, Mercutio's twin brother (or sister), Rosaline, a Capulet, Juliet's cousin Bianca, suffers from petit mal, Juliet's cousin Helena, a Capulet, Bianca's sister, Juliet's cousin Rhona, a Capulet, a visitor from abroad, Juliet's cousin Alice, a Capulet, Juliet's cousin Livia, a Capulet, Rosaline's half-sister, Juliet's cousin Angelica, a Capulet servant, Juliet's nurse Lorenzo, a Capulet Gianni, a Capulet, friend/brother to Lorenzo Petruchio, a Capulet, Tybalt's brother Romeo, a dead Montague (non-speaking) Juliet, a dead Capulet Drummer, ever present, menacing, a puppeteer of the action Musicians References ^ "'After Juliet' a Familiar Tale by New Name". The Washington Post. 10 February 2005. p. T.05. ^ "Faber & Faber Publication Listing". Faber & Faber. Faber & Faber. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2021. ^ ACQUIS Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b Scotsman.com Living Archived 2007-12-01 at archive.today ^ "After Juliet: The Story". Archived from the original on 19 May 2007. Retrieved 10 February 2007. ^ South London Theatre - After Juliet Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine External links A gallery of pictures from After Juliet at Arkansas State University vteWilliam Shakespeare's Romeo and JulietCharacters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ephesiaca Ballets Romeo and Juliet (1938, Prokofiev) Romeo and Juliet (1962, Cranko) Romeo and Juliet (1965, MacMillan) Romeo and Juliet (1977, Nureyev) Romeo and Juliet (1965, Lavery) Radio and Juliet (2005) Romeo + Juliet (2007, Martins) Romeo and Juliet (2008, Pastor) Operas Romeo und Julie (1776, Benda) Giulietta e Romeo (1796, Zingarelli) Giulietta e Romeo (1825, Vaccai) I Capuleti e i Montecchi (1830, Bellini) Gloria (1874, Cilea) Roméo et Juliette (1867, Gounod) A Village Romeo and Juliet (1907, Delius) Romeo und Julia (1940, Sutermeister) Romeo und Julia (1943, Blacher) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair (1906) West Side Story (1957) Once on This Island (1990) Roméo et Juliette, de la Haine à l'Amour (2001) Giulietta e Romeo (2007) & Juliet (2019) Classical Beethoven's String Quartet No. 1 (c. 1800) Roméo et Juliette (1839, Berlioz) Romeo and Juliet (1870, Tchaikovsky) On screenFilms 1900 1908 1916 Metro 1916 Fox 1936 1940 1953 1954 1955 1964 1967 (TV) 1968 1978 (TV) 1992 (TV) 1996 2006 2013 TV series Ronny & Julia (2000) Skin (2003) Romeo × Juliet (2007) Romeo y Julieta (2007) Harina de otro costal (2010) Star-Crossed (2014) Romil & Jugal (2017) Still Star-Crossed (2017) Plays Romanoff and Juliet (1956) People's Romeo (2010) Romeo and Juliet (2013) Songs "Montagues and Capulets" (1935) "Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet" (1968) "(Don't Fear) The Reaper" (1976) "Angelo" (1978) "Romeo and Juliet" (1978) "Romeo and Juliet" (1981) "Cherish" (1989) "Amor Prohibido" (1994) "Kissing You" (1996) "Starcrossed" (2004) "Peut-être toi" (2006) "Mademoiselle Juliette" (2007) "Love Story" (2008) "Love Me Again" (2013) Albums Romeo and Juliet (1968) Romeo + Juliet (1996) Romeo & Julia (2006) Tragic Lovers (2008) Star-Crossed (2021) Rosaline (2022) Literature Les Chouans (1829) The Wandering Jew (1844) The Stolen Dormouse (1941) The Faraway Lurs (1963) The Destruction of Faena (1989) Ronny & Julia (1995) Romiette and Julio (2001) New Moon (2006) Warm Bodies (2010) Art Romeo and Juliet: the Tomb Scene (1790) Romeo and Juliet (1978) Phrases A plague o' both your houses! A rose by any other name would smell as sweet Star-crossed Story withina story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 German film 1917 Hungarian film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet "Nothing Broken but My Heart" Panic Button Bare: A Pop Opera Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady "Moonshine River" Rendez-vous Fame "I Am Unicorn" The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds "The Thief of Baghead" The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night "Say You'll Be Mine" Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K-On! Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect Romeo and Juliet laws After Juliet "Upper West Side Story" (2012) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Don't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Sherlock Gnomes Romeo and Juliet in Sarajevo
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_people"},{"link_name":"Sharman Macdonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharman_Macdonald"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Romeo and Juliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet"},{"link_name":"Capulets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capulets"},{"link_name":"Montagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montagues"},{"link_name":"Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verona"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-living.scotsman.com-4"},{"link_name":"Keira Knightley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keira_Knightley"},{"link_name":"Heatham House Youth Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080111151720/http://www.heathamhouse.org.uk/"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-living.scotsman.com-4"}],"text":"After Juliet is a play written by Scottish playwright Sharman Macdonald.[1] It was commissioned for the 2000[2] Connections programme, in which regional youth theatre groups compete to stage short plays by established playwrights.The basic premise of the play, following on from Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet is \"What happened to the Capulets and Montagues after Romeo and Juliet died?\". The setting of After Juliet is described as \"Verona. Or it could be Edinburgh, Dublin, Birmingham, New York City, or Liverpool. It could be 1500, 1900, 2000, or 3000\".[3] The only place that After Juliet cannot be set is Glasgow, as one of the characters, Rhona, is from Glasgow, and away from home.[4]Macdonald's daughter Keira Knightley appeared in the Heatham House Youth Centre's NT Connections production, which made the regional finals.[4]It continues to be performed by youth groups around the world.","title":"After Juliet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rosaline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosaline"},{"link_name":"playing \"hard to get\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/play_hard_to_get"},{"link_name":"Prince Escalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Escalus"},{"link_name":"Benvolio Montague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benvolio"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Benvolio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benvolio"},{"link_name":"Rosaline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosaline"}],"text":"The play centres on Rosaline, Juliet's cousin and Romeo's ex-flame. Ironically, Rosaline had been in love with Romeo, but was playing \"hard to get\". Tortured by the loss of her love, Rosaline has become a sullen, venomous woman. She actively seeks to be elected the 'Princess of Cats' and run the Capulet family.Meanwhile, the Capulets and Montagues have obeyed Prince Escalus and called a truce. The truce quickly descends into a farce as both sides continue to rage against each other. Amid the turmoil more doomed love springs-between Benvolio Montague and Rosaline. Benvolio is warned by Valentine (Mercutio's twin brother) to stay away from her if he knows what is right.The climax of the play comes during an election to determine whether or not Rosaline or Petruchio (Tybalt's brother) will succeed Tybalt as the Prince or Princess of Cats. The election fails to have any results and the fate of the truce is left open-ended.[5]A 2009 youth, stage version of the show featured Valentine as the twin sister of Mercutio; this added an extra storyline where Valentine is in love with Benvolio and is jealous of Rosaline. Benvolio's final scene ends with Valentine running off stage after his rejection.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"petit mal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petit_mal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Benvolio, a Montague, Romeo's best friend and cousin\nValentine, a Montague, Mercutio's twin brother (or sister), [Mercutio wasn’t a Montague though]\nRosaline, a Capulet, Juliet's cousin\nBianca, suffers from petit mal, Juliet's cousin\nHelena, a Capulet, Bianca's sister, Juliet's cousin\nRhona, a Capulet, a visitor from abroad, Juliet's cousin\nAlice, a Capulet, Juliet's cousin\nLivia, a Capulet, Rosaline's half-sister, Juliet's cousin\nAngelica, a Capulet servant, Juliet's nurse\nLorenzo, a Capulet\nGianni, a Capulet, friend/brother to Lorenzo\nPetruchio, a Capulet, Tybalt's brother\nRomeo, a dead Montague (non-speaking)\nJuliet, a dead Capulet\nDrummer, ever present, menacing, a puppeteer of the action\nMusicians[6]","title":"Characters"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"'After Juliet' a Familiar Tale by New Name\". The Washington Post. 10 February 2005. p. T.05.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Faber & Faber Publication Listing\". Faber & Faber. Faber & Faber. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.faber.co.uk/9780571206148-after-juliet.html","url_text":"\"Faber & Faber Publication Listing\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201027153602/https://www.faber.co.uk/9780571206148-after-juliet.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"After Juliet: The Story\". Archived from the original on 19 May 2007. Retrieved 10 February 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070519083304/http://www.anglo-iren.de/afterjuliet/afterjuliet_s.htm","url_text":"\"After Juliet: The Story\""},{"url":"http://www.anglo-iren.de/afterjuliet/afterjuliet_s.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resipiscent
Resipiscent
["1 Roster","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Resipiscent" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) ResipiscentFounded2005 (2005)FounderJames Decker Thomas DayGenreExperimental, noiseCountry of originU.S.LocationSan Francisco, CaliforniaOfficial websitewww.resipiscent.com Resipiscent is an independent record label based in San Francisco California. The label was founded in 2005 by James Decker and Thomas Day. The label publishes a wide range of experimental music and film. Most of its releases are extremely limited editions involving handcrafted package art. Liz Allbee's "Quarry Tones" release is packaged in heavy hand-sewn felt with flowers and shredded circuits scattered inside. Smegma's Live 91-93 relies on dumpster-dived mainstream CDs that the band then defaces to serve as packaging. The Anti-Ear Tre Picoli release appears to be a 7-inch record but contains two mini-CDs and one mini-DVD. Aaartfystte's 22 Short Noise Videos comes in a four-color silkscreen package embellished with hand-carved relief prints by Maw Zuffler. The double CD compilation String of Artifacts requires listeners to solve a word jumble and then a crossword puzzle in order to decode the track listing, with some bands adding to the puzzle by imitating the style of other bands. The Bran(...)Pos "Quaak Muttar" package is a crude but functional pinball machine for which track indexes serve as scoreboard. The label name revives a word that had fallen into disuse. "Resipiscent" means "a return to one's senses following a brutal experience". Its tagline is "Unburying the meanest in criminally obscure sound." Roster 0th Aaartfystte Anti-Ear At Jennie Richie Audrey Chen Ava Mendoza Black Mayonnaise Bran(...)Pos Cactus Core of the Coalman (Jorge Boehringer) Critical Monkey Earwicker Fat Worm of Error Hans Grusel's Krankenkabinet Kenta Nagai Liz Allbee Loachfillet Masonic Youth Midmight Miya Masaoka Nerfbau Noel Von Harmonson Occasional Detroit Peter B Porest The Ritualistic School of Errors Scott Arford SIXES skozey fetish Smegma Tarantism Xome, Tralphaz, Eco Morti See also List of record labels References External links Official site SFWeekly review of Resipiscent release party
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"independent record label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_record_label"},{"link_name":"Liz Allbee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Allbee"},{"link_name":"Smegma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smegma"},{"link_name":"Anti-Ear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-Ear&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aaartfystte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aaartfystte&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maw Zuffler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maw_Zuffler&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bran(...)Pos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bran(...)Pos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Resipiscent is an independent record label based in San Francisco California. The label was founded in 2005 by James Decker and Thomas Day.The label publishes a wide range of experimental music and film. Most of its releases are extremely limited editions involving handcrafted package art. Liz Allbee's \"Quarry Tones\" release is packaged in heavy hand-sewn felt with flowers and shredded circuits scattered inside. Smegma's Live 91-93 relies on dumpster-dived mainstream CDs that the band then defaces to serve as packaging. The Anti-Ear Tre Picoli release appears to be a 7-inch record but contains two mini-CDs and one mini-DVD. Aaartfystte's 22 Short Noise Videos comes in a four-color silkscreen package embellished with hand-carved relief prints by Maw Zuffler. The double CD compilation String of Artifacts requires listeners to solve a word jumble and then a crossword puzzle in order to decode the track listing, with some bands adding to the puzzle by imitating the style of other bands. The Bran(...)Pos \"Quaak Muttar\" package is a crude but functional pinball machine for which track indexes serve as scoreboard.The label name revives a word that had fallen into disuse. \"Resipiscent\" means \"a return to one's senses following a brutal experience\". Its tagline is \"Unburying the meanest in criminally obscure sound.\"[citation needed]","title":"Resipiscent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ava Mendoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ava_Mendoza"},{"link_name":"Jorge Boehringer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Boehringer"},{"link_name":"Fat Worm of Error","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Worm_of_Error"},{"link_name":"Miya Masaoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miya_Masaoka"},{"link_name":"The Ritualistic School of Errors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ritualistic_School_of_Errors&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Smegma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smegma_(band)"}],"text":"0th\nAaartfystte\nAnti-Ear\nAt Jennie Richie\nAudrey Chen\nAva Mendoza\nBlack Mayonnaise\nBran(...)Pos\nCactus\nCore of the Coalman (Jorge Boehringer)\nCritical Monkey\nEarwicker\nFat Worm of Error\nHans Grusel's Krankenkabinet\nKenta Nagai\nLiz Allbee\nLoachfillet\nMasonic Youth\nMidmight\nMiya Masaoka\nNerfbau\nNoel Von Harmonson\nOccasional Detroit\nPeter B\nPorest\nThe Ritualistic School of Errors\nScott Arford\nSIXES\nskozey fetish\nSmegma\nTarantism\nXome, Tralphaz, Eco Morti","title":"Roster"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of record labels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_record_labels"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takashi_Kako
Takashi Kako
["1 Early life","2 Later life and career","3 Discography","3.1 As Emergency","3.2 As leader/co-leader","3.3 Soundtracks","4 References"]
Takashi KakoBorn (1947-01-31) 31 January 1947 (age 77)Osaka, JapanGenresJazz, Classical music, Contemporary classical musicOccupation(s)Musician, composerInstrument(s)PianoLabelsAmerica, TrioWebsiteTakashi Kako Official SiteMusical artist Takashi Kako (加古 隆, Kako Takashi) (born 31 January 1947) is a Japanese pianist and composer, who works in both jazz and art-music idioms. Early life Kako was born in Osaka. He began playing piano at eight years old and learned to play jazz while in his teens. Later life and career He attended the Tokyo University of Fine Arts and Music, receiving both his bachelor's (1965-1969) and master's in composition (1971) there. Upon graduating, he matriculated at the Paris Conservatoire, where he studied composition under Olivier Messiaen; concurrently, he played jazz in clubs, beginning a long-term association with Kent Carter and Oliver Johnson as a trio. He played with Noah Howard, Masahiko Togashi, and Steve Lacy in the 1970s, and with Togashi again as a duo in the early 1980s. Starting in the mid-1980s, he increasingly moved toward playing solo piano, although he occasionally toured with ensembles as well. In addition to his performance career, Kako has worked extensively as a composer. He has written scores for traditional ensembles and for film and television, including the 1998 film The Quarry. Discography As Emergency (with Bob Reid, Boulou Ferré, Glenn Spearman, Sabu Toyozumi) Homage to Peace (America, 1973) - Recorded in 1972 As leader/co-leader Jazz A Maison De Japon, Paris (パリ日本館コンサート) with Mototeru Takagi (Nadja, 1974) - live Passage (パッサージュ) (Trio, 1976) Micro World (マイクロワールド) (Trio, 1976) Paris Days (巴里の日) (Trio, 1977) - recorded in 1976 Night Music (Sun, 1977) - recorded in 1974 Legend of The Sea-Myself (海の伝説―私) (Trio, 1977) - live TOK with Oliver Johnson, Kent Carter (Trio, 1978) El Al with Toshiyuki Miyama and his New Herd (Union, 1979) Valencia with Masahiko Togashi (Trio, 1980) L'Aube (夜明け) (Baybridge, 1984) Twilight Monologues with Masahiko Sato, Aki Takase, Ichiko Hashimoto (Lunatic, 1984) Solo Concert (Insights, 1985) Poesie (CBS/Sony, 1986) Klee (いにしえの響き - パウル・クレーの絵のように) (CBS/Sony, 1986) Scrawl (CBS/Sony, 1987) Kenji (CBS/Sony, 1988) Long Journey (幻想行) (CBS/Sony, 1989) Symphonic Poem: Spring: Homage to Flowers (春～花によせて) (CBS/Sony, 1990) Estampe Sonore (CBS/Sony, 1991) Apocalypse (アポカリプス 〜黙示録) (Sony/Epic, 1992) La Collectin De I' Art Du Vent (風の画集) (Sony/Epic, 1992) Prelude De L'Eau (水の前奏曲) (TriStar Music, 1993) Norwegian Wood (ノルウェーの森) (Epic/Sony, 1996) Presentimen (予感 アンジェリック グリーンの光の中で) (Sony/Epic, 1998) Moments Tranquilles (静かな時間) (Sony, 1999) Waltz With The Wind (風のワルツ) (Sony, 2004) Piano (Takashi Kako album)  (Avex Classics, 2006) Kumano (熊野古道) (Avex-Classics, 2007) Qualtet (Avex Classics, 2010) Blue Sea (滄) with Mototeru Takagi, Sabu Toyozumi (Kaitai, 2012) New Sea (新海) with Mototeru Takagi, Sabu Toyozumi (Kaitai, 2012) Soundtracks NHK Special The 20th Century In Moving Images (映像の世紀) Original Soundtrack (Escalier, 1995; Excerpt on YouTube) Original Soundtrack From The Motion Picture The Quarry (月の虹) (Sony Music Media, 1998) Shiki-Jitsu (式日) Original Soundtrack (Studio Kajino, 2000) A Single Drop of Water in a Mighty River (大河の一滴) Original Soundtrack (Toho, 2001) Letters from the Mountains (阿弥陀堂だより) Original Soundtrack (Toho, 2002) The Great White Tower (白い巨塔) Original Soundtrack (Fuji TV, 2004) Best Wishes for Tomorrow (明日への遺言) Original Soundtrack (Avex Trax, 2008) References ^ "加古 隆（作曲家・ピアニスト）BIOGRAPHY" . Universal Music (in Japanese). Retrieved June 6, 2020. Kazunori Sugiyama, "Takashi Kako". The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz. 2nd edn, ed. Barry Kernfeld. vteMainichi Film Award for Best Music Fumio Hayasaka (1946-1949) Hiroshi Yoshizawa (1950) Toshiro Mayuzumi (1950) Shinichi Takata (1951) Ichirō Saitō (1952) Yasushi Akutagawa (1953) Chūji Kinoshita (1954) Akira Ifukube (1956) Toshiro Mayuzumi (1957) Rokuzaemon Kineya (1958) Matsunosuke Nozawa (1958) Hikaru Hayashi (1959) Masaru Sato (1960) Tōru Takemitsu (1961-1962) Toshiro Mayuzumi (1963) Tōru Takemitsu (1964) Toshiro Mayuzumi (1965) Tōru Takemitsu (1966) Seiichrō Uno (1967) Masaru Sato (1968) Tōru Takemitsu (1969) Teizo Matsumura (1970) Tōru Takemitsu (1971) Teizo Matsumura (1972) Tōru Takemitsu (1973) Yasushi Akutagawa (1974) Mitsuaki Kanno (1974) Tōru Takemitsu (1975) Yuji Ohno (1976) Masaru Sato (1977) Tōru Takemitsu (1978) Masaru Sato (1979) Shin'ichirō Ikebe (1980) Ryudo Uzaki (1981) Hikaru Hayashi (1982) Jiang Dingxian (1982) Ryuichi Sakamoto (1983) Shin'ichirō Ikebe (1984) Shigeru Umebayashi (1985) Saeko Suzuki (1986) Toshiyuki Honda (1987) Hiroaki Yoshino (1988) Kōji Ueno (1989) Shin'ichirō Ikebe (1990) Joe Hisaishi (1991-1992) Masaru Sato (1993) Shigeru Umebayashi (1994) Chen Ming Chang (1995) Toshio Hosokawa (1996) Michiru Ōshima (1997) Yōsuke Yamashita (1998) Haruyuki Suzuki (1999) Kenichirō Isoda (2000) Joe Hisaishi (2001) Youmi Kimura (2001) Takashi Kako (2002) Kenichirō Isoda (2003) Terumasa Hino (2004) Kazuhiko Katō (2005) Takashi Kako (2006) Rei Harakami (2007) Taro Iwashiro (2008) Shigeomi Hasumi (2009) Jim O'Rourke (2010) Hikaru Hayashi (2011) Michiru Ōshima (2012) Gorō Yasukawa (2013) Yoshikazu Suo (2014) Ryuichi Sakamoto (2015) Kotringo (2016) Soi48 (2017) Young-G (2017) Hi'Spec (2018) Radwimps (2019) Keiichirō Shibuya (2020) Masaki Hayashi (2021) Ichiko Aoba (2022) Jim O'Rourke (2023) Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Japan Netherlands Academics CiNii Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Musical artistTakashi Kako (加古 隆, Kako Takashi) (born 31 January 1947) is a Japanese pianist and composer, who works in both jazz and art-music idioms.","title":"Takashi Kako"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Kako was born in Osaka. He began playing piano at eight years old and learned to play jazz while in his teens.[citation needed]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tokyo University of Fine Arts and Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_University_of_Fine_Arts_and_Music"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-1"},{"link_name":"Paris Conservatoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Conservatoire"},{"link_name":"Olivier Messiaen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen"},{"link_name":"Kent Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Carter"},{"link_name":"Oliver Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Johnson_(drummer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Noah Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Howard"},{"link_name":"Masahiko Togashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masahiko_Togashi"},{"link_name":"Steve Lacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Lacy_(saxophonist)"},{"link_name":"The Quarry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Quarry_(1998_film)"}],"text":"He attended the Tokyo University of Fine Arts and Music, receiving both his bachelor's (1965-1969) and master's in composition (1971) there.[1] Upon graduating, he matriculated at the Paris Conservatoire, where he studied composition under Olivier Messiaen; concurrently, he played jazz in clubs, beginning a long-term association with Kent Carter and Oliver Johnson as a trio. He played with Noah Howard, Masahiko Togashi, and Steve Lacy in the 1970s, and with Togashi again as a duo in the early 1980s. Starting in the mid-1980s, he increasingly moved toward playing solo piano, although he occasionally toured with ensembles as well.In addition to his performance career, Kako has worked extensively as a composer. He has written scores for traditional ensembles and for film and television, including the 1998 film The Quarry.","title":"Later life and career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boulou Ferré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulou_Ferr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Glenn Spearman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Spearman"},{"link_name":"Sabu Toyozumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabu_Toyozumi"},{"link_name":"Homage to Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homage_to_Peace"},{"link_name":"America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_Records"}],"sub_title":"As Emergency","text":"(with Bob Reid, Boulou Ferré, Glenn Spearman, Sabu Toyozumi)Homage to Peace (America, 1973) - Recorded in 1972","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mototeru Takagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mototeru_Takagi"},{"link_name":"Kent Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Carter"},{"link_name":"Toshiyuki Miyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiyuki_Miyama"},{"link_name":"Masahiko Togashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masahiko_Togashi"},{"link_name":"Masahiko Sato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masahiko_Sato"},{"link_name":"Aki Takase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aki_Takase"},{"link_name":"Ichiko Hashimoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichiko_Hashimoto_(musician)"},{"link_name":"CBS/Sony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment_Japan"},{"link_name":"Piano (Takashi Kako album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piano_(Takashi_Kako_album)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIANO_(%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%90%E3%83%A0)"},{"link_name":"Sabu Toyozumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabu_Toyozumi"}],"sub_title":"As leader/co-leader","text":"Jazz A Maison De Japon, Paris (パリ日本館コンサート) with Mototeru Takagi (Nadja, 1974) - live\nPassage (パッサージュ) (Trio, 1976)\nMicro World (マイクロワールド) (Trio, 1976)\nParis Days (巴里の日) (Trio, 1977) - recorded in 1976\nNight Music (Sun, 1977) - recorded in 1974\nLegend of The Sea-Myself (海の伝説―私) (Trio, 1977) - live\nTOK with Oliver Johnson, Kent Carter (Trio, 1978)\nEl Al with Toshiyuki Miyama and his New Herd (Union, 1979)\nValencia with Masahiko Togashi (Trio, 1980)\nL'Aube (夜明け) (Baybridge, 1984)\nTwilight Monologues with Masahiko Sato, Aki Takase, Ichiko Hashimoto (Lunatic, 1984)\nSolo Concert (Insights, 1985)\nPoesie (CBS/Sony, 1986)\nKlee (いにしえの響き - パウル・クレーの絵のように) (CBS/Sony, 1986)\nScrawl (CBS/Sony, 1987)\nKenji (CBS/Sony, 1988)\nLong Journey (幻想行) (CBS/Sony, 1989)\nSymphonic Poem: Spring: Homage to Flowers (春～花によせて) (CBS/Sony, 1990)\nEstampe Sonore (CBS/Sony, 1991)\nApocalypse (アポカリプス 〜黙示録) (Sony/Epic, 1992)\nLa Collectin De I' Art Du Vent (風の画集) (Sony/Epic, 1992)\nPrelude De L'Eau (水の前奏曲) (TriStar Music, 1993)\nNorwegian Wood (ノルウェーの森) (Epic/Sony, 1996)\nPresentimen (予感 アンジェリック グリーンの光の中で) (Sony/Epic, 1998)\nMoments Tranquilles (静かな時間) (Sony, 1999)\nWaltz With The Wind (風のワルツ) (Sony, 2004)\nPiano (Takashi Kako album) [ja] (Avex Classics, 2006)\nKumano (熊野古道) (Avex-Classics, 2007)\nQualtet (Avex Classics, 2010)\nBlue Sea (滄) with Mototeru Takagi, Sabu Toyozumi (Kaitai, 2012)\nNew Sea (新海) with Mototeru Takagi, Sabu Toyozumi (Kaitai, 2012)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"映像の世紀","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%A0%E5%83%8F%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80"},{"link_name":"Excerpt on YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=7nCf0IkigPg&list=OLAK5uy_n1Iz5YO23psMVCp30HUs7v1wpWoJnauBA"},{"link_name":"The Quarry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Quarry_(1998_film)"},{"link_name":"Shiki-Jitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiki-Jitsu"},{"link_name":"Studio Kajino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_Kajino"},{"link_name":"大河の一滴","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B2%B3%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%80%E6%BB%B4"},{"link_name":"Toho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toho"},{"link_name":"Letters from the Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_from_the_Mountains"},{"link_name":"阿弥陀堂だより","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E5%A0%82%E3%81%A0%E3%82%88%E3%82%8A"},{"link_name":"白い巨塔","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E3%81%84%E5%B7%A8%E5%A1%94_(2003%E5%B9%B4%E3%81%AE%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%83%93%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9E)"},{"link_name":"Fuji TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji_TV"},{"link_name":"Best Wishes for Tomorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Wishes_for_Tomorrow"}],"sub_title":"Soundtracks","text":"NHK Special The 20th Century In Moving Images (映像の世紀) Original Soundtrack (Escalier, 1995; Excerpt on YouTube)\nOriginal Soundtrack From The Motion Picture The Quarry (月の虹) (Sony Music Media, 1998)\nShiki-Jitsu (式日) Original Soundtrack (Studio Kajino, 2000)\nA Single Drop of Water in a Mighty River (大河の一滴) Original Soundtrack (Toho, 2001)\nLetters from the Mountains (阿弥陀堂だより) Original Soundtrack (Toho, 2002)\nThe Great White Tower (白い巨塔) Original Soundtrack (Fuji TV, 2004)\nBest Wishes for Tomorrow (明日への遺言) Original Soundtrack (Avex Trax, 2008)","title":"Discography"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"加古 隆（作曲家・ピアニスト）BIOGRAPHY\" [Takashi Kako (composer, pianist) Biography]. Universal Music (in Japanese). Retrieved June 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.universal-music.co.jp/kako-takashi/biography/","url_text":"\"加古 隆（作曲家・ピアニスト）BIOGRAPHY\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_Group","url_text":"Universal Music"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.takashikako.com/","external_links_name":"Takashi Kako Official Site"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7nCf0IkigPg&list=OLAK5uy_n1Iz5YO23psMVCp30HUs7v1wpWoJnauBA","external_links_name":"Excerpt on YouTube"},{"Link":"https://www.universal-music.co.jp/kako-takashi/biography/","external_links_name":"\"加古 隆（作曲家・ピアニスト）BIOGRAPHY\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/109946237","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1208090852","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00557676","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p377562874","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA10037550?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/36286c52-58a7-44f5-85bd-478711bc4941","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/182391957","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C3%A7me
İçme, Elâzığ
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 38°36′43″N 39°33′07″E / 38.612°N 39.552°E / 38.612; 39.552Village in Turkey Village in Elazığ, TurkeyİçmeVillageİçmeLocation in TurkeyCoordinates: 38°36′43″N 39°33′07″E / 38.612°N 39.552°E / 38.612; 39.552CountryTurkeyProvinceElazığDistrictElazığPopulation (2021)526Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT) İçme is a village in the Elazığ District of Elazığ Province in Turkey. Its population is 526 (2021). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (belde). References ^ Köy, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 21 December 2022. ^ "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021" (XLS) (in Turkish). TÜİK. Retrieved 21 December 2022. ^ Law No. 6360, Official Gazette, 6 December 2012 (in Turkish). vte Elazığ DistrictMunicipalities Akçakiraz Elazığ Mollakendi Yazıkonak Yurtbaşı Villages Acıpayam Akçakale Alaca Alatarla Alpağut Altınkuşak Arındık Aşağıdemirtaş Avcılı Aydıncık Aydınlar Badempınarı Bağdere Bağlarca Balıbey Ballıca Balpınar Beşikköy Beşoluk Beydalı Beydoğmuş Bölüklü Bulutlu Cevizdere Cipköy Çağlar Çalıca Çatalharman Çöteli Dallıca Dambüyük Dedepınarı Değirmenönü Dereboğazı Doğankuş Durupınar Elmapınarı Erbildi Esenkent Fatmalı Gedikyolu Gökçe Gölardı Gölköy Gözebaşı Gözpınar Gülpınar Gümüşbağlar Günaçtı Günbağı Güneyçayırı Güzelyalı Hal Hankendi Harmantepe Hıdırbaba Hoşköy Işıkyolu İçme İkitepe Kalkantepe Kaplıkaya Karaali Karaçavuş Karasaz Karataş Kavakpınar Kavaktepe Kelmahmut Kepektaş Kıraçköy Koçharmanı Koçkale Konakalmaz Koparuşağı Korucu Koruköy Kozluk Körpe Kumla Kurtdere Kuşhane Kuşluyazı Kuyulu Küllük Meşeli Muratçık Nuralı Obuz Ortaçalı Oymaağaç Öksüzuşağı Örençay Pelteköy Pirinççi Poyraz Sakabaşı Salkaya Sancaklı Sarıbük Sarıçubuk Sarıgül Sarıkamış Sarılı Sarıyakup Sedeftepe Serince Sinanköy Sultanuşağı Sünköy Sütlüce Şabanlı Şahaplı Şehsuvar Şeyhhacı Tadım Temürköy Tepeköy Tohumlu Uzuntarla Üçağaç Ürünveren Yalındamlar Yalnız Yazıpınarı Yedigöze Yenikapı Yenikonak Yolçatı Yolüstü Yukarıçakmak Yukarıdemirtaş Yünlüce Yürekli This geographical article about a location in Elazığ District, Turkey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villages_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Elazığ District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F_District"},{"link_name":"Elazığ Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F_Province"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"2013 reorganisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Turkish_local_government_reorganisation"},{"link_name":"belde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belde"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Village in TurkeyVillage in Elazığ, Turkeyİçme is a village in the Elazığ District of Elazığ Province in Turkey.[1] Its population is 526 (2021).[2] Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (belde).[3]","title":"İçme, Elâzığ"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021\" (XLS) (in Turkish). TÜİK. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tuik.gov.tr/indir/duyuru/favori_raporlar.xlsx","url_text":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%9C%C4%B0K","url_text":"TÜİK"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%C4%B0%C3%A7me,_El%C3%A2z%C4%B1%C4%9F&params=38.612_N_39.552_E_region:TR_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki_dim:100000","external_links_name":"38°36′43″N 39°33′07″E / 38.612°N 39.552°E / 38.612; 39.552"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%C4%B0%C3%A7me,_El%C3%A2z%C4%B1%C4%9F&params=38.612_N_39.552_E_region:TR_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki_dim:100000","external_links_name":"38°36′43″N 39°33′07″E / 38.612°N 39.552°E / 38.612; 39.552"},{"Link":"https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx","external_links_name":"Köy"},{"Link":"https://www.tuik.gov.tr/indir/duyuru/favori_raporlar.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2012/12/20121206-1.htm","external_links_name":"Law No. 6360"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0%C3%A7me,_El%C3%A2z%C4%B1%C4%9F&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giolla_na_Naomh_%C3%93_hUidhr%C3%ADn
Giolla na Naomh Ó hUidhrín
["1 References"]
Giolla na Naomh O hUidhrin, Irish historian and poet, died 1420. O hUidhrin is known as the author of Tuilleadh feasa ar Éirinn óigh, a topographical poem of a kind with Seán Mór Ó Dubhagáin's Triallam timcheall na Fodla, of which it is a supplement. Although his obit is noted in all the main Irish annals, indicating he was regarded as a noteworthy man, nothing further is known of him. References O hUidhrin, Giolla-na-naomh, Aidan Breen, in Dictionary of Irish Biography, p. 574, Cambridge, 2009. Authority control databases: People Ireland This article about an Irish poet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biographical article about an Irish historian, chronicler or genealogist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tuilleadh feasa ar Éirinn óigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuilleadh_feasa_ar_%C3%89irinn_%C3%B3igh"},{"link_name":"topographical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographical"},{"link_name":"Seán Mór Ó Dubhagáin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_M%C3%B3r_%C3%93_Dubhag%C3%A1in"},{"link_name":"Triallam timcheall na Fodla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triallam_timcheall_na_Fodla"},{"link_name":"Irish annals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_annals"}],"text":"O hUidhrin is known as the author of Tuilleadh feasa ar Éirinn óigh, a topographical poem of a kind with Seán Mór Ó Dubhagáin's Triallam timcheall na Fodla, of which it is a supplement.Although his obit is noted in all the main Irish annals, indicating he was regarded as a noteworthy man, nothing further is known of him.","title":"Giolla na Naomh Ó hUidhrín"}]
[]
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[]
[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.006381.v1","external_links_name":"Ireland"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giolla_na_Naomh_%C3%93_hUidhr%C3%ADn&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giolla_na_Naomh_%C3%93_hUidhr%C3%ADn&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Federation_of_Rugby_League
Hellenic Federation of Rugby League
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for sports and athletics. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Hellenic Federation of Rugby League" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Hellenic Federation of Rugby LeagueFounded2013RLEF affiliation2013 to 2016ResponsibilityGreeceKey peopleAnastasios Pantazidis (Chair)Websitewww.rugbyleague.gr The Hellenic Federation of Rugby League, or simply Hellas Rugby League, was the governing body for the sport of rugby league football in Greece between 2013 and 2016. The association was founded in 2013 by Anastasios "Tasos" Pantazidis. The body was accorded observer status within the Rugby League European Federation (RLEF) in August 2013, and affiliate status in February 2014. In April 2016, the HFRL was suspended from the RLEF following a year-long investigation for "wilfully acting in a manner prejudicial to the interests of the RLEF and international rugby league." The HRFL was expelled from the RLEF in August 2016 for failing to meet membership requirements. The HFRL continues to operate in Greece, and gained recognition by the Ministry of Culture and Sports in July 2017 as part of the Hellenic Federation of Modern Pentathlon. The HFMoP, together with LIRFL, PRL and other organisations, founded the World Rugby League to run their own rugby league organisation on an international scale. The Greek Rugby League Association (GRLA) has been recognised by the RLEF as the governing body of rugby league in Greece since March 2017. The conflict between the HFRL/HFMP and the RLIF continued, but ended in August 2022 when the Greek government recognised the GRLA as the governing body for the sport in Greece. See also Sports portalGreece portal Rugby league in Greece Greek Rugby League Association Greece national rugby league team (men) Greece national rugby league team (women) References ^ "RLEF". Archived from the original on 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2015-11-07. ^ "Greek Rugby League Federation Formed and Accepted". RLEF. 26 August 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2017. ^ "RLEF Statement on International Calendar and SportAccord". RLEF. 14 February 2014. Retrieved 27 December 2017. ^ "Greece suspended from RLEF". SBS. 8 April 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2017. ^ "Hellenic Federation of Rugby League Excluded From RLEF". RLEF. 9 August 2016. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2017. ^ Mascord, Steve (26 October 2017). "League boss says union is behind international snub". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 27 December 2017. ^ "Greek Rugby League Association Awarded Observer Status". RLEF. 23 March 2017. ^ Hellenic Federation of Modern Pentathlon insists it should run rugby league in Greece as feud continues - Dan Palmer, Inside the Games, 19 August 2019 ^ "Greek Rugby League Federation Finally Receives Official Recognition From Greek Government – Greek City Times". Greek City Times. 2 August 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2022. External links Official website Hellenic Federation of Rugby League on Facebook vteRugby League European FederationMembers Full England France Ireland Italy Jamaica Lebanon Russia Serbia South Africa Ukraine Wales Affiliate Cameroon Canada Czech Republic Germany Ghana Greece Malta Morocco Netherlands Norway Nigeria Scotland Spain Turkey United States Observers Albania Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Burundi DR Congo Denmark El Salvador Ethiopia Hungary Kenya Latvia Libya Montenegro North Macedonia Palestine Poland Saudi Arabia Sierra Leone Slovakia Sweden Former Observers Catalonia Trinidad & Tobago UAE National teams Albania Austria Bosnia Belgium Cameroon Catalonia Czech Republic England Estonia France Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Jamaica Kenya Latvia Lebanon Malta Moldova Morocco Netherlands Nigeria Norway Portugal Russia Scotland Serbia South Africa Spain Sweden Ukraine United States Wales Competitions European Championship European Championship B (second tier) European Championship C (third tier) European Championship D (fourth tier) Euro Med Challenge (defunct) vteInternational Rugby LeagueMembersFull Australia Cook Islands England Fiji France Jamaica New Zealand Papua New Guinea Samoa Serbia South Africa Ukraine Wales Affiliate Brazil Cameroon Canada Chile Czech Republic Germany Ghana Greece Ireland Italy Kenya Lebanon Malta Morocco Netherlands Nigeria Norway Russia Scotland Turkey United States Observer Albania Argentina Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Burundi Colombia DR Congo El Salvador Hungary Japan Libya Montenegro North Macedonia Palestine Philippines Poland Sierra Leone Slovakia Solomon Islands Spain Sweden Vanuatu Pending Georgia Former Full Tonga Affiliate American Samoa Austria Estonia Ivory Coast Latvia New Caledonia Tokelau Observer Belgium Denmark Egypt Guyana Hong Kong India Mexico Namibia Niue Norfolk Island Pakistan Singapore Thailand Trinidad and Tobago National teamsMen Albania American Samoa Austria Argentina Australia Belgium Bosnia Brazil Bulgaria Burundi Cameroon Canada Chile Colombia Cook Islands Czech Republic DR Congo Denmark Egypt El Salvador England Estonia Fiji France Germany Georgia Ghana Greece Guyana Hong Kong Hungary India Ireland Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Kenya Latvia Lebanon Libya Malta Mexico Montenegro Morocco Namibia Netherlands New Caledonia New Zealand Nigeria Niue Norfolk Island North Macedonia Norway Pakistan Palestine Papua New Guinea Philippines Poland Russia Samoa Scotland Serbia Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Solomon Islands South Africa Spain Sweden Thailand Tokelau Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Turkey Ukraine United States Vanuatu Wales Women Argentina Brazil Canada Cook Islands England Fiji France Ireland Italy New Zealand Niue Papua New Guinea Philippines Samoa Serbia Tonga Turkey United States Wales Internationalcompetitions Men's World Cup Women's World Cup Tertiary Student Rugby League World Cup Four Nations Anzac Test The Ashes Asian Cup Baskerville Shield European Championship European Championship B European Championship C European Championship D Griffin Cup Mediterranean Cup MEA Championship Americas Championship Pacific Cup Pacific Championship Saint Patrick's Day Test Peter Leitch QSM Challenge Trophy Colonial Cup Nordic Cup Milan Kosanovic Cup Balkans Cup Awards and rankings RLIF Awards World rankings men women wheelchair vteSports governing bodies in Greece (GRE)Summer Olympic Sports Aquatics Diving Swimming Synchronized Swimming Water Polo Archery Athletics Badminton Basketball Boxing Canoeing Cycling Equestrian Fencing Field Hockey Football Golf Gymnastics Handball Judo Modern Pentathlon Rugby 7's Rowing Sailing Shooting Practical Shooting Table Tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball inc. Beach Volleyball Weightlifting Wrestling Winter Olympic Sports Biathlon Bobsleigh Curling Skating (Figure, Speed & Short Track) Ice Hockey Luge Skeleton Skiing (Alpine, Cross Country, Nordic Combined, Freestyle & Jumping) Snowboarding Other IOC Recognised Sports Air sports Auto racing Bandy Baseball Billiard Sports Boules Bowling Bridge Chess Cricket Dance sport Floorball Karate Korfball Lifesaving Motorcycle racing Mountaineering and Climbing Netball Orienteering Pelota Vasca Polo Powerboating Racquetball Roller sports Rugby Softball Sport climbing Squash Sumo Surfing Tug of war Underwater sports Water Ski Wushu Paralympics and Disabled Sports Deaf Others Sports Rugby League Rugby Union Radio-controlled racing Hellenic Olympic Committee Hellenic Paralympic Committee
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhouse_(1990_film)
Madhouse (1990 film)
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"]
1990 film by Tom Ropelewski MadhouseTheatrical release posterDirected byTom RopelewskiWritten byTom RopelewskiProduced byLeslie DixonStarring John Larroquette Kirstie Alley Alison La Placa John Diehl Jessica Lundy Bradley Gregg Dennis Miller Robert Ginty CinematographyDennis C. LewistonEdited byMichael JablowMusic byDavid NewmanDistributed byOrion PicturesRelease date February 16, 1990 (1990-02-16) (United States) Running time90 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBox office$21.0 million (United States) Madhouse is a 1990 American black comedy film starring Kirstie Alley and John Larroquette. Written and directed by Tom Ropelewski, it was produced by Leslie Dixon and released by Orion Pictures. Plot Stockbroker Mark Bannister and his TV reporter/anchorwoman wife Jessie are a yuppie couple with an idyllic California life. It is interrupted when Mark's cousin Fred, and his pregnant wife Bernice fly in from New Jersey. The first days are chaotic thanks to Bernice's cat Scruffy. Mark gives them $300 to spend in the city, but his alone time with Jessie is interrupted when her gold-digger sister Claudia arrives after a fight with her rich Middle Eastern husband Kaddir, whom she divorces after he cancels her credit cards. Fred and Bernice's visit, meant to last only five days, is extended when Bernice falls on the way to the car. She is instructed by her doctor, Dr. Penix, to stay put until the baby is born. At a bar, Mark motivates Fred to quit being Bernice's pet. However, Fred takes the message too far and leaves "to find himself." Meanwhile, Mark's next door neighbor and carpenter Dale builds a machine to keep Bernice comfortable in bed all day. Bernice constantly insists on being waited on hand and foot and demands funerals and burials for Scruffy, who dies multiple times but comes back each time. Claudia's son Jonathan also comes to live with them. Jessie tries getting Dale to seduce Claudia. However, Mark and Jessie inadvertently burn down Dale's villa. Since it cannot be rebuilt for three months, Dale and his two teens, delinquent son C.K. and phone-obsessed daughter Katy, move in, and Mark and Jessie are forced to take them in to avoid an arson lawsuit. Meanwhile, Mark helps Jonathan get a job as a mailroom clerk at his office. Days later, chaos persists, and Mark and Jessie are essentially forced out of their own home. When Mark fails to show up for work, his friend and colleague Wes finds the couple outside living like hippies. Wes motivates Mark to resist a little longer; he is on the verge of closing a deal for his boss, Bob Grindle. At work, Mark gets a box from Bogota containing cocaine—sent to him but requested by Jonathan. Grindle tells Mark to sell a set of stocks due to a scandal, but Mark forgets to before leaving work with the cocaine. Fred returns, having grown a mustache and acquiring a baby elephant. Police arrive at the house and find Scruffy ODing on cocaine; they destroy the Bannister house during the drug bust, which Jessie's TV station televises. Seeing it, the overstressed Jessie bursts into a mental breakdown on live TV. Pushed to their limit and facing ruin and imminent charges, Mark and Jessie decide to abandon the house to their guests and leave town to start new lives. The next day, returning to salvage what they can, Mark and Jessie hear a recording from Dr. Penix stating that Bernice was actually never pregnant, and their last shred of sanity dissolves. Enraged, Jessie catapults Bernice from her bed to the backyard and forces her to confess to knowing of this. She then ruins Claudia's expensive clothes to force her out, while Mark terrorizes Dale with an electric saw until he and his kids leave. Lastly, Jessie puts fireworks in Jonathan's cocaine bag, which explodes as he tries to flee in Dale's (loaner) Lotus. Mark and Jessie then threaten to torch their own house to keep their visitors away for good. The police arrive and apologize, stating that their only evidence—Scruffy—disappeared, and that they will pay for all damages incurred. Grindle arrives and, believing Mark meant to keep the stocks, declares that he amassed a small fortune when the scandal was found to be false. He offers Mark some of the profit and a promotion. Claudia takes the opportunity to seduce Grindle, and Dale flirts with one of the officers, much to C.K's chagrin. Scruffy returns from the police-station evidence room, but is determined to stay with Mark and Jessie. Bernice and Fred depart, with Fred taking more control than before. Jessie and Mark are about to get cozy, but first Mark smashes their ever-malfunctioning toilet with a sledgehammer. Jessie's furious on-air outburst earns her her own TV show, and she and Mark move into a three-bedroom house in Malibu and live happily ever after, until their parents came to visit. Cast John Larroquette as Mark Bannister Kirstie Alley as Jessie Bannister Alison La Placa as Claudia, Jessie's sister John Diehl as Fred Bannister, Mark's cousin Jessica Lundy as Bernice Bannister, Fred's wife Bradley Gregg as Jonathan, Claudia's son Dennis Miller as Wes, Mark's colleague Robert Ginty as Dale, the Bannister's neighbor Wayne Tippit as Mr. Grindle, Mark's boss Paul Eiding as Stark Michael Zand as the voice of Kaddir, Claudia's husband Aeryk Egan as C.K., Dale's son Deborah Otto as Katy Production The film was written and directed by Tom Ropelewski, and produced by Leslie Dixon. The cinematographer was Denis Lewiston. Reception On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 0% based on reviews from 6 critics. Roger Ebert gave it 2 out of 4 stars. The Los Angeles Times gave it a negative review and People magazine did as well. References ^ Bjorklund, Dennis A. (January 1997). Toasting Cheers: An Episode Guide to the 1982–1993 Comedy Series with Cast Biographies and Character Profiles. Praetorian Publishing. pp. 27–. ISBN 978-0-89950-962-4. ^ Naficy, Hamid (November 6, 2012). A Social History of Iranian Cinema, Volume 4: The Globalizing Era, 1984–2010. Duke University Press. pp. 286–. ISBN 978-0-8223-4878-8. ^ a b Ebert, Roger (February 16, 1990). "Madhouse". Chicago Sun Times. ^ "Madhouse". Rotten Tomatoes. ^ Wilmington, Michael (February 21, 1990). "MOVIE REVIEW: 'Madhouse' a Satire That Misses the Mark". Los Angeles Times. ^ Novak, Ralph (March 5, 1990). "Picks and Pans Review: Madhouse". People. External links Madhouse at IMDb Madhouse at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"black comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Kirstie Alley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirstie_Alley"},{"link_name":"John Larroquette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Larroquette"},{"link_name":"Tom Ropelewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Ropelewski"},{"link_name":"Leslie Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Dixon"},{"link_name":"Orion Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_Pictures"}],"text":"Madhouse is a 1990 American black comedy film starring Kirstie Alley and John Larroquette. Written and directed by Tom Ropelewski, it was produced by Leslie Dixon and released by Orion Pictures.","title":"Madhouse (1990 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"yuppie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuppie"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"pregnant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accident"},{"link_name":"carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenter"},{"link_name":"arson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arson"},{"link_name":"hippies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippies"},{"link_name":"Bogota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogota"},{"link_name":"cocaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine"},{"link_name":"elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant"},{"link_name":"mental breakdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_breakdown"},{"link_name":"fireworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireworks"},{"link_name":"Lotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_Cars"},{"link_name":"sledgehammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sledgehammer"},{"link_name":"Malibu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malibu,_California"}],"text":"Stockbroker Mark Bannister and his TV reporter/anchorwoman wife Jessie are a yuppie couple with an idyllic California life. It is interrupted when Mark's cousin Fred, and his pregnant wife Bernice fly in from New Jersey. The first days are chaotic thanks to Bernice's cat Scruffy. Mark gives them $300 to spend in the city, but his alone time with Jessie is interrupted when her gold-digger sister Claudia arrives after a fight with her rich Middle Eastern husband Kaddir, whom she divorces after he cancels her credit cards. Fred and Bernice's visit, meant to last only five days, is extended when Bernice falls on the way to the car. She is instructed by her doctor, Dr. Penix, to stay put until the baby is born.At a bar, Mark motivates Fred to quit being Bernice's pet. However, Fred takes the message too far and leaves \"to find himself.\" Meanwhile, Mark's next door neighbor and carpenter Dale builds a machine to keep Bernice comfortable in bed all day. Bernice constantly insists on being waited on hand and foot and demands funerals and burials for Scruffy, who dies multiple times but comes back each time. Claudia's son Jonathan also comes to live with them. Jessie tries getting Dale to seduce Claudia. However, Mark and Jessie inadvertently burn down Dale's villa. Since it cannot be rebuilt for three months, Dale and his two teens, delinquent son C.K. and phone-obsessed daughter Katy, move in, and Mark and Jessie are forced to take them in to avoid an arson lawsuit. Meanwhile, Mark helps Jonathan get a job as a mailroom clerk at his office.Days later, chaos persists, and Mark and Jessie are essentially forced out of their own home. When Mark fails to show up for work, his friend and colleague Wes finds the couple outside living like hippies. Wes motivates Mark to resist a little longer; he is on the verge of closing a deal for his boss, Bob Grindle. At work, Mark gets a box from Bogota containing cocaine—sent to him but requested by Jonathan. Grindle tells Mark to sell a set of stocks due to a scandal, but Mark forgets to before leaving work with the cocaine. Fred returns, having grown a mustache and acquiring a baby elephant. Police arrive at the house and find Scruffy ODing on cocaine; they destroy the Bannister house during the drug bust, which Jessie's TV station televises. Seeing it, the overstressed Jessie bursts into a mental breakdown on live TV. Pushed to their limit and facing ruin and imminent charges, Mark and Jessie decide to abandon the house to their guests and leave town to start new lives.The next day, returning to salvage what they can, Mark and Jessie hear a recording from Dr. Penix stating that Bernice was actually never pregnant, and their last shred of sanity dissolves. Enraged, Jessie catapults Bernice from her bed to the backyard and forces her to confess to knowing of this. She then ruins Claudia's expensive clothes to force her out, while Mark terrorizes Dale with an electric saw until he and his kids leave. Lastly, Jessie puts fireworks in Jonathan's cocaine bag, which explodes as he tries to flee in Dale's (loaner) Lotus. Mark and Jessie then threaten to torch their own house to keep their visitors away for good. The police arrive and apologize, stating that their only evidence—Scruffy—disappeared, and that they will pay for all damages incurred. Grindle arrives and, believing Mark meant to keep the stocks, declares that he amassed a small fortune when the scandal was found to be false. He offers Mark some of the profit and a promotion. Claudia takes the opportunity to seduce Grindle, and Dale flirts with one of the officers, much to C.K's chagrin. Scruffy returns from the police-station evidence room, but is determined to stay with Mark and Jessie. Bernice and Fred depart, with Fred taking more control than before. Jessie and Mark are about to get cozy, but first Mark smashes their ever-malfunctioning toilet with a sledgehammer.Jessie's furious on-air outburst earns her her own TV show, and she and Mark move into a three-bedroom house in Malibu and live happily ever after, until their parents came to visit.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Larroquette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Larroquette"},{"link_name":"Kirstie Alley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirstie_Alley"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bjorklund1997-1"},{"link_name":"Alison La Placa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_La_Placa"},{"link_name":"John Diehl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Diehl"},{"link_name":"Jessica Lundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Lundy"},{"link_name":"Bradley Gregg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_Gregg"},{"link_name":"Dennis Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Miller"},{"link_name":"Robert Ginty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ginty"},{"link_name":"Wayne Tippit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Tippit"},{"link_name":"Paul Eiding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Eiding"}],"text":"John Larroquette as Mark Bannister\nKirstie Alley as Jessie Bannister[1]\nAlison La Placa as Claudia, Jessie's sister\nJohn Diehl as Fred Bannister, Mark's cousin\nJessica Lundy as Bernice Bannister, Fred's wife\nBradley Gregg as Jonathan, Claudia's son\nDennis Miller as Wes, Mark's colleague\nRobert Ginty as Dale, the Bannister's neighbor\nWayne Tippit as Mr. Grindle, Mark's boss\nPaul Eiding as Stark\nMichael Zand as the voice of Kaddir, Claudia's husband\nAeryk Egan as C.K., Dale's son\nDeborah Otto as Katy","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Naficy2012-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ebert-3"}],"text":"The film was written and directed by Tom Ropelewski,[2] and produced by Leslie Dixon. The cinematographer was Denis Lewiston.[3]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ebert-3"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 0% based on reviews from 6 critics.[4] \nRoger Ebert gave it 2 out of 4 stars.[3] The Los Angeles Times gave it a negative review[5] and People magazine did as well.[6]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Bjorklund, Dennis A. (January 1997). Toasting Cheers: An Episode Guide to the 1982–1993 Comedy Series with Cast Biographies and Character Profiles. Praetorian Publishing. pp. 27–. ISBN 978-0-89950-962-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hKbxOW2ONGEC&pg=PA27","url_text":"Toasting Cheers: An Episode Guide to the 1982–1993 Comedy Series with Cast Biographies and Character Profiles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89950-962-4","url_text":"978-0-89950-962-4"}]},{"reference":"Naficy, Hamid (November 6, 2012). A Social History of Iranian Cinema, Volume 4: The Globalizing Era, 1984–2010. Duke University Press. pp. 286–. ISBN 978-0-8223-4878-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R6qITmzDBaEC&pg=PA286","url_text":"A Social History of Iranian Cinema, Volume 4: The Globalizing Era, 1984–2010"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4878-8","url_text":"978-0-8223-4878-8"}]},{"reference":"Ebert, Roger (February 16, 1990). \"Madhouse\". Chicago Sun Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert","url_text":"Ebert, Roger"},{"url":"http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/madhouse-1990","url_text":"\"Madhouse\""}]},{"reference":"\"Madhouse\". Rotten Tomatoes.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/madhouse_1990","url_text":"\"Madhouse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"}]},{"reference":"Wilmington, Michael (February 21, 1990). \"MOVIE REVIEW: 'Madhouse' a Satire That Misses the Mark\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-02-21-ca-976-story.html","url_text":"\"MOVIE REVIEW: 'Madhouse' a Satire That Misses the Mark\""}]},{"reference":"Novak, Ralph (March 5, 1990). \"Picks and Pans Review: Madhouse\". People.","urls":[{"url":"http://people.com/archive/picks-and-pans-review-madhouse-vol-33-no-9/","url_text":"\"Picks and Pans Review: Madhouse\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsham_Computer_Centre
Corsham Computer Centre
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°25′39″N 2°12′23″W / 51.42750°N 2.20639°W / 51.42750; -2.20639Underground British Ministry of Defence installation The Corsham Computer Centre (CCC) is an underground British Ministry of Defence (MoD) installation in Corsham, Wiltshire, built in the 1980s. According to the MoD, the centre "processes data in support of the Royal Navy". The centre has been similarly described by Des Browne in 2007, then Secretary of State for Defence, as a "data processing facility in support of Royal Navy operations". In written evidence to the Defence Select Committee in 2007, the Scottish Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament suggested that the centre supports the software maintenance of the United Kingdom nuclear deterrent programme, Trident. A The Herald newspaper report in 2016 stated that the "UK Software Facility" (UKSF), responsible for the Trident targeting system which was upgraded in 2015, was believed to be located at the Corsham Computer Centre. The facility was built near Hudswell Quarry, and close to the Box Tunnel part of the broader complex of tunnels and quarries in the Corsham area and adjacent to the former Central Ammunition Depot built before the Second World War. It is located a few hundred metres north east of the current MoD Corsham. The site falls within a wider facilities management contract, the Bristol Bath Total Facilities Management project. It was awarded to Debut Services, a special purpose vehicle of Babcock Defence and Bovis Lend Lease, in September 2007 for a period of three years, with the option to extend the contract for a further three years. References ^ "Chiller project tackles environment and efficiency" (PDF). desider. Ministry of Defence. January 2010. p. 33. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 December 2010. ^ Browne, Des (22 November 2007). "Written Answers: Trident: RAF Corsham". Hansard. UK Parliament. 22 Nov 2007 : Column 1033W. Retrieved 13 April 2020. ^ "Further memorandum from Scottish Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament". Hansard. House of Commons. 19 January 2007. ^ "Strategic Weapons Targeting Systems - a new era" (PDF). desider. No. 90. Defence Equipment and Support. December 2015. p. 24. Retrieved 12 April 2020. ^ Edwards, Rob (28 February 2016). "Revelations of Trident upgrade prompt claims that UK nukes are under American control". The Herald. Scotland. Retrieved 11 April 2020. ^ "Corsham Computer Centre". Mendip Cave Registry. Mendip Cave Registry & Archive. 13 January 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2020. ^ "Award of £45 million Facilities Management Contract". Babcock International Group. 13 September 2007. Archived from the original on 18 August 2011. External links Phil Chamberlain, "Secret NATO Command Bunker", Indymedia, 11 November 2003. Includes photograph of Corsham Computer Centre entrance. 51°25′39″N 2°12′23″W / 51.42750°N 2.20639°W / 51.42750; -2.20639 This article about a Wiltshire building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ministry of Defence (MoD)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Corsham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsham"},{"link_name":"Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Des Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Browne"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Defence"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hansard-20071122-2"},{"link_name":"Defence Select Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Select_Committee"},{"link_name":"Scottish Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Campaign_for_Nuclear_Disarmament"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom nuclear deterrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Trident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trident_(UK_nuclear_programme)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Herald_(Glasgow)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-desider-90-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heraldscotland-20160228-5"},{"link_name":"Box Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"MoD Corsham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MoD_Corsham"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcra-20130113-6"},{"link_name":"special purpose vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_purpose_entity"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Underground British Ministry of Defence installationThe Corsham Computer Centre (CCC) is an underground British Ministry of Defence (MoD) installation in Corsham, Wiltshire, built in the 1980s. According to the MoD, the centre \"processes data in support of the Royal Navy\".[1] The centre has been similarly described by Des Browne in 2007, then Secretary of State for Defence, as a \"data processing facility in support of Royal Navy operations\".[2]In written evidence to the Defence Select Committee in 2007, the Scottish Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament suggested that the centre supports the software maintenance of the United Kingdom nuclear deterrent programme, Trident.[3] A The Herald newspaper report in 2016 stated that the \"UK Software Facility\" (UKSF), responsible for the Trident targeting system which was upgraded in 2015,[4] was believed to be located at the Corsham Computer Centre.[5]The facility was built near Hudswell Quarry, and close to the Box Tunnel part of the broader complex of tunnels and quarries in the Corsham area and adjacent to the former Central Ammunition Depot built before the Second World War. It is located a few hundred metres north east of the current MoD Corsham.[6]The site falls within a wider facilities management contract, the Bristol Bath Total Facilities Management project. It was awarded to Debut Services, a special purpose vehicle of Babcock Defence and Bovis Lend Lease, in September 2007 for a period of three years, with the option to extend the contract for a further three years.[7]","title":"Corsham Computer Centre"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Chiller project tackles environment and efficiency\" (PDF). desider. Ministry of Defence. January 2010. p. 33. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/6D72820F-7295-4EB7-858C-E86853A7D341/0/desider_21_Jan10.pdf","url_text":"\"Chiller project tackles environment and efficiency\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"Ministry of Defence"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101231004126/http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/6D72820F-7295-4EB7-858C-E86853A7D341/0/desider_21_Jan10.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Browne, Des (22 November 2007). \"Written Answers: Trident: RAF Corsham\". Hansard. UK Parliament. 22 Nov 2007 : Column 1033W. Retrieved 13 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmhansrd/cm071122/text/71122w0005.htm#07112248000048","url_text":"\"Written Answers: Trident: RAF Corsham\""}]},{"reference":"\"Further memorandum from Scottish Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament\". Hansard. House of Commons. 19 January 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200607/cmselect/cmdfence/225/225we06.htm","url_text":"\"Further memorandum from Scottish Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansard","url_text":"Hansard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom","url_text":"House of Commons"}]},{"reference":"\"Strategic Weapons Targeting Systems - a new era\" (PDF). desider. No. 90. Defence Equipment and Support. December 2015. p. 24. Retrieved 12 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/484828/20151210-desider_90_Dec2015.pdf","url_text":"\"Strategic Weapons Targeting Systems - a new era\""}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Rob (28 February 2016). \"Revelations of Trident upgrade prompt claims that UK nukes are under American control\". The Herald. Scotland. Retrieved 11 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/14307398.revelations-of-trident-upgrade-prompt-claims-that-uk-nukes-are-under-american-control/","url_text":"\"Revelations of Trident upgrade prompt claims that UK nukes are under American control\""}]},{"reference":"\"Corsham Computer Centre\". Mendip Cave Registry. Mendip Cave Registry & Archive. 13 January 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mcra.org.uk/registry/sitedetails.php?id=2073","url_text":"\"Corsham Computer Centre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Award of £45 million Facilities Management Contract\". Babcock International Group. 13 September 2007. Archived from the original on 18 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110818152615/http://investors.babcock.co.uk/news/rns-story.aspx?RnsID=1189680822nRNSM8077D","url_text":"\"Award of £45 million Facilities Management Contract\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babcock_International_Group","url_text":"Babcock International Group"},{"url":"http://investors.babcock.co.uk/news/rns-story.aspx?RnsID=1189680822nRNSM8077D","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashoba_Commune
Nashoba Community
["1 Purpose","2 Demise","3 Legacy","4 See also","5 Footnotes","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 35°08′47″N 89°50′42″W / 35.1465°N 89.8449°W / 35.1465; -89.8449Utopian community to prepare slaves for emancipation Sketch of Nashoba, from Domestic Manners of the Americans, 1832 The Nashoba Community was an experimental project of Frances "Fanny" Wright, initiated in 1825 to educate and emancipate slaves. It was located in a 2,000-acre (8 km2) woodland on the side of present-day Germantown, Tennessee, a Memphis suburb, along the Wolf River. It was a small-scale test of her full-compensation emancipation plan in which no slaveholders would lose money for emancipating slaves. Instead, Wright proposed that, through a system of unified labor, the slaves would buy their freedom and then be transported to Haiti or the settlements which would become Liberia. Purpose The commune was to create a demonstration of Wright's emancipation plan: to create a place to educate slaves and prepare them for freedom and colonization in Haiti or Liberia. Wright was strongly influenced by Robert Owen and his utopian community, New Harmony, Indiana. Surviving for three years, Nashoba outlasted New Harmony. Wright first expressed her plan of emancipation in an article called "A Plan for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery in the United States, without Danger of Loss to the Citizens of the South," which she published in the New Harmony Gazette in October 1825. Wright believed that if she could arrange emancipation without financial loss to slaveholders, planters of the South would use it. She believed that slaveholders were "anxious to manumit their people, but apprehensive about throwing them unprepared into the world." Wright imagined that if her experimental community was successful, its methods could be applied throughout the nation. Wright raised funds and recruited people. Among the first were the Englishman George Flower and his family, who had founded another settlement in Albion, Illinois. The social reformer Emily Ronalds contributed £300 to the scheme. Wright could not raise sufficient monetary support however and ended up using a good portion of her own fortune to buy land and slaves. She called it "Nashoba," the Chickasaw word for "wolf." Nashoba is remembered as an egalitarian, interracial community, but it did not reach these goals. While Wright was a champion of emancipation, the slaves in the community were her property until they could buy themselves out. In "Revisiting Nashoba," Gail Bederman says, "Nashoba's continued commitment to colonization and fully compensated emancipation meant that its slaves remained both subordinates and, most fundamentally, property." When the compensated emancipation plan failed to produce results, Wright turned Nashoba into a kind of utopian community. The white members of the community became the trustees and were responsible for administering the property and making the decisions. The slaves could never become trustees. Wright left Nashoba in 1827 for Europe to recover from malaria. During her absence, the trustees managed the community, but by Wright's return in 1828, Nashoba had collapsed. At its largest, Nashoba had only 20 members. Nashoba is described briefly in Frances Trollope's 1832 book Domestic Manners of the Americans. She visited Nashoba with Wright in 1827 and lived in the United States for a few years. Her work was critical of American society for its lack of polish. She thought residents at Nashoba lacked both sufficient provisions and luxuries. Demise The interim managers of Nashoba instigated the concept of free love within the commune. In practice, it was interracial, but far from egalitarian. As rumors spread of inter-racial marriage, the Commune encountered increasing financial difficulty, eventually leading to its collapse in 1828. Before Nashoba failed, Wright was returning by ship to America. On her journey, she wrote "Explanatory Notes Respecting the Nature and Objects of the Institution of Nashoba, and of the Principles upon which it is Founded." She elaborated on a notion of Nashoba as an interracial and egalitarian utopia. Her plan outlined in "Explanatory Notes" was never put into effect, however; Nashoba had already failed when Wright arrived back in the US. Wright personally chartered a ship and delivered the remaining slaves of Nashoba to Haiti, where she emancipated them. Legacy Despite the failure of Nashoba, it provided an example of working utopian theory. Wright had progressive ideas of liberty and equality for her time, but the burden of leadership and financial hardship proved too much for the community. In 1963 Edd Winfield Parks published Nashoba, described as "a novel about Fanny Wright's gallant utopian experiment to emancipate the slaves". The Twin Oaks Community, founded in 1967, is an intentional community of 100 members in Virginia. All the buildings are named after former communities, and one residence has been named for Nashoba. Additionally, the Neshoba Unitarian Universalist Church, founded in 1992 in the area where the commune was located, is named after Nashoba. The name Nashoba (sometimes spelled "Neshoba") is still used in the Germantown area for place names, such as Neshoba Road running between Kirby Parkway and Kimbrough Road. It was also briefly the name of Germantown during World War I as a sign of "protest" against the country of Germany. See also List of Owenite communities in the United States New Harmony, Indiana Robert Owen Shelby Farms Footnotes ^ a b c d e f g h i Bederman, Gail. "Revisiting Nashoba: Slavery, Utopia, and Frances Wright in America, 1818-1826," American Literary History, vol. 17, no. 3 (2005), pp. 438-459. ^ * Renee M. Stowitzky, Searching for Freedom through Utopia: Revisiting Frances Wright's Nashoba. Honors Thesis. Vanderbilt University, 2004. ^ a b Quoted in Stowitzky, Searching for Freedom through Utopia, pg. 38. ^ Ronalds, B.F. (2023). "Emily Ronalds (1795-1889) and her Social Reform Work". Transactions of the Unitarian Historical Society. 28 (2): 81–95. ^ a b Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, www.tennesseeencyclopedia.net ^ Holloway, Mark. Heavens on Earth: Utopian Communities in America 1680-1880, New York: Library, 1951; pg. 114. ^ Kanter, Rosabeth Moss. Commitment and Community: Communes and Utopias in Sociological Perspective. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1972; pg. 247. ^ Parks, Edd Winfield (1963). Nashoba. New York: Twayne. Further reading Renee M. Stowitzky, Searching for Freedom through Utopia: Revisiting Frances Wright's Nashoba. Honors Thesis. Vanderbilt University, 2004. Allen, Michael (2023). "The Antebellum Valley". Mississippi River Valley: The Course of American Civilization. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Digital Press. doi:10.31274/isudp.2023.135. ISBN 978-1-958291-00-9. S2CID 259469983. External links The Germantown Museum: Andy Pouncey. Frances Wright – Part III 35°08′47″N 89°50′42″W / 35.1465°N 89.8449°W / 35.1465; -89.8449
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It was located in a 2,000-acre (8 km2) woodland on the side of present-day Germantown, Tennessee, a Memphis suburb, along the Wolf River. It was a small-scale test of her full-compensation emancipation plan in which no slaveholders would lose money for emancipating slaves. Instead, Wright proposed that, through a system of unified labor, the slaves would buy their freedom and then be transported to Haiti or the settlements which would become Liberia.[1]","title":"Nashoba Community"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bederman-1"},{"link_name":"Robert Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen"},{"link_name":"utopian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia"},{"link_name":"New Harmony, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Harmony,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"New Harmony Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Harmony_Gazette&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"planters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planter_(American_South)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stowitzky38-3"},{"link_name":"Albion, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albion,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stowitzky38-3"},{"link_name":"Emily Ronalds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Ronalds"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bederman-1"},{"link_name":"Chickasaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickasaw"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nashoba-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nashoba-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bederman-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bederman-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bederman-1"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"malaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Frances Trollope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Trollope"},{"link_name":"Domestic Manners of the Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_Manners_of_the_Americans"}],"text":"The commune was to create a demonstration of Wright's emancipation plan: to create a place to educate slaves and prepare them for freedom and colonization in Haiti or Liberia.[1] Wright was strongly influenced by Robert Owen and his utopian community, New Harmony, Indiana. Surviving for three years, Nashoba outlasted New Harmony.Wright first expressed her plan of emancipation in an article called \"A Plan for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery in the United States, without Danger of Loss to the Citizens of the South,\" which she published in the New Harmony Gazette in October 1825.[2] Wright believed that if she could arrange emancipation without financial loss to slaveholders, planters of the South would use it. She believed that slaveholders were \"anxious to manumit their people, but apprehensive about throwing them unprepared into the world.\"[3] Wright imagined that if her experimental community was successful, its methods could be applied throughout the nation.Wright raised funds and recruited people. Among the first were the Englishman George Flower and his family, who had founded another settlement in Albion, Illinois.[3] The social reformer Emily Ronalds contributed £300 to the scheme.[4] Wright could not raise sufficient monetary support however and ended up using a good portion of her own fortune to buy land and slaves.[1] She called it \"Nashoba,\" the Chickasaw word for \"wolf.\"[5]Nashoba is remembered as an egalitarian, interracial community, but it did not reach these goals.[5] While Wright was a champion of emancipation,[6] the slaves in the community were her property until they could buy themselves out.[1] In \"Revisiting Nashoba,\" Gail Bederman says, \"Nashoba's continued commitment to colonization and fully compensated emancipation meant that its slaves remained both subordinates and, most fundamentally, property.\"[1]When the compensated emancipation plan failed to produce results, Wright turned Nashoba into a kind of utopian community. The white members of the community became the trustees and were responsible for administering the property and making the decisions.[1] The slaves could never become trustees.Wright left Nashoba in 1827 for Europe to recover from malaria. During her absence, the trustees managed the community, but by Wright's return in 1828, Nashoba had collapsed. At its largest, Nashoba had only 20 members.[7]Nashoba is described briefly in Frances Trollope's 1832 book Domestic Manners of the Americans. She visited Nashoba with Wright in 1827 and lived in the United States for a few years. Her work was critical of American society for its lack of polish. She thought residents at Nashoba lacked both sufficient provisions and luxuries.","title":"Purpose"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"free love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_love"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bederman-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bederman-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bederman-1"}],"text":"The interim managers of Nashoba instigated the concept of free love within the commune. In practice, it was interracial, but far from egalitarian.[1] As rumors spread of inter-racial marriage, the Commune encountered increasing financial difficulty, eventually leading to its collapse in 1828.Before Nashoba failed, Wright was returning by ship to America. On her journey, she wrote \"Explanatory Notes Respecting the Nature and Objects of the Institution of Nashoba, and of the Principles upon which it is Founded.\" She elaborated on a notion of Nashoba as an interracial and egalitarian utopia.[1] Her plan outlined in \"Explanatory Notes\" was never put into effect, however; Nashoba had already failed when Wright arrived back in the US. Wright personally chartered a ship and delivered the remaining slaves of Nashoba to Haiti, where she emancipated them.[1]","title":"Demise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edd Winfield Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edd_Winfield_Parks"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Twin Oaks Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Oaks_Community"},{"link_name":"intentional community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_community"}],"text":"Despite the failure of Nashoba, it provided an example of working utopian theory. Wright had progressive ideas of liberty and equality for her time, but the burden of leadership and financial hardship proved too much for the community.In 1963 Edd Winfield Parks published Nashoba, described as \"a novel about Fanny Wright's gallant utopian experiment to emancipate the slaves\".[8]The Twin Oaks Community, founded in 1967, is an intentional community of 100 members in Virginia. All the buildings are named after former communities, and one residence has been named for Nashoba.Additionally, the Neshoba Unitarian Universalist Church, founded in 1992 in the area where the commune was located, is named after Nashoba.The name Nashoba (sometimes spelled \"Neshoba\") is still used in the Germantown area for place names, such as Neshoba Road running between Kirby Parkway and Kimbrough Road. It was also briefly the name of Germantown during World War I as a sign of \"protest\" against the country of Germany.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bederman_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bederman_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bederman_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bederman_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bederman_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bederman_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bederman_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bederman_1-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bederman_1-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Searching for Freedom through Utopia: Revisiting Frances Wright's Nashoba.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//discoverarchive.vanderbilt.edu/bitstream/handle/1803/82/04StowitzkyRMHHT.pdf?sequence=1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Stowitzky38_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Stowitzky38_3-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Nashoba_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Nashoba_5-1"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture,","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//tennesseeencyclopedia.net/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Nashoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015050307977&view=1up&seq=7"},{"link_name":"Twayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twayne"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h i Bederman, Gail. \"Revisiting Nashoba: Slavery, Utopia, and Frances Wright in America, 1818-1826,\" American Literary History, vol. 17, no. 3 (2005), pp. 438-459.\n\n^ * Renee M. Stowitzky, Searching for Freedom through Utopia: Revisiting Frances Wright's Nashoba. Honors Thesis. Vanderbilt University, 2004.\n\n^ a b Quoted in Stowitzky, Searching for Freedom through Utopia, pg. 38.\n\n^ Ronalds, B.F. (2023). \"Emily Ronalds (1795-1889) and her Social Reform Work\". Transactions of the Unitarian Historical Society. 28 (2): 81–95.\n\n^ a b Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, www.tennesseeencyclopedia.net\n\n^ Holloway, Mark. Heavens on Earth: Utopian Communities in America 1680-1880, New York: Library, 1951; pg. 114.\n\n^ Kanter, Rosabeth Moss. Commitment and Community: Communes and Utopias in Sociological Perspective. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1972; pg. 247.\n\n^ Parks, Edd Winfield (1963). Nashoba. New York: Twayne.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Searching for Freedom through Utopia: Revisiting Frances Wright's Nashoba.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//discoverarchive.vanderbilt.edu/bitstream/handle/1803/82/04StowitzkyRMHHT.pdf?sequence=1"},{"link_name":"Iowa State University Digital Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_State_University_Digital_Press"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.31274/isudp.2023.135","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.31274%2Fisudp.2023.135"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-958291-00-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-958291-00-9"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"259469983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259469983"}],"text":"Renee M. Stowitzky, Searching for Freedom through Utopia: Revisiting Frances Wright's Nashoba. Honors Thesis. Vanderbilt University, 2004.\nAllen, Michael (2023). \"The Antebellum Valley\". Mississippi River Valley: The Course of American Civilization. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Digital Press. doi:10.31274/isudp.2023.135. ISBN 978-1-958291-00-9. S2CID 259469983.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Sketch of Nashoba, from Domestic Manners of the Americans, 1832","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Domestic_manners_of_the_Americans_%281832%29_%2814587218219%29.jpg/260px-Domestic_manners_of_the_Americans_%281832%29_%2814587218219%29.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of Owenite communities in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Owenite_communities_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"New Harmony, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Harmony,_Indiana"},{"title":"Robert Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Owen"},{"title":"Shelby Farms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Farms"}]
[{"reference":"Ronalds, B.F. (2023). \"Emily Ronalds (1795-1889) and her Social Reform Work\". Transactions of the Unitarian Historical Society. 28 (2): 81–95.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Parks, Edd Winfield (1963). Nashoba. New York: Twayne.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015050307977&view=1up&seq=7","url_text":"Nashoba"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twayne","url_text":"Twayne"}]},{"reference":"Allen, Michael (2023). \"The Antebellum Valley\". Mississippi River Valley: The Course of American Civilization. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Digital Press. doi:10.31274/isudp.2023.135. ISBN 978-1-958291-00-9. S2CID 259469983.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_State_University_Digital_Press","url_text":"Iowa State University Digital Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.31274%2Fisudp.2023.135","url_text":"10.31274/isudp.2023.135"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-958291-00-9","url_text":"978-1-958291-00-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259469983","url_text":"259469983"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Quds_Day_demonstrations
List of Quds Day demonstrations
["1 1980s","2 1990s","3 2000–2008","4 2009 Quds Day","5 2010 Quds Day","6 2012 Quds Day","7 2013 Quds Day","7.1 Canada","8 2014 Quds Day","8.1 Germany","8.2 Iran","8.3 Nigeria","8.4 Pakistan","8.5 South Africa","8.6 Syria","8.7 United Kingdom","9 2015 Quds day","9.1 Austria","9.2 Germany","9.3 Iran","9.4 United Kingdom","9.5 United States","10 2016 Quds day","10.1 Iran","10.2 North America","10.3 United Kingdom","11 2017 Quds day","11.1 United Kingdom","12 Germany 1996–2019","13 2024 Quds day","14 References"]
This article contains a list of Quds Day demonstrations around world. 1980s On Quds Day 1985, amid the "war of the cities" of the Iran–Iraq War, Iraqi bombers and long-range missiles struck 14 cities, reportedly killing at least 78 people and wounding 326. According to the Islamic Republic News Agency, the sound of the exploding bombs and missiles in Tehran was drowned out by the crowds chanting "War, war until victory 3/8." On Quds Day 1987, held shortly after the outbreak of the First Intifada, effigies of U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Israeli leaders were burned in Iran "as a sign of Moslem nations' revolutionary wrath against Zionism, imperialism and apartheid." In Tehran, President Ali Khamenei said the Palestinians "should resist and fight Zionism. This is the message of the whole Iranian people who chant the 'Death to Israel' slogan." On Quds Day 1989, Iranian parliament speaker Hashemi Rafsanjani said that Palestinians should kill Americans and other Westerners in retaliation for attacks by the Israeli military in the occupied territories: "If in retaliation for every Palestinian martyred in Palestine they will kill and execute, not inside Palestine, five Americans or Britons or Frenchmen, they (Israelis) could not continue these wrongs. It is not hard to kill Americans or Frenchman. It is a bit difficult to kill (Israelis). But there are so many (Americans and Frenchman) everywhere in the world." 1990s Fearing an Israeli military strike, Hezbollah cancelled its annual Quds Day rallies in 1992 for the first time in the group's history. 10 days earlier, a suicide bombing in Buenos Aires, Argentina destroyed the Israeli embassy there and killed 29 people injured 242 others. Hezbollah was implicated in the attack. In 1994, Iranian President Hashemi Rafsanjani told demonstrators, "Can Israel really remain? In my opinion it cannot. That artificial entity cannot survive." In 1998, former Iranian president Hashemi Rafsanjani stated that Israel's crimes against the Palestinians exceeded those of Adolf Hitler against the Jews. He added, "The Zionist regime is a fake government and homeland which is shaped with millions of homeless Palestinians and hundreds of thousands of Muslim martyrs... I'm sure that in the future we will have Islamic Palestine. I'm sure nothing will remain as the territory of Israel." In 1999, a reported three million people attended Quds Day rallies in Iran. In Tehran, a resolution was read aloud calling for struggle "until the aggressor Zionist regime is annihilated." Iranian Parliament Speaker Ali Akbar Nateq-Nouri told worshipers at Friday prayers, "There is no country named Israel. There is Palestine, and the thieves who have occupied the houses of Palestinians should be removed from those houses." In Beirut, Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah told thousands of supporters, "On Al-Quds Day, I reaffirm to you that Israel will be eliminated one day, God willing." At the Yarmouk Palestinian refugee camp in Syria, protesters carried a banner that read "America is the enemy of God." 2000–2008 March in Malmö, Sweden; Al-Quds Day 2008 Quds Day marchers in Qom, Iran Over one million people, with over 100,000 in each of Iran's eight largest cities, marched in the 2005 Quds Day protests in Tehran and other cities across Iran. Protests were staged throughout the Middle East and the wider Arab World, with over 30,000 Bahrainis marching in Manama, and 6,000 Hezbollah volunteers marching in Beirut. In 2006, Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad threatened any country that supports Israel, and said the U.S. and its allies had "imposed a group of terrorists" on the region with their support of the Jewish state. He added that Israel no longer had any reason to exist and would soon disappear: "This regime, thanks to God, has lost the reason for its existence. Efforts to stabilize this fake (Israeli) regime, by the grace of God, have completely failed... You should believe that this regime is disappearing." That year, Hezbollah did not organize a mass rally for Quds Day, stating it was unnecessary because it had recently held a demonstration on September 22 to celebrate what it declared to be its "victory" over Israel in that summer's conflict. In the place of a mass event, the day was commemorated with an "invitation-only event in a concert hall featured an orchestra, a choir and several anti-Israel speeches." The 2007 Quds Day protest saw millions of Iranians march in support of the Palestinians. During the rallies in Tehran, President Ahmadinejad said that the "creation, continued existence and unlimited (Western) support for this regime is an insult to human dignity." The protests also featured signs denouncing the U.S. government for its support of Israel. Over 3,000 people marched in Damascus carrying Palestinian flags. Hezbollah organized marches in the city's Yarmouk refugee camp. 2009 Quds Day Supporters of Iranian opposition groups used the 2009 Quds Day to stage protests against President Ahmadinejad and the Iranian government in response to the disputed 2009 Iranian presidential election. Estimates put the opposition protest in the tens of thousands, with participants shouting slogans in support of former prime minister Mir-Hossein Mousavi, the candidate who received the most votes in the presidential elections. Rejecting the government's support of Palestinian militancy, opposition protesters chanted, "No to Gaza and Lebanon, I will give my life for Iran." There were reports of similar protests in Isfahan, Tabriz, Yazd and Shiraz. Iranian state TV played down the unrest. Independent sources estimated "tens of thousands" to over 100,000 in Tehran, many of them bused in by the government. At least ten anti-government protesters were arrested during the demonstrations. An angry crowd of Ahmadinejad supporters attacked Mousavi's car while shouting "Death to the hypocrite Mousavi." In other cities Basiji militiamen attacked protesters. As he has done on previous such occasions, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad provoked intense criticism and condemnation from Western governments in particular. He stated, "The pretext (Holocaust) for the creation of the Zionist regime (Israel) is false ... It is a lie based on an unprovable and mythical claim." His statements drew immediate condemnation from the governments of the United States, Russia, and the European Union. In Lebanon, Hassan Nasrallah, the leader of Hezbollah, used the occasion to call for popular resistance to replace the regimes in the Middle East with regimes that are 'convinced of war in order to send their armies to war.' 2010 Quds Day Demonstration against Al Quds Day 2010 in Berlin. At the 2010 Quds Day rally in Tehran, Iranian President Ahmadinejad again predicted the demise of Israel, stating, "If the leaders of the region do not have the guts, then the people of the region are capable of removing the Zionist regime from the world scene." He dismissed any Israeli military threat to Iran's nuclear program, declaring, "The Zionist regime is nothing and even its (Western) masters are too small to conduct any kind of aggression against Iran and the rights of the Iranian people." Ahmadinejad also proclaimed new peace talks between Israelis and Palestinians as "stillborn and doomed." The tens of thousands of Iranians participating in the rallies continued the regular chants of "Death to America! Death to Israel!" The day before the rallies, Ayatollah Khamenei tweeted, "Israel Is A Hideous Entity In the Middle East Which Will Undoubtedly Be Annihilated." Israeli flags being burnt at the 2011 Quds Day demonstration in Nishapur, northeastern Iran. In Lebanon, the day after the resumption of direct peace negotiations between Israel and Palestine, Hassan Nasrallah, Hezbollah secretary-general, declared that: Our nation cannot ignore and forget this cause (al-Quds) because it is part of our religion, our religious commitment, our culture, our civilization, our morals and values and our past history. ... No one has the right to give up one span of its land, one grain of its sacred sand, one drop of its water, or one letter of its name. Al Quds Day is the day for announcing this ideological, legal, historic true constant position. On this day we make the announcement that neither al-Quds nor even one of its streets nor even a neighbourhood of its neighbourhoods – and not only all of al-Quds -may be an eternal capital for the so-called state of Israel. Al Quds is the capital of Palestine, and as we have said in the past, it is the capital of earth and the capital of heaven one way or another.' In Quetta, Pakistan, a suicide bomber attacked Pakistani Shias holding a Quds Day rally. The Pakistani Taliban claimed responsibility for the attack, which killed at least 65 people and wounded 160. 2012 Quds Day Protesters against the 2011 Quds Day demonstrations in Berlin. On August 17, 2012, millions of Iranians commemorated al-Quds Day, where they waved Palestinian flags, chanted "Death to Israel and America," and burned Israeli and American flags. Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad called to destroy Israel, which he termed an "insult to all humanity" and called to remove the "Zionist black stain." Ahmadinejad said that "the Zionist regime is a tool to dominate the Middle East," as well as that world powers are “thirsty for Iranian blood." Ahmadinejad stated that "The Zionist regime and the Zionists are a cancerous tumour. Even if one cell of them is left in one inch of (Palestinian) land, in the future this story (of Israel's existence) will repeat." He further stated that "The nations of the region will soon finish off the usurper Zionists in the Palestinian land. ... A new Middle East will definitely be formed. With the grace of God and help of the nations, in the new Middle East there will be no trace of the Americans and Zionist." In Lebanon, Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah stated in a televised speech that, in the eventuality of a future Israeli attack on Lebanon, only a few rockets fired by the group's militia could cause massive casualties, given its well-planned target list, explaining that: "Rockets are ready and directed at these targets. We will not hesitate to use them, if we have to, at any point in time in the course of aggression against our country to protect our people. ... Hezbollah cannot destroy Israel but we can transform the lives of millions of Zionists in occupied Palestine into a real hell. We can change the face of Israel." Hundreds of people turned out in Gaza to protest the Israeli occupation of Jerusalem. A spokesman for the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine said "We are committed to the right of return and to liberation of prisoners and resistance against the occupation as long as it is on our land". In Bahrain, dozens took part in the protests, which were dispersed by security forces' tear gas. Labour Party politician Jeremy Corbyn attended the London rally, which was supported by the Stop the War Coalition. He was photographed coincidentally standing near Hezbollah flags, for which he was criticised on social media. 2013 Quds Day On August 2, 2013, Quds rallies were held in "the United Kingdom, Australia, Iran, the United States, and across the Muslim world". While Iranians were commemorating al-Quds Day, Iranian Students News Agency (ISNA) reported that newly elected President Hassan Rouhani said "the Zionist regime is a wound that has sat on the body of the Muslim world for years and needs to be removed," although ISNA later retracted the statement. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu responded by saying "Rouhani's true face has been exposed earlier than expected," and warned that despite the election of the so-called moderate, "the objective of the regime – to acquire nuclear weapons to threaten Israel, the Middle East and peace and security throughout the world – has not changed." Outgoing Iranian President Ahmadinejad addressed Al-Quds day crowds, warning of an impending regional storm that would uproot Israel. He also said that Israel "has no place in the region." Canada In Toronto, Canada, a crowd of approximately 400 held an Al-Quds Day rally. One of the speakers, Elias Hazineh, a Christian, reportedly elicited cheers from the crowd when he declared an ultimatum to Israelis: “You have to leave Jerusalem. You have to leave Palestine. When somebody tries to rob a bank the police get in, they don't negotiate and we have been negotiating with them for 65 years. We say get out or you are dead! We give them two minutes and then we start shooting. And that’s the only way that they will understand." Hazineh then concluded his speech by quoting from the Quran: "And prepare against them whatever you are able of power and steeds of war – that's the only thing that they'll understand!" A video of the event, including Hazineh's speech, was later posted online. Those remarks drew swift condemnation. 2014 Quds Day This way too much information about an unimportant event in 2014 may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's layout guidelines. Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure. (June 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) See also: Reactions to the 2014 Israel-Gaza conflict § 2014 Quds Day On July 25, 2014, Iran's Press TV claimed that millions of people from around the world rallied in a show of support for Palestinians. This year's rallies were held with a higher turnout as Israel and Hamas began renewed armed conflict on July 8 in Gaza. Germany Quds Day 2014 in Berlin More than a thousand people gathered at Adenauerplatz in Berlin for a demonstration against "zionists" calling for a free Palestine while thousands of police were on alert to avoid possible conflicts between protesters and pro-Israeli groups on Quds Day. Approximately 700 pro-Israel marchers also held a rally according to the German police. Jurgen Grassmann, the chief organizer of Berlin's Al-Quds Day March asked the demonstrators not to shout "Allahu Akbar". He reminded them the fact that they had gathered against Zionism and not Judaism, advising the protestors to “Keep Allah in your heart, but don't say so out loud." Iran Hundreds of thousands of Iranians in the capital Tehran and more than 770 other towns and cities throughout the country on international Quds day took part in massive rallies to express their support for the Palestinian resistance against Israel. The event took on added significance this year given the ongoing Israel and Hamas conflict in Gaza. Nigeria In Nigeria, the 2014 Quds day procession took place in 24 major cities, mostly in the north of the country. The processions were organized by Nigerian Islamic Movement. The processions were all conducted peacefully except in Zaria, the abode of the leader of the movement, Ibrahim Zakzaky; where the Nigerian Army reportedly opened fire on the participants and killed 35 people, including three (3) biological sons of the head of the movement. Pakistan Thousands of people in many cities across Pakistan marched in support of Palestine. The Jamaat-e-Islami political party organized rallies in several cities. Popular Shia cleric Syed Jawad Naqvi orchestrated a separate rally in the city of Lahore. South Africa Almost 5,000 pro-Palestinian rallied in the streets of Cape Town, to express their support for the people of Palestine. The rally commenced from Keizersgracht Street in District Six towards the Parliament. The protestors delivered a memorandum calling the government to take solid measures against the occupation of Palestine to the Parliament. According to the Voice of the Cape, it called for the expulsion of the Israeli ambassador and also urged the protesters to boycott local stores which stock products manufactured in the occupied territories of Palestine. Syria International al-Quds rally took place in Damascus, starting from he entrance of al-Hamidiyeh market towards the Umayyad Mosque. Popular figures and representatives of Palestinian and Syrian forces accompanied the rally. The demonstrators claimed to support the resistance until Palestinian freedom is achieved. United Kingdom Thousands of British demonstrators took part in a march in central London, ending with a rally outside the US embassy against US–Israel arms deals. 2015 Quds day A woman participating 2015 Quds day rally, Chicago. Shamshad Haider from the Muslim Congress speaking during the 2015 Quds rally, Chicago. Austria According to Samuel Laster, the editor-in-chief of the online news outlet Die Jüdische ("The Jewish"), 700 people participated an anti-Israeli rally in Vienna, while 150 pro-Israel counter-protesters hold a similar event to support Israel. Germany Almost 700 people participated the 2015 Quds Day rally in Berlin, Germany. The participants chanted "Child murderer Israel" and other slogans, according to German media outlets. A counter-rally comprising 250 participants was also held. Several members of Neturei Karta, an anti-Zionist Jewish religious group that calls for a dismantling of the State of Israel, took part in the rally. Iran Millions of people held rallies in 770 cities across Iran chanting "Down with America" and "Death to Israel" on Al-Quds Day. United Kingdom In London, a protest was organized by the Islamic Human Rights Commission. United States Almost 250 people participated in a Quds Day rally held in Chicago. Besides focusing on the "continuing siege of Gaza", the speakers "called for the U.S. to end military aid to Israel." Almost 150 people formed a rally at the CNN center in Atlanta to support the Palestinian people and call for the US government to stop supporting the state of Israel. 2016 Quds day Iran Demonstrations took place across Iran on July 1, 2016. According to The Washington Post, "tens of thousands" of people marched in the capital, Tehran. Some protesters trampled on Israeli flags, and some chanted "death to Israel" and "down with the USA." At a sermon in Tehran on Al-Quds day, IRGC Deputy Commander Hossein Salami claimed that over 100,000 missiles in Lebanon, as well as thousands more throughout the Islamic world, were ready "strike at the heart of the Zionist regime. They will prepare the ground for its great collapse in the new era. ... They are just waiting for the command, so that when the trigger is pulled, the accursed black dot will be wiped off the geopolitical map of the world, once and for all." North America Al-Quds Day demonstrations were scheduled for several cities in the United States and Canada. In Toronto, the demonstration route began at Queen's Park, the provincial legislature, and proceeded to the U.S. Consulate. In Toronto, Calgary, New York City, Chicago, Boston and Los Angeles, the Jewish Defense League organized counter-demonstrations. United Kingdom Demonstrations in London were organized by the Islamic Human Rights Commission (IHRC) on Sunday, July 3, 2016. The terminus of the demonstration route is the U.S. Embassy at Grosvenor Square. Counter-demonstrations were organized by Sussex Friends of Israel (SFI). 2017 Quds day United Kingdom The Quds Day march for 2017 occurred that year on June 18. In London, the march went on as planned although more than 15,000 people had petitioned Mayor Sadiq Khan to forbid it. The Hezbollah flag was flown during the event, as the organisation at the time was not on the proscribed list. The driver in the 2017 Finsbury Park van attack allegedly made references to the pro-Palestinian march before the attack. Germany 1996–2019 In the German capital Berlin Al-Quds demonstrations were held first in 1996 and then every year until 2019. The events were sometimes watched and reported by the German intelligence agency Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution. The 2020 and 2021 demonstrations were cancelled by the organizers, citing COVID-19 restrictions. In 2020, Hezbollah was banned in Germany, with Interior Minister Horst Seehofer pointing to hate speech by fundamentalist Shia Muslims against Israel. 2024 Quds day Tens of thousands of people around the world staged rallies as an extension of the Israel–Hamas war protests. More than 37,000 Palestinians have been killed by Israel. Events occurred in Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kashmir, Lebanon and Malaysia. In Houston, Texas, at least three protesters at an Al Quds day demonstration were arrested and a further demonstration took place outside of Harris County Jail. On the 2024 Quds Day, a pro-Palestine rally was also organised in Dearborn, where some protesters chanted Death to America and Death to Israel. The Al Quds Committee Detroit, which organised the rally, posted on Facebook that the chants were "wrongful" and "a mistake", but that they will also continue to criticise the foreign policy of the United States. References ^ Efty, Alex (June 14, 1985). "Iraq Bombs 14 Iranian Cities, Promises Two-Week Ceasefire". AP News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. ^ "Massive Demonstrations In Tehran In Support Of West Bank, Gaza Rioters With PM-Israel-Violence". Associated Press. December 25, 1987. 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"Ahmadinejad's isolationism". The Guardian. London. Retrieved September 22, 2009. "EU condemns Ahmadinejad's comments on Holocaust". Hindustan Times. September 21, 2009. Archived from the original on January 25, 2013. Retrieved September 22, 2009. ^ Benedetta Berti, 'Lebanon,' in Assaf Moghadam (ed.),Militancy and Political Violence in Shiism: Trends and Patterns, Routledge, 2011 pp.112–134 p.126. ^ Jay Deshmukh (September 3, 2010). "Ahmadinejad says Mideast peace talks 'doomed'". AFP. Archived from the original on September 9, 2010. Retrieved September 3, 2010. ^ Andrew Swift (September 2, 2010). "What a twit". Foreign Policy. Retrieved September 3, 2010. ^ Francesca Ceccarini, Al-Quds e Yerushalayim Un dialogo in due lingue. I Paesi arabi e la questione di Gerusalemme, FrancoAngeli, Milan 2016 p.166 ^ "Pakistan suicide bombing kills 59, injures 160, police say". CNN. September 3, 2010. Retrieved September 3, 2010. ^ Zeiger, Asher (August 17, 2012). 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Retrieved 2022-02-21. ^ "Muslims prepare to mark Quds Day in 80 countries". The Times of Israel. August 2, 2013. Retrieved August 3, 2014. ^ a b Iranian President-Elect Rouhani: Israel a 'wound' on Muslim world The Jerusalem Post. August 2, 2013. Retrieved August 2, 2013. ^ Elias Hazineh is the former president of Palestine House in Toronto. ^ Palestinian leader in Canada: Shoot Israeli Jews if they don't leave Jerusalem by Jewish Telegraphic Agency (reprinted in the Haaretz), August 5, 2013. ^ Canadian Jews seek police probe of Palestinian death-threat activist by Asher Zeiger and JTA, Times of Israel, August 6, 2013. ^ Using religion to spread hate by Tarek Fatah, Toronto Sun, August 6, 2013. ^ Canadian Jews call for investigation of activist who called for murder of Israelis by Sam Sokol, Jewish Telegraphic Agency (reprinted in The Jerusalem Post), August 6, 2013. Why Is Al Quds Rally a Message of Hatred and Violence? by Tahir Aslam Gora, The Huffington Post, August 7, 2013. ^ ‘Inflammatory’ remarks at Palestinian event put McCallion challenger on the hot seat by San Grewal, Toronto Star, August 8, 2013. No charges for Canadian who said Israelis should be shot, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, (JTA) (reprinted in Times of Israel), February 3, 2014. ^ * "Muslim World Rallies for the Palestinian Cause". NBC News. Retrieved July 26, 2014. ^ Ingrid Betancourt. "Al-Quds day sparks huge rallies in support of Palestinians | euronews, world news". Euronews.com. Retrieved July 26, 2014. Markus Schreiber (April 20, 2011). "Protestors attend a pro-Palestinian rally on al-Quds Day in Berlin, Friday, July 25, 2014. Al-Quds Day is the last Friday of the Muslim holy month of Ramadan declared by the Iranian late spiritual leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini as an international day of struggle against Israel and for the liberation of Jerusalem". Yahoo News. Retrieved July 26, 2014. ^ "Protesters across Muslim world denounce Israel in al-Quds Day rallies". July 26, 2014. ^ Weinberg, Micki. "In Berlin, Al Quds Day marchers steer clear of anti-Semitism". The Times of Israel. Retrieved July 28, 2014. ^ Thousands in Iran protest Israeli offensive in Gaza by Michael Pizzi, Aljazeera, July 25, 2014. Horovitz, David (February 11, 2014). "Huge Iran al-Quds Day rallies call for 'Death to Israel'". The Times of Israel. Retrieved July 26, 2014. ^ The Nation Newspaper. "How Soldiers Killed My Three Sons, 32 Followers Elzakzaky". Retrieved April 21, 2015. ^ NEWSROOM (July 25, 2014). "Quds Day rally draws 5000". The Voice of the Cape. Retrieved October 12, 2014. ^ B. Mousa, M. Ismael (25 July 2014). "Massive rally in Damascus marking al-Quds Day and expressing support for Gaza". Syrian Arab News Agency. Retrieved July 26, 2014. ^ "London: Thousands march to Free Gaza on Al Quds Day". Citizen Side. 25 July 2014. Archived from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ a b Weinthal, Benjamin (July 11, 2015). "Ambassador to Germany slams al-Quds day protest in Berlin". ^ "Hundreds March in Anti-Israel 'Quds Day' Rally in Berlin". Algemeiner Journal. 12 July 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "Chanting 'Death to America, Israel,' millions march in Iran on al-Quds Day". The Times of Israel. 10 July 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "Al Quds Day 2015". Islamic Human Rights Commission. 9 July 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ Chambers, Bill (July 12, 2015). "Al-Quds Day Commemorated in Chicago". The Chicago Monitor. Retrieved August 3, 2015. ^ Jewish, Muslims, Christians rally in Atlanta in solidarity with oppressed Palestinians on 'Al-Quds Day' / Pics Ahlul Bayt News Agency, July 13, 2015. ^ The Washington Post ^ IRGC Deputy Commander Salami on Qods Day: Over 100,000 Missiles in Lebanon Alone Are Ready to Strike at the Heart of Israel; Today, More than Ever, Its Annihilation Is Imminent, MEMRI TV, Clip No. 5549 (transcript), July 1, 2016. (Video clip available here). Iran anti-Israel protests highlight regional conflicts by Eric Randolph and Ali Noorani, Yahoo news, July 1, 2016. Thousands rally in Iran on al-Quds day, AlJazeera, July 2016. ^ "JDL Canada to Confront Al Quds Day in Toronto". JDL Canada. June 28, 2016. Retrieved July 1, 2016. ^ Speyer, Lea (29 June 2016). "Organizer of London Al-Quds Day Counter-Demonstration Says Pro-Israel Community Will No Longer Be Silent Amid Growing Anti-Zionism". Algemeiner Journal. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "Al-Quds day marchers blame London apartment fire on 'Zionists'". The Jerusalem Post. 19 June 2017. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ i24news.tv: "Hezbollah flags fly in London as hundreds march against Israel", June 18, 2017 timesofisrael.com: "Controversial Al Quds Day march sets off in London", June 18, 2017 algemeiner.com: "Hezbollah Flags Fly at ‘Al Quds Day’ March in London as Islamist Agitators Blame Grenfell Tower Tragedy on ‘Zionists’", June 18, 2017 ^ "15,000 plus sign petition against anti-Israel rally in London". The Jerusalem Post. 16 June 2017. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ Steven Morris and Ian Cobain (20 June 2017). "Finsbury Park suspect 'made abusive remarks about Palestinian march'". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 July 2017. ^ Udo Wolter, „Beispiel Al-Quds-Tag“, Gutachten für den Integrationsbeauftragten der Bundesregierung, Berlin, November, 2004, PDF, S. 16; Klaus Grünewald, „Defending Germany's Constitution – Law Enforcement Views Radical Islam“, The Middle East Quarterly, März 1995, II, 1, zit. n. Udo Wolter, ebd. m. Anm. 62; Hamburger Abenblatt, „Zwei Demos in der City“, 14. März 1994, S. 10; Antwort auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten Volker Beck (Köln), Katja Keul und der Fraktion Bündnis 90/Die Grünen, 21. August, 2017 Punkt 18. ^ Verfassungsschutzbericht Berlin 2015 PDF, S. 59. ^ "Al-Quds-Marsch erneut abgesagt" . Der Tagesspiegel (in German). 28 April 2021. Archived from the original on 11 March 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ Jamal, Urooba (9 June 2024). "Israel's war on Gaza updates: Death toll passes 37,000 in Gaza". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "Thousands around the world rally for Palestinians on Al-Quds Day". Al Jazeera English. 5 April 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ Willey, Jessica (2024-04-06). "Crowd gathers outside Harris County Jail after 3 reportedly arrested following Al Quds Day protest". ABC13 Houston. Retrieved 2024-04-06. ^ Horovitz, Michael (9 April 2024). "At Michigan Quds Day rally, protesters chant 'Death to Israel' and 'Death to America'". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ "'Death to America', 'Death to Israel' chants at a pro-Palestine rally led by Tarek Bazzi in Michigan's Dearborn". Hindustan Times. 8 April 2024. Archived from the original on 26 April 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2024. ^ Warikoo, Niraj (11 April 2024). "Group that held Dearborn rally says 'Death to America' chants were wrongful". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 10 June 2024. vteIsraeli–Palestinian conflictParticipantsIsraelis Israel Defense Forces Israel Police Mossad Shabak (Shin Bet) PalestiniansPrincipals All-Palestine Protectorate Palestine Liberation Organization Fatah Hamas Palestinian Authority Other groups al-Aqsa Brigades DFLP Jenin Brigades Lions' Den PIJ PLF PPSF PFLP PFLP-GC PRC Sabireen Movement Sons of Zouari Third-party groups Arab League Hezbollah IndividualsIsraelis Moshe Arens Ami Ayalon Ehud Barak David Ben-Gurion Naftali Bennett Menachem Begin Meir Dagan Moshe Dayan Avi Dichter Yuval Diskin Benny Gantz Efraim Halevy Dan Halutz Tzipi Livni Golda Meir Shaul Mofaz Yitzhak Mordechai Benjamin Netanyahu Ehud Olmert Shimon Peres Yaakov Peri Yitzhak Rabin Amnon Lipkin-Shahak Yitzhak Shamir Ariel Sharon Shabtai Shavit Moshe Ya'alon Danny Yatom Zvi Zamir Palestinians Abu Abbas Mahmoud Abbas Moussa Arafat Yasser Arafat Yahya Ayyash Marwan Barghouti Mohammed Dahlan Mohammed Deif George Habash Wadie Haddad Ismail Haniyeh Nayef Hawatmeh Amin al-Husayni Ghazi Jabali Ahmed Jibril Abu Jihad Salah Khalaf Leila Khaled Sheikh Khalil Khaled Mashal Zuheir Mohsen Abu Ali Mustafa Abu Nidal Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Jibril Rajoub Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi Ali Hassan Salameh Salah Shehade Ramadan Shalah Fathi Shaqaqi Ahlam Tamimi Ahmed Yassin Timeline military operations Background1920–1948 1920 Nebi Musa riots Battle of Tel Hai 1921 Jaffa riots 1929 Palestine riots Hebron massacre 1936–1939 Arab revolt 1944–1947 Jewish insurgency 1947–1948 Civil War  1948–1970 1948 Arab–Israeli War massacres 1948–present Fedayeen insurgency 1951–1967 Attacks against Israeli civilians 1950s–1960s Reprisal operations 1953 Qibya massacre 1956 Kafr Qasim / Khan Yunis / Rafah massacres 1967 Six-Day War 1967–1970 War of Attrition 1968 Battle of Karameh Palestinianinsurgency1968–1982 1970 Avivim school bus bombing 1972 Sabena Flight 571 / Munich massacre / "Bayonet" (1973 Lillehammer affair) 1974 Kiryat Shmona massacre / Ma'alot massacre 1975 Savoy Hotel attack 1976 Entebbe raid 1978 Coastal Road massacre / South Lebanon conflict 1980 Misgav Am hostage crisis  1973–1987 1973 Yom Kippur War 1975 Zion Square bombing 1982 Lebanon War Siege of Beirut 1983 1983 West Bank fainting epidemic 1984 Bus 300 affair 1985 Achille Lauro hijacking / "Wooden Leg" 1987 Night of the Gliders First Intifada1987–1991 1988 Tunis raid 1989 Bus 405 attack 1990 Temple Mount killings 1990s Palestinian suicide attacks 1994 Cave of the Patriarchs massacre Second Intifada2000–2005 Palestinian rocket attacks lists Palestinian suicide attacks Israeli assassinations 2000 October events 2001 Santorini 2002 Karine A / "Defensive Shield" / Battle of Jenin / Battle of Nablus / "Determined Path" 2003 Ain es Saheb airstrike 2004 "Rainbow" / Beit Hanoun raid / "Days of Penitence" Palestinian dissidentcampaigns2006–present 2006 "Bringing Home the Goods" 2008 Jerusalem yeshiva attack / Jerusalem bulldozer attack 2009 Al-Aqsa clashes 2010 Palestinian militancy campaign 2015–2016 violence 2017 Temple Mount crisis 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis 2022 Al-Aqsa clashes Gaza–Israelconflict2006–present 2006 Gaza beach explosion / Gaza cross-border raid / "Summer Rains" / "Autumn Clouds" / Beit Hanoun shelling 2008 Egypt–Gaza border breach / "Hot Winter" 2008–2009 Gaza War 2010 Gaza flotilla raid 2012 "Returning Echo" / "Pillar of Defense" 2014 "Protective Edge" 2015 Freedom Flotilla III 2018 Gaza border protests / November clashes 2019 May clashes / "Black Belt" 2021 "Guardian of the Walls" 2022 "Breaking Dawn" 2023 "Shield and Arrow" / Israel–Hamas war DiplomacyTimeline1948–1991 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight depopulated towns and villages 1949 Lausanne Conference 1967–present Israeli settlement settler violence international law 1990s 1981–1982 Fahd Plan 1991 Madrid Conference 1993–1995 Oslo Accords 1994 Paris Protocol 1994 Gaza–Jericho Agreement 1994–present US security assistance to the PA 1997 Hebron Agreement 1998 Wye River Memorandum 1999 Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum 2000s 2000 Camp David Summit / Clinton Parameters 2001 Taba Summit 2002 Quartet established 2003 Road Map 2005 Israeli disengagement from Gaza 2005 Agreement on Movement and Access 2006 Valley of Peace initiative 2007 Annapolis Conference 2009 Aftonbladet Israel controversy 2010s 2010–11 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks 2011 Palestine Papers 2013–2014 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks United Nations Israel and the UN Palestine and the UN 1947 UN Resolution 181 1948 UN Resolution 194 1967 UN Resolution 242 vteArab–Israeli conflictvteCountriesAuthoritiesOrganizationsPrimary countriesand authorities All-Palestine Egyptian Kingdom and Republic Hamas Gaza Iraqi Kingdom and Ba'athist Iraq Israel Jordan Palestinian Authority Saudi Arabia Syrian Republic and Ba'athist Syria OrganizationsActive Abu Nidal Amal al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades Arab League Arab Liberation Front Army of Islam DFLP Fatah Guardians of the Cedars Hamas Hezbollah Kataeb Lebanese Forces al-Mourabitoun Muslim Brotherhood PIJ PLF PLO Palestinian Popular Struggle Front PFLP PFLP-GC Popular Resistance Committees as-Sa'iqa Syrian Social Nationalist Party Former Arab Higher Committee Arab Liberation Army Black September Haganah Holy War Army Irgun Japanese Red Army Lehi Palmach Revolutionary Cells South Lebanon Army Other countries France Kuwait Libya Morocco North Korea United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Yemen Transnational European Union United Nations Former states Soviet Union United Arab Republic vteArmed engagements1947–1959 1948 Palestine war Arab–Israeli War (1948–1949) Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency (1949–1956) Suez Crisis (1956) 1960–1979 Samu incident (1966) Six-Day War (1967) War of Attrition (1967–1970) Battle of Karameh (1968) Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon (1968–1982) Gift (1968) Yom Kippur War (1973) Sabena Flight 571 (1972) Lod Airport massacre (1972) Munich massacre (1972) Bayonet (1972–1979) Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 (1973) Ma'alot massacre (1974) Savoy Hotel attack (1975) Entebbe (1976) Coastal Road massacre (1978) Litani (1978) 1980–1999 Misgav Am hostage crisis (1980) Opera (1981) Lebanon War (1982) Bus 300 affair (1984) South Lebanon conflict (1985) Wooden Leg (1985) First Intifada (1987–1993) Mothers' Bus attack (1988) Tunis raid (1988) Iraqi missile attacks against Israel (1991) Bramble Bush (1992) Palestinian suicide attacks (1993–2008) Accountability (1993) Grapes of Wrath (1996) 2000–2021 Second Intifada (2000–2005) Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel (2001–) Ain es Saheb airstrike (2003) Bringing Home the Goods (2006) Summer Rains (2006) Autumn Clouds (2006) Lebanon War (2006) Gaza–Israel conflict (2006–) Hot Winter (2007–2008) Gaza War (2008–2009) Palestinian militancy campaign (2010) Southern Israel cross-border attacks (2011) Returning Echo (2012) Pillar of Defense (2012) Gaza War (2014) Wave of violence (2015–2016) Gaza border protests (2018) Gaza–Israel clashes (2018) Gaza–Israel clashes (2019) Black Belt (2019) Israel–Palestine crisis (2021) Breaking Dawn (2022) Shield and Arrow (2023) Israel–Hamas war (2023–2024) vteDiplomacy and peace proposalsBackground 1914 Damascus Protocol 1915 McMahon–Hussein Correspondence 1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement 1917 Balfour Declaration 1918 Declaration to the Seven / Anglo-French Declaration 1919 Faisal–Weizmann agreement 1920 San Remo conference 1922 Churchill White Paper 1937 Peel Commission 1939 White Paper 1939 London Conference 1946 Morrison–Grady Plan 1947 Bevin Plan 1946–47 London Conference 1947 UN Partition Plan 1948 American trusteeship proposal 1948–1983 1948 UN General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution 194 1949 Armistice agreements / Lausanne Conference 1950 Tripartite Declaration 1967 Khartoum Resolution / UN Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 242 1973 UNSC Resolution 338 / UNSC Resolution 339 1974 Israel–Syria disengagement agreement / UNSC Resolution 350 1978 UNSC Resolution 425 / Camp David Accords 1979 UNSC Resolution 446 / Egypt–Israel peace treaty Palestinian autonomy talks / UNSC Resolution 452 1980 UNSC Resolution 478 1981 UNSC Resolution 497 1981–1982 Fahd Plan 1982 Reagan peace plan 1983 Israel–Lebanon agreement 1991–2016 1991 Madrid Conference 1993 Oslo Accords 1994 Gaza–Jericho Agreement / Israel–Jordan peace treaty 1995 Beilin–Abu Mazen agreement 1998 Wye River Memorandum 1999 Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum 2000 Camp David Summit / Clinton Parameters 2000 Isratin 2001 Taba Summit 2002 Beirut Summit and peace initiative / Road map 2003 Geneva Initiative 2004 UNSC Resolution 1559 / UNSC Resolution 1566 2005 UNSC Resolution 1583 / Sharm El Sheikh Summit / Israeli disengagement from Gaza / Agreement on Movement and Access 2006 UNSC Resolution 1850 / Quartet Principles 2006 UNSC Resolution 1701 2007 Annapolis Conference 2010 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks 2013 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks 2016 John Kerry Parameters 2019–present 2019 Trump peace plan 2020 Abraham Accords Israel–UAE normalization agreement Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement Israel–Sudan normalization agreement Israel–Morocco normalization agreement 2022 Israeli–Lebanese maritime border agreement
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quds Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quds_Day"}],"text":"This article contains a list of Quds Day demonstrations around world.","title":"List of Quds Day demonstrations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iran–Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"First Intifada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Intifada"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Ali Khamenei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hashemi Rafsanjani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_Rafsanjani"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"On Quds Day 1985, amid the \"war of the cities\" of the Iran–Iraq War, Iraqi bombers and long-range missiles struck 14 cities, reportedly killing at least 78 people and wounding 326. According to the Islamic Republic News Agency, the sound of the exploding bombs and missiles in Tehran was drowned out by the crowds chanting \"War, war until victory 3/8.\"[1]On Quds Day 1987, held shortly after the outbreak of the First Intifada, effigies of U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Israeli leaders were burned in Iran \"as a sign of Moslem nations' revolutionary wrath against Zionism, imperialism and apartheid.\" In Tehran, President Ali Khamenei said the Palestinians \"should resist and fight Zionism. This is the message of the whole Iranian people who chant the 'Death to Israel' slogan.\"[2]On Quds Day 1989, Iranian parliament speaker Hashemi Rafsanjani said that Palestinians should kill Americans and other Westerners in retaliation for attacks by the Israeli military in the occupied territories: \"If in retaliation for every Palestinian martyred in Palestine they will kill and execute, not inside Palestine, five Americans or Britons or Frenchmen, they (Israelis) could not continue these wrongs. It is not hard to kill Americans or Frenchman. It is a bit difficult to kill (Israelis). But there are so many (Americans and Frenchman) everywhere in the world.\"[3]","title":"1980s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"suicide bombing in Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Buenos_Aires_Israeli_embassy_bombing"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Fearing an Israeli military strike, Hezbollah cancelled its annual Quds Day rallies in 1992 for the first time in the group's history. 10 days earlier, a suicide bombing in Buenos Aires, Argentina destroyed the Israeli embassy there and killed 29 people injured 242 others. Hezbollah was implicated in the attack.[4]In 1994, Iranian President Hashemi Rafsanjani told demonstrators, \"Can Israel really remain? In my opinion it cannot. That artificial entity cannot survive.\"[5]In 1998, former Iranian president Hashemi Rafsanjani stated that Israel's crimes against the Palestinians exceeded those of Adolf Hitler against the Jews. He added, \"The Zionist regime is a fake government and homeland which is shaped with millions of homeless Palestinians and hundreds of thousands of Muslim martyrs... I'm sure that in the future we will have Islamic Palestine. I'm sure nothing will remain as the territory of Israel.\"[6]In 1999, a reported three million people attended Quds Day rallies in Iran. In Tehran, a resolution was read aloud calling for struggle \"until the aggressor Zionist regime is annihilated.\" Iranian Parliament Speaker Ali Akbar Nateq-Nouri told worshipers at Friday prayers, \"There is no country named Israel. There is Palestine, and the thieves who have occupied the houses of Palestinians should be removed from those houses.\" In Beirut, Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah told thousands of supporters, \"On Al-Quds Day, I reaffirm to you that Israel will be eliminated one day, God willing.\" At the Yarmouk Palestinian refugee camp in Syria, protesters carried a banner that read \"America is the enemy of God.\"[7]","title":"1990s"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Al-Quds_Day_march_Malmo.JPG"},{"link_name":"Malmö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%85-_Quds_Day_In_Iran-Qom_City_35.jpg"},{"link_name":"Qom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom"},{"link_name":"Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran"},{"link_name":"Manama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manama"},{"link_name":"Hezbollah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap_2006-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap_2007-11"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"Hezbollah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah"},{"link_name":"Yarmouk refugee camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarmouk_Camp"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap_2007-11"}],"text":"March in Malmö, Sweden; Al-Quds Day 2008Quds Day marchers in Qom, IranOver one million people, with over 100,000 in each of Iran's eight largest cities, marched in the 2005 Quds Day protests in Tehran and other cities across Iran. Protests were staged throughout the Middle East and the wider Arab World, with over 30,000 Bahrainis marching in Manama, and 6,000 Hezbollah volunteers marching in Beirut.[8]In 2006, Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad threatened any country that supports Israel, and said the U.S. and its allies had \"imposed a group of terrorists\" on the region with their support of the Jewish state. He added that Israel no longer had any reason to exist and would soon disappear: \"This regime, thanks to God, has lost the reason for its existence. Efforts to stabilize this fake (Israeli) regime, by the grace of God, have completely failed... You should believe that this regime is disappearing.\"[9]That year, Hezbollah did not organize a mass rally for Quds Day, stating it was unnecessary because it had recently held a demonstration on September 22 to celebrate what it declared to be its \"victory\" over Israel in that summer's conflict. In the place of a mass event, the day was commemorated with an \"invitation-only event in a concert hall [which] featured an orchestra, a choir and several anti-Israel speeches.\"[10]The 2007 Quds Day protest saw millions of Iranians march in support of the Palestinians. During the rallies in Tehran, President Ahmadinejad said that the \"creation, continued existence and unlimited (Western) support for this [Zionist] regime is an insult to human dignity.\" The protests also featured signs denouncing the U.S. government for its support of Israel.[11] Over 3,000 people marched in Damascus carrying Palestinian flags. Hezbollah organized marches in the city's Yarmouk refugee camp.[11]","title":"2000–2008"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2009 Iranian presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_presidential_election,_2009"},{"link_name":"Mir-Hossein Mousavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-Hossein_Mousavi"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NY_Times-13"},{"link_name":"Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_City"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NY_Times-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-csmonitor-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NY_Times-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arab_Times-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-csmonitor-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arab_Times-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NY_Times-13"},{"link_name":"Basiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basiji"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arab_Times-15"},{"link_name":"Mahmoud Ahmadinejad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-denial-17"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Hassan Nasrallah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Nasrallah"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Supporters of Iranian opposition groups used the 2009 Quds Day to stage protests against President Ahmadinejad and the Iranian government in response to the disputed 2009 Iranian presidential election. Estimates put the opposition protest in the tens of thousands, with participants shouting slogans in support of former prime minister Mir-Hossein Mousavi, the candidate who received the most votes in the presidential elections.[12][13] Rejecting the government's support of Palestinian militancy, opposition protesters chanted, \"No to Gaza and Lebanon, I will give my life for Iran.\"[13][14] There were reports of similar protests in Isfahan, Tabriz, Yazd and Shiraz.[13]Iranian state TV played down the unrest.[15] Independent sources estimated \"tens of thousands\" to over 100,000 in Tehran,[14][15][16] many of them bused in by the government.[13] At least ten anti-government protesters were arrested during the demonstrations. An angry crowd of Ahmadinejad supporters attacked Mousavi's car while shouting \"Death to the hypocrite Mousavi.\" In other cities Basiji militiamen attacked protesters.[15]As he has done on previous such occasions, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad provoked intense criticism and condemnation from Western governments in particular. He stated, \"The pretext (Holocaust) for the creation of the Zionist regime (Israel) is false ... It is a lie based on an unprovable and mythical claim.\"[17] His statements drew immediate condemnation from the governments of the United States, Russia, and the European Union.[18]In Lebanon, Hassan Nasrallah, the leader of Hezbollah, used the occasion to call for popular resistance to replace the regimes in the Middle East with regimes that are 'convinced of war in order to send their armies to war.'[19]","title":"2009 Quds Day"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antifa-Demo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Death to America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_to_America"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"tweeted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011_Quds_Day_in_Nishapur_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"Nishapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishapur"},{"link_name":"direct peace negotiations between Israel and Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_talks"},{"link_name":"Hassan Nasrallah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Nasrallah"},{"link_name":"Hezbollah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ceccarini-22"},{"link_name":"Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetta"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"suicide bomber attacked Pakistani Shias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_2010_Quetta_bombing"},{"link_name":"Pakistani Taliban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_Taliban"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Demonstration against Al Quds Day 2010 in Berlin.At the 2010 Quds Day rally in Tehran, Iranian President Ahmadinejad again predicted the demise of Israel, stating, \"If the leaders of the region do not have the guts, then the people of the region are capable of removing the Zionist regime from the world scene.\" He dismissed any Israeli military threat to Iran's nuclear program, declaring, \"The Zionist regime is nothing and even its (Western) masters are too small to conduct any kind of aggression against Iran and the rights of the Iranian people.\" Ahmadinejad also proclaimed new peace talks between Israelis and Palestinians as \"stillborn and doomed.\" The tens of thousands of Iranians participating in the rallies continued the regular chants of \"Death to America! Death to Israel!\"[20] The day before the rallies, Ayatollah Khamenei tweeted, \"Israel Is A Hideous Entity In the Middle East Which Will Undoubtedly Be Annihilated.\"[21]Israeli flags being burnt at the 2011 Quds Day demonstration in Nishapur, northeastern Iran.In Lebanon, the day after the resumption of direct peace negotiations between Israel and Palestine, Hassan Nasrallah, Hezbollah secretary-general, declared that:Our nation cannot ignore and forget this cause (al-Quds) because it is part of our religion, our religious commitment, our culture, our civilization, our morals and values and our past history. ... No one has the right to give up one span of its land, one grain of its sacred sand, one drop of its water, or one letter of its name. Al Quds Day is the day for announcing this ideological, legal, historic true constant position. On this day we make the announcement that neither al-Quds nor even one of its streets nor even a neighbourhood of its neighbourhoods – and not only all of al-Quds -may be an eternal capital for the so-called state of Israel. Al Quds is the capital of Palestine, and as we have said in the past, it is the capital of earth and the capital of heaven one way or another.'[22]In Quetta, Pakistan, a suicide bomber attacked Pakistani Shias holding a Quds Day rally. The Pakistani Taliban claimed responsibility for the attack, which killed at least 65 people and wounded 160.[23]","title":"2010 Quds Day"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anti-Quds_Day_Protesters.jpg"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quds_Day_2012-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Hezbollah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah"},{"link_name":"Hassan Nasrallah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Nasrallah"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AJE_18.8.2012-28"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Corbyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn"},{"link_name":"Stop the War Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_the_War_Coalition"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dearden_2015-29"}],"text":"Protesters against the 2011 Quds Day demonstrations in Berlin.On August 17, 2012, millions of Iranians commemorated al-Quds Day, where they waved Palestinian flags, chanted \"Death to Israel and America,\" and burned Israeli and American flags. Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad called to destroy Israel, which he termed an \"insult to all humanity\" and called to remove the \"Zionist black stain.\" Ahmadinejad said that \"the Zionist regime is a tool to dominate the Middle East,\" as well as that world powers are “thirsty for Iranian blood.\" Ahmadinejad stated that \"The Zionist regime and the Zionists are a cancerous tumour. Even if one cell of them is left in one inch of (Palestinian) land, in the future this story (of Israel's existence) will repeat.\" He further stated that \"The nations of the region will soon finish off the usurper Zionists in the Palestinian land. ... A new Middle East will definitely be formed. With the grace of God and help of the nations, in the new Middle East there will be no trace of the Americans and Zionist.\"[24][25]In Lebanon, Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah stated in a televised speech that, in the eventuality of a future Israeli attack on Lebanon, only a few rockets fired by the group's militia could cause massive casualties, given its well-planned target list, explaining that:\"Rockets are ready and directed at these targets. We will not hesitate to use them, if we have to, at any point in time in the course of aggression against our country to protect our people. ... Hezbollah cannot destroy Israel but we can transform the lives of millions of Zionists in occupied Palestine into a real hell. We can change the face of Israel.\"[26]Hundreds of people turned out in Gaza to protest the Israeli occupation of Jerusalem. A spokesman for the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine said \"We are committed to the right of return and to liberation of prisoners and resistance against the occupation as long as it is on our land\".[27] In Bahrain, dozens took part in the protests, which were dispersed by security forces' tear gas.[28]Labour Party politician Jeremy Corbyn attended the London rally, which was supported by the Stop the War Coalition. He was photographed coincidentally standing near Hezbollah flags, for which he was criticised on social media.[29]","title":"2012 Quds Day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-international-30"},{"link_name":"Iranian Students News Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Students_News_Agency"},{"link_name":"Hassan Rouhani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Rouhani"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Netanyahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JP_2013-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JP_2013-31"}],"text":"On August 2, 2013, Quds rallies were held in \"the United Kingdom, Australia, Iran, the United States, and across the Muslim world\".[30] While Iranians were commemorating al-Quds Day, Iranian Students News Agency (ISNA) reported that newly elected President Hassan Rouhani said \"the Zionist regime is a wound that has sat on the body of the Muslim world for years and needs to be removed,\" although ISNA later retracted the statement. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu responded by saying \"Rouhani's true face has been exposed earlier than expected,\" and warned that despite the election of the so-called moderate, \"the objective of the regime – to acquire nuclear weapons to threaten Israel, the Middle East and peace and security throughout the world – has not changed.\"[31]Outgoing Iranian President Ahmadinejad addressed Al-Quds day crowds, warning of an impending regional storm that would uproot Israel. He also said that Israel \"has no place in the region.\"[31]","title":"2013 Quds Day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-policeprobe-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sun-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Canada","text":"In Toronto, Canada, a crowd of approximately 400 held an Al-Quds Day rally. One of the speakers, Elias Hazineh, a Christian,[32] reportedly elicited cheers from the crowd when he declared an ultimatum to Israelis: “You have to leave Jerusalem. You have to leave Palestine. When somebody tries to rob a bank the police get in, they don't negotiate and we have been negotiating with them for 65 years. We say get out or you are dead! We give them two minutes and then we start shooting. And that’s the only way that they will understand.\" Hazineh then concluded his speech by quoting from the Quran: \"And prepare against them whatever you are able of power and steeds of war – that's the only thing that they'll understand!\" A video of the event, including Hazineh's speech, was later posted online.[33][34][35][36] Those remarks drew swift condemnation.[37]","title":"2013 Quds Day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reactions to the 2014 Israel-Gaza conflict § 2014 Quds Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactions_to_the_2014_Israel-Gaza_conflict#2014_Quds_Day"},{"link_name":"Press TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_TV"},{"link_name":"armed conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_conflict"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"See also: Reactions to the 2014 Israel-Gaza conflict § 2014 Quds DayOn July 25, 2014, Iran's Press TV claimed that millions of people from around the world rallied in a show of support for Palestinians. This year's rallies were held with a higher turnout as Israel and Hamas began renewed armed conflict on July 8 in Gaza.[38]","title":"2014 Quds Day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adenauerplatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenauerplatz_(Berlin_U-Bahn)"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Germany","text":"Quds Day 2014 in BerlinMore than a thousand people gathered at Adenauerplatz in Berlin for a demonstration against \"zionists\" calling for a free Palestine while thousands of police were on alert to avoid possible conflicts between protesters and pro-Israeli groups on Quds Day.[39] Approximately 700 pro-Israel marchers also held a rally according to the German police.[40] Jurgen Grassmann, the chief organizer of Berlin's Al-Quds Day March asked the demonstrators not to shout \"Allahu Akbar\". He reminded them the fact that they had gathered against Zionism and not Judaism, advising the protestors to “Keep Allah in your heart, but don't say so out loud.\"[41]","title":"2014 Quds Day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Iran","text":"Hundreds of thousands of Iranians in the capital Tehran and more than 770 other towns and cities throughout the country on international Quds day took part in massive rallies to express their support for the Palestinian resistance against Israel. The event took on added significance this year given the ongoing Israel and Hamas conflict in Gaza.[42]","title":"2014 Quds Day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Islamic Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Movement_(Nigeria)"},{"link_name":"Zaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaria"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Zakzaky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Zakzaky"},{"link_name":"Nigerian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Army"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Nigeria","text":"In Nigeria, the 2014 Quds day procession took place in 24 major cities, mostly in the north of the country. The processions were organized by Nigerian Islamic Movement. The processions were all conducted peacefully except in Zaria, the abode of the leader of the movement, Ibrahim Zakzaky; where the Nigerian Army reportedly opened fire on the participants and killed 35 people, including three (3) biological sons of the head of the movement.[43]","title":"2014 Quds Day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jamaat-e-Islami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Pakistan","text":"Thousands of people in many cities across Pakistan marched in support of Palestine. The Jamaat-e-Islami political party organized rallies in several cities. Popular Shia cleric Syed Jawad Naqvi orchestrated a separate rally in the city of Lahore.[citation needed]","title":"2014 Quds Day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"occupation of Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories"},{"link_name":"Voice of the Cape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_the_Cape"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"South Africa","text":"Almost 5,000 pro-Palestinian rallied in the streets of Cape Town, to express their support for the people of Palestine. The rally commenced from Keizersgracht Street in District Six towards the Parliament. The protestors delivered a memorandum calling the government to take solid measures against the occupation of Palestine to the Parliament. According to the Voice of the Cape, it called for the expulsion of the Israeli ambassador and also urged the protesters to boycott local stores which stock products manufactured in the occupied territories of Palestine.[44]","title":"2014 Quds Day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"Umayyad Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Syria","text":"International al-Quds rally took place in Damascus, starting from he entrance of al-Hamidiyeh market towards the Umayyad Mosque. Popular figures and representatives of Palestinian and Syrian forces accompanied the rally. The demonstrators claimed to support the resistance until Palestinian freedom is achieved.[45]","title":"2014 Quds Day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"Thousands of British demonstrators took part in a march in central London, ending with a rally outside the US embassy against US–Israel arms deals.[46]","title":"2014 Quds Day"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quds_rally-Chicago-1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quds_rally-Chicago-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Muslim Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"A woman participating 2015 Quds day rally, Chicago.Shamshad Haider from the Muslim Congress speaking during the 2015 Quds rally, Chicago.","title":"2015 Quds day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015_berlin-47"}],"sub_title":"Austria","text":"According to Samuel Laster, the editor-in-chief of the online news outlet Die Jüdische (\"The Jewish\"), 700 people participated an anti-Israeli rally in Vienna, while 150 pro-Israel counter-protesters hold a similar event to support Israel.[47]","title":"2015 Quds day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015_berlin-47"},{"link_name":"Neturei Karta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neturei_Karta"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Germany","text":"Almost 700 people participated the 2015 Quds Day rally in Berlin, Germany. The participants chanted \"Child murderer Israel\" and other slogans, according to German media outlets. A counter-rally comprising 250 participants was also held.[47] Several members of Neturei Karta, an anti-Zionist Jewish religious group that calls for a dismantling of the State of Israel, took part in the rally.[48]","title":"2015 Quds day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Iran","text":"Millions of people held rallies in 770 cities across Iran chanting \"Down with America\" and \"Death to Israel\" on Al-Quds Day.[49]","title":"2015 Quds day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Islamic Human Rights Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Human_Rights_Commission"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"In London, a protest was organized by the Islamic Human Rights Commission.[50]","title":"2015 Quds day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chicago_Monitor-51"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"Almost 250 people participated in a Quds Day rally held in Chicago. Besides focusing on the \"continuing siege of Gaza\", the speakers \"called for the U.S. to end military aid to Israel.\"[51] Almost 150 people formed a rally at the CNN center in Atlanta to support the Palestinian people and call for the US government to stop supporting the state of Israel.[52]","title":"2015 Quds day"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2016 Quds day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"IRGC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps"},{"link_name":"Hossein Salami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hossein_Salami"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Iran","text":"Demonstrations took place across Iran on July 1, 2016. According to The Washington Post, \"tens of thousands\" of people marched in the capital, Tehran. Some protesters trampled on Israeli flags, and some chanted \"death to Israel\" and \"down with the USA.\"[53]At a sermon in Tehran on Al-Quds day, IRGC Deputy Commander Hossein Salami claimed that over 100,000 missiles in Lebanon, as well as thousands more throughout the Islamic world, were ready \"strike at the heart of the Zionist regime. They will prepare the ground for its great collapse in the new era. ... They are just waiting for the command, so that when the trigger is pulled, the accursed black dot will be wiped off the geopolitical map of the world, once and for all.\"[54]","title":"2016 Quds day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queen's Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Park_(Toronto)"},{"link_name":"Jewish Defense League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Defense_League"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JDL-55"}],"sub_title":"North America","text":"Al-Quds Day demonstrations were scheduled for several cities in the United States and Canada. In Toronto, the demonstration route began at Queen's Park, the provincial legislature, and proceeded to the U.S. Consulate. In Toronto, Calgary, New York City, Chicago, Boston and Los Angeles, the Jewish Defense League organized counter-demonstrations.[55]","title":"2016 Quds day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"U.S. Embassy at Grosvenor Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_London"},{"link_name":"Sussex Friends of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sussex_Friends_of_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"Demonstrations in London were organized by the Islamic Human Rights Commission (IHRC) on Sunday, July 3, 2016. The terminus of the demonstration route is the U.S. Embassy at Grosvenor Square. Counter-demonstrations were organized by Sussex Friends of Israel (SFI).[56]","title":"2016 Quds day"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2017 Quds day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sadiq Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadiq_Khan"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Hezbollah flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Hezbollah"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"proscribed list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_Act_2000#Proscribed_groups"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"2017 Finsbury Park van attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Finsbury_Park_van_attack"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"The Quds Day march for 2017 occurred that year on June 18. In London, the march went on as planned although more than 15,000 people had petitioned Mayor Sadiq Khan to forbid it.[57] The Hezbollah flag was flown during the event,[58] as the organisation at the time was not on the proscribed list.[59]The driver in the 2017 Finsbury Park van attack allegedly made references to the pro-Palestinian march before the attack.[60]","title":"2017 Quds day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"Hezbollah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah"},{"link_name":"Horst Seehofer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Seehofer"},{"link_name":"Shia Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"text":"In the German capital Berlin Al-Quds demonstrations were held first in 1996 and then every year until 2019.\n[61] The events were sometimes watched and reported by the German intelligence agency Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution.[62]The 2020 and 2021 demonstrations were cancelled by the organizers, citing COVID-19 restrictions. In 2020, Hezbollah was banned in Germany, with Interior Minister Horst Seehofer pointing to hate speech by fundamentalist Shia Muslims against Israel.[63]","title":"Germany 1996–2019"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Israel–Hamas war protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_protests"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Harris County Jail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_County,_Texas_jails"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Dearborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dearborn,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Death to America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_to_America"},{"link_name":"Death to Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_to_Israel"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"foreign policy of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"text":"Tens of thousands of people around the world staged rallies as an extension of the Israel–Hamas war protests. More than 37,000 Palestinians have been killed by Israel.[64] Events occurred in Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kashmir, Lebanon and Malaysia.[65] In Houston, Texas, at least three protesters at an Al Quds day demonstration were arrested and a further demonstration took place outside of Harris County Jail.[66]On the 2024 Quds Day, a pro-Palestine rally was also organised in Dearborn, where some protesters chanted Death to America and Death to Israel.[67][68] The Al Quds Committee Detroit, which organised the rally, posted on Facebook that the chants were \"wrongful\" and \"a mistake\", but that they will also continue to criticise the foreign policy of the United States.[69]","title":"2024 Quds day"}]
[{"image_text":"March in Malmö, Sweden; Al-Quds Day 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Al-Quds_Day_march_Malmo.JPG/200px-Al-Quds_Day_march_Malmo.JPG"},{"image_text":"Quds Day marchers in Qom, Iran","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%85-_Quds_Day_In_Iran-Qom_City_35.jpg/200px-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%85-_Quds_Day_In_Iran-Qom_City_35.jpg"},{"image_text":"Demonstration against Al Quds Day 2010 in Berlin.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Antifa-Demo.jpg/220px-Antifa-Demo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Israeli flags being burnt at the 2011 Quds Day demonstration in Nishapur, northeastern Iran.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/2011_Quds_Day_in_Nishapur_%281%29.jpg/220px-2011_Quds_Day_in_Nishapur_%281%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Protesters against the 2011 Quds Day demonstrations in Berlin.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Anti-Quds_Day_Protesters.jpg/220px-Anti-Quds_Day_Protesters.jpg"},{"image_text":"Quds Day 2014 in Berlin"},{"image_text":"A woman participating 2015 Quds day rally, Chicago.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Quds_rally-Chicago-1.jpg/220px-Quds_rally-Chicago-1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shamshad Haider from the Muslim Congress speaking during the 2015 Quds rally, Chicago.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Quds_rally-Chicago-2.jpg/220px-Quds_rally-Chicago-2.jpg"}]
null
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Al-Quds Day is the last Friday of the Muslim holy month of Ramadan declared by the Iranian late spiritual leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini as an international day of struggle against Israel and for the liberation of Jerusalem\""},{"Link":"http://www.jpost.com/International/Muslim-world-denounces-Israel-in-annual-al-Quds-Day-rallies-368961","external_links_name":"\"Protesters across Muslim world denounce Israel in al-Quds Day rallies\""},{"Link":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-berlin-al-quds-day-marchers-steer-clear-of-anti-semitism/","external_links_name":"\"In Berlin, Al Quds Day marchers steer clear of anti-Semitism\""},{"Link":"http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/7/25/iran-gaza-protests.html","external_links_name":"Thousands in Iran protest Israeli offensive in Gaza"},{"Link":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/huge-iran-al-quds-day-rallies-call-for-death-to-israel/#ixzz38Y3atqUe","external_links_name":"\"Huge Iran al-Quds Day rallies call for 'Death to Israel'\""},{"Link":"http://thenationonlineng.net/new/how-soldiers-killed-my-three-sons-32-followers-by-el-zakzaky/","external_links_name":"\"How Soldiers Killed My Three Sons, 32 Followers Elzakzaky\""},{"Link":"http://www.vocfm.co.za/quds-day-rally-draws-5000/","external_links_name":"\"Quds Day rally draws 5000\""},{"Link":"http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=8018","external_links_name":"\"Massive rally in Damascus marking al-Quds Day and expressing support for Gaza\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140809234704/https://citizenside.com/en/photos/world-news/2014-07-25/97942/london-thousands-march-to-free-gaza-on-al-quds-day.html#google_vignette","external_links_name":"\"London: Thousands march to Free Gaza on Al Quds Day\""},{"Link":"https://citizenside.com/en/photos/world-news/2014-07-25/97942/london-thousands-march-to-free-gaza-on-al-quds-day.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/Ambassador-to-Germany-slams-al-Quds-day-protest-in-Berlin-408660","external_links_name":"\"Ambassador to Germany slams al-Quds day protest in Berlin\""},{"Link":"http://www.algemeiner.com/2015/07/12/hundreds-march-in-anti-israel-quds-day-rally-in-berlin/#","external_links_name":"\"Hundreds March in Anti-Israel 'Quds Day' Rally in Berlin\""},{"Link":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/chanting-death-to-israel-iran-al-quds-day-marches-draw-millions/","external_links_name":"\"Chanting 'Death to America, Israel,' millions march in Iran on al-Quds Day\""},{"Link":"https://www.ihrc.org.uk/al-quds-day-2015/","external_links_name":"\"Al Quds Day 2015\""},{"Link":"http://chicagomonitor.com/2015/07/al-quds-day-commemorated-in-chicago/","external_links_name":"\"Al-Quds Day Commemorated in Chicago\""},{"Link":"http://en.abna24.com/service/america/archive/2015/07/13/700549/story.html","external_links_name":"Jewish, Muslims, Christians rally in Atlanta in solidarity with oppressed Palestinians on 'Al-Quds Day' / Pics"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160702141038/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/iranians-hold-annual-anti-israel-rallies-to-mark-al-quds-day/2016/07/01/d6dc9a4e-3f55-11e6-9e16-4cf01a41decb_story.html","external_links_name":"The Washington Post"},{"Link":"http://www.memritv.org/clip_transcript/en/5549.htm","external_links_name":"IRGC Deputy Commander Salami on Qods Day: Over 100,000 Missiles in Lebanon Alone Are Ready to Strike at the Heart of Israel; Today, More than Ever, Its Annihilation Is Imminent"},{"Link":"http://www.memritv.org/clip/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/5549.htm","external_links_name":"available here"},{"Link":"https://www.yahoo.com/news/iran-anti-israel-protests-highlight-regional-conflicts-103909791.html","external_links_name":"Iran anti-Israel protests highlight regional conflicts"},{"Link":"http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/07/thousands-rally-iran-al-quds-day-160701140624059.html","external_links_name":"Thousands rally in Iran on al-Quds day"},{"Link":"http://www.jdl-canada.com/2016/05/22/jdl-canada-to-confront-al-quds-day-in-toronto-saturday-july-2-at-130pm/","external_links_name":"\"JDL Canada to Confront Al Quds Day in Toronto\""},{"Link":"https://www.algemeiner.com/2016/06/29/organizer-of-london-al-quds-day-counter-demonstration-says-pro-israel-community-will-no-longer-be-silent-amid-growing-antisemitic-anti-zionism/","external_links_name":"\"Organizer of London Al-Quds Day Counter-Demonstration Says Pro-Israel Community Will No Longer Be Silent Amid Growing Anti-Zionism\""},{"Link":"https://www.jpost.com/bds-threat/al-quds-day-marchers-blame-london-apartment-fire-on-zionists-497308","external_links_name":"\"Al-Quds day marchers blame London apartment fire on 'Zionists'\""},{"Link":"https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/148180-170618-controversial-al-quds-day-march-to-take-place-in-london","external_links_name":"i24news.tv: \"Hezbollah flags fly in London as hundreds march against Israel\""},{"Link":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/controversial-al-quds-day-march-sets-off-in-london/","external_links_name":"timesofisrael.com: \"Controversial Al Quds Day march sets off in London\""},{"Link":"https://www.algemeiner.com/2017/06/18/hezbollah-flags-fly-in-london-as-jewish-protesters-counter-al-quds-day-march/","external_links_name":"algemeiner.com: \"Hezbollah Flags Fly at ‘Al Quds Day’ March in London as Islamist Agitators Blame Grenfell Tower Tragedy on ‘Zionists’\""},{"Link":"https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/15000-plus-sign-petition-against-anti-israel-rally-in-london-497039","external_links_name":"\"15,000 plus sign petition against anti-Israel rally in London\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/jun/20/finsbury-park-suspect-hired-van-days-before-driving-london-darren-osborne","external_links_name":"\"Finsbury Park suspect 'made abusive remarks about Palestinian march'\""},{"Link":"https://issuu.com/ufuq.de/docs/alqudsii","external_links_name":"PDF, S. 16"},{"Link":"https://www.abendblatt.de/archive/1994/pdf/19940314.pdf/ASV_HAB_19940314_HA_010.pdf","external_links_name":"14. März 1994, S. 10"},{"Link":"http://dipbt.bundestag.de/dip21/btd/18/133/1813362.pdf","external_links_name":"21. August, 2017 Punkt 18"},{"Link":"https://www.berlin.de/sen/inneres/verfassungsschutz/publikationen/verfassungsschutzberichte/verfassungsschutzbericht-2015.pdf","external_links_name":"PDF, S. 59"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220311150536/https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/polizei-justiz/keine-antisemitische-demo-in-berlin-al-quds-marsch-erneut-abgesagt/27140590.htmlantisemitische-demo-in-berlin-al-quds-marsch-erneut-","external_links_name":"\"Al-Quds-Marsch erneut abgesagt\""},{"Link":"https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/polizei-justiz/keine-antisemitische-demo-in-berlin-al-quds-marsch-erneut-abgesagt/27140590.htmlantisemitische-demo-in-berlin-al-quds-marsch-erneut-","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/6/9/israels-war-on-gaza-live-nightmare-as-hospital-copes-with-nuseirat-dead","external_links_name":"\"Israel's war on Gaza updates: Death toll passes 37,000 in Gaza\""},{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2024/4/5/thousands-around-the-world-rally-for-palestinians-on-al-quds-day","external_links_name":"\"Thousands around the world rally for Palestinians on Al-Quds Day\""},{"Link":"https://abc13.com/protest-harris-county-jail-al-quds-palestine-3-arrested/14624941/","external_links_name":"\"Crowd gathers outside Harris County Jail after 3 reportedly arrested following Al Quds Day protest\""},{"Link":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/protesters-chant-death-to-israel-and-death-to-america-at-michigan-quds-day-rally/","external_links_name":"\"At Michigan Quds Day rally, protesters chant 'Death to Israel' and 'Death to America'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240603033944/https://www.timesofisrael.com/protesters-chant-death-to-israel-and-death-to-america-at-michigan-quds-day-rally/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/us-news/death-to-america-death-to-israel-chants-at-a-pro-palestine-rally-led-by-tarek-bazzi-in-michigans-dearborn-101712549003591.html","external_links_name":"\"'Death to America', 'Death to Israel' chants at a pro-Palestine rally led by Tarek Bazzi in Michigan's Dearborn\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240426151940/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/us-news/death-to-america-death-to-israel-chants-at-a-pro-palestine-rally-led-by-tarek-bazzi-in-michigans-dearborn-101712549003591.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/wayne/2024/04/11/rally-organizers-say-death-to-america-chants-mistake/73285383007/","external_links_name":"\"Group that held Dearborn rally says 'Death to America' chants were wrongful\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Vaughns
Tyler Vaughns
["1 Early years","2 College career","3 Professional career","3.1 Indianapolis Colts","3.2 Pittsburgh Steelers","3.3 Arlington Renegades","4 References","5 External links"]
American football player (born 1997) American football player Tyler VaughnsVaughns in 2023No. 8 – Arlington RenegadesPosition:Wide receiverPersonal informationBorn: (1997-06-01) June 1, 1997 (age 27)Pasadena, California, U.S.Height:6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)Weight:190 lb (86 kg)Career informationHigh school:Bishop Amat(La Puente, California)College:USCUndrafted:2021Career history Indianapolis Colts (2021)* Pittsburgh Steelers (2021–2022)* Arlington Renegades (2023–present)  * Offseason and/or practice squad member only Roster status:ActiveCareer highlights and awards XFL champion (2023) Second-team All-Pac-12 (2020) Player stats at PFR Tyler Vaughns (born June 1, 1997) is an American football wide receiver for the Arlington Renegades of the XFL. He played college football at USC. Early years Vaughns attended Bishop Amat High School in La Puente, California. He played wide receiver and defensive back on the football team. He also played basketball in high school. A five star recruit, Vaughns committed to the University of Southern California (USC) to play college football. College career After redshirting his first year at USC in 2016, Vaughns played in 14 games and made 10 starts in 2017, recording 57 receptions for 809 yards and five touchdowns. As a redshirt sophomore in 2018, he started 11 of 12 games, finishing the season with 58 receptions for 674 yards and six touchdowns. He returned as a starter his redshirt junior year in 2019. Professional career Pre-draft measurables Height Weight Arm length Hand span 40-yard dash 10-yard split 20-yard split 20-yard shuttle Three-cone drill Vertical jump Broad jump Bench press 6 ft 2 in(1.88 m) 184 lb(83 kg) 32+7⁄8 in(0.84 m) 9+1⁄2 in(0.24 m) 4.69 s 1.64 s 2.74 s 4.40 s 7.15 s 31.5 in(0.80 m) 10 ft 0 in(3.05 m) 7 reps All values from Pro Day Vaughns scoring a touchdown with USC. Indianapolis Colts Vaughns signed with the Indianapolis Colts as an undrafted free agent on May 6, 2021. He was waived on August 31, 2021 and re-signed to the practice squad the next day, but released two days later. Pittsburgh Steelers On September 7, 2021, Vaughns was signed to the Pittsburgh Steelers practice squad. He was released on January 14, 2022. He signed a reserve/future contract with the Steelers on January 18, 2022. On August 30, 2022, Vaughns was waived by the Steelers. Arlington Renegades The Arlington Renegades selected Vaughns in the 10th round of the 2023 XFL Supplemental Draft on January 1, 2023. He re-signed with the team on January 22, 2024. References ^ "New 2016 Notre Dame WR target Tyler Vaughns is nifty with his hands". The Hoosier Times. ^ "Bishop Amat football standout Tyler Vaughns picks USC". August 19, 2015. ^ Johnson, Chris (August 19, 2015). "Four-star WR Tyler Vaughns commits to USC". Sports Illustrated. ^ "Even As a Freshman, Pasadenan Tyler Vaughns is USC Trojan Football Standout". ^ Morales, Antonio. "Film Analysis: USC's Tyler Vaughns on the origins of his technique". The Athletic. ^ "Tyler Vaughns becoming threat for USC". ^ "Tyler Vaughns Draft and Combine Prospect Profile". NFL.com. Retrieved January 23, 2022. ^ "Tyler Vaughns, Southern California, WR, 2021 NFL Draft Scout, NCAA College Football". draftscout.com. Retrieved January 23, 2022. ^ "Colts Sign 5 Undrafted Free Agents". Colts.com. May 6, 2021. ^ "Colts Announce Final 2021 Roster Cuts". Colts.com. August 31, 2021. ^ "Colts Sign 15 Players To Practice Squad". Colts.com. September 1, 2021. ^ "Colts Sign Tyler Davis, Marvell Tell III To Practice Squad; Release Curtis Bolton, Tyler Vaughns From Practice Squad". Colts.com. September 3, 2021. ^ Varley, Teresa (September 7, 2021). "Steelers make practice squad moves". Steelers.com. ^ Varley, Teresa (January 14, 2022). "Pierre placed on Reserve/COVID-19 List". Steelers.com. ^ Varley, Teresa (January 18, 2022). "Steelers sign 12 to Reserve/Future contracts". Steelers.com. ^ Varley, Teresa (August 30, 2022). "Steelers make first round of roster moves". Steelers.com. Archived from the original on August 30, 2022. Retrieved August 30, 2022. ^ "Supplemental Draft Picks 2023". XFL.com. Retrieved January 2, 2023. ^ "The UFL Agrees to Terms with 61 Players". UFLBoard.com. January 22, 2024. Retrieved January 23, 2024. External links USC Trojans bio vteArlington Renegades 2023 XFL champions 0 Marquette King 1 Taylor Russolino 2 De'Veon Smith 3 JaVonta Payton 4 Joe Powell 5 Will Hill 6 DaVonte Lambert 8 Victor Bolden Jr. 10 Kelly Bryant 11 LuJuan Winningham 12 Luis Perez 13 Caleb Vander Esch 14 Kevin Anderson 16 Rannell Hall 18 Donald Payne 19 Brandon Arconado 20 Javaris Davis 21 Cre'Von LeBlanc 22 Jamal Carter 24 Darren Evans 25 Jordan Miller 26 Leddie Brown 27 Brandon Rusnak 30 Edmond Robinson 35 Brian Herrien 36 Colin Schooler 37 Nasir Greer 40 Ryan Mueller 41 De'Vante Bausby 43 Aaron Donkor 44 Bunmi Rotimi 45 Will Clarke 48 Tomasi Laulile 49 Antonio Ortiz 50 Willie Taylor III 52 Isaiah Graham-Mobley 53 Darnell Sankey 55 Garrett McGhin 56 Cameron Hunt 58 Doug Costin 64 Brian Folkerts 68 Jake Stetz 70 Mike Horton 71 Josiah Coatney 72 T. J. Barnes 73 Willie Beavers 77 George Moore 79 Teton Saltes 80 Sal Cannella 81 Nate Becker 85 Tyler Vaughns 88 Shaun Beyer 90 Bruce Hector Head coach: Bob Stoops Assistant coaches: Reggie Davis Jonathan Hayes Jonathan Himebauch Tim Lewis Chuck Long Marvin Sanders Bill Sheridan This biographical article relating to an American football wide receiver born in the 1990s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"image_text":"Vaughns scoring a touchdown with USC.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Tyler_Vaughns.jpg/220px-Tyler_Vaughns.jpg"}]
null
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The Athletic.","urls":[{"url":"https://theathletic.com/466893/2018/08/10/tyler-vaughns-wide-receiver-usc-football-film-study/","url_text":"\"Film Analysis: USC's Tyler Vaughns on the origins of his technique\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tyler Vaughns becoming threat for USC\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ajc.com/sports/college/tyler-vaughns-becoming-threat-for-usc/4Bau5rLClFOkiXTNF8bEjO/","url_text":"\"Tyler Vaughns becoming threat for USC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tyler Vaughns Draft and Combine Prospect Profile\". NFL.com. Retrieved January 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nfl.com/prospects/tyler-vaughns/32005641-5570-5993-b0a5-e6c411cc41d4","url_text":"\"Tyler Vaughns Draft and Combine Prospect Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tyler Vaughns, Southern California, WR, 2021 NFL Draft Scout, NCAA College Football\". draftscout.com. Retrieved January 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1018832&DraftYear=2021","url_text":"\"Tyler Vaughns, Southern California, WR, 2021 NFL Draft Scout, NCAA College Football\""}]},{"reference":"\"Colts Sign 5 Undrafted Free Agents\". Colts.com. May 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.colts.com/news/undrafted-free-agents-sign-tarik-black-anthony-butler-deon-jackson-nfl-draft","url_text":"\"Colts Sign 5 Undrafted Free Agents\""}]},{"reference":"\"Colts Announce Final 2021 Roster Cuts\". Colts.com. August 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.colts.com/news/final-camp-roster-cuts-brett-hundley-shawn-davis-demichael-harris-will-holden","url_text":"\"Colts Announce Final 2021 Roster Cuts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Colts Sign 15 Players To Practice Squad\". Colts.com. September 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.colts.com/news/practice-squad-brett-hundley-deon-jackson-demichael-harris-tyler-vaughns","url_text":"\"Colts Sign 15 Players To Practice Squad\""}]},{"reference":"\"Colts Sign Tyler Davis, Marvell Tell III To Practice Squad; Release Curtis Bolton, Tyler Vaughns From Practice Squad\". Colts.com. September 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.colts.com/news/colts-sign-tyler-davis-marvell-tell-iii-to-practice-squad-release-curtis-bolton","url_text":"\"Colts Sign Tyler Davis, Marvell Tell III To Practice Squad; Release Curtis Bolton, Tyler Vaughns From Practice Squad\""}]},{"reference":"Varley, Teresa (September 7, 2021). \"Steelers make practice squad moves\". Steelers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.steelers.com/news/steelers-make-practice-squad-moves-x8087","url_text":"\"Steelers make practice squad moves\""}]},{"reference":"Varley, Teresa (January 14, 2022). \"Pierre placed on Reserve/COVID-19 List\". Steelers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.steelers.com/news/pierre-placed-on-reserve-covid-19-list","url_text":"\"Pierre placed on Reserve/COVID-19 List\""}]},{"reference":"Varley, Teresa (January 18, 2022). \"Steelers sign 12 to Reserve/Future contracts\". Steelers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.steelers.com/news/steelers-sign-12-to-reserve-futures-contracts","url_text":"\"Steelers sign 12 to Reserve/Future contracts\""}]},{"reference":"Varley, Teresa (August 30, 2022). \"Steelers make first round of roster moves\". Steelers.com. Archived from the original on August 30, 2022. Retrieved August 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220830192331/https://www.steelers.com/news/steelers-make-first-round-of-roster-moves","url_text":"\"Steelers make first round of roster moves\""},{"url":"https://www.steelers.com/news/steelers-make-first-round-of-roster-moves","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Supplemental Draft Picks 2023\". XFL.com. Retrieved January 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.xfl.com/supplemental-draft-2023","url_text":"\"Supplemental Draft Picks 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"The UFL Agrees to Terms with 61 Players\". UFLBoard.com. January 22, 2024. Retrieved January 23, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://uflboard.com/news/the-ufl-agrees-to-terms-with-61-players/","url_text":"\"The UFL Agrees to Terms with 61 Players\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Growler_(1841)
HMS Growler (1841)
["1 Construction and commissioning","2 Service history","3 Fate","4 Notes","5 Citations","6 References"]
Sloop of the Royal Navy For other ships with the same name, see HMS Growler. Sister-ship, HMS Driver History United Kingdom NameHMS Growler BuilderChatham Dockyard Cost£39,461 Laid downJanuary 1841 Launched20 July 1841 Commissioned9 March 1842 FateBroken up at Portsmouth by January 1854 General characteristics Class and typeDriver-class wooden paddle sloop Displacement1,590 tons Tons burthen1,05562⁄94 bm Length180 ft (54.9 m) (gundeck) Beam36 ft (11.0 m) Depth of hold21 ft (6.4 m) Installed power280 nhp Propulsion Seaward & Capel 2-cylinder direct-acting steam engine Paddles Sail planBrig-rigged Complement149 (later 160) Armament As built: 2 × 10-inch/42-pounder (84 cwt) pivot guns 2 × 68-pounder guns (64 cwt) 2 × 42-pounder (22 cwt) guns After 1856: 1 × 110 pdr Armstrong gun 1 × 68-pounder (95 cwt) gun 4 × 32-pounder (42 cwt) guns HMS Growler was a paddle-driven Driver-class sloop, built in 1841 and broken up in 1854. In 1847 she carried liberated Africans to Sierra Leone for resettlement. Construction and commissioning Growler was ordered under PW1840 along with other Driver-class paddle sloops, laid down at Chatham Dockyard and launched on 20 July 1841. She was completed at Chatham and commissioned on 9 March 1842. Service history On 31 March 1842, Growler was assigned to the South East Coast of America Station to combat the slave trade. She was re-assigned to the West Africa Squadron in September 1844. On 21 July 1844 Growler captured the Spanish brigantine Veterano. Then on 23 September 1844 Growler captured the Spanish slave schooner Concepcion. In February 1845 she took part in Commodore William Jones's destruction of several barracoons at Dombocorro and elsewhere. The ship was involved in a scheme to relocate liberated Africans from Sierra Leone to the Caribbean, arriving in Trinidad in December 1847. One hundred and fifty men, 37 women and 254 children former captives survived the journey, although 45 Africans died on the journey. Fate Growler was broken up at Portsmouth, which was completed by 17 January 1854. Notes ^ A first class share of the bounty money for Veterano was worth £59 1s 0½d; a sixth-class share was worth £3 18s 8½d. For Concepcion a first-class share was worth £6 17s 11d; a sixth-class share was worth 9s 2d. Citations ^ a b c d e f g h i j Winfield (2004), p.160 ^ Friedman, Norman (2012). British Cruisers of the Victorian Era. Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 9781473853126. Retrieved 9 November 2018. ^ a b "HMS Growler". www.pbenyon.plus.com. pbenyon.plus.com. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2018. ^ "HMS Growler at the William Loney R.N. website". Retrieved 26 December 2020. ^ "No. 20505". The London Gazette. 5 September 1845. p. 2740. ^ "Commodore Jones' destruction of the barracoons at Dombocorro and elsewhere in February 1845 (3: Jones' report of a subsequent conference with the Chiefs) at the Loney R.N. website". Retrieved 26 December 2020. ^ Adderley, Rosanne Marion (2006). "New Negroes from Africa": Slave Trade Abolition and Free African Settlement in the Nineteenth-century Caribbean. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253347033. Retrieved 9 November 2018. ^ Charles Day, Williams (1852). Five Years' Residence in the West Indies Vol. 1. Colburn and co. Retrieved 9 November 2018. References Winfield, R.; Lyon, D. (2004). The Sail and Steam Navy List: All the Ships of the Royal Navy 1815–1889. London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-032-6. OCLC 52620555. vteDriver-class sloops Driver Styx Vixen Devastation Geyser Growler Thunderbolt Cormorant Spiteful Eclair Virago Sphinx Preceded by: Alecto class Followed by: Bulldog class List of corvette and sloop classes of the Royal Navy This article about a specific naval ship or boat of the United Kingdom is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Growler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Growler"},{"link_name":"Driver-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driver-class_sloop"},{"link_name":"sloop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloop-of-war"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see HMS Growler.HMS Growler was a paddle-driven Driver-class sloop, built in 1841 and broken up in 1854. In 1847 she carried liberated Africans to Sierra Leone for resettlement.","title":"HMS Growler (1841)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BCVE-2"},{"link_name":"Chatham Dockyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_Dockyard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RW-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RW-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pb-3"}],"text":"Growler was ordered under PW1840 along with other Driver-class paddle sloops,[2] laid down at Chatham Dockyard and launched on 20 July 1841.[1] She was completed at Chatham and commissioned on 9 March 1842.[1][3]","title":"Construction and commissioning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South East Coast of America Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_Coast_of_America_Station"},{"link_name":"slave trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wl-4"},{"link_name":"West Africa Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pb-3"},{"link_name":"[Note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"barracoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barracoon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wl2-7"},{"link_name":"liberated Africans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberated_Africans_in_Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"Trinidad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adderley-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Five_Years-9"}],"text":"On 31 March 1842, Growler was assigned to the South East Coast of America Station to combat the slave trade.[4] She was re-assigned to the West Africa Squadron in September 1844.[3]On 21 July 1844 Growler captured the Spanish brigantine Veterano. Then on 23 September 1844 Growler captured the Spanish slave schooner Concepcion.[Note 1]In February 1845 she took part in Commodore William Jones's destruction of several barracoons at Dombocorro and elsewhere.[6]The ship was involved in a scheme to relocate liberated Africans from Sierra Leone to the Caribbean, arriving in Trinidad in December 1847.[7] One hundred and fifty men, 37 women and 254 children former captives survived the journey, although 45 Africans died on the journey.[8]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RW-1"}],"text":"Growler was broken up at Portsmouth, which was completed by 17 January 1854.[1]","title":"Fate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"£","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%A3sd"},{"link_name":"s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilling"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pence"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"^ A first class share of the bounty money for Veterano was worth £59 1s 0½d; a sixth-class share was worth £3 18s 8½d. For Concepcion a first-class share was worth £6 17s 11d; a sixth-class share was worth 9s 2d.[5]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RW_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RW_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RW_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RW_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RW_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RW_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RW_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RW_1-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RW_1-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RW_1-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BCVE_2-0"},{"link_name":"British Cruisers of the Victorian Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=sOWZBgAAQBAJ&q=HMS+Growler+%281841%29+Driver+class&pg=PA56"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781473853126","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473853126"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pb_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pb_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"HMS Growler\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170810144535/http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/18-1900/G/02092.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pbenyon.plus.com/18-1900/G/02092.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-wl_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"HMS Growler at the William Loney R.N. website\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pdavis.nl/ShowShip.php?id=1526"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"No. 20505\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/20505/page/2740"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-wl2_7-0"},{"link_name":"\"Commodore Jones' destruction of the barracoons at Dombocorro and elsewhere in February 1845 (3: Jones' report of a subsequent conference with the Chiefs) at the Loney R.N. website\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pdavis.nl/Jones_3.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Adderley_8-0"},{"link_name":"\"New Negroes from Africa\": Slave Trade Abolition and Free African Settlement in the Nineteenth-century Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=FXE23WQXz_YC&q=King%27s+Yard+Sierra+Leone&pg=PA269"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0253347033","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0253347033"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Five_Years_9-0"},{"link_name":"Five Years' Residence in the West Indies Vol. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/fiveyearsreside02daygoog/page/n7"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h i j Winfield (2004), p.160\n\n^ Friedman, Norman (2012). British Cruisers of the Victorian Era. Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 9781473853126. Retrieved 9 November 2018.\n\n^ a b \"HMS Growler\". www.pbenyon.plus.com. pbenyon.plus.com. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2018.\n\n^ \"HMS Growler at the William Loney R.N. website\". Retrieved 26 December 2020.\n\n^ \"No. 20505\". The London Gazette. 5 September 1845. p. 2740.\n\n^ \"Commodore Jones' destruction of the barracoons at Dombocorro and elsewhere in February 1845 (3: Jones' report of a subsequent conference with the Chiefs) at the Loney R.N. website\". Retrieved 26 December 2020.\n\n^ Adderley, Rosanne Marion (2006). \"New Negroes from Africa\": Slave Trade Abolition and Free African Settlement in the Nineteenth-century Caribbean. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253347033. Retrieved 9 November 2018.\n\n^ Charles Day, Williams (1852). Five Years' Residence in the West Indies Vol. 1. Colburn and co. Retrieved 9 November 2018.","title":"Citations"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Friedman, Norman (2012). British Cruisers of the Victorian Era. Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 9781473853126. Retrieved 9 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sOWZBgAAQBAJ&q=HMS+Growler+%281841%29+Driver+class&pg=PA56","url_text":"British Cruisers of the Victorian Era"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473853126","url_text":"9781473853126"}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Growler\". www.pbenyon.plus.com. pbenyon.plus.com. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170810144535/http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/18-1900/G/02092.html","url_text":"\"HMS Growler\""},{"url":"http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/18-1900/G/02092.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Growler at the William Loney R.N. website\". Retrieved 26 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pdavis.nl/ShowShip.php?id=1526","url_text":"\"HMS Growler at the William Loney R.N. website\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 20505\". The London Gazette. 5 September 1845. p. 2740.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/20505/page/2740","url_text":"\"No. 20505\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Commodore Jones' destruction of the barracoons at Dombocorro and elsewhere in February 1845 (3: Jones' report of a subsequent conference with the Chiefs) at the Loney R.N. website\". Retrieved 26 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pdavis.nl/Jones_3.htm","url_text":"\"Commodore Jones' destruction of the barracoons at Dombocorro and elsewhere in February 1845 (3: Jones' report of a subsequent conference with the Chiefs) at the Loney R.N. website\""}]},{"reference":"Adderley, Rosanne Marion (2006). \"New Negroes from Africa\": Slave Trade Abolition and Free African Settlement in the Nineteenth-century Caribbean. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253347033. Retrieved 9 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FXE23WQXz_YC&q=King%27s+Yard+Sierra+Leone&pg=PA269","url_text":"\"New Negroes from Africa\": Slave Trade Abolition and Free African Settlement in the Nineteenth-century Caribbean"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0253347033","url_text":"0253347033"}]},{"reference":"Charles Day, Williams (1852). Five Years' Residence in the West Indies Vol. 1. Colburn and co. Retrieved 9 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fiveyearsreside02daygoog/page/n7","url_text":"Five Years' Residence in the West Indies Vol. 1"}]},{"reference":"Winfield, R.; Lyon, D. (2004). The Sail and Steam Navy List: All the Ships of the Royal Navy 1815–1889. London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-032-6. OCLC 52620555.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86176-032-6","url_text":"978-1-86176-032-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52620555","url_text":"52620555"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_Squadron_SAAF
17 Squadron SAAF
["1 External links"]
17 SquadronSAAF Agusta 109Active1939–presentCountry South AfricaBranch South African Air ForceRoleHelicopter transport / utility sqnGarrison/HQAFB SwartkopMotto(s)Pro Re Nata (For the occasion as it arises)EquipmentAtlas Oryx, Agusta A109LUHInsignia17 Squadron InsigniaMilitary unit 17 Squadron SAAF is a squadron of the South African Air Force. It is currently a transport/utility helicopter squadron. First formed: 1 September 1939 Historic aircraft flown: Junkers Ju 52/3m, Blenheim V, Lockheed Ventura GR V, Vickers Wellington, Vickers Warwick GR V, Harvard, Sikorsky S-55, Sikorsky S-51, Sud Aviation Alouette II, Aérospatiale Alouette III, Aérospatiale Puma, SA 365N Dauphin Current aircraft flown: Atlas Oryx, Agusta A109LUH Current base: AFB Swartkop, Pretoria. External links 17 Squadron SAAF Unofficial Website Spanish tourist rescued during night helicopter operation on Drakensberg escarpment vteSouth African Air ForceLeadership Chiefs of the Air Force Sergeants Major of the Air Force Active squadrons 2 15 16 17 19 21 22 28 35 41 44 Training and development units 68 Air School 80 Air Navigation School 85 Combat Flying School 87 Helicopter Flying School Central Flying School Test Flight and Development Centre South African Air Force College Formation aerobatic teams Silver Falcons Reserve squadrons 101 102 104 105 106 107 108 110 111 Disbanded air and training squadrons 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 18 20 23 24 25 26 27 29 30 31 32 33 34 40 42 43 50 60 103 109 112 114 86 Multi-Engine Flying School 88 Maritime Training School 89 Combat Flying School Disbanded air defence squadrons 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 Wings of the SAAF 2 3 5 7 8 21 24 25 Bases AFB Bloemspruit AFB Durban AFB Hoedspruit AFB Langebaanweg AFB Makhado AFB Overberg AFB Swartkop AFB Waterkloof AFB Ysterplaat AFS Port Elizabeth Training areas Roodewaal Bombing Range Ditholo Training Area TAB Upington Vastrap Weapons Area Equipment List of current and historical SAAF aircraft List of weapon systems of the South African Air Force History History of the South African Air Force List of obsolete weapon systems of the South African Air Force South African Air Force Memorial South African Air Force Museum Military history of South Africa South African Air Force in World War I South African Air Force in World War II South African Air Force in the Korean War South African Air Force in the Bush War SAAF squadron identification codes Official website: www.af.mil.za This South African military article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shieldmaiden
Shield-maiden
["1 Etymology and meaning","2 Shield-maidens in literature","3 Brynhildr Buðladóttir and Guðrún Gjúkadóttir","4 Historical existence","4.1 Archaeology","4.2 Historical accounts","5 In popular culture","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Female warrior in Norse folklore and mythology Hervor dying after the Battle of the Goths and Huns, by Peter Nicolai Arbo A shield-maiden (Old Norse: skjaldmær ) was a female warrior from Scandinavian folklore and mythology. The term Old Norse: skjaldmær most often shows up in fornaldarsögur such as Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks. However, female warriors are also mentioned in the Latin work Gesta Danorum. Both the fornaldarsögur and Gesta Danorum were written after the Viking Age and are considered fictional. Earlier reports of fighting women occur in some Roman sources from Late Antiquity. They are often associated with the mythical Valkyries, which may have inspired the shieldmaidens. They may have also been inspired by accounts of Amazons. Etymology and meaning The term Shield-maiden is a calque of the Old Norse Old Norse: skjaldmær. Since Old Norse has no word that directly translates to warrior, but rather drengr, rekkr and seggr can all refer to male warrior and bragnar can mean warriors, it is problematic to say that the term meant female warrior to Old Norse speakers. Judith Jesch researched the word in an attempt to find its origin. While she found that it was used to describe Amazons as well as women warriors in Sagas, typically from the East, she found no conclusive evidence that it dates to the Viking Age, and suggests that it may have entered Old Norse in the 13th century. Additionally, the term is found in the name of a ship and in the nickname of a poet. In modern English, it can refer to a generic female warrior, but is also used to refer specifically to a type of character appearing in the fornaldarsögur. Confusingly, it is sometimes used to refer to hypothetical female warriors in the Viking Age. Jesch argues against this usage in academic works, as to avoid confusion between textual and literal Shield-maidens. The term is also used in modern English as synonymous with valkyrie. Indeed, Brynhildr, a valkyrie, describes herself as a shield-maiden in the Vǫlsunga saga. However, the text was composed in the 13th century, and not in the Viking Age. In the Viking Age, valkyries served drinks in Vahalla and choose the dead in battle, but were not warriors in the same way as shield-maidens in the sagas. Shield-maidens in literature Examples of shield-maidens mentioned by name in the Norse sagas include Brynhildr in the Vǫlsunga saga, Hervor in Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks, the Brynhildr of the Bósa saga ok Herrauðs, and the Swedish princess Thornbjǫrg in Hrólfs saga Gautrekssonar. Princess Hed, Visna, Lagertha and Veborg are female warriors named in Gesta Danorum. Two shield-maidens appear in Hervarar saga. The first of these Hervors was known to have taken up typically masculine roles early in her childhood and often raided travelers in the woods dressed as a man. Later in her life, she claimed the cursed sword Tyrfing from her father's burial site and became a seafaring raider. She eventually settled and married. Her granddaughter was also named Hervor and commanded forces against attacking Huns. Although the saga remarks on her bravery she is mortally wounded by enemy forces and dies on the battlefield. Saxo Grammaticus reported that women fought on the side of the Danes at the Battle of Brávellir in the year 750: Now out of the town of Sle, under the captains Hetha (Heid) and Wisna, with Hakon Cut-cheek came Tummi the Sailmaker. On these captains, who had the bodies of women, nature bestowed the souls of men. Webiorg was also inspired with the same spirit, and was attended by Bo (Bui) Bramason and Brat the Jute, thirsting for war. Scholars Judith Jesch and Jenny Jochens speculate that shield-maidens' often grim fates or their sudden return to typically female roles is a testament to their role as figures of both male and female fantasy as well as emblematic of the danger of abandoning gender roles. Brynhildr Buðladóttir and Guðrún Gjúkadóttir "Brunnhild" (1897) by Gaston BussièreMain article: BrynhildrBrynhildr of the Vǫlsunga saga, along with her rival in love, Guðrún Gjúkadóttir, provides an example of how a shield-maiden compares to more conventional aristocratic womanhood in the sagas. Brynhildr is chiefly concerned with honour, much like a male warrior. When she ends up married to Guðrún's brother Gunnarr instead of Sigurðr, the man she intended to marry, Brynhildr speaks a verse comparing the courage of the two men: Sigurd fought the dragon And that afterward will be Forgotten by no one While men still live. Yet your brother Neither dared To ride into the fire Nor to leap across it. Brynhildr is married to Gunnarr and not Sigurðr because of deceit and trickery, including a potion of forgetfulness given to Sigurðr so he forgets his previous relationship with her. Brynhildr is upset not only for the loss of Sigurðr, but also for the dishonesty involved. Similar to her male counterparts, the shield-maiden prefers to do things straightforwardly, without the deception considered stereotypically feminine in much of medieval literature. She enacts her vengeance directly, resulting in the deaths of herself, Sigurðr, and Sigurð's son by Guðrún. By killing the child, she demonstrates an understanding of feud and filial responsibility; if he lived, the boy would grow up to take vengeance on Brynhildr's family. Guðrún has a similar concern with family ties, but at first does not usually act directly. She is more inclined to incite her male relatives to action than take up arms herself. Guðrún is no shield-maiden, and Brynhildr mocks her for this, saying, "Only ask what is best for you to know. That is suitable for noble women. And it is easy to be satisfied while everything happens according to your desires." In her later marriages, however, she is willing to kill her children, burn down a hall, and send her other sons to avenge the murder of her daughter, Svanhildr. In the world of the sagas, women can be both honorable and remorseless, much like the male heroes. Historical existence The Valkyrie from Hårby Much of the study of shield-maidens focuses on them as a literary phenomenon. However, literal shield-maidens as well as have long been seen by some as evidence of historical women warriors in the Viking Age. In the early 1900s a female weapon grave was found in Nordre Kjølen and labeled a shield-maiden. Shield-maidens however were not studied in depth till textual scholars began to examine the issue. Præstgaard Andersen, Jesch and Jochens all began to examine the textual sources. Neil Price, argues that they existed. Some scholars, such as professor Judith Jesch, have cited a lack of evidence for trained or regular female warriors. Archaeology Graves of female settlers containing weapons have been uncovered, but scholars do not agree how these should be interpreted. Norse immigrant graves in England and chemical analysis of the remains suggested a somewhat equal distribution of men and women, suggesting husbands took wives, while some of the women were under the burial. In a tie-in special to the TV series Vikings, Neil Price showed that a 10th-century Birka-burial excavated in the 1870s containing many weapons and the bones of two horses turned out to be the grave of a woman upon bone analysis by Anna Kjellström. In 2017, DNA analysis confirmed that the person was female, the so-called Birka female Viking warrior. Historical accounts Roman sources occasionally mention women fighting among the Germanic peoples they faced; however, such reports are rare, and Hermann Reichert writes that fighting women were probably exceptional, uncommon cases rather than the norm. There are historical attestations that Viking Age women took part in warfare. The Byzantine historian John Skylitzes records that women fought in battle when Sviatoslav I of Kiev attacked the Byzantines in Bulgaria in 971. When the Varangians (not to be confused with the Byzantine Varangian Guard) had suffered a devastating defeat in the Siege of Dorostolon, the victors were stunned to discover armed women among the fallen warriors. When Leif Erikson's pregnant half-sister Freydís Eiríksdóttir was in Vinland, she is reported to have taken up a sword and, bare-breasted, scared away the attacking Skrælings. The fight is recounted in the Greenland saga, which does not explicitly refer to Freydís as a shield-maiden. In popular culture Female warriors inspired by the Norse sagas are portrayed in numerous works of historical and fantasy fiction, including prominently in such works as the 2013 TV series Vikings. The show depicts Lagertha (played by Katheryn Winnick) as the greatest shield maiden in the world. In the TV show Beforeigners Alfhildr Enginnsdottir (played by Krista Kosonen) and Urd (played by Ágústa Eva Erlendsdóttir) are shield maidens, who fought alongside Thorir Hund against Olaf II of Norway. Alfhildr later came to modern day Norway through a time hole and now works as a police inspector. Explaining the inclusion of a female Viking warrior protagonist in the video game Assassin's Creed Valhalla, the game's historical advisor Thierry Noël said, "The archaeological sources are highly debated on that specific issue. But (...) it was part of conception of the world. Sagas and myths from Norse society are full of tough female characters and warriors. It was part of their idea of the world, that women and men are equally formidable in battle". Canonically the game's main character can be a male or female (choice of gender at game start) named Eivor Varinsson/Varinsdottir who is the leader of the Raven Clan alongside their adoptive brother Sigurd Styrbjornsson. While women warriors are a staple of fantasy fiction, they are not often referred to as shield-maidens. Some who are include Éowyn in J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings and Thorgil in Nancy Farmer's The Sea of Trolls trilogy. See also Birka female Viking warrior Women in ancient warfare Women in post-classical warfare Women in warfare (1500–1699) Women warriors in literature and culture List of women warriors in folklore Onna-bugeisha References ^ Jesch, Judith (2021). "Women, War and Words: a Verbal Archaeology of Shield-maidens". Viking Wars. 84. doi:10.5617/viking.9054. S2CID 244733568. ^ a b Reichert, Hermann (2010) . "Frau". Germanische Altertumskunde Online. ^ Jesch, Judith (2015). The Viking Diaspora. Routledge. ISBN 9781317482543. ^ Jesch, Judith (2021). "Women, War and Words: a Verbal Archaeology of Shield-maidens". Viking Wars. 84. doi:10.5617/viking.9054. S2CID 244733568. ^ a b Tolkien, Christopher. "The Saga of King Heidrik the Wise" (PDF). Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd. Retrieved April 22, 2013. ^ Grammaticus, Saxo (2006-02-11) , Killings, Douglas B. (ed.), The Danish History, Books I–IX (E-book) (in Latin), translated by Elton, Oliver, New York: Norroena Society (published 1905), retrieved 2020-01-02 – via Project Gutenberg ^ Jesse L. Byock, trans., Saga of the Volsungs (University of California Press, 1990). ^ a b Byock, Jesse L. (Trans.) Saga of the Volsungs.University of California Press, 1990. ^ Gardela, Leszek (2 September 2021). Women and Weapons in the Viking World Amazons of the North. Casemate. ISBN 9781636240695. ^ a b "Secrets of the Vikings: Shield Maidens". www.history.com. Archived from the original on 25 January 2016. ^ Anderson, Christina (14 September 2017). "A Female Viking Warrior? Tomb Study Yields Clues". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 August 2018. ^ Jesch, Judith (19 April 2014). "Viking women, warriors, and valkyries". blog.britishmuseum.org. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2017. ^ Foss, Arild S. (2 January 2013). "Don't underestimate Viking women". sciencenordic.com. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2017. ^ McLeod, Shane (2011). "Warriors and women: the sex ratio of Norse migrants to eastern England up to 900 AD". Early Medieval Europe. 19 (3): 332–353. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0254.2011.00323.x. S2CID 161848570. ^ Vergano, Dan (July 19, 2011). "Invasion of the Viking women unearthed". USA Today. ^ Hedenstierna-Jonson, Charlotte; Kjellström, Anna; Zachrisson, Torun; Krzewińska, Maja; Sobrado, Veronica; Price, Neil; Günther, Torsten; Jakobsson, Mattias; Götherström, Anders; Storå, Jan (2017). "A female Viking warrior confirmed by genomics". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 164 (4): 853–860. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23308. PMC 5724682. PMID 28884802. ^ a b c Harrison, D. & Svensson, K. (2007). Vikingaliv. Fälth & Hässler, Värnamo. ISBN 978-91-27-35725-9. p. 71 ^ Thorsson, Ö. (Ed.) The Sagas of the Icelanders. Penguin Books, 1997. ^ Vitagliano, Dave. "Vikings Season 6 Episode 7 Review: The Ice Maiden". Den of Geek. ^ "Assassin's Creed Valhalla – The History Behind the Viking Legend". www.ubisoft.com. Retrieved 2020-05-02. ^ Young, Helen (2015). Fantasy and Science Fiction Medievalisms: From Isaac Asimov to A Game of Thrones. Cambria Press. p. 55, note 37. ISBN 978-1-62196-747-7. The gender-role inversion in Arbo's painting does not last for long: later in the film, Éowyn takes the same position as the shield maiden Hervor in the painting, lying on a field strewn with dead bodies, where her brother, Éomer, finds her. The colors in Arbo's painting are the golds, reds, yellows, and blues found in Rohan in the film, down to the white of the steed that, in the painting, has survived its rider. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shieldmaidens. vteOld Norse religion and mythologyMythological Norse people, items and placesDeities, dwarfs, jötnar,and other figuresÆsir Almáttki áss Baldr Bragi Dellingr Forseti Heimdall Hermóðr Höðr Hœnir Ítreksjóð Lóðurr Loki Máni Meili Mímir Móði and Magni Odin Óðr Thor Týr Ullr Váli (son of Odin) Víðarr Vili and Vé Ásynjur Bil Eir Frigg Fulla Gefjon Gerðr Gná Hlín Iðunn Ilmr Irpa Lofn Nanna Njörun Rán Rindr Sága Sif Sigyn Sjöfn Skaði Snotra Sól Syn Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr Þrúðr Vár Vör Vanir Freyja Freyr Ingunar-Freyr Yngvi Gersemi Gullveig Hnoss Kvasir Njörðr Sister-wife of Njörðr Jötnar Ægir Alvaldi Angrboða Aurboða Baugi Beli Bergelmir Bestla Bölþorn Býleistr Eggþér Fárbauti Fjölvar Fornjót Gangr Geirröðr Gillingr Gjálp and Greip Gríðr Gunnlöð Gymir Harðgreipr Helblindi Helreginn Hljod Hræsvelgr Hrímgerðr Hrímgrímnir Hrímnir Hroðr Hrungnir Hrymr Hymir Hyrrokkin Iði Ím Járnsaxa Laufey Leikn Litr Logi Mögþrasir Narfi (father of Nott) Sökkmímir Surtr Suttungr Þjazi Þökk Þrívaldi Þrúðgelmir Þrymr Útgarða-Loki Vafþrúðnir Víðblindi Vosud Vörnir Ymir Dwarfs Alvíss Andvari Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri Billingr Dáinn Durinn Dúrnir Dvalinn Fáfnir Fjalar and Galar Gandalf Hreiðmarr Litr Mótsognir Ótr Regin Sons of Ivaldi Brokkr Eitri Heroes List of figures in Germanic heroic legend A B–C D–E F–G H–He Hi–Hy I–O P–S T–Y people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend named animals and plants named weapons, armour and treasures Others Ask and Embla Auðr Auðumbla Aurvandill Beyla Borr Búri Byggvir Dísir Landdísir Dragons Draugs Einherjar Eldir Elves Dark elves (Dökkálfar) Light elves (Ljósálfar) Black elves (Svartálfar) Fimafeng Fjalar (rooster) Fenrir Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn Fylgja Garmr Gullinbursti Hati Hróðvitnisson Hel Hildisvíni Hjúki Horses of the Æsir Árvakr and Alsviðr Blóðughófi Falhófnir Gísl Glaðr Glær Glenr Grani Gullfaxi Gulltoppr Gyllir Hamskerpir and Garðrofa Hófvarpnir Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi Sleipnir Svaðilfari Jörð Jörmungandr Líf and Lífthrasir Loddfáfnir Móðguðr Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán Nine Mothers of Heimdallr Narfi (son of Loki) Níðhöggr Norns Personifications Dagr Elli Nótt Sumarr and Vetr Sæhrímnir Skírnir Sköll Shield-maiden Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr Troll Þjálfi and Röskva Vættir Landvættir Váli (son of Loki) Valkyries Völundr Vörðr LocationsUnderworld Hel Éljúðnir Gjallarbrú Náströnd Niflhel Niðafjöll Rivers Élivágar Gjöll Ífingr Kerlaugar Körmt and Örmt Slidr River Vadgelmir Vimur River Other locations Asgard Amsvartnir Andlang Barri Bifröst Bilskirnir Brávellir Brimir Fensalir Fólkvangr Fornsigtuna Fyrisvellir Gálgviðr Gandvik Gastropnir Gimlé Ginnungagap Glaðsheimr Glæsisvellir Glitnir Gnipahellir Grove of fetters Heiðr Himinbjörg Hindarfjall Hlidskjalf Hnitbjorg Hoddmímis holt Iðavöllr Járnviðr Jötunheimr Mímameiðr Myrkviðr Munarvágr Nóatún Okolnir Sessrúmnir Sindri Singasteinn Þrúðheimr Þrúðvangr Þrymheimr Uppsala Útgarðar Valaskjálf Valhalla Vanaheimr Víðbláinn Vígríðr Vingólf Wells Hvergelmir Mímisbrunnr Urðarbrunnr Ýdalir Yggdrasil Events Æsir–Vanir War Fimbulvetr Fróði's Peace Hjaðningavíg Ragnarök Sources Gesta Danorum Edda Poetic Edda Prose Edda Runestones Sagas Jómsvíkinga Legendary Tyrfing Cycle Völsung Cycle Old Norse language Orthography Later influence SocietyReligious practice Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe Blót Hof Heitstrenging Horses Hörgr Worship Öndvegissúlur Reginnaglar Sacred trees and groves Sonargöltr Temple at Uppsala Vé Wetlands and islands Festivals and holy periods Álfablót Dísablót Germanic calendar Þorrablót Vetrnætr Yule Other Death Ergi Félag Galdr Goði Hamingja Heiti Kenning Mead hall Nīþ Norse cosmology Numbers Philosophy Rings Runes Seiðr Skald Viking Age Völva See also Germanic paganism Heathenry (new religious movement) Nordic Bronze Age vteVikingsCulture Blót Brisingamen Danegeld Dís Eddas Einherjar Futhark Elder Futhark Younger Futhark Germanic deities Gothi Hnefatafl Holmgang Mjölnir Norsemen Norse funeral (ship burial) Norse mythology Norse rituals Old Norse Old Norse religion Raven banner Sagas Skald Seeress Skíðblaðnir Thrall Valhalla Valkyrie Viking Age Viking art Viking runestones Viking Age trade Yggdrasil Shipsand navigation Knarr Longship Viking ships Viking ship replica Visby lenses Homelandsand colonies North Sea Empire Iceland Greenland Orkney Islands Shetland Faroe Islands North America L'Anse aux Meadows Vinland Jomsborg Kievan Rus' Expansion Viking expansion British Isles Danelaw Anglia Mercia York Isle of Man Scotland Wessex France Brittany Normandy Rhineland Pomerania Estonia Iberia Dublin Italy Battles Tactics and warfare Battle of Aclea First Battle of Alton Battle of Anglesey Sound Battle of Ashdown Battle of Assandun Battle of Basing Battle of Barry Battle of Bauds Battle of Benfleet Battle of Brávellir Battle of Brentford (1016) Battle of Brissarthe Battle of Brunanburh Battle of Buttington Battle of Cathair Cuan Battle of Chippenham Battle of Clontarf Battle of Confey Battle of Corbridge Battle of Cynwit Battle of Derby Battle of Dollar Battle of Edington Battle of Englefield Battle of Epiphany Battle of Fitjar Battle of Florvåg Battle of Fulford Battle of Fýrisvellir Battle of Glenmama Battle of Hafrsfjord Battle of Helgeå Battle of Hingston Down Battle of the Holme Battle of Hjörungavágr Battle of Islandbridge Battle of Largs Battle of Leuven (891) Battle of London Bridge Battle of Lüneburg Heath Battle of Lyrskov Heath Battle of Mag Femen Battle of Maldon Battle of Meretun Battle of Nesjar Battle of Niså Battle of Norditi Battle of Pinhoe Battle of Rastarkalv Battle of Reading (871) Battle of Renfrew Battle of Remich Battle of Ringmere Battle of Rochester Battle of Sasireti Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu Battle of Skyhill Battle of Stainmore Battle of Stamford (894) Battle of Stamford (918) Battle of Stamford Bridge Battle of Stiklestad Battle of Strangford Lough Battle of Svolder Battle of Sulcoit Battle of Tara (Ireland) Battle of Tarbat Ness Battle of Tempsford Battle of Tettenhall Battle of Thetford Battle of Thimeon Battle of Trans-la-Forêt Battle of York Burning of Luimneach Viking raid on Galicia and Asturias Raids in the Rhineland Raid on Seville Sack of Santiago de Compostela Siege of Asselt Siege of Chartres (911) Siege of Constantinople (860) Sack of Paris Siege of Paris Cnut the Great's invasion of England Arms, armour and fortifications Berserker Great Heathen Army Hersir Hird Viking Age arms and armour Halberd Atgeir Skeggöx Dane axe Gjermundbu helmet Yarm helmet Sword Ulfberht Ingelrii Ring Fortress Raid Warfare and Tactics Shield-maiden Svinfylking Formation Varangian Guard Historical figures Airdeconut Amlaíb Cenncairech Amlaíb Cuarán Amlaíb Conung Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir) Auisle Bagsecg Berle-Kari Birka female Viking warrior Bjørn (floruit 856–58) Bjorn Asbrandsson Bjarni Herjólfsson Björn Ironside Bjorn the Easterner Cnut Egill Skallagrímsson Eohric of East Anglia Eric Bloodaxe Erik the Red Eric I of Denmark Eiríkr Hákonarson Freydís Eiríksdóttir Freygeirr Garðar Svavarsson Godfrid Haraldsson Godfrid, Duke of Frisia Grímur Kamban Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir Gunnar Hámundarson Guthred Guthrum Hakon Rognvaldsson Haakon the Good Haakon Sigurdsson Halfdan Long-Leg Halfdan Ragnarsson Hagrold Harald Bluetooth Harald Fairhair Harald Hardrada Harald Wartooth Hastein Hemming Halfdansson Hrafna-Flóki Vilgerðarson Hvitserk Ingvar the Far-Travelled Ingólfr Arnarson Ivar the Boneless Jomsvikings Ketilsdóttir Ketill Flatnose Ketil Trout (Iceland) Lagertha Leif Erikson Magnus Barefoot Naddodd Náttfari Olaf Tryggvason Olav Haraldsson Olaf the White Olof Skötkonung Orm Storolfsson Ohthere of Hålogaland Ottir Palnatoke Ragnar Lodbrok Ragnar Ragnarsson Ragnhild Eriksdotter Ragnall ua Imair Raud the Strong Reginheri Rognvald Eysteinsson Rollo Rorik Rusla Snæfrithr Svásadottir Sigvaldi Strut-Haraldsson Sigurd Ring Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye Sigurd the Stout Sitric Caech Skalla-Grímr Snorri Sturluson Steinunn Refsdóttir Styrbjörn the Strong Sweyn Asleifsson Sweyn Forkbeard Þorbjörg Lítilvölva Thorfinn the Mighty Thorfinn Torf-Einarsson Thorkell the Tall Thorir Hund Thorolf Kveldulfsson Thorstein the Red Tryggvi the Pretender Turgesius Valtoke Gormsson Vagn Åkesson Veborg Ubba Uí Ímair Unn the Deep-Minded Runestones Ballstorp Runestone Baltic area runestones Danish Runic Inscription 66 Danish Runic Inscription 154 Danish Runic Inscription 380 Egtved Runestone England runestones Greece runestones Gunnar's bridge runestones Hagby Runestones Hakon Jarl runestones Hällestad Runestones Ingvar runestones Italy runestones Karlevi Runestone Lingsberg Runestones Norra Härene Runestone Orkesta Runestones Runestones at Aspa Runestones of Högby Sædinge Runestone Sigtrygg Runestones Simris Runestones Sjörup Runestone Småland Runic Inscription 48 Södermanland Runic Inscription 174 Södermanland Runic Inscription 333 Sparlösa Runestone Stangeland stone Stone of Eric Runestone U 582 Uppland Runic Inscription 158 Varangian runestones Västergötland Runic Inscription 40 Västra Nöbbelöv Runestone Viking runestones Related Viking revival Viking Ship Museum (Oslo) Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_Nicolai_Arbo-Hervors_d%C3%B8d.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hervor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hervor"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Goths and Huns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hl%C3%B6%C3%B0skvi%C3%B0a"},{"link_name":"Peter Nicolai Arbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Nicolai_Arbo"},{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈskjɑldˌmæːr]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA"},{"link_name":"warrior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrior"},{"link_name":"Scandinavian folklore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_folklore"},{"link_name":"mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_mythology"},{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse_language"},{"link_name":"fornaldarsögur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fornaldars%C3%B6gur"},{"link_name":"Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hervarar_saga_ok_Hei%C3%B0reks"},{"link_name":"Gesta Danorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesta_Danorum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Late Antiquity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Antiquity"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reallexikon-2"},{"link_name":"Valkyries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkyrie"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Hervor dying after the Battle of the Goths and Huns, by Peter Nicolai ArboA shield-maiden (Old Norse: skjaldmær [ˈskjɑldˌmæːr]) was a female warrior from Scandinavian folklore and mythology.The term Old Norse: skjaldmær most often shows up in fornaldarsögur such as Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks. However, female warriors are also mentioned in the Latin work Gesta Danorum.[1] Both the fornaldarsögur and Gesta Danorum were written after the Viking Age and are considered fictional. Earlier reports of fighting women occur in some Roman sources from Late Antiquity.[2] They are often associated with the mythical Valkyries, which may have inspired the shieldmaidens.[3] They may have also been inspired by accounts of Amazons.","title":"Shield-maiden"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"calque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calque"},{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The term Shield-maiden is a calque of the Old Norse Old Norse: skjaldmær. Since Old Norse has no word that directly translates to warrior, but rather drengr, rekkr and seggr can all refer to male warrior and bragnar can mean warriors, it is problematic to say that the term meant female warrior to Old Norse speakers. Judith Jesch researched the word in an attempt to find its origin. While she found that it was used to describe Amazons as well as women warriors in Sagas, typically from the East, she found no conclusive evidence that it dates to the Viking Age, and suggests that it may have entered Old Norse in the 13th century. Additionally, the term is found in the name of a ship and in the nickname of a poet.In modern English, it can refer to a generic female warrior, but is also used to refer specifically to a type of character appearing in the fornaldarsögur. Confusingly, it is sometimes used to refer to hypothetical female warriors in the Viking Age. Jesch argues against this usage in academic works, as to avoid confusion between textual and literal Shield-maidens. The term is also used in modern English as synonymous with valkyrie. Indeed, Brynhildr, a valkyrie, describes herself as a shield-maiden in the Vǫlsunga saga. However, the text was composed in the 13th century, and not in the Viking Age. In the Viking Age, valkyries served drinks in Vahalla and choose the dead in battle, but were not warriors in the same way as shield-maidens in the sagas.[4]","title":"Etymology and meaning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brynhildr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brynhildr"},{"link_name":"Vǫlsunga saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C7%ABlsunga_saga"},{"link_name":"Hervor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hervor"},{"link_name":"Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hervarar_saga_ok_Hei%C3%B0reks"},{"link_name":"Bósa saga ok Herrauðs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3sa_saga_ok_Herrau%C3%B0s"},{"link_name":"Hrólfs saga Gautrekssonar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hr%C3%B3lfs_saga_Gautrekssonar"},{"link_name":"Lagertha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagertha"},{"link_name":"Veborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veborg"},{"link_name":"Gesta Danorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesta_Danorum"},{"link_name":"Tyrfing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrfing"},{"link_name":"Huns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huns"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tolkien-5"},{"link_name":"Saxo Grammaticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxo_Grammaticus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saxo-6"},{"link_name":"Danes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danes_(Germanic_tribe)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Brávellir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Br%C3%A1vellir"},{"link_name":"Hetha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hei%C3%B0r"},{"link_name":"Webiorg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webiorg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tolkien-5"}],"text":"Examples of shield-maidens mentioned by name in the Norse sagas include Brynhildr in the Vǫlsunga saga, Hervor in Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks, the Brynhildr of the Bósa saga ok Herrauðs, and the Swedish princess Thornbjǫrg in Hrólfs saga Gautrekssonar. Princess Hed, Visna, Lagertha and Veborg are female warriors named in Gesta Danorum.Two shield-maidens appear in Hervarar saga. The first of these Hervors was known to have taken up typically masculine roles early in her childhood and often raided travelers in the woods dressed as a man. Later in her life, she claimed the cursed sword Tyrfing from her father's burial site and became a seafaring raider. She eventually settled and married. Her granddaughter was also named Hervor and commanded forces against attacking Huns. Although the saga remarks on her bravery she is mortally wounded by enemy forces and dies on the battlefield.[5]Saxo Grammaticus[6] reported that women fought on the side of the Danes at the Battle of Brávellir in the year 750:Now out of the town of Sle, under the captains Hetha (Heid) and Wisna, with Hakon Cut-cheek came Tummi the Sailmaker. On these captains, who had the bodies of women, nature bestowed the souls of men. Webiorg was also inspired with the same spirit, and was attended by Bo (Bui) Bramason and Brat the Jute, thirsting for war.Scholars Judith Jesch and Jenny Jochens speculate that shield-maidens' often grim fates or their sudden return to typically female roles is a testament to their role as figures of both male and female fantasy as well as emblematic of the danger of abandoning gender roles.[5]","title":"Shield-maidens in literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brunhild_(Postkarte),_G._Bussiere,_1897.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gaston Bussière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Bussi%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Guðrún Gjúkadóttir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudrun"},{"link_name":"Guðrún","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudrun"},{"link_name":"Gunnarr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunther"},{"link_name":"Sigurðr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigurd"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Byock2-7"},{"link_name":"the dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1fnir"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Byock-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Byock-8"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"\"Brunnhild\" (1897) by Gaston BussièreBrynhildr of the Vǫlsunga saga, along with her rival in love, Guðrún Gjúkadóttir, provides an example of how a shield-maiden compares to more conventional aristocratic womanhood in the sagas. Brynhildr is chiefly concerned with honour, much like a male warrior. When she ends up married to Guðrún's brother Gunnarr instead of Sigurðr, the man she intended to marry, Brynhildr speaks a verse comparing the courage of the two men:[7]Sigurd fought the dragon\nAnd that afterward will be\nForgotten by no one\nWhile men still live.\nYet your brother\nNeither dared\nTo ride into the fire\nNor to leap across it.Brynhildr is married to Gunnarr and not Sigurðr because of deceit and trickery, including a potion of forgetfulness given to Sigurðr so he forgets his previous relationship with her.[8] Brynhildr is upset not only for the loss of Sigurðr, but also for the dishonesty involved. Similar to her male counterparts, the shield-maiden prefers to do things straightforwardly, without the deception considered stereotypically feminine in much of medieval literature. She enacts her vengeance directly, resulting in the deaths of herself, Sigurðr, and Sigurð's son by Guðrún. By killing the child, she demonstrates an understanding of feud and filial responsibility; if he lived, the boy would grow up to take vengeance on Brynhildr's family.Guðrún has a similar concern with family ties, but at first does not usually act directly. She is more inclined to incite her male relatives to action than take up arms herself. Guðrún is no shield-maiden, and Brynhildr mocks her for this, saying, \"Only ask what is best for you to know. That is suitable for noble women. And it is easy to be satisfied while everything happens according to your desires.\"[8] In her later marriages, however, she is willing to kill her children, burn down a hall, and send her other sons to avenge the murder of her daughter, Svanhildr. In the world of the sagas, women can be both honorable and remorseless, much like the male heroes.[citation needed]","title":"Brynhildr Buðladóttir and Guðrún Gjúkadóttir"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Valkyrie_fra_H%C3%A5rby.png"},{"link_name":"The Valkyrie from Hårby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Valkyrie_from_H%C3%A5rby"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Neil Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Price_(archaeologist)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history.com-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Judith Jesch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Jesch"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The Valkyrie from HårbyMuch of the study of shield-maidens focuses on them as a literary phenomenon. However, literal shield-maidens as well as have long been seen by some as evidence of historical women warriors in the Viking Age. In the early 1900s a female weapon grave was found in Nordre Kjølen and labeled a shield-maiden. Shield-maidens however were not studied in depth till textual scholars began to examine the issue. Præstgaard Andersen, Jesch and Jochens all began to examine the textual sources.[9] Neil Price, argues that they existed.[10][11] Some scholars, such as professor Judith Jesch, have cited a lack of evidence for trained or regular female warriors.[12]","title":"Historical existence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikings_(2013_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Birka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birka"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history.com-10"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jonson2017-16"},{"link_name":"Birka female Viking warrior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birka_female_Viking_warrior"}],"sub_title":"Archaeology","text":"Graves of female settlers containing weapons have been uncovered, but scholars do not agree how these should be interpreted.[13] Norse immigrant graves in England and chemical analysis of the remains suggested a somewhat equal distribution of men and women, suggesting husbands took wives, while some of the women were under the burial.[14][15] In a tie-in special to the TV series Vikings, Neil Price showed that a 10th-century Birka-burial excavated in the 1870s containing many weapons and the bones of two horses turned out to be the grave of a woman upon bone analysis by Anna Kjellström.[10] In 2017, DNA analysis confirmed that the person was female,[16] the so-called Birka female Viking warrior.","title":"Historical existence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Germanic peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples"},{"link_name":"Hermann Reichert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Reichert"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reallexikon-2"},{"link_name":"Viking Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Age"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"John Skylitzes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Skylitzes"},{"link_name":"Sviatoslav I of Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sviatoslav_I_of_Kiev"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-17"},{"link_name":"Varangians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangians"},{"link_name":"Varangian Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian_Guard"},{"link_name":"Siege of Dorostolon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Dorostolon"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-17"},{"link_name":"Leif Erikson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leif_Erikson"},{"link_name":"Freydís Eiríksdóttir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freyd%C3%ADs_Eir%C3%ADksd%C3%B3ttir"},{"link_name":"Vinland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinland"},{"link_name":"Skrælings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skr%C3%A6ling"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-17"},{"link_name":"Greenland saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland_saga"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thorsson-18"}],"sub_title":"Historical accounts","text":"Roman sources occasionally mention women fighting among the Germanic peoples they faced; however, such reports are rare, and Hermann Reichert writes that fighting women were probably exceptional, uncommon cases rather than the norm.[2]There are historical attestations that Viking Age women took part in warfare. The Byzantine historian John Skylitzes records that women fought in battle when Sviatoslav I of Kiev attacked the Byzantines in Bulgaria in 971.[17] When the Varangians (not to be confused with the Byzantine Varangian Guard) had suffered a devastating defeat in the Siege of Dorostolon, the victors were stunned to discover armed women among the fallen warriors.[17]When Leif Erikson's pregnant half-sister Freydís Eiríksdóttir was in Vinland, she is reported to have taken up a sword and, bare-breasted, scared away the attacking Skrælings.[17] The fight is recounted in the Greenland saga, which does not explicitly refer to Freydís as a shield-maiden.[18]","title":"Historical existence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"historical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_fiction"},{"link_name":"fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy"},{"link_name":"Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikings_(2013_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Lagertha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagertha"},{"link_name":"Katheryn Winnick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katheryn_Winnick"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Beforeigners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beforeigners"},{"link_name":"Krista Kosonen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krista_Kosonen"},{"link_name":"Thorir Hund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorir_Hund"},{"link_name":"Olaf II of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Assassin's Creed Valhalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_Valhalla"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Éowyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89owyn"},{"link_name":"J. R. R. Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"The Lord of the Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Young2015-21"},{"link_name":"Nancy Farmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Farmer"},{"link_name":"The Sea of Trolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sea_of_Trolls"}],"text":"Female warriors inspired by the Norse sagas are portrayed in numerous works of historical and fantasy fiction, including prominently in such works as the 2013 TV series Vikings. The show depicts Lagertha (played by Katheryn Winnick) as the greatest shield maiden in the world.[19] In the TV show Beforeigners Alfhildr Enginnsdottir (played by Krista Kosonen) and Urd (played by Ágústa Eva Erlendsdóttir) are shield maidens, who fought alongside Thorir Hund against Olaf II of Norway. Alfhildr later came to modern day Norway through a time hole and now works as a police inspector.Explaining the inclusion of a female Viking warrior protagonist in the video game Assassin's Creed Valhalla, the game's historical advisor Thierry Noël said, \"The archaeological sources are highly debated on that specific issue. But (...) it was part of [the Norse] conception of the world. Sagas and myths from Norse society are full of tough female characters and warriors. It was part of their idea of the world, that women and men are equally formidable in battle\".[20] Canonically the game's main character can be a male or female (choice of gender at game start) named Eivor Varinsson/Varinsdottir who is the leader of the Raven Clan alongside their adoptive brother Sigurd Styrbjornsson.While women warriors are a staple of fantasy fiction, they are not often referred to as shield-maidens. Some who are include Éowyn in J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings[21] and Thorgil in Nancy Farmer's The Sea of Trolls trilogy.","title":"In popular culture"}]
[{"image_text":"Hervor dying after the Battle of the Goths and Huns, by Peter Nicolai Arbo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Peter_Nicolai_Arbo-Hervors_d%C3%B8d.jpg/350px-Peter_Nicolai_Arbo-Hervors_d%C3%B8d.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"Brunnhild\" (1897) by Gaston Bussière","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Brunhild_%28Postkarte%29%2C_G._Bussiere%2C_1897.jpg/220px-Brunhild_%28Postkarte%29%2C_G._Bussiere%2C_1897.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Valkyrie from Hårby","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Valkyrie_fra_H%C3%A5rby.png/220px-Valkyrie_fra_H%C3%A5rby.png"}]
[{"title":"Birka female Viking warrior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birka_female_Viking_warrior"},{"title":"Women in ancient warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_ancient_warfare"},{"title":"Women in post-classical warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_post-classical_warfare"},{"title":"Women in warfare (1500–1699)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_warfare_(1500%E2%80%931699)"},{"title":"Women warriors in literature and culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_warriors_in_literature_and_culture"},{"title":"List of women warriors in folklore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_women_warriors_in_folklore"},{"title":"Onna-bugeisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onna-bugeisha"}]
[{"reference":"Jesch, Judith (2021). \"Women, War and Words: a Verbal Archaeology of Shield-maidens\". Viking Wars. 84. doi:10.5617/viking.9054. S2CID 244733568.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/88356988","url_text":"\"Women, War and Words: a Verbal Archaeology of Shield-maidens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5617%2Fviking.9054","url_text":"10.5617/viking.9054"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244733568","url_text":"244733568"}]},{"reference":"Reichert, Hermann (2010) [1995]. \"Frau\". Germanische Altertumskunde Online.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.degruyter.com/database/GAO/entry/RGA_1668/html","url_text":"Germanische Altertumskunde Online"}]},{"reference":"Jesch, Judith (2015). The Viking Diaspora. Routledge. ISBN 9781317482543.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IjrLCQAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Viking Diaspora"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317482543","url_text":"9781317482543"}]},{"reference":"Jesch, Judith (2021). \"Women, War and Words: a Verbal Archaeology of Shield-maidens\". Viking Wars. 84. doi:10.5617/viking.9054. S2CID 244733568.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/88356988","url_text":"\"Women, War and Words: a Verbal Archaeology of Shield-maidens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5617%2Fviking.9054","url_text":"10.5617/viking.9054"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244733568","url_text":"244733568"}]},{"reference":"Tolkien, Christopher. \"The Saga of King Heidrik the Wise\" (PDF). Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd. Retrieved April 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/The%20Saga%20Of%20King%20Heidrek%20The%20Wise.pdf","url_text":"\"The Saga of King Heidrik the Wise\""}]},{"reference":"Grammaticus, Saxo (2006-02-11) [early years of the 13th Century CE], Killings, Douglas B. (ed.), The Danish History, Books I–IX [The Nine Books of the Danish History of Saxo Grammaticus] (E-book) (in Latin), translated by Elton, Oliver, New York: Norroena Society (published 1905), retrieved 2020-01-02 – via Project Gutenberg","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxo_Grammaticus","url_text":"Grammaticus, Saxo"},{"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1150","url_text":"The Danish History, Books I–IX"}]},{"reference":"Gardela, Leszek (2 September 2021). Women and Weapons in the Viking World Amazons of the North. Casemate. ISBN 9781636240695.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JvE1EAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Women and Weapons in the Viking World Amazons of the North"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781636240695","url_text":"9781636240695"}]},{"reference":"\"Secrets of the Vikings: Shield Maidens\". www.history.com. Archived from the original on 25 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160125132543/http://www.history.com/shows/vikings/videos/secrets-of-the-vikings-shield-maidens","url_text":"\"Secrets of the Vikings: Shield Maidens\""},{"url":"http://www.history.com/shows/vikings/videos/secrets-of-the-vikings-shield-maidens","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Christina (14 September 2017). \"A Female Viking Warrior? Tomb Study Yields Clues\". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/14/world/europe/sweden-viking-women-warriors-dna.html","url_text":"\"A Female Viking Warrior? Tomb Study Yields Clues\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Jesch, Judith (19 April 2014). \"Viking women, warriors, and valkyries\". blog.britishmuseum.org. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194313/http://blog.britishmuseum.org/2014/04/19/viking-women-warriors-and-valkyries/","url_text":"\"Viking women, warriors, and valkyries\""},{"url":"https://blog.britishmuseum.org/viking-women-warriors-and-valkyries/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Foss, Arild S. (2 January 2013). \"Don't underestimate Viking women\". sciencenordic.com. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170326105941/http://sciencenordic.com/don%E2%80%99t-underestimate-viking-women","url_text":"\"Don't underestimate Viking women\""},{"url":"http://sciencenordic.com/don%E2%80%99t-underestimate-viking-women","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McLeod, Shane (2011). \"Warriors and women: the sex ratio of Norse migrants to eastern England up to 900 AD\". Early Medieval Europe. 19 (3): 332–353. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0254.2011.00323.x. S2CID 161848570.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0254.2011.00323.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1468-0254.2011.00323.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161848570","url_text":"161848570"}]},{"reference":"Vergano, Dan (July 19, 2011). \"Invasion of the Viking women unearthed\". USA Today.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.usatoday.com/communities/sciencefair/post/2011/07/invasion-of-the-viking-women-unearthed/1?csp=34news#.U6xrxBwcqs8","url_text":"\"Invasion of the Viking women unearthed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"Hedenstierna-Jonson, Charlotte; Kjellström, Anna; Zachrisson, Torun; Krzewińska, Maja; Sobrado, Veronica; Price, Neil; Günther, Torsten; Jakobsson, Mattias; Götherström, Anders; Storå, Jan (2017). \"A female Viking warrior confirmed by genomics\". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 164 (4): 853–860. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23308. PMC 5724682. PMID 28884802.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5724682","url_text":"\"A female Viking warrior confirmed by genomics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.23308","url_text":"10.1002/ajpa.23308"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5724682","url_text":"5724682"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28884802","url_text":"28884802"}]},{"reference":"Vitagliano, Dave. \"Vikings Season 6 Episode 7 Review: The Ice Maiden\". Den of Geek.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.denofgeek.com/tv/vikings-season-6-episode-7-review-the-ice-maiden/","url_text":"\"Vikings Season 6 Episode 7 Review: The Ice Maiden\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_of_Geek","url_text":"Den of Geek"}]},{"reference":"\"Assassin's Creed Valhalla – The History Behind the Viking Legend\". www.ubisoft.com. Retrieved 2020-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ubisoft.com/en-au/game/assassins-creed/valhalla/news-updates/3MqVugCVVB0cLydXLn3Xy3/assassins-creed-valhalla-the-history-behind-the-viking-legend","url_text":"\"Assassin's Creed Valhalla – The History Behind the Viking Legend\""}]},{"reference":"Young, Helen (2015). Fantasy and Science Fiction Medievalisms: From Isaac Asimov to A Game of Thrones. Cambria Press. p. 55, note 37. ISBN 978-1-62196-747-7. The gender-role inversion in Arbo's painting does not last for long: later in the film, Éowyn takes the same position as the shield maiden Hervor in the painting, lying on a field strewn with dead bodies, where her brother, Éomer, finds her. The colors in Arbo's painting are the golds, reds, yellows, and blues found in Rohan in the film, down to the white of the steed that, in the painting, has survived its rider.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nSg_CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT55","url_text":"Fantasy and Science Fiction Medievalisms: From Isaac Asimov to A Game of Thrones"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62196-747-7","url_text":"978-1-62196-747-7"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Keys/Motuhope
Star Keys
["1 See also","2 References"]
Coordinates: 44°13′18″S 176°00′11″W / 44.2217°S 176.003°W / -44.2217; -176.003 Star KeysMotuhope (Māori)Motchu Hopo (Moriori)Map showing location of Star KeysGeographyCoordinates44°13′18″S 176°00′11″W / 44.2217°S 176.003°W / -44.2217; -176.003ArchipelagoChatham IslandsAdministrationNew Zealand The Star Keys (Māori: Motuhope; Moriori: Motchu Hopo) are group of five rocky islets in the Chatham Archipelago, about 12 kilometres (7 mi) east of Pitt Island. The archipelago is part of New Zealand, whose South Island lies 800 kilometres (497 mi) to the west. The largest of the Star Keys is Round Islet. See also Islands portal List of islands of New Zealand List of islands Desert island References ^ Moriori; The Trustees of the Moriori Imi Settlement Trust; The Crown. "Deed of Settlement of Historical Claims" (PDF). Office of Treaty Settlements. Retrieved 20 November 2021. ^ Government of New Zealand, Dept. of Conservation (1999) Chatham IslandsConservation Management Strategy, map 6. Accessed on 2012-07-13. vteChatham IslandsIslands (by English name) Castle Chatham Forty-Fours Little Mangere Mangere North-East Reef Pitt Pyramid Rabbit Round Rock Sail Rock Sisters South East Star Keys Sugar Loaf Islands (by Māori/Moriori name) Motuhope Motuhara/Motchuhar Rangatira Rangiauria Rangitatahi Rangituka Rangiwheau Rekohu/Wharekauri Tapuaenuku Tarakoikoia Terangi-Taumaewa Coastal landforms Cape Fournier Cape Pattisson Flowerpot Bay Hanson Bay Matarakau Point Okawa Point Petre Bay Pitt Strait Port Hutt Te Whanga Lagoon Populated places Flowerpot Bay Owenga Port Hutt Te Roto Te One Waitangi Other geographic features Hāpūpū / J M Barker Historic Reserve Lake Huro Makara River Nairn River Rangitahi Lake Tuku Nature Reserve Tuuta Airport Historical events Moriori genocide 44°13′18″S 176°00′11″W / 44.2217°S 176.003°W / -44.2217; -176.003 This article about the geography of New Zealand's outlying islands is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language"},{"link_name":"Moriori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moriori_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polp-2"},{"link_name":"Chatham Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_Islands"},{"link_name":"Pitt Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitt_Island"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"South Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Island"}],"text":"The Star Keys (Māori: Motuhope; Moriori: Motchu Hopo)[1][2] are group of five rocky islets in the Chatham Archipelago, about 12 kilometres (7 mi) east of Pitt Island. The archipelago is part of New Zealand, whose South Island lies 800 kilometres (497 mi) to the west.The largest of the Star Keys is Round Islet.","title":"Star Keys"}]
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[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg"},{"title":"Islands portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Islands"},{"title":"List of islands of New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand"},{"title":"List of islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands"},{"title":"Desert island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_island"}]
[{"reference":"Moriori; The Trustees of the Moriori Imi Settlement Trust; The Crown. \"Deed of Settlement of Historical Claims\" (PDF). Office of Treaty Settlements. Retrieved 20 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.govt.nz/assets/Documents/OTS/Moriori/moriori-deed-of-settlement-initialled.pdf","url_text":"\"Deed of Settlement of Historical Claims\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_II_of_Constantinople
George II of Constantinople
["1 References"]
Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1191 to 1198 George II of ConstantinopleEcumenical Patriarch of ConstantinopleChurchChurch of ConstantinopleIn office10 September 1191 – 7 July 1198PredecessorDositheus of ConstantinopleSuccessorJohn X of ConstantinoplePersonal detailsBorn?Died7 July 1198 George II Xiphilinos or Xiphilinus (Greek: Γεώργιος Ξιφιλῖνος; died 7 July 1198) was the Patriarch of Constantinople between 1191 and 1198 AD. According to Balsamon, George, during the reign of Alexios I Komnenos, added one member to the Exocatacoeli (an office similar to the Catholic cardinal in the Greek Church of the time), making it six. References ^ "George II Xifilinos". Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. Archived from the original on March 27, 2012. Retrieved September 5, 2011. ^ Diego Jiménez Arias; Jerónimo de Valencia; Juan de Lama Cubero; Narcís Oliva i Nadal (1792). Lexicon ecclesiasticum latino-hispanicum: ex Sacris Bibliis, conciliis ... (in Spanish and Latin). Retrieved September 5, 2011. Eastern Orthodox Church titles Preceded byDositheus Patriarch of Constantinople 1191–1198 Succeeded byJohn X Kamateros vteBishops of Byzantium and Patriarchs of ConstantinopleBishops of Byzantium(Roman period, 38–330 AD) Andrew Stachys Onesimus Polycarpus I Plutarch Sedecion Diogenes Eleutherius Felix Polycarpus II Athenodorus Euzois Laurence Alypius Pertinax Olympianus Marcus I Philadelphus Cyriacus I Castinus Eugenius I Titus Dometius Rufinus Probus Metrophanes Alexander Archbishops of Constantinople(Roman period, 330–451 AD) Alexander Paul I Eusebius Macedonius I Eudoxius Evagrius Demophilus Maximus I Gregory I Nectarius John I Chrysostom Arsacius Atticus Sisinnius I Nestorius Maximianus Proclus Flavian Anatolius Patriarchs of Constantinople(Byzantine period, 451–1453 AD) Anatolius Gennadius I Acacius Fravitta Euphemius Macedonius II Timothy I John II Epiphanius Anthimus I Menas Eutychius John III John IV Cyriacus II Thomas I Sergius I Pyrrhus Paul II Peter Thomas II John V Constantine I Theodore I George I Paul III Callinicus I Cyrus John VI Germanus I Anastasius Constantine II Nicetas I Paul IV Tarasius Nicephorus I Theodotus I Antony I John VII Methodius I Ignatios Photios I Stephen I Antony II Nicholas I Εuthymius I Stephen II Tryphon Theophylact Polyeuctus Βasil I Αntony III Nicholas II Sisinnius II Sergius II Eustathius Alexius Michael I Constantine III John VIII Cosmas I Eustratius Nicholas III John IX Leo Michael II Cosmas II Nicholas IV Theodotus II Neophytus I Constantine IV Luke Michael III Chariton Theodosius I Basil II Nicetas II Leontius Dositheus George II John X Michael IV† Theodore II† Maximus II† Μanuel I† Germanus II† Methodius II† Manuel II† Arsenius† Nicephorus II† Germanus III Joseph I John XI Gregory II Athanasius I John XII Nephon I John XIII Gerasimus I Isaias John XIV Isidore I Callistus I Philotheus Macarius Nilus Antony IV Callistus II Matthew I Euthymius II Joseph II Metrophanes II Gregory III Athanasius II Patriarchs of Constantinople(Ottoman period, 1453–1923 AD) Gennadius II Isidore II Joasaph I Sophronius I Mark II Symeon I Dionysius I Raphael I Maximus III Nephon II Maximus IV Joachim I Pachomius I Theoleptus I Jeremias I Joannicius I Dionysius II Joasaph II Metrophanes III Jeremias II Pachomius II Theoleptus II Matthew II Gabriel I Theophanes I Meletius I Neophytus II Raphael II Cyril I Timothy II Gregory IV Anthimus II Cyril II Athanasius III Neophytus III Parthenius I Parthenius II Joannicius II Cyril III Paisius I Parthenius III Gabriel II Parthenius IV Dionysius III Clement Methodius III Dionysius IV Gerasimus II Athanasius IV James Callinicus II Neophytus IV Gabriel III Neophytus V Cyprianus Athanasius V Cyril IV Cosmas III Jeremias III (Callinicus III) Paisius II Seraphim I Neophytus VI Cyril V Callinicus IV (III) Seraphim II Joannicius III Samuel Meletius II Theodosius II Sophronius II Gabriel IV Procopius Neophytus VII Gerasimus III Gregory V Callinicus V (IV) Jeremias IV Cyril VI Eugenius II Anthimus III Chrysanthus Agathangelus Constantius I Constantius II Gregory VI Anthimus IV Anthimus V Germanus IV Meletius III Anthimus VI Cyril VII Joachim II Sophronius III Joachim III Joachim IV Dionysius V Neophytus VIII Anthimus VII Constantine V Germanus V Meletius IV Patriarchs of Constantinople(Turkish period, since 1923 AD) Gregory VII Constantine VI Basil III Photius II Benjamin Maximus V Athenagoras Demetrius Bartholomew † in exile at Nicaea Christianity portal Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Vatican Other IdRef This Byzantine biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about an Eastern Orthodox bishop is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"George II Xifilinos\". Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. Archived from the original on March 27, 2012. Retrieved September 5, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120327110856/http://www.patriarchate.org/patriarchate/former-patriarchs/george-ii-xifilinos","url_text":"\"George II Xifilinos\""},{"url":"http://www.patriarchate.org/patriarchate/former-patriarchs/george-ii-xifilinos","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Diego Jiménez Arias; Jerónimo de Valencia; Juan de Lama Cubero; Narcís Oliva i Nadal (1792). Lexicon ecclesiasticum latino-hispanicum: ex Sacris Bibliis, conciliis ... (in Spanish and Latin). Retrieved September 5, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xf_mlqixbQ4C&q=Exocatacceli&pg=PA176","url_text":"Lexicon ecclesiasticum latino-hispanicum: ex Sacris Bibliis, conciliis ..."}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haleh_Adams
ER (TV series)
["1 Production","1.1 Development","1.2 Broadcasting","2 Cast and characters","3 Episodes","3.1 Crossover with Third Watch","4 Ratings","5 Critical reception","5.1 Awards and nominations","6 Distribution","6.1 Home media","6.2 Soundtrack","6.3 Other media","6.4 Foreign adaptations","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
American medical drama television series (1994–2009) Not to be confused with the sitcom E/R. ERGenreMedical dramaCreated byMichael CrichtonStarring Anthony Edwards George Clooney Sherry Stringfield Noah Wyle Julianna Margulies Eriq La Salle Gloria Reuben Laura Innes Maria Bello Alex Kingston Kellie Martin Paul McCrane Goran Višnjić Michael Michele Erik Palladino Ming-Na Maura Tierney Sharif Atkins Mekhi Phifer Parminder Nagra Linda Cardellini Shane West Scott Grimes John Stamos David Lyons Angela Bassett Theme music composer James Newton Howard (1994-2006; 2009) Martin Davich (2006–2009) ComposerMartin DavichCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons15No. of episodes331 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producers Michael Crichton John Wells Christopher Chulack Lydia Woodward Carol Flint Jack Orman David Zabel Camera setupSingleRunning time45 minutesProduction companies Constant c Productions Amblin Television Warner Bros. Television Original releaseNetworkNBCReleaseSeptember 19, 1994 (1994-09-19) –April 2, 2009 (2009-04-02)RelatedThird Watch ER or Emergency Room is an American medical drama television series created by Michael Crichton that aired on NBC from September 19, 1994, to April 2, 2009, with a total of 331 episodes spanning 15 seasons. It was produced by Constant c Productions and Amblin Television, in association with Warner Bros. Television. ER follows the inner life of the emergency room (ER) of Cook County General Hospital (a fictionalized version of the real Cook County Hospital) in Chicago, and various critical issues faced by the department's physicians and staff. The show is the second longest-running primetime medical drama in American television history behind Grey's Anatomy. The highest awarded medical drama, ER won 124 industry awards from 419 nominations, including the George Foster Peabody Award in 1995, TCA Award for Program of the Year in 1995, and Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series in 1996. As of 2014, ER had grossed over $3 billion in television revenue. It is considered one of the best medical dramas of all time, pioneering the field of medical fiction and setting a model for other contemporary medical dramas to follow. Production Development Michael Crichton in 2002 In 1974, author Michael Crichton wrote a screenplay then entitled "ED" (for emergency department) based on his own experiences as a medical student in a busy hospital emergency room. Producers were not interested in the screenplay, and Crichton turned to other topics. In 1990, he published the novel Jurassic Park, and in 1993 began a collaboration with director Steven Spielberg on the film adaptation of the book. After its release, Crichton and Spielberg then turned to what was now known as ER, but Spielberg decided to film the story as a two-hour pilot for a television series rather than as a feature film after considering the potential for various stories to be told in the setting. He passed the script on to a team at his production company, Amblin Entertainment. Anthony Thomopoulos, then head of Amblin's television division, got in touch with then CEO of Warner Bros. Television, Les Moonves, about the idea for the series and to send the script. Spielberg's Amblin Television provided John Wells as the show's executive producer. Warner Bros. pitched ER to NBC, alongside Crichton, Spielberg and Wells. Warren Littlefield, head of NBC Entertainment at the time, liked the project, but there was much debate and controversy among other executives at the network, who were dubious about the nature of the series. NBC offered a chance to make a two-hour made-for-TV movie from the script, which was rejected. They then tried to get the show greenlit at rival networks before returning to NBC, who this time around ordered a pilot. The script used to shoot the pilot was virtually unchanged from what Crichton had written in 1974. The only substantive changes made by the producers in 1994 were that a male character was changed to a female character (Susan Lewis) and the Peter Benton character's race was changed to African-American. The running time was shortened by about 20 minutes in order for the pilot to air in a two-hour block on network TV. Because of a lack of time and money necessary to build a set, the pilot episode of ER was filmed in the former Linda Vista Hospital in Los Angeles, an old facility that had ceased operating in 1990. A set modeled after Los Angeles County General Hospital's emergency room was built soon afterward at the Warner Bros. studios in Burbank, California, although the show makes extensive use of location shoots in Chicago, most notably the city's famous "L" train platforms. Littlefield was impressed by the series: "We were intrigued, but we were admittedly a bit spooked in attempting to go back into that territory a few years after St. Elsewhere." With Spielberg attached behind the scenes, NBC ordered six episodes. "ER premiered opposite a Monday Night Football game on ABC and did surprisingly well. Then we moved it to Thursday and it just took off," commented Littlefield. ER's success surprised the networks and critics alike, as David E. Kelley's new medical drama Chicago Hope was expected to crush the new series, airing directly opposite ER in the Thursday 10:00 pm time slot over on CBS. Crichton was credited as an executive producer until his death in November 2008, although he was still credited as one throughout that entire final season. Wells, the series' other initial executive producer, served as showrunner for the first three seasons. He was the show's most prolific writer and became a regular director in later years. Lydia Woodward was a part of the first season production team and became an executive producer for the third season. She took over as showrunner for the fourth season while Wells focused on the development of other series, including Trinity, Third Watch, and The West Wing. John Wells continued to serve as the primary Executive Producer for the remainder of the series. Lydia Woodward left her executive producer position at the end of the sixth season but continued to write episodes throughout the series run. Joe Sachs, who was a writer and producer of the series, believed keeping a commitment to medical accuracy was extremely important: "We'd bend the rules but never break them. A medication that would take 10 minutes to work might take 30 seconds instead. We compressed time. A 12- to 24-hour shift gets pushed into 48 minutes. But we learned that being accurate was important for more reasons than just making real and responsible drama." Woodward was replaced as showrunner by Jack Orman. Orman was recruited as a writer-producer for the series in its fourth season after a successful stint working on CBS's JAG. He was quickly promoted and became an executive producer and showrunner for the series' seventh season. He held these roles for three seasons before leaving the series at the end of the ninth season. Orman was also a frequent writer and directed three episodes of the show. David Zabel served as the series' head writer and executive producer in its later seasons. He initially joined the crew for the eighth season and became an executive producer and showrunner for the twelfth season onward. Zabel was the series' most frequent writer, contributing to 41 episodes. He also made his directing debut on the series. Christopher Chulack was the series' most frequent director and worked as a producer on all 15 seasons. He became an executive producer in the fourth season but occasionally scaled back his involvement in later years to focus on other projects. Other executive producers include writers Carol Flint, Neal Baer, R. Scott Gemmill, Joe Sachs, Dee Johnson, Lisa Zwerling, and Janine Sherman Barrois. Several of these writers and producers had background in healthcare: Joe Sachs was an emergency physician, while Lisa Zwerling and Neal Baer were both pediatricians. The series' crew was recognized with awards for writing, directing, producing, film editing, sound editing, casting, and music. Broadcasting Following the broadcast of its two-hour pilot on September 19, 1994, ER premiered Thursday, September 22 at 10pm. It remained in the same Thursday time slot for its entire run, capping the Must See TV primetime block. ER is NBC's third longest-running drama, after Law & Order and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, and the second longest-running American primetime medical drama of all time, behind ABC's Grey's Anatomy. Starting with season seven, ER was broadcast in the 1080i HD format, appearing in letterbox format when presented in standard definition. On April 2, 2008, NBC announced that the series would return for its fifteenth season. The fifteenth season was originally scheduled to run for 19 episodes before retiring with a two-hour series finale to be broadcast on March 12, 2009, but NBC announced in January 2009 that it would extend the show by an additional three episodes to a full 22-episode order as part of a deal to launch a new series by John Wells titled Police, later retitled Southland. ER's final episode aired on April 2, 2009; the two-hour episode was preceded by a one-hour retrospective special. The series finale charged $425,000 per 30-second ad spot, more than three times the season's rate of $135,000. From season 4 to season 6 ER cost a record-breaking $13 million per episode. TNT also paid a record price of $1 million an episode for four years of repeats of the series during that time. The cost of the first three seasons was $2 million per episode and seasons 7 to 9 cost $8 million per episode. Cast and characters Main article: Cast of ER Original cast of the show (1994–1995) Final season cast (2008–2009) The original starring cast consisted of Anthony Edwards as Dr. Mark Greene, George Clooney as Dr. Doug Ross, Sherry Stringfield as Dr. Susan Lewis, Noah Wyle as medical student John Carter, and Eriq La Salle as Dr. Peter Benton. As the series continued, some key changes were made: Nurse Carol Hathaway, played by Julianna Margulies, who attempts suicide in the original pilot script, was made into a regular cast member. Ming-Na debuted in the middle of the first season as medical student Jing-Mei "Deb" Chen, but did not return for the second season; she returns in season 6 episode 10. Gloria Reuben and Laura Innes would join the series as Physician Assistant Jeanie Boulet and Dr. Kerry Weaver, respectively, by the second season. In the third season, a series of cast additions and departures began that would see the entire original cast leave over time. Stringfield was the first to exit the series, reportedly upsetting producers who believed she wanted to negotiate for more money, but the actress did not particularly care for "fame." She would return to the series from 2001 until 2005. Clooney departed the series in 1999 to pursue a film career, and Margulies exited the following year. Season eight saw the departure of La Salle and Edwards when Benton left County General and Greene died from a brain tumor. Wyle left the series after season 11 in order to spend more time with his family, but would return for two multiple-episode appearances in the show's twelfth and final seasons. Alex Kingston as Dr. Elizabeth Corday, Paul McCrane as Dr. Robert Romano, Goran Višnjić as Dr. Luka Kovač, Maura Tierney as Nurse Abby Lockhart, and Mekhi Phifer as Dr. Greg Pratt all joined the cast as the seasons went on. In the much later seasons, the show would see the additions of Parminder Nagra as medical student Neela Rasgotra, Scott Grimes as Dr. Archie Morris, Linda Cardellini as Nurse Sam Taggart, Shane West as Dr. Ray Barnett, John Stamos as Paramedic Tony Gates, David Lyons as Dr. Simon Brenner, and Angela Bassett as Dr. Cate Banfield. In addition to the main cast, ER featured a large number of frequently seen recurring cast members who played key roles such as paramedics, hospital support staff, nurses, and doctors. ER also featured a sizable roster of well-known guest stars, some making rare television appearances, who typically played patients in single episode appearances or multi-episode arcs. Episodes Main article: List of ER episodes SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedRankRatingViewers (millions)First airedLast aired125September 19, 1994 (1994-09-19)May 18, 1995 (1995-05-18)220.030.1222September 21, 1995 (1995-09-21)May 16, 1996 (1996-05-16)122.035.7322September 26, 1996 (1996-09-26)May 15, 1997 (1997-05-15)121.233.9422September 25, 1997 (1997-09-25)May 14, 1998 (1998-05-14)220.433.3522September 24, 1998 (1998-09-24)May 20, 1999 (1999-05-20)117.829.6622September 30, 1999 (1999-09-30)May 18, 2000 (2000-05-18)416.929.8722October 12, 2000 (2000-10-12)May 17, 2001 (2001-05-17)215.027.0822September 27, 2001 (2001-09-27)May 16, 2002 (2002-05-16)314.226.1922September 26, 2002 (2002-09-26)May 15, 2003 (2003-05-15)613.122.71022September 25, 2003 (2003-09-25)May 13, 2004 (2004-05-13)812.921.51122September 23, 2004 (2004-09-23)May 19, 2005 (2005-05-19)1610.417.51222September 22, 2005 (2005-09-22)May 18, 2006 (2006-05-18)308.114.21323September 21, 2006 (2006-09-21)May 17, 2007 (2007-05-17)407.412.01419September 27, 2007 (2007-09-27)May 15, 2008 (2008-05-15)54—8.71522September 25, 2008 (2008-09-25)April 2, 2009 (2009-04-02)376.79.0 A typical episode centered on the ER, with most scenes set in the hospital or surrounding streets. In addition, most seasons included at least one storyline located completely outside of the ER, often outside of Chicago. Over the span of the series, stories took place in the Congo, France, Iraq and Sudan. One early storyline involved a road trip taken by Dr. Ross and Dr. Greene to California and a season eight episode included a storyline in Hawaii featuring Dr. Greene and Dr. Corday. Beginning in season nine, storylines started to include the Congo, featuring Dr. Kovač, Dr. Carter, and Dr. Pratt. "We turned some attention on the Congo and on Darfur when nobody else was. We had a bigger audience than a nightly newscast will ever see, making 25 to 30 million people aware of what was going on in Africa," ER producer John Wells said. "The show is not about telling people to eat their vegetables, but if we can do that in an entertaining context, then there's nothing better." The series also focused on sociopolitical issues such as HIV and AIDS, organ transplants, mental illness, racism, human trafficking, euthanasia, poverty and gay rights. Some episodes used creative formats, such as the 1997 "Ambush," which was broadcast live twice, once for the east coast and again three hours later for the west coast, and 2002's "Hindsight," which ran in reverse time as it followed one character, Dr. Kovač, through the events of a Christmas Eve shift and the Christmas party that preceded it. Crossover with Third Watch See also: Crossovers The episode "Brothers and Sisters" (first broadcast on April 25, 2002) begins a crossover that concludes on the Third Watch episode "Unleashed" in which Dr. Lewis enlists the help of Officers Maurice Boscorelli and Faith Yokas to find her sister and niece. Ratings U.S. seasonal rankings based on average total viewers per episode of ER on NBC are tabulated below. Each U.S. network television season starts in late September and ends in late May, which coincides with the completion of May sweeps. All times mentioned in this section were in the Eastern and Pacific time zones. Ratings for seasons 1–2 are listed in households (the percentage of households watching the program), while ratings for seasons 3–15 are listed in viewers. Season Episodes Timeslot (ET) Season premiere Season finale TV season Viewerrank (#) Households/Viewers(in millions) 1 25 Thursday 10:00 pm September 19, 1994 May 18, 1995 1994–1995 #2 19.08 2 22 September 21, 1995 May 16, 1996 1995–1996 #1 21.10 3 22 September 26, 1996 May 15, 1997 1996–1997 #1 30.79 4 22 September 25, 1997 May 14, 1998 1997–1998 #2 30.2 5 22 September 24, 1998 May 20, 1999 1998–1999 #1 25.4 6 22 September 30, 1999 May 18, 2000 1999–2000 #4 24.95 7 22 October 12, 2000 May 17, 2001 2000–2001 #2 22.4 8 22 September 27, 2001 May 16, 2002 2001–2002 #3 22.1 9 22 September 26, 2002 May 15, 2003 2002–2003 #6 19.99 10 22 September 25, 2003 May 13, 2004 2003–2004 #8 19.04 11 22 September 23, 2004 May 19, 2005 2004–2005 #16 15.17 12 22 September 22, 2005 May 18, 2006 2005–2006 #30 12.06 13 23 September 21, 2006 May 17, 2007 2006–2007 #40 11.56 14 19 September 27, 2007 May 15, 2008 2007–2008 #54 9.20 15 22 September 25, 2008 April 2, 2009 2008–2009 #37 10.30 In its first year, ER attracted an average of 19 million viewers per episode, becoming the year's second most watched television show, just behind Seinfeld. In the following two seasons (1995–1997), ER was the most watched show in North America. For almost five years, ER battled for the top spot against Seinfeld, but in 1998, Seinfeld ended and then ER became number one again. The series finale attracted 16.4 million viewers. The show's highest rating came during the episode "Hell and High Water" with 48 million viewers and a 45% market share. It was the highest for a regularly scheduled drama since a May 1985 installment of Dallas received a 46. The share represents the percentage of TVs in use tuned in to that show. Critical reception Throughout the series ER received positive reviews from critics and fans alike. It scored 80 on Metacritic, meaning "generally favorable reviews," based on 21 critics. Marvin Kitman from Newsday said: "It's like M*A*S*H with just the helicopters showing up and no laughs. E.R. is all trauma; you never get to know enough about the patients or get involved with them. It's just treat, release and move on." Richard Zoglin from TIME stated that it's "probably the most realistic fictional treatment of the medical profession TV has ever presented." Critical reactions for ER's first season were very favorable. Alan Rich, writing for Variety, praised the direction and editing of the pilot while Eric Mink, writing for the New York Daily News, said that the pilot of ER "was urban, emergency room chaos and young, committed doctors." However some reviewers felt the episodes following the pilot did not live up to it with Mink commenting that "the great promise of the "E.R." pilot dissolves into the kind of routine, predictable, sloppily detailed medical drama we've seen many times before." NBC launched the show at the same time that CBS launched its own medical drama Chicago Hope; many critics drew comparisons between the two. Eric Mink concluded that ER may rate more highly in the Nielsens but Chicago Hope told better stories, while Rich felt both shows were "riveting, superior TV fare." The Daily Telegraph wrote in 1996: "Not being able to follow what on earth is going on remains one of the peculiar charms of the breakneck American hospital drama, ER." In 2002, TV Guide ranked ER No. 22 on their list of "TV's Top 50 Shows," making it the second highest ranked medical drama on the list (after St. Elsewhere at No. 20). Also, the episode "Love's Labor Lost" was ranked No. 6 on TV Guide's 100 Greatest Episodes of All-Time list having earlier been ranked No. 3. The show placed No. 19 on Entertainment Weekly's "New TV Classics" list. British magazine Empire ranked it No. 29 in their list of the "50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time" and said the best episode was "Hell and High Water" where "Doug Ross (George Clooney) saves a young boy from drowning during a flood." In 2012, ER was voted Best TV Drama on ABC's 20/20 special episode "Best in TV: The Greatest TV Shows of Our Time." In 2013, TV Guide ranked it No. 9 in its list of The 60 Greatest Dramas of All Time and No. 29 in its list of the 60 Best Series. In the same year, the Writers Guild of America ranked ER No. 28 in its list of the 101 Best Written TV Series of All Time. Awards and nominations Main article: List of awards and nominations received by ER ER has won 124 industry awards from 419 nominations, including the George Foster Peabody Award in 1995, TCA Award for Program of the Year in 1995, and Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series in 1996. It was also nominated for 124 Primetime Emmy Awards (with 23 wins), 25 Golden Globe Awards (with one win), 18 Screen Actors Guild Awards (with eight wins), 5 Writers Guild of America Awards (with one win), 12 Directors Guild of America Awards (with four wins), 3 Producers Guild of America Awards (with two wins), and 8 TCA Awards (with two wins). Distribution Home media Warner Home Video has released all 15 seasons in Region 1, Region 2, and Region 4. In the United Kingdom (Region 2), The Complete Series boxset was released on October 26, 2009. On September 12, 2016, the series was re-released in three box sets, Seasons 1–5, Seasons 6–10, and Seasons 11–15. DVD title No. ofepisodes Release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 ER: The Complete First Season (1994–1995) 25 August 26, 2003 February 23, 2004 April 28, 2004 ER: The Complete Second Season (1995–1996) 22 April 27, 2004 July 26, 2004 July 15, 2004 ER: The Complete Third Season (1996–1997) 22 April 26, 2005 January 31, 2005 December 16, 2004 ER: The Complete Fourth Season (1997–1998) 22 December 20, 2005 May 16, 2005 April 27, 2005 ER: The Complete Fifth Season (1998–1999) 22 July 11, 2006 October 24, 2005 November 15, 2005 ER: The Complete Sixth Season (1999–2000) 22 December 19, 2006 April 3, 2006 May 5, 2006 ER: The Complete Seventh Season (2000–2001) 22 May 15, 2007 September 18, 2006 October 3, 2006 ER: The Complete Eighth Season (2001–2002) 22 January 22, 2008 July 16, 2007 September 6, 2007 ER: The Complete Ninth Season (2002–2003) 22 June 17, 2008 October 29, 2007 October 31, 2007 ER: The Complete Tenth Season (2003–2004) 22 March 3, 2009 January 28, 2008 May 7, 2008 ER: The Complete Eleventh Season (2004–2005) 22 July 14, 2009 April 21, 2008 May 7, 2008 ER: The Complete Twelfth Season (2005–2006) 22 January 12, 2010 September 15, 2008 October 1, 2008 ER: The Complete Thirteenth Season (2006–2007) 23 July 6, 2010 November 3, 2008 April 29, 2009 ER: The Complete Fourteenth Season (2007–2008) 19 January 11, 2011 May 18, 2009 April 28, 2010 ER: The Final Season (2008–2009) 22 July 12, 2011 September 21, 2009 October 12, 2010 The DVD box sets of ER are unusual in the fact that they are all in anamorphic widescreen even though the first six seasons of the show were broadcast in a standard 4:3 format. ER was shot protecting for widescreen presentation, allowing the show to be presented in 16:9 open matte (leaving only the title sequence in the 4:3 format). However, as the production of the show was generally conceived with 4:3 presentation in mind, some episodes feature vignetting or unintended objects towards the sides of the frame that would not be visible when presented in the 4:3 format. These episodes also appear in the widescreen format when rerun on TNT HD, Pop and streaming services. In 2018, Hulu struck a deal with Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution to stream all 15 seasons of the show. The show arrived on HBO Max in January 2022. Soundtrack In 1996, Atlantic Records released an album of music from the first two seasons, featuring James Newton Howard's theme from the series in its on-air and full versions, selections from the weekly scores composed by Martin Davich (Howard scored the two-hour pilot, Davich scored all the subsequent episodes and wrote a new theme used from 2006–2009 until the final episode, when Howard's original theme returned) and songs used on the series. Theme From ER – James Newton Howard (3:02) Dr. Lewis and Renee (from "The Birthday Party") (1:57) Canine Blues (from "Make of Two Hearts") (2:27) Goodbye Baby Susie (from "Fever of Unknown Origin") (3:11) Doug & Carol (from "The Gift") – composed by James Newton Howard and Martin Davich (1:59) Healing Hands – Marc Cohn (4:25) The Hero (from "Hell And High Water") composed by James Newton Howard and Martin Davich (1:55) Carter, See You Next Fall (from "Everything Old Is New Again") (1:28) Reasons For Living – Duncan Sheik (4:33) Dr. Green and a Mother's Death (from "Love's Labor Lost") (2:48) Raul Dies (from "The Healers") (2:20) Hell and High Water (from "Hell And High Water") – composed by James Newton Howard and Martin Davich (2:38) Hold On (from "Hell And High Water") (2:47) Shep Arrives (from "The Healers") (3:37) Shattered Glass (from "Hell And High Water") (2:11) Theme From ER – James Newton Howard (1:00) It Came Upon a Midnight Clear – Mike Finnegan (2:30) Other media An ER video game developed by Legacy Interactive for Windows 2000 and XP was released in 2005. In the Mad episode "Pokémon Park / WWER", the show was parodied in the style of WWE. A recurring sketch called "Toy ER" in the Nickelodeon comedy series All That parodies the show, featuring Dr. Malady (Chelsea Brummet), Dr. Botch (Giovonnie Samuels), and Dr. Sax (Shane Lyons) "treating" damaged toys. A book about emergency medicine based on the TV series, The Medicine of ER: An Insider's Guide to the Medical Science Behind America's #1 TV Drama was published in 1996. Authors Alan Duncan Ross and Harlan Gibbs M.D. have hospital administration and ER experience, respectively, and are called fans of the TV show in the book's credits. An episode-by-episode rewatch podcast called Setting the Tone: An ER Retrospective launched in 2019, and has featured numerous cast and crew interviews, including Gloria Reuben, Abraham Benrubi, Noah Wyle, Lydia Woodward, Laura Innes, Carol Flint, John Frank Levy, Paul McCrane, and others. Foreign adaptations In March 2012, Warner Bros. International Television announced that they would sell the format rights to ER to overseas territories. This allowed foreign countries to produce their own version of the series. In June 2013, Warner Bros. International Television and Emotion Production announced a Serbian version of ER. Urgentni Centar premiered on October 6, 2014, on TV Prva. As of 2023, four seasons of the show have been filmed. In January 2014, Warner Bros. International Television with RCN, Fox International Channels and TC announced a Colombian version of ER. In March 2014, Warner Bros. International Television and StarLight Films announced a Ukrainian version of ER. In February 2015, Warner Bros. International Television and Medyapım announced a Turkish version of ER. See also Casualty – Similar concept but based on a British fictional hospital's accident & emergency department. References ^ "About the Hit NBC TV Show ER". NBC. Archived from the original on October 28, 2011. 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External links Official NBC website ER at IMDb Media related to ER (TV series) at Wikimedia Commons Quotations related to ER at Wikiquote vteERCharacters Mark Greene Doug Ross Susan Lewis John Carter Carol Hathaway Peter Benton Jeanie Boulet Kerry Weaver Anna Del Amico Elizabeth Corday Lucy Knight Robert Romano Luka Kovač Cleo Finch Dave Malucci Jing-Mei "Deb" Chen Abby Lockhart Greg Pratt Neela Rasgotra Sam Taggart Tony Gates Cate Banfield Seasons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Episodes "24 Hours" "Love's Labor Lost" "Motherhood" "Hell and High Water" "Ambush" "The Show Must Go On" "Strange Bedfellows" "No Place to Hide" "There Are No Angels Here" "Twenty-One Guns" "And in the End..." Related Cast Awards and nominations vteMichael CrichtonBibliographyNovels The Andromeda Strain (1969) The Terminal Man (1972) The Great Train Robbery (1975) Eaters of the Dead (1976) Congo (1980) Sphere (1987) Jurassic Park (1990) Rising Sun (1992) Disclosure (1994) The Lost World (1995) Airframe (1996) Timeline (1999) Prey (2002) State of Fear (2004) Next (2006) Pirate Latitudes (2009) *  Micro (2011) *  Dragon Teeth (2017) *  Eruption (2024) *  Novels writtenunder pseudonyms Odds On (1966) Scratch One (1967) Easy Go (1968) A Case of Need (1968) Zero Cool (1969) The Venom Business (1969) Drug of Choice (1970) Dealing: or the Berkeley-to-Boston Forty-Brick Lost-Bag Blues (1970) Grave Descend (1970) Binary (1972) Post-Crichton novels The Andromeda Evolution (2019) Non-fiction Five Patients (1970) Jasper Johns (1977) Electronic Life (1983) Travels (1988) Films directed Pursuit (1972) Westworld (1973) Coma (1978) The First Great Train Robbery (1978) Looker (1981) Runaway (1984) Physical Evidence (1989) Films written Extreme Close-Up (1973) Westworld (1973) Jurassic Park (1993) Rising Sun (1993) Twister (1996) Television series Beyond Westworld (1980) ER (1994–2009) Westworld (2016–2022) Adaptations The Andromeda Strain (1971) Dealing: Or the Berkeley-to-Boston Forty-Brick Lost-Bag Blues (1972) The Carey Treatment (1972) Pursuit (1972) The Terminal Man (1974) The First Great Train Robbery (1978) Jurassic Park (1993) Rising Sun (1993) Disclosure (1994) Congo (1995) The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997) Sphere (1998) The 13th Warrior (1999) Jurassic Park III (2001) Timeline (2003) The Andromeda Strain (2008) Jurassic World (2015) Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018) Jurassic World Dominion (2022) Jurassic World 4 (2025) Video games Amazon (1984) Westworld 2000 (1996) Timeline (2000) Jurassic Park series Franchises Westworld (1973–present) Jurassic Park (1993–present) RelatedAntarctica cooling controversy *Released posthumously vteNielsen Media Research top-rated United States network television show1950s 50–51: Texaco Star Theater 51–52: Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts 52–53, 53–54, 54–55: I Love Lucy 55–56: The $64,000 Question 56–57: I Love Lucy 57–58, 58–59, 59–60: Gunsmoke 1960s 60–61: Gunsmoke 61–62: Wagon Train 62–63, 63–64: The Beverly Hillbillies (S1, S2) 64–65, 65–66, 66–67: Bonanza 67–68: The Andy Griffith Show (S8) 68–69, 69–70: Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In 1970s 70–71: Marcus Welby, M.D. 71–72, 72–73, 73–74, 74–75, 75–76: All in the Family (S2, S3, S4, S5, S6) 76–77: Happy Days (S4) 77–78, 78–79: Laverne & Shirley (S3, S4) 79–80: 60 Minutes 1980s 80–81, 81–82: Dallas (S4, S5) 82–83: 60 Minutes 83–84: Dallas (S7) 84–85: Dynasty 85–86, 86–87, 87–88, 88–89: The Cosby Show (S2, S3, S4, S5) 89–90: Roseanne (S2)/The Cosby Show (S6) 1990s 90–91: Cheers (S9) 91–92, 92–93, 93–94: 60 Minutes 94–95: Seinfeld (S6) 95–96, 96–97: ER (S2, S3) 97–98: Seinfeld (S9) 98–99: ER (S5) 99–2000: Who Wants to Be a Millionaire 2000s 00–01: Survivor (S2-AO) 01–02: Friends (S8) 02–03, 03–04, 04–05,: CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (S3, S4, S5) 05–06, 06–07, 07–08, 08–09, 09–10: American Idol (S5, S6, S7, S8, S9) 2010s 10–11: American Idol (S10) 11–12: NBC Sunday Night Football 12–13: NCIS (S10) 13–14, 14–15, 15–16, 16–17: NBC Sunday Night Football 17–18: The Big Bang Theory (S11) 18–19, 19–20: NBC Sunday Night Football 2020s 20–21, 21–22, 22–23: NBC Sunday Night Football Portals: Television United States Awards for ER vtePeople's Choice Awards for Favorite New TV Drama Eight Is Enough (1978) Battlestar Galactica (1979) Hart to Hart (1980) Magnum, P.I. (1981) Hill Street Blues (1982) St. Elsewhere (1983) Hotel (1984) Miami Vice (1985) Dynasty II: The Colbys (1986) L.A. Law (1987) Thirtysomething (1988) China Beach (1989) Rescue 911 (1990) Equal Justice (1991) Homefront (1992) Melrose Place (1993) NYPD Blue (1994) ER (1995) Murder One (1996) Millennium (1997) Brooklyn South (1998) L.A. Doctors (1999) Providence (2000) Dark Angel (2001) Alias (2002) CSI: Miami (2003) Joan of Arcadia (2004) Desperate Housewives (2005) Prison Break (2006) Heroes (2007) Moonlight (2008) The Mentalist (2009) The Vampire Diaries (2010) Hawaii Five-0 (2011) Person of Interest (2012) Beauty & the Beast (2013) Reign (2014) The Flash (2015) Supergirl (2016) This Is Us (2017, currently last assignment) vteTCA Award for Program of the Year The Jewel in the Crown (1985) Death of a Salesman / The Vanishing Family: Crisis in Black America (1986) Eyes on the Prize (1987) Dear America: Letters Home from Vietnam (1988) Lonesome Dove (1989) Twin Peaks (1990) The Civil War (1991) Northern Exposure (1992) Barbarians at the Gate (1993) Late Show with David Letterman (1994) ER (1995) Homicide: Life on the Street (1996) EZ Streets (1997) From the Earth to the Moon (1998) The Sopranos (1999) The West Wing (2000) The Sopranos (2001) 24 (2002) American Idol (2003) Angels in America (2004) Desperate Housewives (2005) Grey’s Anatomy (2006) Heroes (2007) Mad Men (2008) Battlestar Galactica (2009) Glee (2010) Friday Night Lights (2011) Game of Thrones (2012) Breaking Bad (2013) Breaking Bad (2014) Empire (2015) The People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story (2016) The Handmaid's Tale (2017) The Americans (2018) Fleabag (2019) Watchmen (2020) Ted Lasso (2021) Abbott Elementary (2022) Succession (2023) vtePrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series1950s Pulitzer Prize Playhouse (1951) Studio One (1952) Robert Montgomery Presents (Dramatic Program) / Dragnet (Mystery, Action or Adventure Program) (1953) The United States Steel Hour (Dramatic Program) / Dragnet (Mystery, Action or Adventure Program) (1954) The United States Steel Hour (Dramatic Series) / Dragnet (Mystery or Intrigue Series) / Stories of the Century (Western or Adventure Series) (1955) Producers' Showcase (Dramatic Series) / Disneyland (Action or Adventure Series) (1956) No Award (1957) Gunsmoke (Dramatic Series with Continuing Characters) / Playhouse 90 (Dramatic Anthology Series) (1958) Alcoa-Goodyear Theatre (Less than One Hour) / Playhouse 90 (One Hour or Longer) / Maverick (Western Series) (1959) 1960s Playhouse 90 (1960) Hallmark Hall of Fame (1961) The Defenders (1962) The Defenders (1963) The Defenders (1964) No Award (1965) The Fugitive (season 3) (1966) Mission: Impossible (season 1) (1967) Mission: Impossible (season 2) (1968) NET Playhouse (1969) 1970s Marcus Welby, M.D. (1970) The Bold Ones: The Senator (1971) Elizabeth R (1972) The Waltons (1973) Upstairs, Downstairs (1974) Upstairs, Downstairs (1975) Police Story (1976) Upstairs, Downstairs (1977) The Rockford Files (season 4) (1978) Lou Grant (season 2) (1979) 1980s Lou Grant (season 3) (1980) Hill Street Blues (1981) Hill Street Blues (1982) Hill Street Blues (1983) Hill Street Blues (1984) Cagney & Lacey (1985) Cagney & Lacey (1986) L.A. Law (1987) Thirtysomething (1988) L.A. Law (1989) 1990s L.A. Law (1990) L.A. Law (1991) Northern Exposure (1992) Picket Fences (1993) Picket Fences (1994) NYPD Blue (season 2) (1995) ER (season 2) (1996) Law & Order (season 7) (1997) The Practice (1998) The Practice (1999) 2000s The West Wing (season 1) (2000) The West Wing (season 2) (2001) The West Wing (season 3) (2002) The West Wing (season 4) (2003) The Sopranos (season 5) (2004) Lost (season 1) (2005) 24 (season 5) (2006) The Sopranos (season 6) (2007) Mad Men (season 1) (2008) Mad Men (season 2) (2009) 2010s Mad Men (season 3) (2010) Mad Men (season 4) (2011) Homeland (season 1) (2012) Breaking Bad (season 5) (2013) Breaking Bad (season 5) (2014) Game of Thrones (season 5) (2015) Game of Thrones (season 6) (2016) The Handmaid's Tale (season 1) (2017) Game of Thrones (season 7) (2018) Game of Thrones (season 8) (2019) 2020s Succession (season 2) (2020) The Crown (season 4) (2021) Succession (season 3) (2022) Succession (season 4) (2023) vteScreen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series1990s NYPD Blue (season 1/season 2) (1994) ER (season 1/season 2) (1995) ER (season 2/season 3) (1996) ER (season 3/season 4) (1997) ER (season 4/season 5) (1998) The Sopranos (season 1) (1999) 2000s The West Wing (season 1/season 2) (2000) The West Wing (season 2/season 3) (2001) Six Feet Under (season 2) (2002) Six Feet Under (season 3) (2003) CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (season 4/season 5) (2004) Lost (season 1/season 2) (2005) Grey's Anatomy (season 2/season 3) (2006) The Sopranos (season 6, part II) (2007) Mad Men (season 2) (2008) Mad Men (season 3) (2009) 2010s Boardwalk Empire (season 1) (2010) Boardwalk Empire (season 2) (2011) Downton Abbey (series 2) (2012) Breaking Bad (season 5, part II) (2013) Downton Abbey (series 4) (2014) Downton Abbey (series 5) (2015) Stranger Things (season 1) (2016) This Is Us (season 1/season 2) (2017) This Is Us (season 2/season 3) (2018) The Crown (season 3) (2019) 2020s The Crown (season 4) (2020) Succession (season 3) (2021) The White Lotus (season 2) (2022) Succession (season 4) (2023) vteTCA Heritage Award The Simpsons (2002) Buffy the Vampire Slayer (2003) 60 Minutes (2004) Nightline (2005) The West Wing (2006) The Sopranos (2007) The Wire (2008) ER (2009) M*A*S*H (2010) The Dick Van Dyke Show (2011) Cheers (2012) All in the Family (2013) Saturday Night Live (2014) Late Show / Late Night with David Letterman (2015) The Mary Tyler Moore Show (2016) Seinfeld (2017) Friends (2018) Deadwood (2019) Star Trek (2020) The Golden Girls (2021) I Love Lucy (2022) The Carol Burnett Show (2023) Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the sitcom E/R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E/R"},{"link_name":"medical drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_drama"},{"link_name":"Michael Crichton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Crichton"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Constant c Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_c_Productions"},{"link_name":"Amblin Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amblin_Television"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Television"},{"link_name":"emergency room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_department"},{"link_name":"Cook County Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_County_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"primetime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_time"},{"link_name":"American television history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_television_history"},{"link_name":"Grey's Anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey%27s_Anatomy"},{"link_name":"George Foster Peabody Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Foster_Peabody_Award"},{"link_name":"TCA Award for Program of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCA_Award_for_Program_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Drama_Series"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Not to be confused with the sitcom E/R.ER or Emergency Room is an American medical drama television series created by Michael Crichton that aired on NBC from September 19, 1994, to April 2, 2009, with a total of 331 episodes spanning 15 seasons. It was produced by Constant c Productions and Amblin Television, in association with Warner Bros. Television. ER follows the inner life of the emergency room (ER) of Cook County General Hospital (a fictionalized version of the real Cook County Hospital) in Chicago, and various critical issues faced by the department's physicians and staff.The show is the second longest-running primetime medical drama in American television history behind Grey's Anatomy. The highest awarded medical drama, ER won 124 industry awards from 419 nominations, including the George Foster Peabody Award in 1995, TCA Award for Program of the Year in 1995, and Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series in 1996.[1] As of 2014, ER had grossed over $3 billion in television revenue.[2] It is considered one of the best medical dramas of all time, pioneering the field of medical fiction and setting a model for other contemporary medical dramas to follow.[3]","title":"ER (TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MichaelCrichton_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Michael Crichton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Crichton"},{"link_name":"Michael Crichton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Crichton"},{"link_name":"medical student","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_student"},{"link_name":"emergency room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_department"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jurassic Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic_Park_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Steven Spielberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Spielberg"},{"link_name":"film adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic_Park_(film)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Amblin Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amblin_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Anthony Thomopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Thomopoulos"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Television"},{"link_name":"Les Moonves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Moonves"},{"link_name":"Amblin Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amblin_Television"},{"link_name":"John Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wells_(TV_producer)"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Warren Littlefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Littlefield"},{"link_name":"NBC Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBCUniversal_Television_Group"},{"link_name":"made-for-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_film"},{"link_name":"pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_pilot"},{"link_name":"Susan Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Peter Benton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Benton"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Linda Vista Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Vista_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles County General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAC%2BUSC_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"Burbank, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burbank,_California"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"\"L\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_%27L%27"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"St. Elsewhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Elsewhere"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saying_goodbye_to_'ER'-9"},{"link_name":"Monday Night Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monday_Night_Football"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saying_goodbye_to_'ER'-9"},{"link_name":"David E. Kelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_E._Kelley"},{"link_name":"Chicago Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Hope"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSNBC-10"},{"link_name":"showrunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showrunner"},{"link_name":"Lydia Woodward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_Woodward"},{"link_name":"Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Third Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Watch"},{"link_name":"The West Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_West_Wing"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Joe Sachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Sachs"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saying_goodbye_to_'ER'-9"},{"link_name":"Jack Orman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Orman"},{"link_name":"JAG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAG_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"David Zabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Zabel"},{"link_name":"Christopher Chulack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Chulack"},{"link_name":"Carol Flint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Flint"},{"link_name":"Neal Baer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal_Baer"},{"link_name":"R. Scott Gemmill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Scott_Gemmill"},{"link_name":"Dee Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Johnson_(TV_producer)"},{"link_name":"Lisa Zwerling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Zwerling"},{"link_name":"Janine Sherman Barrois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janine_Sherman_Barrois"},{"link_name":"emergency physician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medicine"},{"link_name":"pediatricians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatrician"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"Michael Crichton in 2002In 1974, author Michael Crichton wrote a screenplay then entitled \"ED\" (for emergency department) based on his own experiences as a medical student in a busy hospital emergency room.[4] Producers were not interested in the screenplay, and Crichton turned to other topics. In 1990, he published the novel Jurassic Park, and in 1993 began a collaboration with director Steven Spielberg on the film adaptation of the book.[5]After its release, Crichton and Spielberg then turned to what was now known as ER, but Spielberg decided to film the story as a two-hour pilot for a television series rather than as a feature film after considering the potential for various stories to be told in the setting.[6] He passed the script on to a team at his production company, Amblin Entertainment. Anthony Thomopoulos, then head of Amblin's television division, got in touch with then CEO of Warner Bros. Television, Les Moonves, about the idea for the series and to send the script. Spielberg's Amblin Television provided John Wells as the show's executive producer.Warner Bros. pitched ER to NBC, alongside Crichton, Spielberg and Wells. Warren Littlefield, head of NBC Entertainment at the time, liked the project, but there was much debate and controversy among other executives at the network, who were dubious about the nature of the series. NBC offered a chance to make a two-hour made-for-TV movie from the script, which was rejected. They then tried to get the show greenlit at rival networks before returning to NBC, who this time around ordered a pilot.The script used to shoot the pilot was virtually unchanged from what Crichton had written in 1974. The only substantive changes made by the producers in 1994 were that a male character was changed to a female character (Susan Lewis) and the Peter Benton character's race was changed to African-American. The running time was shortened by about 20 minutes in order for the pilot to air in a two-hour block on network TV.[citation needed] Because of a lack of time and money necessary to build a set, the pilot episode of ER was filmed in the former Linda Vista Hospital in Los Angeles, an old facility that had ceased operating in 1990.[7] A set modeled after Los Angeles County General Hospital's emergency room was built soon afterward at the Warner Bros. studios in Burbank, California, although the show makes extensive use of location shoots in Chicago, most notably the city's famous \"L\" train platforms.[8]Littlefield was impressed by the series: \"We were intrigued, but we were admittedly a bit spooked in attempting to go back into that territory a few years after St. Elsewhere.\"[9] With Spielberg attached behind the scenes, NBC ordered six episodes. \"ER premiered opposite a Monday Night Football game on ABC and did surprisingly well. Then we moved it to Thursday and it just took off,\" commented Littlefield.[9] ER's success surprised the networks and critics alike, as David E. Kelley's new medical drama Chicago Hope was expected to crush the new series, airing directly opposite ER in the Thursday 10:00 pm time slot over on CBS.[10]Crichton was credited as an executive producer until his death in November 2008, although he was still credited as one throughout that entire final season. Wells, the series' other initial executive producer, served as showrunner for the first three seasons. He was the show's most prolific writer and became a regular director in later years. Lydia Woodward was a part of the first season production team and became an executive producer for the third season. She took over as showrunner for the fourth season while Wells focused on the development of other series, including Trinity, Third Watch, and The West Wing. John Wells continued to serve as the primary Executive Producer for the remainder of the series.[11] Lydia Woodward left her executive producer position at the end of the sixth season but continued to write episodes throughout the series run.Joe Sachs, who was a writer and producer of the series, believed keeping a commitment to medical accuracy was extremely important: \"We'd bend the rules but never break them. A medication that would take 10 minutes to work might take 30 seconds instead. We compressed time. A 12- to 24-hour shift gets pushed into 48 minutes. But we learned that being accurate was important for more reasons than just making real and responsible drama.\"[9]Woodward was replaced as showrunner by Jack Orman. Orman was recruited as a writer-producer for the series in its fourth season after a successful stint working on CBS's JAG. He was quickly promoted and became an executive producer and showrunner for the series' seventh season. He held these roles for three seasons before leaving the series at the end of the ninth season. Orman was also a frequent writer and directed three episodes of the show.David Zabel served as the series' head writer and executive producer in its later seasons. He initially joined the crew for the eighth season and became an executive producer and showrunner for the twelfth season onward. Zabel was the series' most frequent writer, contributing to 41 episodes. He also made his directing debut on the series. Christopher Chulack was the series' most frequent director and worked as a producer on all 15 seasons. He became an executive producer in the fourth season but occasionally scaled back his involvement in later years to focus on other projects.Other executive producers include writers Carol Flint, Neal Baer, R. Scott Gemmill, Joe Sachs, Dee Johnson, Lisa Zwerling, and Janine Sherman Barrois. Several of these writers and producers had background in healthcare: Joe Sachs was an emergency physician, while Lisa Zwerling and Neal Baer were both pediatricians. The series' crew was recognized with awards for writing, directing, producing, film editing, sound editing, casting, and music.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_Hours_(ER)"},{"link_name":"Must See TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must_See_TV"},{"link_name":"Law & Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order"},{"link_name":"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order:_Special_Victims_Unit"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Grey's Anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey%27s_Anatomy"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"1080i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1080i"},{"link_name":"letterbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letterbox_(filming)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Southland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southland_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"final episode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_in_the_End..."},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saying_goodbye_to_'ER'-9"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-20"},{"link_name":"TNT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNT_(American_TV_network)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-20"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Broadcasting","text":"Following the broadcast of its two-hour pilot on September 19, 1994, ER premiered Thursday, September 22 at 10pm. It remained in the same Thursday time slot for its entire run, capping the Must See TV primetime block. ER is NBC's third longest-running drama, after Law & Order and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit,[12] and the second longest-running American primetime medical drama of all time, behind ABC's Grey's Anatomy.[13] Starting with season seven, ER was broadcast in the 1080i HD format, appearing in letterbox format when presented in standard definition.[14] On April 2, 2008, NBC announced that the series would return for its fifteenth season.[15] The fifteenth season was originally scheduled to run for 19 episodes before retiring with a two-hour series finale to be broadcast on March 12, 2009,[16][17] but NBC announced in January 2009 that it would extend the show by an additional three episodes to a full 22-episode order as part of a deal to launch a new series by John Wells titled Police, later retitled Southland.[18] ER's final episode aired on April 2, 2009; the two-hour episode was preceded by a one-hour retrospective special.[19] The series finale charged $425,000 per 30-second ad spot, more than three times the season's rate of $135,000.[9] From season 4 to season 6 ER cost a record-breaking $13 million per episode.[20] TNT also paid a record price of $1 million an episode for four years of repeats of the series during that time.[21] The cost of the first three seasons was $2 million per episode and seasons 7 to 9 cost $8 million per episode.[20][22]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ER_Cast_Season_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cast_Season_15.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anthony Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Edwards_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Mark Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Greene"},{"link_name":"George Clooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clooney"},{"link_name":"Doug Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Ross"},{"link_name":"Sherry Stringfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherry_Stringfield"},{"link_name":"Susan Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Noah Wyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Wyle"},{"link_name":"John Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carter_(ER)"},{"link_name":"Eriq La Salle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriq_La_Salle"},{"link_name":"Peter Benton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Benton"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saying_goodbye_to_'ER'-9"},{"link_name":"Carol Hathaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Hathaway"},{"link_name":"Julianna Margulies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julianna_Margulies"},{"link_name":"Ming-Na","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-Na"},{"link_name":"Jing-Mei \"Deb\" Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jing-Mei_%22Deb%22_Chen"},{"link_name":"Gloria Reuben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Reuben"},{"link_name":"Laura Innes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Innes"},{"link_name":"Jeanie Boulet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanie_Boulet"},{"link_name":"Kerry Weaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_Weaver"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Memories_of_'ER'-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW.com-24"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saying_goodbye_to_'ER'-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saying_goodbye_to_'ER'-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saying_goodbye_to_'ER'-9"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Alex Kingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Kingston"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Corday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Corday"},{"link_name":"Paul McCrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCrane"},{"link_name":"Robert Romano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Romano_(ER)"},{"link_name":"Goran Višnjić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goran_Vi%C5%A1nji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Luka Kovač","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luka_Kova%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"Maura Tierney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maura_Tierney"},{"link_name":"Abby Lockhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abby_Lockhart"},{"link_name":"Mekhi Phifer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekhi_Phifer"},{"link_name":"Greg Pratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Pratt"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Memories_of_'ER'-23"},{"link_name":"Parminder Nagra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parminder_Nagra"},{"link_name":"Neela Rasgotra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neela_Rasgotra"},{"link_name":"Scott Grimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Grimes"},{"link_name":"Archie Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Morris"},{"link_name":"Linda Cardellini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Cardellini"},{"link_name":"Sam Taggart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Taggart"},{"link_name":"Shane West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_West"},{"link_name":"Ray Barnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_secondary_doctors_in_ER#Ray_Barnett"},{"link_name":"John Stamos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stamos"},{"link_name":"Tony Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Gates"},{"link_name":"David Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lyons_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Simon Brenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Brenner"},{"link_name":"Angela Bassett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Bassett"},{"link_name":"Cate Banfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Banfield"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Memories_of_'ER'-23"}],"text":"Original cast of the show (1994–1995)Final season cast (2008–2009)The original starring cast consisted of Anthony Edwards as Dr. Mark Greene, George Clooney as Dr. Doug Ross, Sherry Stringfield as Dr. Susan Lewis, Noah Wyle as medical student John Carter, and Eriq La Salle as Dr. Peter Benton.[9] As the series continued, some key changes were made: Nurse Carol Hathaway, played by Julianna Margulies, who attempts suicide in the original pilot script, was made into a regular cast member. Ming-Na debuted in the middle of the first season as medical student Jing-Mei \"Deb\" Chen, but did not return for the second season; she returns in season 6 episode 10. Gloria Reuben and Laura Innes would join the series as Physician Assistant Jeanie Boulet and Dr. Kerry Weaver, respectively, by the second season.[23]In the third season, a series of cast additions and departures began that would see the entire original cast leave over time. Stringfield was the first to exit the series, reportedly upsetting producers who believed she wanted to negotiate for more money, but the actress did not particularly care for \"fame.\"\n[24] She would return to the series from 2001 until 2005.[9] Clooney departed the series in 1999 to pursue a film career, and Margulies exited the following year.[9] Season eight saw the departure of La Salle and Edwards when Benton left County General and Greene died from a brain tumor.[9] Wyle left the series after season 11 in order to spend more time with his family, but would return for two multiple-episode appearances in the show's twelfth and final seasons.[25] Alex Kingston as Dr. Elizabeth Corday, Paul McCrane as Dr. Robert Romano, Goran Višnjić as Dr. Luka Kovač, Maura Tierney as Nurse Abby Lockhart, and Mekhi Phifer as Dr. Greg Pratt all joined the cast as the seasons went on.[23] In the much later seasons, the show would see the additions of Parminder Nagra as medical student Neela Rasgotra, Scott Grimes as Dr. Archie Morris, Linda Cardellini as Nurse Sam Taggart, Shane West as Dr. Ray Barnett, John Stamos as Paramedic Tony Gates, David Lyons as Dr. Simon Brenner, and Angela Bassett as Dr. Cate Banfield.[23]In addition to the main cast, ER featured a large number of frequently seen recurring cast members who played key roles such as paramedics, hospital support staff, nurses, and doctors. ER also featured a sizable roster of well-known guest stars, some making rare television appearances, who typically played patients in single episode appearances or multi-episode arcs.","title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ER_episodes#Season_1_(1994%E2%80%9395)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ER_episodes#Season_2_(1995%E2%80%9396)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ER_episodes#Season_3_(1996%E2%80%9397)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ER_episodes#Season_4_(1997%E2%80%9398)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ER_episodes#Season_5_(1998%E2%80%9399)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ER_episodes#Season_6_(1999%E2%80%932000)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ER_episodes#Season_7_(2000%E2%80%9301)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ER_episodes#Season_8_(2001%E2%80%9302)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ER_episodes#Season_9_(2002%E2%80%9303)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ER_episodes#Season_10_(2003%E2%80%9304)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ER_episodes#Season_11_(2004%E2%80%9305)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ER_episodes#Season_12_(2005%E2%80%9306)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ER_episodes#Season_13_(2006%E2%80%9307)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ER_episodes#Season_14_(2007%E2%80%9308)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ER_episodes#Season_15_(2008%E2%80%9309)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Darfur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darfur"},{"link_name":"John Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wells_(producer)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSNBC-10"},{"link_name":"HIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV"},{"link_name":"AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS"},{"link_name":"organ transplants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_transplantation"},{"link_name":"mental illness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_illness"},{"link_name":"racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"},{"link_name":"human trafficking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking"},{"link_name":"euthanasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthanasia"},{"link_name":"poverty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty"},{"link_name":"gay rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_rights"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSNBC-10"},{"link_name":"Ambush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambush_(ER)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saying_goodbye_to_'ER'-9"}],"text":"SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedRankRatingViewers (millions)First airedLast aired125September 19, 1994 (1994-09-19)May 18, 1995 (1995-05-18)2[26]20.030.1222September 21, 1995 (1995-09-21)May 16, 1996 (1996-05-16)1[27]22.035.7322September 26, 1996 (1996-09-26)May 15, 1997 (1997-05-15)1[28]21.233.9422September 25, 1997 (1997-09-25)May 14, 1998 (1998-05-14)2[29]20.433.3522September 24, 1998 (1998-09-24)May 20, 1999 (1999-05-20)1[30]17.829.6622September 30, 1999 (1999-09-30)May 18, 2000 (2000-05-18)4[31]16.929.8722October 12, 2000 (2000-10-12)May 17, 2001 (2001-05-17)2[32]15.027.0822September 27, 2001 (2001-09-27)May 16, 2002 (2002-05-16)3[33]14.226.1922September 26, 2002 (2002-09-26)May 15, 2003 (2003-05-15)6[34]13.122.71022September 25, 2003 (2003-09-25)May 13, 2004 (2004-05-13)8[35]12.921.51122September 23, 2004 (2004-09-23)May 19, 2005 (2005-05-19)16[36]10.417.51222September 22, 2005 (2005-09-22)May 18, 2006 (2006-05-18)30[37]8.114.21323September 21, 2006 (2006-09-21)May 17, 2007 (2007-05-17)40[38]7.412.01419September 27, 2007 (2007-09-27)May 15, 2008 (2008-05-15)54[39]—8.71522September 25, 2008 (2008-09-25)April 2, 2009 (2009-04-02)37[40]6.79.0A typical episode centered on the ER, with most scenes set in the hospital or surrounding streets. In addition, most seasons included at least one storyline located completely outside of the ER, often outside of Chicago. Over the span of the series, stories took place in the Congo, France, Iraq and Sudan. One early storyline involved a road trip taken by Dr. Ross and Dr. Greene to California and a season eight episode included a storyline in Hawaii featuring Dr. Greene and Dr. Corday. Beginning in season nine, storylines started to include the Congo, featuring Dr. Kovač, Dr. Carter, and Dr. Pratt.[41] \"We turned some attention on the Congo and on Darfur when nobody else was. We had a bigger audience than a nightly newscast will ever see, making 25 to 30 million people aware of what was going on in Africa,\" ER producer John Wells said. \"The show is not about telling people to eat their vegetables, but if we can do that in an entertaining context, then there's nothing better.\"[10] The series also focused on sociopolitical issues such as HIV and AIDS, organ transplants, mental illness, racism, human trafficking, euthanasia, poverty and gay rights.[10]Some episodes used creative formats, such as the 1997 \"Ambush,\" which was broadcast live twice, once for the east coast and again three hours later for the west coast,[9] and 2002's \"Hindsight,\" which ran in reverse time as it followed one character, Dr. Kovač, through the events of a Christmas Eve shift and the Christmas party that preceded it.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crossovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Watch#Crossovers"},{"link_name":"Third Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Watch"}],"sub_title":"Crossover with Third Watch","text":"See also: CrossoversThe episode \"Brothers and Sisters\" (first broadcast on April 25, 2002) begins a crossover that concludes on the Third Watch episode \"Unleashed\" in which Dr. Lewis enlists the help of Officers Maurice Boscorelli and Faith Yokas to find her sister and niece.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"sweeps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweeps"},{"link_name":"Seinfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seinfeld"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"series finale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_in_the_End..."},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Hell and High Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_and_High_Water_(ER)"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_(1978_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"text":"U.S. seasonal rankings based on average total viewers per episode of ER on NBC are tabulated below. Each U.S. network television season starts in late September and ends in late May, which coincides with the completion of May sweeps. All times mentioned in this section were in the Eastern and Pacific time zones. Ratings for seasons 1–2 are listed in households (the percentage of households watching the program), while ratings for seasons 3–15 are listed in viewers.In its first year, ER attracted an average of 19 million viewers per episode, becoming the year's second most watched television show, just behind Seinfeld. In the following two seasons (1995–1997), ER was the most watched show in North America. For almost five years, ER battled for the top spot against Seinfeld, but in 1998, Seinfeld ended and then ER became number one again. The series finale attracted 16.4 million viewers.[57] The show's highest rating came during the episode \"Hell and High Water\" with 48 million viewers and a 45% market share. It was the highest for a regularly scheduled drama since a May 1985 installment of Dallas received a 46. The share represents the percentage of TVs in use tuned in to that show.[58]","title":"Ratings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"Marvin Kitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Kitman"},{"link_name":"Newsday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsday"},{"link_name":"M*A*S*H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M*A*S*H_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Richard Zoglin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Zoglin"},{"link_name":"TIME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Alan Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Rich"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_Hours_(ER)"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-variety1-60"},{"link_name":"New York Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_News_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nydaily1-61"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Chicago Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Hope"},{"link_name":"Nielsens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_Media_Research"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nydaily1-61"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-variety1-60"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"TV Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"St. Elsewhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Elsewhere"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Love's Labor Lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%27s_Labor_Lost_(ER)"},{"link_name":"TV Guide's 100 Greatest Episodes of All-Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide%27s_100_Greatest_Episodes_of_All-Time"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hell and High Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_and_High_Water_(ER)"},{"link_name":"Doug Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Ross"},{"link_name":"George Clooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clooney"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"20/20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20/20_(American_TV_program)"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Writers Guild of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"text":"Throughout the series ER received positive reviews from critics and fans alike. It scored 80 on Metacritic, meaning \"generally favorable reviews,\" based on 21 critics. Marvin Kitman from Newsday said: \"It's like M*A*S*H with just the helicopters showing up and no laughs. E.R. is all trauma; you never get to know enough about the patients or get involved with them. It's just treat, release and move on.\"[59] Richard Zoglin from TIME stated that it's \"probably the most realistic fictional treatment of the medical profession TV has ever presented.\"Critical reactions for ER's first season were very favorable. Alan Rich, writing for Variety, praised the direction and editing of the pilot[60] while Eric Mink, writing for the New York Daily News, said that the pilot of ER \"was urban, emergency room chaos and young, committed doctors.\" However some reviewers felt the episodes following the pilot did not live up to it with Mink commenting that \"the great promise of the \"E.R.\" pilot dissolves into the kind of routine, predictable, sloppily detailed medical drama we've seen many times before.\"[61]NBC launched the show at the same time that CBS launched its own medical drama Chicago Hope; many critics drew comparisons between the two. Eric Mink concluded that ER may rate more highly in the Nielsens but Chicago Hope told better stories,[61] while Rich felt both shows were \"riveting, superior TV fare.\"[60] The Daily Telegraph wrote in 1996: \"Not being able to follow what on earth is going on remains one of the peculiar charms of the breakneck American hospital drama, ER.\"[62]In 2002, TV Guide ranked ER No. 22 on their list of \"TV's Top 50 Shows,\" making it the second highest ranked medical drama on the list (after St. Elsewhere at No. 20).[63] Also, the episode \"Love's Labor Lost\" was ranked No. 6 on TV Guide's 100 Greatest Episodes of All-Time list having earlier been ranked No. 3.[64] The show placed No. 19 on Entertainment Weekly's \"New TV Classics\" list.[65] British magazine Empire ranked it No. 29 in their list of the \"50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time\" and said the best episode was \"Hell and High Water\" where \"Doug Ross (George Clooney) saves a young boy from drowning during a flood.\"[66] In 2012, ER was voted Best TV Drama on ABC's 20/20 special episode \"Best in TV: The Greatest TV Shows of Our Time.\"[67] In 2013, TV Guide ranked it No. 9 in its list of The 60 Greatest Dramas of All Time[68] and No. 29 in its list of the 60 Best Series.[69] In the same year, the Writers Guild of America ranked ER No. 28 in its list of the 101 Best Written TV Series of All Time.[70]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Foster Peabody Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Foster_Peabody_Award"},{"link_name":"TCA Award for Program of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCA_Award_for_Program_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Drama_Series"},{"link_name":"Primetime Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards"},{"link_name":"Screen Actors Guild Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild_Awards"},{"link_name":"Writers Guild of America Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America_Awards"},{"link_name":"Directors Guild of America Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directors_Guild_of_America_Awards"},{"link_name":"Producers Guild of America Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Producers_Guild_of_America_Awards"},{"link_name":"TCA Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCA_Awards"}],"sub_title":"Awards and nominations","text":"ER has won 124 industry awards from 419 nominations, including the George Foster Peabody Award in 1995, TCA Award for Program of the Year in 1995, and Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series in 1996. It was also nominated for 124 Primetime Emmy Awards (with 23 wins), 25 Golden Globe Awards (with one win), 18 Screen Actors Guild Awards (with eight wins), 5 Writers Guild of America Awards (with one win), 12 Directors Guild of America Awards (with four wins), 3 Producers Guild of America Awards (with two wins), and 8 TCA Awards (with two wins).","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warner Home Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"anamorphic widescreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anamorphic_widescreen"},{"link_name":"protecting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoot_and_protect"},{"link_name":"open matte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_matte"},{"link_name":"TNT HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNT_(American_TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_(American_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Hulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulu"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Domestic_Television_Distribution"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"HBO Max","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO_Max"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"}],"sub_title":"Home media","text":"Warner Home Video has released all 15 seasons in Region 1, Region 2, and Region 4.In the United Kingdom (Region 2), The Complete Series boxset was released on October 26, 2009.[71] On September 12, 2016, the series was re-released in three box sets, Seasons 1–5,[72] Seasons 6–10,[73] and Seasons 11–15.[74]The DVD box sets of ER are unusual in the fact that they are all in anamorphic widescreen even though the first six seasons of the show were broadcast in a standard 4:3 format. ER was shot protecting for widescreen presentation, allowing the show to be presented in 16:9 open matte (leaving only the title sequence in the 4:3 format). However, as the production of the show was generally conceived with 4:3 presentation in mind, some episodes feature vignetting or unintended objects towards the sides of the frame that would not be visible when presented in the 4:3 format. These episodes also appear in the widescreen format when rerun on TNT HD, Pop and streaming services.In 2018, Hulu struck a deal with Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution to stream all 15 seasons of the show.[75] The show arrived on HBO Max in January 2022.[76]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlantic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Records"},{"link_name":"James Newton Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Newton_Howard"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"}],"sub_title":"Soundtrack","text":"In 1996, Atlantic Records released an album of music from the first two seasons, featuring James Newton Howard's theme from the series in its on-air and full versions, selections from the weekly scores composed by Martin Davich (Howard scored the two-hour pilot, Davich scored all the subsequent episodes and wrote a new theme used from 2006–2009 until the final episode, when Howard's original theme returned) and songs used on the series.[77]Theme From ER – James Newton Howard (3:02)\nDr. Lewis and Renee (from \"The Birthday Party\") (1:57)\nCanine Blues (from \"Make of Two Hearts\") (2:27)\nGoodbye Baby Susie (from \"Fever of Unknown Origin\") (3:11)\nDoug & Carol (from \"The Gift\") – composed by James Newton Howard and Martin Davich (1:59)\nHealing Hands – Marc Cohn (4:25)\nThe Hero (from \"Hell And High Water\") composed by James Newton Howard and Martin Davich (1:55)\nCarter, See You Next Fall (from \"Everything Old Is New Again\") (1:28)\nReasons For Living – Duncan Sheik (4:33)\nDr. Green and a Mother's Death (from \"Love's Labor Lost\") (2:48)\nRaul Dies (from \"The Healers\") (2:20)\nHell and High Water (from \"Hell And High Water\") – composed by James Newton Howard and Martin Davich (2:38)\nHold On (from \"Hell And High Water\") (2:47)\nShep Arrives (from \"The Healers\") (3:37)\nShattered Glass (from \"Hell And High Water\") (2:11)\nTheme From ER – James Newton Howard (1:00)\nIt Came Upon a Midnight Clear – Mike Finnegan (2:30)","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Legacy Interactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_Games"},{"link_name":"Windows 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_2000"},{"link_name":"XP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_XP"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Mad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"WWE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE"},{"link_name":"Nickelodeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelodeon"},{"link_name":"All That","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_That"},{"link_name":"Giovonnie Samuels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovonnie_Samuels"},{"link_name":"Shane Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Lyons"},{"link_name":"The Medicine of ER: An Insider's Guide to the Medical Science Behind America's #1 TV Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=HQ6YPAAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"rewatch podcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewatch_podcast"},{"link_name":"Setting the Tone: An ER Retrospective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//settingthetonepodcast.libsyn.com/"},{"link_name":"Gloria Reuben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Reuben"},{"link_name":"Abraham Benrubi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Benrubi"},{"link_name":"Noah Wyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Wyle"},{"link_name":"Lydia Woodward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_Woodward"},{"link_name":"Laura Innes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Innes"},{"link_name":"Carol Flint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Flint"},{"link_name":"Paul McCrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCrane"}],"sub_title":"Other media","text":"An ER video game developed by Legacy Interactive for Windows 2000 and XP was released in 2005.[78]\nIn the Mad episode \"Pokémon Park / WWER\", the show was parodied in the style of WWE.\nA recurring sketch called \"Toy ER\" in the Nickelodeon comedy series All That parodies the show, featuring Dr. Malady (Chelsea Brummet), Dr. Botch (Giovonnie Samuels), and Dr. Sax (Shane Lyons) \"treating\" damaged toys.\nA book about emergency medicine based on the TV series, The Medicine of ER: An Insider's Guide to the Medical Science Behind America's #1 TV Drama was published in 1996. Authors Alan Duncan Ross and Harlan Gibbs M.D. have hospital administration and ER experience, respectively, and are called fans of the TV show in the book's credits.\nAn episode-by-episode rewatch podcast called Setting the Tone: An ER Retrospective launched in 2019, and has featured numerous cast and crew interviews, including Gloria Reuben, Abraham Benrubi, Noah Wyle, Lydia Woodward, Laura Innes, Carol Flint, John Frank Levy, Paul McCrane, and others.","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warner Bros. International Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._International_Television"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Emotion Production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion_Production"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Urgentni Centar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D1%81%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%92_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)"},{"link_name":"TV Prva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prva_Srpska_Televizija"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"RCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCN_TV"},{"link_name":"Fox International Channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_International_Channels"},{"link_name":"TC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TC_Televisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Colombian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"StarLight Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlight_Media"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Medyapım","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medyap%C4%B1m"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Foreign adaptations","text":"In March 2012, Warner Bros. International Television announced that they would sell the format rights to ER to overseas territories. This allowed foreign countries to produce their own version of the series.[79]In June 2013, Warner Bros. International Television and Emotion Production announced a Serbian version of ER.[80] Urgentni Centar premiered on October 6, 2014, on TV Prva.[81] As of 2023, four seasons of the show have been filmed.[82]In January 2014, Warner Bros. International Television with RCN, Fox International Channels and TC announced a Colombian version of ER.[83]In March 2014, Warner Bros. International Television and StarLight Films announced a Ukrainian version of ER.[citation needed]In February 2015, Warner Bros. International Television and Medyapım announced a Turkish version of ER.[citation needed]","title":"Distribution"}]
[{"image_text":"Michael Crichton in 2002","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/MichaelCrichton_2.jpg/195px-MichaelCrichton_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Original cast of the show (1994–1995)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f8/ER_Cast_Season_1.jpg/250px-ER_Cast_Season_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Final season cast (2008–2009)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/47/Cast_Season_15.jpg/250px-Cast_Season_15.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Casualty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casualty_(TV_series)"},{"title":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"}]
[{"reference":"\"About the Hit NBC TV Show ER\". NBC. Archived from the original on October 28, 2011. Retrieved October 14, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111028193641/http://www.nbc.com/ER/about/","url_text":"\"About the Hit NBC TV Show ER\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC","url_text":"NBC"},{"url":"http://www.nbc.com/ER/about/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tait, R. Colin (November 26, 2014). \"Marathon Viewing E.R.: Rewatching Television's Greatest Prime-Time Serial\". Flow.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flowjournal.org/2014/11/marathon-viewing-e-r/","url_text":"\"Marathon Viewing E.R.: Rewatching Television's Greatest Prime-Time Serial\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_(journal)","url_text":"Flow"}]},{"reference":"Chaney, Jen (September 20, 2019). \"As ER Turns 25, a Look at How Its Visual Style Changed the TV Game\". Vulture.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vulture.com/2019/09/er-filmmaking-style-legacy.html","url_text":"\"As ER Turns 25, a Look at How Its Visual Style Changed the TV Game\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture_(magazine)","url_text":"Vulture"}]},{"reference":"Jacobs, Jason (2003). Body Trauma TV: The New Hospital Dramas (Illustrated ed.). British Film Institute. p. 24. ISBN 0-85170-880-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bodytraumatvnewh0000jaco/page/24","url_text":"Body Trauma TV: The New Hospital Dramas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Film_Institute","url_text":"British Film Institute"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bodytraumatvnewh0000jaco/page/24","url_text":"24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85170-880-3","url_text":"0-85170-880-3"}]},{"reference":"Richard, Zoglin; Smilgis, Martha (October 31, 1994). \"Television: Angels with Dirty Faces\". TIME. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121104084035/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,981691-2,00.html","url_text":"\"Television: Angels with Dirty Faces\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIME","url_text":"TIME"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,981691-2,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Keenleyside, Sam (1998). Bedside manners: George Clooney and ER (Illustrated ed.). ECW Press. p. 129. ISBN 1-55022-336-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECW_Press","url_text":"ECW Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55022-336-4","url_text":"1-55022-336-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Linda Vista Hospital\". The Center for Land Use Interpretation. Archived from the original on April 18, 2005. Retrieved June 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050418050155/http://ludb.clui.org/ex/i/CA6083/","url_text":"\"Linda Vista Hospital\""},{"url":"http://ludb.clui.org/ex/i/CA6083/#","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Carter, Bill (2006). Desperate Networks (Illustrated ed.). Doubleday. p. 30. ISBN 0-385-51440-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/desperatenetwork00cart/page/30","url_text":"Desperate Networks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)","url_text":"Doubleday"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/desperatenetwork00cart/page/30","url_text":"30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-51440-9","url_text":"0-385-51440-9"}]},{"reference":"Richmond, Ray (April 1, 2009). \"Saying goodbye to 'ER'\". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on September 18, 2010. Retrieved September 18, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100918124825/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/film/news/e3i7288557915e143d093978f906f0a5cbf","url_text":"\"Saying goodbye to 'ER'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"},{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/film/news/e3i7288557915e143d093978f906f0a5cbf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Young, Susan C. (March 24, 2009). \"'ER' closes door, leaves behind satisfying legacy\". TODAY. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140302201554/http://www.today.com/id/29843242","url_text":"\"'ER' closes door, leaves behind satisfying legacy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today_(American_TV_program)","url_text":"TODAY"},{"url":"http://www.today.com/id/29843242","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Siegel, Alan (November 26, 2014). \"'ER' Was Prestige TV Before the Term Even Existed\". The Ringer.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theringer.com/tv/2019/9/19/20872849/er-how-it-was-made-20th-anniversary","url_text":"\"'ER' Was Prestige TV Before the Term Even Existed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ringer_(website)","url_text":"The Ringer"}]},{"reference":"Goldberg, Lesley (February 22, 2019). \"'TV's Top 5' Podcast: Oscars Preview, Marvel Cancellations Decoded\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/tvs-top-5-podcast-oscars-preview-marvel-cancellations-decoded-1188818","url_text":"\"'TV's Top 5' Podcast: Oscars Preview, Marvel Cancellations Decoded\""}]},{"reference":"Keveney, Bill (March 31, 2005). \"After 11 years, Dr. Carter takes leave from ER\". ER Headquarters. Archived from the original on July 9, 2009. Retrieved June 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090709102637/http://www.erheadquarters.com/news/11/after11years_033105.htm","url_text":"\"After 11 years, Dr. Carter takes leave from ER\""},{"url":"http://www.erheadquarters.com/news/11/after11years_033105.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gardner, Eriq (February 6, 2002). \"Why The Sopranos and ER put those black bands across your screen\". Slate.","urls":[{"url":"https://slate.com/culture/2002/02/why-the-sopranos-and-er-put-those-black-bands-across-your-screen.html","url_text":"\"Why The Sopranos and ER put those black bands across your screen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_(magazine)","url_text":"Slate"}]},{"reference":"\"NBC PICKS UP CLASSIC, EMMY AWARD-WINNING 'ER' FOR 15TH AND FINAL SEASON\". NBC Universal Media Village. April 2, 2008. Retrieved June 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbcumv.com/release_detail.nbc/nbcuniversaltelevision-20080402000000-nbcpicksupclassic.html","url_text":"\"NBC PICKS UP CLASSIC, EMMY AWARD-WINNING 'ER' FOR 15TH AND FINAL SEASON\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Universal_Media_Village","url_text":"NBC Universal Media Village"}]},{"reference":"Levin, Gary (April 8, 2008). \"NBC veteran 'ER' will end its run next year\". USA Today. Retrieved June 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2008-04-07-er-final-season_N.htm","url_text":"\"NBC veteran 'ER' will end its run next year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"The Futon Critic Staff (December 3, 2008). \"NBC Fallout: \"Knight\" Cut, \"Er\" Extended\". The Futon Critic. Retrieved June 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news.aspx?id=7876","url_text":"\"NBC Fallout: \"Knight\" Cut, \"Er\" Extended\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Futon_Critic","url_text":"The Futon Critic"}]},{"reference":"Schneider, Michael (January 8, 2009). \"Wells' 'Police' close to series order, Final season of 'ER' to be extended\". Variety. Retrieved June 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117998243.html?categoryid=14&cs=1","url_text":"\"Wells' 'Police' close to series order, Final season of 'ER' to be extended\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"ER: Clooney and Margulies Return to Closed Set for a Final Episode\". TV Series Finale. January 22, 2009. Archived from the original on January 30, 2009. Retrieved June 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20090130040614/http://tvseriesfinale.com/articles/er-clooney-and-margulies-to-return-for-final-episodes/","url_text":"\"ER: Clooney and Margulies Return to Closed Set for a Final Episode\""},{"url":"http://tvseriesfinale.com/articles/er-clooney-and-margulies-to-return-for-final-episodes/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://marshallinside.usc.edu/mweinstein/teaching/fbe552/552secure/notes/Thurday-Night%20Massacre.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070055/http://marshallinside.usc.edu/mweinstein/teaching/fbe552/552secure/notes/Thurday-Night%20Massacre.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Carter, Bill (November 16, 1998). \"What Price 'E.R.' Syndication?\". The New York Times. Retrieved March 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/16/business/media-what-price-er-syndication.html","url_text":"\"What Price 'E.R.' Syndication?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Fleming, Michael (June 25, 2001). \"Dish: 'ER' doc cuts big deal\". Variety. Retrieved March 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117801914/?refCatId=14","url_text":"\"Dish: 'ER' doc cuts big deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Memories of 'ER'\". Military.com. March 30, 2009. Retrieved June 13, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.military.com/entertainment/television/memories-of-er","url_text":"\"Memories of 'ER'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military.com","url_text":"Military.com"}]},{"reference":"Kennedy, Dana (October 17, 1997). \"Sherry Stringfield, the Goodbye Girl\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 6, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,289870,00.html","url_text":"\"Sherry Stringfield, the Goodbye Girl\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Albiniak, Paige (February 12, 2009). \"Memories of 'ER'\". New York Post. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121019124650/http://www.nypost.com/p/entertainment/tv/item_QbjH5HA6n46umyyowU3aZN/1","url_text":"\"Memories of 'ER'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post","url_text":"New York Post"},{"url":"http://www.nypost.com/p/entertainment/tv/item_QbjH5HA6n46umyyowU3aZN/1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"TV Ratings > 1990s\". Classic TV Hits.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.classictvhits.com/tvratings/1994.htm","url_text":"\"TV Ratings > 1990s\""}]},{"reference":"\"TV Ratings > 1990s\". Classic TV Hits.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.classictvhits.com/tvratings/1995.htm","url_text":"\"TV Ratings > 1990s\""}]},{"reference":"\"TV Ratings > 1990s\". Classic TV Hits.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.classictvhits.com/tvratings/1996.htm","url_text":"\"TV Ratings > 1990s\""}]},{"reference":"\"TV Ratings > 1990s\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Heeney
Dennis Heeney
["1 References","2 Sources"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Dennis Heeney" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Dennis Heeney (March 22, 1933 – November 15, 2005) was a Manitoba politician. In the provincial elections of 1986 and 1988, he was the leader of the province's Confederation of Regions Party, a group that opposed the extension of French-language rights and sought greater autonomy for western Canada (unlike the Western Canada Concept and Western Independence Party, it did not seek full independence for the western provinces). Heeney was serving as the reeve of the Rural Municipality of Elton in 1983 when he became active in a provincial controversy over the entrenchment of francophone services. At the time, NDP Premier Howard Pawley was attempting to reintroduce French-language services into the province's parliament and legal system. Heeney spoke out against the initiative at a public meeting in Brandon, claiming that it would effectively amount to granting special privileges for only 6% of Manitoba's population. Heeney subsequently became involved in Manitoba Grassroots, an anti-bilingualism coalition led by renegade NDP backbencher Russell Doern. In February 1984, he led a protest outside a Brandon NDP convention. Later in the year, Heeney ran as a candidate for the national Confederation of Regions Party in the federal riding of Brandon-Souris. He received 6322 votes, finishing second to Progressive Conservative candidate Lee Clark (who received 18,813 votes). A provincial CoR party was also founded in 1984, and Heeney replaced Douglas Edmondson as its leader shortly thereafter. The party ran fifteen candidates in the provincial election of 1986, placing second in four rural, anglophone ridings. Heeney, running in the riding of Minnedosa, received 1508 votes for a third-place finish. Although this result was fairly respectable for a newly formed party, it disappointed many CoR supporters who hoped that at least a few of their candidates would be elected. The party declined in status, and became marginalized after the bilingualism controversy died down. Heeney continued to lead the party into the election of 1988. The Manitoba CoR fielded fourteen candidates, although none came close to being elected. Heeney, running again in Minnedosa, received 820 votes for a fourth-place finish. Heeney appears to have resigned as Manitoba CoR leader soon after the election. He returned to municipal politics, and served as reeve of Elton from 1978 to 2001. References ^ https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/219986836/dennis-herbert-heeney ^ (17 November 2006). Obituary, Brandon Sun ^ "The Phoenix - Google News Archive Search". ^ a b Hebert p205 ^ Morgan, Richard (5 September 1984). Second place a 'victory' for COR candidates, Brandon Sun (pay archive link) Sources Hebert, Raymond (2005). Manitoba's French-Language Crisis: A Cautionary Tale. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 293.
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenji_Yanobe
Kenji Yanobe
["1 Artwork","2 External links"]
Japanese artist This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Kenji Yanobe" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Kenji Yanobe's "Sun Child" outside the Haifa Museum of Art Kenji Yanobe (ヤノベケンジ Yanobe Kenji) is a Japanese contemporary artist known for his upbeat yet dystopian artwork. His sculpture simulates consumer products designed for survival after a nuclear holocaust. He is a professor at Kyoto University of Art and Design. He is also the director of Ultra Factory there. He was born in Ibaraki City, Osaka. After graduating from high school, he studied at Kyoto City University of Arts in 1989, majoring in sculpture. After studying at the Royal College of Art in England for a short time, he completed the Graduate School of Kyoto City University of Arts in 1991. Artwork Yanobe's sculptures closely fit a modern Japanese consumer aesthetic. His pieces, often based on robots, appear to be the products of the most modern industrial design: bright colors, polished metal, articulable joints, and shiny finish. However, they betray a fear of nuclear war. Yanobe's artwork includes brightly colored hazmat suits and tiny action figures with built-in geiger counters. They pose the question: Would life after a nuclear war be possible, and if it were, would it be worth living? Yanobe has had art shows throughout the world, including the United States, Europe, and his native Japan. His artwork was displayed at the grounds of the 1970 World's Fair in Osaka, Japan. It was the last show there before the site was taken down in March 2004. Stained-glass windows by Kenji Yanobe, Osaka International Airport. In 2009, he won the Osaka Culture Prize. External links Kenji Yanobe's official website Interview with Kenji Yanobe in Giant Robot magazine. Biography ExhibitionCV of Kenji Yanobe on Azito (online gallery of Japanese Contemporary art). Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Japan Netherlands Academics CiNii Artists RKD Artists ULAN Other IdRef This Japanese artist–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Morlan
John Morlan
["1 References","2 External links"]
American baseball player (born 1947) Baseball player John MorlanPitcherBorn: (1947-11-22) November 22, 1947 (age 76)Columbus, Ohio, U.S.Batted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutJuly 20, 1973, for the Pittsburgh PiratesLast MLB appearanceSeptember 29, 1974, for the Pittsburgh PiratesMLB statisticsWin–loss record2–5Earned run average4.16Strikeouts61 Teams Pittsburgh Pirates (1973–1974) John Glen Morlan (born November 22, 1947) is a former pitcher in Major League Baseball. He played for the Pittsburgh Pirates. References ^ "John Morlan Statistics and History". baseball-reference.com. sports-reference.com. Retrieved December 1, 2011. External links Career statistics and player information from MLB, or Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors) This biographical article relating to an American baseball pitcher born in the 1940s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Wheatland
USS Wheatland
["1 History","1.1 World War II, 1945","1.2 Post-war activities, 1945–1946","1.3 Decommissioning and fate","2 References","3 External links"]
Cargo ship of the United States Navy History United States NameUSS Wheatland NamesakeWheatland County, Montana BuilderNorth Carolina Shipbuilding Company, Wilmington, North Carolina Laid down17 July 1944 Launched21 September 1944 Commissioned3 April 1945 Decommissioned25 April 1946 Renamed SS Beatrice SS Bangor SS Grand Loyalty Stricken8 May 1946 Fate Sold for merchant service, 3 April 1947 Scrapped at Taiwan, December 1973 General characteristics Class and typeTolland-class attack cargo ship Displacement13,910 long tons (14,133 t) full Length459 ft 2 in (139.95 m) Beam63 ft (19 m) Draft26 ft 4 in (8.03 m) Speed16.5 knots (30.6 km/h; 19.0 mph) Complement395 Armament 1 × 5 in (127 mm)/38 caliber gun 4 × twin 40 mm guns 16 × 20 mm guns USS Wheatland (AKA-85) was a Tolland-class attack cargo ship in service with the United States Navy from 1945 to 1946. She was sold into commercial service and was scrapped in 1973. History Wheatland was named after Wheatland County, Montana. She was laid down as a Type C2-S-AJ3 ship on 17 July 1944 at Wilmington, North Carolina, by the North Carolina Shipbuilding Company under a Maritime Commission contract (MC hull 1397); launched on 21 September 1944; sponsored by Miss Shirley B. Anderson; transferred to the Navy on 6 October 1944; converted to an attack cargo ship in New York by the Atlantic Basin Iron Works; and commissioned on 3 April 1945. World War II, 1945 Commissioned two days after the beginning of the last amphibious operation of World War II, the Okinawa invasion, Wheatland never saw service in the role for which she had been converted. Instead of operating as an attack cargo ship during amphibious assaults, she spent her brief Navy career laboring as a conventional cargo ship and as a troop transport in support of the occupation of former Japanese possessions. Following shakedown training and amphibious exercises at Hampton Roads, Virginia, and post-shakedown availability at the Norfolk Navy Yard, the ship departed the Chesapeake Bay on 7 May with 5,038 tons of dry cargo. Steaming in company with Begor, Cavallaro, Lee Fox, and John Q. Roberts, she set a course for Hawaii. Parting company with the high-speed transports at Panama, she transited the canal on 14 May and continued her voyage to Oahu independently. She arrived in Pearl Harbor on 28 May and immediately unloaded her cargo. The ship remained in the Hawaiian Islands for three weeks, during which she conducted a series of amphibious exercises at the island of Maui. On 21 June, she departed Pearl Harbor with elements of the United States Army's IX Corps embarked. After stops at Eniwetok and Ulithi, she arrived at Leyte in the Philippine Islands on 7 July. There, she disembarked the troops and unloaded much of her cargo. On 9 July, she moved to Samar Island, where she discharged the remainder of her cargo. From there, she moved to the Palau Islands, departing Samar on 16 July and arriving at Angaur on 18 July. She spent the next two days loading a United States Marine Corps anti-aircraft unit and, on 21 July, got underway to return to Oahu. After a brief stop at Eniwetok for fuel on 26 July, she arrived in Pearl Harbor on 1 August. She discharged her cargo and disembarked her passengers and then began an availability which lasted until 22 August. Post-war activities, 1945–1946 On 23 August, she moved to Hilo where she began embarking elements of the 5th Marine Division. She returned to Pearl Harbor on 27 August and remained there until 1 September when she got underway for Sasebo, Japan, in company with a 34-ship convoy. She made a three-day stop at Saipan along the way and arrived at Sasebo early on 22 September. She discharged her cargo over the next three days and departed Sasebo on 25 September. Wheatland entered Subic Bay in the Philippines on 30 September and, the next afternoon, moved to Lingayen Gulf where she loaded men and equipment of the US Army's 32nd Division for transportation to Japan. On 9 October, she stood out of Lingayen Gulf on her way to Kyūshū, Japan. The attack cargo ship arrived in Sasebo early in the morning of 16 October and began disembarking the troops later in the day. Returning to the United States via Okinawa and Guam, Wheatland arrived in Seattle, Washington, on 13 November. Later that month, she visited San Francisco for two weeks before embarking upon a voyage to the Marianas on 13 December. She arrived at Guam on 28 December and later visited Saipan whence she departed the Marianas on 22 January 1946. Steaming via the Panama Canal, the ship arrived in Norfolk, Virginia, on 21 February. She made one more voyage in her naval career – a round trip to New York and back to Norfolk between 28 February and 5 March – before beginning inactivation preparations at Norfolk. Decommissioning and fate Wheatland was placed out of commission at Norfolk on 25 April 1946, and custody was transferred to the Maritime Administration the next day and berthed with many of her sister ships in the reserve fleet, James River Group, at Lee Hall, Virginia. Her name was struck from the Navy List on 8 May 1946. Ex-USS Wheatland was sold on 3 April 1947 to A. H. Bull Steamship Company of New York, New York and renamed SS Beatrice. Seized by the US Marshals Service, she was sold at auction on 13 March 1964 to First Ship & Steel Corp who in turn re-sold her to Bermuda Shipping Corp on 15 April 1964. Bermuda renamed her SS Bangor and leased her out for operations by the Waterman Steamship Corporation. On 8 December 1967, she was sold again to North East Shipping Corporation and renamed SS Grand Loyalty; the vessel was re-flagged Panamanian at this time as well. Sold for the final time in December 1973, the ship was broken up for scrap in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. References  This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here. Ship History at NavSource External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to USS Wheatland (AKA-85). Photo gallery of USS Wheatland at NavSource Naval History 51 Years of AKAs vteTolland-class attack cargo ships Tolland Shoshone Southampton Starr Stokes Suffolk Tate Todd Caswell New Hanover Lenoir Alamance Torrance Towner Trego Trousdale Tyrrell Valencia Venango Vinton Waukesha Wheatland Woodford Duplin Ottawa Prentiss Rankin Seminole Skagit Union Vermilion Washburn San JoaquinX Preceded by: Artemis class Followed by: USS Tulare X Cancelled List of United States Navy amphibious warfare ships
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She was sold into commercial service and was scrapped in 1973.","title":"USS Wheatland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wheatland County, Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheatland_County,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Type C2-S-AJ3 ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_C2_ship"},{"link_name":"Wilmington, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"North Carolina Shipbuilding Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Shipbuilding_Company"},{"link_name":"Maritime Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Commission"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Basin Iron Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Basin_Iron_Works"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning"}],"text":"Wheatland was named after Wheatland County, Montana. She was laid down as a Type C2-S-AJ3 ship on 17 July 1944 at Wilmington, North Carolina, by the North Carolina Shipbuilding Company under a Maritime Commission contract (MC hull 1397); launched on 21 September 1944; sponsored by Miss Shirley B. Anderson; transferred to the Navy on 6 October 1944; converted to an attack cargo ship in New York by the Atlantic Basin Iron Works; and commissioned on 3 April 1945.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Okinawa invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"attack cargo ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"Hampton Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Roads"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay"},{"link_name":"Begor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Begor"},{"link_name":"Cavallaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Cavallaro"},{"link_name":"Lee Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Lee_Fox"},{"link_name":"John Q. Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_John_Q._Roberts"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Oahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oahu"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands"},{"link_name":"Maui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maui"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"IX Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IX_Corps_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Eniwetok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eniwetok"},{"link_name":"Ulithi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulithi"},{"link_name":"Leyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyte"},{"link_name":"Philippine Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Islands"},{"link_name":"Samar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samar"},{"link_name":"Palau Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau_Islands"},{"link_name":"Angaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angaur"},{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Oahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oahu"},{"link_name":"Eniwetok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eniwetok"}],"sub_title":"World War II, 1945","text":"Commissioned two days after the beginning of the last amphibious operation of World War II, the Okinawa invasion, Wheatland never saw service in the role for which she had been converted. Instead of operating as an attack cargo ship during amphibious assaults, she spent her brief Navy career laboring as a conventional cargo ship and as a troop transport in support of the occupation of former Japanese possessions.Following shakedown training and amphibious exercises at Hampton Roads, Virginia, and post-shakedown availability at the Norfolk Navy Yard, the ship departed the Chesapeake Bay on 7 May with 5,038 tons of dry cargo. Steaming in company with Begor, Cavallaro, Lee Fox, and John Q. Roberts, she set a course for Hawaii. Parting company with the high-speed transports at Panama, she transited the canal on 14 May and continued her voyage to Oahu independently. She arrived in Pearl Harbor on 28 May and immediately unloaded her cargo. The ship remained in the Hawaiian Islands for three weeks, during which she conducted a series of amphibious exercises at the island of Maui.On 21 June, she departed Pearl Harbor with elements of the United States Army's IX Corps embarked. After stops at Eniwetok and Ulithi, she arrived at Leyte in the Philippine Islands on 7 July. There, she disembarked the troops and unloaded much of her cargo. On 9 July, she moved to Samar Island, where she discharged the remainder of her cargo. From there, she moved to the Palau Islands, departing Samar on 16 July and arriving at Angaur on 18 July. She spent the next two days loading a United States Marine Corps anti-aircraft unit and, on 21 July, got underway to return to Oahu.After a brief stop at Eniwetok for fuel on 26 July, she arrived in Pearl Harbor on 1 August. She discharged her cargo and disembarked her passengers and then began an availability which lasted until 22 August.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilo,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"5th Marine Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Marine_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Sasebo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasebo"},{"link_name":"Saipan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saipan"},{"link_name":"Subic Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subic_Bay"},{"link_name":"Lingayen Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingayen_Gulf"},{"link_name":"32nd Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32nd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Kyūshū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Marianas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianas"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"}],"sub_title":"Post-war activities, 1945–1946","text":"On 23 August, she moved to Hilo where she began embarking elements of the 5th Marine Division. She returned to Pearl Harbor on 27 August and remained there until 1 September when she got underway for Sasebo, Japan, in company with a 34-ship convoy. She made a three-day stop at Saipan along the way and arrived at Sasebo early on 22 September. She discharged her cargo over the next three days and departed Sasebo on 25 September.Wheatland entered Subic Bay in the Philippines on 30 September and, the next afternoon, moved to Lingayen Gulf where she loaded men and equipment of the US Army's 32nd Division for transportation to Japan. On 9 October, she stood out of Lingayen Gulf on her way to Kyūshū, Japan. The attack cargo ship arrived in Sasebo early in the morning of 16 October and began disembarking the troops later in the day.Returning to the United States via Okinawa and Guam, Wheatland arrived in Seattle, Washington, on 13 November. Later that month, she visited San Francisco for two weeks before embarking upon a voyage to the Marianas on 13 December. She arrived at Guam on 28 December and later visited Saipan whence she departed the Marianas on 22 January 1946. Steaming via the Panama Canal, the ship arrived in Norfolk, Virginia, on 21 February. She made one more voyage in her naval career – a round trip to New York and back to Norfolk between 28 February and 5 March – before beginning inactivation preparations at Norfolk.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maritime Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MARAD"},{"link_name":"reserve fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Reserve_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Lee Hall, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Hall,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Navy List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register"},{"link_name":"A. H. Bull Steamship Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._H._Bull_Steamship_Company"},{"link_name":"US Marshals Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service"},{"link_name":"Kaohsiung, Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung"}],"sub_title":"Decommissioning and fate","text":"Wheatland was placed out of commission at Norfolk on 25 April 1946, and custody was transferred to the Maritime Administration the next day and berthed with many of her sister ships in the reserve fleet, James River Group, at Lee Hall, Virginia. Her name was struck from the Navy List on 8 May 1946.Ex-USS Wheatland was sold on 3 April 1947 to A. H. Bull Steamship Company of New York, New York and renamed SS Beatrice. Seized by the US Marshals Service, she was sold at auction on 13 March 1964 to First Ship & Steel Corp who in turn re-sold her to Bermuda Shipping Corp on 15 April 1964. Bermuda renamed her SS Bangor and leased her out for operations by the Waterman Steamship Corporation. On 8 December 1967, she was sold again to North East Shipping Corporation and renamed SS Grand Loyalty; the vessel was re-flagged Panamanian at this time as well. Sold for the final time in December 1973, the ship was broken up for scrap in Kaohsiung, Taiwan.","title":"History"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/w/wheatland.html","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/10/02/02085.htm","external_links_name":"Ship History at NavSource"},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/10/02/02085.htm","external_links_name":"Photo gallery"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060620071629/http://ussrankin.org/id352.htm","external_links_name":"51 Years of AKAs"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindutva:_Who_is_a_Hindu%3F
Essentials of Hindutva
["1 Themes","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"]
1923 ideological pamphlet by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Essentials of Hindutva Coverpage of the Book's Second Edition.AuthorVinayak Damodar SavarkarPublisherHindi Sahitya SadanPublication date1923Publication placeIndiaISBN9-788-188-38825-7OCLC0670049905 Essentials of Hindutva is an ideological epigraph written by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar in 1922. The book was published in 1923 while Savarkar was still in jail. It was retitled Hindutva: Who Is a Hindu? (with the second phrase as a subtitle) when reprinted in 1928. Savarkar's epigraph forms part of the canon of works published during British rule that later influenced post-independence contemporary Hindu nationalism. Themes Savarkar used the term "Hindutva" (Sanskrit -tva, neuter abstract suffix) to describe "Hinduness" or the "quality of being a Hindu". Savarkar regarded Hinduism as an ethnic, cultural and political identity. Hindus, according to Savarkar, are those who consider India to be the land in which their ancestors lived, as well as the land in which their religion originated: "one for whom India is both Fatherland and Holyland". Sarvakar includes all Indian religions in the term "Hinduism" and outlines his vision of a "Hindu Rashtra" (Hindu Nation) as "Akhand Bharat" (Undivided India), stretching across the entire Indian subcontinent. "We Hindus are bound together not only by the tie of the love we bear to a common fatherland and by the common blood that courses through our veins and keeps our hearts throbbing and our affections warm, but also by the tie of the common homage we pay to our great civilization - our Hindu culture" Fifth Edition 1969 p91 (Internet Archive PDF p108) Savarkar wrote the book in prison, having been sentenced for the assassination of a British official in India Office in London. References ^ Chaturvedi, Hindutva and Violence (2022), pp. 16–17. ^ Basu, The Rhetoric of Hindu India (2017), p. 23. ^ Sweetman, W.; Malik, A. (2016). Hinduism in India: Modern and Contemporary Movements. Hinduism in India. SAGE Publishing. p. 109. ISBN 978-93-5150-231-9. ^ Ross, M.H. (2012). Culture and Belonging in Divided Societies: Contestation and Symbolic Landscapes. Book collections on Project MUSE. University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-8122-0350-9. ^ Representative, Our (15 August 1943). "Savarkar in Ahmedabad 'declared' two-nation theory in 1937, Jinnah followed 3 years later". Counterview. ^ Peter Lyon (2008), Conflict between India and Pakistan: an encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, p. 75, ISBN 978-1-57607-712-2 ^ Women, States, and Nationalism. Routledge. pp. 104–. ISBN 978-0-203-37368-2. Retrieved 24 April 2013. ^ Elst, Koenraad (5 July 2001). Decolonizing the Hindu Mind: Ideological Development of Hindu Revivalism. Rupa & Company. p. 140. ISBN 9788171675197 – via Google Books. It was during his stay in Ratnagiri prison, in 1922, that he wrote his influential book Hindutva ("Hindu-ness"). The text was smuggled out and published under a pseudonym. The highlight of the book was his definition of the term Hindu: "one for whom India is both Fatherland and Holyland". ^ Shōgimen, Takashi; Nederman, Cary J. (2009), Western political thought in dialogue with Asia, Lexington Books, p. 190, ISBN 978-0-7391-2378-2 Bibliography Basu, Manisha (2017), The Rhetoric of Hindu India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9781107149878 Chaturvedi, Vinayak (2022), Hindutva and Violence: V. D. Savarkar and the Politics of History, SUNY Press, ISBN 9781438488783 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hindutva: Who Is a Hindu?. Essentials of Hindutva, First Edition, 1923, publisher: V. V. Kalkar, Nagapur. Via archive.org Hindutva (Who Is A Hindu?), Fifth Edition, Veer Savarkar Prakashan, 1969. Via archive.org Essentials of Hindutva, Unknown edition, digital text via savarkar.org
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaturvedi,_Hindutva_and_Violence202216%E2%80%9317-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasu,_The_Rhetoric_of_Hindu_India201723-2"},{"link_name":"Vinayak Damodar Savarkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sweetman_Malik-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ross_2012-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Representative_1943_r882-5"},{"link_name":"Hindu nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lyon-6"}],"text":"Essentials of Hindutva[1][2] is an ideological epigraph written by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar in 1922.[3][4] The book was published in 1923 while Savarkar was still in jail.[5] It was retitled Hindutva: Who Is a Hindu? (with the second phrase as a subtitle) when reprinted in 1928. Savarkar's epigraph forms part of the canon of works published during British rule that later influenced post-independence contemporary Hindu nationalism.[6]","title":"Essentials of Hindutva"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hindutva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindutva"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Women,_States,_and_Nationalism-7"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Indian religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_religions"},{"link_name":"Akhand Bharat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_India"},{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"India Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Office"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Savarkar used the term \"Hindutva\" (Sanskrit -tva, neuter abstract suffix) to describe \"Hinduness\" or the \"quality of being a Hindu\".[7][failed verification] Savarkar regarded Hinduism as an ethnic, cultural and political identity.[citation needed] Hindus, according to Savarkar, are those who consider India to be the land in which their ancestors lived, as well as the land in which their religion originated: \"one for whom India is both Fatherland and Holyland\".[8]Sarvakar includes all Indian religions in the term \"Hinduism\" and outlines his vision of a \"Hindu Rashtra\" (Hindu Nation) as \"Akhand Bharat\" (Undivided India), stretching across the entire Indian subcontinent.\"We Hindus are bound together not only by the tie of the love we bear to a common fatherland and by the common blood that courses through our veins and keeps our hearts throbbing and our affections warm, but also by the tie of the common homage we pay to our great civilization - our Hindu culture\" Fifth Edition 1969 p91 (Internet Archive PDF p108)Savarkar wrote the book in prison, having been sentenced for the assassination of a British official in India Office in London.[9]","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Rhetoric of Hindu India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=E7gtDQAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781107149878","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107149878"},{"link_name":"Hindutva and Violence: V. D. Savarkar and the Politics of History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=oiRbEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT16"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781438488783","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438488783"}],"text":"Basu, Manisha (2017), The Rhetoric of Hindu India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9781107149878\nChaturvedi, Vinayak (2022), Hindutva and Violence: V. D. Savarkar and the Politics of History, SUNY Press, ISBN 9781438488783","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Sweetman, W.; Malik, A. (2016). Hinduism in India: Modern and Contemporary Movements. Hinduism in India. SAGE Publishing. p. 109. ISBN 978-93-5150-231-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XW02DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA109","url_text":"Hinduism in India: Modern and Contemporary Movements"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAGE_Publishing","url_text":"SAGE Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5150-231-9","url_text":"978-93-5150-231-9"}]},{"reference":"Ross, M.H. (2012). Culture and Belonging in Divided Societies: Contestation and Symbolic Landscapes. Book collections on Project MUSE. University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-8122-0350-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=osHNwPkLh30C&pg=PA34","url_text":"Culture and Belonging in Divided Societies: Contestation and Symbolic Landscapes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0350-9","url_text":"978-0-8122-0350-9"}]},{"reference":"Representative, Our (15 August 1943). \"Savarkar in Ahmedabad 'declared' two-nation theory in 1937, Jinnah followed 3 years later\". Counterview.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.counterview.net/2016/01/savarkar-in-ahmedabad-declared-support.html?m=1","url_text":"\"Savarkar in Ahmedabad 'declared' two-nation theory in 1937, Jinnah followed 3 years later\""}]},{"reference":"Peter Lyon (2008), Conflict between India and Pakistan: an encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, p. 75, ISBN 978-1-57607-712-2","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-712-2","url_text":"978-1-57607-712-2"}]},{"reference":"Women, States, and Nationalism. Routledge. pp. 104–. ISBN 978-0-203-37368-2. Retrieved 24 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zR7FXfTvxA0C&pg=PA104","url_text":"Women, States, and Nationalism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-37368-2","url_text":"978-0-203-37368-2"}]},{"reference":"Elst, Koenraad (5 July 2001). Decolonizing the Hindu Mind: Ideological Development of Hindu Revivalism. Rupa & Company. p. 140. ISBN 9788171675197 – via Google Books. It was during his stay in Ratnagiri prison, in 1922, that he wrote his influential book Hindutva (\"Hindu-ness\"). The text was smuggled out and published under a pseudonym. The highlight of the book was his definition of the term Hindu: \"one for whom India is both Fatherland and Holyland\".","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b_ltAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Decolonizing the Hindu Mind: Ideological Development of Hindu Revivalism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788171675197","url_text":"9788171675197"}]},{"reference":"Shōgimen, Takashi; Nederman, Cary J. (2009), Western political thought in dialogue with Asia, Lexington Books, p. 190, ISBN 978-0-7391-2378-2","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-2378-2","url_text":"978-0-7391-2378-2"}]},{"reference":"Basu, Manisha (2017), The Rhetoric of Hindu India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9781107149878","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=E7gtDQAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Rhetoric of Hindu India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107149878","url_text":"9781107149878"}]},{"reference":"Chaturvedi, Vinayak (2022), Hindutva and Violence: V. D. Savarkar and the Politics of History, SUNY Press, ISBN 9781438488783","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oiRbEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT16","url_text":"Hindutva and Violence: V. D. Savarkar and the Politics of History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438488783","url_text":"9781438488783"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny_Laine
Denny Laine
["1 Early years","2 Career","2.1 The Moody Blues","2.2 Electric String Band and early solo career","2.3 Balls and Ginger Baker's Air Force","2.4 Wings","2.5 Solo career","3 Personal life and death","4 Discography","4.1 Solo albums","4.2 Compilation albums","4.3 Singles","4.4 Guest appearances","4.5 With the Moody Blues","4.6 With Balls reissued as by Trevor Burton","4.7 With Ginger Baker's Air Force","4.8 With Wings","5 References","6 Notes","7 Bibliography","8 External links"]
British rock musician (1944–2023) This article is about the English musician. For the Irish public figure, see Denny Lane. Denny LaineLaine performing with Wings in 1976Background informationBirth nameBrian Frederick HinesBorn(1944-10-29)29 October 1944Tyseley, Birmingham, EnglandDied5 December 2023(2023-12-05) (aged 79)Naples, Florida, USGenresRockpopR&BOccupation(s)MusiciansongwriterInstrument(s)Vocalsguitarbass guitarkeyboardsharmonicaYears active1957–2023LabelsDeramDeccaWizardRepriseEMICapitolAristaTakomaScratchPresidentGriffinGlobalFormerly ofWingsThe Moody BluesElectric String BandGinger Baker's Air ForceDenny Laine and the DiplomatsDenny Laine bandMusical artist Brian Frederick Hines (29 October 1944 – 5 December 2023), known professionally as Denny Laine, was an English musician who co-founded two major rock bands: the Moody Blues and Wings. Laine played guitar in the Moody Blues from 1964 to 1966, and he sang their hit cover version of "Go Now". While the Moody Blues were on tour with the Beatles in 1965, Laine befriended Paul McCartney, who later asked him to join his band Wings. Laine was a constant member of Wings for their entire run from 1971 to 1981, playing guitar, bass, keyboards, singing backing and lead vocals, and co-writing songs with McCartney including the 1977 hit "Mull of Kintyre". Laine worked with a variety of other artists such as Ginger Baker, Trevor Burton, Bev Bevan, and more as a part of groups over a six-decade career, and in later years he participated in a number of Wings/McCartney/Beatles tribute performances and recordings. He also had an extensive solo career consisting of 10 studio albums of original music, a Wings covers album, and also wrote a musical. Laine performed as a solo artist and touring musician until his death. In 2018, Laine was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Moody Blues. Early years Brian Frederick Hines was born on 29 October 1944 to Herbert Edward Arthur Hines and Eva Lillian Hines (née Bassett) in Holcombe Road, Tyseley, Birmingham, England, and he attended Yardley Grammar School. He took up the guitar as a boy, inspired by gypsy jazz musician Django Reinhardt. He gave his first solo performance as a musician at age 12 and began his career as a professional musician, fronting Denny Laine and the Diplomats, which also included Bev Bevan, future drummer with the Move and Electric Light Orchestra. Laine changed his name because he felt "Brian Frederick Hines and the Diplomats... wouldn't work", instead taking the surname of his sister's idol, the singer Frankie Laine. The first name Denny was a childhood nickname, stemming from the fact that at the time "everyone had a backyard, and a den to hang out. I think I got that nickname there." Career The Moody Blues At the beginning of 1964, Laine left the Diplomats and in May of that year he received a call from Ray Thomas and Mike Pinder to form a new band, the M&B 5, who within a few months changed their name to the Moody Blues. He sang lead vocal on the group's first big hit, a cover of Bessie Banks hit "Go Now"; other early highlights included another UK hit, "I Don't Want to Go on Without You", and the two minor UK chart hits "From the Bottom of My Heart (I Love You)" and "Everyday", both written by Laine and Pinder. Laine also sang on "Can't Nobody Love You" and "Bye Bye Bird", the latter of which was a hit in France. A self-titled EP and the album The Magnificent Moodies followed, on Decca Records. Laine and Pinder wrote most of the band's B-sides during the period 1965–66, such as "You Don't (All the Time)", "And My Baby's Gone" and "This Is My House". However, Laine's tenure with the Moody Blues was relatively short-lived and, after a number of comparative chart failures, Laine quit in October 1966. He was replaced by Justin Hayward. The last record issued by the Moody Blues that featured Laine was the single "Life's Not Life" b/w "He Can Win", in January 1967. A compilation album of singles and album tracks of the early Moody Blues, led by Denny Laine, was released in 2006 under the title An Introduction to The Moody Blues. Electric String Band and early solo career In December 1966, after leaving The Moody Blues, Laine formed the Electric String Band, featuring himself on guitar and vocals, Trevor Burton (of the Move) on guitar, Viv Prince (formerly of Pretty Things) on drums, Binky McKenzie on bass guitar, and electrified strings in a format not dissimilar to that of Electric Light Orchestra in later years. In June 1967 the Electric String Band shared a bill with The Jimi Hendrix Experience and Procol Harum at the Saville Theatre in London. However, they did not achieve national attention, and soon broke up. At the same time, Laine recorded two singles as a solo artist, both released on the Deram label: "Say You Don't Mind" b/w "Ask the People" (April 1967) and "Too Much in Love" b/w "Catherine's Wheel" (January 1968). Both failed to chart, although "Say You Don't Mind" became a Top 20 hit in 1972, when recorded by former Zombies front-man Colin Blunstone. Balls and Ginger Baker's Air Force Laine and Burton then went on to join the band Balls, from February 1969 until their break-up in 1971, with both also taking time to play in Ginger Baker's Air Force in 1970. Only one single was issued by Balls, on UK Wizard Records: "Fight for My Country" b/w "Janie, Slow Down". The top side was re-edited and reissued on UK Wizard, and in the United States on Epic Records, under the name of Trevor Burton; he and Laine shared lead vocals on the B-side. The single was reissued again as B.L & G. (Burton, Laine & Gibbons) as Live in the Mountains for 'Birdsnest', a small label distributed by Pye Records. Twelve tracks were recorded for a Balls album, but it has never been released. Wings In 1971, Laine joined forces with Paul McCartney and wife Linda to form Wings, and he remained with the group for 10 years until they disbanded in 1981, being the only three permanent members of the band. Laine provided lead and rhythm guitars, lead and backing vocals, keyboards, bass guitar and woodwind, in addition to writing or co-writing some of the group's material. Laine and the McCartneys were the nucleus of the band and were reduced to a trio twice: the most acclaimed Wings album, Band on the Run, and the majority of material released on London Town, were written and recorded by Wings as a trio. Laine was also a frequent contributor to the songwriting process and as lead vocalist. He wrote and sang several songs himself ("Time to Hide", "Again and Again and Again"), co-wrote a number of compositions on Band on the Run and London Town, and sang lead vocals on McCartney's songs in full ("The Note You Never Wrote") or in part ("I Lie Around", "Picasso's Last Words", "Spirits of Ancient Egypt"). During Wings' live concerts, Laine often performed "Go Now", his hit with the Moody Blues, as well as "Time to Hide". During his time in Wings, Laine also released two solo albums, Ahh...Laine (1973) and Holly Days (1976), the latter of which was also recorded by Wings' core trio of Laine and the McCartneys. With Wings, Laine enjoyed the biggest commercial and critical successes of his career. The non-album single "Mull of Kintyre", co-written with McCartney, became a hit, reaching No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart in 1977 and being the highest-selling single in the country until 1984. "Deliver Your Children" (from the album London Town), similarly co-written with McCartney and sung by Laine, was released as a double A-side with "I've Had Enough" in the Netherlands, where it charted at No. 13. In January 1980, after Wings leader McCartney was arrested for possession of marijuana, on arrival at an airport in Japan where they were booked to perform a sell-out tour, the band's future became uncertain. Laine released his third solo album, Japanese Tears, with the title track as the single; it included several songs recorded by Wings over the years. (Laine also formed the short-lived Denny Laine Band with Wings' final drummer Steve Holley.) Though Wings briefly reunited in late 1980, on 27 April 1981, Laine announced he was leaving Wings, due to McCartney's reluctance to tour in the wake of the murder of John Lennon. Solo career This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Laine performing at the Cavern Club in 2008 After leaving Wings, Laine signed with Scratch Records and released a new album, Anyone Can Fly, in 1982. He also worked on McCartney's albums Tug of War and Pipes of Peace and he co-wrote one more song with McCartney, "Rainclouds" (issued as the B-side of the No. 1 single "Ebony and Ivory"). Laine continued to release solo albums through the 1980s, such as Hometown Girls, Wings on My Feet, Lonely Road and Master Suite. In 1996, he released two albums, Reborn and Wings at the Sound of Denny Laine, the latter an album of reworkings of Wings songs. From 1997 to 2002, he toured with the rock supergroup World Classic Rockers, a group of rock veterans led by Nick St Nicholas of Steppenwolf. He then toured with the Denny Laine Band, and teamed up with other bands on occasion. Laine's final solo release was the 2008 album The Blue Musician. He also wrote a musical, Arctic Song. In 2018 he performed with the nine-piece band Turkuaz, performing the music of Wings. In 2018 Laine was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Moody Blues. In January 2023, Laine announced tour dates in the U.S., including New York and Nashville, and said he was working on new material for an album. Laine was featured in three fanzines, including Ahh Laine. Personal life and death Laine in 2013 Laine was briefly married to Jo Jo Laine, with whom he had a son Laine Hines and a daughter Heidi Jo Hines. He had three other children from other relationships. Laine married Elizabeth Mele in July 2023 and the couple announced the marriage on the singer's Facebook page. They resided in Florida. Laine had COVID-19 in 2022, and he then had multiple surgeries for lung issues, including a collapsed lung. After his wife launched a GoFundMe page, Laine's musician friends and supporters organized a benefit concert at the Troubadour nightclub in West Hollywood, California, on 27 November 2023. Laine died from interstitial lung disease in Naples, Florida, on 5 December 2023, at the age of 79. His wife announced his death on his official Facebook and Instagram pages. Discography This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Solo albums Year Album Label 1973 Ahh...Laine Wizard/Reprise (US) 1977 Holly Days EMI/Capitol (US) 1980 Japanese Tears Polydor/Scratch 1982 Anyone Can Fly Polydor/Scratch 1985 Hometown Girls President 1987 Wings on My Feet President 1988 Lonely Road President Master Suite Magnum Force 1990 All I Want Is Freedom JAWS 1996 Reborn Griffin/Scratch Wings at the Sound of Denny Laine Scratch/Purple Pyramid (US) Compilation albums Year Album Notes 1994 Blue Nights tracks from 1980 to 1990 1994 Rock Survivor tracks from 1980 to 1990 1998 The Masters tracks from 1980 to 1996 2002 Blue Wings: The Ultimate Collection Wings at the Sound of Denny Laine paired with Japanese Tears Singles Year A-side B-side Label 1967 "Say You Don't Mind" "Ask the People" Deram DM 122 1968 "Too Much in Love" "Catherine's Wheel" Deram DM 171 "Why Did You Come?" "Ask the People" unreleased 1980 "Japanese Tears" "Guess I'm Only Fooling" Arista AS 0511 Guest appearances Year Album Artist 1974 McGear Mike McGear 1980 The Reluctant Dog Steve Holley 1981 Somewhere in England "All Those Years Ago" George Harrison 1982 Standard Time "Maisie" Laurence Juber 1982 Tug of War Paul McCartney 1983 Pipes of Peace 1985 Wind in the Willows "The Life We Left Behind" Eddie Hardin and Zak Starkey 1996 Metal Christmas "I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday" Various Artists 1998 Wide Prairie Linda McCartney 1999 Old Friends in New Places "And the Thunder Rolls..." With the Moody Blues See also: The Moody Blues discography Albums Year Album 1965 The Magnificent Moodies Singles Year A-side B-side Album 1964 "Steal Your Heart Away" "Lose Your Money" Non-album single "Go Now" "It's Easy, Child" The Magnificent Moodies 1965 "I Don't Want to Go on Without You" "Time on My Side" Non-album single "From the Bottom of My Heart" "And My Baby's Gone" "Everyday" "You Don't (All The Time)" 1966 "Boulevard De La Madeleine" "This Is My House (But Nobody Calls)" 1967 "Life's Not Life" "He Can Win" With Balls reissued as by Trevor Burton Year A-side B-side 1970 (Balls) "Fight for My Country" "Janie, Slow Down" 1971 (Trevor Burton) "Fight for My Country" (edited) "Janie, Slow Down" 1972 (B.L.G.) "Live in the Mountains" (same as "Fight for My Country") (edited) "Janie, Slow Down" With Ginger Baker's Air Force Year Album 1970 Ginger Baker's Air Force Ginger Baker's Air Force 2 With Wings See also: Wings discography Year Album 1971 Wild Life 1973 Red Rose Speedway Band on the Run 1975 Venus and Mars 1976 Wings at the Speed of Sound 1978 London Town 1979 Back to the Egg References ^ "denny laine brian hines born – Google Search". www.google.com. ^ "Denny Laine, Wings and Moody Blues musician, dies age 79". 5 December 2023 – via www.bbc.co.uk. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Larkin, Colin, ed. (1992). The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music (First ed.). Guinness Publishing. p. 1420. ISBN 0-85112-939-0. ^ Kozinn, Allan; Sinclair, Adrian (2022). The McCartney Legacy Volume 1: 1969-73 (1st ed.). New York: HarperCollins. p. 374. ISBN 978-0-06-300070-4. ^ Rowan, Terry (2015). Penny Laine's Anthology. Lulu. p. 161. ISBN 9781105582301. ^ "Wings and Moody Blues co-founder Denny Laine dies aged 79". The Independent. 5 December 2023. ^ Lewry, Fraser (5 December 2023). "Wings and Moody Blues guitarist Denny Laine dead at 79". louder. ^ "Denny Laine and The Diplomats". Birminghammusicarchive.com. Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2020. ^ Daley, Lauren (4 January 2019). "Denny Laine looks back at the Moodys, McCartney, and Britain's music scene". The Boston Globe. p. G3. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. ^ "Gary James' Interview With Mike Pinder Of The Moody Blues". Classicbands.com. Retrieved 6 December 2023. ^ a b "Denny Laine – Biography & History". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018. ^ "Denny Laine". Lamusicawards.com. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020. ^ McCartney: Songwriter ISBN 0-491-03325-7 p. 107 ^ "Moody Blues Co-founder Denny Laine 'Very Pleased' to be Added to Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Roster". Billboard. 23 December 2017. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2020. ^ a b c Joynson, Vernon (1995). The Tapestry of Delights Archived 30 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine. London: Borderline Books. ^ McCartney: Songwriter ISBN 0-491-03325-7 p. 122 ^ McCartney: Songwriter ISBN 0-491-03325-7 pp. 124–125 ^ McCartney: Songwriter ISBN 0-491-03325-7 p. 124 ^ "Denny Laine Biography", Geocities.com, retrieved 23 October 2018 ^ "Wings clipped". The Leader-Post. Associated Press. 29 April 1981. p. D2. Archived from the original on 18 June 2016 – via Google News. ^ "Anyone Can Fly by Denny Laine, Paul McCartney – Track Info". AllMusic. Retrieved 6 December 2023. ^ McCartney Solo: See You Next Time ISBN 1-409-29879-5 p. 117 ^ Sweeting, Adam (6 December 2023). "Denny Laine obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 December 2023. ^ "Denny Laine – Blue Musician Album Reviews, Songs & More". AllMusic. Retrieved 6 December 2023. ^ "Denny Laine's Arctic Song". Retrieved 6 December 2023 – via YouTube. ^ Capaci, Chris (24 April 2018). "Behind The Scenes Of Turkuaz's Three-Night Homecoming At Brooklyn Bowl ". Liveforlivemusic.com. Retrieved 6 December 2023. ^ "The Moody Blues". Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2017. ^ DeMain, Bill (27 January 2023). "Denny Laine looks back on the breakthrough success and enduring legacy of Paul McCartney and Wings". Guitar World. Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023. ^ "Jo Jo Laine". The Daily Telegraph. London. 4 November 2006. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2020. ^ "Denny Laine, Moody Blues and Wings musician, dies aged 79". The Times. 6 December 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2023. ^ James, Catherine (2007). Dandelion: Memoir of a Free Spirit. St. Martin's Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-0312367817. ^ Friedlander, Matt (10 October 2023). "Micky Dolenz, Susanna Hoffs Among Stars Taking Part in Benefit Concert for Ex-Wings Member Denny Laine… Benefit Concert for Denny Laine, is scheduled for November 27 at the famed Troubadour venue in West Hollywood". American Songwriter. Retrieved 6 December 2023. star-studded charity concert near Los Angeles next month for former Paul McCartney & Wings and Moody Blues member Denny Laine, who has suffered serious health complications after contracting COVID-19 last year… [ lineup includes ex-Wings members Denny Seiwell and Laurence Juber, Badfinger's Joey Molland, former Blue Oyster Cult bassist Joe Bouchard, Peter Asher of Peter & Gordon, Jeremy Clyde of Chad & Jeremy, Paul Shaffer, acclaimed session guitarist Albert Lee ^ Runnells, Charles (5 December 2023). "Rock Hall of Famer Denny Laine of Wings, Moody Blues dies in Naples at 79". Naples Daily News. ^ Edwards, Clayton (5 December 2023). "Denny Laine, Founding Member of Wings and The Moody Blues Dies at 79; Wife Shares Loving Tribute". American Songwriter. Retrieved 6 December 2023. ^ Rosenbloom, Alli (5 December 2023). "Denny Laine, co-founder of bands Wings and The Moody Blues, dies". Cnn.com. Retrieved 6 December 2023. ^ "Wings guitarist Denny Laine dies aged 79 after battle with lung disease". LBC. 5 December 2023. Archived from the original on 5 December 2023. ^ "My darling husband passed away peacefully early this morning..." Archived from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 5 December 2023 – via Facebook. ^ Denny Laine String Band - Aah Laine Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic, retrieved 12 December 2023 ^ Denny Laine - Holly Days Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic, retrieved 12 December 2023 ^ Denny Laine - Japanese Tears Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic, retrieved 12 December 2023 ^ Denny Laine - Anyone Can Fly, 1982, retrieved 12 December 2023 ^ Denny Laine - Hometown Girls, retrieved 12 December 2023 ^ The Moody Blues - The Magnificent Moodies Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic, retrieved 12 December 2023 Notes ^ Some sources claim that Laine was born near Jersey in the Channel Islands, at the time occupied by the Nazi occupation. In their 1999 Rock Stars Encyclopedia, Dafydd Rees and Luke Crampton say: "Tyseley, Birmingham, Warks, during an air raid, though legend will also indicate birth in a boat off the coast of Jersey, Channel Islands". Bibliography McCartney, Paul (2002). Lewisohn, Mark (ed.). Wingspan. Bulfinch. ISBN 9780821227930. External links In the Spotlight with Denny Laine Denny Laine and the Diplomats, a pre-Moody Blues band featuring Denny Laine The original Moody Blues line up, with Denny Laine on guitar and vocals VH1.com's Biography of Denny Laine Denny Laine discography at Discogs Denny Laine at IMDb Denny Laine 2-hour audio interview on RundgrenRadio.com at the Wayback Machine (archived 25 March 2017) vteThe Moody Blues Graeme Edge Mike Pinder Ray Thomas Justin Hayward John Lodge Denny Laine Clint Warwick Rodney Clark Patrick Moraz Studio albums The Magnificent Moodies Days of Future Passed In Search of the Lost Chord On the Threshold of a Dream To Our Children's Children's Children A Question of Balance Every Good Boy Deserves Favour Seventh Sojourn Octave Long Distance Voyager The Present The Other Side of Life Sur la Mer Keys of the Kingdom Strange Times December Live albums Caught Live + 5 A Night at Red Rocks with the Colorado Symphony Orchestra Hall of Fame Lovely to See You: Live Live at the BBC: 1967-1970 Live at the Isle of Wight Festival 1970 Days of Future Passed Live Compilations This Is The Moody Blues Voices in the Sky: The Best of The Moody Blues Prelude Greatest Hits Time Traveller The Best of The Moody Blues Anthology Gold An Introduction to The Moody Blues Singles "Go Now" "I Don't Want to Go On Without You" "Life's Not Life" "Nights in White Satin" "Tuesday Afternoon" "Voices in the Sky" "Ride My See-Saw" "Never Comes the Day" "Watching and Waiting" "Question" "Melancholy Man" "The Story in Your Eyes" "Isn't Life Strange" "I'm Just a Singer (In a Rock and Roll Band)" "Steppin' in a Slide Zone" "Driftwood" "Gemini Dream" "The Voice" "Talking Out of Turn" "Blue World" "Sitting at the Wheel" "Running Water "Your Wildest Dreams" "The Other Side of Life" "I Know You're Out There Somewhere" "Here Comes the Weekend" "No More Lies" "Say It with Love" "Bless the Wings (That Bring You Back)" "English Sunset" Related articles Band members Discography Threshold Records Justin Hayward and Friends Sing the Moody Blues Classic Hits Moody Bluegrass Blue Jays vteWings Paul McCartney Linda McCartney Denny Laine Denny Seiwell Henry McCullough Jimmy McCulloch Geoff Britton Joe English Laurence Juber Steve Holley Studio albums Wild Life (1971) Red Rose Speedway (1973) Band on the Run (1973) Venus and Mars (1975) Wings at the Speed of Sound (1976) London Town (1978) Back to the Egg (1979) Live albums Wings over America (1976) Wings over Europe (2018) One Hand Clapping (2024) Compilations Wings Greatest (1978) Cold Cuts (unreleased) Wingspan: Hits and History (2001) Singles "Give Ireland Back to the Irish" "Mary Had a Little Lamb" / "Little Woman Love" "Hi, Hi, Hi" / "C Moon" "My Love" "Live and Let Die" / "I Lie Around" "Helen Wheels" / "Country Dreamer" "Mrs. Vandebilt" / "Bluebird" "Jet" / "Mamunia" "Let Me Roll It" "Band on the Run" / "Zoo Gang" "Nineteen Hundred and Eighty-Five" "Junior's Farm" / "Sally G" "Listen to What the Man Said" / "Love in Song" "Letting Go" / "You Gave Me the Answer" "Venus and Mars"/"Rock Show" / "Magneto and Titanium Man" "Silly Love Songs" / "Cook of the House" "Let 'Em In" / "Beware My Love" "Maybe I'm Amazed" / "Soily" "Seaside Woman" "Mull of Kintyre" / "Girls' School" "With a Little Luck" / "Backwards Traveller"/"Cuff Link" "I've Had Enough" / "Deliver Your Children" "London Town" / "I'm Carrying" "Goodnight Tonight" / "Daytime Nighttime Suffering" "Old Siam, Sir" "Getting Closer" "Arrow Through Me" / "Old Siam, Sir" "Rockestra Theme" "Coming Up (Live at Glasgow)" "Mama's Little Girl" Other songs "Big Barn Bed" "Little Lamb Dragonfly" "No Words" "Picasso's Last Words (Drink to Me)" "Call Me Back Again" "She's My Baby" "Must Do Something About It" "Warm and Beautiful" "Girlfriend" Tours Wings University Tour (1972) Wings Over Europe Tour (1972) Wings 1973 UK Tour (May 1973) Wings Over the World tour (1975-1976) Wings UK Tour 1979 (1979) Filmography Wings Over the World (1979) Concert for Kampuchea (1980) Rockshow (1980) Back to the Egg (1981) Wingspan – An Intimate Portrait (2001) Related articles 1972 Wings Tour Bus Discography Songs McGear Concerts for the People of Kampuchea (album) Japanese Tears Standard Time Suzy and the Red Stripes The Oriental Nightfish Wide Prairie vteRock and Roll Hall of Fame – Class of 2018Performers Bon Jovi Jon Bon Jovi, David Bryan, Hugh McDonald, Richie Sambora, Alec John Such, Tico Torres The Cars Elliot Easton, Greg Hawkes, David Robinson, Ric Ocasek, Benjamin Orr Dire Straits Alan Clark, Guy Fletcher, John Illsley, David Knopfler, Mark Knopfler, Pick Withers The Moody Blues Graeme Edge, Justin Hayward, Denny Laine, John Lodge, Mike Pinder, Ray Thomas Nina Simone Early influences Sister Rosetta Tharpe Singles Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats – "Rocket 88" (1951) Link Wray – "Rumble" (1958) Chubby Checker – "The Twist" (1960) The Kingsmen – "Louie Louie" (1963) Procol Harum – "A Whiter Shade of Pale" (1967) Steppenwolf – "Born to Be Wild" (1968) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Finland Belgium United States Australia Croatia Netherlands Poland Artists MusicBrainz Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denny Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny_Lane"},{"link_name":"the Moody Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moody_Blues"},{"link_name":"Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney_and_Wings"},{"link_name":"Go Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_Now"},{"link_name":"the Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Paul McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney"},{"link_name":"Mull of Kintyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mull_of_Kintyre_(song)"},{"link_name":"Ginger Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_Baker"},{"link_name":"Trevor Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Burton"},{"link_name":"Bev Bevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bev_Bevan"},{"link_name":"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame"}],"text":"This article is about the English musician. For the Irish public figure, see Denny Lane.Musical artistBrian Frederick Hines (29 October 1944 – 5 December 2023), known professionally as Denny Laine, was an English musician who co-founded two major rock bands: the Moody Blues and Wings. Laine played guitar in the Moody Blues from 1964 to 1966, and he sang their hit cover version of \"Go Now\". While the Moody Blues were on tour with the Beatles in 1965, Laine befriended Paul McCartney, who later asked him to join his band Wings.Laine was a constant member of Wings for their entire run from 1971 to 1981, playing guitar, bass, keyboards, singing backing and lead vocals, and co-writing songs with McCartney including the 1977 hit \"Mull of Kintyre\". Laine worked with a variety of other artists such as Ginger Baker, Trevor Burton, Bev Bevan, and more as a part of groups over a six-decade career, and in later years he participated in a number of Wings/McCartney/Beatles tribute performances and recordings. He also had an extensive solo career consisting of 10 studio albums of original music, a Wings covers album, and also wrote a musical. Laine performed as a solo artist and touring musician until his death. In 2018, Laine was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Moody Blues.","title":"Denny Laine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinGE-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Tyseley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyseley"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Yardley Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yardleys_School"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"gypsy jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsy_jazz"},{"link_name":"Django Reinhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Django_Reinhardt"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinGE-4"},{"link_name":"Bev Bevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bev_Bevan"},{"link_name":"the Move","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Move"},{"link_name":"Electric Light Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Light_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Frankie Laine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Laine"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Brian Frederick Hines was born on 29 October 1944 to Herbert Edward Arthur Hines and Eva Lillian Hines (née Bassett)[3][4] in Holcombe Road, Tyseley, Birmingham, England,[5][6] and he attended Yardley Grammar School.[7] He took up the guitar as a boy, inspired by gypsy jazz musician Django Reinhardt. He gave his first solo performance as a musician at age 12 and began his career as a professional musician, fronting Denny Laine and the Diplomats,[3] which also included Bev Bevan, future drummer with the Move and Electric Light Orchestra.[8] Laine changed his name because he felt \"Brian Frederick Hines and the Diplomats... wouldn't work\", instead taking the surname of his sister's idol, the singer Frankie Laine. The first name Denny was a childhood nickname, stemming from the fact that at the time \"everyone had a backyard, and a den to hang out. I think I got that nickname there.\"[9]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ray Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Mike Pinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Pinder"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic.com-12"},{"link_name":"Bessie Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessie_Banks"},{"link_name":"Go Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_Now"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinGE-4"},{"link_name":"The Magnificent Moodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magnificent_Moodies"},{"link_name":"Decca Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decca_Records"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Justin Hayward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Hayward"},{"link_name":"Life's Not Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life%27s_Not_Life"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"An Introduction to The Moody Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Introduction_to_The_Moody_Blues"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"The Moody Blues","text":"At the beginning of 1964, Laine left the Diplomats and in May of that year he received a call from Ray Thomas and Mike Pinder to form a new band, the M&B 5,[10] who within a few months changed their name to the Moody Blues.[11] He sang lead vocal on the group's first big hit, a cover of Bessie Banks hit \"Go Now\";[3] other early highlights included another UK hit, \"I Don't Want to Go on Without You\", and the two minor UK chart hits \"From the Bottom of My Heart (I Love You)\" and \"Everyday\", both written by Laine and Pinder. Laine also sang on \"Can't Nobody Love You\" and \"Bye Bye Bird\", the latter of which was a hit in France. A self-titled EP and the album The Magnificent Moodies followed, on Decca Records. Laine and Pinder wrote most of the band's B-sides during the period 1965–66, such as \"You Don't (All the Time)\", \"And My Baby's Gone\" and \"This Is My House\". However, Laine's tenure with the Moody Blues was relatively short-lived and, after a number of comparative chart failures, Laine quit in October 1966.[12] He was replaced by Justin Hayward. The last record issued by the Moody Blues that featured Laine was the single \"Life's Not Life\" b/w \"He Can Win\", in January 1967.[13]A compilation album of singles and album tracks of the early Moody Blues, led by Denny Laine, was released in 2006 under the title An Introduction to The Moody Blues.[14]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinGE-4"},{"link_name":"Trevor Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Burton"},{"link_name":"the Move","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Move"},{"link_name":"Viv Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viv_Prince"},{"link_name":"Pretty Things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_Things"},{"link_name":"Binky McKenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binky_McKenzie"},{"link_name":"Electric Light Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Light_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"The Jimi Hendrix Experience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix#The_Jimi_Hendrix_Experience"},{"link_name":"Procol Harum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procol_Harum"},{"link_name":"Saville Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saville_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinGE-4"},{"link_name":"Deram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deram_Records"},{"link_name":"Say You Don't Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say_You_Don%27t_Mind"},{"link_name":"Zombies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Zombies"},{"link_name":"Colin Blunstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Blunstone"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinGE-4"}],"sub_title":"Electric String Band and early solo career","text":"In December 1966, after leaving The Moody Blues, Laine formed the Electric String Band,[3] featuring himself on guitar and vocals, Trevor Burton (of the Move) on guitar, Viv Prince (formerly of Pretty Things) on drums, Binky McKenzie on bass guitar, and electrified strings in a format not dissimilar to that of Electric Light Orchestra in later years. In June 1967 the Electric String Band shared a bill with The Jimi Hendrix Experience and Procol Harum at the Saville Theatre in London. However, they did not achieve national attention, and soon broke up.[3]At the same time, Laine recorded two singles as a solo artist, both released on the Deram label: \"Say You Don't Mind\" b/w \"Ask the People\" (April 1967) and \"Too Much in Love\" b/w \"Catherine's Wheel\" (January 1968). Both failed to chart, although \"Say You Don't Mind\" became a Top 20 hit in 1972, when recorded by former Zombies front-man Colin Blunstone.[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Balls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balls_(rock_band)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinGE-4"},{"link_name":"Ginger Baker's Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_Baker%27s_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapestry-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapestry-16"},{"link_name":"Epic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Records"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapestry-16"}],"sub_title":"Balls and Ginger Baker's Air Force","text":"Laine and Burton then went on to join the band Balls, from February 1969 until their break-up in 1971,[3] with both also taking time to play in Ginger Baker's Air Force in 1970.[15] Only one single was issued by Balls, on UK Wizard Records: \"Fight for My Country\" b/w \"Janie, Slow Down\".[15] The top side was re-edited and reissued on UK Wizard, and in the United States on Epic Records, under the name of Trevor Burton; he and Laine shared lead vocals on the B-side. The single was reissued again as B.L & G. (Burton, Laine & Gibbons) as Live in the Mountains for 'Birdsnest', a small label distributed by Pye Records. Twelve tracks were recorded for a Balls album, but it has never been released.[15]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney"},{"link_name":"Linda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_McCartney"},{"link_name":"Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney_and_Wings"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic.com-12"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinGE-4"},{"link_name":"Band on the Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_on_the_Run"},{"link_name":"London Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Town_(Wings_album)"},{"link_name":"Ahh...Laine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahh...Laine"},{"link_name":"Holly Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Days"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinGE-4"},{"link_name":"Mull of Kintyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mull_of_Kintyre_(song)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinGE-4"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"Deliver Your Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliver_Your_Children"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"I've Had Enough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ve_Had_Enough_(Wings_song)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"marijuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinGE-4"},{"link_name":"Japanese Tears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Tears"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Steve Holley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Holley"},{"link_name":"murder of John Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Wings","text":"In 1971, Laine joined forces with Paul McCartney and wife Linda to form Wings,[11] and he remained with the group for 10 years until they disbanded in 1981, being the only three permanent members of the band.[3] Laine provided lead and rhythm guitars, lead and backing vocals, keyboards, bass guitar and woodwind, in addition to writing or co-writing some of the group's material. Laine and the McCartneys were the nucleus of the band and were reduced to a trio twice: the most acclaimed Wings album, Band on the Run, and the majority of material released on London Town, were written and recorded by Wings as a trio. Laine was also a frequent contributor to the songwriting process and as lead vocalist. He wrote and sang several songs himself (\"Time to Hide\", \"Again and Again and Again\"), co-wrote a number of compositions on Band on the Run and London Town, and sang lead vocals on McCartney's songs in full (\"The Note You Never Wrote\") or in part (\"I Lie Around\", \"Picasso's Last Words\", \"Spirits of Ancient Egypt\"). During Wings' live concerts, Laine often performed \"Go Now\", his hit with the Moody Blues, as well as \"Time to Hide\".During his time in Wings, Laine also released two solo albums, Ahh...Laine (1973) and Holly Days (1976),[3] the latter of which was also recorded by Wings' core trio of Laine and the McCartneys.With Wings, Laine enjoyed the biggest commercial and critical successes of his career. The non-album single \"Mull of Kintyre\", co-written with McCartney,[3] became a hit, reaching No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart in 1977 and being the highest-selling single in the country until 1984. \"Deliver Your Children\" (from the album London Town), similarly co-written with McCartney and sung by Laine,[16] was released as a double A-side with \"I've Had Enough\" in the Netherlands, where it charted at No. 13.[17]In January 1980, after Wings leader McCartney was arrested for possession of marijuana, on arrival at an airport in Japan where they were booked to perform a sell-out tour, the band's future became uncertain.[3] Laine released his third solo album, Japanese Tears, with the title track as the single;[18][19] it included several songs recorded by Wings over the years. (Laine also formed the short-lived Denny Laine Band with Wings' final drummer Steve Holley.) Though Wings briefly reunited in late 1980, on 27 April 1981, Laine announced he was leaving Wings, due to McCartney's reluctance to tour in the wake of the murder of John Lennon.[20]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Denny_Laine_at_The_Cavern.jpg"},{"link_name":"the Cavern Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cavern_Club"},{"link_name":"Anyone Can Fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyone_Can_Fly"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Tug of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tug_of_War_(Paul_McCartney_album)"},{"link_name":"Pipes of Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipes_of_Peace"},{"link_name":"Ebony and Ivory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebony_and_Ivory"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Wings on My Feet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wings_on_My_Feet"},{"link_name":"Reborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reborn_(Denny_Laine_album)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"World Classic Rockers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Classic_Rockers"},{"link_name":"Nick St Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nick_St_Nicholas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Steppenwolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppenwolf_(band)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"fanzines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanzine"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Solo career","text":"Laine performing at the Cavern Club in 2008After leaving Wings, Laine signed with Scratch Records and released a new album, Anyone Can Fly, in 1982.[21] He also worked on McCartney's albums Tug of War and Pipes of Peace and he co-wrote one more song with McCartney, \"Rainclouds\" (issued as the B-side of the No. 1 single \"Ebony and Ivory\").[22]Laine continued to release solo albums through the 1980s, such as Hometown Girls, Wings on My Feet, Lonely Road and Master Suite. In 1996, he released two albums, Reborn and Wings at the Sound of Denny Laine, the latter an album of reworkings of Wings songs.[citation needed]From 1997 to 2002, he toured with the rock supergroup World Classic Rockers, a group of rock veterans led by Nick St Nicholas of Steppenwolf.[23] He then toured with the Denny Laine Band, and teamed up with other bands on occasion.[citation needed] Laine's final solo release was the 2008 album The Blue Musician.[24] He also wrote a musical, Arctic Song.[25]In 2018 he performed with the nine-piece band Turkuaz, performing the music of Wings.[26] In 2018 Laine was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Moody Blues.[27]In January 2023, Laine announced tour dates in the U.S., including New York and Nashville, and said he was working on new material for an album.[28][clarification needed]Laine was featured in three fanzines, including Ahh Laine.[citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Denny_Laine_2013_(8708700088).jpg"},{"link_name":"Jo Jo Laine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Jo_Laine"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"collapsed lung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collapsed_lung"},{"link_name":"GoFundMe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoFundMe"},{"link_name":"Troubadour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troubadour_(West_Hollywood,_California)"},{"link_name":"West Hollywood, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hollywood,_California"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"interstitial lung disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstitial_lung_disease"},{"link_name":"Naples, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Instagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"Laine in 2013Laine was briefly married to Jo Jo Laine, with whom he had a son Laine Hines and a daughter Heidi Jo Hines.[29] He had three other children from other relationships.[30] Laine married Elizabeth Mele in July 2023 and the couple announced the marriage on the singer's Facebook page.[citation needed] They resided in Florida.[31]Laine had COVID-19 in 2022, and he then had multiple surgeries for lung issues, including a collapsed lung. After his wife launched a GoFundMe page, Laine's musician friends and supporters organized a benefit concert at the Troubadour nightclub in West Hollywood, California, on 27 November 2023.[32]Laine died from interstitial lung disease in Naples, Florida, on 5 December 2023, at the age of 79.[33][34][35] His wife announced his death on his official Facebook and Instagram pages.[36][37]","title":"Personal life and death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Solo albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Compilation albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Guest appearances","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Moody Blues discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moody_Blues_discography"}],"sub_title":"With the Moody Blues","text":"See also: The Moody Blues discographyAlbumsSingles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"With Balls reissued as by Trevor Burton","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"With Ginger Baker's Air Force","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wings discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wings_discography"}],"sub_title":"With Wings","text":"See also: Wings discography","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey"},{"link_name":"Channel Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Islands"},{"link_name":"Nazi occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"^ Some sources claim that Laine was born near Jersey in the Channel Islands, at the time occupied by the Nazi occupation. In their 1999 Rock Stars Encyclopedia, Dafydd Rees and Luke Crampton say: \"Tyseley, Birmingham, Warks, during an air raid, though legend will also indicate birth in a boat off the coast of Jersey, Channel Islands\".[1][2]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780821227930","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780821227930"}],"text":"McCartney, Paul (2002). Lewisohn, Mark (ed.). Wingspan. Bulfinch. ISBN 9780821227930.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Laine performing at the Cavern Club in 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Denny_Laine_at_The_Cavern.jpg/220px-Denny_Laine_at_The_Cavern.jpg"},{"image_text":"Laine in 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Denny_Laine_2013_%288708700088%29.jpg/160px-Denny_Laine_2013_%288708700088%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"denny laine brian hines born – Google Search\". www.google.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/search?q=denny+laine+brian+hines+born&sca_esv=588395872&tbm=bks&start=20&safe=active","url_text":"\"denny laine brian hines born – Google Search\""}]},{"reference":"\"Denny Laine, Wings and Moody Blues musician, dies age 79\". 5 December 2023 – via www.bbc.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-67630264","url_text":"\"Denny Laine, Wings and Moody Blues musician, dies age 79\""}]},{"reference":"Larkin, Colin, ed. (1992). The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music (First ed.). Guinness Publishing. p. 1420. ISBN 0-85112-939-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin","url_text":"Larkin, Colin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Publishing","url_text":"Guinness Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85112-939-0","url_text":"0-85112-939-0"}]},{"reference":"Kozinn, Allan; Sinclair, Adrian (2022). The McCartney Legacy Volume 1: 1969-73 (1st ed.). New York: HarperCollins. p. 374. ISBN 978-0-06-300070-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=e9pcEAAAQBAJ&q=.+The+McCartney+Legacy+Volume+1:+1969-73","url_text":"The McCartney Legacy Volume 1: 1969-73"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins","url_text":"HarperCollins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-300070-4","url_text":"978-0-06-300070-4"}]},{"reference":"Rowan, Terry (2015). Penny Laine's Anthology. Lulu. p. 161. ISBN 9781105582301.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FNvGBAAAQBAJ&dq=%22denny+laine%22+born+tyseley&pg=PA161","url_text":"Penny Laine's Anthology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781105582301","url_text":"9781105582301"}]},{"reference":"\"Wings and Moody Blues co-founder Denny Laine dies aged 79\". The Independent. 5 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/wings-paul-mccartney-michael-parkinson-christopher-lee-kenny-lynch-b2458993.html","url_text":"\"Wings and Moody Blues co-founder Denny Laine dies aged 79\""}]},{"reference":"Lewry, Fraser (5 December 2023). \"Wings and Moody Blues guitarist Denny Laine dead at 79\". louder.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loudersound.com/news/denny-laine-dead-at-79","url_text":"\"Wings and Moody Blues guitarist Denny Laine dead at 79\""}]},{"reference":"\"Denny Laine and The Diplomats\". Birminghammusicarchive.com. Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.birminghammusicarchive.com/denny-laine-and-the-diplomats/","url_text":"\"Denny Laine and The Diplomats\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190410112118/http://www.birminghammusicarchive.com/denny-laine-and-the-diplomats/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Daley, Lauren (4 January 2019). \"Denny Laine looks back at the Moodys, McCartney, and Britain's music scene\". The Boston Globe. p. G3. 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Liveforlivemusic.com. Retrieved 6 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://liveforlivemusic.com/features/exclusives/turkuaz-brooklyn-behind-scenes/","url_text":"\"Behind The Scenes Of Turkuaz's Three-Night Homecoming At Brooklyn Bowl [Photos]\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Moody Blues\". Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rockhall.com/inductees/moody-blues","url_text":"\"The Moody Blues\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201001012334/https://www.rockhall.com/inductees/moody-blues","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"DeMain, Bill (27 January 2023). \"Denny Laine looks back on the breakthrough success and enduring legacy of Paul McCartney and Wings\". Guitar World. Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. 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Retrieved 6 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/denny-laine-obituary-moody-blues-and-wings-singer-dies-aged-79-9b3zzr3pr","url_text":"\"Denny Laine, Moody Blues and Wings musician, dies aged 79\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"James, Catherine (2007). Dandelion: Memoir of a Free Spirit. St. Martin's Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-0312367817.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312367817","url_text":"978-0312367817"}]},{"reference":"Friedlander, Matt (10 October 2023). \"Micky Dolenz, Susanna Hoffs Among Stars Taking Part in Benefit Concert for Ex-Wings Member Denny Laine… Benefit Concert for Denny Laine, is scheduled for November 27 at the famed Troubadour venue in West Hollywood\". American Songwriter. Retrieved 6 December 2023. star-studded charity concert near Los Angeles next month for former Paul McCartney & Wings and Moody Blues member Denny Laine, who has suffered serious health complications after contracting COVID-19 last year… [ lineup includes ex-Wings members Denny Seiwell and Laurence Juber, Badfinger's Joey Molland, former Blue Oyster Cult bassist Joe Bouchard, Peter Asher of Peter & Gordon, Jeremy Clyde of Chad & Jeremy, Paul Shaffer, acclaimed session guitarist Albert Lee","urls":[{"url":"https://americansongwriter.com/micky-dolenz-susanna-hoffs-among-stars-taking-part-in-benefit-concert-for-ex-wings-member-denny-laine/","url_text":"\"Micky Dolenz, Susanna Hoffs Among Stars Taking Part in Benefit Concert for Ex-Wings Member Denny Laine… Benefit Concert for Denny Laine, is scheduled for November 27 at the famed Troubadour venue in West Hollywood\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_%26_Jeremy","url_text":"Chad & Jeremy"}]},{"reference":"Runnells, Charles (5 December 2023). \"Rock Hall of Famer Denny Laine of Wings, Moody Blues dies in Naples at 79\". Naples Daily News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.naplesnews.com/story/news/local/2023/12/05/denny-laine-of-wings-moody-blues-dies-in-naples-after-covid-battle-paul-mccartney-bandmate/71813303007/","url_text":"\"Rock Hall of Famer Denny Laine of Wings, Moody Blues dies in Naples at 79\""}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Clayton (5 December 2023). \"Denny Laine, Founding Member of Wings and The Moody Blues Dies at 79; Wife Shares Loving Tribute\". American Songwriter. Retrieved 6 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://americansongwriter.com/denny-laine-founding-member-wings-the-moody-blues-dies-79-after-battle-interstitial-lung-disease/","url_text":"\"Denny Laine, Founding Member of Wings and The Moody Blues Dies at 79; Wife Shares Loving Tribute\""}]},{"reference":"Rosenbloom, Alli (5 December 2023). \"Denny Laine, co-founder of bands Wings and The Moody Blues, dies\". Cnn.com. Retrieved 6 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/05/entertainment/denny-laine-death/index.html","url_text":"\"Denny Laine, co-founder of bands Wings and The Moody Blues, dies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wings guitarist Denny Laine dies aged 79 after battle with lung disease\". LBC. 5 December 2023. Archived from the original on 5 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lbc.co.uk/news/denny-laine-dies-aged-79/","url_text":"\"Wings guitarist Denny Laine dies aged 79 after battle with lung disease\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LBC","url_text":"LBC"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231205172627/https://www.lbc.co.uk/news/denny-laine-dies-aged-79/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"My darling husband passed away peacefully early this morning...\" Archived from the original on 5 December 2023. 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Lewisohn, Mark (ed.). Wingspan. Bulfinch. ISBN 9780821227930.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780821227930","url_text":"9780821227930"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontonagon_Indian_Reservation
Ontonagon Indian Reservation
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 46°58′27″N 89°06′12″W / 46.97417°N 89.10333°W / 46.97417; -89.10333Indian reservation in Michigan, United StatesOntonagon Indian ReservationIndian reservationLocation within Ontonagon CountyOntonagon ReservationLocation within the state of MichiganShow map of MichiganOntonagon ReservationLocation within the United StatesShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 46°58′27″N 89°06′12″W / 46.97417°N 89.10333°W / 46.97417; -89.10333CountryUnited StatesStateMichiganCountyOntonagonTownshipOntonagonArea • Total3.775 sq mi (9.777 km2)Population (2010) • Total0 (permanent)Time zoneUTC−5 (EST) • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)ZIP code(s)49953 (Ontonagon)Area code906 The Ontonagon Indian Reservation is the homeland of a branch of the Lake Superior Chippewa Tribe. Its twelve bands were located throughout Michigan and the Upper Midwest. Since the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, members of the former Ontonagon Band have been included as part of the federally recognized Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, successor apparent to this and the Ojibwe (as the Chippewa are known) of the former L'Anse Band. The combined peoples live primarily at the L'Anse Indian Reservation at the western end of Lake Superior. The Ontonagon Reservation is located in northeastern Ontonagon Township, in northeastern Ontonagon County, on the south shore of Lake Superior, about 20 km northeast of the village of Ontonagon, Michigan, United States. The reservation has a land area of 3.775 sq mi (9.777 km2) and had no resident population as of the 2010 census. The tribe retains hunting, fishing and lumbering rights on its reservation. References ^ "Lac Vieux Desert Band of Chippewa Indian Community" Archived 2015-12-24 at the Wayback Machine, Inter-Tribal Council of Michigan, Inc. ^ Archived 2020-02-13 at archive.today United States Census Bureau vteMunicipalities and communities of Ontonagon County, Michigan, United StatesCounty seat: OntonagonVillage Ontonagon Map of Michigan highlighting Ontonagon County.svgCivil townships Bergland Bohemia Carp Lake Greenland Haight Interior Matchwood McMillan Ontonagon Rockland Stannard CDPs Bergland Bruce Crossing Ewen Greenland Lake Gogebic Mass City Rockland White Pine Othercommunities Agate Algonquin Calderwood Carp Lake Craigsmere Maple Grove Matchwood Paulding Paynesville Robbins Trout Creek Victoria Ghost town Adventure Indian reservation Ontonagon Indian Reservation Michigan portal United States portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lake Superior Chippewa Tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Superior_Chippewa_Tribe"},{"link_name":"Indian Reorganization Act of 1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act_of_1934"},{"link_name":"Keweenaw Bay Indian Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keweenaw_Bay_Indian_Community"},{"link_name":"L'Anse Indian Reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Anse_Indian_Reservation"},{"link_name":"Lake Superior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Superior"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ontonagon Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontonagon_Township,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Ontonagon County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontonagon_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Lake Superior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Superior"},{"link_name":"Ontonagon, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontonagon,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census,_2010"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Indian reservation in Michigan, United StatesThe Ontonagon Indian Reservation is the homeland of a branch of the Lake Superior Chippewa Tribe. Its twelve bands were located throughout Michigan and the Upper Midwest.Since the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, members of the former Ontonagon Band have been included as part of the federally recognized Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, successor apparent to this and the Ojibwe (as the Chippewa are known) of the former L'Anse Band. The combined peoples live primarily at the L'Anse Indian Reservation at the western end of Lake Superior.[1]The Ontonagon Reservation is located in northeastern Ontonagon Township, in northeastern Ontonagon County, on the south shore of Lake Superior, about 20 km northeast of the village of Ontonagon, Michigan, United States. The reservation has a land area of 3.775 sq mi (9.777 km2) and had no resident population as of the 2010 census.[2] The tribe retains hunting, fishing and lumbering rights on its reservation.","title":"Ontonagon Indian Reservation"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of Michigan highlighting Ontonagon County.svg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Map_of_Michigan_highlighting_Ontonagon_County.svg/85px-Map_of_Michigan_highlighting_Ontonagon_County.svg.png"}]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ontonagon_Indian_Reservation&params=46_58_27_N_89_06_12_W_type:city_region:US-MI","external_links_name":"46°58′27″N 89°06′12″W / 46.97417°N 89.10333°W / 46.97417; -89.10333"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ontonagon_Indian_Reservation&params=46_58_27_N_89_06_12_W_type:city_region:US-MI","external_links_name":"46°58′27″N 89°06′12″W / 46.97417°N 89.10333°W / 46.97417; -89.10333"},{"Link":"http://www.itcmi.org/blog/2012/10/11/lac-vieux-desert-band-of-chippewa-indian-community/","external_links_name":"\"Lac Vieux Desert Band of Chippewa Indian Community\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151224103852/http://www.itcmi.org/blog/2012/10/11/lac-vieux-desert-band-of-chippewa-indian-community/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/P1/2500000US2580","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20200213005554/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/P1/2500000US2580","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Zernike
Frits Zernike
["1 Early life and education","2 Academic career","3 Death","4 Honours and awards","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Dutch physicist (1888–1966) Frits ZernikeZernike in 1953BornFrederick Zernike(1888-07-16)16 July 1888Amsterdam, NetherlandsDied10 March 1966(1966-03-10) (aged 77)Amersfoort, NetherlandsNationalityDutchAlma materUniversity of AmsterdamKnown forPhase-contrast microscopyZernike polynomialsOrnstein–Zernike equationVan Cittert–Zernike theoremSpouseDora van Bommel van Vloten (1930-1945) Lena Koperberg-Baanders (since 1954)AwardsRumford Medal (1952)Nobel Prize in Physics (1953)Fellow of the Royal SocietyScientific careerFieldsPhysicsInstitutionsGroningen University Frits Zernike (Dutch pronunciation: ; 16 July 1888 – 10 March 1966) was a Dutch physicist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1953 for his invention of the phase-contrast microscope. Early life and education Frederick "Frits" Zernike was born on 16 July 1888 in Amsterdam, Netherlands to Carl Friedrich August Zernike and Antje Dieperink. Both parents were teachers of mathematics, and he especially shared his father's passion for physics. He studied chemistry (his major), mathematics and physics at the University of Amsterdam. Academic career In 1912, he was awarded a prize for his work on opalescence in gases. In 1913, he became assistant to Jacobus Kapteyn at the astronomical laboratory of Groningen University. In 1914, Zernike and Leonard Ornstein were jointly responsible for the derivation of the Ornstein–Zernike equation in critical-point theory. In 1915, he became lector in theoretical mechanics and mathematical physics at the same university and in 1920 he was promoted to professor of mathematical physics. In 1930, Zernike was conducting research into spectral lines when he discovered that the so-called ghost lines that occur to the left and right of each primary line in spectra created by means of a diffraction grating, have their phase shifted from that of the primary line by 90 degrees. It was at a Physical and Medical Congress in Wageningen in 1933, that Zernike first described his phase contrast technique in microscopy. He extended his method to test the figure of concave mirrors. His discovery lay at the base of the first phase contrast microscope, built during World War II. He also made another contribution in the field of optics, relating to the efficient description of the imaging defects or aberrations of optical imaging systems like microscopes and telescopes. The representation of aberrations was originally based on the theory developed by Ludwig Seidel in the middle of the nineteenth century. Seidel's representation was based on power series expansions and did not allow a clear separation between various types and orders of aberrations. Zernike's orthogonal circle polynomials provided a solution to the long-standing problem of the optimum 'balancing' of the various aberrations of an optical instrument. Since the 1960s, Zernike's circle polynomials are widely used in optical design, optical metrology and image analysis. Zernike's work helped awaken interest in coherence theory, the study of partially coherent light sources. In 1938 he published a simpler derivation of Van Cittert's 1934 theorem on the coherence of radiation from distant sources, now known as the Van Cittert–Zernike theorem. Death He died in hospital in Amersfoort in 1966 after suffering illness the last years of his life. His granddaughter is journalist Kate Zernike. Honours and awards In 1946, Zernike became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1953, Zernike won the Nobel Prize in Physics, for his invention of the phase-contrast microscope, an instrument that permits the study of internal cell structure without the need to stain and thus kill the cells. In 1954, Zernike became an Honorary Member of The Optical Society (OSA). Zernike was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS). The university complex (Zernike Campus) to the north of the city of Groningen is named after him, as is the crater Zernike on the Moon and the minor planet 11779 Zernike. Zernike's great-nephew Gerard 't Hooft won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1999. The Oz Enterprise, a Linux distribution, was named after Leonard Ornstein and Frederik Zernike. See also Leonard Ornstein Coherence theory Fourier optics Live cell imaging Optical aberration Phase-contrast X-ray imaging Physical optics References ^ a b c Tolansky, S. (1967). "Frits Zernike 1888-1966". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 13: 392–402. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1967.0021. S2CID 123209453. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1953". ^ Dörfel, G. (2012-08-15). "The early history of thermal noise: The long way to paradigm change". Annalen der Physik. 524 (8): 117–121. Bibcode:2012AnP...524..117D. doi:10.1002/andp.201200736. ISSN 0003-3804. ^ Frits Zernike 1888-1966 ^ Zernicke, Frits (1935). "Das Phasenkontrastverfahren bei der mikroskopischen Beobachtung". Zeitschrift für technische Physik. 16: 454–457. ^ Van Cittert, P. H. (1934). "Die Wahrscheinliche Schwingungsverteilung in Einer von Einer Lichtquelle Direkt Oder Mittels Einer Linse Beleuchteten Ebene". Physica. 1 (1–6): 201–210. Bibcode:1934Phy.....1..201V. doi:10.1016/S0031-8914(34)90026-4. ^ Zernike, F. (1938). "The concept of degree of coherence and its application to optical problems". Physica. 5 (8): 785–795. Bibcode:1938Phy.....5..785Z. doi:10.1016/S0031-8914(38)80203-2. ^ Van Berkel, Klaas; Van Helden, A.; Palm, L. (1999). "Frits Zernike 1888–1966". A History of Science in The Netherlands. Survey, Themes and Reference. Leiden: Brill. pp. 609–611. ISBN 90-04-10006-7. ^ New York Times Weddings: Kate Zernike and Jonathan Schwartz" September 25, 2005 ^ "Frederik (Frits) Zernike (1888–1966)". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 17 July 2015. ^ "OSA Honorary Members". ^ Robert Goldwyn. "Gerardus 't Hooft Science Video Interview". External links Media related to Frits Zernike at Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote has quotations related to Frits Zernike. Frits Zernike Photo Frits Zernike on Nobelprize.org including his Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1953 How I discovered phase contrast Extended Nijboer–Zernike theory Museum Boerhaave Negen Nederlandse Nobelprijswinnaars H. Brinkman, Zernike, Frits (1888–1966), in Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland. Prominente Groningse hoogleraren Frits Zernike (1888–1966) Frits Zernike (1888–1966) biography at the National library of the Netherlands. The Ornstein-Zernike equation and integral equations Multilevel wavelet solver for the Ornstein-Zernike equation Abstract Analytical solution of the Ornstein-Zernike equation for a multicomponent fluid The Ornstein-Zernike equation in the canonical ensemble vteLaureates of the Nobel Prize in Physics1901–1925 1901: Röntgen 1902: Lorentz / Zeeman 1903: Becquerel / P. Curie / M. Curie 1904: Rayleigh 1905: Lenard 1906: J. J. Thomson 1907: Michelson 1908: Lippmann 1909: Marconi / Braun 1910: Van der Waals 1911: Wien 1912: Dalén 1913: Kamerlingh Onnes 1914: Laue 1915: W. L. Bragg / W. H. Bragg 1916 1917: Barkla 1918: Planck 1919: Stark 1920: Guillaume 1921: Einstein 1922: N. Bohr 1923: Millikan 1924: M. Siegbahn 1925: Franck / Hertz 1926–1950 1926: Perrin 1927: Compton / C. Wilson 1928: O. Richardson 1929: De Broglie 1930: Raman 1931 1932: Heisenberg 1933: Schrödinger / Dirac 1934 1935: Chadwick 1936: Hess / C. D. Anderson 1937: Davisson / G. P. Thomson 1938: Fermi 1939: Lawrence 1940 1941 1942 1943: Stern 1944: Rabi 1945: Pauli 1946: Bridgman 1947: Appleton 1948: Blackett 1949: Yukawa 1950: Powell 1951–1975 1951: Cockcroft / Walton 1952: Bloch / Purcell 1953: Zernike 1954: Born / Bothe 1955: Lamb / Kusch 1956: Shockley / Bardeen / Brattain 1957: C. N. Yang / T. D. Lee 1958: Cherenkov / Frank / Tamm 1959: Segrè / Chamberlain 1960: Glaser 1961: Hofstadter / Mössbauer 1962: Landau 1963: Wigner / Goeppert Mayer / Jensen 1964: Townes / Basov / Prokhorov 1965: Tomonaga / Schwinger / Feynman 1966: Kastler 1967: Bethe 1968: Alvarez 1969: Gell-Mann 1970: Alfvén / Néel 1971: Gabor 1972: Bardeen / Cooper / Schrieffer 1973: Esaki / Giaever / Josephson 1974: Ryle / Hewish 1975: A. Bohr / Mottelson / Rainwater 1976–2000 1976: Richter / Ting 1977: P. W. Anderson / Mott / Van Vleck 1978: Kapitsa / Penzias / R. Wilson 1979: Glashow / Salam / Weinberg 1980: Cronin / Fitch 1981: Bloembergen / Schawlow / K. Siegbahn 1982: K. Wilson 1983: Chandrasekhar / Fowler 1984: Rubbia / Van der Meer 1985: von Klitzing 1986: Ruska / Binnig / Rohrer 1987: Bednorz / Müller 1988: Lederman / Schwartz / Steinberger 1989: Ramsey / Dehmelt / Paul 1990: Friedman / Kendall / R. Taylor 1991: de Gennes 1992: Charpak 1993: Hulse / J. Taylor 1994: Brockhouse / Shull 1995: Perl / Reines 1996: D. Lee / Osheroff / R. Richardson 1997: Chu / Cohen-Tannoudji / Phillips 1998: Laughlin / Störmer / Tsui 1999: 't Hooft / Veltman 2000: Alferov / Kroemer / Kilby 2001–present 2001: Cornell / Ketterle / Wieman 2002: Davis / Koshiba / Giacconi 2003: Abrikosov / Ginzburg / Leggett 2004: Gross / Politzer / Wilczek 2005: Glauber / Hall / Hänsch 2006: Mather / Smoot 2007: Fert / Grünberg 2008: Nambu / Kobayashi / Maskawa 2009: Kao / Boyle / Smith 2010: Geim / Novoselov 2011: Perlmutter / Schmidt / Riess 2012: Wineland / Haroche 2013: Englert / Higgs 2014: Akasaki / Amano / Nakamura 2015: Kajita / McDonald 2016: Thouless / Haldane / Kosterlitz 2017: Weiss / Barish / Thorne 2018: Ashkin / Mourou / Strickland 2019: Peebles / Mayor / Queloz 2020: Penrose / Genzel / Ghez 2021: Parisi / Hasselmann / Manabe 2022: Aspect / Clauser / Zeilinger 2023: Agostini / Krausz / L'Huillier vteNobel Prize laureates from the NetherlandsChemistry Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff (1901) Peter Debye (1936) Paul J. Crutzen (1995) Ben Feringa (2017) Economic sciences Jan Tinbergen (1969) Tjalling Koopmans (1975) Peace Tobias Asser (1911) Physics Pieter Zeeman (1902) Hendrik Lorentz (1902) Johannes Diderik van der Waals (1910) Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1913) Frits Zernike (1953) Nicolaas Bloembergen (1981) Simon van der Meer (1981) Martinus J. G. Veltman (1999) Gerard 't Hooft (1999) Andre Geim (2010) Physiology or medicine Willem Einthoven (1924) Christiaan Eijkman (1929) Nikolaas Tinbergen (1973) vte1953 Nobel Prize laureatesChemistry Hermann Staudinger (Germany) Literature (1953) Winston Churchill (Great Britain) Peace George C. Marshall (United States) Physics Frits Zernike (Netherlands) Physiology or Medicine Hans Krebs (Great Britain) Fritz Albert Lipmann (United States) Nobel Prize recipients 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Greece Netherlands Poland Academics MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project zbMATH People Netherlands Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈfrɪtˈsɛrnikə]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics"},{"link_name":"phase-contrast microscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-contrast_microscopy"}],"text":"Frits Zernike (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈfrɪtˈsɛrnikə]; 16 July 1888 – 10 March 1966) was a Dutch physicist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1953 for his invention of the phase-contrast microscope.","title":"Frits Zernike"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"University of Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Amsterdam"}],"text":"Frederick \"Frits\" Zernike[3] was born on 16 July 1888 in Amsterdam, Netherlands to Carl Friedrich August Zernike and Antje Dieperink. Both parents were teachers of mathematics, and he especially shared his father's passion for physics. He studied chemistry (his major), mathematics and physics at the University of Amsterdam.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"opalescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opalescence"},{"link_name":"Jacobus Kapteyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_Kapteyn"},{"link_name":"Groningen University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_University"},{"link_name":"Leonard Ornstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Ornstein"},{"link_name":"Ornstein–Zernike equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornstein%E2%80%93Zernike_equation"},{"link_name":"lector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lector"},{"link_name":"theoretical mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_mechanics"},{"link_name":"mathematical physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_physics"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"spectral lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_line"},{"link_name":"spectra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum"},{"link_name":"diffraction grating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction_grating"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Wageningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wageningen"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"aberrations of optical imaging systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_aberration"},{"link_name":"microscopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscope"},{"link_name":"telescopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescope"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Seidel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Ludwig_von_Seidel"},{"link_name":"Seidel's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Ludwig_von_Seidel"},{"link_name":"power series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_series"},{"link_name":"Zernike's orthogonal circle polynomials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zernike%27s_orthogonal_circle_polynomials"},{"link_name":"Zernike's circle polynomials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zernike%27s_circle_polynomials"},{"link_name":"optical design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_design"},{"link_name":"metrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrology"},{"link_name":"image analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_analysis"},{"link_name":"coherence theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherence_theory_(optics)"},{"link_name":"Van Cittert–Zernike theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Cittert%E2%80%93Zernike_theorem"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 1912, he was awarded a prize for his work on opalescence in gases. In 1913, he became assistant to Jacobus Kapteyn at the astronomical laboratory of Groningen University. In 1914, Zernike and Leonard Ornstein were jointly responsible for the derivation of the Ornstein–Zernike equation in critical-point theory. In 1915, he became lector in theoretical mechanics and mathematical physics at the same university and in 1920 he was promoted to professor of mathematical physics.[4]In 1930, Zernike was conducting research into spectral lines when he discovered that the so-called ghost lines that occur to the left and right of each primary line in spectra created by means of a diffraction grating, have their phase shifted from that of the primary line by 90 degrees.[citation needed][5] It was at a Physical and Medical Congress in Wageningen in 1933, that Zernike first described his phase contrast technique in microscopy. He extended his method to test the figure of concave mirrors. His discovery lay at the base of the first phase contrast microscope, built during World War II.[citation needed]He also made another contribution in the field of optics, relating to the efficient description of the imaging defects or aberrations of optical imaging systems like microscopes and telescopes. The representation of aberrations was originally based on the theory developed by Ludwig Seidel in the middle of the nineteenth century. Seidel's representation was based on power series expansions and did not allow a clear separation between various types and orders of aberrations. Zernike's orthogonal circle polynomials provided a solution to the long-standing problem of the optimum 'balancing' of the various aberrations of an optical instrument. Since the 1960s, Zernike's circle polynomials are widely used in optical design, optical metrology and image analysis.Zernike's work helped awaken interest in coherence theory, the study of partially coherent light sources. In 1938 he published a simpler derivation of Van Cittert's 1934 theorem on the coherence of radiation from distant sources, now known as the Van Cittert–Zernike theorem.[6][7]","title":"Academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amersfoort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amersfoort"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Kate Zernike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Zernike"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"He died in hospital in Amersfoort in 1966 after suffering illness the last years of his life.[8] His granddaughter is journalist Kate Zernike.[9]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics"},{"link_name":"phase-contrast microscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-contrast_microscope"},{"link_name":"cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)"},{"link_name":"stain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staining"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-1"},{"link_name":"Zernike Campus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Groningen#Campus"},{"link_name":"Groningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen"},{"link_name":"Zernike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zernike_(crater)"},{"link_name":"11779 Zernike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_11001%E2%80%9312000#779"},{"link_name":"Gerard 't Hooft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Linux distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution"},{"link_name":"Leonard Ornstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Ornstein"}],"text":"In 1946, Zernike became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.[10]In 1953, Zernike won the Nobel Prize in Physics, for his invention of the phase-contrast microscope, an instrument that permits the study of internal cell structure without the need to stain and thus kill the cells.[1]In 1954, Zernike became an Honorary Member of The Optical Society (OSA).[11] Zernike was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS).[1]The university complex (Zernike Campus) to the north of the city of Groningen is named after him, as is the crater Zernike on the Moon and the minor planet 11779 Zernike.Zernike's great-nephew Gerard 't Hooft won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1999.[12]The Oz Enterprise, a Linux distribution, was named after Leonard Ornstein and Frederik Zernike.","title":"Honours and awards"}]
[]
[{"title":"Leonard Ornstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Ornstein"},{"title":"Coherence theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherence_theory_(optics)"},{"title":"Fourier optics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_optics"},{"title":"Live cell imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_cell_imaging"},{"title":"Optical aberration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_aberration"},{"title":"Phase-contrast X-ray imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-contrast_X-ray_imaging"},{"title":"Physical optics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_optics"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebony_G._Patterson
Ebony Patterson
["1 Early life and education","2 Work","2.1 Gangstas for Life series (2008 – ongoing)","3 Public art collections","4 References","5 External links"]
Jamaican-born visual artist and educator (born 1981) Ebony PattersonPatterson in 2010BornEbony Grace Patteron1981 (age 42–43)Kingston, JamaicaEducationEdna Manley College of Visual and Performing ArtsWashington University in St. LouisWebsitehttp://ebonygpatterson.com/ Ebony Grace Patterson (born 1981, Kingston, Jamaica) is a Jamaican-born visual artist and educator. She is known for her large and colorful tapestries created out of various materials such as, glitter, sequins, fabric, toys, beads, faux flowers, jewelry, and other embellishments. Her "Gangstas for Life series" of dancehall portraits, and her garden-inspired installations. She has taught at the University of Virginia, Edna Manley College School of Visual and Performing Arts, and has been an Associate Professor in Painting and Mixed Media at the University of Kentucky since 2007. Her work has been shown in numerous solo and group exhibitions in Jamaica, the United States, and abroad. In 2024, Patterson will co-curate the 6th edition of arts triennial Prospect New Orleans, and the first artist to do so. Early life and education Patterson was born in 1981, Kingston, Jamaica. She studied painting at Edna Manley College of Visual and Performing Arts in Kingston, Jamaica and graduated in 2004. Patterson received an MFA degree in 2006 in printmaking and drawing from the Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts at Washington University in St. Louis. Work Untitled I (2007), from the Hybrid Series, mixed media drawing on paper. Untitled II (2007), from the Gangstas for Life Series, mixed media on hand-cut paper. Patterson's early work often revolves around questions of identity and the body, and takes the form of mixed media paintings, drawings and collages, most of them on paper. Photography, found objects, installation and performance have recently become increasingly important in her practice. Early work was primarily concerned with the female body as object. Her Venus Investigations objectified the female torso, headless and anonymous, and explored the relationship between the ample-bodied "Venus" or female goddess images of prehistoric times and contemporary female self-images and beauty ideals. Subsequent works more provocatively focused on the vagina as an object and, by implication, examined the taboos that surround this body part and its functions within Jamaican culture. This also led to 3-dimensional constructions made from intimate female articles such as sanitary napkins and tampons and more abstracted and surreal hybrid organic forms that appeared in her large paper collages of 2007. This early body of work has a sober and at times even majestic visual beauty which as she puts it, references "beauty through the use of the grotesque but visceral, confrontational and deconstructed." Patterson's artwork often addresses social and political issues related to feminism, violence, gender identity, and sexuality. Her work has been exhibited at art galleries around the world and has been critically acclaimed for its powerful messages. Patterson's 2016 solo show at the Museum of Arts and Design, Dead Treez, incorporated several appliquéd commercially-woven Jacquard weavings in which Patterson used restaged images of photographs that had been taken of murder victims in Jamaica and then circulated on social media. The exhibition also included a collection of mannequins in vibrant Jamaican dance hall wear (titled Swag Swag Krew), and a series of vitrines with artificial flora and jewelry belonging to the collection of the Museum of Arts and Design and in which patterned bodies reclined (titled ...buried again to carry on growing...), again referencing the victims of violent crime. Her solo exhibition Ebony G. Patterson...while the dew is still on the roses...organized by and presented at the Pérez Art Museum Miami in 2018 gathered a number of artworks including drawings, tapestries, and sculptures that feature glitter, appliqués, pins, embellishments, fabric, tassels, brooches, pearls, and beads. On the occasion, a monograph was publish to celebrate the artist's production. In 2018, Patterson was invited to participate in the first edition of Open Spaces, a series of installations, performances, and talks in Kansas City, Missouri. Her installation ...called up focused on one of two public pools in Swope Park. She ran a Kickstarter campaign to "reclaim and revitalize" the site dedicated to Dr. Harry M. Gilkey, who used the pool in 1956 to teach hydrotherapy to youth with physical handicaps. Patterson describes the site in the Kickstarter campaign, noting:I want to better honor this history by taking down the fence, cleaning the space, and creating a work here. I also want to ask what it means to memorialize not just a site that was already memorialized, but also to embellish a site that is already embellished. What does it mean to give presence and meaning to a space that has been essentially unheard of? How do we reclaim what is meant for the collective? These are questions I want to pose not only for the exhibition but also for the community who once used it and will now use it again, and learn from what they have to say.Patterson further elaborated after the work was complete, noting, "I am very interested in how regular people claim space and that's what street side memorials do. So when a tragedy happens, they mark the space by adding things that we would associate with a memorial in the same way that we're seeing here so there are flowers, there are toys, there are candles." The work was received positively by those who frequently visit Swope Park. Patterson has held the first immersive artistic residency at the New York Botanical Garden, resulting in the 2023 exhibition "…things come to thrive…in the shedding…in the molting…". Gangstas for Life series (2008 – ongoing) One of Patterson's most recognized body of work is a series entitled "Gangstas for Life," which explores conceptions of masculinity within Dancehall culture. In this series, the artist specifically explores skin bleaching as a means of marking and transformation, not as an act of racial self-loathing. Additionally the series "seeks to examine the dichotomy between Jamaican stereotypical ideologies of homosexual practices and its parallels within dancehall culture." Red floral and fish motifs throughout the series serve to represent homosexuality within a predominantly homophobic culture. Patterson's images imaginatively recreate portraits of young black males who bleach their skin, pluck their eyebrows and wear 'bling' jewelry to enhance their gangsta status. Patterson finds beauty in their psychic violence glamorizing them with glittered halos and luscious lipstick. The artist explores perceptions of beauty as grotesque within the series, and her portrayal of the subjects' cracked, bleeding and oozing skin. Public art collections Patterson's work is held in a number of public art institutions, this is a select list including: Pérez Art Museum, Miami, Florida Arkansas Arts Center, Little Rock, Arkansas Birmingham Museum of Art, Birmingham, Alabama Eastern Illinois University, Tarble Arts Center, Charleston, Illinois Edna Manley College of the Visual Arts, Kingston, Jamaica Nasher Museum, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina National Gallery of Jamaica, Kingston, Jamaica Wifredo Lam Center for Contemporary Art, Havana, Cuba Nerman Museum of Contemporary Art, Overland Park, Kansas Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Pont-Aven School of Contemporary Art, Pont-Aven, France Seattle Art Museum, Seattle, Washington Speed Art Museum, Louisville, Kentucky Studio Museum in Harlem, New York City, New York References ^ "Infinite Island: Contemporary Caribbean Art". Brooklyn Museum. 2007. Retrieved 12 June 2023. ^ "UK Artist/Professor Ebony G. Patterson Wins Coveted United States Artists Fellowship". UKNow. 19 January 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2019. ^ Blackford, Linda (2018). "You May Not Know This UK Professor, But The International Art World Does". Kentucky.com. ^ "Artist Ebony G. Patterson will co-curate next edition of New Orleans's Prospect triennial". The Art Newspaper - International art news and events. 31 August 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2023. ^ Greenberger, Alex (31 August 2022). "Ebony G. Patterson Becomes the First Artist to Organize Prospect New Orleans Triennial". ARTnews.com. Retrieved 7 March 2023. ^ "Ebony G. Patterson". Baltimore Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. ^ "Ebony G. Patterson . . . while the dew is still on the roses . . ". pamm.org. Retrieved 12 December 2019. ^ a b "Boston University Art Galleries presents Ebony G. Patterson: Dead Treez". College of Fine Arts, Boston University. Retrieved 12 December 2019. ^ a b Laughlin, Nicholas (1 September 2012). "Ebony G. Patterson: All the right moves". Caribbean Beat Magazine, Issue 117. Retrieved 12 December 2019. ^ Poupeye, Veerle. "Ebony G. Patterson". National Gallery of Jamaica. ^ "Ebony G. Patterson Reveals Deep Truths – artnet News". artnet News. 28 August 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2018. ^ "LIFE AND DEATH IN A POISONOUS GARDEN EBONY G. PATTERSON Dead Treez". The Brooklyn Rail. Retrieved 3 February 2018. ^ "Ebony G. Patterson: ...while the dew is still on the roses... • Pérez Art Museum Miami". Pérez Art Museum Miami. Retrieved 26 September 2023. ^ "The Exhibition". Open Spaces. Retrieved 3 March 2019. ^ a b "Called Up: A New Artwork for Kansas City". Kickstarter. Retrieved 3 March 2019. ^ "Mixed Uses: Open Spaces Kansas City". Art in America. Retrieved 3 March 2019. ^ a b Denesha, Julie. "For Open Spaces, An Artist Turns A Forgotten Pool into A 'Vision of Color And Thought'". kcur.org. Retrieved 3 March 2019. ^ "Take a drone flight over an "Open Spaces" art installation at Swope Park". kansascity. Retrieved 3 March 2019. ^ "Ebony G. Patterson in Conversation with Thelma Golden » New York Botanical Garden". New York Botanical Garden. Retrieved 29 July 2023. ^ Heinrich, Will (15 June 2023). "Ebony G. Patterson Brings a Crowd to the New York Botanical Garden". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 29 July 2023. ^ a b Paravisini, Lisa (20 August 2010). "Bleaching gangstas'? Ebony Patterson interrogates dancehall's expressions of masculinity". Repeating Islands. Retrieved 12 December 2019. ^ Ladosha, Neon (April 2011). "bookmarks: Art: Ebony G. Patterson". bookmarks. Retrieved 12 December 2019. ^ Petrine Archer- Straw, Petrinearcher.com ^ "Pérez Art Museum Miami Announces Acquisition of Artwork by Ebony G. Patterson at Sixth Annual Art + Soul Celebration". Pérez Art Museum (PAMM). 11 February 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. ^ "Reveal/Conceal: Exploring Identity in Contemporary Art". The Arkansas Arts Center. 2018. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. ^ "Collection: among the weeds, plants, and peacock feathers". Birmingham Museum of Art. Retrieved 12 December 2019. ^ "Tarble Arts Center – Collections and Archives". Eastern Illinois University. Retrieved 12 December 2019. ^ "Ebony G. Patterson". Nasher Museum of Art at Duke University. Retrieved 12 December 2019. ^ "REVEAL · Works from the Collection". NMOCA. Retrieved 12 December 2019. External links Official website Ebony Patterson profile on Google Arts and Culture Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artist"},{"link_name":"dancehall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancehall"},{"link_name":"University of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Associate Professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_professor"},{"link_name":"University of Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Prospect New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospect_New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Ebony Grace Patterson[1] (born 1981, Kingston, Jamaica) is a Jamaican-born visual artist and educator. She is known for her large and colorful tapestries created out of various materials such as, glitter, sequins, fabric, toys, beads, faux flowers, jewelry, and other embellishments. Her \"Gangstas for Life series\" of dancehall portraits, and her garden-inspired installations.She has taught at the University of Virginia, Edna Manley College School of Visual and Performing Arts, and has been an Associate Professor in Painting and Mixed Media at the University of Kentucky since 2007.[2][3] Her work has been shown in numerous solo and group exhibitions in Jamaica, the United States, and abroad.In 2024, Patterson will co-curate the 6th edition of arts triennial Prospect New Orleans, and the first artist to do so.[4][5]","title":"Ebony Patterson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Edna Manley College of Visual and Performing Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna_Manley_College_of_Visual_and_Performing_Arts"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Fox_School_of_Design_%26_Visual_Arts"},{"link_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"}],"text":"Patterson was born in 1981, Kingston, Jamaica.[6][7] She studied painting at Edna Manley College of Visual and Performing Arts in Kingston, Jamaica and graduated in 2004.[8][9] Patterson received an MFA degree in 2006 in printmaking and drawing from the Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts at Washington University in St. Louis.[8]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UntitledI_From_the_Hybrid_Series_Mixed_Media_Drawing_on_Paper_5ftx3ft_2007.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Untitled_II-From_the_Grangstas_for_life_Series,_3.5ft_x_5ft_mixed_media_on_handcutpaper_2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Museum of Arts and Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Arts_and_Design"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Pérez Art Museum Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9rez_Art_Museum_Miami"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Kansas City, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Swope Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swope_Park"},{"link_name":"Kickstarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickstarter.com"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kickstarter.com-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kickstarter.com-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Denesha-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Denesha-17"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"New York Botanical Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Botanical_Garden"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Untitled I (2007), from the Hybrid Series, mixed media drawing on paper.Untitled II (2007), from the Gangstas for Life Series, mixed media on hand-cut paper.Patterson's early work often revolves around questions of identity and the body, and takes the form of mixed media paintings, drawings and collages, most of them on paper. Photography, found objects, installation and performance have recently become increasingly important in her practice. Early work was primarily concerned with the female body as object. Her Venus Investigations objectified the female torso, headless and anonymous, and explored the relationship between the ample-bodied \"Venus\" or female goddess images of prehistoric times and contemporary female self-images and beauty ideals. Subsequent works more provocatively focused on the vagina as an object and, by implication, examined the taboos that surround this body part and its functions within Jamaican culture. This also led to 3-dimensional constructions made from intimate female articles such as sanitary napkins and tampons and more abstracted and surreal hybrid organic forms that appeared in her large paper collages of 2007. This early body of work has a sober and at times even majestic visual beauty which as she puts it, references \"beauty through the use of the grotesque but visceral, confrontational and deconstructed.\"[10] Patterson's artwork often addresses social and political issues related to feminism, violence, gender identity, and sexuality. Her work has been exhibited at art galleries around the world and has been critically acclaimed for its powerful messages.Patterson's 2016 solo show at the Museum of Arts and Design, Dead Treez, incorporated several appliquéd commercially-woven Jacquard weavings in which Patterson used restaged images of photographs that had been taken of murder victims in Jamaica and then circulated on social media.[11] The exhibition also included a collection of mannequins in vibrant Jamaican dance hall wear (titled Swag Swag Krew), and a series of vitrines with artificial flora and jewelry belonging to the collection of the Museum of Arts and Design and in which patterned bodies reclined (titled ...buried again to carry on growing...), again referencing the victims of violent crime.[12]Her solo exhibition Ebony G. Patterson...while the dew is still on the roses...organized by and presented at the Pérez Art Museum Miami in 2018 gathered a number of artworks including drawings, tapestries, and sculptures that feature glitter, appliqués, pins, embellishments, fabric, tassels, brooches, pearls, and beads. On the occasion, a monograph was publish to celebrate the artist's production.[13]In 2018, Patterson was invited to participate in the first edition of Open Spaces, a series of installations, performances, and talks in Kansas City, Missouri.[14] Her installation ...called up focused on one of two public pools in Swope Park. She ran a Kickstarter campaign to \"reclaim and revitalize\"[15] the site dedicated to Dr. Harry M. Gilkey, who used the pool in 1956 to teach hydrotherapy to youth with physical handicaps.[16] Patterson describes the site in the Kickstarter campaign,[15] noting:I want to better honor this history by taking down the fence, cleaning the space, and creating a work here. I also want to ask what it means to memorialize not just a site that was already memorialized, but also to embellish a site that is already embellished. What does it mean to give presence and meaning to a space that has been essentially unheard of? How do we reclaim what is meant for the collective? These are questions I want to pose not only for the exhibition but also for the community who once used it and will now use it again, and learn from what they have to say.Patterson further elaborated after the work was complete, noting, \"I am very interested in how regular people claim space and that's what street side memorials do. So when a tragedy happens, they mark the space by adding things that we would associate with a memorial in the same way that we're seeing here so there are flowers, there are toys, there are candles.\"[17] The work was received positively by those who frequently visit Swope Park.[18][17]Patterson has held the first immersive artistic residency[19] at the New York Botanical Garden, resulting in the 2023 exhibition \"…things come to thrive…in the shedding…in the molting…\".[20]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-21"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Gangstas for Life series (2008 – ongoing)","text":"One of Patterson's most recognized body of work is a series entitled \"Gangstas for Life,\" which explores conceptions of masculinity within Dancehall culture.[9] In this series, the artist specifically explores skin bleaching as a means of marking and transformation, not as an act of racial self-loathing.[21] Additionally the series \"seeks to examine the dichotomy between Jamaican stereotypical ideologies of homosexual practices and its parallels within dancehall culture.\"[22] Red floral and fish motifs throughout the series serve to represent homosexuality within a predominantly homophobic culture.[21] Patterson's images imaginatively recreate portraits of young black males who bleach their skin, pluck their eyebrows and wear 'bling' jewelry to enhance their gangsta status. Patterson finds beauty in their psychic violence glamorizing them with glittered halos and luscious lipstick.[23] The artist explores perceptions of beauty as grotesque within the series, and her portrayal of the subjects' cracked, bleeding and oozing skin.","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pérez Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9rez_Art_Museum_Miami"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Arkansas Arts Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Arts_Center"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Eastern Illinois University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Illinois_University"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Nasher Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasher_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"National Gallery of Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Nerman Museum of Contemporary Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerman_Museum_of_Contemporary_Art"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Academy_of_the_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"Pont-Aven School of Contemporary Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_Aven_School_of_Contemporary_Art"},{"link_name":"Seattle Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Speed Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Studio Museum in Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_Museum_in_Harlem"}],"text":"Patterson's work is held in a number of public art institutions, this is a select list including:Pérez Art Museum, Miami, Florida[24]\nArkansas Arts Center, Little Rock, Arkansas[25]\nBirmingham Museum of Art, Birmingham, Alabama[26]\nEastern Illinois University, Tarble Arts Center, Charleston, Illinois[27]\nEdna Manley College of the Visual Arts, Kingston, Jamaica\nNasher Museum, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina[28]\nNational Gallery of Jamaica, Kingston, Jamaica\nWifredo Lam Center for Contemporary Art, Havana, Cuba\nNerman Museum of Contemporary Art, Overland Park, Kansas[29]\nPennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\nPont-Aven School of Contemporary Art, Pont-Aven, France\nSeattle Art Museum, Seattle, Washington\nSpeed Art Museum, Louisville, Kentucky\nStudio Museum in Harlem, New York City, New York","title":"Public art collections"}]
[{"image_text":"Untitled I (2007), from the Hybrid Series, mixed media drawing on paper.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/UntitledI_From_the_Hybrid_Series_Mixed_Media_Drawing_on_Paper_5ftx3ft_2007.jpg/220px-UntitledI_From_the_Hybrid_Series_Mixed_Media_Drawing_on_Paper_5ftx3ft_2007.jpg"},{"image_text":"Untitled II (2007), from the Gangstas for Life Series, mixed media on hand-cut paper.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Untitled_II-From_the_Grangstas_for_life_Series%2C_3.5ft_x_5ft_mixed_media_on_handcutpaper_2007.jpg/220px-Untitled_II-From_the_Grangstas_for_life_Series%2C_3.5ft_x_5ft_mixed_media_on_handcutpaper_2007.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Infinite Island: Contemporary Caribbean Art\". Brooklyn Museum. 2007. Retrieved 12 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/exhibitions/662","url_text":"\"Infinite Island: Contemporary Caribbean Art\""}]},{"reference":"\"UK Artist/Professor Ebony G. Patterson Wins Coveted United States Artists Fellowship\". UKNow. 19 January 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://uknow.uky.edu/arts-culture/uk-artistprofessor-ebony-g-patterson-wins-coveted-united-states-artists-fellowship","url_text":"\"UK Artist/Professor Ebony G. Patterson Wins Coveted United States Artists Fellowship\""}]},{"reference":"Blackford, Linda (2018). \"You May Not Know This UK Professor, But The International Art World Does\". Kentucky.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kentucky.com/entertainment/visual-arts/article198113354.html","url_text":"\"You May Not Know This UK Professor, But The International Art World Does\""}]},{"reference":"\"Artist Ebony G. Patterson will co-curate next edition of New Orleans's Prospect triennial\". The Art Newspaper - International art news and events. 31 August 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2022/08/31/ebony-g-patterson-co-curator-prospect-new-orleans-6-miranda-lash","url_text":"\"Artist Ebony G. Patterson will co-curate next edition of New Orleans's Prospect triennial\""}]},{"reference":"Greenberger, Alex (31 August 2022). \"Ebony G. Patterson Becomes the First Artist to Organize Prospect New Orleans Triennial\". ARTnews.com. Retrieved 7 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/ebony-g-pattesron-prospect-new-orleans-1234637778/","url_text":"\"Ebony G. Patterson Becomes the First Artist to Organize Prospect New Orleans Triennial\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ebony G. Patterson\". Baltimore Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191212220406/https://artbma.org/exhibitions/patterson","url_text":"\"Ebony G. Patterson\""},{"url":"https://artbma.org/exhibitions/patterson","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ebony G. Patterson . . . while the dew is still on the roses . . \". pamm.org. Retrieved 12 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pamm.org/exhibitions/ebony-g-patterson-while-dew-still-roses","url_text":"\"Ebony G. Patterson . . . while the dew is still on the roses . . \""}]},{"reference":"\"Boston University Art Galleries presents Ebony G. Patterson: Dead Treez\". College of Fine Arts, Boston University. Retrieved 12 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bu.edu/cfa/boston-university-art-galleries-presents-ebony-g-patterson-dead-treez/","url_text":"\"Boston University Art Galleries presents Ebony G. Patterson: Dead Treez\""}]},{"reference":"Laughlin, Nicholas (1 September 2012). \"Ebony G. Patterson: All the right moves\". Caribbean Beat Magazine, Issue 117. Retrieved 12 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-117/ebony-g-patterson-all-right-moves","url_text":"\"Ebony G. Patterson: All the right moves\""}]},{"reference":"Poupeye, Veerle. \"Ebony G. Patterson\". National Gallery of Jamaica.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Ebony G. Patterson Reveals Deep Truths – artnet News\". artnet News. 28 August 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.artnet.com/market/ebony-patterson-tapestries-326392","url_text":"\"Ebony G. Patterson Reveals Deep Truths – artnet News\""}]},{"reference":"\"LIFE AND DEATH IN A POISONOUS GARDEN EBONY G. PATTERSON Dead Treez\". The Brooklyn Rail. Retrieved 3 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://brooklynrail.org/2016/02/artseen/life-and-death-in-a-poisonous-garden-ebony-g-patterson-dead-treez","url_text":"\"LIFE AND DEATH IN A POISONOUS GARDEN EBONY G. PATTERSON Dead Treez\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ebony G. Patterson: ...while the dew is still on the roses... • Pérez Art Museum Miami\". Pérez Art Museum Miami. Retrieved 26 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pamm.org/en/exhibition/ebony-g-patterson-while-the-dew-is-still-on-the-roses/","url_text":"\"Ebony G. Patterson: ...while the dew is still on the roses... • Pérez Art Museum Miami\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Exhibition\". Open Spaces. Retrieved 3 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://openspaceskc.com/exhibition/","url_text":"\"The Exhibition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Called Up: A New Artwork for Kansas City\". Kickstarter. Retrieved 3 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/calledup/called-up-a-new-artwork-for-kansas-city","url_text":"\"Called Up: A New Artwork for Kansas City\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mixed Uses: Open Spaces Kansas City\". Art in America. Retrieved 3 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artinamericamagazine.com/news-features/news/mixed-uses-open-spaces-kansas-city/","url_text":"\"Mixed Uses: Open Spaces Kansas City\""}]},{"reference":"Denesha, Julie. \"For Open Spaces, An Artist Turns A Forgotten Pool into A 'Vision of Color And Thought'\". kcur.org. Retrieved 3 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kcur.org/post/open-spaces-artist-turns-forgotten-pool-vision-color-and-thought","url_text":"\"For Open Spaces, An Artist Turns A Forgotten Pool into A 'Vision of Color And Thought'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Take a drone flight over an \"Open Spaces\" art installation at Swope Park\". kansascity. Retrieved 3 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kansascity.com/entertainment/arts-culture/article217724535.html","url_text":"\"Take a drone flight over an \"Open Spaces\" art installation at Swope Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ebony G. Patterson in Conversation with Thelma Golden » New York Botanical Garden\". New York Botanical Garden. Retrieved 29 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nybg.org/event/ebony-g-patterson/ebony-g-patterson-in-conversation-with-thelma-golden/","url_text":"\"Ebony G. Patterson in Conversation with Thelma Golden » New York Botanical Garden\""}]},{"reference":"Heinrich, Will (15 June 2023). \"Ebony G. Patterson Brings a Crowd to the New York Botanical Garden\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 29 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/15/arts/design/patterson-new-york-botanical-garden-review-vultures.html","url_text":"\"Ebony G. Patterson Brings a Crowd to the New York Botanical Garden\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Paravisini, Lisa (20 August 2010). \"Bleaching gangstas'? Ebony Patterson interrogates dancehall's expressions of masculinity\". Repeating Islands. Retrieved 12 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://repeatingislands.com/2010/08/20/bleaching-gangstas-ebony-patterson-interrogates-dancehalls-expressions-of-masculinity/","url_text":"\"Bleaching gangstas'? Ebony Patterson interrogates dancehall's expressions of masculinity\""}]},{"reference":"Ladosha, Neon (April 2011). \"bookmarks: Art: Ebony G. Patterson\". bookmarks. Retrieved 12 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://neonladosha.blogspot.com/2011/04/art-ebony-g-patterson.html","url_text":"\"bookmarks: Art: Ebony G. Patterson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pérez Art Museum Miami Announces Acquisition of Artwork by Ebony G. Patterson at Sixth Annual Art + Soul Celebration\". Pérez Art Museum (PAMM). 11 February 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pamm.org/about/news/2019/p%C3%A9rez-art-museum-miami-announces-acquisition-artwork-ebony-g-patterson-sixth-annual","url_text":"\"Pérez Art Museum Miami Announces Acquisition of Artwork by Ebony G. Patterson at Sixth Annual Art + Soul Celebration\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reveal/Conceal: Exploring Identity in Contemporary Art\". The Arkansas Arts Center. 2018. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191212220409/https://www.arkansasartscenter.org/reveal-conceal","url_text":"\"Reveal/Conceal: Exploring Identity in Contemporary Art\""},{"url":"https://www.arkansasartscenter.org/reveal-conceal","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Collection: among the weeds, plants, and peacock feathers\". Birmingham Museum of Art. Retrieved 12 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artsbma.org/collection/among-the-weeds-plants-and-peacock-feathers/","url_text":"\"Collection: among the weeds, plants, and peacock feathers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tarble Arts Center – Collections and Archives\". Eastern Illinois University. Retrieved 12 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eiu.edu/tarble/collections.php","url_text":"\"Tarble Arts Center – Collections and Archives\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ebony G. Patterson\". Nasher Museum of Art at Duke University. Retrieved 12 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://nasher.duke.edu/artists/4614/","url_text":"\"Ebony G. Patterson\""}]},{"reference":"\"REVEAL · Works from the Collection\". NMOCA. Retrieved 12 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nermanmuseum.org/exhibitions/2014-11-24-reveal-collection.html","url_text":"\"REVEAL · Works from the Collection\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://ebonygpatterson.com/","external_links_name":"http://ebonygpatterson.com/"},{"Link":"https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/exhibitions/662","external_links_name":"\"Infinite Island: Contemporary Caribbean Art\""},{"Link":"https://uknow.uky.edu/arts-culture/uk-artistprofessor-ebony-g-patterson-wins-coveted-united-states-artists-fellowship","external_links_name":"\"UK Artist/Professor Ebony G. Patterson Wins Coveted United States Artists Fellowship\""},{"Link":"https://www.kentucky.com/entertainment/visual-arts/article198113354.html","external_links_name":"\"You May Not Know This UK Professor, But The International Art World Does\""},{"Link":"https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2022/08/31/ebony-g-patterson-co-curator-prospect-new-orleans-6-miranda-lash","external_links_name":"\"Artist Ebony G. Patterson will co-curate next edition of New Orleans's Prospect triennial\""},{"Link":"https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/ebony-g-pattesron-prospect-new-orleans-1234637778/","external_links_name":"\"Ebony G. Patterson Becomes the First Artist to Organize Prospect New Orleans Triennial\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191212220406/https://artbma.org/exhibitions/patterson","external_links_name":"\"Ebony G. Patterson\""},{"Link":"https://artbma.org/exhibitions/patterson","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.pamm.org/exhibitions/ebony-g-patterson-while-dew-still-roses","external_links_name":"\"Ebony G. Patterson . . . while the dew is still on the roses . . \""},{"Link":"https://www.bu.edu/cfa/boston-university-art-galleries-presents-ebony-g-patterson-dead-treez/","external_links_name":"\"Boston University Art Galleries presents Ebony G. Patterson: Dead Treez\""},{"Link":"https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-117/ebony-g-patterson-all-right-moves","external_links_name":"\"Ebony G. Patterson: All the right moves\""},{"Link":"https://news.artnet.com/market/ebony-patterson-tapestries-326392","external_links_name":"\"Ebony G. Patterson Reveals Deep Truths – artnet News\""},{"Link":"https://brooklynrail.org/2016/02/artseen/life-and-death-in-a-poisonous-garden-ebony-g-patterson-dead-treez","external_links_name":"\"LIFE AND DEATH IN A POISONOUS GARDEN EBONY G. PATTERSON Dead Treez\""},{"Link":"https://www.pamm.org/en/exhibition/ebony-g-patterson-while-the-dew-is-still-on-the-roses/","external_links_name":"\"Ebony G. Patterson: ...while the dew is still on the roses... • Pérez Art Museum Miami\""},{"Link":"https://openspaceskc.com/exhibition/","external_links_name":"\"The Exhibition\""},{"Link":"https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/calledup/called-up-a-new-artwork-for-kansas-city","external_links_name":"\"Called Up: A New Artwork for Kansas City\""},{"Link":"https://www.artinamericamagazine.com/news-features/news/mixed-uses-open-spaces-kansas-city/","external_links_name":"\"Mixed Uses: Open Spaces Kansas City\""},{"Link":"https://www.kcur.org/post/open-spaces-artist-turns-forgotten-pool-vision-color-and-thought","external_links_name":"\"For Open Spaces, An Artist Turns A Forgotten Pool into A 'Vision of Color And Thought'\""},{"Link":"https://www.kansascity.com/entertainment/arts-culture/article217724535.html","external_links_name":"\"Take a drone flight over an \"Open Spaces\" art installation at Swope Park\""},{"Link":"https://www.nybg.org/event/ebony-g-patterson/ebony-g-patterson-in-conversation-with-thelma-golden/","external_links_name":"\"Ebony G. Patterson in Conversation with Thelma Golden » New York Botanical Garden\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/15/arts/design/patterson-new-york-botanical-garden-review-vultures.html","external_links_name":"\"Ebony G. Patterson Brings a Crowd to the New York Botanical Garden\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://repeatingislands.com/2010/08/20/bleaching-gangstas-ebony-patterson-interrogates-dancehalls-expressions-of-masculinity/","external_links_name":"\"Bleaching gangstas'? Ebony Patterson interrogates dancehall's expressions of masculinity\""},{"Link":"https://neonladosha.blogspot.com/2011/04/art-ebony-g-patterson.html","external_links_name":"\"bookmarks: Art: Ebony G. Patterson\""},{"Link":"https://www.pamm.org/about/news/2019/p%C3%A9rez-art-museum-miami-announces-acquisition-artwork-ebony-g-patterson-sixth-annual","external_links_name":"\"Pérez Art Museum Miami Announces Acquisition of Artwork by Ebony G. Patterson at Sixth Annual Art + Soul Celebration\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191212220409/https://www.arkansasartscenter.org/reveal-conceal","external_links_name":"\"Reveal/Conceal: Exploring Identity in Contemporary Art\""},{"Link":"https://www.arkansasartscenter.org/reveal-conceal","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.artsbma.org/collection/among-the-weeds-plants-and-peacock-feathers/","external_links_name":"\"Collection: among the weeds, plants, and peacock feathers\""},{"Link":"https://www.eiu.edu/tarble/collections.php","external_links_name":"\"Tarble Arts Center – Collections and Archives\""},{"Link":"https://nasher.duke.edu/artists/4614/","external_links_name":"\"Ebony G. Patterson\""},{"Link":"http://www.nermanmuseum.org/exhibitions/2014-11-24-reveal-collection.html","external_links_name":"\"REVEAL · Works from the Collection\""},{"Link":"http://ebonygpatterson.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://artsandculture.google.com/entity/ebony-patterson/m04gn6wx?hl=en","external_links_name":"Ebony Patterson profile"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/305306880","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbGRjg7RdHrrrkFDcGrbd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1041859163","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007395283905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2017000204","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hatfield
Charles Hatfield
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 References in popular culture","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
American cloud seeder (1875–1958) This article is about the American cloud seeder. For the American judge, see Charles Sherrod Hatfield. For Charles Eric Hatfeild, the English cricketer, see Eric Hatfeild. Charles HatfieldHatfield in 1922.Born15 July 1875 Fort Scott Died12 January 1958  (aged 82)Occupation"Rainmaker", sewing machine salesman Charles Mallory Hatfield (July 15, 1875 – January 12, 1958) was an American "rainmaker". Early life Hatfield was born in Fort Scott, Kansas, on July 15, 1875. His property speculator father Stephen moved the family to Southern California in 1886, settling firstly in San Diego, where Hatfield Sr built three houses, before establishing a home on a forty acre ranch and olive grove at Gopher Canyon near Bonsall, forty miles north of the city. As an adult, Charles became a salesman for the New Home Sewing Machine Company. In 1904, he moved to Glendale, California. Career As a young man growing up in Bonsall, Hatfield studied pluviculture and began to develop his own methods for producing rain, inspired by the way a boiling kettle attracted the water vapour rising from an adjacent, steaming pan on his mother's stove. By 1902 he had created a secret mixture of 23 chemicals in large galvanized evaporating tanks that, he claimed, attracted rain. Hatfield called himself a "moisture accelerator". In 1904, promoter Fred Binney began a public relations campaign for Hatfield. A number of Los Angeles ranchers saw his ads in newspapers and promised Hatfield $50 to produce rain. In February, Hatfield and his brother Paul built an evaporating tower at La Crescenta where Hatfield released his mixture into the air. Hatfield's attempt was apparently successful, so the ranchers paid him $100. Contemporary weather bureau reports described the rain as a small part of a storm that was already coming but Hatfield's supporters disregarded this.: 81  Hatfield began to receive more job offers. He promised Los Angeles 18 inches (46 cm) of rain, apparently succeeded, and collected a fee of $1000.: 82–84  For this effort, Hatfield had built his tower on the grounds of the Esperanza Sanitarium in Altadena, near Rubio Canyon. In 1906 Hatfield was invited to the Yukon Territory, where he agreed to create rain for the water-dependent mines of the Klondike goldfields. The Klondike contract was for $10,000, but after unsuccessful efforts, Hatfield slipped away, collecting only $1,100 for expenses. This failure did not deter his supporters. In 1915 the San Diego city council, pressured by the San Diego Wide Awake Improvement Club, approached Hatfield to produce rain to fill the Morena Dam reservoir. Hatfield offered to produce rain for free, then charge $1,000 per inch ($393.7 per centimetre) for between forty and fifty inches (1.02 to 1.27 m) and free again over fifty inches (1.27 m). The council voted four to one for a $10,000 fee, payable when the reservoir was filled. A formal agreement was never drawn up, though Hatfield continued based on verbal understanding. Hatfield, with his brother, built a tower beside Lake Morena and was ready early in the New Year.: 91  On January 5, 1916, heavy rain began—and grew gradually heavier day by day. Dry riverbeds filled to the point of flooding. Worsening floods destroyed bridges, marooned trains and cut phone cables - not to mention flooding homes and farms. Two dams, Sweetwater Dam and one at Lower Otay Lake, overflowed. Rain stopped on 20 January but resumed two days later. On January 27 Lower Otay Dam broke, increasing the devastation and reportedly causing about 20 deaths (accounts vary on the exact number). Hatfield talked to the press on February 4 and said that the damage was not his fault and that the city should have taken adequate precautions. Hatfield had fulfilled the requirements of his contract—filling the reservoir—but the city council refused to pay the money unless Hatfield would accept liability for damages; there were already claims worth $3.5 million. Besides, there was no written contract. Hatfield tried to settle for $4000 and then sued the council. The suit continued until 1938 when two courts decided that the rain was an act of God, which absolved him of any wrongdoing, but also meant Hatfield did not get his fee. Hatfield's fame only grew and he received more contracts for rainmaking. Among other things, in 1929 he was hired by the Standard Steamship and Fruit Company of New Orleans to stop a fire on a 100,000 acre banana plantation in Honduras Later the Bear Valley Mutual Water Company wanted to fill Big Bear Lake. However, during the Great Depression he had to return to his work as a sewing machine salesman. His wife Mable divorced him in 1931, claiming in the divorce settlement that Hatfield had hidden some of his earnings from her. Charles Hatfield died January 12, 1958, and took his chemical formula with him to his grave in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California. Hatfield claimed at least 500 successes. According to later commentators and those who encountered him, Hatfield's successes were mainly due to his meteorological skill, detailed study of rainfall statistics and innate sense of timing, selecting periods where there was a high probability of rain anyway. A San Diego councilman who studied Hatfield's so-called successes, John L. Bacon, regarded him as nothing more than "a darned good weather prophet." References in popular culture This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Charles Hatfield and the 1916 flooding at Lake Morena is the subject of the song "Hatfield" by the band Widespread Panic. Singer/guitarist John Bell wrote the song after reading the story of the rainmaker in a Farmers' Almanac. The song was released on the album Everyday in 1993. Charles Hatfield and the San Diego flood is credited as the inspiration for the instrumental musical piece "The Rainmaker" from the album Innovators released in 1993 by Sam Cordon and Kurt Bestor. Hatfield's story inspired the 1956 Burt Lancaster film The Rainmaker, based on the play of the same name. Hollywood invited Hatfield to the premiere. The play also became the basis of a Broadway Musical, 110 in the Shade. Charles Hatfield's fictional great-great-granddaughter has taken up his research in T. Jefferson Parker's 2007 novel Storm Runners. Charles Hatfield and the San Diego flood was featured in a 2016 episode of the White Rabbit Project on Netflix. Charles Hatfield and his rainmaking endeavors are mentioned in Chapter One of Mark Arax's 2019 book, "The Dreamt Land." Charles Hatfield and the San Diego flood is the subject of The Wizard of Sun City: The Strange, True Story of Charles Hatfield, The Rainmaker Who Drowned a City's Dreams by Garry Jenkins. See also Cloud seeding References ^ Tanner, Beccy (9 November 2014). "Ad Astra: Kansas 'Rainmaker' linked to one of nation's most historic floods". The Wichita Eagle. Retrieved 4 May 2015. ^ a b c d e The Wizard of Sun City: The Strange, True Story of Charles Hatfield, The Rainmaker Who Drowned a City's Dreams by Garry Jenkins. ^ Klein, Christopher (Dec 12, 2015). "When San Diego Hired a Rainmaker a Century Ago, It Poured". JSTOR Daily. Retrieved Jun 13, 2023. ^ Ramussen, Cecilia (May 6, 2001). "'Cloud Coaxer' Had a Stormy Career in Parched Deserts". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved Jun 13, 2023. ^ a b c Spence, Clark C. (1980). The Rainmakers. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0803241178. ^ Yukon: Placer Mining Industry, 1998-2002 (PDF). Whitehorse, Yukon: Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, Mining Inspection Division, Yukon Region. 2003. pp. 28–29. ISBN 0-662-33838-3. ^ a b c d Vargo, Cecil Page. "The Great Pluviculturist". Explore Historic California. Archived from the original on December 24, 2015. Retrieved December 23, 2015. ^ Tjoa, Mark (27 March 2016). "Exhibit at Chula Vista Heritage Museum Marks Centennial of Historic Flooding". KNSD. San Diego. Retrieved 28 August 2023.Bradley Jr., Willis W. "Guide to the Otay Flood Relief Expedition Records MS 264". MS 264. 1649 El Prado, Suite 3, San Diego, CA: San Diego History Center.McGlashan, H.D.; Ebert, F.C. (1918). Southern California Floods of January, 1916 (PDF) (Report). United States Geological Survey. p. 25. Retrieved 28 August 2023. ^ "'The Rainmaker' House and Weather Station (1916)". Valley Center History Museum. Archived from the original on 2019-06-17. ^ "T. Jefferson Parker". Official Website. Retrieved 12 August 2019. ^ "Mark Arax". Official Website. Retrieved 15 February 2021. Further reading McNearney, Allison (26 December 2020). "Charles Hatfield Made It Rain in San Diego. The Problem Was He Couldn't Make It Stop". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 26 December 2020. External links San Diego History A Rainmaker Meets His Match, Ephrata, Wash., 1920 Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States Other SNAC
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For Charles Eric Hatfeild, the English cricketer, see Eric Hatfeild.Charles Mallory Hatfield (July 15, 1875 – January 12, 1958) was an American \"rainmaker\".","title":"Charles Hatfield"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Scott, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Scott,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kirkusreviews.com-2"},{"link_name":"Glendale, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendale,_California"}],"text":"Hatfield was born in Fort Scott, Kansas, on July 15, 1875.[1] His property speculator father Stephen moved the family to Southern California in 1886, settling firstly in San Diego, where Hatfield Sr built three houses, before establishing a home on a forty acre ranch and olive grove at Gopher Canyon near Bonsall, forty miles north of the city. [2] As an adult, Charles became a salesman for the New Home Sewing Machine Company. 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[2] By 1902 he had created a secret mixture of 23 chemicals in large galvanized evaporating tanks that, he claimed, attracted rain. Hatfield called himself a \"moisture accelerator\".[3]In 1904, promoter Fred Binney began a public relations campaign for Hatfield. A number of Los Angeles ranchers saw his ads in newspapers and promised Hatfield $50 to produce rain.[4] In February, Hatfield and his brother Paul built an evaporating tower at La Crescenta where Hatfield released his mixture into the air. Hatfield's attempt was apparently successful, so the ranchers paid him $100. Contemporary weather bureau reports described the rain as a small part of a storm that was already coming but Hatfield's supporters disregarded this.[5]: 81Hatfield began to receive more job offers. He promised Los Angeles 18 inches (46 cm) of rain, apparently succeeded, and collected a fee of $1000.[5]: 82–84  For this effort, Hatfield had built his tower on the grounds of the Esperanza Sanitarium in Altadena, near Rubio Canyon.In 1906 Hatfield was invited to the Yukon Territory, where he agreed to create rain for the water-dependent mines of the Klondike goldfields. The Klondike contract was for $10,000, but after unsuccessful efforts, Hatfield slipped away, collecting only $1,100 for expenses.[6] This failure did not deter his supporters.In 1915 the San Diego city council, pressured by the San Diego Wide Awake Improvement Club, approached Hatfield to produce rain to fill the Morena Dam reservoir. Hatfield offered to produce rain for free, then charge $1,000 per inch ($393.7 per centimetre) for between forty and fifty inches (1.02 to 1.27 m) and free again over fifty inches (1.27 m). The council voted four to one for a $10,000 fee, payable when the reservoir was filled. A formal agreement was never drawn up, though Hatfield continued based on verbal understanding. Hatfield, with his brother, built a tower beside Lake Morena and was ready early in the New Year.[5]: 91On January 5, 1916, heavy rain began—and grew gradually heavier day by day. Dry riverbeds filled to the point of flooding. Worsening floods destroyed bridges, marooned trains and cut phone cables - not to mention flooding homes and farms. Two dams, Sweetwater Dam and one at Lower Otay Lake, overflowed.[7] Rain stopped on 20 January but resumed two days later. On January 27 Lower Otay Dam broke, increasing the devastation and reportedly causing about 20 deaths (accounts vary on the exact number).[8]Hatfield talked to the press on February 4 and said that the damage was not his fault and that the city should have taken adequate precautions. Hatfield had fulfilled the requirements of his contract—filling the reservoir—but the city council refused to pay the money unless Hatfield would accept liability for damages; there were already claims worth $3.5 million. Besides, there was no written contract. Hatfield tried to settle for $4000 and then sued the council.[7] The suit continued until 1938 when two courts decided that the rain was an act of God, which absolved him of any wrongdoing, but also meant Hatfield did not get his fee.[7]Hatfield's fame only grew and he received more contracts for rainmaking. Among other things, in 1929 he was hired by the Standard Steamship and Fruit Company of New Orleans to stop a fire on a 100,000 acre banana plantation in Honduras[2] Later the Bear Valley Mutual Water Company wanted to fill Big Bear Lake. However, during the Great Depression he had to return to his work as a sewing machine salesman. His wife Mable divorced him in 1931, claiming in the divorce settlement that Hatfield had hidden some of his earnings from her.[2]Charles Hatfield died January 12, 1958, and took his chemical formula with him to his grave in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.Hatfield claimed at least 500 successes.[7] According to later commentators and those who encountered him,[who?] Hatfield's successes were mainly due to his meteorological skill, detailed study of rainfall statistics and innate sense of timing, selecting periods where there was a high probability of rain anyway. A San Diego councilman who studied Hatfield's so-called successes, John L. Bacon, regarded him as nothing more than \"a darned good weather prophet.\"[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Widespread Panic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widespread_Panic"},{"link_name":"Farmers' Almanac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmers%27_Almanac"},{"link_name":"Everyday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyday_(Widespread_Panic_album)"},{"link_name":"Kurt Bestor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Bestor"},{"link_name":"Burt Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burt_Lancaster"},{"link_name":"The Rainmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rainmaker_(1956_film)"},{"link_name":"of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rainmaker_(play)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vcenter-9"},{"link_name":"110 in the Shade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/110_in_the_Shade"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"White Rabbit Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Rabbit_Project_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"The Wizard of Sun City: The Strange, True Story of Charles Hatfield, The Rainmaker Who Drowned a City's Dreams by Garry Jenkins.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/garry-jenkins/the-wizard-of-sun-city/"}],"text":"Charles Hatfield and the 1916 flooding at Lake Morena is the subject of the song \"Hatfield\" by the band Widespread Panic. Singer/guitarist John Bell wrote the song after reading the story of the rainmaker in a Farmers' Almanac. The song was released on the album Everyday in 1993.Charles Hatfield and the San Diego flood is credited as the inspiration for the instrumental musical piece \"The Rainmaker\" from the album Innovators released in 1993 by Sam Cordon and Kurt Bestor.Hatfield's story inspired the 1956 Burt Lancaster film The Rainmaker, based on the play of the same name.[9] Hollywood invited Hatfield to the premiere. The play also became the basis of a Broadway Musical, 110 in the Shade.Charles Hatfield's fictional great-great-granddaughter has taken up his research in T. Jefferson Parker's 2007 novel Storm Runners.[10]Charles Hatfield and the San Diego flood was featured in a 2016 episode of the White Rabbit Project on Netflix.Charles Hatfield and his rainmaking endeavors are mentioned in Chapter One of Mark Arax's [11] 2019 book, \"The Dreamt Land.\"Charles Hatfield and the San Diego flood is the subject of The Wizard of Sun City: The Strange, True Story of Charles Hatfield, The Rainmaker Who Drowned a City's Dreams by Garry Jenkins.","title":"References in popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Charles Hatfield Made It Rain in San Diego. The Problem Was He Couldn't Make It Stop\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thedailybeast.com/charles-hatfield-made-it-rain-in-san-diego-the-problem-was-he-couldnt-make-it-stop?ref=scroll"}],"text":"McNearney, Allison (26 December 2020). \"Charles Hatfield Made It Rain in San Diego. The Problem Was He Couldn't Make It Stop\". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 26 December 2020.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
[{"title":"Cloud seeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_seeding"}]
[{"reference":"Tanner, Beccy (9 November 2014). \"Ad Astra: Kansas 'Rainmaker' linked to one of nation's most historic floods\". The Wichita Eagle. Retrieved 4 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kansas.com/news/local/news-columns-blogs/the-story-of-kansas/article3681496.html","url_text":"\"Ad Astra: Kansas 'Rainmaker' linked to one of nation's most historic floods\""}]},{"reference":"Klein, Christopher (Dec 12, 2015). \"When San Diego Hired a Rainmaker a Century Ago, It Poured\". JSTOR Daily. Retrieved Jun 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://daily.jstor.org/charles-hatfield-rainmaker/","url_text":"\"When San Diego Hired a Rainmaker a Century Ago, It Poured\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_Daily","url_text":"JSTOR Daily"}]},{"reference":"Ramussen, Cecilia (May 6, 2001). \"'Cloud Coaxer' Had a Stormy Career in Parched Deserts\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved Jun 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-may-06-me-60157-story.html","url_text":"\"'Cloud Coaxer' Had a Stormy Career in Parched Deserts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Spence, Clark C. (1980). The Rainmakers. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0803241178.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rainmakersameric0000spen","url_text":"The Rainmakers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0803241178","url_text":"0803241178"}]},{"reference":"Yukon: Placer Mining Industry, 1998-2002 (PDF). Whitehorse, Yukon: Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, Mining Inspection Division, Yukon Region. 2003. pp. 28–29. ISBN 0-662-33838-3.","urls":[{"url":"http://emrlibrary.gov.yk.ca/ygs/yukon_placer_ind/98_02.pdf","url_text":"Yukon: Placer Mining Industry, 1998-2002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-662-33838-3","url_text":"0-662-33838-3"}]},{"reference":"Vargo, Cecil Page. \"The Great Pluviculturist\". Explore Historic California. Archived from the original on December 24, 2015. Retrieved December 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151224103818/http://www.explorehistoricalif.com/hatfield2.htm","url_text":"\"The Great Pluviculturist\""},{"url":"http://www.explorehistoricalif.com/hatfield2.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tjoa, Mark (27 March 2016). \"Exhibit at Chula Vista Heritage Museum Marks Centennial of Historic Flooding\". KNSD. San Diego. Retrieved 28 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/great-flood-of-1916-centennial-exhibit-chula-vista-heritage-museum/119142/#:~:text=in%20dire%20straits.-,On%20Jan.,roads%2C%20bridges%20and%20railroad%20tracks.","url_text":"\"Exhibit at Chula Vista Heritage Museum Marks Centennial of Historic Flooding\""}]},{"reference":"Bradley Jr., Willis W. \"Guide to the Otay Flood Relief Expedition Records MS 264\". MS 264. 1649 El Prado, Suite 3, San Diego, CA: San Diego History Center.","urls":[{"url":"https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c86h4gd7/","url_text":"Guide to the Otay Flood Relief Expedition Records MS 264"}]},{"reference":"McGlashan, H.D.; Ebert, F.C. (1918). Southern California Floods of January, 1916 (PDF) (Report). United States Geological Survey. p. 25. Retrieved 28 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0426/report.pdf","url_text":"Southern California Floods of January, 1916"}]},{"reference":"\"'The Rainmaker' House and Weather Station (1916)\". Valley Center History Museum. Archived from the original on 2019-06-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190617202420/https://www.vchistory.org/historical-sites/the-rainmaker-house/","url_text":"\"'The Rainmaker' House and Weather Station (1916)\""},{"url":"https://www.vchistory.org/historical-sites/the-rainmaker-house/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"T. Jefferson Parker\". Official Website. Retrieved 12 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tjeffersonparker.com/stormrunners.htm","url_text":"\"T. Jefferson Parker\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mark Arax\". Official Website. Retrieved 15 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://mark-arax.com/","url_text":"\"Mark Arax\""}]},{"reference":"McNearney, Allison (26 December 2020). \"Charles Hatfield Made It Rain in San Diego. The Problem Was He Couldn't Make It Stop\". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 26 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedailybeast.com/charles-hatfield-made-it-rain-in-san-diego-the-problem-was-he-couldnt-make-it-stop?ref=scroll","url_text":"\"Charles Hatfield Made It Rain in San Diego. The Problem Was He Couldn't Make It Stop\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manypenny_Agreement
Manypenny Agreement
["1 References"]
Manypenny Agreement Manypenny AgreementPassed byUnited States CongressPassedFebruary 28, 1877SummaryRemoved ownership of the Black Hills from Lakota Sioux Manypenny Agreement is a United States Congressional act passed on February 28, 1877, it officially removed ownership of the Black Hills from the Lakota Sioux and the United States took control of 900,000 acres of the Black Hills. References ^ "Manypenny Agreement". JURIST. ^ Kappler, Charles Joseph (1904). Indian affairs: Laws and treaties. Vol. 1. Govt. Printing Office. pp. 168–172. ^ United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit. (1981). "650 F2d 140 Oglala Sioux Tribe of Pine Ridge Indian Reservation v. United States". OpenJurist.org. p. 140. Retrieved 13 June 2010. ^ United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit. "The OGLALA SIOUX TRIBE OF the PINE RIDGE INDIAN RESERVATION, Appellant, v. HOMESTAKE MINING CO., et al., Appellees". Public.resource.org. Archived from the original on 15 May 2010. Retrieved 13 June 2010. This law-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hills"},{"link_name":"Lakota Sioux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakota_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oj650-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br720-4"}],"text":"Manypenny Agreement is a United States Congressional act passed on February 28, 1877, it officially removed ownership of the Black Hills from the Lakota Sioux and the United States took control of 900,000 acres of the Black Hills.[1][2][3][4]","title":"Manypenny Agreement"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Manypenny Agreement\". JURIST.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jurist.org/thisday/2010/02/congress-ratified-manypenny-agreement.php","url_text":"\"Manypenny Agreement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JURIST","url_text":"JURIST"}]},{"reference":"Kappler, Charles Joseph (1904). Indian affairs: Laws and treaties. Vol. 1. Govt. Printing Office. pp. 168–172.","urls":[]},{"reference":"United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit. (1981). \"650 F2d 140 Oglala Sioux Tribe of Pine Ridge Indian Reservation v. United States\". OpenJurist.org. p. 140. Retrieved 13 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://openjurist.org/650/f2d/140","url_text":"\"650 F2d 140 Oglala Sioux Tribe of Pine Ridge Indian Reservation v. United States\""}]},{"reference":"United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit. \"The OGLALA SIOUX TRIBE OF the PINE RIDGE INDIAN RESERVATION, Appellant, v. HOMESTAKE MINING CO., et al., Appellees\". Public.resource.org. Archived from the original on 15 May 2010. Retrieved 13 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100515101524/http://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/722/722.F2d.1407.82-2101.html","url_text":"\"The OGLALA SIOUX TRIBE OF the PINE RIDGE INDIAN RESERVATION, Appellant, v. HOMESTAKE MINING CO., et al., Appellees\""},{"url":"http://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/722/722.F2d.1407.82-2101.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker_Creek_(New_Hampshire)
Bunker Creek (New Hampshire)
["1 See also","2 References"]
Coordinates: 43°8′0″N 70°53′11″W / 43.13333°N 70.88639°W / 43.13333; -70.88639River in New Hampshire, United StatesBunker CreekShow map of New HampshireShow map of the United StatesLocationCountryUnited StatesStateNew HampshireCountyStraffordTownDurhamPhysical characteristicsSource  • locationDurham • coordinates43°8′31″N 70°53′16″W / 43.14194°N 70.88778°W / 43.14194; -70.88778 • elevation10 ft (3.0 m) MouthOyster River • locationDurham • coordinates43°8′0″N 70°53′11″W / 43.13333°N 70.88639°W / 43.13333; -70.88639 • elevation0 ft (0 m)Length0.7 mi (1.1 km) Bunker Creek is a stream in the town of Durham, Strafford County, New Hampshire, in the United States. It is a tributary of the tidal Oyster River. The stream is 0.7 miles (1.1 km) long. Bunker Creek was named for James Bunker, who built a garrison on the creek in the 1650s. See also New Hampshire portal List of rivers of New Hampshire References ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Bunker Creek (New Hampshire) ^ U.S. Geological Survey. Dover West 7.5-minute topographic map (2012) ^ Thompson, Mary Pickering (1892). Landmarks in Ancient Dover, New Hampshire. Concord Republican Press Association. p. 32. vteRivers of New Hampshire by drainage systemGulf of MaineAtlantic coastal tributaries Blackwater River Browns River Drakes River Hampton River Hampton Falls River Little River Old River Taylor River Merrimack River watershed Baboosic Brook Back River Baker River Bear Brook Beards Brook Beaver Brook Beebe River Big River Black Brook Blackwater River Cockermouth River Cohas Brook Contoocook River East Branch Baker River East Branch Pemigewasset River Fowler River Frazier Brook Gridley River Gunstock River Lane River Little River (Big River) Little River (Merrimack River) Little Massabesic Brook-Sucker Brook Little Suncook River Lost River Mad River Melvin River Merrimack River Merrymeeting River Middle Branch Piscataquog River Moosilauke Brook Nashua River Newfound River Nissitissit River North Branch Contoocook River North Fork East Branch Pemigewasset River Nubanusit Brook Pemigewasset River Pennichuck Brook Piscataquog River Powwow River Purgatory Brook Red Hill River Salmon Brook Shedd Brook Smith River Soucook River Souhegan River South Branch Baker River South Branch Piscataquog River South Branch Souhegan River Spicket River Squam River Stony Brook Suncook River Tioga River Turkey River Warner River West Branch Mad River West Branch Souhegan River West Branch Warner River Winnipesaukee River Merrymeeting Bay(Androscoggin River watershed) Androscoggin River Chickwolnepy Stream Clear Stream Dead River Dead Diamond River East Branch Dead Diamond River Little Dead Diamond River Little Magalloway River Magalloway River Middle Branch Dead Diamond River Middle Branch Little Magalloway River Mollidgewock Brook Moose Brook Moose River Peabody River Rattle River South Branch Little Dead Diamond River Swift Diamond River West Branch Dead Diamond River West Branch Little Dead Diamond River West Branch Little Magalloway River West Branch Magalloway River West Branch Peabody River Wild River Piscataqua River watershed Bean River Bellamy River Berrys River Branch River Bunker Creek Cochecho River Ela River Exeter River Fresh River Isinglass River Jones Brook Lamprey River Little River (Brentwood) Little River (Exeter) Little River (Lamprey River) Mad River North River North Branch River Oyster River Pawtuckaway River Piscassic River Piscataqua River Rattlesnake River Salmon Falls River Squamscott River Winnicut River Saco Bay(Saco River watershed) Bearcamp River Beech River Chocorua River Cold River (Bearcamp River) Cold River Cutler River Dan Hole River Deer River Dry River East Branch Saco River East Branch Whiteface River East Fork East Branch Saco River Ellis River Little Cold River Lovell River Mad River Middle Branch Mad River Mill Brook New River Ossipee River Pequawket Brook Pine River Rocky Branch Saco River Sawyer River Shepards River South River South Branch Mad River Swift River (Bearcamp River) Swift River (Saco River) West Branch Whiteface River Wildcat Brook Wonalancet River Long Island SoundConnecticut River watershed Ammonoosuc River Ashuelot River Blow-me-down Brook The Branch Cold River Connecticut River East Branch Mohawk River Gale River Great Brook Halls Stream Ham Branch Indian River Indian Stream Israel River Johns River Knox River Little River Little Sugar River Mascoma River Millers River Mink Brook Mirey Brook Mohawk River Nash Stream North Branch Gale River North Branch Millers River North Branch Sugar River North Branch Upper Ammonoosuc River Oliverian Brook Otter Brook Partridge Brook Perry Stream Phillips Brook Simms Stream South Branch Ashuelot River South Branch Gale River South Branch Israel River South Branch Sugar River Stocker Brook Sugar River Tarbell Brook Upper Ammonoosuc River West Branch Mohawk River West Branch Upper Ammonoosuc River Wild Ammonoosuc River Zealand River This article related to a river in New Hampshire is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"New Hampshire portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:New_Hampshire"},{"title":"List of rivers of New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_New_Hampshire"}]
[{"reference":"Thompson, Mary Pickering (1892). Landmarks in Ancient Dover, New Hampshire. Concord Republican Press Association. p. 32.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QarkVaNCBvEC&pg=PA32","url_text":"Landmarks in Ancient Dover, New Hampshire"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villiappally
Villiappally
["1 Transportation","2 Demographics","3 Educational institutions","4 See also","5 References"]
Coordinates: 11°37′32″N 75°37′46″E / 11.62556°N 75.62944°E / 11.62556; 75.62944 Village in Kerala, IndiaVilliappallyvillageVilliappallyLocation in Kerala, IndiaShow map of KeralaVilliappallyVilliappally (India)Show map of IndiaCoordinates: 11°37′32″N 75°37′46″E / 11.62556°N 75.62944°E / 11.62556; 75.62944Country IndiaStateKeralaDistrictKozhikodeGovernment • TypePanchayati raj (India) • BodyGram panchayatPopulation (2001) • Total31,763Languages • OfficialMalayalam, EnglishTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)PIN673542Telephone code496253Vehicle registrationKL 18 Villiappally is a census town in Kozhikode district in the Indian state of Kerala. Villiappally is the headquarters of Villiappally Panchayath, which contains two villages, Memunda and Villiappally. There is a Vocational Higher Secondary School in this village.The name "villiyapalli" came from "valiya palli(Big mosque)"in Malayalam language turns to name of the city which was built by late Jawa Ahmmed Haji. Transportation Villiappally village connects to other parts of India through Vatakara city on the west and Kuttiady town on the east. National highway No.66 passes through Vatakara and the northern stretch connects to Mangalore, Goa and Mumbai. The southern stretch connects to Cochin and Trivandrum. The eastern Highway going through Kuttiady connects to Mananthavady, Mysore and Bangalore. The nearest airports are at Kannur and Kozhikode. The nearest railway station is at Vatakara. Demographics As of 2001 Indian census, Villiappally had a population of 31,763. Males constitute 48% of the population and females 52%. Villiappally has an average literacy rate of 81%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 85%, and female literacy is 78%. In Villiappally, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age. Educational institutions Muslim Jama’ath(EMJAY) Vocational Higher Secondary School Govt. Higher Secondary School (GHSS) Chorod Memunda Higher secondary school MES college See also Nadapuram Thottilpalam Perambra Madappally Memunda Iringal Mahe, Pondicherry Payyoli Thikkodi Orkkatteri References ^ "Revenue Portal". ^ "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 16 June 2004. Retrieved 1 November 2008. vteCities and towns in Kozhikode districtKozhikode Atholi Beypore Balussery Calicut Chorode Edacheri Chathamangalam Chathangottunada Cheruvannur Elathur Eramala Feroke Karaparamba Kadalundi Kappad Karuvanthuruthy Koduvally Kunnamangalam Kuttiyadi Maniyur Mavoor Meppayur Mukkam Nadapuram Njeliyanparambu Olavanna Orkkatteri Pantheeramkavu Payyoli Perambra Purameri Quilandy Ramanattukara Thamarassery Thiruvambadi Vatakara Villiappally This article related to a location in Kozhikode district, Kerala, India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_northwest_Europe
German prisoners of war in northwest Europe
["1 Time-line of German surrenders in the West","2 German estimates","3 Western Allies' figures","4 Stalin and the German surrenders in the West","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References"]
Some of the German soldiers who were captured during the Battle of Aachen in October 1944 More than 2.8 million German soldiers surrendered on the Western Front between D-Day (June 6, 1944) and the end of April 1945; 1.3 million between D-Day and March 31, 1945; and 1.5 million of them in the month of April. From early March, these surrenders seriously weakened the Wehrmacht in the West, and made further surrenders more likely, thus having a snowballing effect. On March 27, Dwight D. Eisenhower declared at a press conference that the enemy were a whipped army. In March, the daily rate of POWs taken on the Western Front was 10,000; in the first 14 days of April it rose to 39,000, and in the last 16 days the average peaked at 59,000 soldiers captured each day. The number of prisoners taken in the West in March and April was over 1,800,000, more than double the 800,000 German soldiers who surrendered to the Russians in the last three or four months of the war. One reason for this huge difference, possibly the most important, was that German forces facing the Red Army tended to fight to the end for fear of Soviet captivity whereas German forces facing the Western Allies tended to surrender without putting up much if any resistance. Accordingly, the number of Germans killed and wounded was much higher in the East than in the West. The Western Allies also took 134,000 German soldiers prisoner in North Africa, and at least 220,000 by the end of April 1945 in the Italian campaign. The total haul of German POWs held by the Western Allies by April 30, 1945, in all theatres of war was over 3,150,000, rising in northwest Europe to 7,614,790 after the end of the war. It is worth noting that the allied armies which captured the 2.8 million German soldiers up to April 30, 1945, while Adolf Hitler was still alive and resisting as hard as he could, comprised at their peak 88 divisions, with a peak strength in May 1945 of 2,639,377 in the US and 1,095,744 in the British and Canadian forces. The casualties suffered by the Western Allies in making this contribution to the defeat of the Wehrmacht were relatively light, 164,590–195,576 killed/missing, 537,590 wounded, and 78,680 taken prisoner, a total loss of 780,860 to 811,846 to inflict a loss of 2.8 million prisoners on the German army. The number of dead and wounded on both sides was about equal. This, plus the fact that most surrenders occurred in April 1945, suggests that (unlike on the Eastern Front, where the number of German killed and wounded far exceeded the number of prisoners taken by the Soviets), most German soldiers who surrendered to the Western Allies did so without a fight. For instance, in the battle of the Ruhr Pocket, there were about 10,000 fatalities on the German side (including prisoners of war in German captivity, foreign forced laborers, Volkssturm militia and unarmed civilians), whereas about 317,000 Germans surrendered. "Many a German walked mile after mile before finding an American not too occupied with other duties to bother to accept his surrender." For comparison, in the Battle of Halbe on the Eastern Front from 24 April to 1 May 1945, over 30,000 German soldiers, out of a much smaller number encircled, were killed fighting the Red Army. Time-line of German surrenders in the West After the D-Day landings German surrenders initially came quite slowly. By June 9 only 4,000 prisoners had been taken, increasing to 15,000 by June 18. The total for June was 47,000, dropping to 36,000 in July; 135,000 were taken in the month subsequent to July 25. August's total was 150,000. The total number of prisoners attributed to the Normandy campaign was 200,000. With the successful invasion of the south of France on August 15 and the link-up of the US 7th Army from the south and the US 3rd Army from the north on September 11, all the German troops remaining in central and west France were cut off. As a result, and also including the German troops who surrendered in the hot pursuit to the northern border from Normandy, 344,000 German soldiers reportedly surrendered to the Western Allies in September. If this figure is accurate, it would be one of the largest German losses in a single month of the war so far. To put it in perspective, 41,000 British troops surrendered after Dunkirk, 138,000 British and Indian soldiers surrendered at Singapore, 173,000 UK military became POWs in the entire course of the war, in Europe and the Far East, while the corresponding figure for the US was 130,000 POWs. Up to October 17, 1944, 610,541 German soldiers surrendered on the Western front. Between October 17 and February 5, 1945, this total of German POWs taken in north-west Europe increased to 860,000. 250,000 POWs were captured between October 17 and February 5 at a rate of 65,000 a month. By February 22, a further 40,000 German soldiers had surrendered and the total number from D-Day until the end of February was over 940,000. Prisoner of war compound at Hamburg in May 1945 packed with surrendered German troops. In March 1945, the numbers of German soldiers surrendering accelerated. Eisenhower said they were surrendering at a rate of ten thousand a day but actually approaching 350,000 surrendered in the whole month, bringing the total between D-Day and the end of March 1945 up to 1,300,000. The reason why so many surrendered in March was because Hitler did not allow a fluid response and orderly retreat before the Western Allies’ advance towards the Rhine, so that many German soldiers were trapped in indefensible positions to the west of the Rhine, where they were forced to surrender. Eisenhower referred to the Wehrmacht as a ‘whipped army’ on March 27. In his book Crusade in Europe, Eisenhower wrote ‘We owed much to Hitler’, because he prevented his generals from pulling back the defending forces to the east of the Rhine, probably no later than early January, thus handing the Western Allies 300,000 prisoners on a plate. The loss of these battle-hardened soldiers irretrievably weakened the German armies left to defend the great natural barrier of the Rhine, and the disintegration of the German armies in the West is shown in their more and more rapid rate of surrender as April progressed. In the first five days of April, 146,000 German soldiers were taken prisoner (at a rate of 29,000 a day). In the next nine days, 402,000 prisoners were taken (44,000 a day). Between April 15 and 21, over 450,000 Germans surrendered (over 60,000 a day); in the last ten days of the month over 500,000 waved the white flag (over 50,000 a day). For the month as a whole the average rate of Germans surrendering was 50,000 a day. From D-Day onwards the numbers of German soldiers who surrendered in north-west Europe were as follows: 200,000 in Normandy; 610,000 up to October 17, 1944; 1.3 million up to the end of March 1945 and 2.8 million up to the end of April 1945, when Hitler died. German estimates German POWs Held in Captivity Average during Quarter Held by Western Allies 4th Quarter 1941 6,600 4th Quarter 1942 22,300 4th Quarter 1943 200,000 4th Quarter 1944 730,000 1st Quarter 1945 920,000 2nd Quarter 1945 5,440,000 3rd Quarter 1945 6,672,000 According to Rüdiger Overmans German losses in the Western theater during the war, dead and missing, not including prisoners taken were fewer than 1,000,000 men, c.20% of total losses of 5.3 million. Overmans put the losses in the West from 1939 to 1943 at 95,066 and 244,891 in 1944 However the American military estimated German casualties in the west from D-day to V–E Day probably equaled or slightly exceeded Allied dead and missing, which were 195,000 The Canadian author James Bacque claims in Other Losses that the United States was responsible for the deaths of 800,000 to 1,000,000 German POW. Rüdiger Overmans believes that "on the basis of factual individual data, shown before, the thesis of the Canadian James Bacque cannot be supported." Overmans maintains that POW deaths in the hands of the Western allies were 76,000. Western Allies' figures Date German POWs taken in northwest Europe by month Date German POWs in northwest Europe (total) June 1944 47,000 Normandy campaign 200,000 July 36,000 D-Day to October 17 610,541 August 150,000 D-Day to February 9, 1945 over 900,000 September 344,000 D-Day to March 9 1,007,000 October 66,000 D-Day to March 31 1,300,000 November 109,000 April 1–14 547,173 December 60,000 April 16 97,118 January 1945 50,000 April 1–16 775,573 February 81,000 the Ruhr pocket 316,930 March 340,000 April 1–21 more than 1,000,000 April Over 1,500,000 D-Day to April 16 2,055,575 In total, the number of German soldiers who surrendered to the Western Allies in northwest Europe between D-Day and April 30, 1945, was over 2,800,000 (1,300,000 surrendered up to March 31, 1945, and over 1,500,000 surrendered in the month of April). Stalin and the German surrenders in the West On March 29, 1945, Joseph Stalin said to Marshal Georgy Zhukov with alarm, "The German front on the West has entirely collapsed." While Stalin did not want the Western Allies to fail, he did not want them to succeed in defeating the German armies facing them before he had defeated the German armies in the East. On March 27 the Reuters correspondent wrote that the British and American armies heading for the heart of Germany were encountering no resistance. On the same day Eisenhower referred to the Wehrmacht in the West as a "whipped army".The Times, March 27, reported that 31,000 Germans surrendered on March 24 and 40,000 on March 25. The Daily Telegraph wrote on March 22 that 100,000 German prisoners had been taken since the Moselle was crossed the day before, and on March 30 that 60,000 POWs had been taken in the last two days. Thus between March 21 and 30, 231,000 German soldiers surrendered to the Western armies. On March 31, at a meeting with the American ambassador W. Averell Harriman, Stalin appeared much impressed by the vast number of prisoners the Allies were rounding up in the West, and said, "Certainly this will help finish the war very soon." Stalin's concern over the apparent ease with which the Western Allies were capturing so many German soldiers persuaded him, towards the end of March, to start making his plans for the attack on Berlin on April 16, which led to Hitler's suicide on April 30 and the end of the war in Europe. German casualties in the Battle of Berlin (16 April - 2 May 1945) were about 92,000–100,000 killed, 220,000 wounded and 480,000 captured. For comparison, the available German records mention only 2,959 killed and wounded in the West (677 killed, 2,282 wounded) for the period 1-20.4.1945. While these records are incomplete, they show that the fight in the East was by far much bloodier than the fight in the West towards the end of the war. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prisoners of war from Germany in World War II. German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German casualties in World War II End of World War II in Europe German prisoners of war in the United States German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom Rheinwiesenlager Notes ^ In the last sixteen days of April, (over) 951,827 Germans were captured to make a total of (over) 1,500,000 for the whole of April. ^ Indicative of the huge discrepancy are the Heeresarzt 10-Day Casualty Reports per Theater of War, 1945 . While certainly incomplete (especially for the period 11–20 April 1945), they reflect the ratio between casualties in both theaters in the final months of the war. For the period 1 March 1945-20 April 1945 they recorded 343,321 killed and wounded in the East (62,861 killed, 280,460 wounded) versus 22,598 killed and wounded in the West (5,778 killed, 16,820 wounded), an East vs. West ratio of about 15:1 in killed and wounded. The largest difference was in the period from 1-10.4.1945, for which the Heeresarzt recorded 63,386 killed and wounded in the East (12,510 killed, 50,876 wounded) vs. only 431 in the West (100 killed, 331 wounded), an East vs. West ratio of about 147:1 in killed and wounded. ^ 263,000 Germans killed according to George C Marshall, Biennial reports of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army to the Secretary of War: 1 July 1939–30 June 1945. Washington, DC: Center of Military History, 1996. Page 202. According to MacDonald "exclusive of prisoners of war, all German casualties in the west from D-day to V–E Day probably equaled or slightly exceeded Allied losses". In the related footnote on the same page MacDonald writes the following: "The only specific figures available are from OB WEST for the period 2 June 1941 – 10 April 1945 as follows: Dead, 80,819; wounded, 265,526; missing, 490,624; total, 836,969. (Of the total, 4,548 casualties were incurred prior to D-day.) See Rpts, Der Heeresarzt im Oberkommando des Heeres Gen St d H/Gen Qu, Az.: 1335 c/d (IIb) Nr.: H.A./263/45 g. Kdos. of 14 Apr 45 and 1335 c/d (Ilb) (no date, but before 1945). The former is in OCMH X 313, a photostat of a document contained in German armament folder H 17/207; the latter in folder 0KW/1561 (OKW Wehrmacht Verluste). These figures are for the field army only, and do not include the Luftwaffe and Waffen-SS. Since the Germans seldom remained in control of the battlefield in a position to verify the status of those missing, a considerable percentage of the missing probably were killed. Time lag in reporting probably precludes these figures’ reflecting the heavy losses during the Allied drive to the Rhine in March, and the cut-off date precludes inclusion of the losses in the Ruhr Pocket and in other stages of the fight in central Germany." ^ OB WEST reported the following figures for the period 2 June 1941 – 10 April 1945: Dead, 80,819; wounded, 265,526; missing, 490,624; total, 836,969. The missing probably include a significant percentage who were killed. These figures are only for the field army and due to time lag probably do not include losses during the Allied drive to the Rhine in March 1945. However, the figures would include all casualties, including prisoners of war reported as missing, that the field army incurred in 1944. Moreover there were no Allied operations in September 1944 that could have yielded such large number of prisoners ^ a b "In the first fourteen days of April 548,173 German prisoners were taken." This means that between April 6 and 14 402,173 prisoners were taken. ^ a b Between 1st and 21st April 1945 over 1,000,000 German soldiers surrendered in the West, which means that more than 450,000 surrendered between 15th and 21st April. ^ Between 1st and 20th April less than 1,000,000 German soldiers surrendered, w.e. April 22nd, which means between 21st and 30th April over 500,000 surrendered at a rate of over 50,000 a day. References ^ a b c 2,055,575 German soldiers surrendered between D-Day and April 16, 1945, The Times, April 19 p 4; 755,573 German soldiers surrendered between April 1 and 16, The Times, April 18 p 4, which means that 1,300,002 German soldiers surrendered to the Western Allies between D-Day and the end of March 1945. ^ a b c Marley, David, ed. (1946). The Daily Telegraph Story of the War. Vol. 5: January 1st-September 9th, 1945. London: Hodder & Stoughton. p. 153. The Allied armies in the West captured more than 1,500,000 prisoners during April. ^ a b c The Times, March 28 page 4, headline ‘A WHIPPED ARMY, REVIEW BY SUPREME COMMANDER.’ … ‘Quarter of a million German soldiers have been captured since March 1,’ press release dated March 27. ^ Eisenhower, Dwight D. (1948). Crusade in Europe. William Heinemann. p. 421. ^ a b Marley, David, ed. (1946). The Daily Telegraph Story of the War. Vol. 5: January 1st-September 9th, 1945. London: Hodder & Stoughton. p. 127. In the first fourteen days of April 548,173 German prisoners were taken. ^ Marley, David, ed. (1946). The Daily Telegraph Story of the War. Vol. 5: January 1st-September 9th, 1945. London: Hodder & Stoughton. p. 153. ^ a b c The number of prisoners taken in March was approaching 350,000, SHAEF Weekly Summary No. 54 w.e.April 1st. PART I LAND Section A, ENEMY OPERATIONS. Thus the total for March and April was well over 1,800,000. (over 300,000 plus 1,500,000.) ^ The Times, May 1st 1945 p 4 ^ a b "Heeresarzt 10-Day Casualty Reports per Theater of War, 1945 ". Archived from the original on April 22, 2013. ^ a b The Times, Feb 23rd 1945 p 4 ^ a b Ellis, John (1993). The World War II Databook. Aurum Press. p. 256. ISBN 978-1-85410-254-6. ^ Ellis, John (1993). The World War II Databook. Aurum Press. p. 185. ISBN 978-1-85410-254-6. ^ Pogue, Forrest C. (1989). The United States Army in World War II, The European Theater of Operations: Supreme Command (PDF). Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. pp. 542–543. ^ MacDonald, Charles B. (1993). The Last Offensive: The European Theater of Operations. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. p. 478. Allied casualties from D-day to V–E totaled 766,294. American losses were 586,628, including 135,576 dead. The British, Canadians, French, and other allies in the west lost slightly over 60,000 dead ^ a b c MacDonald, Charles B. (1993). The Last Offensive: The European Theater of Operations. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. p. 478. ^ Wolf Stegemann, Der Ruhrkessel: Ende der Kämpfe im Westen – Verbrechen der Wehrmacht, der SS und Gestapo an der Bevölkerung bis zum letzten Tag ^ MacDonald, Charles B. (1993). The Last Offensive: The European Theater of Operations. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. pp. 370, 372. ^ Beevor, Antony (2007). Berlin, The Downfall. Penguin. p. 337. ^ SHAEF Weekly Intelligence Summary, No.51, w.e. March 11 ^ Marley, David, ed. (1945). The Daily Telegraph Story of the War. Vol. 4: January–December 1944. London: Hodder & Stoughton. p. 104. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p SHAEF Weekly Intelligence Summary, No.51, w.e. March 11 PART I LAND Section H, Miscellaneous 3 Allied Achievements in the West. ^ Eisenhower, Dwight D. (1948). Crusade in Europe. William Heinemann. p. 331. ^ Beevor, Antony (2012). D-Day the Battle for Normandy. Penguin. p. 522. ^ Eisenhower, Dwight D. (1948). Crusade in Europe. William Heinemann. p. 324. ^ Pogue, Forrest C. (1989). The United States Army in World War II, The European Theater of Operations: Supreme Command (PDF). Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. pp. 244–260, 279–318. ^ a b Ellis, John (1993). The World War II Databook. Aurum Press. p. 255. ISBN 978-1-85410-254-6. ^ a b Ellis, John (1993). The World War II Databook. Aurum Press. p. 254. ISBN 978-1-85410-254-6. ^ a b Marley, David, ed. (1945). The Daily Telegraph Story of the War. Vol. 4: January–December 1944. London: Hodder & Stoughton. p. 183. ^ "Gen. Bradley's Command". The Times. February 6, 1945. p. 4. ^ "More than 1,000,000 German Prisoners". The Times. February 23, 1945. p. 4. ^ Eisenhower, Dwight D. (1948). Crusade in Europe. William Heinemann. p. 41. ^ a b Eisenhower, Dwight D. (1948). Crusade in Europe. William Heinemann. p. 431. ^ SHAEF Weekly Intelligence Summary No 55, w.e. April 8th 1945. PART 1 LAND, Section D ENEMY CAPABILITIES. ^ Eisenhower, Dwight D. (1948). Crusade in Europe. William Heinemann. p. 452. ^ SHAEF Weekly Intelligence Summary No 57 ^ Source: R. Overmans, Soldaten hinter Stacheldraht, Ullstein 2002. p272– 273. ^ Overmans, Rüdiger (2004). Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenburg. pp. 265–66. ISBN 3-486-20028-3. ^ Overmans, Rüdiger (2004). Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg (in German). Oldenburg. pp. 286–89. ISBN 3-486-20028-3. ^ Marley, David, ed. (1945). The Daily Telegraph Story of the War. Vol. 4: January–December 1944. London: Hodder & Stoughton. p. 148. ^ The Times, February 23, 1945, p4. 'There are now well over 1,000,000 German prisoners in allied hands. ... Since D-Day over 900.000 have been taken in France,' ^ Marley, David, ed. (1946). The Daily Telegraph Story of the War. Vol. 5: January 1st-September 9th, 1945. London: Hodder & Stoughton. p. 130. This is the final debacle of the Wehrmacht. On Monday the American First Army created a new record by taking 97,118 prisoners in a day. ^ "755,573 Prisoners in 16 Days". The Times. April 18, 1945. p. 4. ^ The Times, April 20, 1945, General Bradley at a Press conference, 'Since we crossed the Rhine we have taken altogether 842,864 prisoners .... 316,930 prisoners were taken in the Ruhr pocket.' ^ "2,055,575 Prisoners Since D Day". The Times. April 19, 1945. p. 4. ^ Beevor, Antony (2007). Berlin, The Downfall. Penguin. p. 145. ^ a b Beevor, Antony (2007). Berlin, The Downfall. Penguin. p. 144. ^ The Times, Mar 27th 1945 p4. ^ Marley, David, ed. (1946). The Daily Telegraph Story of the War. Vol. 5: January 1st-September 9th, 1945. London: Hodder & Stoughton. p. 98. ^ Marley, David, ed. (1946). The Daily Telegraph Story of the War. Vol. 5: January 1st-September 9th, 1945. London: Hodder & Stoughton. p. 110. ^ Beevor, Antony (2007). Berlin, The Downfall. Penguin. pp. 145–146. ^ Beevor, Antony (2007). Berlin, The Downfall. Penguin. p. 147.
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kriegsgefangene_in_Aachen_(1944).jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Aachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aachen"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"D-Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_landings"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DailyTelegraphp153-2"},{"link_name":"Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times_March28-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph127-5"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SHAEF_April_1-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African_Campaign"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TimesFeb23_1945-12"},{"link_name":"Italian campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TimesFeb23_1945-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Databook256-13"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Databook256-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Eastern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Ruhr Pocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr_Pocket"},{"link_name":"Volkssturm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkssturm"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Battle of Halbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Halbe"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Some of the German soldiers who were captured during the Battle of Aachen in October 1944More than 2.8 million German soldiers surrendered on the Western Front between D-Day (June 6, 1944) and the end of April 1945; 1.3 million between D-Day and March 31, 1945;[1] and 1.5 million of them in the month of April.[2] From early March, these surrenders seriously weakened the Wehrmacht in the West, and made further surrenders more likely, thus having a snowballing effect. On March 27, Dwight D. Eisenhower declared at a press conference that the enemy were a whipped army.[3] In March, the daily rate of POWs taken on the Western Front was 10,000;[4] in the first 14 days of April it rose to 39,000,[5] and in the last 16 days the average peaked at 59,000 soldiers captured each day.[a] The number of prisoners taken in the West in March and April was over 1,800,000,[7] more than double the 800,000 German soldiers who surrendered to the Russians in the last three or four months of the war.[8] One reason for this huge difference, possibly the most important, was that German forces facing the Red Army tended to fight to the end for fear of Soviet captivity whereas German forces facing the Western Allies tended to surrender without putting up much if any resistance. Accordingly, the number of Germans killed and wounded was much higher in the East than in the West.[b]The Western Allies also took 134,000 German soldiers prisoner in North Africa,[10] and at least 220,000 by the end of April 1945 in the Italian campaign.[10] The total haul of German POWs held by the Western Allies by April 30, 1945, in all theatres of war was over 3,150,000, rising in northwest Europe to 7,614,790 after the end of the war.[11]It is worth noting that the allied armies which captured the 2.8 million German soldiers up to April 30, 1945, while Adolf Hitler was still alive and resisting as hard as he could, comprised at their peak 88 divisions,[12] with a peak strength in May 1945 of 2,639,377 in the US and 1,095,744 in the British and Canadian forces.[13] The casualties suffered by the Western Allies in making this contribution to the defeat of the Wehrmacht were relatively light, 164,590–195,576 killed/missing, 537,590 wounded, and 78,680 taken prisoner,[11][14] a total loss of 780,860 to 811,846 to inflict a loss of 2.8 million prisoners on the German army. The number of dead and wounded on both sides was about equal.[c] This, plus the fact that most surrenders occurred in April 1945, suggests that (unlike on the Eastern Front, where the number of German killed and wounded far exceeded the number of prisoners taken by the Soviets), most German soldiers who surrendered to the Western Allies did so without a fight. For instance, in the battle of the Ruhr Pocket, there were about 10,000 fatalities on the German side (including prisoners of war in German captivity, foreign forced laborers, Volkssturm militia and unarmed civilians),[16] whereas about 317,000 Germans surrendered. \"Many a German walked mile after mile before finding an American not too occupied with other duties to bother to accept his surrender.\"[17] For comparison, in the Battle of Halbe on the Eastern Front from 24 April to 1 May 1945, over 30,000 German soldiers, out of a much smaller number encircled, were killed fighting the Red Army.[18]","title":"German prisoners of war in northwest Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SHAEFMarch11-24"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SHAEFMarch11-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eisenhowerp331-25"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SHAEFMarch11-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SHAEFMarch11-24"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Dunkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Databook255-30"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Databook255-30"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Databook254-31"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Databook254-31"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DailyTelegraphp183-32"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SHAEFMarch11-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Germany_Under_Allied_Occupation_CL2534.jpg"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SHAEF_April_1-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times_March28-3"},{"link_name":"Crusade in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eisenhower431-36"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eisenhower431-36"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DailyTelegraphp127-38"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eisenhowerp452-40"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DailyTelegraphp153-2"}],"text":"After the D-Day landings German surrenders initially came quite slowly. By June 9 only 4,000 prisoners had been taken,[19] increasing to 15,000 by June 18.[20] The total for June was 47,000,[21] dropping to 36,000 in July;[21] 135,000 were taken in the month subsequent to July 25.[22] August's total was 150,000.[21] The total number of prisoners attributed to the Normandy campaign was 200,000.[23]With the successful invasion of the south of France on August 15 and the link-up of the US 7th Army from the south and the US 3rd Army from the north on September 11,[24] all the German troops remaining in central and west France were cut off. As a result, and also including the German troops who surrendered in the hot pursuit to the northern border from Normandy, 344,000 German soldiers reportedly surrendered to the Western Allies in September.[21] If this figure is accurate,[d] it would be one of the largest German losses in a single month of the war so far. To put it in perspective, 41,000 British troops surrendered after Dunkirk,[26] 138,000 British and Indian soldiers surrendered at Singapore,[26] 173,000 UK military became POWs in the entire course of the war,[27] in Europe and the Far East, while the corresponding figure for the US was 130,000 POWs.[27]Up to October 17, 1944, 610,541 German soldiers surrendered on the Western front.[28] Between October 17 and February 5, 1945, this total of German POWs taken in north-west Europe increased to 860,000.[29] 250,000 POWs were captured between October 17 and February 5 at a rate of 65,000 a month. By February 22, a further 40,000[30] German soldiers had surrendered and the total number from D-Day until the end of February was over 940,000.[21]Prisoner of war compound at Hamburg in May 1945 packed with surrendered German troops.In March 1945, the numbers of German soldiers surrendering accelerated. Eisenhower said they were surrendering at a rate of ten thousand a day[31] but actually approaching 350,000 surrendered in the whole month,[7] bringing the total between D-Day and the end of March 1945 up to 1,300,000.[1] The reason why so many surrendered in March was because Hitler did not allow a fluid response and orderly retreat before the Western Allies’ advance towards the Rhine, so that many German soldiers were trapped in indefensible positions to the west of the Rhine, where they were forced to surrender. Eisenhower referred to the Wehrmacht as a ‘whipped army’ on March 27.[3] In his book Crusade in Europe, Eisenhower wrote ‘We owed much to Hitler’,[32] because he prevented his generals from pulling back the defending forces to the east of the Rhine, probably no later than early January, thus handing the Western Allies 300,000 prisoners on a plate.[32]The loss of these battle-hardened soldiers irretrievably weakened the German armies left to defend the great natural barrier of the Rhine, and the disintegration of the German armies in the West is shown in their more and more rapid rate of surrender as April progressed.In the first five days of April, 146,000 German soldiers were taken prisoner[33] (at a rate of 29,000 a day). In the next nine days, 402,000[e] prisoners were taken (44,000 a day). Between April 15 and 21, over 450,000 Germans surrendered[f] (over 60,000 a day); in the last ten days of the month over 500,000[g] waved the white flag (over 50,000 a day). For the month as a whole the average rate of Germans surrendering was 50,000 a day.[2]From D-Day onwards the numbers of German soldiers who surrendered in north-west Europe were as follows: 200,000 in Normandy; 610,000 up to October 17, 1944; 1.3 million up to the end of March 1945 and 2.8 million up to the end of April 1945, when Hitler died.","title":"Time-line of German surrenders in the West"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Rüdiger Overmans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Overmans"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacDonald_1993_478-17"},{"link_name":"James Bacque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bacque"},{"link_name":"Other Losses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Other_Losses"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"German POWs Held in Captivity[36]According to Rüdiger Overmans German losses in the Western theater during the war, dead and missing, not including prisoners taken were fewer than 1,000,000 men, c.20% of total losses of 5.3 million. Overmans put the losses in the West from 1939 to 1943 at 95,066 and 244,891 in 1944[37] However the American military estimated German casualties in the west from D-day to V–E Day probably equaled or slightly exceeded Allied dead and missing, which were 195,000[15] The Canadian author James Bacque claims in Other Losses that the United States was responsible for the deaths of 800,000 to 1,000,000 German POW. Rüdiger Overmans believes that \"on the basis of factual individual data, shown before, the thesis of the Canadian James Bacque cannot be supported.\" Overmans maintains that POW deaths in the hands of the Western allies were 76,000.[38]","title":"German estimates"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In total, the number of German soldiers who surrendered to the Western Allies in northwest Europe between D-Day and April 30, 1945, was over 2,800,000 (1,300,000 surrendered up to March 31, 1945, and over 1,500,000 surrendered in the month of April).","title":"Western Allies' figures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"Georgy Zhukov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beevor_2007_144-53"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times_March28-3"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"W. Averell Harriman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beevor_2007_144-53"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Battle of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heeresarzt-10"}],"text":"On March 29, 1945, Joseph Stalin said to Marshal Georgy Zhukov with alarm, \"The German front on the West has entirely collapsed.\"[45] While Stalin did not want the Western Allies to fail, he did not want them to succeed in defeating the German armies facing them before he had defeated the German armies in the East. On March 27 the Reuters correspondent wrote that the British and American armies heading for the heart of Germany were encountering no resistance.[46] On the same day Eisenhower referred to the Wehrmacht in the West as a \"whipped army\".[3]The Times, March 27,[47] reported that 31,000 Germans surrendered on March 24 and 40,000 on March 25. The Daily Telegraph wrote on March 22[48] that 100,000 German prisoners had been taken since the Moselle was crossed the day before, and on March 30[49] that 60,000 POWs had been taken in the last two days. Thus between March 21 and 30, 231,000 German soldiers surrendered to the Western armies. On March 31, at a meeting with the American ambassador W. Averell Harriman,[50] Stalin appeared much impressed by the vast number of prisoners the Allies were rounding up in the West, and said, \"Certainly this will help finish the war very soon.\"Stalin's concern over the apparent ease with which the Western Allies were capturing so many German soldiers persuaded him, towards the end of March,[46] to start making his plans for the attack on Berlin on April 16,[51] which led to Hitler's suicide on April 30 and the end of the war in Europe. German casualties in the Battle of Berlin (16 April - 2 May 1945) were about 92,000–100,000 killed, 220,000 wounded and 480,000 captured. For comparison, the available German records mention only 2,959 killed and wounded in the West (677 killed, 2,282 wounded) for the period 1-20.4.1945.[9] While these records are incomplete, they show that the fight in the East was by far much bloodier than the fight in the West towards the end of the war.","title":"Stalin and the German surrenders in the West"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heeresarzt-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"George C Marshall, Biennial reports of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army to the Secretary of War: 1 July 1939–30 June 1945. Washington, DC: Center of Military History, 1996. Page 202.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//history.army.mil/html/books/070/70-57/index.html"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacDonald_1993_478-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacDonald_1993_478-17"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DailyTelegraphp127_38-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DailyTelegraphp127_38-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph127-5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eisenhowerp452_40-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eisenhowerp452_40-1"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"^ In the last sixteen days of April, (over) 951,827 Germans were captured to make a total of (over) 1,500,000 for the whole of April.[6]\n\n^ Indicative of the huge discrepancy are the Heeresarzt 10-Day Casualty Reports per Theater of War, 1945 [BA/MA RH 2/1355, 2/2623, RW 6/557, 6/559].[9] While certainly incomplete (especially for the period 11–20 April 1945), they reflect the ratio between casualties in both theaters in the final months of the war. For the period 1 March 1945-20 April 1945 they recorded 343,321 killed and wounded in the East (62,861 killed, 280,460 wounded) versus 22,598 killed and wounded in the West (5,778 killed, 16,820 wounded), an East vs. West ratio of about 15:1 in killed and wounded. The largest difference was in the period from 1-10.4.1945, for which the Heeresarzt recorded 63,386 killed and wounded in the East (12,510 killed, 50,876 wounded) vs. only 431 in the West (100 killed, 331 wounded), an East vs. West ratio of about 147:1 in killed and wounded.\n\n^ 263,000 Germans killed according to George C Marshall, Biennial reports of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army to the Secretary of War: 1 July 1939–30 June 1945. Washington, DC: Center of Military History, 1996. Page 202. According to MacDonald[15] \"exclusive of prisoners of war, all German casualties in the west from D-day to V–E Day probably equaled or slightly exceeded Allied losses\". In the related footnote on the same page MacDonald writes the following: \"The only specific figures available are from OB WEST for the period 2 June 1941 – 10 April 1945 as follows: Dead, 80,819; wounded, 265,526; missing, 490,624; total, 836,969. (Of the total, 4,548 casualties were incurred prior to D-day.) See Rpts, Der Heeresarzt im Oberkommando des Heeres Gen St d H/Gen Qu, Az.: 1335 c/d (IIb) Nr.: H.A./263/45 g. Kdos. of 14 Apr 45 and 1335 c/d (Ilb) (no date, but before 1945). The former is in OCMH X 313, a photostat of a document contained in German armament folder H 17/207; the latter in folder 0KW/1561 (OKW Wehrmacht Verluste). These figures are for the field army only, and do not include the Luftwaffe and Waffen-SS. Since the Germans seldom remained in control of the battlefield in a position to verify the status of those missing, a considerable percentage of the missing probably were killed. Time lag in reporting probably precludes these figures’ reflecting the heavy losses during the Allied drive to the Rhine in March, and the cut-off date precludes inclusion of the losses in the Ruhr Pocket and in other stages of the fight in central Germany.\"\n\n^ OB WEST reported the following figures for the period 2 June 1941 – 10 April 1945: Dead, 80,819; wounded, 265,526; missing, 490,624; total, 836,969. The missing probably include a significant percentage who were killed. These figures are only for the field army and due to time lag probably do not include losses during the Allied drive to the Rhine in March 1945.[15] However, the figures would include all casualties, including prisoners of war reported as missing, that the field army incurred in 1944. Moreover there were no Allied operations in September 1944 that could have yielded such large number of prisoners [25]\n\n^ a b \"In the first fourteen days of April 548,173 German prisoners were taken.\"[5] This means that between April 6 and 14 402,173 prisoners were taken.\n\n^ a b Between 1st and 21st April 1945 over 1,000,000 German soldiers surrendered in the West,[34] which means that more than 450,000 surrendered between 15th and 21st April.\n\n^ Between 1st and 20th April less than 1,000,000 German soldiers surrendered,[35] w.e. April 22nd, which means between 21st and 30th April over 500,000 surrendered at a rate of over 50,000 a day.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Some of the German soldiers who were captured during the Battle of Aachen in October 1944","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Kriegsgefangene_in_Aachen_%281944%29.jpg/300px-Kriegsgefangene_in_Aachen_%281944%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Prisoner of war compound at Hamburg in May 1945 packed with surrendered German troops.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Germany_Under_Allied_Occupation_CL2534.jpg/220px-Germany_Under_Allied_Occupation_CL2534.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Prisoners of war from Germany in World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Prisoners_of_war_from_Germany_in_World_War_II"},{"title":"German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan"},{"title":"German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union"},{"title":"German casualties in World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_casualties_in_World_War_II"},{"title":"End of World War II in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe"},{"title":"German prisoners of war in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"Rheinwiesenlager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinwiesenlager"}]
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ISBN 978-1-85410-254-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85410-254-6","url_text":"978-1-85410-254-6"}]},{"reference":"Ellis, John (1993). The World War II Databook. Aurum Press. p. 185. ISBN 978-1-85410-254-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85410-254-6","url_text":"978-1-85410-254-6"}]},{"reference":"Pogue, Forrest C. (1989). The United States Army in World War II, The European Theater of Operations: Supreme Command (PDF). Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. pp. 542–543.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forrest_Pogue","url_text":"Pogue, Forrest C."},{"url":"https://history.army.mil/html/books/007/7-1/CMH_Pub_7-1.pdf","url_text":"The United States Army in World War II, The European Theater of Operations: Supreme Command"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.","url_text":"Washington, D.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History","url_text":"United States Army Center of Military History"}]},{"reference":"MacDonald, Charles B. (1993). The Last Offensive: The European Theater of Operations. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. p. 478. Allied casualties from D-day to V–E totaled 766,294. American losses were 586,628, including 135,576 dead. 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Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. pp. 370, 372.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_B._MacDonald","url_text":"MacDonald, Charles B."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/CMHPub791TheLastOffensive","url_text":"The Last Offensive: The European Theater of Operations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.","url_text":"Washington, D.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History","url_text":"United States Army Center of Military History"}]},{"reference":"Beevor, Antony (2007). Berlin, The Downfall. Penguin. p. 337.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Beevor","url_text":"Beevor, Antony"}]},{"reference":"Marley, David, ed. (1945). The Daily Telegraph Story of the War. Vol. 4: January–December 1944. 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February 23, 1945. p. 4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Eisenhower, Dwight D. (1948). Crusade in Europe. William Heinemann. p. 41.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower","url_text":"Eisenhower, Dwight D."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade_in_Europe","url_text":"Crusade in Europe"}]},{"reference":"Eisenhower, Dwight D. (1948). Crusade in Europe. William Heinemann. p. 431.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower","url_text":"Eisenhower, Dwight D."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade_in_Europe","url_text":"Crusade in Europe"}]},{"reference":"Eisenhower, Dwight D. (1948). Crusade in Europe. William Heinemann. p. 452.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower","url_text":"Eisenhower, Dwight D."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade_in_Europe","url_text":"Crusade in Europe"}]},{"reference":"Overmans, Rüdiger (2004). Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitanya_Charitamrta
Chaitanya Charitamrita
["1 Contents","1.1 Adi-lila","1.2 Madhya-lila","1.3 Antya-lila","2 Composition of the Chaitanya Charitamrita","3 Modern publication","4 See also","5 References","6 Bibliography"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Chaitanya Charitamrita" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Biography of Caitanya Mahāprabhu The Chaitanya Charitamrita (Sanskrit: चैतन्यचरितामृत, romanized: Caitanya-caritāmṛta; Bengali: চৈতন্যচরিতামৃত, romanized: Côitônyôcôritamṛtô), composed by Krishnadasa Kaviraja in c. 1557, is written in Bengali with a great number of Sanskrit verses in its devotional, poetic construction, including Shikshashtakam. It is one of the primary biographies detailing the life and teachings of Caitanya Mahāprabhu, the founder of Gaudiya Vaishnavism. The stories of Chaitanya's life are mixed with philosophical conversations detailing the process of Bhakti yoga, with special attention given to congregational chanting of the names of Krishna. Contents Part of a series onVaishnavism Supreme deity Vishnu / Krishna / Rama Important deities Dashavatara Matsya Kurma Varaha Narasimha Vamana Parasurama Rama Balarama Krishna Buddha Kalki Other forms Dhanvantari Guruvayurappan Hayagriva Jagannath Mohini Nara-Narayana Prithu Shrinathji Venkateshvara Vithoba Consorts Lakshmi Bhumi Sita Radha Rukmini Alamelu Related Garuda Hanuman Shesha Shasta Holy scriptures Vedas Upanishads Vaikhanasa Pancharatra Bhagavad Gita Mahabharata Ramayana Harivamsa Divya Prabandha Gita Govinda Puranas Vishnu Bhagavata Naradiya Garuda Padma Agni Sampradayas Sri (Vishishtadvaita) Rudra (Śuddhādvaita) Kumara (Dvaitadvaita) Brahma (Tattvavada or (Dvaita)), Acintyabhedabheda) Others Ekasarana Dharma Mahanubhava Pranami Radha Vallabha Ramsnehi Sant Mat Swaminarayan Vaishnava-Sahajiya Warkari Teachers—acharyas Chaitanya Chakradhara Dadu Dayal Harivansh Jayatirtha Jiva Goswami Jñāneśvara Kabir Madhavdev Madhvacharya Manavala Mamunigal Namadeva Nammalvar Nathamuni Nimbarka Padmanabha Tirtha Pillai Lokacharya Purandara Dasa Raghuttama Tirtha Raghavendra Tirtha Ram Charan Ramananda Ramanuja Ravidas Satyanatha Tirtha Satyabhinava Tirtha Satyabodha Tirtha Satyadharma Tirtha Satyadhyana Tirtha Samarth Ramdas Sankardev Swaminarayan Sripadaraja Tukaram Tulsidas Vallabha Vedanta Desika Vidyapati Vishnuswami Viṭṭhalanātha Vyasatirtha Vadiraja Tirtha Yamunacharya Related traditions Bhagavatism Vaikhanasas Pancharatra Tenkalai Vadakalai Munitraya Krishnaism Jagannathism Haridasa Sahajiya Baul Pushtimarg Gaudiya ISKCON Ramanandi Kapadi Balmiki Kabir panth Dadu panth Mahanam vte The Chaitanya Caritamrta is divided into three sections: Adi-lila (Early pastimes), Madhya-lila (Middle pastimes) and Antya-lila (Final pastimes). Each section refers to a particular phase in Chaitanya Mahaprabhu's life: Adi-lila The Adi-lila explains Chaitanya's unique theological identity (Krishna in the mood of Radharani—a combined avatar), his lineage, his closest childhood companions and their lineage, and his devotional associates. It ends with a brief summary of his life up to his acceptance of sannyasa. In the conversation with Chand Kazi (the Muslim ruler at the time), the word 'hindu' is used repeatedly for the inhabitants of Nabadwip who were not Muslims. Madhya-lila The Madhya-lila details Chaitanya's sannyasa; Madhavendra Puri's life; Chaitanya's philosophical conversation with Sarvabhauma Bhattacharya (Advaitin scholar) promoting bhakti as supreme over the impersonal view; Chaitanya's pilgrimage to South India; the daily and annual activities of Chaitanya and his devotees during the Ratha Yatra festival near Jagannath Temple (Puri, Odisha); their observance of other festivities; and Chaitanya's instructions on the process of Bhakti yoga to both Rupa Goswami and Sanatana Goswami. Antya-lila The Antya-lila describes the devotional plays composed by Rupa Goswami, Chaitanya's interactions with the occasional critics as well as his devotees such as Raghunatha dasa Goswami and Jagadananda Pandita, and Chaitanya's increasing agony of separation from Krishna (viraha or vipralambha bhava). It concludes with the Chaitanya's Shikshashtakam (eight verses of poetic instruction). Composition of the Chaitanya Charitamrita Although the author, Krishnadasa Kaviraja, never met Chaitanya Mahaprabhu personally, his guru, Raghunatha dasa Goswami, was an associate of Chaitanya and was close to others who were intimates of his. In composing his work, Krishnadasa Kaviraja also referred to the Shri Krishna Chaitanya Charanamrita (Śrī-kṛṣṇa-caitanya-caraṇāmṛta) of Murari Gupta and also the works of Svarupa Damodara, both of whom knew Chaitanya. Krishna Dasa Kaviraja composed the Chaitanya Charitamrita in his old age after being requested by the Vaishnavas of Vrindavana to write a hagiography about the life of Chaitanya. Although there was already a biography written by Vrindavana Dasa, called the Chaitanya Bhagavata, the later years of Chaitanya's life were not detailed in that work. Krishna Dasa's Chaitanya Charitamrita covers Chaitanya's later years and also explains in detail the rasa philosophy that Chaitanya and his followers expounded. The Chaitanya Charitamrita also serves as a compendium of Gaudiya Vaishnava practices and outlines the Gaudiya theology developed by the Goswamis in metaphysics, ontology and aesthetics. The Chaitanya Charitamrita was frequently copied and widely circulated amongst the Vaishnava communities of Bengal and Odisha during the early 17th Century. Its popularity during this period can be attributed to the propagation of three Vaishnava preachers—Narottama Dasa, Shyamananda and Srinivasa—who were trained by Jiva Goswami and Krishnadasa Kaviraja himself. Modern publication In 1974, A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada published Śrī Caitanya-caritāmṛta in English as a 17-volume set of books. It contains the original verses, romanized transliterations, word-for-word meanings, translations, and commentaries. His commentaries are based on Bhaktivinoda Thakur's Amrita Pravaha and Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati's Anubhasya commentaries. His publication popularized the Chaitanya Charitamrita outside of India and has been distributed in mass quantities worldwide. See also Bhagavad Gita Bhagavata Purana Chaitanya Bhagavata Gouranga Hare Krishna (mantra) Nityananda Pancha Tattva Six Goswamis of Vrindavan References ^ Caitanya Caritamrta 1.17.174-215 Bibliography Publications Sri Chaitanya-charitamrta (in Bengali), published by Sri Chaitanya Matha. Kolkata, 1992. Printed sources Stewart, Tony K. (2010). The Final Word: The Caitanya Caritāmṛta and the Grammar of Religious Tradition. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-539272-2. Śrī Caitanya-caritāmṛta, translated by A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, Bhaktivedanta Book Trust, LCCN 74193363, Wikidata Q108771289 Web sources Stewart, Tony K. (2012). "Chaitanya Charitamrita". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (in Bengali and English) (2nd ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. vteChaitanya (Gaudiya) SampradayaSampradaya acharyaspre-Chaitanya Kṛṣṇa Brahmā Nārada Vyāsa Madhvācārya Padmanābha Tīrtha Narahari Tīrtha Mādhava Tīrtha Akṣobhya Tīrtha Jaya Tīrtha Vyāsa Tīrtha Mādhavendra Purī Īśvara Purī Pancha-tattva Chaitanya Nityananda Advaita Acharya Gadadhara Pandita Srivasa Thakura Post-Chaitanya Six Goswamis (Rupa, Sanatana, Jiva, Raghunatha dasa, Gopala Bhatta, Raghunatha Bhatta) Baladeva Vidyabhushana Gopalas Haridasa Thakur Krishnadasa Narottama Svarupa Damodara Visvanatha Chakravarti Modern Bhaktivinoda Bijoy Krishna Bon Bhaktisvarupa Damodar Swami Gaurakiṣora Govinda Haridas Shastri Harikesa Swami Jayapataka Swami Kailasa Candra Keshava Krishna Prem Narayana Paramadwaiti Puri Sadananda Sarasvati Satyanarayana Shrivatsa Goswami Sridhar Swami (Prabhupada) Tirtha Vamandas Organizations Gaudiya Math Gaudiya Mission Gaudiya Vedanta Samiti ISKCON ISKCON Revival Movement Science of Identity Foundation Sri Caitanya Prema Samsthana Sri Chaitanya Saraswat Math Sri Sri Radha Govindaji Trust World Vaisnava Association Famous bhaktas Hanuman Arjuna Prahlada Narada Haridasa Writers Vrindavana Dasa Thakura Vyasa Valmiki Avataras of God Matsya Kurma Varaha Narasimha Vamana Parashurama Rama Balarama Krishna Buddha Kalki Dhanvantari Kapila Caitanya Topics Bhakti Supreme Personality of Godhead Sampradaya Parampara Japa Yoga Meditation Hare Krishna Achintya Bheda Abheda Mantras Puja Arati Bhajan Kirtan Sattvic diet Ahimsa Rishis Tilaka Guru Diksha Holy texts Bhagavad Gita Shrimad Bhagavatam Vedas Chaitanya Charitamrita Ramayana Mahabharata Puranas Upanishads Chaitanya Bhagavata Spiritual abodes Goloka Vrindavan Vaikuntha Holy attributes Lotus Sudarshana Chakra Narayanastra Kaumodaki Nandaki Sharangam Shankha Holy days Rama Navami Janmashtami Gaura-purnima Ekadashi Names of Godhead List of titles and names of Krishna List of names of Vishnu Hari Govinda Gopala Vāsudeva Worship Karatalas Mridangam Harmonium Incense of India Om Hindu temple Japamala Comparative study Nastika Advaita Adevism Anti-Hinduism Criticism of Hinduism Persecution of Hindus Asura Hinduism and other religions (Buddhism and Hinduism * Gautama Buddha in Hinduism Jainism and Hinduism Rama in Jainism Hindu–Islamic relations Hinduism and Judaism Hinduism and Sikhism Bahá'í Faith and Hinduism Christianity in India) Reincarnation Karma Diet in Hinduism God in Hinduism Moksha Samsara Vegetarianism Astika Offshoots Jagadguru Kripalu Parishat Mahanam Sampraday Other Jagannatha Narayana Brahman Paramatma Bhagavan Tulasi Devis list Tridevi Radharani Sita Deva Demigods list Trimurti Indian philosophy Dharma Artha Arthashastra Kama Indian idealism Varna Ashrama Swami Goswami Krishnology Hinduism by country Hindu cosmology Hindu units of time Hindu views on evolution Hindu calendar Hindu astrology List of numbers in Hindu scriptures Hinduism portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Bengali"},{"link_name":"Krishnadasa Kaviraja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnadasa_Kaviraja"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"Shikshashtakam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikshashtakam"},{"link_name":"Caitanya Mahāprabhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caitanya_Mah%C4%81prabhu"},{"link_name":"Gaudiya Vaishnavism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism"},{"link_name":"Bhakti yoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti_yoga"}],"text":"Biography of Caitanya MahāprabhuThe Chaitanya Charitamrita (Sanskrit: चैतन्यचरितामृत, romanized: Caitanya-caritāmṛta; Bengali: চৈতন্যচরিতামৃত, romanized: Côitônyôcôritamṛtô), composed by Krishnadasa Kaviraja in c. 1557, is written in Bengali with a great number of Sanskrit verses in its devotional, poetic construction, including Shikshashtakam. It is one of the primary biographies detailing the life and teachings of Caitanya Mahāprabhu, the founder of Gaudiya Vaishnavism. The stories of Chaitanya's life are mixed with philosophical conversations detailing the process of Bhakti yoga, with special attention given to congregational chanting of the names of Krishna.","title":"Chaitanya Charitamrita"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chaitanya Mahaprabhu's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu"}],"text":"The Chaitanya Caritamrta is divided into three sections: Adi-lila (Early pastimes), Madhya-lila (Middle pastimes) and Antya-lila (Final pastimes). Each section refers to a particular phase in Chaitanya Mahaprabhu's life:","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna"},{"link_name":"Radharani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha"},{"link_name":"avatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar"},{"link_name":"lineage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru%E2%80%93shishya_tradition"},{"link_name":"sannyasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sannyasa"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu"},{"link_name":"Nabadwip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabadwip"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Adi-lila","text":"The Adi-lila explains Chaitanya's unique theological identity (Krishna in the mood of Radharani—a combined avatar), his lineage, his closest childhood companions and their lineage, and his devotional associates. It ends with a brief summary of his life up to his acceptance of sannyasa.In the conversation with Chand Kazi (the Muslim ruler at the time), the word 'hindu' is used repeatedly for the inhabitants of Nabadwip who were not Muslims.[1]","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sannyasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sannyasa"},{"link_name":"Madhavendra Puri's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhavendra_Puri"},{"link_name":"Sarvabhauma Bhattacharya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvabhauma_Bhattacharya"},{"link_name":"Advaitin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita"},{"link_name":"bhakti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti"},{"link_name":"South India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_India"},{"link_name":"Ratha Yatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratha_Yatra"},{"link_name":"Jagannath Temple (Puri, Odisha)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Puri"},{"link_name":"Bhakti yoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti_yoga"},{"link_name":"Rupa Goswami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupa_Goswami"},{"link_name":"Sanatana Goswami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanatana_Goswami"}],"sub_title":"Madhya-lila","text":"The Madhya-lila details Chaitanya's sannyasa; Madhavendra Puri's life; Chaitanya's philosophical conversation with Sarvabhauma Bhattacharya (Advaitin scholar) promoting bhakti as supreme over the impersonal view; Chaitanya's pilgrimage to South India; the daily and annual activities of Chaitanya and his devotees during the Ratha Yatra festival near Jagannath Temple (Puri, Odisha); their observance of other festivities; and Chaitanya's instructions on the process of Bhakti yoga to both Rupa Goswami and Sanatana Goswami.","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rupa Goswami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupa_Goswami"},{"link_name":"Raghunatha dasa Goswami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghunatha_dasa_Goswami"},{"link_name":"Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna"},{"link_name":"bhava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhava"},{"link_name":"Shikshashtakam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikshashtakam"}],"sub_title":"Antya-lila","text":"The Antya-lila describes the devotional plays composed by Rupa Goswami, Chaitanya's interactions with the occasional critics as well as his devotees such as Raghunatha dasa Goswami and Jagadananda Pandita, and Chaitanya's increasing agony of separation from Krishna (viraha or vipralambha bhava). It concludes with the Chaitanya's Shikshashtakam (eight verses of poetic instruction).","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Krishnadasa Kaviraja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnadasa_Kaviraja"},{"link_name":"Chaitanya Mahaprabhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu"},{"link_name":"Raghunatha dasa Goswami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghunatha_dasa_Goswami"},{"link_name":"Murari Gupta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murari_Gupta"},{"link_name":"Svarupa Damodara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svarupa_Damodara"},{"link_name":"Vrindavana Dasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrindavana_Dasa"},{"link_name":"Chaitanya Bhagavata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitanya_Bhagavata"},{"link_name":"Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha"},{"link_name":"Narottama Dasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narottama_Dasa"},{"link_name":"Jiva Goswami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiva_Goswami"}],"text":"Although the author, Krishnadasa Kaviraja, never met Chaitanya Mahaprabhu personally, his guru, Raghunatha dasa Goswami, was an associate of Chaitanya and was close to others who were intimates of his. In composing his work, Krishnadasa Kaviraja also referred to the Shri Krishna Chaitanya Charanamrita (Śrī-kṛṣṇa-caitanya-caraṇāmṛta) of Murari Gupta and also the works of Svarupa Damodara, both of whom knew Chaitanya.Krishna Dasa Kaviraja composed the Chaitanya Charitamrita in his old age after being requested by the Vaishnavas of Vrindavana to write a hagiography about the life of Chaitanya. Although there was already a biography written by Vrindavana Dasa, called the Chaitanya Bhagavata, the later years of Chaitanya's life were not detailed in that work. Krishna Dasa's Chaitanya Charitamrita covers Chaitanya's later years and also explains in detail the rasa philosophy that Chaitanya and his followers expounded. The Chaitanya Charitamrita also serves as a compendium of Gaudiya Vaishnava practices and outlines the Gaudiya theology developed by the Goswamis in metaphysics, ontology and aesthetics.The Chaitanya Charitamrita was frequently copied and widely circulated amongst the Vaishnava communities of Bengal and Odisha during the early 17th Century. Its popularity during this period can be attributed to the propagation of three Vaishnava preachers—Narottama Dasa, Shyamananda and Srinivasa—who were trained by Jiva Goswami and Krishnadasa Kaviraja himself.","title":"Composition of the Chaitanya Charitamrita"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada"},{"link_name":"Bhaktivinoda Thakur's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur"},{"link_name":"Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In 1974, A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada published Śrī Caitanya-caritāmṛta in English as a 17-volume set of books. It contains the original verses, romanized transliterations, word-for-word meanings, translations, and commentaries. His commentaries are based on Bhaktivinoda Thakur's Amrita Pravaha and Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati's Anubhasya commentaries. His publication popularized the Chaitanya Charitamrita outside of India and has been distributed in mass quantities worldwide.[citation needed]","title":"Modern publication"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Final Word: The Caitanya Caritāmṛta and the Grammar of Religious Tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=HzVX7Hoe_AkC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-539272-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539272-2"},{"link_name":"Śrī Caitanya-caritāmṛta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//vedabase.io/library/cc"},{"link_name":"A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada"},{"link_name":"Bhaktivedanta Book Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaktivedanta_Book_Trust"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"74193363","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lccn.loc.gov/74193363"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"Q108771289","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108771289"},{"link_name":"\"Chaitanya Charitamrita\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chaitanya_Charitamrita"},{"link_name":"Islam, Sirajul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirajul_Islam"},{"link_name":"Banglapedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglapedia"},{"link_name":"Asiatic Society of Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Chaitanya_sampradaya"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Chaitanya_sampradaya"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chaitanya_sampradaya"},{"link_name":"Chaitanya (Gaudiya) Sampradaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism"},{"link_name":"Sampradaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya"},{"link_name":"acharyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acharya"},{"link_name":"Chaitanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu"},{"link_name":"Kṛṣṇa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna"},{"link_name":"Brahmā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma"},{"link_name":"Nārada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narada"},{"link_name":"Vyāsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyasa"},{"link_name":"Madhvācārya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhvacharya"},{"link_name":"Padmanābha Tīrtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmanabha_Tirtha"},{"link_name":"Narahari Tīrtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naraharitirtha"},{"link_name":"Mādhava Tīrtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhava_Tirtha"},{"link_name":"Akṣobhya Tīrtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akshobhya_Tirtha"},{"link_name":"Jaya Tīrtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayatirtha"},{"link_name":"Vyāsa Tīrtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyasatirtha"},{"link_name":"Mādhavendra Purī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhavendra_Puri"},{"link_name":"Īśvara Purī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isvara_Puri"},{"link_name":"Pancha-tattva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancha_Tattva_(Vaishnavism)"},{"link_name":"Chaitanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu"},{"link_name":"Nityananda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nityananda"},{"link_name":"Advaita Acharya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Acharya"},{"link_name":"Gadadhara Pandita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadadhara_Pandita"},{"link_name":"Srivasa Thakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivasa_Thakura"},{"link_name":"Six Goswamis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Goswamis_of_Vrindavana"},{"link_name":"Rupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupa_Goswami"},{"link_name":"Sanatana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanatana_Goswami"},{"link_name":"Jiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiva_Goswami"},{"link_name":"Raghunatha dasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghunatha_dasa_Goswami"},{"link_name":"Gopala Bhatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopala_Bhatta_Goswami"},{"link_name":"Raghunatha Bhatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghunatha_Bhatta_Goswami"},{"link_name":"Baladeva Vidyabhushana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baladeva_Vidyabhushana"},{"link_name":"Gopalas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopalas"},{"link_name":"Haridasa Thakur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur"},{"link_name":"Krishnadasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnadasa_Kaviraja"},{"link_name":"Narottama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narottama_Dasa"},{"link_name":"Svarupa Damodara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svarupa_Damodara"},{"link_name":"Visvanatha Chakravarti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visvanatha_Chakravarti"},{"link_name":"Bhaktivinoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur"},{"link_name":"Bijoy Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijoy_Krishna_Goswami"},{"link_name":"Bon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti_Hridaya_Bon"},{"link_name":"Bhaktisvarupa Damodar Swami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaktisvarupa_Damodar_Swami"},{"link_name":"Gaurakiṣora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaura_Kisora_dasa_Babaji"},{"link_name":"Govinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8"},{"link_name":"Haridas Shastri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haridas_Shastri"},{"link_name":"Harikesa Swami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harikesa_Swami"},{"link_name":"Jayapataka Swami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayapataka_Swami"},{"link_name":"Kailasa Candra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kailasa_Candra_Dasa"},{"link_name":"Keshava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti_Prajnan_Keshava"},{"link_name":"Krishna Prem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Prem"},{"link_name":"Narayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srila_Narayana_Maharaja"},{"link_name":"Paramadwaiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramadvaiti_Swami"},{"link_name":"Puri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8"},{"link_name":"Sadananda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadananda_Das"},{"link_name":"Sarasvati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati_Thakura"},{"link_name":"Satyanarayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyanarayana_Dasa"},{"link_name":"Shrivatsa Goswami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrivatsa_Goswami"},{"link_name":"Sridhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti_Rakshak_Sridhar"},{"link_name":"Swami (Prabhupada)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada"},{"link_name":"Tirtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti_Ballabh_Tirtha"},{"link_name":"Vamandas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Eidlitz"},{"link_name":"Gaudiya Math","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudiya_Math"},{"link_name":"Gaudiya Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudiya_Mission"},{"link_name":"Gaudiya Vedanta Samiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Devananda_Gaudiya_Math"},{"link_name":"ISKCON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISKCON"},{"link_name":"ISKCON Revival Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISKCON_Revival_Movement"},{"link_name":"Science of Identity Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_of_Identity_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Sri Caitanya Prema Samsthana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Caitanya_Prema_Samsthana"},{"link_name":"Sri Chaitanya Saraswat Math","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti_Rakshak_Sridhar#Sri_Chaitanya_Saraswat_Math"},{"link_name":"Sri Sri Radha Govindaji Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti_Hridaya_Bon#Sri_Sri_Radha_Govindaji_Trust"},{"link_name":"World Vaisnava Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Vaisnava_Association"},{"link_name":"Hanuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuman"},{"link_name":"Arjuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjuna"},{"link_name":"Prahlada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prahlada"},{"link_name":"Narada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narada"},{"link_name":"Haridasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haridasa"},{"link_name":"Vrindavana Dasa Thakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrindavana_Dasa_Thakura"},{"link_name":"Vyasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyasa"},{"link_name":"Valmiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valmiki"},{"link_name":"Avataras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatara"},{"link_name":"Matsya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsya"},{"link_name":"Kurma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurma"},{"link_name":"Varaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varaha"},{"link_name":"Narasimha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narasimha"},{"link_name":"Vamana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vamana"},{"link_name":"Parashurama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parashurama"},{"link_name":"Rama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama"},{"link_name":"Balarama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balarama"},{"link_name":"Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna"},{"link_name":"Buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha"},{"link_name":"Kalki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalki"},{"link_name":"Dhanvantari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhanvantari"},{"link_name":"Kapila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapila"},{"link_name":"Caitanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu"},{"link_name":"Bhakti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti"},{"link_name":"Supreme 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Bhagavatam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimad_Bhagavatam"},{"link_name":"Vedas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedas"},{"link_name":"Chaitanya Charitamrita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Ramayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana"},{"link_name":"Mahabharata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata"},{"link_name":"Puranas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranas"},{"link_name":"Upanishads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishads"},{"link_name":"Chaitanya Bhagavata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitanya_Bhagavata"},{"link_name":"Goloka Vrindavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goloka"},{"link_name":"Vaikuntha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaikuntha"},{"link_name":"Lotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_(attribute)"},{"link_name":"Sudarshana Chakra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudarshana_Chakra"},{"link_name":"Narayanastra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayanastra"},{"link_name":"Kaumodaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaumodaki"},{"link_name":"Sharangam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharanga_(Hindu_mythology)"},{"link_name":"Shankha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankha"},{"link_name":"Rama Navami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_Navami"},{"link_name":"Janmashtami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janmashtami"},{"link_name":"Gaura-purnima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaura-purnima"},{"link_name":"Ekadashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekadashi"},{"link_name":"Names of Godhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Names_of_God_in_Hinduism"},{"link_name":"List of titles and names of Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_titles_and_names_of_Krishna"},{"link_name":"List of names of Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_names_of_Vishnu"},{"link_name":"Hari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari"},{"link_name":"Govinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govinda"},{"link_name":"Gopala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopala-Krishna"},{"link_name":"Vāsudeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva"},{"link_name":"Karatalas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karatalas"},{"link_name":"Mridangam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mridangam"},{"link_name":"Harmonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonium"},{"link_name":"Incense of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incense_of_India"},{"link_name":"Om","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om"},{"link_name":"Hindu temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_temple"},{"link_name":"Japamala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japamala"},{"link_name":"Nastika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastika"},{"link_name":"Advaita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta"},{"link_name":"Adevism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adevism"},{"link_name":"Anti-Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Criticism of Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Persecution of Hindus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus"},{"link_name":"Asura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asura_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"Buddhism and Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Gautama Buddha in Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Jainism and Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Rama in Jainism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_in_Jainism"},{"link_name":"Hindu–Islamic relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations"},{"link_name":"Hinduism and Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Hinduism and Sikhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism"},{"link_name":"Bahá'í Faith and Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Christianity in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_India"},{"link_name":"Reincarnation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reincarnation"},{"link_name":"Karma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma"},{"link_name":"Diet in Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism"},{"link_name":"God in Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Moksha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moksha"},{"link_name":"Samsara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara"},{"link_name":"Vegetarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism"},{"link_name":"Astika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astika"},{"link_name":"Jagadguru Kripalu Parishat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadguru_Kripalu_Parishat"},{"link_name":"Mahanam Sampraday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahanam_Sampraday"},{"link_name":"Jagannatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagannatha"},{"link_name":"Narayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayana"},{"link_name":"Brahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahman"},{"link_name":"Paramatma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramatma"},{"link_name":"Bhagavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavan"},{"link_name":"Tulasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulasi"},{"link_name":"Devis list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses"},{"link_name":"Tridevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridevi"},{"link_name":"Radharani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radharani"},{"link_name":"Sita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sita"},{"link_name":"Deva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"Demigods list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods"},{"link_name":"Trimurti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimurti"},{"link_name":"Indian philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Dharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma"},{"link_name":"Artha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artha"},{"link_name":"Arthashastra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthashastra"},{"link_name":"Kama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama"},{"link_name":"Indian idealism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_idealism"},{"link_name":"Varna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"Ashrama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)"},{"link_name":"Swami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami"},{"link_name":"Goswami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosains"},{"link_name":"Krishnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnology"},{"link_name":"Hinduism by country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_by_country"},{"link_name":"Hindu cosmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_cosmology"},{"link_name":"Hindu units of time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time"},{"link_name":"Hindu views on evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_views_on_evolution"},{"link_name":"Hindu calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_calendar"},{"link_name":"Hindu astrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_astrology"},{"link_name":"List of numbers in Hindu scriptures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_numbers_in_Hindu_scriptures"},{"link_name":"Hinduism portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Hinduism"}],"text":"PublicationsSri Chaitanya-charitamrta (in Bengali), published by Sri Chaitanya Matha. Kolkata, 1992.Printed sourcesStewart, Tony K. (2010). The Final Word: The Caitanya Caritāmṛta and the Grammar of Religious Tradition. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-539272-2.Śrī Caitanya-caritāmṛta, translated by A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, Bhaktivedanta Book Trust, LCCN 74193363, Wikidata Q108771289Web sourcesStewart, Tony K. (2012). \"Chaitanya Charitamrita\". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (in Bengali and English) (2nd ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.vteChaitanya (Gaudiya) SampradayaSampradaya acharyaspre-Chaitanya\nKṛṣṇa\nBrahmā\nNārada\nVyāsa\nMadhvācārya\nPadmanābha Tīrtha\nNarahari Tīrtha\nMādhava Tīrtha\nAkṣobhya Tīrtha\nJaya Tīrtha\nVyāsa Tīrtha\nMādhavendra Purī\nĪśvara Purī\nPancha-tattva\nChaitanya\nNityananda\nAdvaita Acharya\nGadadhara Pandita\nSrivasa Thakura\nPost-Chaitanya\nSix Goswamis (Rupa, Sanatana, Jiva, Raghunatha dasa, Gopala Bhatta, Raghunatha Bhatta)\nBaladeva Vidyabhushana\nGopalas\nHaridasa Thakur\nKrishnadasa\nNarottama\nSvarupa Damodara\nVisvanatha Chakravarti\nModern\nBhaktivinoda\nBijoy Krishna\nBon\nBhaktisvarupa Damodar Swami\nGaurakiṣora\nGovinda\nHaridas Shastri\nHarikesa Swami\nJayapataka Swami\nKailasa Candra\nKeshava\nKrishna Prem\nNarayana\nParamadwaiti\nPuri\nSadananda\nSarasvati\nSatyanarayana\nShrivatsa Goswami\nSridhar\nSwami (Prabhupada)\nTirtha\nVamandas\nOrganizations\nGaudiya Math\nGaudiya Mission\nGaudiya Vedanta Samiti\nISKCON\nISKCON Revival Movement\nScience of Identity Foundation\nSri Caitanya Prema Samsthana\nSri Chaitanya Saraswat Math\nSri Sri Radha Govindaji Trust\nWorld Vaisnava Association\nFamous bhaktas\nHanuman\nArjuna\nPrahlada\nNarada\nHaridasa\nWriters\nVrindavana Dasa Thakura\nVyasa\nValmiki\nAvataras of God\nMatsya\nKurma\nVaraha\nNarasimha\nVamana\nParashurama\nRama\nBalarama\nKrishna\nBuddha\nKalki\nDhanvantari\nKapila\nCaitanya\nTopics\nBhakti\nSupreme Personality of Godhead\nSampradaya\nParampara\nJapa\nYoga\nMeditation\nHare Krishna\nAchintya Bheda Abheda\nMantras\nPuja\nArati\nBhajan\nKirtan\nSattvic diet\nAhimsa\nRishis\nTilaka\nGuru\nDiksha\nHoly texts\nBhagavad Gita\nShrimad Bhagavatam\nVedas\nChaitanya Charitamrita\nRamayana\nMahabharata\nPuranas\nUpanishads\nChaitanya Bhagavata\nSpiritual abodes\nGoloka Vrindavan\nVaikuntha\nHoly attributes\nLotus\nSudarshana Chakra\nNarayanastra\nKaumodaki\nNandaki\nSharangam\nShankha\nHoly days\nRama Navami\nJanmashtami\nGaura-purnima\nEkadashi\nNames of Godhead\nList of titles and names of Krishna\nList of names of Vishnu\nHari\nGovinda\nGopala\nVāsudeva\nWorship\nKaratalas\nMridangam\nHarmonium\nIncense of India\nOm\nHindu temple\nJapamala\nComparative study\nNastika\nAdvaita\nAdevism\nAnti-Hinduism\nCriticism of Hinduism\nPersecution of Hindus\nAsura\nHinduism and other religions (Buddhism and Hinduism * Gautama Buddha in Hinduism\nJainism and Hinduism\nRama in Jainism\nHindu–Islamic relations\nHinduism and Judaism\nHinduism and Sikhism\nBahá'í Faith and Hinduism\nChristianity in India)\nReincarnation\nKarma\nDiet in Hinduism\nGod in Hinduism\nMoksha\nSamsara\nVegetarianism\nAstika\nOffshoots\nJagadguru Kripalu Parishat\nMahanam Sampraday\nOther\nJagannatha\nNarayana\nBrahman\nParamatma\nBhagavan\nTulasi\nDevis list\nTridevi\nRadharani\nSita\nDeva\nDemigods list\nTrimurti\nIndian philosophy\nDharma\nArtha\nArthashastra\nKama\nIndian idealism\nVarna\nAshrama\nSwami\nGoswami\nKrishnology\nHinduism by country\nHindu cosmology\nHindu units of time\nHindu views on evolution\nHindu calendar\nHindu astrology\nList of numbers in Hindu scriptures\nHinduism portal","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
[{"title":"Bhagavad Gita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita"},{"title":"Bhagavata Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana"},{"title":"Chaitanya Bhagavata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitanya_Bhagavata"},{"title":"Gouranga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouranga"},{"title":"Hare Krishna (mantra)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hare_Krishna_(mantra)"},{"title":"Nityananda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nityananda"},{"title":"Pancha Tattva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancha_Tattva_(Vaishnavism)"},{"title":"Six Goswamis of Vrindavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Goswamis_of_Vrindavan"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_ballot
Provisional ballot
["1 History","2 Potential problems","3 Rates of acceptance","4 References","5 External links"]
Ballot cast requiring further verification of voter's eligibility Part of the Politics seriesVoting Balloting Ballots Absentee ballot Provisional ballot Sample ballot Candidates and Ballot measures Write-in candidate Electorate Slate Ticket Collection Ballot box Compulsory voting Early voting Electronic voting Open ballot Polling place Postal voting Precinct Vote center Voting booth Counting Popular vote Tally Voting machine Electoral systems Plurality and majoritarian systems First-past-the-post voting Two-round system Instant-runoff voting Plurality-at-large voting General ticket Usual judgment Proportional and semi-proportional systems Single non-transferable vote Cumulative voting Binomial system Party-list Single transferable voting Spare vote Mixed-member systems Mixed-member proportional Additional member system Mixed single vote (positive vote transfer) Scorporo (negative vote transfer) Mixed ballot transferable vote Alternative Vote Plus Dual-member proportional Rural–urban proportional Majority bonus system Parallel voting (Mixed member majoritarian) Voting strategies Issue voting Fusion voting Split-ticket voting Straight-ticket voting Tactical voting Vote pairing Protest votes Abstention Donkey vote Election boycott None of the above Refused ballot Spoilt vote Voting patterns and effects Coattail effect Likely voter Paradox of voting Passive electioneering Vote splitting Political apathy Voter fatigue Voter turnout Protest votes Electoral fraud Ballot harvesting Ballot stuffing Felony disenfranchisement Vote buying Voter suppression Voter caging Prevention Election ink Secret ballot Voter registration Politics portalvte A Californian voter fills out a provisional ballot form while voting in the 2004 United States presidential election In elections in the United States, a provisional ballot (called an affidavit ballot in New York) is used to record a vote when there are questions about a given voter's eligibility that must be resolved before the vote can count. The federal Help America Vote Act of 2002 guarantees that, in most states, the voter can cast a provisional ballot if the voter states that they are entitled to vote. Some of the most common reasons to cast a provisional ballot include: The voter's name does not appear on the electoral roll for the given precinct (polling place), because the voter is not registered to vote or is registered to vote elsewhere The voter's eligibility cannot be established or has been challenged The voter lacks a photo identification document (in jurisdictions that require one) The voter requested to vote by absentee ballot but claims to have not received, or not cast, the absentee ballot The voter's registration contains inaccurate or outdated information such as the wrong address or a misspelled name In a closed primary (limited to members of a political party), the voter's party registration is listed incorrectly Whether a provisional ballot is counted is contingent upon the verification of that voter's eligibility, which may involve local election officials reviewing government records or asking the voter for more information, such as a photo identification not presented at the polling place or proof of residence. Each state may set its own timing rules for when these issues must be resolved. Provisional ballots therefore cannot usually be counted until after the day of the election. History The right of political parties to have observers at polling places is long-standing. One of the established roles for such observers is to act as challengers, in the event that someone attempts to vote at the polling place who is not eligible to vote. Before the implementation of provisional ballots, some state laws allowed a voter whose eligibility was challenged to cast a challenged ballot. After the polls closed, the canvassing board was then charged with examining the challenged ballots and determining whether the challenge was to be upheld or not. The Help America Vote Act brings a degree of uniformity to the array of various challenged ballot rules enacted by various states. For example, each state must provide a means for the voter to find out whether his or her ballot was counted, though the states may use different ways of doing so (such as a website or a phone number). Though the Act mandates the use of provisional ballots nationwide, it exempted the six states that had been exempted from the National Voter Registration Act of 1993 because those states had and continue to have either "same-day" voter registration or no registration requirement at all: Idaho, Minnesota, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. However, those states may choose to use provisional ballots. As of 2015, North Dakota, Wisconsin, and Wyoming used them for some purposes, while the other three did not have provisional ballots at all. Potential problems In the 2018 midterm elections, both valid and invalid provisional ballots were mixed together in Florida after the initial vote count, which provided no way to be separated for the recount. Computer scientist and election official Douglas W. Jones has criticized the offer of a provisional ballot as "a way to brush off troublesome voters by letting them think they have voted." He expressed the concern that, under some states' laws, casting a provisional ballot at the wrong precinct would disenfranchise voters who could have cast valid ballots had they been redirected to the proper precinct. Academic research has suggested that provisional ballots tend to lean more toward the Democratic Party than the electorate as a whole, and that this contributes to a phenomenon, first identified by Edward Foley known as "blue shift," under which Democrats increase their share of the vote as more ballots are counted. This can potentially result in a different outcome from the one indicated by the initial count on the night of the election. Some experts on voting have suggested that this shift could be misunderstood and lead to erroneous claims of electoral fraud or corruption. Rates of acceptance According to the Election Assistance Commission thousands of provisional ballots are not counted each election. The 2004 US Presidential Election was the first presidential election conducted under the Help America Vote Act's provisions. Nationwide, at least 1.9 million provisional ballots were cast, and 676,000 were never counted due to various states' rules on counting provisional ballots. Studies of the use of provisional ballots in the 2006 general election in the United States show that around 21% of provisional ballots were rejected. About 44% of these were cast by voters who were not registered, but many other rejections were for reasons that were "preventable," such as an incorrect precinct or missing signature. The rates of rejection vary widely across the states, with some states counting all or nearly all provisional ballots while others reject more than half. References ^ a b c d e f g h National Conference of State Legislatures. "Provisional Ballots". www.ncsl.org. Retrieved 2018-06-26. ^ Title XIV, Chapter 5, Sec. 4922, The Election Laws of the State of Ohio, Ohio Secretary of State, 1920. ^ Election Day "Challengers" Archived 2008-11-06 at the Wayback Machine, Minnesota Secretary of State, June 2008. ^ "The National Voter Registration Act Of 1993 (NVRA) | CRT | Department of Justice". www.justice.gov. 6 August 2015. Retrieved 2018-06-26. ^ EL (10 November 2018). "Ballot mixup puts more heat..." Fox News. Retrieved 20 November 2018. ^ Douglas W. Jones, Reliability of US Voting Systems, Prepared Remarks for the Congressional Black Caucus Hearing on election preparedness October 7, 2004. ^ Foley, Edward B.; Stewart III, Charles (2015-08-28). "Explaining the Blue Shift in Election Canvassing". SSRN 2653456. ^ Lai, Jonathan (27 January 2020). "How does a Republican lead on election night and still lose Pennsylvania? It's called the 'blue shift.'". Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 2020-08-03. ^ "Let The Recounts Begin". National Journal. Archived from the original on Nov 8, 2006. Retrieved May 10, 2022. ^ a b Provisional Voting: Fail-Safe Voting or Trapdoor to Disenfranchisement Archived 2008-10-22 at the Wayback Machine, Advancement Project, Sept. 16, 2008 External links "Provisional ballots could decide election" (The Cincinnati Enquirer) "KERRY WON OHIO - JUST COUNT THE BALLOTS AT THE BACK OF THE BUS" (by Greg Palast) "20 Crucial Electoral Votes May Be Stuck in Limbo" (Washington Post)
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voting_in_Berkley_(2150673984).jpg"},{"link_name":"2004 United States presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"elections in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"federal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Help America Vote Act of 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help_America_Vote_Act"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCSL-1"},{"link_name":"electoral roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_roll"},{"link_name":"precinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polling_place"},{"link_name":"photo identification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_identification"},{"link_name":"absentee ballot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absentee_ballot"},{"link_name":"closed primary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_primary"},{"link_name":"political party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCSL-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCSL-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCSL-1"}],"text":"A Californian voter fills out a provisional ballot form while voting in the 2004 United States presidential electionIn elections in the United States, a provisional ballot (called an affidavit ballot in New York) is used to record a vote when there are questions about a given voter's eligibility that must be resolved before the vote can count. The federal Help America Vote Act of 2002 guarantees that, in most states, the voter can cast a provisional ballot if the voter states that they are entitled to vote.[1]Some of the most common reasons to cast a provisional ballot include:The voter's name does not appear on the electoral roll for the given precinct (polling place), because the voter is not registered to vote or is registered to vote elsewhere\nThe voter's eligibility cannot be established or has been challenged\nThe voter lacks a photo identification document (in jurisdictions that require one)\nThe voter requested to vote by absentee ballot but claims to have not received, or not cast, the absentee ballot\nThe voter's registration contains inaccurate or outdated information such as the wrong address or a misspelled name\nIn a closed primary (limited to members of a political party), the voter's party registration is listed incorrectly[1]Whether a provisional ballot is counted is contingent upon the verification of that voter's eligibility, which may involve local election officials reviewing government records or asking the voter for more information, such as a photo identification not presented at the polling place or proof of residence.[1] Each state may set its own timing rules for when these issues must be resolved. Provisional ballots therefore cannot usually be counted until after the day of the election.[1]","title":"Provisional ballot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"political parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_parties"},{"link_name":"polling places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polling_place"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCSL-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCSL-1"},{"link_name":"National Voter Registration Act of 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Voter_Registration_Act_of_1993"},{"link_name":"voter registration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_registration_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCSL-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Provisional_ballot&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCSL-1"}],"text":"The right of political parties to have observers at polling places is long-standing.[2] One of the established roles for such observers is to act as challengers, in the event that someone attempts to vote at the polling place who is not eligible to vote.[3]Before the implementation of provisional ballots, some state laws allowed a voter whose eligibility was challenged to cast a challenged ballot.[1] After the polls closed, the canvassing board was then charged with examining the challenged ballots and determining whether the challenge was to be upheld or not.The Help America Vote Act brings a degree of uniformity to the array of various challenged ballot rules enacted by various states. For example, each state must provide a means for the voter to find out whether his or her ballot was counted, though the states may use different ways of doing so (such as a website or a phone number).[1]Though the Act mandates the use of provisional ballots nationwide, it exempted the six states that had been exempted from the National Voter Registration Act of 1993 because those states had and continue to have either \"same-day\" voter registration or no registration requirement at all: Idaho, Minnesota, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.[1][4] However, those states may choose to use provisional ballots. As of 2015[update], North Dakota, Wisconsin, and Wyoming used them for some purposes, while the other three did not have provisional ballots at all.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Douglas W. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_W._Jones"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"disenfranchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disfranchisement"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Edward Foley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Foley_(lawyer)"},{"link_name":"blue shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_shift_(politics)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"electoral fraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_fraud"},{"link_name":"corruption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In the 2018 midterm elections, both valid and invalid provisional ballots were mixed together in Florida after the initial vote count, which provided no way to be separated for the recount.[5]Computer scientist and election official Douglas W. Jones has criticized the offer of a provisional ballot as \"a way to brush off troublesome voters by letting them think they have voted.\"[6] He expressed the concern that, under some states' laws, casting a provisional ballot at the wrong precinct would disenfranchise voters who could have cast valid ballots had they been redirected to the proper precinct.Academic research has suggested that provisional ballots tend to lean more toward the Democratic Party than the electorate as a whole, and that this contributes to a phenomenon, first identified by Edward Foley known as \"blue shift,\" under which Democrats increase their share of the vote as more ballots are counted.[7] This can potentially result in a different outcome from the one indicated by the initial count on the night of the election. Some experts on voting have suggested that this shift could be misunderstood and lead to erroneous claims of electoral fraud or corruption.[8]","title":"Potential problems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2004 US Presidential Election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_US_Presidential_Election"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"2006 general election in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_general_elections,_2006"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"}],"text":"According to the Election Assistance Commission thousands of provisional ballots are not counted each election.The 2004 US Presidential Election was the first presidential election conducted under the Help America Vote Act's provisions. Nationwide, at least 1.9 million provisional ballots were cast, and 676,000 were never counted due to various states' rules on counting provisional ballots.[9]Studies of the use of provisional ballots in the 2006 general election in the United States show that around 21% of provisional ballots were rejected. About 44% of these were cast by voters who were not registered, but many other rejections were for reasons that were \"preventable,\" such as an incorrect precinct or missing signature.[10]The rates of rejection vary widely across the states, with some states counting all or nearly all provisional ballots while others reject more than half.[10]","title":"Rates of acceptance"}]
[{"image_text":"A Californian voter fills out a provisional ballot form while voting in the 2004 United States presidential election","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Voting_in_Berkley_%282150673984%29.jpg/220px-Voting_in_Berkley_%282150673984%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"National Conference of State Legislatures. \"Provisional Ballots\". www.ncsl.org. Retrieved 2018-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/provisional-ballots.aspx","url_text":"\"Provisional Ballots\""}]},{"reference":"\"The National Voter Registration Act Of 1993 (NVRA) | CRT | Department of Justice\". www.justice.gov. 6 August 2015. Retrieved 2018-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.justice.gov/crt/national-voter-registration-act-1993-nvra","url_text":"\"The National Voter Registration Act Of 1993 (NVRA) | CRT | Department of Justice\""}]},{"reference":"EL (10 November 2018). \"Ballot mixup puts more heat...\" Fox News. Retrieved 20 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foxnews.com/politics/broward-elections-official-brenda-snipes-mixed-illegal-provisional-ballots-with-valid-ones","url_text":"\"Ballot mixup puts more heat...\""}]},{"reference":"Foley, Edward B.; Stewart III, Charles (2015-08-28). \"Explaining the Blue Shift in Election Canvassing\". SSRN 2653456.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)","url_text":"SSRN"},{"url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2653456","url_text":"2653456"}]},{"reference":"Lai, Jonathan (27 January 2020). \"How does a Republican lead on election night and still lose Pennsylvania? It's called the 'blue shift.'\". Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 2020-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inquirer.com/politics/election/pennsylvania-2020-election-blue-shift-20200127.html","url_text":"\"How does a Republican lead on election night and still lose Pennsylvania? It's called the 'blue shift.'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Let The Recounts Begin\". National Journal. Archived from the original on Nov 8, 2006. Retrieved May 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061108225527/http://nationaljournal.com/about/njweekly/stories/2006/1103nj1.htm","url_text":"\"Let The Recounts Begin\""},{"url":"http://nationaljournal.com/about/njweekly/stories/2006/1103nj1.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Provisional_ballot&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/provisional-ballots.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Provisional Ballots\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/electionlawsofst00ohiorich","external_links_name":"The Election Laws of the State of Ohio"},{"Link":"http://www.sos.state.mn.us/docs/challenger_faq_2008.pdf","external_links_name":"Election Day \"Challengers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081106224959/http://www.sos.state.mn.us/docs/challenger_faq_2008.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sos.state.mn.us/","external_links_name":"Minnesota Secretary of State"},{"Link":"https://www.justice.gov/crt/national-voter-registration-act-1993-nvra","external_links_name":"\"The National Voter Registration Act Of 1993 (NVRA) | CRT | Department of Justice\""},{"Link":"https://www.foxnews.com/politics/broward-elections-official-brenda-snipes-mixed-illegal-provisional-ballots-with-valid-ones","external_links_name":"\"Ballot mixup puts more heat...\""},{"Link":"http://www.cs.uiowa.edu/~jones/voting/cbc2004.shtml","external_links_name":"Reliability of US Voting Systems"},{"Link":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2653456","external_links_name":"2653456"},{"Link":"https://www.inquirer.com/politics/election/pennsylvania-2020-election-blue-shift-20200127.html","external_links_name":"\"How does a Republican lead on election night and still lose Pennsylvania? It's called the 'blue shift.'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061108225527/http://nationaljournal.com/about/njweekly/stories/2006/1103nj1.htm","external_links_name":"\"Let The Recounts Begin\""},{"Link":"http://nationaljournal.com/about/njweekly/stories/2006/1103nj1.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.advancementproject.org/pdfs/Provisional-Ballot-Report-Final-9-16-08.pdf","external_links_name":"Provisional Voting: Fail-Safe Voting or Trapdoor to Disenfranchisement"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081022184913/http://www.advancementproject.org/pdfs/Provisional-Ballot-Report-Final-9-16-08.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.advancementproject.org/","external_links_name":"Advancement Project"},{"Link":"http://www.enquirer.com/midday/11/11032004_News_mday_ohprez04.html","external_links_name":"\"Provisional ballots could decide election\""},{"Link":"http://www.gregpalast.com/kerry-won-ohio-rn-just-count-the-ballots-at-the-back-of-the-bus","external_links_name":"\"KERRY WON OHIO - JUST COUNT THE BALLOTS AT THE BACK OF THE BUS\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050908223810/http://media.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A20565-2004Nov3.html","external_links_name":"\"20 Crucial Electoral Votes May Be Stuck in Limbo\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elder_Park
Elder Park
["1 References","2 References"]
Coordinates: 34°55′6.34″S 138°35′54.17″E / 34.9184278°S 138.5983806°E / -34.9184278; 138.5983806Public park in Adelaide, Australia For the park in Govan, Scotland, see Elder Park, Govan. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Elder Park" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Elder Park Rotunda Elder Park and riverbank set up for New Year's Eve celebrations in 2016 Elder Park is a public open space in the city of Adelaide, South Australia on the southern bank of the River Torrens and that is bordered by the Adelaide Festival Centre and North Terrace. It is part of Park 26 of the Adelaide Park Lands, and the Torrens Linear Park also passes through Elder Park. Originally named "Rotunda Park", the park was renamed in 1907 in honour of Sir Thomas Elder, an early settler, pastoralist, businessman and philanthropist, who had donated the Elder Park Rotunda, erected in 1882. The ironwork for the rotunda was fabricated at the Saracen Foundry in Glasgow. The Popeye motor launches cruise the Torrens Lake, from Elder Park upstream as far as the Adelaide Zoo; paddleboats for hire on the lake are also available. It is the home of the annual Christmas Carols by Candlelight for Adelaide and also hosts Symphony under the Stars and the Adelaide Festival of Arts. References List of Adelaide parks and gardens References ^ a b c "Elder Park". SA History Hub. Retrieved 30 April 2023. ^ "Adelaide Symphony Orchestra Santos Symphony Under the Stars". The Adelaide Youth Orchestras Inc. Archived from the original on 26 February 2015. Retrieved 27 Feb 2015. ^ "Elder Park". Adelaide Festival of Arts. Archived from the original on 6 April 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2015. 34°55′6.34″S 138°35′54.17″E / 34.9184278°S 138.5983806°E / -34.9184278; 138.5983806 vteParks and squares of the City of AdelaideSquares Victoria Square Light Square Hindmarsh Square Hurtle Square Whitmore Square Wellington Square ParklandsNorthAdelaideWest #1 "Piltawodli" Adelaide Golf Links War Memorial Drive North #2 "Padipadinyilla" Adelaide Aquatic Centre #3 "Kandarilla" #4 "Kangattilla" #5 "Ngampa yerta" #6 "Nanto Womma" East #7 "Kuntingga" #8 "Barnguttilla" AlongTorrens #9 "Tidlangga" #10 "Warnpangga" #11 "Tainmundilla" Botanic Garden Botanic Park Zoo Wine Centre RAH IMVS Adelaide Uni UniSA #12 "Karrawirra" Adelaide Uni UniSA Art Gallery Museum State Library War Memorial Government House Parade Ground Boer War Memorial Jubilee 150 Walkway Angas Gardens University Oval AdelaideEast #13 "Kadlitpinna" Rundle Park #14 "Mullawirraburka" Rymill Park #15 "Ityamaiitpinna" #16 "Bakkabakkandi" Victoria Park #17 South #18 Adelaide Himeji Garden #19 #20 #21 Veale Gardens #22 #23 West Terrace Cemetery West #24 Adelaide High School #25 AlongTorrens #26 Adelaide Oval Cresswell Gardens Memorial Drive St Peter's Cathedral Light's Vision Montefiore Hill Old and New Parliament House Adelaide railway station Convention Centre Festival Centre Elder Park #27 Torrens Weir Dame Roma Mitchell Gardens Old Adelaide Gaol Bonython Park City Sk8 Park New RAH site NorthAdelaide #28 Palmer Gardens #29 Brougham Gardens Other Parks The Torrens Linear Park passes through the City of Adelaide This article about a place in Adelaide is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elder Park, Govan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elder_Park,_Govan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elder_Park_Rotunda_Adelaide.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ACC_-_NYE_low_res-69.jpg"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"River Torrens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Torrens"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Festival Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Festival_Centre"},{"link_name":"North Terrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Terrace,_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAHistoryHub-1"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Park Lands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Park_Lands"},{"link_name":"Torrens Linear Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrens_Linear_Park"},{"link_name":"Thomas Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Elder"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAHistoryHub-1"},{"link_name":"Saracen Foundry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saracen_Foundry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAHistoryHub-1"},{"link_name":"Popeye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popeye_(boat)"},{"link_name":"Torrens Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Torrens#Torrens_Lake"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Zoo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Festival of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Festival_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Public park in Adelaide, AustraliaFor the park in Govan, Scotland, see Elder Park, Govan.Elder Park RotundaElder Park and riverbank set up for New Year's Eve celebrations in 2016Elder Park is a public open space in the city of Adelaide, South Australia on the southern bank of the River Torrens and that is bordered by the Adelaide Festival Centre and North Terrace.[1] It is part of Park 26 of the Adelaide Park Lands, and the Torrens Linear Park also passes through Elder Park.Originally named \"Rotunda Park\", the park was renamed in 1907 in honour of Sir Thomas Elder, an early settler, pastoralist, businessman and philanthropist, who had donated the Elder Park Rotunda, erected in 1882.[1] The ironwork for the rotunda was fabricated at the Saracen Foundry in Glasgow.[1] The Popeye motor launches cruise the Torrens Lake, from Elder Park upstream as far as the Adelaide Zoo; paddleboats for hire on the lake are also available.It is the home of the annual Christmas Carols by Candlelight for Adelaide and also hosts Symphony under the Stars[2] and the Adelaide Festival of Arts.[3]","title":"Elder Park"}]
[{"image_text":"Elder Park Rotunda","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Elder_Park_Rotunda_Adelaide.jpg/220px-Elder_Park_Rotunda_Adelaide.jpg"},{"image_text":"Elder Park and riverbank set up for New Year's Eve celebrations in 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/ACC_-_NYE_low_res-69.jpg/220px-ACC_-_NYE_low_res-69.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Elder Park\". SA History Hub. Retrieved 30 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://sahistoryhub.history.sa.gov.au/places/elder-park?hh=1&","url_text":"\"Elder Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"Adelaide Symphony Orchestra Santos Symphony Under the Stars\". The Adelaide Youth Orchestras Inc. Archived from the original on 26 February 2015. Retrieved 27 Feb 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150226201916/http://adyo.com.au/concert/adelaide-symphony-orchestra-santos-symphony-under-the-stars/","url_text":"\"Adelaide Symphony Orchestra Santos Symphony Under the Stars\""},{"url":"http://adyo.com.au/concert/adelaide-symphony-orchestra-santos-symphony-under-the-stars/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Elder Park\". Adelaide Festival of Arts. Archived from the original on 6 April 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160406213916/http://www.adelaidefestival.com.au/planner/venues/Elder_Park","url_text":"\"Elder Park\""},{"url":"http://www.adelaidefestival.com.au/planner/venues/Elder_Park","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylon_(tower)
Skylon (Festival of Britain)
["1 Construction","1.1 Name","1.2 Incidents","2 Demolition","3 2007 Skylon restaurant","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°30′17″N 0°7′7″W / 51.50472°N 0.11861°W / 51.50472; -0.11861Former public artwork in London The Skylon at the Festival of Britain, 1951 The Skylon illuminated at night Skylon model at the Museum of London The Skylon was a futuristic-looking, slender, vertical, cigar-shaped steel tensegrity structure located by the Thames in London, that gave the illusion of floating above the ground, built in 1951 for the Festival of Britain. A popular joke of the period was that, like the British economy of 1951, "It had no visible means of support". Construction The Skylon was the "Vertical Feature" that was an abiding symbol of the Festival of Britain. It was designed by Hidalgo Moya, Philip Powell and Felix Samuely, and fabricated by Painter Brothers of Hereford, England, on London's South Bank between Westminster Bridge and Hungerford Bridge. The Skylon consisted of a steel latticework frame, pointed at both ends and supported on cables slung between three steel beams. The partially constructed Skylon was rigged vertically, then grew taller in situ. The architects' design was made structurally feasible by the engineer Felix Samuely who, at the time, was a lecturer at the Architectural Association School of Architecture in Bedford Square, Bloomsbury. The base was nearly 15 metres (50 feet) from the ground, with the top nearly 90 metres (300 feet) high. The frame was clad in aluminium louvres lit from within at night. Questions were asked in Parliament regarding the danger to visitors from lightning-strikes to the Skylon, and the papers reported that it was duly roped off at one point, in anticipation of a forecast thunderstorm. Name Both the name and form of the Skylon most likely referenced the Trylon feature of the 1939 New York World's Fair. The name was suggested by Mrs A. G. S. Fidler, wife of the chief architect of the Crawley Development Corporation. Moya wrote, "We were unimpressed at first but soon came to accept that, by combining the suggestions of Pylon, Sky and Nylon (a fascinating new material in 1951), it was wonderfully descriptive name which has lasted forty years, considerably longer than the structure itself." Incidents A few days before the King and Queen visited the exhibition in May 1951, Skylon was climbed at midnight by Philip Gurdon, a student at Birkbeck College, who attached a University of London Air Squadron scarf near the top. Police constable Frederick Hicks was sent up to retrieve the scarf the following morning. Demolition In spite of its popularity with the public, the £30,000 cost of dismantling and re-erecting the Skylon elsewhere (equivalent to £800,000 as of 2023) was deemed too much for a government struggling with post-war austerity. Skylon was removed in 1952 when the rest of the exhibition was dismantled, on the orders of Winston Churchill, who saw the Festival and its architectural structures as a symbol of the preceding Labour Government's vision of a new socialist Britain. Speculation as to the Skylon's fate included theories from Jude Kelly, artistic director of the Southbank Centre, that it was thrown into the River Lea in east London, dumped into the Thames, buried under Jubilee Gardens, made into souvenirs or sold as scrap. The base is preserved in the Museum of London and the wind cups are held in a private collection. An investigation was carried out by the Front Row programme on BBC Radio 4 and the result was broadcast on 8 March 2011. It was revealed that the Skylon and the roof of the Dome of Discovery had been sold to George Cohen, Sons and Company scrap metal dealers of Wood Lane, Hammersmith, and dismantled at their works in Bidder Street, Canning Town, on the banks of the River Lea. Some of the metal fragments were then made into a series of commemorative paper-knives and other artefacts. The inscriptions on the paper-knives read "600" and "Made from the aluminium alloy roof sheets which covered the Dome of Discovery at the Festival of Britain, South Bank. The Dome, Skylon and 10 other buildings on the site, were dismantled by George Cohen and Sons and Company Ltd during six months of 1952." The former location of the Skylon is the riverside promenade between the London Eye and Hungerford Bridge, alongside the Jubilee Gardens (the former site of the Dome of Discovery). 2007 Skylon restaurant In May 2007 D&D London (formerly Conran Restaurants) opened a new restaurant named Skylon on the third floor of the Royal Festival Hall. This restaurant had previously been named The Peoples Palace. See also Dome of Discovery Skylon (spacecraft) Blaw-Knox tower Notes ^ . George Cohen and Sons changed its name to 'The 600 Group' when it moved its head-office to 600 Commercial Road, Stepney, the Wood Lane site having been sold to the BBC. References Articles from The Times between 1951 and 1952 ^ "The Reunion – Festival of Britain". BBC Radio 4. ^ Henry Grant. "The Skylon in construction". Museum of London. Archived from the original (photo) on 30 July 2013. ^ "Ropes round the Skylon". The Guardian. 19 May 1951. p. 5. Retrieved 1 February 2021. – via newspapers.com (subscription required) ^ The Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC, Great Britain and Ireland 1900 AD-present, 1951, ^ The Times, Saturday, Nov 11, 1950 ^ Hidalgo Moya, "Rebuild the Skylon!" Archived 2009-01-06 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Skylon, Festival of Britain centrepiece, and Hereford", BCC, 25 February 2011 ^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024. ^ The Labour Party who had been in government since July 1945, lost the general election in October 1951. ^ Skyscraper news, ^ Glancey, Jonathan (9 July 2008). "Skylon: is there a point in rebuilding it?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 16 September 2012. ^ Brown, Mark (19 January 2011). "Skylon's the limit for Festival of Britain rerun". The Guardian. London. ^ Singh, Anita (20 January 2011). "Festival of Britain: divers to search for missing Skylon". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 8 March 2011. ^ BBC Radio 4, Front Row, Skylon investigation External links Media related to Skylon, London at Wikimedia Commons Skylon spire may return to London skyline (The Guardian) The Skylon Museum of London colour photo of the Skylon vtePublic art and memorials in LondonPortrait sculptureBritish/Englishroyalty Boudica Alfred the Great Richard I Queen Eleanor (Charing Cross) Edward VI St Thomas' Hospital: bronze stone Charles I (Interregnum: Oliver Cromwell) Charles II Chelsea Soho Stocks Market† James II William III Kensington Palace St James's Anne St Paul's Westminster George III George IV King's Cross† Trafalgar Square Duke of York Duke of Kent Duke of Cambridge Victoria Kensington Palace Victoria Memorial Prince Albert Albert Memorial Memorial to the Great Exhibition George V George VI and Queen Elizabeth Arts John Betjeman Marc Bolan Robert Burns Thomas Carlyle Charlie Chaplin Geoffrey Chaucer† Agatha Christie John Donne Henry Irving Michael Jackson† John Milton† George Orwell Joshua Reynolds William Shakespeare Heminges and Condell Memorial Leicester Square Park Lane† Arthur Sullivan Oscar Wilde Amy Winehouse Explorers James Cook Yuri Gagarin Merchants John Cass† Thomas Guy Quintin Hogg Robert Milligan† Hugh Myddelton Military Lord Alanbrooke Lord Baden-Powell Ferdinand Foch Charles George Gordon Earl Haig Henry Havelock Lord Kitchener Lord Montgomery Lord Mountbatten Charles James Napier Admiral Lord Nelson (Nelson's Column) James Outram Lord Roberts Viscount Slim Duke of Wellington City Hyde Park Corner George Stuart White Lord Wolseley Nurses Edith Cavell Florence Nightingale Mary Seacole PoliticsBritishPrime ministers Clement Attlee George Canning Winston Churchill Parliament Square Woodford Lord Derby Benjamin Disraeli David Lloyd George William Ewart Gladstone Lord Palmerston Robert Peel Other politicians Robert Clayton Robert Clive Duke of Devonshire Charles James Fox Henry Bartle Frere Sidney Herbert Wilfrid Lawson Simon Milton (Paddington, St James's, Southwark) Marquess of Westminster International Simón Bolívar Mahatma Gandhi Bloomsbury Westminster Charles de Gaulle Haile Selassie† John F. Kennedy† Abraham Lincoln Nelson Mandela Karl Marx Peter the Great José de San Martín Jan Smuts Trajan Volodymyr George Washington Religion Thomas Becket John Henry Newman John Wesley St Paul's Shoreditch Science andengineering Joseph Bazalgette Isambard Kingdom Brunel Sigmund Freud James Henry Greathead Nigel Gresley Edward Jenner Joseph Lister Isaac Newton Robert Stephenson Social reformersand humanitarians Thomas Barnardo Millicent Fawcett Margaret MacDonald Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Sylvia Pankhurst Robert Raikes Raoul Wallenberg Sport Harry Kane (planned) Bobby Moore Upton Park—with Geoff Hurst, Martin Peters and Ray Wilson Wembley Fictionalcharacters Paddington Bear Peter Pan Sherlock Holmes See also Talking Statues Statues in London on Wikimedia Commons Other monuments and memorials 7 July bombings Queen Alexandra Anti–air war Bali bombings Lady Burdett-Coutts Lord Cheylesmore Cleopatra's Needle Conscientious objectors COVID-19 pandemic Michael Faraday Firefighters W. G. Grace Great Fire of London Golden Boy of Pye Corner The Monument Heroic self-sacrifice Journalists Police Queen Elizabeth Gate Silver Jubilee Crystal Crown Star and Garter Home Stratford Martyrs Suffragettes Virginia Quay Settlers Monument Wellington Arch Wellington Monument Whittington Stone Windrush generation Custard Apple (Annonaceae), Breadfruit (Moraceae) and Soursop (Annonaceae) National Windrush Monument Mary Wollstonecraft War memorialsPre-C20 Animals in War Guards Brigade (Crimean War) Gurkhas (1816–) Marble Arch New Zealand Campaign (1863–1864) Siege of Cádiz Westminster School Boer Wars 61st Battery Royal Field Artillery (Woolwich) Barnet Boys School Royal Artillery (The Mall) Royal Marines WWI · WWII The Cenotaph Africa and the Caribbean Australia Battle of Britain Belgium Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red Burma Railway Canada La Délivrance Flanders Fields Memorial Garden Malta Memorial Gates Merchant Navy Ships named on the memorial New Zealand Poland South Africa Submarines Women of World War II Regimental 24th Division Cavalry Chindits Civil Service Rifles Eagle Squadrons Fleet Air Arm Guards Brigade Imperial Camel Corps Machine Gun Corps Rifle Brigade Royal Air Force RAF Bomber Command Royal Artillery Royal Fusiliers Royal Naval Division Royal Tank Regiment Local London Troops Arkley Bromley parish Chingford Chipping Barnet Cockfosters Croydon East Barnet Enfield Town (3 memorials) Finchley Friern Barnet (parish) Fulham Golders Green Hampstead Hampton Wick Hendon Hornsey Islington Kingston Monken Hadley New Barnet New Malden Paddington Poplar Rainham Richmond St Michael, Cornhill (parish) St Saviour, Southwark (parish) Silvertown Streatham Twickenham Wood Green Corporate Baltic Exchange Bank of England British Medical Association Dulwich College Old New Great Eastern Railway Great Western Railway Lincoln's Inn London and North Western Railway London, Brighton and South Coast Railway Pearl Assurance † South Suburban Gas Company Holocaust Victoria Tower Gardens (planned) Hyde Park Kindertransport Post-WWII Victims of Communism Korean War Iraq and Afghanistan Blue plaques Camden Kensington and Chelsea City of Westminster Other worksSculptures Atalanta The Barbican Muse Bellerophon Taming Pegasus The Bermondsey Lion Big 4 Bull The Burghers of Calais Christ Child Cornerstone Crystal Palace Dinosaurs The Diver Dolphin lamp standards Dragon boundary marks Elfin Oak Enwrought Light Father Time Fulcrum The Gold Smelters Gorilla The Hampstead Figure Homage to Leonardo Icarus Labyrinth Liberty Clock London Noses London Pride The Meeting Place The Messenger Millennium Dial Monolith and Shadow The Naked Ladies The Neighbours Nelson's Ship in a Bottle Nike Paternoster Vents Peckham Arch Physical Energy Platforms Piece Pope's Urn Putney Sculpture Trail The Queen's Beasts The Rush of Green St Paul's Cross Skylon† Slipstream South Bank Lion Still Water Tortoises with Triangle and Time Traffic Light Tree Union (Horse with Two Discs) The Watchers The World Turned Upside Down The Young Lovers Fourth plinth, Trafalgar Square The End Hahn/Cock Nelson's Ship in a Bottle One & Other Elisabeth Frink Blind Beggar and his Dog Horse and Rider Paternoster Barbara Hepworth Meridian† Single Form (Memorial) Two Forms (Divided Circle)† Winged Figure Henry Moore The Arch 1979–1980 Draped Seated Woman 1957–58 Knife Edge Two Piece 1962–65 Large Standing Figure (Knife Edge) Locking Piece Three Standing Figures 1947 Eduardo Paolozzi The Artist as Hephaestus† Piscator The Line ArcelorMittal Orbit Here Quantum Cloud Liberty Grip A Slice of Reality Fountains Buxton Memorial Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain Diana Fountain, Bushy Park Diana Fountain, Green Park Edward VII Jewish Memorial Fountain Henry Fawcett Memorial The Horses of Helios Guilford Place Matilda Fountain Poets' Fountain† Readymoney Drinking Fountain Revolving Torsion Roehampton St Lawrence Jewry and St Mary Magdalene Shaftesbury Memorial ("Eros") Lady Henry Somerset Memorial Victoria Park Murals Brixton Children at Play Cable Street Dulwich Old Kent Road National Covid Memorial Wall Poplar Rates Rebellion Poured Lines Sutton twin towns Sutton Heritage Mosaic Banksy From this moment despair ends and tactics begin Girl with Balloon† One Nation Under CCTV† Pulp Fiction† Slave Labour† Land art Northala Fields See also Art on the Underground Tube map covers Commission for Diversity in the Public Realm London Mural Preservation Society Metropolitan Drinking Fountain and Cattle Trough Association By location City of London Barking and Dagenham Barnet Bexley Brent Bromley Camden Croydon Ealing Enfield Greenwich Hackney Hammersmith and Fulham Haringey Harrow Havering Hillingdon Hounslow Islington Kensington and Chelsea Kingston Lambeth Lewisham Merton Newham Redbridge Richmond Southwark Sutton Tower Hamlets Waltham Forest Wandsworth City of Westminster Belgravia1 Covent Garden2 Green Park Hyde Park Kensington1 Kensington Gardens1 Knightsbridge1 Mayfair Millbank Paddington Pimlico St James's St Marylebone Soho Strand Trafalgar Square Victoria Victoria Embankment3 Westminster Whitehall 1 Partly in Kensington and Chelsea 2 Partly in Camden 3 Partly in the City of London Key: † No longer extant, on public display or in London (see List of public art formerly in London) 51°30′17″N 0°7′7″W / 51.50472°N 0.11861°W / 51.50472; -0.11861
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It was designed by Hidalgo Moya, Philip Powell and Felix Samuely, and fabricated by Painter Brothers of Hereford, England, on London's South Bank between Westminster Bridge and Hungerford Bridge. The Skylon consisted of a steel latticework frame, pointed at both ends and supported on cables slung between three steel beams. The partially constructed Skylon was rigged vertically, then grew taller in situ.[2] The architects' design was made structurally feasible by the engineer Felix Samuely who, at the time, was a lecturer at the Architectural Association School of Architecture in Bedford Square, Bloomsbury. The base was nearly 15 metres (50 feet) from the ground, with the top nearly 90 metres (300 feet) high. The frame was clad in aluminium louvres lit from within at night.\nQuestions were asked in Parliament regarding the danger to visitors from lightning-strikes to the Skylon, and the papers reported that it was duly roped off at one point, in anticipation of a forecast thunderstorm.[3]","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trylon_and_Perisphere"},{"link_name":"1939 New York World's Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Crawley Development Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawley_Development_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Name","text":"Both the name and form of the Skylon most likely referenced the Trylon feature of the 1939 New York World's Fair.[4] The name was suggested by Mrs A. G. S. Fidler, wife of the chief architect of the Crawley Development Corporation.[5] Moya wrote, \"We were unimpressed at first but soon came to accept that, by combining the suggestions of Pylon, Sky and Nylon (a fascinating new material in 1951), it was wonderfully descriptive name which has lasted forty years, considerably \nlonger than the structure itself.\"[6]","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Birkbeck College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkbeck,_University_of_London"},{"link_name":"University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London"},{"link_name":"Air Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Air_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Incidents","text":"A few days before the King and Queen visited the exhibition in May 1951, Skylon was climbed at midnight by Philip Gurdon, a student at Birkbeck College, who attached a University of London Air Squadron scarf near the top. Police constable Frederick Hicks was sent up to retrieve the scarf the following morning.[7]","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-UK-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"austerity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austerity"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Jude Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jude_Kelly"},{"link_name":"River Lea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Lea"},{"link_name":"Jubilee Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubilee_Gardens,_Lambeth"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Front Row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_Row_(radio_programme)"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"George Cohen, Sons and Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cohen,_Sons_and_Company"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith"},{"link_name":"Canning Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canning_Town"},{"link_name":"River Lea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Lea"},{"link_name":"paper-knives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_knife"},{"link_name":"[Note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Radio4-15"},{"link_name":"London Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Eye"},{"link_name":"Hungerford Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungerford_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Jubilee Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubilee_Gardens,_South_Bank"},{"link_name":"Dome of Discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome_of_Discovery"}],"text":"In spite of its popularity with the public, the £30,000 cost of dismantling and re-erecting the Skylon elsewhere (equivalent to £800,000 as of 2023)[8] was deemed too much for a government[9] struggling with post-war austerity. Skylon was removed in 1952 when the rest of the exhibition was dismantled, on the orders of Winston Churchill, who saw the Festival and its architectural structures as a symbol of the preceding Labour Government's vision of a new socialist Britain.[10][11]Speculation as to the Skylon's fate included theories from Jude Kelly, artistic director of the Southbank Centre, that it was thrown into the River Lea in east London, dumped into the Thames, buried under Jubilee Gardens,[12] made into souvenirs or sold as scrap. The base is preserved in the Museum of London and the wind cups are held in a private collection.[13] An investigation was carried out by the Front Row programme on BBC Radio 4 and the result was broadcast on 8 March 2011. It was revealed that the Skylon and the roof of the Dome of Discovery had been sold to George Cohen, Sons and Company scrap metal dealers of Wood Lane, Hammersmith, and dismantled at their works in Bidder Street, Canning Town, on the banks of the River Lea. Some of the metal fragments were then made into a series of commemorative paper-knives and other artefacts. The inscriptions on the paper-knives read \"600\"[Note 1] and \"Made from the aluminium alloy roof sheets which covered the Dome of Discovery at the Festival of Britain, South Bank. The Dome, Skylon and 10 other buildings on the site, were dismantled by George Cohen and Sons and Company Ltd during six months of 1952.\"[14]The former location of the Skylon is the riverside promenade between the London Eye and Hungerford Bridge, alongside the Jubilee Gardens (the former site of the Dome of Discovery).","title":"Demolition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"D&D London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%26D_London"},{"link_name":"Royal Festival Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Festival_Hall"}],"text":"In May 2007 D&D London (formerly Conran Restaurants) opened a new restaurant named Skylon on the third floor of the Royal Festival Hall. This restaurant had previously been named The Peoples Palace.","title":"2007 Skylon restaurant"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Stepney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Stepney"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"}],"text":"^ . George Cohen and Sons changed its name to 'The 600 Group' when it moved its head-office to 600 Commercial Road, Stepney, the Wood Lane site having been sold to the BBC.","title":"Notes"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_the_Sea_(The_X-Files)
Beyond the Sea (The X-Files)
["1 Plot","2 Production","3 Cultural references and continuity","4 Themes and analysis","5 Broadcast and reception","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]
13th episode of the 1st season of The X-Files "Beyond the Sea"The X-Files episodeEpisode no.Season 1Episode 13Directed byDavid NutterWritten byGlen MorganJames WongProduction code1X12Original air dateJanuary 7, 1994 (1994-01-07)Running time45 minutesGuest appearances Brad Dourif as Luther Lee Boggs Don Davis as Captain William Scully Sheila Larken as Margaret Scully Lawrence King-Phillips as Lucas Jackson Henry Episode chronology ← Previous"Fire" Next →"Gender Bender" The X-Files season 1List of episodes "Beyond the Sea" is the thirteenth episode of the first season of the American science fiction television series The X-Files, premiering on the Fox network on January 7, 1994. It was written by co-executive producers Glen Morgan and James Wong, and directed by David Nutter. The episode is a "Monster of Week" story, unconnected to the series' wider mythology, although it deepens the characterization of Scully through the introduction of her parents. Despite a mediocre Nielsen rating compared to other episodes of the first season, "Beyond the Sea" received a largely positive reception amongst critics. The show centers on FBI agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) who work on cases linked to the paranormal, called X-Files. The plot of the episode sees Scully's father die and her skepticism put to the test by Luther Lee Boggs, a prisoner on death row who claims to have psychic powers. The episode showed the protagonists reversing their usual roles of "believer" and "skeptic" for the first time and introduced the theme of father figures that would continue throughout the series. Critical commentary has noted parallels between the character of Dana Scully and that of Clarice Starling from The Silence of the Lambs (1991). Plot Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) entertains her parents, William (Don Davis) and Margaret (Sheila Larken), shortly after Christmas. After they leave, she falls asleep on her sofa. Several hours later, she wakes up to see her father sitting across from her, speaking silently. The telephone rings, and she takes the call—from her mother, who tells her that her father died of a heart attack an hour earlier. Confused, she looks again at the chair and sees that it is empty. In North Carolina, a young couple are kidnapped by a man impersonating a police officer. Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) tells Scully that Luther Lee Boggs (Brad Dourif), a serial killer he helped catch years before, has claimed to have had psychic revelations about the kidnapping and has offered to help police in exchange for his death sentence being commuted. Mulder is unusually skeptical about Boggs' claims. Visiting Boggs in prison, the agents give him a piece of "evidence" from which he has a vision, only to be told it is really a piece of Mulder's T-shirt. Satisfied that he is lying, the pair prepare to leave. However, Scully looks back at Boggs and sees another vision of her father, speaking to her and singing the song that had been played at his funeral: "Beyond the Sea". Scully does not tell Mulder about this, and the pair discuss the possibility that Boggs has orchestrated the kidnapping with a partner to avoid execution. Mulder and Scully have a fake newspaper produced which declares the couple have been found, hoping to trick Boggs into contacting his accomplice. He does not fall for the trick but gives the agents vague clues about the case. Scully, acting on these, first finds a warehouse where the couple had been held, and later leads Mulder and several other agents to a boathouse where the kidnapper is holding the couple. The girl is rescued, but the kidnapper shoots Mulder and escapes with the boyfriend. Following this, Mulder and the girl are sent to the hospital. Boggs is then visited by Scully, to whom he gives information about the kidnapper's new location, warning her to avoid "the blue devil". Scully then leads several agents to the location Boggs gave her—a brewery—where they rescue the kidnapped boyfriend. Scully chases the kidnapper as he flees but stops in her tracks when he runs along a gantry beneath the brewery's logo—a leering blue devil. The gantry gives way, and the kidnapper falls to his death. Scully speaks to Boggs again, suggesting that if he had orchestrated the kidnapping, the kidnapper would have been aware of the danger he warned her about. Boggs claims to be able to contact her father and offers to relay one last message from him if she will attend his execution. As he is about to be executed, Boggs sees that Scully has not attended. Scully visits Mulder in the hospital, explaining that she changed her mind and now believes Mulder's theory that Boggs arranged everything. She cites as evidence that if Boggs knew she was Mulder's partner, Boggs could have looked up the information about her father's death and used that information to manipulate her. Mulder asks her why she was afraid of believing, even if it meant losing the chance to hear from her father again through Boggs. She tells him that she did not need to hear anything, because she already knew what her father would have said. Production Don Davis played Captain William Scully. "Beyond the Sea" was written by co-executive producers Glen Morgan and James Wong; it was their fourth script for the series. The episode was directed by David Nutter. As Morgan and Wong explained, their episode was written in response to criticisms of the show's initially limited characterization of Scully. Wong said, "Gillian Anderson needed to show off her talents more, and this was a perfect opportunity to dispel those notions that Scully will never believe. It was time for the character to grow, because she was just doing the same kind of thing too often." Executives at the Fox network vetoed the idea two times before Carter told them, "We're doing it." Don Davis was cast as Scully's father, making him one of several X-Files guest stars to have previously appeared on the ABC mystery serial drama television series Twin Peaks. Davis would go onto reprise his role as William in the second-season episode "One Breath". Sheila Larken, who played Scully's mother, is the wife of the show's co-executive producer R.W. Goodwin. Larken returned for a further fifteen episodes in the role. Morgan and Wong fought hard to have veteran film actor Brad Dourif play the role of Luther Lee Boggs against concerns about the cost of hiring him. X-Files creator Chris Carter called the president of Twentieth Century Fox, Peter Roth, during Thanksgiving dinner and convinced him to let them cast Dourif for the part. Dourif was asked to appear in the episode with only four days of preparation. He originally refused the part until the producers gave him an extra week to prepare. While getting into character between takes, his deep breathing exercises turned his face bright purple. This episode is a favorite of both creator Carter, who calls it his favorite episode of the first season and actress Gillian Anderson. Co-writer Morgan also praises it as a script he is proud of. Director Nutter says of the episode, "I think it's the most accomplished piece of directing of actors I've been able to do ... I think this episode really made a difference in how the audience looks at Scully. I think it brought a lot of dimension to her character and for her person it definitely had a lot of impact." Cultural references and continuity The episode title, "Beyond the Sea", references Bobby Darin's song of the same name from 1959, which is played at the funeral for Scully's father. The appearance of Boggs greatly resembles Richard Ramírez. The names "Luther Lee Boggs" and "Lucas Henry" were inspired by real-life serial killer Henry Lee Lucas. The Luther Lee Boggs character is mentioned by Dakota Whitney (Amanda Peet's character) in The X-Files: I Want to Believe (2008). In one scene from this episode, Max Fenig's National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena (NICAP) hat from the episode "Fallen Angel" can be seen hanging in Mulder's office. Scully and her father's nicknames for each other—Ahab and Starbuck—are taken from Herman Melville's 1851 nautical novel Moby-Dick. Further references to the novel appear later in the series in the second season episode "One Breath" and the third season episode "Quagmire". Themes and analysis In the episodes prior to "Beyond the Sea", the protagonists of The X-Files are firmly established in the roles of believer (Mulder) and rational scientist/skeptic (Scully). "Beyond the Sea" is the first episode in which these roles are reversed. Scully, vulnerable after the death of her father, is persuaded by Boggs' apparent psychic ability. Meanwhile, Mulder refuses to believe the serial killer, discounts any evidence in Boggs' favor and will only consider rational explanations. According to Jan Delsara, Scully is inclined to believe Boggs because she identifies with him: they both understand the pressure of high family expectations. Scully strongly desired to make her father proud, despite not fulfilling his expectation that she became a doctor, and Boggs, in killing his family, had hoped to kill their expectations and judgment of him. In contrast, Mulder's relationship with his parents, based on resentment of them for their failure to protect his sister (themes developed later in the series), makes him unwilling to identify with Boggs. While Scully follows her instinct and solves the case, Mulder gets shot and ends up in the hospital because of his doubts and skepticism. According to Joe Bellon, as the episode progresses, even Scully's personality becomes like Mulder's and "for all narrative purposes, she becomes Mulder for almost an entire episode." According to Dean A. Kowalski, this role reversal of the partners represents a "blending" of Mulder and Scully's characters that is present throughout the series. Scully's co-option of Mulder's usual role also demonstrates the complexity of her character. Although she is strongly influenced by her scientific background, she has religious faith too. Paul C. Peterson notes that although this episode is not directly about religion, it shows the first of several visions Scully experiences throughout the series; later visions appear in episodes more directly related to religion and Scully's faith, such as "One Breath", "Elegy" and "All Souls". In this episode, her faith in her father ultimately proves stronger than her belief in the paranormal as she refuses to be tempted by Boggs. Rather than take him up on his offer to help her contact her father, Scully visits her partner in the hospital. "Beyond the Sea" is the first episode to explore a central theme of Scully's character development—her attraction to, and conflict with, authoritative men. Throughout her career with the FBI she experiences conflict with patriarchal figures. In the fourth season episode "Never Again", she expresses a long-held fascination with father figures. This theme is introduced with her guilt and need for approval following her father's death in "Beyond the Sea", and continues in later episodes including "Irresistible", "Small Potatoes", "Bad Blood", and "Milagro". The theme of father figures is one that is explored throughout The X-Files, in relation to both Mulder and Scully. As well as their own fathers, a number of characters play a paternal role to the agents in later episodes, including Deep Throat, the Smoking Man and Senator Matheson. Both of the protagonists have deep-rooted family issues and this episode is the beginning of the exploration of that story arc. A motif often employed in the show is that of mirroring, doubling or cloning. Scully's relationship with her father, first dealt with in "Beyond the Sea", is mirrored by that of Mulder's with his father—also named William—who dies at the end of the second season. Comparisons have been drawn between the character of Dana Scully and that of FBI student Clarice Starling in The Silence of the Lambs (1991). Rhonda Wilcox and J. P. Williams note the similarities in their appearances, as well as their positions in a patriarchal working environment. In "Beyond the Sea" in particular, parallels can be seen. Like Starling, Scully has an emotional connection with—and a need to prove herself to—her dead father. After William Scully's death, his daughter becomes particularly concerned with whether or not he was proud of her. Although by the end of the episode, Scully seems to have come to terms with her father's opinion of her, her worries resurface later in the series when she fears that he would have been ashamed of her actions ("Anasazi"). The connection to Clarice Starling is further shown by Scully's encounter with Luther Lee Boggs, an apparently helpful serial killer, which echoes Starling's relationship with serial killer Hannibal Lecter. Broadcast and reception "Beyond the Sea" was first broadcast in the United States on January 7, 1994, on the Fox network. In its original broadcast it was watched by 6.2 million households and 10.8 million viewers, according to the Nielsen ratings system. It received a 6.6 rating/11 share among viewers meaning that 6.6 percent of all households in the U.S., and 11 percent of all people watching television at the time, viewed the episode. Author Phil Farrand rated the episode as the sixth-best episode of the first four seasons in his book The Nitpicker's Guide for X-Philes. A writer from the Vancouver Sun listed "Beyond the Sea" as one of the best standalone episodes of the show, saying that Brad Dourif's acting was "remarkably chilling". They noted that this episode was the first to center around Gillian Anderson's character, and showed signs of Scully's vulnerability. Connie Ogle from PopMatters ranked the episode amongst her "best" monster-of-the-week episodes. Ogle felt that Luther Lee Boggs was one of the "greatest" monster-of-the-week characters of the show, saying: "Spend a few minutes in Luther's skeevy presence, and alien abduction seems like a blessing". Writers for IGN named the episode their second favourite stand alone episode of the show, noting favourably how it "flips" the established dynamic between Mulder and Scully. In The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy, Gary Westfahl described the episode as one of the most "highly regarded" stand alone episodes. In a retrospective of the first season, Entertainment Weekly gave "Beyond the Sea" an A+, noting how it humanizes Scully and praising the casting of Dourif. Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club graded the episode a B+, praising Dourif as Boggs but wondered specifically about his intentions. Despite liking the fact that Scully was the focus of the episode and praising Anderson's performance, he thought that its "main flaw" was the way it handled her moral crisis, opining that she appeared too weak. Notes ^ a b c d Lowry (1995), pp. 130–131 ^ Vitaris, Paula (December 1995). "X-Writers". Starlog. The Brooklyn Company, Inc. Archived from the original on March 27, 2006. Retrieved July 21, 2013. ^ Reeves, Jimmie L., Rodgers, Mark C. & Epstein, Michael in Lavery et al. (1996), p. 32 ^ Norman, Dalton (2021-12-05). "9 Actors From Twin Peaks Who Also Appeared In The X-Files". Screen Rant. Retrieved November 24, 2023. ^ Kubek, Elizabeth in Lavery et al. (1996), p. 186 ^ a b c d Edwards (1997), pp. 59–60 ^ a b Carter, Chris. (1994). "Chris Carter talks about 12 of his favorite episodes from Season: Beyond the Sea". Fox Home Entertainment. ^ a b Lovece (1996), p. 78 ^ Chris Carter (director); Chris Carter & Frank Spotnitz (writers). "I Want to Believe". The X-Files. Episode 2. Fox. ^ Cornell, Day & Topping (1997), p. 60 ^ a b c d Kubek, Elizabeth in Lavery et al. (1996), pp. 181–182 ^ Delsara (2000), p. 46 ^ Jagodzinski, Jan; Hipfl, Brigitte (May 2001), "Youth Fantasies: Reading "The X-Files" Psychoanalytically", Studies in Media & Information Literacy Education, 1 (2), University of Toronto Press: 1–14, doi:10.3138/sim.1.2.002 ^ Kowalski (2007), p. 132 ^ a b c Delsara (2000), pp. 118–119 ^ Malach, Michele in Lavery et al. (1996), p. 72 ^ Bellon, Joe (1999), "The Strange Discourse of The X-Files: What it is, What it Does, and What is at Stake", Critical Studies in Media Communication, 16 (2): 151, doi:10.1080/15295039909367083 ^ a b Kowalski (2007), p. 130 ^ a b Peterson, Paul C. (13 November 2009), "Religion in The X-Files", Journal of Media and Religion, 1 (3): 184, doi:10.1207/S15328415JMR0103_4, S2CID 144350548 ^ a b Helford (2000), p. 71 ^ Kellner (2003), p. 148 ^ a b c Delsara (2000), p. 10 ^ a b Mizejewski (2004), p. 101 ^ a b Wilcox, Rhonda & Williams, J. P. in Lavery et al. (1996), pp. 102–103 ^ a b c Lowry (1995), p. 248 ^ "Nielsen Ratings". USA Today. Gannett Company, Inc. 12 January 1994. p. D3. ^ Farrand (1997), p. 223 ^ "A Look Back on Some of the Best Stand-Alone Episodes From The X-Files Series", The Vancouver Sun, CanWest MediaWorks Publications Inc., July 25, 2008, archived from the original on March 3, 2016, retrieved August 25, 2010 ^ Ogle, Connie (July 28, 2008), "The X-Factor: A Look Back at 'The X-Files' Greatest Monsters", PopMatters, PopMatters Media, archived from the original on March 5, 2016, retrieved August 25, 2010 ^ Collura, Scott; Fickett, Travis; Goldman, Eric; Seghers, Christine. "IGN's 10 Favourite X-Files Standalone Episodes - TV Feature at IGN". IGN. Archived from the original on 2012-05-17. Retrieved April 18, 2011. ^ Westfahl (2005), p. 1354 ^ "X Cyclopedia: The Ultimate Episode Guide, Season I". Entertainment Weekly. November 29, 1996. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved April 5, 2012. ^ Handlen, Zack (July 18, 2008). ""Beyond the Sea"/"Gender Bender"/"Lazarus"". The A.V. Club. Retrieved April 5, 2012. References Badley, Linda (2000), "Scully Hits the Glass Ceiling: Postmodernism, Postfeminism, Posthumanism and The X-Files", in Helford, Elyce Rae (ed.), Fantasy Girls: Gender in the New Universe of Science Fiction and Fantasy Television, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 978-0-8476-9834-9 Cornell, Paul; Day, Martin; Topping, Keith (1997), X-Treme Possibilities: A Paranoid Rummage Through the X-Files, Virgin Books, ISBN 0-7535-0019-1 Delsara, Jan (2000), PopLit, PopCult and The X-Files: A Critical Exploration, McFarland, ISBN 0-7864-0789-1 Edwards, Ted (1997), X-Files Confidential: The Unauthorized X-Philes Compendium, Little, Brown and Company, ISBN 0-316-21808-1 Farrand, Phil (1997), The Nitpicker's Guide for X-Philes, Dell Publishing, ISBN 0-440-50808-8 Kellner, Douglas (2003), Media Spectacle, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-26828-1 Kowalski, Dean A. (2007), The Philosophy of The X-Files, University Press of Kentucky, ISBN 978-0-8131-2454-4 Lavery, David; Hague, Angela; Cartwright, Marla, eds. (1996), Deny All Knowledge: Reading The X-Files, Syracuse University Press, ISBN 0-8156-0407-6 Lovece, Frank (1996), The X-Files Declassified: The Unauthorized Guide, Citadel, ISBN 0-8065-1745-X Lowry, Brian (1995), The Truth Is Out There: The Official Guide To The X-Files, HarperPrism, ISBN 0-06-105330-9 Mizejewski, Linda (2004), Hardboiled & High Heeled: The Woman Detective in Popular Culture, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-96971-9 Westfahl, Gary (2005), The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0-313-32953-2 External links Wikiquote has quotations related to The X-Files Season 1. "Beyond the Sea" on The X-Files official website "Beyond the Sea" at IMDb vteThe X-Files episodes Seasons 1 2 3 4 5 The X-Files 6 7 8 9 I Want to Believe 10 11 Season 1 "Pilot" "Deep Throat" "Squeeze" "Conduit" "The Jersey Devil" "Shadows" "Ghost in the Machine" "Ice" "Space" "Fallen Angel" "Eve" "Fire" "Beyond the Sea" "Gender Bender" "Lazarus" "Young at Heart" "E.B.E." "Miracle Man" "Shapes" "Darkness Falls" "Tooms" "Born Again" "Roland" "The Erlenmeyer Flask" Unmade episodes Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Files_season_1"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"The X-Files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Files"},{"link_name":"Fox network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Glen Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Morgan"},{"link_name":"James Wong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wong_(producer)"},{"link_name":"David Nutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Nutter"},{"link_name":"mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythology_of_The_X-Files"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"Fox Mulder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Mulder"},{"link_name":"David Duchovny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Duchovny"},{"link_name":"Dana Scully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Scully"},{"link_name":"Gillian Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillian_Anderson"},{"link_name":"X-Files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-File"},{"link_name":"death row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_row"},{"link_name":"Clarice Starling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarice_Starling"},{"link_name":"The Silence of the Lambs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Lambs_(film)"}],"text":"13th episode of the 1st season of The X-Files\"Beyond the Sea\" is the thirteenth episode of the first season of the American science fiction television series The X-Files, premiering on the Fox network on January 7, 1994. It was written by co-executive producers Glen Morgan and James Wong, and directed by David Nutter. The episode is a \"Monster of Week\" story, unconnected to the series' wider mythology, although it deepens the characterization of Scully through the introduction of her parents. Despite a mediocre Nielsen rating compared to other episodes of the first season, \"Beyond the Sea\" received a largely positive reception amongst critics.The show centers on FBI agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) who work on cases linked to the paranormal, called X-Files. The plot of the episode sees Scully's father die and her skepticism put to the test by Luther Lee Boggs, a prisoner on death row who claims to have psychic powers.The episode showed the protagonists reversing their usual roles of \"believer\" and \"skeptic\" for the first time and introduced the theme of father figures that would continue throughout the series. Critical commentary has noted parallels between the character of Dana Scully and that of Clarice Starling from The Silence of the Lambs (1991).","title":"Beyond the Sea (The X-Files)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dana Scully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Scully"},{"link_name":"Gillian Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillian_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Don Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_S._Davis"},{"link_name":"Margaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_X-Files_characters#Margaret_Scully"},{"link_name":"Sheila Larken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Larken"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"heart attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_attack"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"kidnapped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapping"},{"link_name":"Fox Mulder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Mulder"},{"link_name":"David Duchovny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Duchovny"},{"link_name":"Brad Dourif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Dourif"},{"link_name":"serial killer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_killer"},{"link_name":"commuted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutation_of_sentence"},{"link_name":"Beyond the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_the_Sea_(song)"},{"link_name":"gantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaffolding"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lowry130-1"}],"text":"Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) entertains her parents, William (Don Davis) and Margaret (Sheila Larken), shortly after Christmas. After they leave, she falls asleep on her sofa. Several hours later, she wakes up to see her father sitting across from her, speaking silently. The telephone rings, and she takes the call—from her mother, who tells her that her father died of a heart attack an hour earlier. Confused, she looks again at the chair and sees that it is empty.In North Carolina, a young couple are kidnapped by a man impersonating a police officer. Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) tells Scully that Luther Lee Boggs (Brad Dourif), a serial killer he helped catch years before, has claimed to have had psychic revelations about the kidnapping and has offered to help police in exchange for his death sentence being commuted. Mulder is unusually skeptical about Boggs' claims.Visiting Boggs in prison, the agents give him a piece of \"evidence\" from which he has a vision, only to be told it is really a piece of Mulder's T-shirt. Satisfied that he is lying, the pair prepare to leave. However, Scully looks back at Boggs and sees another vision of her father, speaking to her and singing the song that had been played at his funeral: \"Beyond the Sea\". Scully does not tell Mulder about this, and the pair discuss the possibility that Boggs has orchestrated the kidnapping with a partner to avoid execution.Mulder and Scully have a fake newspaper produced which declares the couple have been found, hoping to trick Boggs into contacting his accomplice. He does not fall for the trick but gives the agents vague clues about the case. Scully, acting on these, first finds a warehouse where the couple had been held, and later leads Mulder and several other agents to a boathouse where the kidnapper is holding the couple. The girl is rescued, but the kidnapper shoots Mulder and escapes with the boyfriend. Following this, Mulder and the girl are sent to the hospital.Boggs is then visited by Scully, to whom he gives information about the kidnapper's new location, warning her to avoid \"the blue devil\". Scully then leads several agents to the location Boggs gave her—a brewery—where they rescue the kidnapped boyfriend. Scully chases the kidnapper as he flees but stops in her tracks when he runs along a gantry beneath the brewery's logo—a leering blue devil. The gantry gives way, and the kidnapper falls to his death.Scully speaks to Boggs again, suggesting that if he had orchestrated the kidnapping, the kidnapper would have been aware of the danger he warned her about. Boggs claims to be able to contact her father and offers to relay one last message from him if she will attend his execution. As he is about to be executed, Boggs sees that Scully has not attended.Scully visits Mulder in the hospital, explaining that she changed her mind and now believes Mulder's theory that Boggs arranged everything. She cites as evidence that if Boggs knew she was Mulder's partner, Boggs could have looked up the information about her father's death and used that information to manipulate her. Mulder asks her why she was afraid of believing, even if it meant losing the chance to hear from her father again through Boggs. She tells him that she did not need to hear anything, because she already knew what her father would have said.[1]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Don_S._Davis_DF-SD-03-14217.jpg"},{"link_name":"Glen Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Morgan"},{"link_name":"James Wong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wong_(producer)"},{"link_name":"David Nutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Nutter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lowry130-1"},{"link_name":"Fox network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Don Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_S._Davis"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"mystery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_fiction"},{"link_name":"serial drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_drama"},{"link_name":"Twin Peaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Peaks"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reeves-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"second-season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Files_season_2"},{"link_name":"One Breath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Breath_(X-Files_Episode)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kubek186-5"},{"link_name":"Sheila Larken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Larken"},{"link_name":"R.W. Goodwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.W._Goodwin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lowry130-1"},{"link_name":"Brad Dourif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Dourif"},{"link_name":"Chris Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Carter_(screenwriter)"},{"link_name":"Twentieth Century Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twentieth_Century_Fox"},{"link_name":"Thanksgiving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edwards59-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CarterFav-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CarterFav-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edwards59-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lowry130-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edwards59-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edwards59-6"}],"text":"Don Davis played Captain William Scully.\"Beyond the Sea\" was written by co-executive producers Glen Morgan and James Wong; it was their fourth script for the series. The episode was directed by David Nutter.[1] As Morgan and Wong explained, their episode was written in response to criticisms of the show's initially limited characterization of Scully. Wong said, \"Gillian Anderson needed to show off her talents more, and this was a perfect opportunity to dispel those notions that Scully will never believe. It was time for the character to grow, because she was just doing the same kind of thing too often.\" Executives at the Fox network vetoed the idea two times before Carter told them, \"We're doing it.\"[2]Don Davis was cast as Scully's father, making him one of several X-Files guest stars to have previously appeared on the ABC mystery serial drama television series Twin Peaks.[3][4] Davis would go onto reprise his role as William in the second-season episode \"One Breath\".[5] Sheila Larken, who played Scully's mother, is the wife of the show's co-executive producer R.W. Goodwin.[1] Larken returned for a further fifteen episodes in the role. Morgan and Wong fought hard to have veteran film actor Brad Dourif play the role of Luther Lee Boggs against concerns about the cost of hiring him. X-Files creator Chris Carter called the president of Twentieth Century Fox, Peter Roth, during Thanksgiving dinner and convinced him to let them cast Dourif for the part.[6] Dourif was asked to appear in the episode with only four days of preparation. He originally refused the part until the producers gave him an extra week to prepare.[7] While getting into character between takes, his deep breathing exercises turned his face bright purple.[7]This episode is a favorite of both creator Carter, who calls it his favorite episode of the first season[6] and actress Gillian Anderson.[1] Co-writer Morgan also praises it as a script he is proud of.[6] Director Nutter says of the episode, \"I think it's the most accomplished piece of directing of actors I've been able to do ... I think this episode really made a difference in how the audience looks at Scully. I think it brought a lot of dimension to her character and for her person it definitely had a lot of impact.\"[6]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bobby Darin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Darin"},{"link_name":"song of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_the_Sea_(song)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lovece78-8"},{"link_name":"Richard Ramírez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ram%C3%ADrez"},{"link_name":"Henry Lee Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Lee_Lucas"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lovece78-8"},{"link_name":"Amanda Peet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Peet"},{"link_name":"The X-Files: I Want to Believe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Files:_I_Want_to_Believe"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWTB-9"},{"link_name":"Max Fenig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_X-Files_characters#Max_Fenig"},{"link_name":"National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Investigations_Committee_On_Aerial_Phenomena"},{"link_name":"Fallen Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallen_Angel_(The_X-Files)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cornell-10"},{"link_name":"Herman Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Melville"},{"link_name":"nautical novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_fiction"},{"link_name":"Moby-Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moby-Dick"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kubek181-11"},{"link_name":"second season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Files_season_2"},{"link_name":"third season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Files_season_3"},{"link_name":"Quagmire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quagmire_(The_X-Files)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delsara46-12"}],"text":"The episode title, \"Beyond the Sea\", references Bobby Darin's song of the same name from 1959, which is played at the funeral for Scully's father.[8] The appearance of Boggs greatly resembles Richard Ramírez. The names \"Luther Lee Boggs\" and \"Lucas Henry\" were inspired by real-life serial killer Henry Lee Lucas.[8] The Luther Lee Boggs character is mentioned by Dakota Whitney (Amanda Peet's character) in The X-Files: I Want to Believe (2008).[9] In one scene from this episode, Max Fenig's National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena (NICAP) hat from the episode \"Fallen Angel\" can be seen hanging in Mulder's office.[10]Scully and her father's nicknames for each other—Ahab and Starbuck—are taken from Herman Melville's 1851 nautical novel Moby-Dick.[11] Further references to the novel appear later in the series in the second season episode \"One Breath\" and the third season episode \"Quagmire\".[12]","title":"Cultural references and continuity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jagodzinski-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kowalski132-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delsara118-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delsara118-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Malach-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bellon-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kowalski130-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peterson-19"},{"link_name":"Elegy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elegy_(The_X-Files)"},{"link_name":"All Souls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Souls_(The_X-Files)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kowalski130-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peterson-19"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kubek181-11"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Helford-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kellner-21"},{"link_name":"fourth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Files_season_4"},{"link_name":"Never Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Again_(The_X-Files)"},{"link_name":"father figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_figure"},{"link_name":"Irresistible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irresistible_(The_X-Files)"},{"link_name":"Small Potatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Potatoes_(The_X-Files)"},{"link_name":"Bad Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Blood_(The_X-Files)"},{"link_name":"Milagro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milagro_(The_X-Files)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Helford-20"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kubek181-11"},{"link_name":"Deep Throat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Throat_(The_X-Files)"},{"link_name":"Smoking Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Smoking_Man"},{"link_name":"Senator Matheson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_X-Files_characters#Richard_Matheson"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delsara10-22"},{"link_name":"story arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Story_arc"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delsara118-15"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delsara10-22"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kubek181-11"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delsara10-22"},{"link_name":"Clarice Starling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarice_Starling"},{"link_name":"The Silence of the Lambs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Lambs_(film)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mizejewski-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilcox102-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilcox102-24"},{"link_name":"Anasazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anasazi_(The_X-Files)"},{"link_name":"Hannibal Lecter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal_Lecter"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mizejewski-23"}],"text":"In the episodes prior to \"Beyond the Sea\", the protagonists of The X-Files are firmly established in the roles of believer (Mulder) and rational scientist/skeptic (Scully). \"Beyond the Sea\" is the first episode in which these roles are reversed.[13] Scully, vulnerable after the death of her father, is persuaded by Boggs' apparent psychic ability.[14] Meanwhile, Mulder refuses to believe the serial killer, discounts any evidence in Boggs' favor and will only consider rational explanations. According to Jan Delsara, Scully is inclined to believe Boggs because she identifies with him: they both understand the pressure of high family expectations. Scully strongly desired to make her father proud, despite not fulfilling his expectation that she became a doctor, and Boggs, in killing his family, had hoped to kill their expectations and judgment of him.[15] In contrast, Mulder's relationship with his parents, based on resentment of them for their failure to protect his sister (themes developed later in the series), makes him unwilling to identify with Boggs.[15] While Scully follows her instinct and solves the case, Mulder gets shot and ends up in the hospital because of his doubts and skepticism.[16] According to Joe Bellon, as the episode progresses, even Scully's personality becomes like Mulder's and \"for all narrative purposes, she becomes Mulder for almost an entire episode.\"[17] According to Dean A. Kowalski, this role reversal of the partners represents a \"blending\" of Mulder and Scully's characters that is present throughout the series.[18]Scully's co-option of Mulder's usual role also demonstrates the complexity of her character. Although she is strongly influenced by her scientific background, she has religious faith too.[19] Paul C. Peterson notes that although this episode is not directly about religion, it shows the first of several visions Scully experiences throughout the series; later visions appear in episodes more directly related to religion and Scully's faith, such as \"One Breath\", \"Elegy\" and \"All Souls\".[18][19] In this episode, her faith in her father ultimately proves stronger than her belief in the paranormal as she refuses to be tempted by Boggs. Rather than take him up on his offer to help her contact her father, Scully visits her partner in the hospital.[11]\"Beyond the Sea\" is the first episode to explore a central theme of Scully's character development—her attraction to, and conflict with, authoritative men.[20] Throughout her career with the FBI she experiences conflict with patriarchal figures.[21] In the fourth season episode \"Never Again\", she expresses a long-held fascination with father figures. This theme is introduced with her guilt and need for approval following her father's death in \"Beyond the Sea\", and continues in later episodes including \"Irresistible\", \"Small Potatoes\", \"Bad Blood\", and \"Milagro\".[20]The theme of father figures is one that is explored throughout The X-Files, in relation to both Mulder and Scully.[11] As well as their own fathers, a number of characters play a paternal role to the agents in later episodes, including Deep Throat, the Smoking Man and Senator Matheson.[22] Both of the protagonists have deep-rooted family issues and this episode is the beginning of the exploration of that story arc.[15] A motif often employed in the show is that of mirroring, doubling or cloning.[22] Scully's relationship with her father, first dealt with in \"Beyond the Sea\", is mirrored by that of Mulder's with his father—also named William—who dies at the end of the second season.[11][22]Comparisons have been drawn between the character of Dana Scully and that of FBI student Clarice Starling in The Silence of the Lambs (1991).[23] Rhonda Wilcox and J. P. Williams note the similarities in their appearances, as well as their positions in a patriarchal working environment.[24] In \"Beyond the Sea\" in particular, parallels can be seen. Like Starling, Scully has an emotional connection with—and a need to prove herself to—her dead father.[24] After William Scully's death, his daughter becomes particularly concerned with whether or not he was proud of her. Although by the end of the episode, Scully seems to have come to terms with her father's opinion of her, her worries resurface later in the series when she fears that he would have been ashamed of her actions (\"Anasazi\"). The connection to Clarice Starling is further shown by Scully's encounter with Luther Lee Boggs, an apparently helpful serial killer, which echoes Starling's relationship with serial killer Hannibal Lecter.[23]","title":"Themes and analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lowry248-25"},{"link_name":"Nielsen ratings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_ratings"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lowry248-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lowry248-25"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farrand223-27"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Sun"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VS-28"},{"link_name":"PopMatters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ogle-29"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-30"},{"link_name":"Gary Westfahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Westfahl"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Westfahl-31"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW_review-32"},{"link_name":"The A.V. Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AV_Club-33"}],"text":"\"Beyond the Sea\" was first broadcast in the United States on January 7, 1994, on the Fox network.[25] In its original broadcast it was watched by 6.2 million households and 10.8 million viewers, according to the Nielsen ratings system.[25][26] It received a 6.6 rating/11 share among viewers meaning that 6.6 percent of all households in the U.S., and 11 percent of all people watching television at the time, viewed the episode.[25]Author Phil Farrand rated the episode as the sixth-best episode of the first four seasons in his book The Nitpicker's Guide for X-Philes.[27] A writer from the Vancouver Sun listed \"Beyond the Sea\" as one of the best standalone episodes of the show, saying that Brad Dourif's acting was \"remarkably chilling\". They noted that this episode was the first to center around Gillian Anderson's character, and showed signs of Scully's vulnerability.[28] Connie Ogle from PopMatters ranked the episode amongst her \"best\" monster-of-the-week episodes. Ogle felt that Luther Lee Boggs was one of the \"greatest\" monster-of-the-week characters of the show, saying: \"Spend a few minutes in Luther's skeevy presence, and alien abduction seems like a blessing\".[29] Writers for IGN named the episode their second favourite stand alone episode of the show, noting favourably how it \"flips\" the established dynamic between Mulder and Scully.[30] In The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy, Gary Westfahl described the episode as one of the most \"highly regarded\" stand alone episodes.[31]In a retrospective of the first season, Entertainment Weekly gave \"Beyond the Sea\" an A+, noting how it humanizes Scully and praising the casting of Dourif.[32] Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club graded the episode a B+, praising Dourif as Boggs but wondered specifically about his intentions. Despite liking the fact that Scully was the focus of the episode and praising Anderson's performance, he thought that its \"main flaw\" was the way it handled her moral crisis, opining that she appeared too weak.[33]","title":"Broadcast and reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lowry130_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lowry130_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lowry130_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lowry130_1-3"},{"link_name":"Lowry (1995)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Lowry"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"X-Writers\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060327041004/http://www.morganandwongonline.com/paula4.htm"},{"link_name":"Starlog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlog"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.morganandwongonline.com/paula4.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Reeves_3-0"},{"link_name":"Lavery et al. 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Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club"}],"text":"^ a b c d Lowry (1995), pp. 130–131\n\n^ Vitaris, Paula (December 1995). \"X-Writers\". Starlog. The Brooklyn Company, Inc. Archived from the original on March 27, 2006. Retrieved July 21, 2013.\n\n^ Reeves, Jimmie L., Rodgers, Mark C. & Epstein, Michael in Lavery et al. (1996), p. 32\n\n^ Norman, Dalton (2021-12-05). \"9 Actors From Twin Peaks Who Also Appeared In The X-Files\". Screen Rant. Retrieved November 24, 2023.\n\n^ Kubek, Elizabeth in Lavery et al. (1996), p. 186\n\n^ a b c d Edwards (1997), pp. 59–60\n\n^ a b Carter, Chris. (1994). \"Chris Carter talks about 12 of his favorite episodes from Season: Beyond the Sea\". Fox Home Entertainment.\n\n^ a b Lovece (1996), p. 78\n\n^ Chris Carter (director); Chris Carter & Frank Spotnitz (writers). \"I Want to Believe\". The X-Files. Episode 2. Fox.\n\n^ Cornell, Day & Topping (1997), p. 60\n\n^ a b c d Kubek, Elizabeth in Lavery et al. (1996), pp. 181–182\n\n^ Delsara (2000), p. 46\n\n^ Jagodzinski, Jan; Hipfl, Brigitte (May 2001), \"Youth Fantasies: Reading \"The X-Files\" Psychoanalytically\", Studies in Media & Information Literacy Education, 1 (2), University of Toronto Press: 1–14, doi:10.3138/sim.1.2.002\n\n^ Kowalski (2007), p. 132\n\n^ a b c Delsara (2000), pp. 118–119\n\n^ Malach, Michele in Lavery et al. (1996), p. 72\n\n^ Bellon, Joe (1999), \"The Strange Discourse of The X-Files: What it is, What it Does, and What is at Stake\", Critical Studies in Media Communication, 16 (2): 151, doi:10.1080/15295039909367083\n\n^ a b Kowalski (2007), p. 130\n\n^ a b Peterson, Paul C. (13 November 2009), \"Religion in The X-Files\", Journal of Media and Religion, 1 (3): 184, doi:10.1207/S15328415JMR0103_4, S2CID 144350548\n\n^ a b Helford (2000), p. 71\n\n^ Kellner (2003), p. 148\n\n^ a b c Delsara (2000), p. 10\n\n^ a b Mizejewski (2004), p. 101\n\n^ a b Wilcox, Rhonda & Williams, J. P. in Lavery et al. (1996), pp. 102–103\n\n^ a b c Lowry (1995), p. 248\n\n^ \"Nielsen Ratings\". USA Today. Gannett Company, Inc. 12 January 1994. p. D3.\n\n^ Farrand (1997), p. 223\n\n^ \"A Look Back on Some of the Best Stand-Alone Episodes From The X-Files Series\", The Vancouver Sun, CanWest MediaWorks Publications Inc., July 25, 2008, archived from the original on March 3, 2016, retrieved August 25, 2010\n\n^ Ogle, Connie (July 28, 2008), \"The X-Factor: A Look Back at 'The X-Files' Greatest Monsters\", PopMatters, PopMatters Media, archived from the original on March 5, 2016, retrieved August 25, 2010\n\n^ Collura, Scott; Fickett, Travis; Goldman, Eric; Seghers, Christine. \"IGN's 10 Favourite X-Files Standalone Episodes - TV Feature at IGN\". IGN. Archived from the original on 2012-05-17. Retrieved April 18, 2011.\n\n^ Westfahl (2005), p. 1354\n\n^ \"X Cyclopedia: The Ultimate Episode Guide, Season I\". Entertainment Weekly. November 29, 1996. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved April 5, 2012.\n\n^ Handlen, Zack (July 18, 2008). \"\"Beyond the Sea\"/\"Gender Bender\"/\"Lazarus\"\". The A.V. Club. Retrieved April 5, 2012.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Don Davis played Captain William Scully.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Don_S._Davis_DF-SD-03-14217.jpg/170px-Don_S._Davis_DF-SD-03-14217.jpg"}]
null
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Fox.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Carter_(screenwriter)","url_text":"Chris Carter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Carter_(screenwriter)","url_text":"Chris Carter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Spotnitz","url_text":"Frank Spotnitz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Files:_I_Want_to_Believe","url_text":"I Want to Believe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Files","url_text":"The X-Files"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"Fox"}]},{"reference":"Jagodzinski, Jan; Hipfl, Brigitte (May 2001), \"Youth Fantasies: Reading \"The X-Files\" Psychoanalytically\", Studies in Media & Information Literacy Education, 1 (2), University of Toronto Press: 1–14, doi:10.3138/sim.1.2.002","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press","url_text":"University of Toronto Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fsim.1.2.002","url_text":"10.3138/sim.1.2.002"}]},{"reference":"Bellon, Joe (1999), \"The Strange Discourse of The X-Files: What it is, What it Does, and What is at Stake\", Critical Studies in Media Communication, 16 (2): 151, doi:10.1080/15295039909367083","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15295039909367083","url_text":"10.1080/15295039909367083"}]},{"reference":"Peterson, Paul C. (13 November 2009), \"Religion in The X-Files\", Journal of Media and Religion, 1 (3): 184, doi:10.1207/S15328415JMR0103_4, S2CID 144350548","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1207%2FS15328415JMR0103_4","url_text":"10.1207/S15328415JMR0103_4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144350548","url_text":"144350548"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen Ratings\". USA Today. 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IGN. Archived from the original on 2012-05-17. Retrieved April 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120517013637/http://uk.tv.ign.com/articles/870/870608p3.html","url_text":"\"IGN's 10 Favourite X-Files Standalone Episodes - TV Feature at IGN\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"http://uk.tv.ign.com/articles/870/870608p3.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"X Cyclopedia: The Ultimate Episode Guide, Season I\". Entertainment Weekly. November 29, 1996. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved April 5, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121021182037/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,295174_3,00.html","url_text":"\"X Cyclopedia: The Ultimate Episode Guide, Season I\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"},{"url":"http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,295174_3,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Handlen, Zack (July 18, 2008). \"\"Beyond the Sea\"/\"Gender Bender\"/\"Lazarus\"\". The A.V. Club. Retrieved April 5, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/articles/beyond-the-seagender-benderlazurus,13085/","url_text":"\"\"Beyond the Sea\"/\"Gender Bender\"/\"Lazarus\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. Club"}]},{"reference":"Badley, Linda (2000), \"Scully Hits the Glass Ceiling: Postmodernism, Postfeminism, Posthumanism and The X-Files\", in Helford, Elyce Rae (ed.), Fantasy Girls: Gender in the New Universe of Science Fiction and Fantasy Television, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 978-0-8476-9834-9","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fantasygirls00elyc","url_text":"Fantasy Girls: Gender in the New Universe of Science Fiction and Fantasy Television"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield","url_text":"Rowman & Littlefield"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9834-9","url_text":"978-0-8476-9834-9"}]},{"reference":"Cornell, Paul; Day, Martin; Topping, Keith (1997), X-Treme Possibilities: A Paranoid Rummage Through the X-Files, Virgin Books, ISBN 0-7535-0019-1","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Books","url_text":"Virgin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7535-0019-1","url_text":"0-7535-0019-1"}]},{"reference":"Delsara, Jan (2000), PopLit, PopCult and The X-Files: A Critical Exploration, McFarland, ISBN 0-7864-0789-1","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company","url_text":"McFarland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0789-1","url_text":"0-7864-0789-1"}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Ted (1997), X-Files Confidential: The Unauthorized X-Philes Compendium, Little, Brown and Company, ISBN 0-316-21808-1","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/xfilesconfidenti00edwa_0","url_text":"X-Files Confidential: The Unauthorized X-Philes Compendium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company","url_text":"Little, Brown and Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-21808-1","url_text":"0-316-21808-1"}]},{"reference":"Farrand, Phil (1997), The Nitpicker's Guide for X-Philes, Dell Publishing, ISBN 0-440-50808-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Farrand","url_text":"Farrand, Phil"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nitpickersguide000farr","url_text":"The Nitpicker's Guide for X-Philes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Publishing","url_text":"Dell Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-440-50808-8","url_text":"0-440-50808-8"}]},{"reference":"Kellner, Douglas (2003), Media Spectacle, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-26828-1","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Kellner","url_text":"Kellner, Douglas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-26828-1","url_text":"0-415-26828-1"}]},{"reference":"Kowalski, Dean A. (2007), The Philosophy of The X-Files, University Press of Kentucky, ISBN 978-0-8131-2454-4","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky","url_text":"University Press of Kentucky"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2454-4","url_text":"978-0-8131-2454-4"}]},{"reference":"Lavery, David; Hague, Angela; Cartwright, Marla, eds. (1996), Deny All Knowledge: Reading The X-Files, Syracuse University Press, ISBN 0-8156-0407-6","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/denyallknowledge0000lave","url_text":"Deny All Knowledge: Reading The X-Files"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press","url_text":"Syracuse University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8156-0407-6","url_text":"0-8156-0407-6"}]},{"reference":"Lovece, Frank (1996), The X-Files Declassified: The Unauthorized Guide, Citadel, ISBN 0-8065-1745-X","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lovece","url_text":"Lovece, Frank"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/xfilesdeclassifi00love","url_text":"The X-Files Declassified: The Unauthorized Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington_Books","url_text":"Citadel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8065-1745-X","url_text":"0-8065-1745-X"}]},{"reference":"Lowry, Brian (1995), The Truth Is Out There: The Official Guide To The X-Files, HarperPrism, ISBN 0-06-105330-9","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperPrism","url_text":"HarperPrism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-105330-9","url_text":"0-06-105330-9"}]},{"reference":"Mizejewski, Linda (2004), Hardboiled & High Heeled: The Woman Detective in Popular Culture, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-96971-9","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-96971-9","url_text":"0-415-96971-9"}]},{"reference":"Westfahl, Gary (2005), The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0-313-32953-2","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Westfahl","url_text":"Westfahl, Gary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group","url_text":"Greenwood Publishing Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32953-2","url_text":"0-313-32953-2"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manousos
Manousos
[]
Manousos (Greek: Μανούσος) is both a Greek surname and a given name. Notable people with the name include: Savvas Manousos (born 1985), Greek basketball player Yiorghos Manousos (born 1987), Greek footballer Manousos Manousakis, Greek film director, producer, screenwriter and actor Name listThis page or section lists people that share the same given name or the same family name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_Cancer_Research_Foundation
Breast Cancer Research Foundation
["1 Funding and spending","2 References","3 External links"]
Research organization Breast Cancer Research FoundationFounded1993FounderEvelyn H. LauderFocusBreast Cancer ResearchLocationNew York, New YorkKey peopleDonna McKay, PresidentWebsiteOfficial website The Breast Cancer Research Foundation (BCRF) is an independent, not-for-profit organization which has raised $569.4 million to support clinical and translational research on breast cancer at medical institutions in the United States and abroad. BCRF currently funds over 255 researchers in 14 countries. The BCRF's director of research is Dr. Larry Norton of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. BCRF has funded basic research on genetic susceptibility to breast cancer, breast cancer stem cells, trastuzumab (Herceptin), anti-angiogenesis treatment with bevacizumab (Avastin), MRI imaging, aromatase inhibitors, tamoxifen; and also clinical trials of new treatments with the Translational Breast Cancer Research Consortium. BCRF was founded in 1993 by Evelyn Lauder, Senior Corporate Vice President of The Estee Lauder Companies. Lauder's first foray into breast cancer awareness was through an initiative by herself and Alexandra Penney, former editor of SELF magazine, to make the pink ribbon an international symbol of breast cancer awareness. Funding and spending BCRF 2009–2010 Expenses   Research & Awareness (90.6%)  Fundraising (5.7%)  Administration (3.7%) Delta Air Lines' ship #1821, a 767-400ER, in pink Breast Cancer Research Foundation livery, in 2010. In 2012, the livery was slightly modified to rename the plane in honor of the BCRF's founder, Evelyn Lauder. Delta ship#1821's livery was revised again in September 2015, retaining the BCRF theme. The pink ribbon is now painted on the fuselage with BCRF subtitles on an otherwise standard livery. This picture is a few weeks after the repaint. As of 2014, BCRF directs more than 91 cents of every dollar raised to breast cancer research and breast cancer awareness programs. BCRF has received exceptional recognition from several organizations that monitor and provide comprehensive, unbiased information on charities. CharityWatch, formerly the American Institute of Philanthropy, rated BCRF with an A grade in their November 2021 report. References ^ "BCRF Grantees". The Breast Cancer Research Foundation. ^ "BCRF Awards Grants to 255 Investigators Around the World". 30 September 2022. ^ our impact: The Breast Cancer Research Foundation: What We've Accomplished ^ "Breast Cancer Awareness Campaign". The Estée Lauder Companies Inc. Archived from the original on October 3, 2011. ^ "The Breast Cancer Research Foundation". Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.). 4 (3): 275–277. May 2002. doi:10.1038/sj/neo/7900240. ISSN 1522-8002. PMC 1550330. PMID 11988848. ^ Watson, Sarah. "Fueling the search for a cure". MD Anderson Cancer Center. Retrieved 2020-02-04. ^ "Responsible Giving and Efficiencies". The Breast Cancer Research Foundation. 25 August 2021. ^ "Breast Cancer Research Foundation". CharityWatch. November 2021. Retrieved 2022-06-02. External links Media related to Breast Cancer Research Foundation at Wikimedia Commons Official website Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/...The_Dandy_Warhols_Come_Down
...The Dandy Warhols Come Down
["1 Recording and The Black Album","2 Musical style","3 Release","4 Reception","5 Legacy","6 Track listing","7 Personnel","8 Charts","9 Certifications","10 References","11 External links"]
1997 studio album by The Dandy Warhols...The Dandy Warhols Come DownStudio album by The Dandy WarholsReleasedJuly 15, 1997StudioSound Impressions; Stiles Recording; Falcon Studios; Courtney Taylor-Taylor's apartment, Portland, Oregon, United StatesGenre Alternative rock power pop space rock Length66:23LabelCapitolProducer Tony Lash Courtney Taylor-Taylor The Dandy Warhols chronology Dandys Rule OK(1995) ...The Dandy Warhols Come Down(1997) Thirteen Tales from Urban Bohemia(2000) Singles from ...The Dandy Warhols Come Down "Not If You Were the Last Junkie on Earth"Released: June 16, 1997 "Every Day Should Be a Holiday"Released: July 15, 1997 "Boys Better"Released: 1998 ...The Dandy Warhols Come Down is the second studio album by American rock band The Dandy Warhols. It was released on July 15, 1997, by Capitol. Three singles were released from the album: "Not If You Were the Last Junkie on Earth", "Every Day Should Be a Holiday" and "Boys Better". This is the final studio album to feature drummer Eric Hedford, who quit the band during the tour, and was replaced with Taylor-Taylor's cousin Brent DeBoer. Recording and The Black Album The band's first effort for Capitol Records was an album which was recorded before Come Down called The Black Album, which was rejected by Capitol for, according to frontman Courtney Taylor-Taylor, containing "no hit songs". It was later released as a double album in 2004 with Come On Feel the Dandy Warhols, an album composed of B-sides and previously unreleased material. After rejecting "The Black Album" Capitol reached out to Tony Lash, who had co-produced Dandys Rule OK, to produce. ...The Dandy Warhols Come Down was recorded in 1996-1997 at Sound Impressions, Stiles Recording, Falcon Studios, and Courtney Taylor-Taylor's apartment in Portland, Oregon. According to Taylor-Taylor, it took the band a long time to get noticed by major labels, due to the prevalence of the grunge scene in the Pacific Northwest. In a June 1997 interview with Billboard, he remarked, "When we came up, there were a group of bands that didn't get recognition because people weren't appreciating what it was we were doing. A lot of us were more influenced by Galaxie 500 than the post-pubescent, fanzine, Nirvana-angst, college thing that was so prevalent at the time." Musical style The album featured a shift in style from the garage rock influenced sound of their previous album, 1995's Dandys Rule OK, to a more and pop-influenced sound. Taylor compared the track "Good Morning" to the style of musician Lloyd Cole. Release ...The Dandy Warhols Come Down was released on July 15, 1997, by Capitol. Three singles were released from the album: "Not If You Were the Last Junkie on Earth", which helped to establish the band's popularity; "Every Day Should Be a Holiday", which reached No. 29 on the UK Singles Chart; and "Boys Better", which reached No. 36 on the same chart. It is the final album with founding member Eric Hedford, who was replaced by frontman Courtney Taylor-Taylor's cousin Brent DeBoer in 1998. Reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicEncyclopedia of Popular MusicThe GuardianHouston ChronicleNME7/10Pitchfork6.5/10QRolling StoneThe Rolling Stone Album GuideUSA Today ...The Dandy Warhols Come Down has sold 103,000 copies in the U.S. as of 2008. The album has received a generally positive reception from critics. AllMusic criticized the album's consistency, writing, "the band has talent for not just punchy hooks but for layered sonics as well, but they don't know how to meld the two together." Rolling Stone, on the other hand, called it "the most exhilarating '60s-into-'90s excursion yet attempted by an American band", following with "if this is The Dandy Warhols coming down, the mind boggles at the thought of them flying high." Legacy The album was included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. Pitchfork also included it in their The Best Britpop Albums... That Aren't British list. "Boys Better" was featured on the soundtrack for the films Good Will Hunting, Igby Goes Down, Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back and Jay and Silent Bob Reboot. "Every Day Should Be a Holiday" was featured in the movie There's Something About Mary, Fanboys and the trailer for Sideways Track listing All tracks are written by Courtney Taylor-Taylor, except where notedNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Be-In" 7:002."Boys Better" 4:303."Minnesoter" 3:044."Orange" 5:405."I Love You" 4:136."Not If You Were the Last Junkie on Earth" 3:107."Every Day Should Be a Holiday" 4:028."Good Morning" 5:009."Whipping Tree" 3:5010."Green" 3:1011."Cool as Kim Deal" 3:0412."Hard On for Jesus"Taylor-Taylor, Peter Holmström4:3613."Pete International Airport"Taylor-Taylor, Holmström5:5614."The Creep Out"Taylor-Taylor, Holmström, Zia McCabe, Eric Hedford9:00 Vinyl bonus trackNo.TitleLength15."One"3:06 Personnel The Dandy Warhols Courtney Taylor-Taylor – lead vocals, guitar, mixing on "Whipping Tree", production and album sleeve design and art direction Peter Holmström – guitar, additional vocals Zia McCabe – keyboard bass, keyboards, percussion, additional vocals Eric Hedford – drums, backing vocals Additional personnel Tony Lash – keyboards, percussion, drums on "Minnesoter" Aquaman – additional production on "Every Day Should Be a Holiday" Steven Birch – album design and art direction Jeff Bizzell – sleeve photography (larger live photos) Tchad Blake – mixing on tracks 1–7 and 10–12 at: Sunset Sound Factory, Hollywood, California Mario Caldato Jr. – mixing and additional production on "The Creep Out" at Bundy's, Los Angeles, California S. Husky Höskulds – engineering assistance Lisa Johnson – sleeve photography Mario Lalich – album cover photography Tony Lash – production, recording; mixing on "Good Morning" and "Pete International Airport" at White Horse Studios, Portland, Oregon Bob Ludwig – mastering at Gateway Mastering, Portland, Maine Mickey Petralia – mixing on "The Creep Out" David Schiffman – additional recording Clark Stiles – additional recording Charts Chart (1998) Peakposition Australian Albums (ARIA) 91 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 86 UK Albums (OCC) 16 US Heatseekers Albums (Billboard) 22 Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales United Kingdom (BPI) Gold 100,000^ ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. References ^ Linden, Amy; Helligar, Jeremy; Novak, Ralph; Lynch, Jason (September 1, 1997). "Picks and Pans Review: The Dandy Warhols Come Down". People. Archived from the original on August 28, 2016. Retrieved June 20, 2016. ^ a b c d Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "The Dandy Warhols Come Down – The Dandy Warhols". AllMusic. Retrieved October 10, 2011. ^ a b Larkin, Colin (2011). "Dandy Warhols". The Encyclopedia of Popular Music (5th concise ed.). Omnibus Press. p. 500. ISBN 978-0-85712-595-8. ^ a b Reece, Doug (June 14, 1997). "Capitol Betting Dandy Warhols Still 'Rule OK' On 'Come Down'". Billboard. ^ a b Dig! (motion picture). 2004. ^ Marburger, Lex (November 1, 1997). "The Dandy Warhols Come Down". Lollipop Magazine. Retrieved August 6, 2021. ^ "Every Day Should Be A Holiday". Official Charts Company. Retrieved February 29, 2012. ^ "Boys Better". Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 20, 2011. ^ Sullivan, Caroline (May 1, 1998). "The Dandy Warhols: Come Down (Parlophone)". The Guardian. ^ Snyder, Julene (July 13, 1997). "Dandy Warhols Deserve Another 15 Minutes". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved September 16, 2018. ^ Empire, Kitty (May 2, 1998). "The Dandy Warhols – ...Come Down". NME. Archived from the original on October 4, 2000. Retrieved September 16, 2018. ^ Wisdom, James P. "The Dandy Warhols: Come Down". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on April 13, 2003. Retrieved September 16, 2018. ^ Eccleston, Danny (December 2000). "The Dandy Warhols: The Dandy Warhols Come Down". Q (171). ^ a b Hoskyns, Barney (July 10, 1997). "The Dandy Warhols: ...The Dandy Warhols Come Down". Rolling Stone (764). Archived from the original on April 24, 2002. Retrieved September 16, 2018. ^ Scoppa, Bud (2004). "The Dandy Warhols". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). Simon & Schuster. p. 208. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8. ^ Gundersen, Edna (September 3, 1997). "The Dandy Warhols, ...The Dandy Warhols Come Down". USA Today. ^ Harding, Cortney (March 15, 2008). "A Fair Deal: The Dandy Warhols Become Their Own Masters". Billboard. Retrieved June 18, 2012. ^ Berman, Stuart. "The Best Britpop Albums... That Aren't British". Pitchfork. Retrieved April 14, 2017. ^ Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 74. ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – The Dandy Warhols – ...The Dandy Warhols Come Down" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved October 12, 2020. ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 12, 2020. ^ "The Dandy Warhols Chart History (Heatseekers Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved October 12, 2020. ^ "British album certifications – Dandy Warhols – Come Down". British Phonographic Industry. External links ...The Dandy Warhols Come Down at The Dandy Warhols' official website ...The Dandy Warhols Come Down at Discogs (list of releases) vteThe Dandy Warhols Courtney Taylor-Taylor Peter Holmström Zia McCabe Brent DeBoer Eric Hedford Studio albums Dandys Rule OK ...The Dandy Warhols Come Down Thirteen Tales from Urban Bohemia Welcome to the Monkey House The Black Album Odditorium or Warlords of Mars ...Earth to the Dandy Warhols... The Dandy Warhols Are Sound This Machine Distortland Why You So Crazy Tafelmuzik Means More When You're Alone Rockmaker Compilation albums Come On Feel The Dandy Warhols The Capitol Years 1995–2007 Singles "Not If You Were the Last Junkie on Earth" "Get Off" "Bohemian Like You" "Godless" "We Used to Be Friends" "You Were the Last High" "Plan A" "Horny as a Dandy" "Primary" "Blackbird" "You Are Killing Me" Other songs "All I Have to Do Is Dream" "Inside the Outside" Related Discography Dig! The Brian Jonestown Massacre Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Dandy Warhols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dandy_Warhols"},{"link_name":"Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Records"},{"link_name":"Not If You Were the Last Junkie on Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_If_You_Were_the_Last_Junkie_on_Earth"},{"link_name":"Every Day Should Be a Holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Every_Day_Should_Be_a_Holiday"},{"link_name":"Eric Hedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Hedford"},{"link_name":"Brent DeBoer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_DeBoer"}],"text":"1997 studio album by The Dandy Warhols...The Dandy Warhols Come Down is the second studio album by American rock band The Dandy Warhols. It was released on July 15, 1997, by Capitol.Three singles were released from the album: \"Not If You Were the Last Junkie on Earth\", \"Every Day Should Be a Holiday\" and \"Boys Better\".This is the final studio album to feature drummer Eric Hedford, who quit the band during the tour, and was replaced with Taylor-Taylor's cousin Brent DeBoer.","title":"...The Dandy Warhols Come Down"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Courtney Taylor-Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Taylor-Taylor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dig!-5"},{"link_name":"B-sides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-side_and_B-side"},{"link_name":"Tony Lash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Lash"},{"link_name":"Dandys Rule OK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandys_Rule_OK"},{"link_name":"Falcon Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"grunge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge"},{"link_name":"Pacific Northwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwest"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Galaxie 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxie_500"},{"link_name":"Nirvana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana_(band)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-4"}],"text":"The band's first effort for Capitol Records was an album which was recorded before Come Down called The Black Album, which was rejected by Capitol for, according to frontman Courtney Taylor-Taylor, containing \"no hit songs\".[5] It was later released as a double album in 2004 with Come On Feel the Dandy Warhols, an album composed of B-sides and previously unreleased material.After rejecting \"The Black Album\" Capitol reached out to Tony Lash, who had co-produced Dandys Rule OK, to produce. ...The Dandy Warhols Come Down was recorded in 1996-1997 at Sound Impressions, Stiles Recording, Falcon Studios, and Courtney Taylor-Taylor's apartment in Portland, Oregon.According to Taylor-Taylor, it took the band a long time to get noticed by major labels, due to the prevalence of the grunge scene in the Pacific Northwest. In a June 1997 interview with Billboard, he remarked, \"When we came up, there were a group of bands that didn't get recognition because people weren't appreciating what it was we were doing. A lot of us were more influenced by Galaxie 500 than the post-pubescent, fanzine, Nirvana-angst, college thing that was so prevalent at the time.\"[4]","title":"Recording and The Black Album"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"garage rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garage_rock"},{"link_name":"Dandys Rule OK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandys_Rule_OK"},{"link_name":"pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The album featured a shift in style from the garage rock influenced sound of their previous album, 1995's Dandys Rule OK, to a more and pop-influenced sound.[2]Taylor compared the track \"Good Morning\" to the style of musician Lloyd Cole.[6]","title":"Musical style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Not If You Were the Last Junkie on Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_If_You_Were_the_Last_Junkie_on_Earth"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dig!-5"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Courtney Taylor-Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Taylor-Taylor"},{"link_name":"Brent DeBoer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_DeBoer"}],"text":"...The Dandy Warhols Come Down was released on July 15, 1997, by Capitol.Three singles were released from the album: \"Not If You Were the Last Junkie on Earth\", which helped to establish the band's popularity;[5] \"Every Day Should Be a Holiday\", which reached No. 29 on the UK Singles Chart;[7] and \"Boys Better\", which reached No. 36 on the same chart.[8]It is the final album with founding member Eric Hedford, who was replaced by frontman Courtney Taylor-Taylor's cousin Brent DeBoer in 1998.","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic-2"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rolling_Stone-14"}],"text":"...The Dandy Warhols Come Down has sold 103,000 copies in the U.S. as of 2008.[17]The album has received a generally positive reception from critics. AllMusic criticized the album's consistency, writing, \"the band has talent for not just punchy hooks but for layered sonics as well, but they don't know how to meld the two together.\"[2] Rolling Stone, on the other hand, called it \"the most exhilarating '60s-into-'90s excursion yet attempted by an American band\", following with \"if this is The Dandy Warhols coming down, the mind boggles at the thought of them flying high.\"[14]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1001_Albums_You_Must_Hear_Before_You_Die"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Good Will Hunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Will_Hunting"},{"link_name":"Igby Goes Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igby_Goes_Down"},{"link_name":"Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_and_Silent_Bob_Strike_Back"},{"link_name":"Jay and Silent Bob Reboot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_and_Silent_Bob_Reboot"},{"link_name":"There's Something About Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There%27s_Something_About_Mary"},{"link_name":"Fanboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanboys_(film)"},{"link_name":"Sideways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sideways"}],"text":"The album was included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. Pitchfork also included it in their The Best Britpop Albums... That Aren't British list.[18]\"Boys Better\" was featured on the soundtrack for the films Good Will Hunting, Igby Goes Down, Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back and Jay and Silent Bob Reboot. \"Every Day Should Be a Holiday\" was featured in the movie There's Something About Mary, Fanboys and the trailer for Sideways","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Courtney Taylor-Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Taylor-Taylor"},{"link_name":"Not If You Were the Last Junkie on Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_If_You_Were_the_Last_Junkie_on_Earth"},{"link_name":"Peter Holmström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Holmstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"Zia McCabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zia_McCabe"}],"text":"All tracks are written by Courtney Taylor-Taylor, except where notedNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Be-In\" 7:002.\"Boys Better\" 4:303.\"Minnesoter\" 3:044.\"Orange\" 5:405.\"I Love You\" 4:136.\"Not If You Were the Last Junkie on Earth\" 3:107.\"Every Day Should Be a Holiday\" 4:028.\"Good Morning\" 5:009.\"Whipping Tree\" 3:5010.\"Green\" 3:1011.\"Cool as Kim Deal\" 3:0412.\"Hard On for Jesus\"Taylor-Taylor, Peter Holmström4:3613.\"Pete International Airport\"Taylor-Taylor, Holmström5:5614.\"The Creep Out\"Taylor-Taylor, Holmström, Zia McCabe, Eric Hedford9:00Vinyl bonus trackNo.TitleLength15.\"One\"3:06","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Courtney Taylor-Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Taylor-Taylor"},{"link_name":"mixing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)"},{"link_name":"production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"art direction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_director"},{"link_name":"Peter Holmström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Holmstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"Zia McCabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zia_McCabe"},{"link_name":"percussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument"},{"link_name":"Tchad Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad_Blake"},{"link_name":"Sunset Sound Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset_Sound_Recorders"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Mario Caldato Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Caldato_Jr."},{"link_name":"S. Husky Höskulds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Husky_H%C3%B6skulds"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineer"},{"link_name":"Bob Ludwig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Ludwig"},{"link_name":"mastering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mastering"}],"text":"The Dandy Warhols\n\nCourtney Taylor-Taylor – lead vocals, guitar, mixing on \"Whipping Tree\", production and album sleeve design and art direction\nPeter Holmström – guitar, additional vocals\nZia McCabe – keyboard bass, keyboards, percussion, additional vocals\nEric Hedford – drums, backing vocals\nAdditional personnel\n\nTony Lash – keyboards, percussion, drums on \"Minnesoter\"\nAquaman – additional production on \"Every Day Should Be a Holiday\"\nSteven Birch – album design and art direction\nJeff Bizzell – sleeve photography (larger live photos)\nTchad Blake – mixing on tracks 1–7 and 10–12 at: Sunset Sound Factory, Hollywood, California\nMario Caldato Jr. – mixing and additional production on \"The Creep Out\" at Bundy's, Los Angeles, California\nS. Husky Höskulds – engineering assistance\nLisa Johnson – sleeve photography\nMario Lalich – album cover photography\nTony Lash – production, recording; mixing on \"Good Morning\" and \"Pete International Airport\" at White Horse Studios, Portland, Oregon\nBob Ludwig – mastering at Gateway Mastering, Portland, Maine\nMickey Petralia – mixing on \"The Creep Out\"\nDavid Schiffman – additional recording\nClark Stiles – additional recording","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Linden, Amy; Helligar, Jeremy; Novak, Ralph; Lynch, Jason (September 1, 1997). \"Picks and Pans Review: The Dandy Warhols Come Down\". People. Archived from the original on August 28, 2016. Retrieved June 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160828073913/https://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20123028,00.html","url_text":"\"Picks and Pans Review: The Dandy Warhols Come Down\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)","url_text":"People"},{"url":"http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20123028,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. \"The Dandy Warhols Come Down – The Dandy Warhols\". AllMusic. Retrieved October 10, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine","url_text":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas"},{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-dandy-warhols-come-down-mw0000024748","url_text":"\"The Dandy Warhols Come Down – The Dandy Warhols\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Larkin, Colin (2011). \"Dandy Warhols\". The Encyclopedia of Popular Music (5th concise ed.). Omnibus Press. p. 500. ISBN 978-0-85712-595-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin","url_text":"Larkin, Colin"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_NNmFiUnSmUC&pg=PA500","url_text":"\"Dandy Warhols\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Popular Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnibus_Press","url_text":"Omnibus Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85712-595-8","url_text":"978-0-85712-595-8"}]},{"reference":"Reece, Doug (June 14, 1997). \"Capitol Betting Dandy Warhols Still 'Rule OK' On 'Come Down'\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2w8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA12","url_text":"\"Capitol Betting Dandy Warhols Still 'Rule OK' On 'Come Down'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Magazine","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Dig! (motion picture). 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dig!","url_text":"Dig!"}]},{"reference":"Marburger, Lex (November 1, 1997). \"The Dandy Warhols Come Down\". Lollipop Magazine. Retrieved August 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://lollipopmagazine.com/1997/11/the-dandy-warhols-come-down-interview/","url_text":"\"The Dandy Warhols Come Down\""}]},{"reference":"\"Every Day Should Be A Holiday\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved February 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/search/singles/Every%20Day%20Should%20Be%20A%20Holiday","url_text":"\"Every Day Should Be A Holiday\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"Boys Better\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 20, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/search/singles/Boys%20Better","url_text":"\"Boys Better\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"Sullivan, Caroline (May 1, 1998). \"The Dandy Warhols: Come Down (Parlophone)\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Snyder, Julene (July 13, 1997). \"Dandy Warhols Deserve Another 15 Minutes\". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved September 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chron.com/music/article/POP-CDS-A-Pop-Romp-With-Yoakam-2833313.php","url_text":"\"Dandy Warhols Deserve Another 15 Minutes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle","url_text":"Houston Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"Empire, Kitty (May 2, 1998). \"The Dandy Warhols – ...Come Down\". NME. Archived from the original on October 4, 2000. Retrieved September 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitty_Empire","url_text":"Empire, Kitty"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20001004161717/http://www.nme.com/reviews/reviews/19980101001344reviews.html","url_text":"\"The Dandy Warhols – ...Come Down\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"},{"url":"https://www.nme.com/reviews/reviews/19980101001344reviews.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wisdom, James P. \"The Dandy Warhols: Come Down\". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on April 13, 2003. Retrieved September 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030413203602/http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/record-reviews/d/dandy-warhols/come-down.shtml","url_text":"\"The Dandy Warhols: Come Down\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"},{"url":"http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/record-reviews/d/dandy-warhols/come-down.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Eccleston, Danny (December 2000). \"The Dandy Warhols: The Dandy Warhols Come Down\". Q (171).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(magazine)","url_text":"Q"}]},{"reference":"Hoskyns, Barney (July 10, 1997). \"The Dandy Warhols: ...The Dandy Warhols Come Down\". Rolling Stone (764). Archived from the original on April 24, 2002. Retrieved September 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_Hoskyns","url_text":"Hoskyns, Barney"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020424054215/http://www.rollingstone.com/recordings/review.asp?aid=35490&cf=2214","url_text":"\"The Dandy Warhols: ...The Dandy Warhols Come Down\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/recordings/review.asp?aid=35490&cf=2214","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Scoppa, Bud (2004). \"The Dandy Warhols\". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). Simon & Schuster. p. 208. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stone_Album_Guide","url_text":"The New Rolling Stone Album Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster","url_text":"Simon & Schuster"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=t9eocwUfoSoC&pg=PA208","url_text":"208"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-0169-8","url_text":"0-7432-0169-8"}]},{"reference":"Gundersen, Edna (September 3, 1997). \"The Dandy Warhols, ...The Dandy Warhols Come Down\". USA Today.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna_Gundersen","url_text":"Gundersen, Edna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"Harding, Cortney (March 15, 2008). \"A Fair Deal: The Dandy Warhols Become Their Own Masters\". Billboard. Retrieved June 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VxMEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22the+dandy+warhols+come+down%22&pg=PA17","url_text":"\"A Fair Deal: The Dandy Warhols Become Their Own Masters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Berman, Stuart. \"The Best Britpop Albums... That Aren't British\". Pitchfork. Retrieved April 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/1476-the-best-britpop-albums-that-arent-british/","url_text":"\"The Best Britpop Albums... That Aren't British\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 74.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"British album certifications – Dandy Warhols – Come Down\". British Phonographic Industry.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/9080-1285-2","url_text":"\"British album certifications – Dandy Warhols – Come Down\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_%26_The_Hurricanes
Johnny and the Hurricanes
["1 Career","2 Deaths","2.1 Singles","3 Discography","4 References","5 External links"]
American rock band This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Johnny and the Hurricanes" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Johnny and the HurricanesJohnny and the Hurricanes in a 1960 advert for one of Lee Gordon's showsBackground informationOriginToledo, Ohio, U.S.GenresInstrumental rockYears active1957 (1957)–2005 (2005)LabelsWarwick, Bigtop, LondonPast membersJohnny Paris (John Pocisk)Paul TeslukDave YorkoLionel "Butch" MatticeBill "Little Bo" Savich Johnny and the Hurricanes was an American instrumental rock band from Toledo, Ohio, United States. They specialized in adapting popular traditional melodies into the rock idiom, using organ and saxophone as their featured instruments on their hits, and guitar lead on the B sides. Between 1958 and 1963, the group had a number of hits in both the US and the UK, and the band developed a following in Europe. In 1962, they played at the Star-Club in Hamburg, where the Beatles, then a little-known band, were an opening act. The band continued as a live act through 2005; leader Johnny Paris died in 2006. Career They began as the Orbits in Toledo in 1957. Led by saxophonist Johnny Paris (born John Matthew Pocisk on August 29, 1940, in Walbridge, Ohio), they were school friends who played on a few recordings behind Mack Vickery, a local rockabilly singer. They signed with Harry Balk and Irving Micahnik of Twirl Records, which led to national engagements in 1958; at this point, they were renamed as Johnny and the Hurricanes. They then recorded "Crossfire", in a vacant cinema (the Carmen Theater on Schaefer Road in Dearborn, Michigan) to provide echo. It became a nationwide U.S. hit, and reached No. 23 on the US chart in the spring of 1959. They followed with "Red River Rock", an instrumental version of "Red River Valley", on Warwick Records. It became a top ten hit on both sides of the Atlantic (No. 5 in the U.S., No. 3 in the UK), and sold over a million copies. The musicians in the band then were Paris on saxophone, Paul Tesluk (July 2, 1940 – August 20, 2022) on a Hammond Chord organ, Dave Yorko on guitar, Lionel "Butch" Mattice (February 19, 1939 – October 16, 2006) on bass, and Bill "Little Bo" Savich on drums. They specialised in versions of old tunes with a rock and roll beat. They chose these songs because they were well recognized and easier to accept with the beat, as well as many were in public domain and the composer royalty could be paid to management people. Tunes were credited to 'King, Mack' and usually one other name: King and Mack were in fact pseudonyms for Harry Balk and Irving Micahnik, the band's managers. In 1960, they recorded the United States Army bugle call, "Reveille", as "Reveille Rock", and turned "Blue Tail Fly" into "Beatnik Fly". Both tunes made the Top 40 achieving number 25 and 15 respectively. The band also recorded "Down Yonder" for Big Top Records. In the same year, they recorded "When The Saints Go Marching In" as "Revival", but it ranked in the charts for just one week, peaking at No. 97. The record was flipped over in the UK, where "Rocking Goose" reached No. 3 in the UK Singles Chart. The band developed a following in Europe. In 1962, they played at the Star-Club in Hamburg, where the Beatles, then a little-known band, served as an opening act. Johnny and the Hurricanes cut records until 1987, with "Old Smokie" (their cover of "On Top of Old Smokey"), and an original tune, "Traffic Jam", both on Big Top Records, being their last releases to chart in America. Johnny Paris, the only constant member of the band, continued to tour with his Hurricanes in Europe and the United States until his death. He had an uncle, a realtor, in Rossford, Ohio, Johnny's home town, who owned a building on the main street and offered Johnny's first wife, Sharon Venier-Pocisk, space for an antique shop. When not on the road he helped out with the antique shop and vending machine business as payment for the store front for his first wife. Johnny Paris and his band toured Europe occasionally until the end of 2005. He died on May 1, 2006, at the University Clinic of Ann Arbor, Michigan, of hospital-borne infections after an operation. Paris's second wife and widow, the German journalist, novelist, and vocalist Sonja Verena (Reuter) Paris, took over his business (Atila Records, Sirius 1 Music, and Johnny and the Hurricanes Incorporated) and the rights to his songs and trademarks. Paris said that over 300 musicians played in the band in its fifty-year existence. The band inspired the song "Johnny and the Hurricanes" on the album How I Learned to Love the Bootboys, by the band the Auteurs. They were also namechecked in the Kinks' 1973 song "One of the Survivors", and in "Bridge in Time" on the 1990 Burton Cummings album, Plus Signs. Deaths Johnny Paris died on May 1, 2006, aged 65. Drummer Bill "Little Bo" Savich died on January 4, 2002, aged 61. Bassist Lionel "Butch" Mattice died on October 16, 2006, aged 67. Guitarist David Yorko died on February 17, 2017, at the age of 73. Keyboard player Paul Tesluk died on August 20, 2022, at the age of 82. Singles Year "A" Side "B" Side Label 1958 "Crossfire" "Lazy" Warwick M502 1959 "Red River Rock" "Buckeye" Warwick M509 1959 "Reville Rock" "Time Bomb" Warwick M513 1959 "Beatnik Fly" "Sandstorm" Warwick M520 1960 "Down Yonder" "Sheba" Big Top 45-3036 1960 "Rocking Goose" "Revival" Big Top 45-3051 1960 "You Are My Sunshine" "Molly-O" Big Top 45-3056 1961 "Ja-Da" "Mr Lonely" Big Top 45-3063 1961 "High Voltage" "Old Smokie" Big Top 45-3076 1961 "Farewell, Farewell" "Traffic Jam" Big Top 45-3090 1962 "Salvation" "Miserlou" Big Top 45-3103 1962 "San Antonio Rose" "Come On Train" Big Top 45-3113 1962 "Minnesota Fats" "Sheik Of Araby" Big Top 45-3125 1963 "Whatever Happened To Baby Jane" "Greens and Beans" Big Top 45-3132 1963 "James Bond Theme" "The Hungry Eye" Big Top 45-3146 1963 "Rough Road" "Kaw-Liga" Big Top 45-3159 1963 "It's A Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World" "Shadows" Mala 470 1964 "Money Honey" "That's All" Mala 483 1964 "Rene" "Saga of The Beatles" Atila A211 Discography Main article: Johnny and the Hurricanes discography Albums Johnny and the Hurricanes (1959) Warwick Records W2007 Stormsville (1960) Warwick Records W2010 The Big Sound of Johnny and the Hurricanes (1960) Bigtop Records 12-1302 References ^ a b c d e f g Colin Larkin, ed. (1997). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music (Concise ed.). Virgin Books. p. 678. ISBN 1-85227-745-9. ^ a b "John M. Pocisk". The Blade. May 4, 2006. Retrieved June 10, 2021. ^ ^ Murrells, Joseph (1978). The Book of Golden Discs (2nd ed.). London: Barrie and Jenkins Ltd. p. 115. ISBN 0-214-20512-6. ^ a b "Paul Tesluk Obituary". The Blade. September 9, 2022. Retrieved November 24, 2022. ^ "Lionel F. "Butch" Mattice 1939-2006". The Blade. October 19, 2006. Retrieved June 10, 2021. ^ "Johnny and the Hurricanes". History-of-rock.com. Retrieved April 13, 2012. ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 286. ISBN 1-904994-10-5. ^ "David Yorko, 1943–2017: Rocker wasn't 'typical musician'". Toledo Blade. External links History of Rock:- Johnny and the Hurricanes The Independent Online "Johnny Paris obituary" Former Johnny and the Hurricanes The Beatles bragged about working with Johnny and the Hurricanes. Official Website Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Czech Republic Artists MusicBrainz
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Led by saxophonist Johnny Paris (born John Matthew Pocisk on August 29, 1940, in Walbridge, Ohio),[2] they were school friends who played on a few recordings behind Mack Vickery, a local rockabilly singer. They signed with Harry Balk and Irving Micahnik of Twirl Records, which led to national engagements in 1958; at this point, they were renamed as Johnny and the Hurricanes.[3] They then recorded \"Crossfire\",[1] in a vacant cinema (the Carmen Theater on Schaefer Road in Dearborn, Michigan) to provide echo. It became a nationwide U.S. hit, and reached No. 23 on the US chart in the spring of 1959.They followed with \"Red River Rock\", an instrumental version of \"Red River Valley\", on Warwick Records.[1] It became a top ten hit on both sides of the Atlantic (No. 5 in the U.S., No. 3 in the UK), and sold over a million copies.[4] The musicians in the band then were Paris on saxophone, Paul Tesluk (July 2, 1940 – August 20, 2022)[5] on a Hammond Chord organ, Dave Yorko on guitar, Lionel \"Butch\" Mattice (February 19, 1939 – October 16, 2006)[6] on bass, and Bill \"Little Bo\" Savich on drums.[1]They specialised in versions of old tunes with a rock and roll beat. They chose these songs because they were well recognized and easier to accept with the beat, as well as many were in public domain and the composer royalty could be paid to management people. Tunes were credited to 'King, Mack' and usually one other name: King and Mack were in fact pseudonyms for Harry Balk and Irving Micahnik, the band's managers.[7] In 1960, they recorded the United States Army bugle call, \"Reveille\", as \"Reveille Rock\", and turned \"Blue Tail Fly\" into \"Beatnik Fly\".[1] Both tunes made the Top 40 achieving number 25 and 15 respectively. The band also recorded \"Down Yonder\" for Big Top Records.[1] In the same year, they recorded \"When The Saints Go Marching In\" as \"Revival\", but it ranked in the charts for just one week, peaking at No. 97. The record was flipped over in the UK, where \"Rocking Goose\" reached No. 3 in the UK Singles Chart.[8]The band developed a following in Europe. In 1962, they played at the Star-Club in Hamburg, where the Beatles, then a little-known band, served as an opening act. Johnny and the Hurricanes cut records until 1987, with \"Old Smokie\" (their cover of \"On Top of Old Smokey\"), and an original tune, \"Traffic Jam\", both on Big Top Records, being their last releases to chart in America. Johnny Paris, the only constant member of the band, continued to tour with his Hurricanes in Europe and the United States until his death.[1] He had an uncle, a realtor, in Rossford, Ohio, Johnny's home town, who owned a building on the main street and offered Johnny's first wife, Sharon Venier-Pocisk, space for an antique shop. When not on the road he helped out with the antique shop and vending machine business as payment for the store front for his first wife.Johnny Paris and his band toured Europe occasionally until the end of 2005. He died on May 1, 2006, at the University Clinic of Ann Arbor, Michigan,[2] of hospital-borne infections after an operation. Paris's second wife and widow, the German journalist, novelist, and vocalist Sonja Verena (Reuter) Paris, took over his business (Atila Records, Sirius 1 Music, and Johnny and the Hurricanes Incorporated) and the rights to his songs and trademarks. Paris said that over 300 musicians played in the band in its fifty-year existence.The band inspired the song \"Johnny and the Hurricanes\" on the album How I Learned to Love the Bootboys, by the band the Auteurs. They were also namechecked in the Kinks' 1973 song \"One of the Survivors\", and in \"Bridge in Time\" on the 1990 Burton Cummings album, Plus Signs.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obiPT-5"}],"text":"Johnny Paris died on May 1, 2006, aged 65. Drummer Bill \"Little Bo\" Savich died on January 4, 2002, aged 61. Bassist Lionel \"Butch\" Mattice died on October 16, 2006, aged 67. Guitarist David Yorko died on February 17, 2017, at the age of 73.[9] Keyboard player Paul Tesluk died on August 20, 2022, at the age of 82.[5]","title":"Deaths"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Deaths"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"AlbumsJohnny and the Hurricanes (1959) Warwick Records W2007\nStormsville (1960) Warwick Records W2010\nThe Big Sound of Johnny and the Hurricanes (1960) Bigtop Records 12-1302","title":"Discography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Colin Larkin, ed. (1997). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music (Concise ed.). Virgin Books. p. 678. ISBN 1-85227-745-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin_(writer)","url_text":"Colin Larkin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Books","url_text":"Virgin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85227-745-9","url_text":"1-85227-745-9"}]},{"reference":"\"John M. Pocisk\". The Blade. May 4, 2006. Retrieved June 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/toledoblade/obituary.aspx?n=john-m-pocisk&pid=17635243","url_text":"\"John M. Pocisk\""}]},{"reference":"Murrells, Joseph (1978). The Book of Golden Discs (2nd ed.). London: Barrie and Jenkins Ltd. p. 115. ISBN 0-214-20512-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bookofgoldendisc00murr/page/115","url_text":"The Book of Golden Discs"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bookofgoldendisc00murr/page/115","url_text":"115"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-214-20512-6","url_text":"0-214-20512-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Paul Tesluk Obituary\". The Blade. September 9, 2022. Retrieved November 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/toledoblade/name/paul-tesluk-obituary?id=36443812","url_text":"\"Paul Tesluk Obituary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lionel F. \"Butch\" Mattice 1939-2006\". The Blade. October 19, 2006. Retrieved June 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/toledoblade/obituary.aspx?n=lionel-f-mattice-butch&pid=19615966","url_text":"\"Lionel F. \"Butch\" Mattice 1939-2006\""}]},{"reference":"\"Johnny and the Hurricanes\". History-of-rock.com. Retrieved April 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.history-of-rock.com/johnny_and_the_hurricanes.htm","url_text":"\"Johnny and the Hurricanes\""}]},{"reference":"Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 286. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904994-10-5","url_text":"1-904994-10-5"}]},{"reference":"\"David Yorko, 1943–2017: Rocker wasn't 'typical musician'\". Toledo Blade.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.toledoblade.com/news/deaths/2017/02/20/David-Yorko-1943-2017-Rocker-wasn-t-nbsp-typical-musician-Guitarist-for-1950s-and-60s-rock-group-Johnny-the-Hurricanes/stories/20170219205","url_text":"\"David Yorko, 1943–2017: Rocker wasn't 'typical musician'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo_Blade","url_text":"Toledo Blade"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunn_Polly
Lunn Poly
["1 History","2 References"]
Defunct British travel agency brand Lunn PolyCompany typeSubsidiaryFounded1965Defunct2005FateRebranded as Thomson, now TUIParentTUI Travel Lunn Poly was, at one time, the largest chain of travel agents in the United Kingdom. History The company originated from two successful travel agencies established in the 1890s, the Polytechnic Touring Association and Sir Henry Lunn Travel. Both firms were acquired in the 1950s by the British Eagle airline group, and combined into Lunn Poly in 1965. It became a nationalised industry as part of the Transport Holding Company (THC). In June 1971, Sunair bought Lunn Poly from the THC for £175,000. In 1972, the company became part of Thomson Travel Group. Lunn Poly became an early trade innovator, by splitting its leisure and business travel. High street shops concentrated on package holidays, specialized offices were structured to serve the needs of business and industry. This business model was highly successful throughout the 1970s and 1980s. By the mid-1990s it was the largest travel agency in the UK. When TUI UK, which had acquired Thomson Travel, rebranded Britannia Airways as Thomsonfly in November 2003, the company insisted that there were no plans to rebrand Lunn Poly. On 2 November 2004, however, the announcement was made that all 800 Lunn Poly shops in the United Kingdom were to be rebranded as Thomson. Lunn Poly was famous for a long-running advertising campaign on television. These adverts featured people looking into what holidays the company offered. Another person would then say to them in disbelief "Lunn Poly? Get away!", at which point the person would disappear into thin air and end up at a holiday spot. References ^ a b c d "Lunn Poly going away for good". Travel. 6 November 2004. Retrieved 22 September 2019. ^ "No matter how many awards they have displayed on their mantelpieces, all of adland's creative directors boast at least one turkey in their portfolios". Campaign Live. 8 February 2002. Retrieved 22 September 2019. vteTUI GroupTravel Hapag-Lloyd TUI Cruises First Choice Airlines Corsair International (27%) Sunwing (49%) TUI Airways TUI fly Belgium TUI fly Deutschland TUI fly Netherlands TUI fly Nordic Cruises TUI Cruises (50%) Hapag-Lloyd Kreuzfahrten Marella Cruises Hotels and resorts Grecotel RIU Hotels Former companies Aladia Airlines Britannia Airways First Choice Airways Hapag-Lloyd Hapag-Lloyd Express Island Cruises Jet4you Lunn Poly Metrojet Neos Thomsonfly Thomson Travel TUI Travel vteTourism in the United Kingdom Tourism Economy of the United Kingdom Nations andregionsEngland Hotels in England Lists of tourist attractions in England List of National Trust land in England List of National Trust properties in England London Tourist Board Resorts in England Tourism in Leeds Tourism in London Tourism in Yorkshire VisitEngland Welcome to Yorkshire Northern Ireland Hotels in Northern Ireland List of museums in Northern Ireland Nature reserves in Northern Ireland List of tourist attractions in Ireland List of National Trust properties in Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Tourist Board Scotland Minister for Business, Trade, Tourism and Enterprise Resorts in Scotland ScotlandWhisky Scottish Youth Hostels Association VisitScotland Wales Capital Region Tourism Forgotten Landscapes Project List of museums in Wales South West Wales Tourism Partnership Tourism Partnership North Wales Visit Wales UKOTs and CrownDependencies Akrotiri and Dhekelia Anguilla Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Alderney Isle of Man Jersey Montserrat Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands CompaniesCurrent ACE Cultural Tours Airtours Carnival Corporation & plc Cunard P&O Cruises City Sightseeing Co-op Ski, Co-op Travel, Co-op Holidays Cosmos Holidays Cox & Kings Ebookers Ffestiniog Travel Flight Centre Great Rail Journeys Hays Travel Holidaybreak Jet2holidays NST Kuoni Travel Lastminute.com Martin Randall Travel PGL Superbreak Swan Hellenic NetFlights Thomas Cook Holidays TUI Group Trailfinders Traveleyes Defunct Clarksons Travel Group Club 18-30 Court Line Directline holidays EasyCruise First Choice Hogg Robinson Group Horizon Travel Kiss Flights Lunn Poly Mark Hammerton MyTravel Palmair Thomas Cook Group Thomson Travel TUI Travel XL Leisure Organisations Camping and Caravanning Club Caravan and Motorhome Club Landmark Trust National Trust Youth Hostels Association Industry bodies ABTA Association of Independent Tour Operators Confederation of Tourism and Hospitality Tourism Concern VisitBritain Touristdestinations Blue Badge tourist guide Holiday Les Routiers List of airlines of the United Kingdom List of airports in the United Kingdom and the British Crown Dependencies List of museums in the United Kingdom List of amusement parks in the United Kingdom List of past and present youth hostels in England and Wales Category Commons This article about a corporation or company involved in entertainment, leisure, sports and/or tourism is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Lunn Poly going away for good\". Travel. 6 November 2004. Retrieved 22 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/731609/Lunn-Poly-going-away-for-good.html","url_text":"\"Lunn Poly going away for good\""}]},{"reference":"\"No matter how many awards they have displayed on their mantelpieces, all of adland's creative directors boast at least one turkey in their portfolios\". Campaign Live. 8 February 2002. Retrieved 22 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/worst-ad-i-ever-made-no-matter-awards-displayed-mantelpieces-adlands-creative-directors-boast-least-one-turkey-portfolios-camilla-palmer-speaks/50584","url_text":"\"No matter how many awards they have displayed on their mantelpieces, all of adland's creative directors boast at least one turkey in their portfolios\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B1%B5
Claudian letters
["1 Usage","2 See also","3 References"]
Three new letters of the Latin alphabet introduced by Roman Emperor Claudius "Ↄ" redirects here. Not to be confused with Open O. "Ⅎ" redirects here. For the sound represented in IPA as ɟ, see Voiced palatal plosive. Claudian letters, with the ⵋ variant of antisigma supported by manuscripts of Priscian. Claudian letters with the Ↄ variant of antisigma. Claudian pomerium marker, where written words ampliavit and terminavit use turned digamma (highlighted in red) The Claudian letters were developed by the Roman emperor Claudius (reigned 41–54). He introduced three new letters to the Latin alphabet: Ↄ or ⵋ/X (antisigma) to replace BS and PS, much as X stood in for CS and GS. The shape of this letter is disputed, however, since no inscription bearing it has been found. Franz Bücheler identified it with the variant Roman numeral Ↄ, but 20th century philologists, working from copies of Priscian's books, believe it to instead resemble two linked Cs (Ↄ+Ϲ), which was a preexisting variant of Greek sigma, and easily mistaken for X by later writers. Revilo P. Oliver argued that Claudius would have based this letter upon the Arcadian variant of psi or . This letter should not be confused with the "open O" letter. (Ɔ) Ⅎ, a turned F or digamma (digamma inversum) to be used instead of the letter V when denoting the consonantal phoneme (w/β). Thus, it resembles the use of the letter V in modern Latin texts, where the vocalic use of the letter V is represented by its variant U which has been recognized as a different letter only later. Ⱶ, a half H. The value of this letter is unclear, but it may have represented the so-called sonus medius, a short vowel sound (likely /ɨ/ or /ʉ/) used before labial consonants in Latin words such as optumus and optimus. The letter was later used as a variant of y in inscriptions for short Greek upsilon (as in Olympicus). It may have disappeared because the sonus medius itself disappeared from spoken language. Usage These letters were used to a small extent on public inscriptions dating from Claudius' reign, but their use was abandoned after his death. Their forms were probably chosen to ease the transition, as they could be made from templates for existing letters. He may have been inspired by his ancestor Appius Claudius the Censor, who made earlier changes to the Latin alphabet. Claudius did indeed introduce his letters during his own term as censor (47–48), using arguments preserved in the historian Tacitus' account of his reign, although the original proclamation is no longer extant. Suetonius said of Claudius' letters: Besides this he invented three new letters and added them to the alphabet, maintaining that they were greatly needed; he published a book on their theory when he was still in private life, and when he became emperor had no difficulty in bringing about their general use. These characters may still be seen in numerous books, in the registers, and in inscriptions on public buildings. Support for the letters was added in version 5.0.0 of Unicode. Although these letters, as all Latin letters in antiquity, originally occurred only in capital form, lowercase forms were introduced to meet Unicode casing requirements. The minuscule form for the turned F was designed as a turned small capital F and should not be confused with the IPA symbol ɟ representing a voiced palatal stop. The letters are encoded as follows: Description Letter Unicode HTML Script TURNED CAPITAL FTURNED SMALL F Ⅎⅎ U+2132U+214E Ⅎⅎ Latin ROMAN NUMERAL REVERSED ONE HUNDREDLATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED C Ↄↄ U+2183U+2184 Ↄↄ Latin LATIN CAPITAL LETTER HALF HLATIN SMALL LETTER HALF H Ⱶⱶ U+2C75U+2C76 Ⱶⱶ Latin See also Chinese characters of Empress Wu Reversed half H – Letter of the Latin alphabet References ^ a b c Oliver, Revilo P. (1949). "The Claudian Letter Ⱶ". American Journal of Archaeology. 53 (3): 249–257. doi:10.2307/500662. JSTOR 500662. S2CID 193082268. ^ a b Bücheler, Franz: De Ti. Claudio Caesare Grammatico at Google Books (Latin), Elberfeld (Germany) 1856 ^ Tacitus, Annals 11:14 ^ Ryan, F. X. (1993). "Some Observations on the Censorship of Claudius and Vitellius, A.D. 47–48". American Journal of Philology. 114 (4): 611–618. doi:10.2307/295428. JSTOR 295428. ^ Suetonius pass, Loeb Classical Library edition, 1913‑1914, English translation is by J. C. Rolfe. Page 77, paragraph 41. (From LacusCurtius) ^ a b Michael Everson (2005-08-12). "Proposal to add Claudian Latin letters to the UCS" (PDF). Unicode Technical Committee, Document L2/05-193R2 = ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2, Document N2960R2. Retrieved 2021-12-27.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Open O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_O"},{"link_name":"Voiced palatal plosive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claudian_letters_(per_Oliver_1949).svg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oliver-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claudian_letters.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pomerium_marker_with_digamma_inversum_in_red_-_Vatican_Museums_-_inv_9268.jpg"},{"link_name":"pomerium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerium"},{"link_name":"Roman emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_emperor"},{"link_name":"Claudius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius"},{"link_name":"Latin alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabet"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X"},{"link_name":"Franz Bücheler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_B%C3%BCcheler"},{"link_name":"Roman numeral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B%C3%BCcheler-2"},{"link_name":"Priscian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priscian"},{"link_name":"sigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma"},{"link_name":"Revilo P. Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revilo_P._Oliver"},{"link_name":"psi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psi_(letter)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greek_Psi_01.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greek_Psi_X-shaped.svg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oliver-1"},{"link_name":"Ɔ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%86"},{"link_name":"digamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digamma"},{"link_name":"w","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant"},{"link_name":"β","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B%C3%BCcheler-2"},{"link_name":"sonus medius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonus_medius"},{"link_name":"ɨ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel"},{"link_name":"ʉ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel"},{"link_name":"labial consonants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labial_consonant"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel"},{"link_name":"upsilon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upsilon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oliver-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"\"Ↄ\" redirects here. Not to be confused with Open O.\"Ⅎ\" redirects here. For the sound represented in IPA as ɟ, see Voiced palatal plosive.Claudian letters, with the ⵋ variant of antisigma supported by manuscripts of Priscian.[1]Claudian letters with the Ↄ variant of antisigma.Claudian pomerium marker, where written words ampliavit and terminavit use turned digamma (highlighted in red)The Claudian letters were developed by the Roman emperor Claudius (reigned 41–54). He introduced three new letters to the Latin alphabet:Ↄ or ⵋ/X (antisigma) to replace BS and PS, much as X stood in for CS and GS. The shape of this letter is disputed, however, since no inscription bearing it has been found. Franz Bücheler identified it with the variant Roman numeral Ↄ,[2] but 20th century philologists, working from copies of Priscian's books, believe it to instead resemble two linked Cs (Ↄ+Ϲ), which was a preexisting variant of Greek sigma, and easily mistaken for X by later writers. Revilo P. Oliver argued that Claudius would have based this letter upon the Arcadian variant of psi or .[1] This letter should not be confused with the \"open O\" letter. (Ɔ)\nℲ, a turned F or digamma (digamma inversum) to be used instead of the letter V when denoting the consonantal phoneme (w/β).[2] Thus, it resembles the use of the letter V in modern Latin texts, where the vocalic use of the letter V is represented by its variant U which has been recognized as a different letter only later.\nⱵ, a half H. The value of this letter is unclear, but it may have represented the so-called sonus medius, a short vowel sound (likely /ɨ/ or /ʉ/) used before labial consonants in Latin words such as optumus and optimus. The letter was later used as a variant of y in inscriptions for short Greek upsilon (as in Olympicus). It may have disappeared because the sonus medius itself disappeared from spoken language.[1][citation needed]","title":"Claudian letters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Appius Claudius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appius_Claudius_Caecus"},{"link_name":"Censor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_censor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Tacitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus"},{"link_name":"Suetonius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suetonius"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-L2-05-193R2-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-L2-05-193R2-6"},{"link_name":"IPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet"},{"link_name":"ɟ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive"}],"text":"These letters were used to a small extent on public inscriptions dating from Claudius' reign, but their use was abandoned after his death.[3] Their forms were probably chosen to ease the transition, as they could be made from templates for existing letters. He may have been inspired by his ancestor Appius Claudius the Censor, who made earlier changes to the Latin alphabet.[4] Claudius did indeed introduce his letters during his own term as censor (47–48), using arguments preserved in the historian Tacitus' account of his reign, although the original proclamation is no longer extant. Suetonius said of Claudius' letters:Besides this he [Claudius] invented three new letters and added them to the alphabet, maintaining that they were greatly needed; he published a book on their theory when he was still in private life, and when he became emperor had no difficulty in bringing about their general use. These characters may still be seen in numerous books, in the [state] registers, and in inscriptions on public buildings.[5]Support for the letters was added in version 5.0.0 of Unicode.[6] Although these letters, as all Latin letters in antiquity, originally occurred only in capital form, lowercase forms were introduced to meet Unicode casing requirements.[6] The minuscule form for the turned F was designed as a turned small capital F and should not be confused with the IPA symbol ɟ representing a voiced palatal stop.The letters are encoded as follows:","title":"Usage"}]
[{"image_text":"Claudian letters, with the ⵋ variant of antisigma supported by manuscripts of Priscian.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Claudian_letters_%28per_Oliver_1949%29.svg/330px-Claudian_letters_%28per_Oliver_1949%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Claudian letters with the Ↄ variant of antisigma.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Claudian_letters.svg/220px-Claudian_letters.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Claudian pomerium marker, where written words ampliavit and terminavit use turned digamma (highlighted in red)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Pomerium_marker_with_digamma_inversum_in_red_-_Vatican_Museums_-_inv_9268.jpg/220px-Pomerium_marker_with_digamma_inversum_in_red_-_Vatican_Museums_-_inv_9268.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Chinese characters of Empress Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_characters_of_Empress_Wu"},{"title":"Reversed half H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversed_half_H"}]
[{"reference":"Oliver, Revilo P. (1949). \"The Claudian Letter Ⱶ\". American Journal of Archaeology. 53 (3): 249–257. doi:10.2307/500662. JSTOR 500662. S2CID 193082268.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F500662","url_text":"10.2307/500662"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/500662","url_text":"500662"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193082268","url_text":"193082268"}]},{"reference":"Ryan, F. X. (1993). \"Some Observations on the Censorship of Claudius and Vitellius, A.D. 47–48\". American Journal of Philology. 114 (4): 611–618. doi:10.2307/295428. JSTOR 295428.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F295428","url_text":"10.2307/295428"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/295428","url_text":"295428"}]},{"reference":"Michael Everson (2005-08-12). \"Proposal to add Claudian Latin letters to the UCS\" (PDF). Unicode Technical Committee, Document L2/05-193R2 = ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2, Document N2960R2. Retrieved 2021-12-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Everson","url_text":"Michael Everson"},{"url":"https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2005/05193r2-n2960r2-claudian.pdf","url_text":"\"Proposal to add Claudian Latin letters to the UCS\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_Ten_(School)
Year 10
["1 Bangladesh","2 Australia","3 New Zealand","4 United Kingdom","4.1 England","4.2 Wales","4.3 Northern Ireland","4.4 Scotland","5 India","6 References"]
For the tenth year in history, see AD 10. School year group Year 10 is the tenth year of compulsory education in schools in many countries including England, Australia, India, Northern Ireland, New Zealand and Wales. It is the tenth or eleventh year of compulsory education. It is approximately equivalent to Ninth grade or "freshman year" in the US, and grade nine in Canada. It is the penultimate year of compulsory education. Children in this year are generally 14 or 15 Bangladesh In schools in Bangladesh Year 10 or Class Ten (X) is the tenth year after Kindergarten. It is the tenth full year of compulsory education, with children being admitted who are aged 15 by 1 September in any given academic year. Year 10 is usually the fourth year of Secondary school. During this year or by the end of Year 10, all qualifying students complete Secondary school. Australia In Australia, Year 10 is the eleventh year of compulsory education. Although there are slight variations between the states, most children in Year 10 are aged between fifteen and sixteen. Year 10 is the final year of compulsory education in Australia. Students may elect to opt out of the education program at this point. This leaves the student without a VCE certificate (similar certificates apply in other states), and most choose to attend TAFE or enter an apprenticeship. Until recently, students that completed Year 10 in New South Wales would obtain their School Certificate. New Zealand In New Zealand, Year 10 is the tenth full year of compulsory education. Children entering Year 10 are usually aged between 13.5 and 15, but there is no minimum age. Year 10 pupils are educated in Secondary schools or in Area schools. United Kingdom England In schools in England Year 10 is the tenth year after Reception. It is the tenth full year of compulsory education, with children being admitted who are aged 14 before 1 September in any given academic year. It is the first year of key stage 4 in which the secondary National Curriculum is taught and most GCSE courses are begun. Year 10 is usually the fourth year of Secondary school and was previously called the "fourth year" or "fourth form". In some areas of England, with three-tier education it is the second- or third-year group of Secondary school. Wales In schools in Wales Year 10 is the tenth year after Reception. It is currently the tenth full year of compulsory education, with children being admitted who are aged 14 before 1 September in any given academic year. It is the first-year group in Key Stage 4. Northern Ireland In Northern Ireland Year 10 is the third year of secondary education. Children in Year 10 are aged between 13 and 14. It is the third and final year of Key Stage 3. Scotland In schools in Scotland Year 10 is known as Third year which is the third year of secondary education. Third year, also known as S3, is the third year of schooling in Scottish secondary schools. Most pupils are 14 or 15 years old at the end of S3. Traditionally it would be the year that pupils start their Standard Grade courses. As of 2013, it is standard for schools to continue to offer a broad general education course mixed with National 3 - National 5 work. At the end of S3, pupils usually choose subjects in which they will work on in their Fourth year to sit National 3, 4 or 5. Standard Grade courses are no longer taught in Scottish secondary schools. All schools must follow the ever changing 'Curriculum for Excellence'. India In India, Year 10 (known as Class 9 or Standard 9) is usually the tenth year of compulsory education. It is the 1st year in High School, with standard 10 or class 10 as the second and final year in high school. It is also known as Matriculation and makes the students eligible for attending Pre-University Certificate course (or popularly called PUC or class 12th) which in turn will make them eligible to attend college. References ^ "Cost/Benefit Analysis Relating to the Implementation of a Common School Starting Age and Associated Nomenclature by 1 January 2010" (PDF). Atelier Learning Solutions Pty Ltd. Retrieved 10 January 2009. ^ "School years and levels". Team-up website. Ministry of Education. Retrieved 10 January 2009. ^ "Types of schools". Team-up website. Ministry of Education. Retrieved 10 January 2009. ^ "The secondary curriculum". National Curriculum website. Qualifications and Curriculum Authority. Retrieved 10 January 2009. ^ "What will your child learn?". Welsh Assembly Government. Retrieved 10 January 2009. ^ "The Education (Northern Ireland) Order 2006". The Stationery Office. 2006. Retrieved 11 January 2009. Preceded byYear 9 Year 10 14–1515–16 Succeeded byYear 11 vteEducation in EnglandKey StagesFoundation Stage Nursery/Preschool Playgroup Reception Key Stage 1 Year 1 Year 2 Key Stage 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Key Stage 3 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Key Stage 4 Year 10 Year 11 Key Stage 5 Year 12 Year 13 Schooling State-funded schools Private schools Primary school Infant school Junior school Secondary school Sixth form college Raising of school leaving age Exams and qualifications SATs 11-plus GCSE A-Level English Baccalaureate BTEC Regulation Department for Education Ofqual Ofsted Special measures Other Common Entrance Examination Schools (category) Special education in the United Kingdom Former O-Level CSE School Certificate Higher School Certificate GNVQ
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AD 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AD_10"},{"link_name":"compulsory education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsory_education"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Ninth grade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_grade"},{"link_name":"freshman year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_grade#United_States"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"}],"text":"For the tenth year in history, see AD 10.School year groupYear 10 is the tenth year of compulsory education in schools in many countries including England, Australia, India, Northern Ireland, New Zealand and Wales. It is the tenth or eleventh year of compulsory education. It is approximately equivalent to Ninth grade or \"freshman year\" in the US, and grade nine in Canada. It is the penultimate year of compulsory education. Children in this year are generally 14 or 15","title":"Year 10"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kindergarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten"}],"text":"In schools in Bangladesh Year 10 or Class Ten (X) is the tenth year after Kindergarten. It is the tenth full year of compulsory education, with children being admitted who are aged 15 by 1 September in any given academic year. Year 10 is usually the fourth year of Secondary school. During this year or by the end of Year 10, all qualifying students complete Secondary school.","title":"Bangladesh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VCE certificate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Certificate_of_Education"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus-1"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"School Certificate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_Certificate_(New_South_Wales)"}],"text":"In Australia, Year 10 is the eleventh year of compulsory education. Although there are slight variations between the states, most children in Year 10 are aged between fifteen and sixteen. Year 10 is the final year of compulsory education in Australia. Students may elect to opt out of the education program at this point. This leaves the student without a VCE certificate (similar certificates apply in other states), and most choose to attend TAFE or enter an apprenticeship.[1] Until recently, students that completed Year 10 in New South Wales would obtain their School Certificate.","title":"Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZ-2"},{"link_name":"Area schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_school"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZ2-3"}],"text":"In New Zealand, Year 10 is the tenth full year of compulsory education. Children entering Year 10 are usually aged between 13.5 and 15,[2] but there is no minimum age. Year 10 pupils are educated in Secondary schools or in Area schools.[3]","title":"New Zealand"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reception_(school)"},{"link_name":"key stage 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_stage_4"},{"link_name":"National Curriculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Curriculum_for_England"},{"link_name":"GCSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sec-4"},{"link_name":"three-tier education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-tier_education"}],"sub_title":"England","text":"In schools in England Year 10 is the tenth year after Reception. It is the tenth full year of compulsory education, with children being admitted who are aged 14 before 1 September in any given academic year. It is the first year of key stage 4 in which the secondary National Curriculum is taught and most GCSE courses are begun.[4]Year 10 is usually the fourth year of Secondary school and was previously called the \"fourth year\" or \"fourth form\". In some areas of England, with three-tier education it is the second- or third-year group of Secondary school.","title":"United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reception_(school)"},{"link_name":"Key Stage 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_Stage_4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wales-5"}],"sub_title":"Wales","text":"In schools in Wales Year 10 is the tenth year after Reception. It is currently the tenth full year of compulsory education, with children being admitted who are aged 14 before 1 September in any given academic year. It is the first-year group in Key Stage 4.[5]","title":"United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Key Stage 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_Stage_3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NI-6"}],"sub_title":"Northern Ireland","text":"In Northern Ireland Year 10 is the third year of secondary education. Children in Year 10 are aged between 13 and 14. It is the third and final year of Key Stage 3.[6]","title":"United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Third year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_year"},{"link_name":"National 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum_for_Excellence"},{"link_name":"National 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_5"}],"sub_title":"Scotland","text":"In schools in Scotland Year 10 is known as Third year which is the third year of secondary education. Third year, also known as S3, is the third year of schooling in Scottish secondary schools. Most pupils are 14 or 15 years old at the end of S3. Traditionally it would be the year that pupils start their Standard Grade courses. As of 2013, it is standard for schools to continue to offer a broad general education course mixed with National 3 - National 5 work. At the end of S3, pupils usually choose subjects in which they will work on in their Fourth year to sit National 3, 4 or 5. Standard Grade courses are no longer taught in Scottish secondary schools. All schools must follow the ever changing 'Curriculum for Excellence'.","title":"United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In India, Year 10 (known as Class 9 or Standard 9) is usually the tenth year of compulsory education. It is the 1st year in High School, with standard 10 or class 10 as the second and final year in high school. It is also known as Matriculation and makes the students eligible for attending Pre-University Certificate course (or popularly called PUC or class 12th) which in turn will make them eligible to attend college.","title":"India"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Cost/Benefit Analysis Relating to the Implementation of a Common School Starting Age and Associated Nomenclature by 1 January 2010\" (PDF). Atelier Learning Solutions Pty Ltd. Retrieved 10 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mceetya.edu.au/verve/_resources/Volume_1_CSSA_Final_Report.pdf","url_text":"\"Cost/Benefit Analysis Relating to the Implementation of a Common School Starting Age and Associated Nomenclature by 1 January 2010\""}]},{"reference":"\"School years and levels\". Team-up website. Ministry of Education. Retrieved 10 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.teamup.co.nz/Child/SchoolEducation/SchoolBasics/SchoolYearsAndLevels.aspx","url_text":"\"School years and levels\""}]},{"reference":"\"Types of schools\". Team-up website. Ministry of Education. Retrieved 10 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.teamup.co.nz/Child/SchoolEducation/SchoolBasics/TypesOfSchools.aspx","url_text":"\"Types of schools\""}]},{"reference":"\"The secondary curriculum\". National Curriculum website. Qualifications and Curriculum Authority. Retrieved 10 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://curriculum.qca.org.uk/key-stages-3-and-4/organising-your-curriculum/the_secondary_curriculum/index.aspx","url_text":"\"The secondary curriculum\""}]},{"reference":"\"What will your child learn?\". Welsh Assembly Government. Retrieved 10 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://new.wales.gov.uk/topics/educationandskills/parents/whatwillchildlearn/?lang=en","url_text":"\"What will your child learn?\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Education (Northern Ireland) Order 2006\". The Stationery Office. 2006. Retrieved 11 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.opsi.gov.uk/SI/si2006/20061915.htm#3","url_text":"\"The Education (Northern Ireland) Order 2006\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ve_Always_Been_Crazy
I've Always Been Crazy
["1 Background","2 Critical reception","3 Track listing","4 Chart performance","5 Certifications","6 References","7 Bibliography"]
Album by Waylon Jennings This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "I've Always Been Crazy" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) I've Always Been CrazyStudio album by Waylon JenningsReleasedJuly 1978 (1978-07)RecordedMarch 13–May 1978GenreOutlaw countryLength36:55LabelRCA VictorProducer Waylon Jennings Richie Albright Duane Eddy Waylon Jennings chronology Waylon & Willie(1978) I've Always Been Crazy(1978) Greatest Hits(1979) Singles from I've Always Been Crazy "I've Always Been Crazy"Released: June 1978 "Don't You Think This Outlaw Bit's Done Got Out of Hand"Released: October 1978 I've Always Been Crazy is a studio album by American country music artist Waylon Jennings, released on RCA Victor in 1978. Background By 1978, Jennings was getting burned out on the outlaw country movement. Despite enormous critical and commercial success, including a run of three #1 studio albums, a #1 live album, a #1 duet album (with Willie Nelson), and ten Top 10 solo singles (including five chart toppers), he was irritated at the hype surrounding his music and resented how Nashville had co-opted what had started out as a musical rebellion against Music Row in the name of artistic freedom. Far more concerning, however, was Jennings' spiral into cocaine addiction. By his own admission, his appetite for the drug was monstrous: I wasn't just doing a little drugs. I was doing them constantly...I'd do them until I collapsed, then I'd get up and start right doing them again. I was killing myself. I'd definitely hit bottom with it. I would never sleep. I'd stay up six or seven days or nights at a time, and I wouldn't go home. My health was bad, I had dizzy spells where I could hardly drive, I had cars strewed all over this town, because I'd get somewhere, and I'd have to leave 'em and have somebody else take me home. On August 23, 1977, Jennings was busted by federal drug enforcement officers at American Sound Studios, where he was laying down harmony vocals on "Storms Never Last" during a session for a Hank Williams, Jr. album that he was co-producing. The officials had traced a package that had been sent there from his manager Neil Reshen's office in New York City. The package did indeed contain cocaine, but drummer Richie Albright managed to flush the drug down a commode before the officers could find it. They charged Jennings anyway but the singer was never convicted of the crime due to critical faults in the legal process against him. Still, Jennings was shaken by the bust, remarking in the audio version of his autobiography, "When you see yourself spread across the front pages - 'Waylon Jennings Arrested for Possession of Cocaine!' - it gets to you a little bit...It was a media feeding frenzy, like sharks smelling blood in the water. I couldn't go anywhere without a cluster of reporters swarmin' around me." Jennings added that the case cost him about $100,000 in legal fees, but his cocaine use continued unabated as he began to further isolate himself. The publicity did not hurt his sales, however, with author Michael Striessguth noting, "Waylon's public cocaine troubles only fueled his record sales. His five solo singles after the arrest rushed to the top five, and his albums sailed just as swiftly. On the surface, his two solo albums released after the bust - I've Always Been Crazy and What Goes Around Comes Around - communicated defiance." Critical reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicThe Rolling Stone Album Guide At the time of its release, Nick Toches stated that I've Always Been Crazy tolled Waylon's "farewell to outlawry." Thom Jurek of AllMusic insists that the LP "smokes... In all, I've Always Been Crazy is a solid recording, still possessing the piss and vinegar of Jennings' best work with a deeper lyrical edge on most tracks...this is necessary for any fan of outlaw country in general and Jennings in particular." Track listing "I've Always Been Crazy" (Waylon Jennings) – 4:12 "Don't You Think This Outlaw Bit's Done Got Out of Hand" (Jennings) – 3:00 "Billy" (Tony Joe White) – 4:18 "A Long Time Ago" (Jennings, Shel Silverstein) – 2:23 "As the 'Billy World Turns" (Jennings) – 3:00 Medley of Buddy Holly Hits: (Jerry Allison, Buddy Holly, Joe B. Mauldin, Norman Petty) – 6:04 "Well All Right" "It's So Easy" "Maybe Baby" "Peggy Sue" "I Walk the Line" (Johnny Cash) – 3:31 "Tonight the Bottle Let Me Down" (Merle Haggard) – 3:31 "Girl I Can Tell (You're Trying to Work It Out)" (Fred Carter, Jennings) – 2:40 "Whistlers and Jugglers" (Shel Silverstein) – 4:34 "Medley of Buddy Holly Hits" produced by Duane Eddy Chart performance Chart (1978) Peakposition U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums 1 U.S. Billboard 200 48 Canadian RPM Country Albums 1 Canadian RPM Top Albums 71 Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales United States (RIAA) Gold 500,000^ ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. References ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996. ^ Streissguth 2013, p. 190. ^ a b "I've Always Been Crazy Review by Thom Jurek". AllMusic. Retrieved 19 February 2024. ^ The Rolling Stone Album Guide. Random House. 1992. p. 366. ^ Streissguth 2013, p. 232. ^ "American album certifications – Waylon Jennings – I've Always Been Crazy". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved May 3, 2023. Bibliography Jennings, Waylon; Kaye, Lenny (1996). Waylon: An Autobiography. Warner Brooks. ISBN 978-0-446-51865-9. Streissguth, Michael (2013). Outlaw: Waylon, Willie, Kris, and the Renegades of Nashville. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0062038180. vteWaylon Jennings Albums Singles Studio albums Waylon at JD's Folk-Country Leavin' Town Nashville Rebel Waylon Sings Ol' Harlan Love of the Common People The One and Only Hangin' On Only the Greatest Jewels Just to Satisfy You Waylon Singer of Sad Songs The Taker/Tulsa Cedartown, Georgia Good Hearted Woman Ladies Love Outlaws Lonesome, On'ry and Mean Honky Tonk Heroes This Time The Ramblin' Man Dreaming My Dreams Are You Ready for the Country Ol' Waylon I've Always Been Crazy What Goes Around Comes Around Music Man Black on Black It's Only Rock + Roll Waylon and Company Never Could Toe the Mark Turn the Page Sweet Mother Texas Will the Wolf Survive Hangin' Tough A Man Called Hoss Full Circle The Eagle Too Dumb for New York City, Too Ugly for L.A. Ol' Waylon Sings Ol' Hank Cowboys, Sisters, Rascals & Dirt Waymore's Blues (Part II) Right for the Time Closing In on the Fire Waylon Forever Goin' Down Rockin': The Last Recordings Live albums Waylon Live Never Say Die: Live Live from Austin, TX Never Say Die: The Final Concert Notable singles "Stop the World (And Let Me Off)" "The Chokin' Kind" "Only Daddy That'll Walk the Line" "The Days of Sand and Shovels" "Brown Eyed Handsome Man" "Under Your Spell Again" with Jessi Colter "Good Hearted Woman" "Sweet Dream Woman" "You Can Have Her" "We Had It All" "You Ask Me To" "This Time" "I'm a Ramblin' Man" "Rainy Day Woman" "Dreaming My Dreams with You" "Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way" "Bob Wills Is Still the King" "Can't You See" "Are You Ready for the Country" "Luckenbach, Texas (Back to the Basics of Love)" "I've Always Been Crazy" "Don't You Think This Outlaw Bit's Done Got Out of Hand" "Amanda" "Come With Me" "I Ain't Living Long Like This" "Clyde" "Good Ol' Boys" "Shine" "Just to Satisfy You" with Willie Nelson "Women Do Know How to Carry On" "Lucille (You Won't Do Your Daddy's Will)" "Hold On, I'm Comin'" with Jerry Reed "The Conversation" with Hank Williams Jr. "I May Be Used (But Baby I Ain't Used Up)" "Never Could Toe the Mark" "America" "Waltz Me to Heaven" "Drinkin' and Dreamin'" "Working Without a Net" "Will the Wolf Survive" "What You'll Do When I'm Gone" "The Broken Promise Land" "Rose in Paradise" "My Rough and Rowdy Days" "If Ole Hank Could Only See Us Now" "How Much Is It Worth to Live in L.A." "Which Way Do I Go (Now That I'm Gone)" "Wrong" "Where Corn Don't Grow" "The Eagle" CollaborationsWaylon & Willie Albums: Waylon & Willie WWII Take It to the Limit Clean Shirt Singles:"The Wurlitzer Prize (I Don't Want to Get Over You)" "Mammas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys" "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay" "Take It to the Limit" Other collaborations Country-Folk with The Kimberlys Leather and Lace with Jessi Colter Heroes with Johnny Cash Old 97's & Waylon Jennings with Old 97's Collaboration singles "MacArthur Park" with The Kimberlys "Suspicious Minds" with Jessi Colter "There Ain't No Good Chain Gang" with Johnny Cash "The Wild Side of Life/It Wasn't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels" with Jessi Colter "Leave Them Boys Alone" with Hank Williams Jr. and Ernest Tubb "Somewhere Between Ragged and Right" with John Anderson Compilations The Best of Waylon Jennings Don't Think Twice Heartaches by the Number Greatest Hits Waylon's Greatest Hits, Vol. 2 The Best of Waylon 20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Waylon Jennings RCA Country Legends Ultimate Waylon Jennings 16 Biggest Hits Nashville Rebel Related The Waylors/Waymore's Outlaws Outlaw country Wanted! The Outlaws "We Are the World" The Highwaymen Old Dogs Jessi Colter Waylon Albright "Shooter" Jennings Buddy Holly The Day the Music Died Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Waylon Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waylon_Jennings"},{"link_name":"RCA Victor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Victor"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_in_music"}],"text":"I've Always Been Crazy is a studio album by American country music artist Waylon Jennings, released on RCA Victor in 1978.","title":"I've Always Been Crazy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"outlaw country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlaw_country"},{"link_name":"Willie Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Top 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_chart"},{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville"},{"link_name":"Music Row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Row"},{"link_name":"cocaine addiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine_addiction"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenningsKaye1996-1"},{"link_name":"American Sound Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Sound_Studios"},{"link_name":"Hank Williams, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Williams,_Jr."},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"What Goes Around Comes Around","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Goes_Around_Comes_Around"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStreissguth2013190-2"}],"text":"By 1978, Jennings was getting burned out on the outlaw country movement. Despite enormous critical and commercial success, including a run of three #1 studio albums, a #1 live album, a #1 duet album (with Willie Nelson), and ten Top 10 solo singles (including five chart toppers), he was irritated at the hype surrounding his music and resented how Nashville had co-opted what had started out as a musical rebellion against Music Row in the name of artistic freedom. Far more concerning, however, was Jennings' spiral into cocaine addiction. By his own admission, his appetite for the drug was monstrous:I wasn't just doing a little drugs. I was doing them constantly...I'd do them until I collapsed, then I'd get up and start right doing them again. I was killing myself. I'd definitely hit bottom with it. I would never sleep. I'd stay up six or seven days or nights at a time, and I wouldn't go home. My health was bad, I had dizzy spells where I could hardly drive, I had cars strewed all over this town, because I'd get somewhere, and I'd have to leave 'em and have somebody else take me home.[1]On August 23, 1977, Jennings was busted by federal drug enforcement officers at American Sound Studios, where he was laying down harmony vocals on \"Storms Never Last\" during a session for a Hank Williams, Jr. album that he was co-producing. The officials had traced a package that had been sent there from his manager Neil Reshen's office in New York City. The package did indeed contain cocaine, but drummer Richie Albright managed to flush the drug down a commode before the officers could find it. They charged Jennings anyway but the singer was never convicted of the crime due to critical faults in the legal process against him. Still, Jennings was shaken by the bust, remarking in the audio version of his autobiography, \"When you see yourself spread across the front pages - 'Waylon Jennings Arrested for Possession of Cocaine!' - it gets to you a little bit...It was a media feeding frenzy, like sharks smelling blood in the water. I couldn't go anywhere without a cluster of reporters swarmin' around me.\" Jennings added that the case cost him about $100,000 in legal fees, but his cocaine use continued unabated as he began to further isolate himself. The publicity did not hurt his sales, however, with author Michael Striessguth noting, \"Waylon's public cocaine troubles only fueled his record sales. His five solo singles after the arrest rushed to the top five, and his albums sailed just as swiftly. On the surface, his two solo albums released after the bust - I've Always Been Crazy and What Goes Around Comes Around - communicated defiance.\"[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStreissguth2013232-5"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AM-3"}],"text":"At the time of its release, Nick Toches stated that I've Always Been Crazy tolled Waylon's \"farewell to outlawry.\"[5] Thom Jurek of AllMusic insists that the LP \"smokes... In all, I've Always Been Crazy is a solid recording, still possessing the piss and vinegar of Jennings' best work with a deeper lyrical edge on most tracks...this is necessary for any fan of outlaw country in general and Jennings in particular.\"[3]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I've Always Been Crazy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ve_Always_Been_Crazy_(song)"},{"link_name":"Waylon Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waylon_Jennings"},{"link_name":"Don't You Think This Outlaw Bit's Done Got Out of Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_You_Think_This_Outlaw_Bit%27s_Done_Got_Out_of_Hand"},{"link_name":"Tony Joe White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Joe_White"},{"link_name":"Shel Silverstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shel_Silverstein"},{"link_name":"Jerry Allison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Allison"},{"link_name":"Buddy Holly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Holly"},{"link_name":"Joe B. Mauldin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_B._Mauldin"},{"link_name":"Norman Petty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Petty"},{"link_name":"Maybe Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maybe_Baby_(song)"},{"link_name":"I Walk the Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Walk_the_Line"},{"link_name":"Johnny Cash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Cash"},{"link_name":"Merle Haggard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merle_Haggard"},{"link_name":"Shel Silverstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shel_Silverstein"}],"text":"\"I've Always Been Crazy\" (Waylon Jennings) – 4:12\n\"Don't You Think This Outlaw Bit's Done Got Out of Hand\" (Jennings) – 3:00\n\"Billy\" (Tony Joe White) – 4:18\n\"A Long Time Ago\" (Jennings, Shel Silverstein) – 2:23\n\"As the 'Billy World Turns\" (Jennings) – 3:00\nMedley of Buddy Holly Hits: \t(Jerry Allison, Buddy Holly, Joe B. Mauldin, Norman Petty) – 6:04\n\"Well All Right\"\n\"It's So Easy\"\n\"Maybe Baby\"\n\"Peggy Sue\"\n\"I Walk the Line\" (Johnny Cash) – 3:31\n\"Tonight the Bottle Let Me Down\" (Merle Haggard) – 3:31\n\"Girl I Can Tell (You're Trying to Work It Out)\" (Fred Carter, Jennings) – 2:40\n\"Whistlers and Jugglers\" (Shel Silverstein) – 4:34\"Medley of Buddy Holly Hits\" produced by Duane Eddy","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waylon: An Autobiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/waylonautobiogra00jenn"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-446-51865-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-446-51865-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0062038180","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062038180"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Waylon_Jennings"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Waylon_Jennings"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Waylon_Jennings"},{"link_name":"Waylon Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waylon_Jennings"},{"link_name":"Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waylon_Jennings_albums_discography"},{"link_name":"Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waylon_Jennings_singles_discography"},{"link_name":"Waylon at JD's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waylon_at_JD%27s"},{"link_name":"Folk-Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk-Country"},{"link_name":"Leavin' Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leavin%27_Town"},{"link_name":"Nashville Rebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_Rebel"},{"link_name":"Waylon Sings Ol' Harlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waylon_Sings_Ol%27_Harlan"},{"link_name":"Love of the Common People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_of_the_Common_People_(album)"},{"link_name":"The One and Only","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_One_and_Only_(Waylon_Jennings_album)"},{"link_name":"Hangin' On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangin%27_On_(album)"},{"link_name":"Only the Greatest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Only_the_Greatest"},{"link_name":"Jewels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewels_(Waylon_Jennings_album)"},{"link_name":"Just to Satisfy You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_to_Satisfy_You_(album)"},{"link_name":"Waylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waylon_(album)"},{"link_name":"Singer of Sad Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singer_of_Sad_Songs"},{"link_name":"The Taker/Tulsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Taker/Tulsa"},{"link_name":"Cedartown, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedartown,_Georgia_(album)"},{"link_name":"Good Hearted Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Hearted_Woman"},{"link_name":"Ladies Love Outlaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladies_Love_Outlaws_(Waylon_Jennings_album)"},{"link_name":"Lonesome, On'ry and Mean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonesome,_On%27ry_and_Mean"},{"link_name":"Honky Tonk Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honky_Tonk_Heroes"},{"link_name":"This Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Time_(Waylon_Jennings_album)"},{"link_name":"The Ramblin' Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ramblin%27_Man"},{"link_name":"Dreaming My Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreaming_My_Dreams_(Waylon_Jennings_album)"},{"link_name":"Are You Ready for the Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Are_You_Ready_for_the_Country"},{"link_name":"Ol' Waylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol%27_Waylon"},{"link_name":"I've Always Been Crazy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"What Goes Around Comes Around","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Goes_Around_Comes_Around"},{"link_name":"Music Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Man_(album)"},{"link_name":"Black on Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_on_Black"},{"link_name":"It's Only Rock + Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Only_Rock_%26_Roll_(Waylon_Jennings_album)"},{"link_name":"Waylon and Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waylon_and_Company"},{"link_name":"Never Could Toe the Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Could_Toe_the_Mark"},{"link_name":"Turn the Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turn_the_Page_(Waylon_Jennings_album)"},{"link_name":"Sweet Mother Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Mother_Texas"},{"link_name":"Will the Wolf Survive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_the_Wolf_Survive"},{"link_name":"Hangin' Tough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangin%27_Tough_(Waylon_Jennings_album)"},{"link_name":"A Man Called Hoss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Man_Called_Hoss"},{"link_name":"Full Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Circle_(Waylon_Jennings_album)"},{"link_name":"The Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eagle_(album)"},{"link_name":"Too Dumb for New York City, Too Ugly for L.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Too_Dumb_for_New_York_City,_Too_Ugly_for_L.A."},{"link_name":"Ol' Waylon Sings Ol' Hank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol%27_Waylon_Sings_Ol%27_Hank"},{"link_name":"Cowboys, Sisters, Rascals & Dirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowboys,_Sisters,_Rascals_%26_Dirt"},{"link_name":"Waymore's Blues (Part II)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymore%27s_Blues_(Part_II)"},{"link_name":"Right for the Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_for_the_Time"},{"link_name":"Closing In on the Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closing_In_on_the_Fire"},{"link_name":"Waylon Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waylon_Forever"},{"link_name":"Goin' Down Rockin': The Last Recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goin%27_Down_Rockin%27:_The_Last_Recordings"},{"link_name":"Waylon Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waylon_Live"},{"link_name":"Never Say Die: Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Say_Die:_Live"},{"link_name":"Live from Austin, TX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_from_Austin,_TX_(Waylon_Jennings_album)"},{"link_name":"Never Say Die: The Final Concert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Say_Die:_The_Final_Concert"},{"link_name":"Stop the World (And Let Me Off)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_the_World_(And_Let_Me_Off)"},{"link_name":"The Chokin' Kind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chokin%27_Kind"},{"link_name":"Only Daddy That'll Walk the Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Only_Daddy_That%27ll_Walk_the_Line"},{"link_name":"The Days of Sand and Shovels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Days_of_Sand_and_Shovels"},{"link_name":"Brown Eyed Handsome Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Eyed_Handsome_Man"},{"link_name":"Under Your Spell Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_Your_Spell_Again"},{"link_name":"Jessi Colter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessi_Colter"},{"link_name":"Good Hearted Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Hearted_Woman_(song)"},{"link_name":"Sweet Dream Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Dream_Woman"},{"link_name":"You Can Have Her","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Can_Have_Her"},{"link_name":"We Had It All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Had_It_All_(song)"},{"link_name":"You Ask Me To","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Ask_Me_To"},{"link_name":"This Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Time_(Waylon_Jennings_song)"},{"link_name":"I'm a Ramblin' Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_a_Ramblin%27_Man"},{"link_name":"Rainy Day Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainy_Day_Woman"},{"link_name":"Dreaming My Dreams with You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreaming_My_Dreams_with_You"},{"link_name":"Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Are_You_Sure_Hank_Done_It_This_Way"},{"link_name":"Bob Wills Is Still the King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Wills_Is_Still_the_King"},{"link_name":"Can't You See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_You_See_(The_Marshall_Tucker_Band_song)"},{"link_name":"Are You Ready for the Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Are_You_Ready_for_the_Country_(song)"},{"link_name":"Luckenbach, Texas (Back to the Basics of Love)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luckenbach,_Texas_(Back_to_the_Basics_of_Love)"},{"link_name":"I've Always Been Crazy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ve_Always_Been_Crazy_(song)"},{"link_name":"Don't You Think This Outlaw Bit's Done Got Out of Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_You_Think_This_Outlaw_Bit%27s_Done_Got_Out_of_Hand"},{"link_name":"Amanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_(Don_Williams_song)"},{"link_name":"Come With Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_with_Me_(Waylon_Jennings_song)"},{"link_name":"I Ain't Living Long Like This","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Ain%27t_Living_Long_Like_This"},{"link_name":"Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_(song)"},{"link_name":"Good Ol' Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_from_The_Dukes_of_Hazzard_(Good_Ol%27_Boys)"},{"link_name":"Shine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shine_(Waylon_Jennings_song)"},{"link_name":"Just to Satisfy You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_to_Satisfy_You_(song)"},{"link_name":"Willie Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Women Do Know How to Carry On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_Do_Know_How_to_Carry_On"},{"link_name":"Lucille (You Won't Do Your Daddy's Will)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucille_(Little_Richard_song)"},{"link_name":"Hold On, I'm Comin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hold_On,_I%27m_Comin%27_(song)"},{"link_name":"Jerry Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Reed"},{"link_name":"The Conversation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conversation_(Waylon_Jennings_and_Hank_Williams_Jr._song)"},{"link_name":"Hank Williams Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Williams_Jr."},{"link_name":"I May Be Used (But Baby I Ain't Used Up)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_May_Be_Used_(But_Baby_I_Ain%27t_Used_Up)"},{"link_name":"Never Could Toe the Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Could_Toe_the_Mark_(song)"},{"link_name":"America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_(Waylon_Jennings_song)"},{"link_name":"Waltz Me to Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltz_Me_to_Heaven"},{"link_name":"Drinkin' and Dreamin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinkin%27_and_Dreamin%27"},{"link_name":"Working Without a Net","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_Without_a_Net"},{"link_name":"Will the Wolf Survive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_the_Wolf_Survive_(song)"},{"link_name":"What You'll Do When I'm Gone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_You%27ll_Do_When_I%27m_Gone"},{"link_name":"The Broken Promise Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Promise_Land"},{"link_name":"Rose in Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_in_Paradise"},{"link_name":"My Rough and Rowdy Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Rough_and_Rowdy_Days"},{"link_name":"If Ole Hank Could Only See Us Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_Ole_Hank_Could_Only_See_Us_Now"},{"link_name":"How Much Is It Worth to Live in L.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Much_Is_It_Worth_to_Live_in_L.A."},{"link_name":"Which Way Do I Go (Now That I'm Gone)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Which_Way_Do_I_Go_(Now_That_I%27m_Gone)"},{"link_name":"Wrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrong_(Waylon_Jennings_song)"},{"link_name":"Where Corn Don't Grow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_Corn_Don%27t_Grow"},{"link_name":"The Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eagle_(song)"},{"link_name":"Waylon & Willie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waylon_%26_Willie"},{"link_name":"WWII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWII_(album)"},{"link_name":"Take It to the Limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_It_to_the_Limit_(Willie_Nelson_and_Waylon_Jennings_album)"},{"link_name":"Clean Shirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Shirt"},{"link_name":"The Wurlitzer Prize (I Don't Want to Get Over You)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wurlitzer_Prize_(I_Don%27t_Want_to_Get_Over_You)"},{"link_name":"Mammas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammas_Don%27t_Let_Your_Babies_Grow_Up_to_Be_Cowboys"},{"link_name":"(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(Sittin%27_On)_The_Dock_of_the_Bay"},{"link_name":"Take It to the Limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_It_to_the_Limit_(Eagles_song)"},{"link_name":"Country-Folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country-Folk"},{"link_name":"Leather and Lace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather_and_Lace"},{"link_name":"Jessi Colter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessi_Colter"},{"link_name":"Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroes_(Johnny_Cash_and_Waylon_Jennings_album)"},{"link_name":"Johnny Cash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Cash"},{"link_name":"Old 97's & Waylon Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_97%27s_%26_Waylon_Jennings"},{"link_name":"Old 97's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_97%27s"},{"link_name":"MacArthur Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Park_(song)"},{"link_name":"Suspicious Minds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspicious_Minds"},{"link_name":"Jessi Colter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessi_Colter"},{"link_name":"There Ain't No Good Chain Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There_Ain%27t_No_Good_Chain_Gang"},{"link_name":"Johnny Cash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Cash"},{"link_name":"The Wild Side of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wild_Side_of_Life"},{"link_name":"It Wasn't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Wasn%27t_God_Who_Made_Honky_Tonk_Angels"},{"link_name":"Leave Them Boys Alone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leave_Them_Boys_Alone"},{"link_name":"Hank Williams Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Williams_Jr."},{"link_name":"Ernest Tubb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Tubb"},{"link_name":"Somewhere Between Ragged and Right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somewhere_Between_Ragged_and_Right"},{"link_name":"John Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Anderson_(singer)"},{"link_name":"The Best of Waylon Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_of_Waylon_Jennings"},{"link_name":"Don't Think Twice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Think_Twice_(album)"},{"link_name":"Heartaches by the Number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartaches_by_the_Number_(Waylon_Jennings_album)"},{"link_name":"Greatest Hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_(Waylon_Jennings_album)"},{"link_name":"Waylon's Greatest Hits, Vol. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waylon%27s_Greatest_Hits,_Vol._2"},{"link_name":"The Best of Waylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_of_Waylon"},{"link_name":"20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Waylon Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Masters_%E2%80%93_The_Millennium_Collection:_The_Best_of_Waylon_Jennings"},{"link_name":"RCA Country Legends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Country_Legends_(Waylon_Jennings_album)"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Waylon Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Waylon_Jennings"},{"link_name":"16 Biggest Hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_Biggest_Hits_(Waylon_Jennings_album)"},{"link_name":"Nashville Rebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_Rebel_(box_set)"},{"link_name":"The Waylors/Waymore's Outlaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymore%27s_Outlaws"},{"link_name":"Outlaw country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlaw_country"},{"link_name":"Wanted! The Outlaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanted!_The_Outlaws"},{"link_name":"We Are the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Are_the_World"},{"link_name":"The Highwaymen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Highwaymen_(country_supergroup)"},{"link_name":"Old Dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dogs_(group)"},{"link_name":"Jessi Colter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessi_Colter"},{"link_name":"Waylon Albright \"Shooter\" Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooter_Jennings"},{"link_name":"Buddy Holly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Holly"},{"link_name":"The Day the Music Died","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_the_Music_Died"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5967167#identifiers"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz release group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/release-group/883ed3c8-5d3a-3a8a-85d4-ba6af1b4058e"}],"text":"Jennings, Waylon; Kaye, Lenny (1996). Waylon: An Autobiography. Warner Brooks. ISBN 978-0-446-51865-9.\nStreissguth, Michael (2013). Outlaw: Waylon, Willie, Kris, and the Renegades of Nashville. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0062038180.vteWaylon Jennings\nAlbums\nSingles\nStudio albums\nWaylon at JD's\nFolk-Country\nLeavin' Town\nNashville Rebel\nWaylon Sings Ol' Harlan\nLove of the Common People\nThe One and Only\nHangin' On\nOnly the Greatest\nJewels\nJust to Satisfy You\nWaylon\nSinger of Sad Songs\nThe Taker/Tulsa\nCedartown, Georgia\nGood Hearted Woman\nLadies Love Outlaws\nLonesome, On'ry and Mean\nHonky Tonk Heroes\nThis Time\nThe Ramblin' Man\nDreaming My Dreams\nAre You Ready for the Country\nOl' Waylon\nI've Always Been Crazy\nWhat Goes Around Comes Around\nMusic Man\nBlack on Black\nIt's Only Rock + Roll\nWaylon and Company\nNever Could Toe the Mark\nTurn the Page\nSweet Mother Texas\nWill the Wolf Survive\nHangin' Tough\nA Man Called Hoss\nFull Circle\nThe Eagle\nToo Dumb for New York City, Too Ugly for L.A.\nOl' Waylon Sings Ol' Hank\nCowboys, Sisters, Rascals & Dirt\nWaymore's Blues (Part II)\nRight for the Time\nClosing In on the Fire\nWaylon Forever\nGoin' Down Rockin': The Last Recordings\nLive albums\nWaylon Live\nNever Say Die: Live\nLive from Austin, TX\nNever Say Die: The Final Concert\nNotable singles\n\"Stop the World (And Let Me Off)\"\n\"The Chokin' Kind\"\n\"Only Daddy That'll Walk the Line\"\n\"The Days of Sand and Shovels\"\n\"Brown Eyed Handsome Man\"\n\"Under Your Spell Again\" with Jessi Colter\n\"Good Hearted Woman\"\n\"Sweet Dream Woman\"\n\"You Can Have Her\"\n\"We Had It All\"\n\"You Ask Me To\"\n\"This Time\"\n\"I'm a Ramblin' Man\"\n\"Rainy Day Woman\"\n\"Dreaming My Dreams with You\"\n\"Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way\"\n\"Bob Wills Is Still the King\"\n\"Can't You See\"\n\"Are You Ready for the Country\"\n\"Luckenbach, Texas (Back to the Basics of Love)\"\n\"I've Always Been Crazy\"\n\"Don't You Think This Outlaw Bit's Done Got Out of Hand\"\n\"Amanda\"\n\"Come With Me\"\n\"I Ain't Living Long Like This\"\n\"Clyde\"\n\"Good Ol' Boys\"\n\"Shine\"\n\"Just to Satisfy You\" with Willie Nelson\n\"Women Do Know How to Carry On\"\n\"Lucille (You Won't Do Your Daddy's Will)\"\n\"Hold On, I'm Comin'\" with Jerry Reed\n\"The Conversation\" with Hank Williams Jr.\n\"I May Be Used (But Baby I Ain't Used Up)\"\n\"Never Could Toe the Mark\"\n\"America\"\n\"Waltz Me to Heaven\"\n\"Drinkin' and Dreamin'\"\n\"Working Without a Net\"\n\"Will the Wolf Survive\"\n\"What You'll Do When I'm Gone\"\n\"The Broken Promise Land\"\n\"Rose in Paradise\"\n\"My Rough and Rowdy Days\"\n\"If Ole Hank Could Only See Us Now\"\n\"How Much Is It Worth to Live in L.A.\"\n\"Which Way Do I Go (Now That I'm Gone)\"\n\"Wrong\"\n\"Where Corn Don't Grow\"\n\"The Eagle\"\nCollaborationsWaylon & Willie\nAlbums: Waylon & Willie\nWWII\nTake It to the Limit\nClean Shirt\nSingles:\"The Wurlitzer Prize (I Don't Want to Get Over You)\"\n\"Mammas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys\"\n\"(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay\"\n\"Take It to the Limit\"\nOther collaborations\nCountry-Folk with The Kimberlys\nLeather and Lace with Jessi Colter\nHeroes with Johnny Cash\nOld 97's & Waylon Jennings with Old 97's\nCollaboration singles\n\"MacArthur Park\" with The Kimberlys\n\"Suspicious Minds\" with Jessi Colter\n\"There Ain't No Good Chain Gang\" with Johnny Cash\n\"The Wild Side of Life/It Wasn't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels\" with Jessi Colter\n\"Leave Them Boys Alone\" with Hank Williams Jr. and Ernest Tubb\n\"Somewhere Between Ragged and Right\" with John Anderson\nCompilations\nThe Best of Waylon Jennings\nDon't Think Twice\nHeartaches by the Number\nGreatest Hits\nWaylon's Greatest Hits, Vol. 2\nThe Best of Waylon\n20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Waylon Jennings\nRCA Country Legends\nUltimate Waylon Jennings\n16 Biggest Hits\nNashville Rebel\nRelated\nThe Waylors/Waymore's Outlaws\nOutlaw country\nWanted! The Outlaws\n\"We Are the World\"\nThe Highwaymen\nOld Dogs\nJessi Colter\nWaylon Albright \"Shooter\" Jennings\nBuddy Holly\nThe Day the Music DiedAuthority control databases \nMusicBrainz release group","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"I've Always Been Crazy Review by Thom Jurek\". AllMusic. Retrieved 19 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/ive-always-been-crazy-mw0000686156","url_text":"\"I've Always Been Crazy Review by Thom Jurek\""}]},{"reference":"The Rolling Stone Album Guide. Random House. 1992. p. 366.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"American album certifications – Waylon Jennings – I've Always Been Crazy\". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved May 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Waylon+Jennings&ti=I%27ve+Always+Been+Crazy&format=Album&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American album certifications – Waylon Jennings – I've Always Been Crazy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]},{"reference":"Jennings, Waylon; Kaye, Lenny (1996). Waylon: An Autobiography. Warner Brooks. ISBN 978-0-446-51865-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/waylonautobiogra00jenn","url_text":"Waylon: An Autobiography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-446-51865-9","url_text":"978-0-446-51865-9"}]},{"reference":"Streissguth, Michael (2013). Outlaw: Waylon, Willie, Kris, and the Renegades of Nashville. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0062038180.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062038180","url_text":"978-0062038180"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_of_Scotland_Football_League
West of Scotland Football League
["1 History","1.1 Formation","1.2 Impact of Covid","1.3 Expansion","2 Member clubs","2.1 Premier Division","2.2 First Division","2.3 Second Division","2.4 Third Division","2.5 Fourth Division","3 Seasons","4 Cup competitions","4.1 Holders","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]
Association football league in Scotland Football leagueWest of Scotland Football LeagueFounded2020Country ScotlandConfederationUEFADivisions5Number of teams80Level on pyramid6–10Promotion toLowland Football LeagueDomestic cup(s)Scottish Cup (SFA licensed clubs and Premier Division winners)South Region Challenge CupScottish Junior Cup (SJFA members)League cup(s)West of Scotland League CupStrathclyde Cup (Neither SFA nor SJFA members only)Current championsBeith Juniors (2nd title) (2023–24)Websitewww.wosfl.co.ukCurrent: 2024–25 West of Scotland Football League The West of Scotland Football League (WoSFL) is a senior football league based in the west of Scotland. The league sits at levels 6–10 on the Scottish football league system, acting as a feeder to the Lowland Football League. Founded in 2020, it is currently composed of 80 member clubs competing in five divisions. Geographically, the league covers Argyll & Bute, Ayrshire, East Dunbartonshire, West Dunbartonshire, Glasgow, Inverclyde, Lanarkshire, East Renfrewshire and Renfrewshire. Two clubs are also based in Dumfries and Galloway. Since its formation, it has featured in the senior pyramid system. The winners take part in an end of season promotion play-off with the East of Scotland Football League and South of Scotland Football League champions, subject to clubs meeting the required licensing criteria. History Formation Talks to integrate all of the Scottish Junior Football Association clubs into the senior pyramid structure below the SPFL had been taking place for a number of years, however discussions at the Scottish Football Association's pyramid working group had broken down in early 2020. In February 2020 the Lowland and East of Scotland leagues invited clubs to express their interest in the formation of a new West of Scotland league at tier 6, with a majority of SJFA West Region clubs submitting emails. The next month, clubs were invited to information meetings and applications were opened to join the league. On 14 April 2020, the Lowland League announced it had approved 67 applications for the new league, which included all 63 clubs from the Scottish Junior Football Association's West Region, and four others: Glasgow amateurs Drumchapel United and Glasgow University, Kilmarnock side Bonnyton Thistle moving sideways from the South of Scotland League and Newton Mearns-based youth club St Cadoc's Youth Club from the Paisley, Johnstone & District League. Initial plans for the inaugural season would have seen the league operate a conference format in order to facilitate all 67 clubs at the same level. However, following a video conference with the Scottish Football Association, the league was split into a top tier and lower divisions, similar to that utilised by the East of Scotland Football League. On 1 May 2020, the League confirmed that a top division of 20 teams would contest the first season in 2020–21, comprising the 16 teams who had played in the 2019–20 West Region Premiership, the top three places from the West Championship and one moving 'sideways' from the South of Scotland Football League. This ran contrary to some clubs' expectations that the inaugural campaign would not use a hierarchical system, but the league stated "that option was not on the table" due to legal issues. Teams below the top division would be distributed into three balanced conferences; The list for which was published three days later. Impact of Covid On 17 September 2020, the League announced that the Premier Division would be split into two groups based on the Points Per Game formula that was used to declare the league winners of the SJFA West Region. There would be two phases to the season. In Phase 1, teams would play other teams within their group twice, home and away. Phase 2 consisted of a further ten games, five home and five away, with teams being drawn against teams from the other group. However, the league reverted to a normal home and away format following a number of withdrawals from the initial season. On 11 January 2021 the league was suspended by the Scottish Football Association due to the escalating COVID-19 pandemic situation. Expansion On 12 May 2021, the league announced the formation of the Development League, with nine teams becoming initial members. The Development League became Division 4 when the WOSFL changed to a linear structure for the 2022–23 season. Teams in the Development League will only be promoted if they meet specified ground criteria. Since formation, a number of clubs have successfully applied to join the league, or have taken over existing clubs, and currently the league runs at its maximum capacity of 80 clubs in 5 divisions. Examples include Harthill Royal joining in 2021–22 (though left the following season), and Threave Rovers joining in 2022–23. Annbank United remain in abeyance. Member clubs Ardeer ThistleArdrossan Winton RoversArthurlieAshfieldAuchinleck TalbotBeith JuniorsBellshill AthleticBenburbBlantyre VictoriaBonnyton ThistleBSC GlasgowCaledonian LocomotivesCambuslang RangersCampbeltown PupilsCarluke RoversClydebankCraigmark BurntoniansCumbernauld UnitedCumnockDalry ThistleDarvelDrumchapel UnitedEasterhouseEast Kilbride ThistleEglintonFinnartForth WanderersGartcairnGiffnock SCGirvanGlasgow PerthshireGlasgow UnitedGlasgow UniversityGlenafton AthleticGlenvaleGreenock JuniorsHurlford UnitedIrvine MeadowIrvine VictoriaJohnstone BurghKello RoversKilbirnie LadesideKilsyth AthleticKilsyth RangersKilwinning RangersKirkintilloch Rob RoyKnightswoodLanark UnitedLargs ThistleLarkhall ThistleLesmahagow JuniorsLugar Boswell ThistleMaryhillMaybole JuniorsMuirkirk JuniorsNeilstonNewmains UnitedPetershillPollokPort Glasgow JuniorsRenfrewRossvale AcademyRoyal AlbertRutherglen GlencairnSaltcoats VictoriaShotts Bon AccordSt Anthony'sSt Cadoc'sSt. Peter'sSt Roch'sThorn AthleticThorniewood UnitedThreave RoversTroonVale of ClydeVale of LevenWest Park UnitedWhitletts VictoriaWishawYoker Athleticclass=notpageimage| Location of teams in 2023–24 West of Scotland League – Premier Division – First Division – Second Division – Third Division – Fourth Division Main article: 2023–24 West of Scotland Football LeagueAfter running with a Premier Division of 20 clubs and three Tier 7 Conferences of 15 or 16 clubs during its transitional 2021–22 season, the WoSFL has since switched to a linear structure with the Premier, First, Second, Third, and Fourth Divisions now each containing 16 teams. Listed below are the 80 clubs in the WoSFL for the 2024–25 season. Three clubs are promoted and relegated between each division. Premier Division Auchinleck Talbot Beith Juniors Benburb Clydebank Cumnock Juniors Darvel Drumchapel United Gartcairn Glenafton Athletic Hurlford United Johnstone Burgh Largs Thistle Pollok Shotts Bon Accord St Cadoc's Troon First Division Ardrossan Winton Rovers Arthurlie Ashfield Blantyre Victoria Cumbernauld United Irvine Meadow XI Kilbirnie Ladeside Kilwinning Rangers Kirkintilloch Rob Roy Maybole Juniors Petershill Renfrew Rutherglen Glencairn St Roch's Thorniewood United Vale of Clyde Second Division Bellshill Athletic Bonnyton Thistle Caledonian Locomotives Cambuslang Rangers Craigmark Burntonians Forth Wanderers Kilsyth Rangers Lanark United Larkhall Thistle Lesmahagow Juniors Maryhill Muirkirk Juniors Neilston St Anthony's Whitletts Victoria Yoker Athletic Third Division Ardeer Thistle Dalry Thistle Finnart Girvan Glasgow Perthshire Glasgow United Glasgow University Glenvale Greenock Juniors Irvine Victoria Kilsyth Athletic Lugar Boswell Thistle Thorn Athletic Threave Rovers Vale of Leven Wishaw Fourth Division BSC Glasgow Campbeltown Pupils Carluke Rovers Easterhouse East Kilbride Thistle Eglinton Giffnock SC Kello Rovers Knightswood Newmains United Port Glasgow Juniors Rossvale Royal Albert Saltcoats Victoria St. Peter's West Park United Seasons Season Premier Division Tier 7 Conferences 2020–21 Null and void Premier Division Tier 7 Conferences Division Four League Cup 2021–22 Darvel A: Arthurlie B: Cambuslang Rangers C: Petershill Finnart Hurlford United Premier Division First Division Second Division Third Division Fourth Division League Cup 2022–23 Beith Juniors Gartcairn Renfrew Vale of Clyde West Park United Auchinleck Talbot 2023–24 Beith Juniors (2) Drumchapel United Ardrossan Winton Rovers Lanark United Glenvale Darvel Cup competitions Scottish Cup (sponsored by Scottish Gas): For clubs with an SFA licence and the Premier Division winners, who all enter at the preliminary round stage. Knock-out tournament without no replays. SFA South Region Challenge Cup: Introduced in 2007–08 as a replacement for the Scottish Qualifying Cup (South) which was abolished under the new Scottish Cup format. It is for all senior non-league clubs in the south of Scotland and has 163 entrants for the 2023–24 season – 16 from the Lowland League, 56 from the EoSFL, 11 from the SoSFL, and 80 from the WoSFL. Reserve teams do not take part. The first and second rounds are regionalised, otherwise it is a straight knock-out tournament without replays, with drawn matches going to extra time. Strathclyde Cup (sponsored by Strathclyde Demolition): Competition for the 17 WoSFL clubs who are neither SFA nor SJFA members, usually played on the same weekends as Junior Cup matches. Straight knock-out tournament, without replays. The winner goes on to play in the East, South and West of Scotland Cup-Winners Shield against the East's Alex Jack Cup winner and the Southern Counties FA's Alba Cup winners for a place in the following season's Scottish Cup. West of Scotland League Cup (sponsored by Indigo Unified Communications): All 80 WoSFL sides compete in this knock-out tournament without replays, drawn matches go straight to a penalty shootout. Similar to the West of Scotland Junior Cup, which was for all clubs in the former SJFA West Region. Scottish Junior Cup (sponsored by Clydebuilt Home Improvements): Competition for the 53 WoSFL clubs who remain members of the SJFA after moving from the Junior leagues. Knock-out tournament without replays, drawn matches go straight to a penalty shootout, two legged semi-finals. Holders 2023–24 winners unless stated South Region Challenge Cup: East Kilbride (non-WoSFL club) Scottish Junior Cup: Darvel West of Scotland League Cup: Darvel Strathclyde Cup: Drumchapel United Cup Winners Shield: Bo'ness Athletic (non-WoSFL club) Notes ^ SJFA West Region teams: Annbank United, Ardeer Thistle, Ardrossan Winton Rovers, Arthurlie, Ashfield, Auchinleck Talbot, Beith Juniors, Bellshill Athletic, Benburb, Blantyre Victoria, Cambuslang Rangers, Carluke Rovers, Clydebank, Craigmark Burntonians, Cumbernauld United, Cumnock Juniors, Dalry Thistle, Darvel, East Kilbride Thistle, Forth Wanderers, Gartcairn Juniors, Girvan, Glasgow Perthshire, Glenafton Athletic, Greenock Juniors, Hurlford United, Irvine Meadow XI, Irvine Victoria, Johnstone Burgh, Kello Rovers, Kilbirnie Ladeside, Kilsyth Rangers, Kilwinning Rangers, Kirkintilloch Rob Roy, Lanark United, Largs Thistle, Larkhall Thistle, Lesmahagow, Lugar Boswell Thistle, Maryhill, Maybole, Muirkirk, Neilston Juniors, Newmains United, Petershill, Pollok, Port Glasgow, Renfrew, Rossvale, Royal Albert, Rutherglen Glencairn, Saltcoats Victoria, Shettleston, Shotts Bon Accord, St Anthony's, St Roch's, Thorniewood United, Troon, Vale of Clyde, Vale of Leven, Whitletts Victoria, Wishaw, Yoker Athletic. References ^ Wilson, Fraser (1 February 2020). "Junior football pyramid talks hit a wall - what now?". Daily Record. Retrieved 4 July 2023. ^ Team, Media (12 February 2020). "Pyramid Statement". Scottish Lowland League. Retrieved 4 July 2023. ^ Team, Media (6 March 2020). "Statement - Pyramid Update". Scottish Lowland League. Retrieved 4 July 2023. ^ Team, Media (24 March 2020). "West of Scotland League Update". Scottish Lowland League. Retrieved 4 July 2023. ^ Wilson, Fraser (13 February 2020). "Plans for SPFL pyramid expansion leave juniors staring at uncertain future". Daily Record. Retrieved 4 July 2023. ^ "Pyramid Update – 67 Applications Approved". Scottish Lowland League. 14 April 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2020. ^ a b "West of Scotland League structure confirmed with top flight of 20". Daily Record. 1 May 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020. ^ Junior clubs threaten revolt over pyramid move amid claims they've been conned, Daily Record, 2 May 2020 ^ Shotts plot West of Scotland league revolt after 20-team tier six snub, Daily Record, 6 May 2020 ^ Every word of the West of Scotland League statement confirming bumper tier six after initial SFA KO, Daily Record, 1 May 2020 ^ Pirie, Mark (4 May 2020). "West of Scotland League unveil full conference list ahead of huge non-league overhaul". Daily Record. Reach plc. Retrieved 5 May 2020. ^ "Division Structures for 2020/21 – West of Scotland Football League". Retrieved 17 September 2020. ^ "Update: 13th October 2020". Retrieved 17 May 2021. ^ "West of Scotland League chairman admits season may not be concluded amid Covid football suspension". www.msn.com. Retrieved 18 March 2021. ^ McGowan, Eric (12 May 2021). "Nine new teams join WoSFL with more to follow as new league gets green light". Daily Record. Retrieved 25 May 2021. ^ "End of Season Statement – West of Scotland Football League". Retrieved 18 March 2021. ^ "Scottish Cup replays removed for 2022/23 season". External links Official website vteWest of Scotland Football LeaguePremier Division Arthurlie Auchinleck Talbot Beith Juniors Benburb Clydebank Cumnock Juniors Darvel Gartcairn Glenafton Athletic Hurlford United Irvine Meadow XI Kirkintilloch Rob Roy Largs Thistle Pollok St Cadoc's Troon First Division Ashfield Blantyre Victoria Cambuslang Rangers Drumchapel United Johnstone Burgh Kilbirnie Ladeside Kilwinning Rangers Maybole Juniors Neilston Petershill Renfrew Rutherglen Glencairn Shotts Bon Accord St Roch's Thorniewood United Whitletts Victoria Second Division Ardrossan Winton Rovers Bonnyton Thistle Caledonian Locomotives Craigmark Burntonians Cumbernauld United Forth Wanderers Glasgow Perthshire Glasgow University Kilsyth Rangers Larkhall Thistle Maryhill Muirkirk Juniors St Anthony's Vale of Clyde Wishaw Yoker Athletic Third Division Ardeer Thistle Bellshill Athletic Dalry Thistle Finnart Girvan Glasgow United Greenock Juniors Irvine Victoria Kello Rovers Kilsyth Athletic Lanark United Lesmahagow Juniors Port Glasgow Threave Rovers Vale of Leven West Park United Fourth Division BSC Glasgow Campbeltown Pupils Carluke Rovers Easterhouse East Kilbride Thistle Eglinton Giffnock Glenvale Knightswood Lugar Boswell Thistle Newmains United Rossvale Royal Albert Saltcoats Victoria St. Peter's Thorn Athletic Seasons 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 vteMen's football in Scotland SFA PFA Scotland Overview League system Clubs Venues Relocations Champions Second-tier winners Third-tier winners Fourth-tier winners Honours won Managers National teams Scotland B U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Scottish League Semi-Pro League system SPFL Premiership Championship League One League Two Reserve Highland Lowland East of Scotland Midlands North Caledonian North Region South of Scotland West of Scotland Cup competitions Scottish Cup (finals) League Cup (finals) Challenge Cup Highland League Cup South Region Challenge Cup Youth Cup Junior football SJFA Junior Cup East Region North Region National select team Amateur football SAFA Amateur Cup Highland Amateur Cup Aberdeenshire Ayrshire Border Caithness Caledonian Central Fife Inverness & District Lewis & Harris Lothian & Edinburgh Midlands Orkney Perthshire Scottish Shetland Stirling & District Strathclyde Uist & Barra Representative teams: Orkney Shetland Western Isles Welfare football SWFA Forth & Endrick Moray North East Ross-shire Strathspey & Badenoch History Records appearances attendances clubs in Europe goals Timeline Hall of Fame Referees Media Seasons vteSixth-level football leagues of Europe (UEFA)Current Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Doboj Croatia Primorje-Gorski Kotar Zagreb Czech Republic Denmark Copenhagen Funen Jutland Zealand England North South Estonia Finland France Germany Landesliga Verbandsliga Greece Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Amateur League Norway Poland Portugal Romania Scotland East Midlands North North Caledonian South West Slovakia Spain Andalusia Aragon Asturias Balearic Basque Canary Cantabria Castile-La Mancha Castile and León Catalonia Ceuta & Melilla Extremadura Galicia La Rioja Madrid Murcia Navarre Valencia Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Scottish football league system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_football_league_system"},{"link_name":"Lowland Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowland_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Argyll & Bute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyll_%26_Bute"},{"link_name":"Ayrshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayrshire"},{"link_name":"East Dunbartonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Dunbartonshire"},{"link_name":"West Dunbartonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Dunbartonshire"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Inverclyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverclyde"},{"link_name":"Lanarkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanarkshire"},{"link_name":"East Renfrewshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Renfrewshire"},{"link_name":"Renfrewshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfrewshire"},{"link_name":"Dumfries and Galloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumfries_and_Galloway"},{"link_name":"pyramid system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_football_league_system"},{"link_name":"East of Scotland Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_of_Scotland_Football_League"},{"link_name":"South of Scotland Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_of_Scotland_Football_League"}],"text":"Football leagueThe West of Scotland Football League (WoSFL) is a senior football league based in the west of Scotland. The league sits at levels 6–10 on the Scottish football league system, acting as a feeder to the Lowland Football League.Founded in 2020, it is currently composed of 80 member clubs competing in five divisions. Geographically, the league covers Argyll & Bute, Ayrshire, East Dunbartonshire, West Dunbartonshire, Glasgow, Inverclyde, Lanarkshire, East Renfrewshire and Renfrewshire. Two clubs are also based in Dumfries and Galloway.Since its formation, it has featured in the senior pyramid system. The winners take part in an end of season promotion play-off with the East of Scotland Football League and South of Scotland Football League champions, subject to clubs meeting the required licensing criteria.","title":"West of Scotland Football League"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish Junior Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Junior_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"SPFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Professional_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Scottish Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"SJFA West Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SJFA_West_Region"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lowland League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowland_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Scottish Junior Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Junior_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"West Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SJFA_West_Region"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Drumchapel United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumchapel_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Glasgow University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_University_F.C."},{"link_name":"Kilmarnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmarnock"},{"link_name":"Bonnyton Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnyton_Thistle_F.C."},{"link_name":"South of Scotland League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_of_Scotland_League"},{"link_name":"Newton Mearns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_Mearns"},{"link_name":"St Cadoc's Youth Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Cadoc%27s_Y.C."},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Scottish Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"East of Scotland Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_of_Scotland_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-top20-8"},{"link_name":"2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_West_of_Scotland_Football_League"},{"link_name":"2019–20 West Region Premiership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_West_Region_Premiership"},{"link_name":"West Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SJFA_West_Region_Championship"},{"link_name":"South of Scotland Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_of_Scotland_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-top20-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Formation","text":"Talks to integrate all of the Scottish Junior Football Association clubs into the senior pyramid structure below the SPFL had been taking place for a number of years, however discussions at the Scottish Football Association's pyramid working group had broken down in early 2020.[1] In February 2020 the Lowland and East of Scotland leagues invited clubs to express their interest in the formation of a new West of Scotland league at tier 6,[2] with a majority of SJFA West Region clubs submitting emails.[3] The next month, clubs were invited to information meetings and applications were opened to join the league.[4][5]On 14 April 2020, the Lowland League announced it had approved 67 applications for the new league, which included all 63 clubs from the Scottish Junior Football Association's West Region,[a] and four others: Glasgow amateurs Drumchapel United and Glasgow University, Kilmarnock side Bonnyton Thistle moving sideways from the South of Scotland League and Newton Mearns-based youth club St Cadoc's Youth Club from the Paisley, Johnstone & District League.[6]Initial plans for the inaugural season would have seen the league operate a conference format in order to facilitate all 67 clubs at the same level. However, following a video conference with the Scottish Football Association, the league was split into a top tier and lower divisions, similar to that utilised by the East of Scotland Football League.[7]On 1 May 2020, the League confirmed that a top division of 20 teams would contest the first season in 2020–21, comprising the 16 teams who had played in the 2019–20 West Region Premiership, the top three places from the West Championship and one moving 'sideways' from the South of Scotland Football League.[7] This ran contrary to some clubs' expectations that the inaugural campaign would not use a hierarchical system,[8][9] but the league stated \"that option was not on the table\" due to legal issues. Teams below the top division would be distributed into three balanced conferences;[10] The list for which was published three days later.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SJFA West Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Junior_Football_Association,_West_Region"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Scottish Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Impact of Covid","text":"On 17 September 2020, the League announced that the Premier Division would be split into two groups based on the Points Per Game formula that was used to declare the league winners of the SJFA West Region. There would be two phases to the season. In Phase 1, teams would play other teams within their group twice, home and away. Phase 2 consisted of a further ten games, five home and five away, with teams being drawn against teams from the other group.[12] However, the league reverted to a normal home and away format following a number of withdrawals from the initial season.[13]On 11 January 2021 the league was suspended by the Scottish Football Association due to the escalating COVID-19 pandemic situation.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2022–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_West_of_Scotland_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Harthill Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harthill_Royal_F.C."},{"link_name":"2021–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_West_of_Scotland_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Threave Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threave_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"2022–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_West_of_Scotland_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Annbank United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annbank_United_F.C."}],"sub_title":"Expansion","text":"On 12 May 2021, the league announced the formation of the Development League, with nine teams becoming initial members. The Development League became Division 4 when the WOSFL changed to a linear structure for the 2022–23 season. Teams in the Development League will only be promoted if they meet specified ground criteria.[15]Since formation, a number of clubs have successfully applied to join the league, or have taken over existing clubs, and currently the league runs at its maximum capacity of 80 clubs in 5 divisions. Examples include Harthill Royal joining in 2021–22 (though left the following season), and Threave Rovers joining in 2022–23. Annbank United remain in abeyance.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scotland_South.png"},{"link_name":"Ardeer Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardeer_Thistle_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ardrossan Winton Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardrossan_Winton_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Arthurlie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthurlie_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ashfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashfield_F.C."},{"link_name":"Auchinleck Talbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auchinleck_Talbot_F.C."},{"link_name":"Beith Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beith_Juniors_F.C."},{"link_name":"Bellshill Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellshill_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Benburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benburb_F.C."},{"link_name":"Blantyre Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blantyre_Victoria_F.C."},{"link_name":"Bonnyton Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnyton_Thistle_F.C."},{"link_name":"BSC Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSC_Glasgow_F.C."},{"link_name":"Caledonian Locomotives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonian_Locomotives_F.C."},{"link_name":"Cambuslang Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambuslang_Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Campbeltown Pupils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campbeltown_Pupils_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carluke Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carluke_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Clydebank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clydebank_F.C."},{"link_name":"Craigmark Burntonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craigmark_Burntonians_F.C."},{"link_name":"Cumbernauld United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbernauld_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Cumnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumnock_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dalry Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalry_Thistle_F.C."},{"link_name":"Darvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darvel_F.C."},{"link_name":"Drumchapel United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumchapel_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Easterhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Easterhouse_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"East Kilbride Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Kilbride_Thistle_F.C."},{"link_name":"Eglinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eglinton_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Finnart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finnart_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Forth Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forth_Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Gartcairn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartcairn_F._A._Juniors"},{"link_name":"Giffnock SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giffnock_Soccer_Centre_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Girvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girvan_F.C."},{"link_name":"Glasgow Perthshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Perthshire_F.C."},{"link_name":"Glasgow United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Glasgow University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_University_F.C."},{"link_name":"Glenafton Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenafton_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Glenvale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenvale_F.C."},{"link_name":"Greenock Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenock_Juniors_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hurlford United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurlford_United"},{"link_name":"Irvine Meadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvine_Meadow_XI_F.C."},{"link_name":"Irvine Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvine_Victoria_F.C."},{"link_name":"Johnstone Burgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnstone_Burgh_F.C."},{"link_name":"Kello Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kello_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Kilbirnie Ladeside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilbirnie_Ladeside_F.C."},{"link_name":"Kilsyth Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kilsyth_Athletic_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kilsyth Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilsyth_Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Kilwinning Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilwinning_Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Kirkintilloch Rob Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkintilloch_Rob_Roy_F.C."},{"link_name":"Knightswood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knightswood_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lanark United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanark_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Largs Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largs_Thistle_F.C."},{"link_name":"Larkhall Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larkhall_Thistle_F.C."},{"link_name":"Lesmahagow Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesmahagow_F.C."},{"link_name":"Lugar Boswell Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugar_Boswell_Thistle_F.C."},{"link_name":"Maryhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryhill_F.C."},{"link_name":"Maybole Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maybole_Juniors_F.C."},{"link_name":"Muirkirk Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muirkirk_F.C."},{"link_name":"Neilston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neilston_F.C."},{"link_name":"Newmains United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newmains_United_Community_F.C."},{"link_name":"Petershill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petershill_F.C."},{"link_name":"Pollok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollok_F.C."},{"link_name":"Port Glasgow Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Glasgow_F.C."},{"link_name":"Renfrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfrew_F.C."},{"link_name":"Rossvale Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rossvale_Academy_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Royal Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Albert_F.C."},{"link_name":"Rutherglen Glencairn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherglen_Glencairn_F.C."},{"link_name":"Saltcoats Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltcoats_Victoria_F.C."},{"link_name":"Shotts Bon Accord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotts_Bon_Accord_F.C."},{"link_name":"St Anthony's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Anthony%27s_F.C."},{"link_name":"St Cadoc's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Cadoc%27s_Y.C."},{"link_name":"St. Peter's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Peter%27s_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"St Roch's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Roch%27s_F.C."},{"link_name":"Thorn Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thorn_Athletic_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thorniewood United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorniewood_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Threave Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threave_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Troon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troon_F.C."},{"link_name":"Vale of Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_Clyde_F.C."},{"link_name":"Vale of Leven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_Leven_F.C."},{"link_name":"West Park United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Park_United_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Whitletts Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitletts_Victoria_F.C."},{"link_name":"Wishaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wishaw_F.C."},{"link_name":"Yoker Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoker_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scotland_South.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_ff0000_pog.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_00ffff_pog.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yellow_pog.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Purple_8000ff_pog.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_pog.svg"},{"link_name":"2024–25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%E2%80%9325_West_of_Scotland_Football_League"}],"text":"Ardeer ThistleArdrossan Winton RoversArthurlieAshfieldAuchinleck TalbotBeith JuniorsBellshill AthleticBenburbBlantyre VictoriaBonnyton ThistleBSC GlasgowCaledonian LocomotivesCambuslang RangersCampbeltown PupilsCarluke RoversClydebankCraigmark BurntoniansCumbernauld UnitedCumnockDalry ThistleDarvelDrumchapel UnitedEasterhouseEast Kilbride ThistleEglintonFinnartForth WanderersGartcairnGiffnock SCGirvanGlasgow PerthshireGlasgow UnitedGlasgow UniversityGlenafton AthleticGlenvaleGreenock JuniorsHurlford UnitedIrvine MeadowIrvine VictoriaJohnstone BurghKello RoversKilbirnie LadesideKilsyth AthleticKilsyth RangersKilwinning RangersKirkintilloch Rob RoyKnightswoodLanark UnitedLargs ThistleLarkhall ThistleLesmahagow JuniorsLugar Boswell ThistleMaryhillMaybole JuniorsMuirkirk JuniorsNeilstonNewmains UnitedPetershillPollokPort Glasgow JuniorsRenfrewRossvale AcademyRoyal AlbertRutherglen GlencairnSaltcoats VictoriaShotts Bon AccordSt Anthony'sSt Cadoc'sSt. Peter'sSt Roch'sThorn AthleticThorniewood UnitedThreave RoversTroonVale of ClydeVale of LevenWest Park UnitedWhitletts VictoriaWishawYoker Athleticclass=notpageimage| Location of teams in 2023–24 West of Scotland League – Premier Division – First Division – Second Division – Third Division – Fourth DivisionAfter running with a Premier Division of 20 clubs and three Tier 7 Conferences of 15 or 16 clubs during its transitional 2021–22 season, the WoSFL has since switched to a linear structure with the Premier, First, Second, Third, and Fourth Divisions now each containing 16 teams.Listed below are the 80 clubs in the WoSFL for the 2024–25 season. Three clubs are promoted and relegated between each division.","title":"Member clubs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Auchinleck Talbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auchinleck_Talbot_F.C."},{"link_name":"Beith Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beith_Juniors_F.C."},{"link_name":"Benburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benburb_F.C."},{"link_name":"Clydebank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clydebank_F.C."},{"link_name":"Cumnock Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumnock_Juniors_F.C."},{"link_name":"Darvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darvel_F.C."},{"link_name":"Drumchapel United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumchapel_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Gartcairn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartcairn_F._A._Juniors"},{"link_name":"Glenafton Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenafton_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hurlford United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurlford_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Johnstone Burgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnstone_Burgh_F.C."},{"link_name":"Largs Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largs_Thistle_F.C."},{"link_name":"Pollok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollok_F.C."},{"link_name":"Shotts Bon Accord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotts_Bon_Accord_F.C."},{"link_name":"St Cadoc's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Cadoc%27s_Y.C."},{"link_name":"Troon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troon_F.C."},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_of_Scotland_Football_League&action=edit&section=7"},{"link_name":"Ardrossan Winton Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardrossan_Winton_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Arthurlie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthurlie_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ashfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashfield_F.C."},{"link_name":"Blantyre Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blantyre_Victoria_F.C."},{"link_name":"Cumbernauld United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbernauld_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Irvine Meadow XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvine_Meadow_XI_F.C."},{"link_name":"Kilbirnie Ladeside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilbirnie_Ladeside_F.C."},{"link_name":"Kilwinning Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilwinning_Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Kirkintilloch Rob Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkintilloch_Rob_Roy_F.C."},{"link_name":"Maybole Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maybole_Juniors_F.C."},{"link_name":"Petershill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petershill_F.C."},{"link_name":"Renfrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfrew_F.C."},{"link_name":"Rutherglen Glencairn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherglen_Glencairn_F.C."},{"link_name":"St Roch's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Roch%27s_F.C."},{"link_name":"Thorniewood United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorniewood_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Vale of Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_Clyde_F.C."},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_of_Scotland_Football_League&action=edit&section=8"},{"link_name":"Bellshill Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellshill_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Bonnyton Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnyton_Thistle_F.C."},{"link_name":"Caledonian Locomotives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonian_Locomotives_F.C."},{"link_name":"Cambuslang Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambuslang_Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Craigmark Burntonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craigmark_Burntonians_F.C."},{"link_name":"Forth Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forth_Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Kilsyth Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilsyth_Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Lanark United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanark_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Larkhall Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larkhall_Thistle_F.C."},{"link_name":"Lesmahagow Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesmahagow_F.C."},{"link_name":"Maryhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryhill_F.C."},{"link_name":"Muirkirk Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muirkirk_Juniors_F.C."},{"link_name":"Neilston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neilston_F.C."},{"link_name":"St Anthony's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Anthony%27s_F.C."},{"link_name":"Whitletts Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitletts_Victoria_F.C."},{"link_name":"Yoker Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoker_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_of_Scotland_Football_League&action=edit&section=9"},{"link_name":"Ardeer Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardeer_Thistle_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dalry Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalry_Thistle_F.C."},{"link_name":"Girvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girvan_F.C."},{"link_name":"Glasgow Perthshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Perthshire_F.C."},{"link_name":"Glasgow United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Glasgow University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_University_F.C."},{"link_name":"Glenvale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenvale_F.C."},{"link_name":"Greenock Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenock_Juniors_F.C."},{"link_name":"Irvine Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvine_Victoria_F.C."},{"link_name":"Lugar Boswell Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugar_Boswell_Thistle_F.C."},{"link_name":"Threave Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threave_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Vale of Leven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_Leven_F.C."},{"link_name":"Wishaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wishaw_F.C."},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_of_Scotland_Football_League&action=edit&section=10"},{"link_name":"Carluke Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carluke_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"East Kilbride Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Kilbride_Thistle_F.C."},{"link_name":"Kello Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kello_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Newmains United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newmains_United_Community_F.C."},{"link_name":"Port Glasgow Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Glasgow_F.C."},{"link_name":"Royal Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Albert_F.C."},{"link_name":"Saltcoats Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltcoats_Victoria_F.C."}],"sub_title":"Premier Division","text":"Auchinleck Talbot\nBeith Juniors\nBenburb\nClydebank\nCumnock Juniors\nDarvel\nDrumchapel United\nGartcairn\nGlenafton Athletic\nHurlford United\nJohnstone Burgh\nLargs Thistle\nPollok\nShotts Bon Accord\nSt Cadoc's\nTroonFirst Division[edit]\nArdrossan Winton Rovers\nArthurlie\nAshfield\nBlantyre Victoria\nCumbernauld United\nIrvine Meadow XI\nKilbirnie Ladeside\nKilwinning Rangers\nKirkintilloch Rob Roy\nMaybole Juniors\nPetershill\nRenfrew\nRutherglen Glencairn\nSt Roch's\nThorniewood United\nVale of Clyde\n\n\n\n\nSecond Division[edit]\nBellshill Athletic\nBonnyton Thistle\nCaledonian Locomotives\nCambuslang Rangers\nCraigmark Burntonians\nForth Wanderers\nKilsyth Rangers\nLanark United\nLarkhall Thistle\nLesmahagow Juniors\nMaryhill\nMuirkirk Juniors\nNeilston\nSt Anthony's\nWhitletts Victoria\nYoker AthleticThird Division[edit]\nArdeer Thistle\nDalry Thistle\nFinnart\nGirvan\nGlasgow Perthshire\nGlasgow United\nGlasgow University\nGlenvale\nGreenock Juniors\nIrvine Victoria\nKilsyth Athletic\nLugar Boswell Thistle\nThorn Athletic\nThreave Rovers\nVale of Leven\nWishaw\n\n\nFourth Division[edit]\nBSC Glasgow\nCampbeltown Pupils\nCarluke Rovers\nEasterhouse\nEast Kilbride Thistle\nEglinton\nGiffnock SC\nKello Rovers\nKnightswood\nNewmains United\nPort Glasgow Juniors\nRossvale\nRoyal Albert\nSaltcoats Victoria\nSt. Peter's\nWest Park United","title":"Member clubs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Seasons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"Scottish Gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gas"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"SFA South Region Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFA_North_and_South_Region_Challenge_Cups#South"},{"link_name":"Scottish Qualifying Cup (South)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Qualifying_Cup"},{"link_name":"non-league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-league"},{"link_name":"West of Scotland Junior Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_of_Scotland_Junior_Cup"},{"link_name":"SJFA West Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SJFA_West_Region"},{"link_name":"Scottish Junior Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Junior_Cup"},{"link_name":"SJFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Junior_Football_Association"}],"text":"Scottish Cup (sponsored by Scottish Gas): For clubs with an SFA licence and the Premier Division winners, who all enter at the preliminary round stage. Knock-out tournament without no replays.[17]\nSFA South Region Challenge Cup: Introduced in 2007–08 as a replacement for the Scottish Qualifying Cup (South) which was abolished under the new Scottish Cup format. It is for all senior non-league clubs in the south of Scotland and has 163 entrants for the 2023–24 season – 16 from the Lowland League, 56 from the EoSFL, 11 from the SoSFL, and 80 from the WoSFL. Reserve teams do not take part. The first and second rounds are regionalised, otherwise it is a straight knock-out tournament without replays, with drawn matches going to extra time.\nStrathclyde Cup (sponsored by Strathclyde Demolition): Competition for the 17 WoSFL clubs who are neither SFA nor SJFA members, usually played on the same weekends as Junior Cup matches. Straight knock-out tournament, without replays. The winner goes on to play in the East, South and West of Scotland Cup-Winners Shield against the East's Alex Jack Cup winner and the Southern Counties FA's Alba Cup winners for a place in the following season's Scottish Cup.\nWest of Scotland League Cup (sponsored by Indigo Unified Communications): All 80 WoSFL sides compete in this knock-out tournament without replays, drawn matches go straight to a penalty shootout. Similar to the West of Scotland Junior Cup, which was for all clubs in the former SJFA West Region.\nScottish Junior Cup (sponsored by Clydebuilt Home Improvements): Competition for the 53 WoSFL clubs who remain members of the SJFA after moving from the Junior leagues. Knock-out tournament without replays, drawn matches go straight to a penalty shootout, two legged semi-finals.","title":"Cup competitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Kilbride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Kilbride_F.C."},{"link_name":"Darvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darvel_F.C."},{"link_name":"Darvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darvel_F.C."},{"link_name":"Drumchapel United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumchapel_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Bo'ness Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%27ness_Athletic_F.C."}],"sub_title":"Holders","text":"2023–24 winners unless statedSouth Region Challenge Cup: East Kilbride (non-WoSFL club)\nScottish Junior Cup: Darvel\nWest of Scotland League Cup: Darvel\nStrathclyde Cup: Drumchapel United\nCup Winners Shield: Bo'ness Athletic (non-WoSFL club)","title":"Cup competitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Annbank United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annbank_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ardeer Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardeer_Thistle_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ardrossan Winton Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardrossan_Winton_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Arthurlie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthurlie_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ashfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashfield_F.C."},{"link_name":"Auchinleck Talbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auchinleck_Talbot_F.C."},{"link_name":"Beith Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beith_Juniors_F.C."},{"link_name":"Bellshill Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellshill_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Benburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benburb_F.C."},{"link_name":"Blantyre Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blantyre_Victoria_F.C."},{"link_name":"Cambuslang Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambuslang_Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Carluke Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carluke_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Clydebank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clydebank_F.C."},{"link_name":"Craigmark Burntonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craigmark_Burntonians_F.C."},{"link_name":"Cumbernauld United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbernauld_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Cumnock Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumnock_Juniors_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dalry Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalry_Thistle_F.C."},{"link_name":"Darvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darvel_F.C."},{"link_name":"East Kilbride Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Kilbride_Thistle_F.C."},{"link_name":"Forth Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forth_Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Gartcairn Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartcairn_F._A._Juniors"},{"link_name":"Girvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girvan_F.C."},{"link_name":"Glasgow Perthshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Perthshire_F.C."},{"link_name":"Glenafton Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenafton_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Greenock Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenock_Juniors_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hurlford United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurlford_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Irvine Meadow XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvine_Meadow_XI_F.C."},{"link_name":"Irvine Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvine_Victoria_F.C."},{"link_name":"Johnstone Burgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnstone_Burgh_F.C."},{"link_name":"Kello Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kello_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Kilbirnie Ladeside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilbirnie_Ladeside_F.C."},{"link_name":"Kilsyth Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilsyth_Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Kilwinning Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilwinning_Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Kirkintilloch Rob Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkintilloch_Rob_Roy_F.C."},{"link_name":"Lanark United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanark_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Largs Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largs_Thistle_F.C."},{"link_name":"Larkhall Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larkhall_Thistle_F.C."},{"link_name":"Lesmahagow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesmahagow_F.C."},{"link_name":"Lugar Boswell Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugar_Boswell_Thistle_F.C."},{"link_name":"Maryhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryhill_F.C."},{"link_name":"Maybole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maybole_Juniors_F.C."},{"link_name":"Muirkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muirkirk_F.C."},{"link_name":"Neilston Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neilston_Juniors_F.C."},{"link_name":"Newmains United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newmains_United_Community_F.C."},{"link_name":"Petershill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petershill_F.C."},{"link_name":"Pollok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollok_F.C."},{"link_name":"Port Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Glasgow_F.C."},{"link_name":"Renfrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfrew_F.C."},{"link_name":"Rossvale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossvale_F.C."},{"link_name":"Royal Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Albert_F.C."},{"link_name":"Rutherglen Glencairn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherglen_Glencairn_F.C."},{"link_name":"Saltcoats Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltcoats_Victoria_F.C."},{"link_name":"Shettleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Shotts Bon Accord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotts_Bon_Accord_F.C."},{"link_name":"St Anthony's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Anthony%27s_F.C."},{"link_name":"St Roch's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Roch%27s_F.C."},{"link_name":"Thorniewood United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorniewood_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Troon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troon_F.C."},{"link_name":"Vale of Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_Clyde_F.C."},{"link_name":"Vale of Leven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_Leven_F.C."},{"link_name":"Whitletts Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitletts_Victoria_F.C."},{"link_name":"Wishaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wishaw_F.C."},{"link_name":"Yoker Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoker_Athletic_F.C."}],"text":"^ SJFA West Region teams: Annbank United, Ardeer Thistle, Ardrossan Winton Rovers, Arthurlie, Ashfield, Auchinleck Talbot, Beith Juniors, Bellshill Athletic, Benburb, Blantyre Victoria, Cambuslang Rangers, Carluke Rovers, Clydebank, Craigmark Burntonians, Cumbernauld United, Cumnock Juniors, Dalry Thistle, Darvel, East Kilbride Thistle, Forth Wanderers, Gartcairn Juniors, Girvan, Glasgow Perthshire, Glenafton Athletic, Greenock Juniors, Hurlford United, Irvine Meadow XI, Irvine Victoria, Johnstone Burgh, Kello Rovers, Kilbirnie Ladeside, Kilsyth Rangers, Kilwinning Rangers, Kirkintilloch Rob Roy, Lanark United, Largs Thistle, Larkhall Thistle, Lesmahagow, Lugar Boswell Thistle, Maryhill, Maybole, Muirkirk, Neilston Juniors, Newmains United, Petershill, Pollok, Port Glasgow, Renfrew, Rossvale, Royal Albert, Rutherglen Glencairn, Saltcoats Victoria, Shettleston, Shotts Bon Accord, St Anthony's, St Roch's, Thorniewood United, Troon, Vale of Clyde, Vale of Leven, Whitletts Victoria, Wishaw, Yoker Athletic.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Wilson, Fraser (1 February 2020). \"Junior football pyramid talks hit a wall - what now?\". Daily Record. Retrieved 4 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/junior-football-pyramid-talks-hit-21403790","url_text":"\"Junior football pyramid talks hit a wall - what now?\""}]},{"reference":"Team, Media (12 February 2020). \"Pyramid Statement\". Scottish Lowland League. Retrieved 4 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://slfl.co.uk/pyramid-statement-2/","url_text":"\"Pyramid Statement\""}]},{"reference":"Team, Media (6 March 2020). \"Statement - Pyramid Update\". Scottish Lowland League. Retrieved 4 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://slfl.co.uk/statement-pyramid-update/","url_text":"\"Statement - Pyramid Update\""}]},{"reference":"Team, Media (24 March 2020). \"West of Scotland League Update\". Scottish Lowland League. Retrieved 4 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://slfl.co.uk/west-of-scotland-league-update-2/","url_text":"\"West of Scotland League Update\""}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Fraser (13 February 2020). \"Plans for SPFL pyramid expansion leave juniors staring at uncertain future\". Daily Record. Retrieved 4 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/plans-spfl-pyramid-expansion-leave-21492331","url_text":"\"Plans for SPFL pyramid expansion leave juniors staring at uncertain future\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pyramid Update – 67 Applications Approved\". Scottish Lowland League. 14 April 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://slfl.co.uk/pyramid-update-67-applications-approved/","url_text":"\"Pyramid Update – 67 Applications Approved\""}]},{"reference":"\"West of Scotland League structure confirmed with top flight of 20\". Daily Record. 1 May 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/ayrshire/west-scotland-league-structure-confirmed-21960510","url_text":"\"West of Scotland League structure confirmed with top flight of 20\""}]},{"reference":"Pirie, Mark (4 May 2020). \"West of Scotland League unveil full conference list ahead of huge non-league overhaul\". Daily Record. Reach plc. Retrieved 5 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/local-sport/west-scotland-league-unveil-full-21973428","url_text":"\"West of Scotland League unveil full conference list ahead of huge non-league overhaul\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reach_plc","url_text":"Reach plc"}]},{"reference":"\"Division Structures for 2020/21 – West of Scotland Football League\". Retrieved 17 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://wosfl.co.uk/division-structures-for-2020-21/","url_text":"\"Division Structures for 2020/21 – West of Scotland Football League\""}]},{"reference":"\"Update: 13th October 2020\". Retrieved 17 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://wosfl.co.uk/update-13th-october-2020/","url_text":"\"Update: 13th October 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"West of Scotland League chairman admits season may not be concluded amid Covid football suspension\". www.msn.com. Retrieved 18 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.msn.com/en-gb/sport/football/west-of-scotland-league-chairman-admits-season-may-not-be-concluded-amid-covid-football-suspension/ar-BB1cEmbE","url_text":"\"West of Scotland League chairman admits season may not be concluded amid Covid football suspension\""}]},{"reference":"McGowan, Eric (12 May 2021). \"Nine new teams join WoSFL with more to follow as new league gets green light\". Daily Record. Retrieved 25 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/ayrshire/west-scotland-league-nine-new-24090768","url_text":"\"Nine new teams join WoSFL with more to follow as new league gets green light\""}]},{"reference":"\"End of Season Statement – West of Scotland Football League\". Retrieved 18 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://wosfl.co.uk/end-of-season-statement/","url_text":"\"End of Season Statement – West of Scotland Football League\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scottish Cup replays removed for 2022/23 season\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scottishfa.co.uk/news/scottish-cup-replays-removed-for-202223-season/","url_text":"\"Scottish Cup replays removed for 2022/23 season\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_September_(comics)
Ultraverse
["1 History","2 Status","3 Titles","4 Characters","5 Crossovers with Marvel Comics","6 Other media","7 References","8 Sources","9 External links"]
Fictional Ultraverse UltraversePublication informationScheduleVariedFormatsVariedGenre Superhero Publication date1993–1997 The Ultraverse is a defunct comic book imprint published by the American company Malibu Comics which is currently owned by Marvel Comics. The Ultraverse is a shared universe in which a variety of characters – known within the comics as Ultras – acquired super-human abilities. History The Ultraverse line was launched by Malibu Comics during the "comics boom" of the early 1990s, when a number of new and existing publishers introduced new universes featuring superheroes, debuting in June 1993 with ongoing series Prime, Hardcase and The Strangers. The project included writers Mike W. Barr, Steve Englehart, Steve Gerber, James D. Hudnall, Gerard Jones, James Robinson, Len Strazewski, and Larry Niven. It emphasized tight continuity between the various series, making extensive use of crossovers, in which a story that began in one series would be continued in the next-shipping issue of another series. Various promotions for special editions or limited-print stories also encouraged readers to sample issues of the entire line. The Ultraverse line came to dominate Malibu's catalog, and an animated series featuring one of the line's teams, Ultraforce, aired from 1994 to 1995. As American comics sales declined in the mid-1990s, Malibu canceled lower-selling series. The company was purchased by Marvel Comics in November 1994. Marvel reportedly made the purchase to acquire Malibu's then-groundbreaking in-house coloring studio, with some speculation that it was to prevent DC Comics from buying it to increase their market share. Within the Marvel Comics multiverse, the Ultraverse was designated as Earth-93060. Crossovers between Malibu and Marvel began, such as Rune/Silver Surfer. In 1995, Marvel published a crossover story called "Black September" featuring the members of Ultraforce and Marvel's Avengers, which ended with the cancellation of all of the series in the Ultraverse line. Seven of the series – Prime, Mantra, Night Man, Ultraforce, Rune, Siren, The New Exiles – were "rebooted" with issues numbered "#∞", followed by volume 2, in which popular Marvel characters were briefly featured to attract Marvel's regular readers. This version of the Ultraverse lasted until the end of 1996, with a one-shot (Ultraverse Future Shock #1) published in February 1997 to wrap up unresolved plot lines. Marvel ended the Ultraverse line in 1997. Status In 2003, Steve Englehart was commissioned by Marvel to relaunch the Ultraverse with the most recognizable characters, but editorial decided finally not to resurrect the imprint. In June 2005, when asked by Newsarama whether Marvel had any plans to revive the Ultraverse, Marvel editor-in-chief Joe Quesada replied that: Let's just say that I wanted to bring these characters back in a very big way, but the way that the deal was initially structured, it's next to impossible to go back and publish these books.There are rumors out there that it has to do with a certain percentage of sales that has to be doled out to the creative teams. While this is a logistical nightmare because of the way the initial deal was structured, it's not the reason why we have chosen not to go near these characters, there is a bigger one, but I really don't feel like it's my place to make that dirty laundry public. Senior Vice President of Publishing Tom Brevoort has stated in the past that the reason Marvel cannot discuss the Ultraverse properties is because of non-disclosure agreements in place with certain parties, which has been speculated to pertain to Scott Mitchell Rosenberg's contractual position as "ongoing producer deal for all Malibu Comics properties". In February 2021, when Simon Spurrier, writer of the 2021 Black Knight series, was asked about the possibility of the series taking place in the Ultraverse, he said: "None percent, I'm afraid". Titles Title Issues Initial cover date Final cover date Notes Angels of Destruction 1 1996 One-shot Avengers/Ultraforce 1 1995 Crossover published by Marvel Comics. Battlezones: Dream Team² 1 1996 One panel drawings featuring characters from Marvel and Malibu. Black September ∞ 1995 One-shot, it follows the reality-changes effects of the crossover with the Marvel Universe. Break-Thru 1, 2 1993 1994 Mini-series and the first crossover of the Ultraverse, following the chief heroes to the moon. Codename: Firearm 0, 1–5 1995 1995 Six-issue limited series by Malibu Comics for its Ultraverse line. It was written by David Quinn and Marv Wolfman, with art by Gabriel Gecko and Klebs Junior. The series was about an English sleeper agent for the Lodge named James Hitch, who was given a second personality, Peter Cordova, to aid in his cover. Alec Swan, the original Firearm, appeared as a backup story. Conan vs Rune 1 1995 Crossover published by Marvel Comics. Curse of Rune 1–4 1995 1995 Mini-series Eliminator 0, 1–3 1995 1995 Mini-series that follows Rick Pearson, an ex-agent of the Aladdin organization, rebuilt like a cyborg. Elven 1–4 1994 1995 Four issue comic book mini-series written by Len Strazewski and drawn by Aaron Lopresti. It was about a character with abilities similar to those of Prime, save that instead of being a fan of comic superheroes such as Superman, Elven was a fan of Elfquest and similar fantasy depictions of elves. Her Ultra form and abilities reflected this, with the liquid substance produced by her body shaping itself into an Elf-like appearance (albeit with a very non-elfin female bodybuilder physique in her initial appearances), and her powers subconsciously channelled into magic-like applications. Exiles 1–4 1993 1993 Written by Steve Gerber and illustrated by Paul Pelletier, with plot contributions from Tom Mason, Dave Olbrich, and Chris Ulm. It is known for the creators' deliberate decision (as explained in the afterword to the last issue) to flout the accepted comic-book trope that a group of random people, who were plucked from their ordinary lives and told that they must join together to fight evil and prevent disaster, would become an effective team. Instead, key strategic mistakes led to the team's newest recruit, Amber Hunt, triggering a catastrophic explosion that killed or maimed everyone else on the team and destroyed their headquarters. This occurred at the end of issue #4, although issue #5 had been falsely solicited months in advance in order to preserve the shock value of the team's unexpected death and the comic's abrupt cancellation; retailers who had been misled into ordering Exiles #5 were subsequently reimbursed. Firearm 0, 1–18 1993 1995 Comic book series created by writer James Robinson and artists Howard Chaykin and Cully Hamner, which lasted 18 issues, with an additional 0# issue. The #0 issue included a 35-minute Firearm short film, on VHS. The series was about Alec Swan, a private investigator who, against his own wishes, becomes embroiled in cases involving the strange and the ultra-human. Flood Relief 1 1993 One-shot, the story is a charity-driven comic about the deluges in 1994. Foxfire 1–4 1996 1996 After Black September, it follows Rose Autumn, a half-human hybrid from the future. Freex 1–18 1993 1995 Short-lived comic book series from created by Gerard Jones and Ben Herrera. It concerned a team of teenage superheroes. The group that would come to call themselves the Freex were apparently created when a group of newborn infants were injected with a substance called "wetware", a mix of mutated DNA and nanotechnology that had been created by the advanced but isolated underground society called the Fire People. The nurse who injected these children would later go on to become the superhero Contrary, who utilized other Fire People technology to assist and organize Ultraforce. It also had a special Giant Size Freex. Godwheel 0, 1–3 1995 1995 4 issue mini-series, it included a 'preview' book. The ultra-heroes and villains are transported to the Godwheel by the God Argus. They ended finding the Asgardian God Thor. Hardcase 1–26 1993 1995 Also had a special: Hardcase Premiere Edition Lord Pumpkin 0 1994 One-shot Lord Pumpkin / Necromantra 1–4 1995 1995 Mini-series, it contained two flipbooks, Lord Pumpkin and Necromantra. Mantra 1–24 1993 1995 Follows an immortal warrior named Lukasz that inhabits the corpses of different people throughout time. After a battle with his enemy Boneyard, Lukasz was left in the corpse of the woman Eden Blake and forced to become a sorceress. The series had a special Giant size Mantra. Mantra vol. 2 ∞, 1–7 1995 1996 Mantra - Spear of Destiny 1–2 1995 1995 Mini-series Mutants Vs. Ultras: First Encounters 1 1996 1996 One-shot, reprinting crossover between Marvel and Malibu characters. Power of Prime 1–4 1995 1995 Mini-series Prime ½, 1–26 1993 1995 Ongoing series, it had the specials: Prime: Gross and Disgusting and Prime #½ Prime vol. 2 ∞, 1–15 1995 1996 Prime / Captain America 1 1996 One-shot Prime vs. the Incredible Hulk 1 1996 One-shot Prototype 0, 1–18 1993 1995 A series about a superhero owned by a company. Ultratech build the armor Prototype for merchandise proposites. The series follow the second Prototype Jimmy Ruiz and his predecessor in the armor Bob Campbell. The comic also had a special Giant Size Prototype. Ripfire 0 1994 1994 One-shot Rune 0–9 1994 1995 It had a special Giant SIze Rune. Rune vol. 2 ∞, 1–7 1995 1996 Rune: Hearts of Darkness 1–3 1996 1996 Mini-series Rune/Silver Surfer 1 1995 One-shot and a crossover that narrated the travel of Rune to the Marvel Universe and his obtaining of the Infinity Gems from the Infinity watch. Rune vs Venom 1 1996 One-shot Siren ∞, 1–3 1995 1995 Mini-series that follows Jennifer Pearson, daughter of Eliminator and thief of profession, in his travel in the Marvel Universe. Siren Special 1 1996 One-shot Sludge 1–12 1993 1994 It had a special Sludge: Red X-Mas. Solitaire 1–12 November 1993 September 1994 Superhero comic book created by Gerard Jones and Jeff Johnson in 1993 for Malibu Comics. It was published consistently from November 1993 until September 1994, when the series was, with the eighth issue, turned into a mini-series to be cancelled at the twelfth issue. Solitaire is a crime-fighting superhero. He uses detective skills and a network of street-level informants to wage a one-man war on crime a la DC's Batman. He is not, however, without superpowers, as Batman is. Solitaire has a rapid healing ability (like Marvel's Wolverine) which allows him to recover from stab wounds, gougings, and even gunshots. The Night Man 1–23 1993 1995 Series that follow the adventures of the jazz musician Johnny Domingo. He gained ability to hear the thoughts of evil people in the same way that the Strangers. The series also had an annual The Night Man: The Pilgrim Conundrum Saga #1. The Night Man vol. 2 ∞, 1–4 1995 1995 The Night Man vs Wolverine 1 1995 1995 One-shot The Night Man/ Gambit 1–3 1996 1996 Mini-series The All-New Exiles ∞, 1–11 1995 1996 At one point, Marvel bought the publication rights for the Ultraverse comics. In the "Godwheel" event it was established that the Ultraverse is part of the Marvel Multiverse, meaning that travel between the main Marvel Universe and the Ultraverse is possible albeit difficult. One of the consequences was that a new team of Exiles was formed and included among them characters from the main Marvel Universe. The All-New Exiles vs X-Men 0 1996 1996 One-shot The Phoenix Resurrection 1 1996 One-shot and crossover between the Ultra-heroes and the X-Men. The Phoenix Resurrection: Aftermath 1 1996 One-shot The Phoenix Resurrection: Genesis 1 1996 One-shot The Phoenix Resurrection: Revelations 1 1996 One-shot The Solution 0, 1–17 1993 1995 Follows a team of four ultra-mercenaries: Dropkick, Outrage, Shadowmage, and Tech, in his fights against other mercenaries. The Strangers 1–24 1993 1995 A series about six people that were traveling in a train when it were struck by a lightning, gaining superpowers. The series also had an annual The Strangers: The Pilgrim Conundrum Saga #1. Ultra Monthly 1–6 1993 1993 In-universe magazine about Ultra-heroes. UltraForce 0, 1–10 1994 1995 Follows the foundation of the Main team of Ultra-heroes: Hardcase, Prime, Prototype, Topaz, Ghoul and Contrary. The Marvel's superhero Black Knight joins in the later issues. UltraForce vol. 2 ∞, 1–15 1995 1996 After Black September, Ultraforce had a new rooster, with the Black Knight as team leader. UltraForce / Avengers Prelude 1 1995 One-shot, the Ultraforce meet Sersi of the Eternals. UltraForce / Avengers 1 1995 One-shot and crossover between the two teams, follows Avengers/Ultraforce and leads to the Black September. UltraForce / Spider-Man 1 1996 One-shot Ultraverse Double Feature: Prime and Solitaire 1 1994 One-shot Ultraverse Future Shock 1 1997 One-shot Ultraverse Origins 1 1994 One-shot; origin pieces originally released as back-up material in various comics. Ultraverse Premiere 0 1993 One-shot and also a miniseries in flipbooks of other books, issues #1-11. Ultraverse Unlimited 1–2 1996 1996 Mini-series Ultraverse Year Zero: The Death of the Squad 1–4 1995 1995 Miniseries that told the adventures of the first team of Ultra-heroes: The Squad. Ultraverse Year One 1 1994 One-shot that summarizes the first year of Ultraverse. Ultraverse Year Two 1 1995 One-shot that summarizes the second year of Ultraverse. Warstrike 1–7 1994 1994 The series followed Brandon Tark, a mercenary with precognitive powers that activated when h was near death. It had a special Giant SIze Warstrike. Witch Hunter 1 1996 One-shot Wrath 1–9 1994 1994 The series followed an Aladdin agent. It had a special Giant SIze Wrath. Characters Main article: List of Ultraverse characters Crossovers with Marvel Comics Godwheel Rune/Silver Surfer Spine (Lord Pumpkin #1, Hardcase #23, Ultraforce Vol. 1 #8, Curse of Rune #2, Mantra Vol. 1 #22, Eliminator #3, Lord Pumkin #4, The Nightman #22) Black September Countdown to Black September (Ultraforce Vol. 1 #8-10, Ultraforce/Avengers Prelude) Avengers/Ultraforce Ultraforce/Avengers Siren #∞ -3 Ultraforce Vol. 2 #∞-12 Prime Vol. 2 #∞-5 All New Exiles #∞-11 Rune Vol. 2 #∞-7 Prime vs. the Incredible Hulk Nightman vs. Wolverine The All-New Exiles vs. X-Men The Phoenix Resurrection Conan vs. Rune (also Conan #4 and Conan the Barbarian #4) Ultraforce/Spider-Man Nightman/Gambit Prime/Captain America Rune vs. Venom Ultraverse Unlimited #1-2 Ultraverse Future Shock Other media A video game based on the character Prime was released in 1994. In 1995, a 13-episode animated series featuring the characters of Ultraforce was produced by DIC Productions, L.P. and Bohbot Entertainment. The series also featured Sludge, the Night Man, and the Strangers. A live action series featuring the character Night Man aired in syndication from September 1997 to May 1999. The Ultraforce character Topaz (created by Mike W. Barr) was portrayed by Rachel House in the film Thor: Ragnarok (2017) and the related short film Team Daryl, produced by Marvel Studios. References ^ The Superhero Book: The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Comic-Book Icons and Hollywood Heroes, Gina Misiroglu (2012), p. 377. ^ McLelland, Ryan (August 25, 2005). "Ultraverse Ten Years Later". Sequart. Sequart Organization. Retrieved February 5, 2016. ^ Straub, L. D. (1994-11-04). "Comic Book Giant Marvel Buys Upstart Rival Malibu". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2016-12-29. ^ Reynolds, Eric. "The Rumors are True: Marvel Buys Malibu", The Comics Journal #173 (December 1994), pp. 29-33. ^ "Comics Publishers Suffer Tough Summer: Body Count Rises in Market Shakedown", The Comics Journal #172 (Nov. 1994), pp. 13-18. ^ "News!" Indy magazine #8 (1994), p. 7. ^ "Marvel buys Malibu Comics". UPI. Retrieved 2022-05-04. ^ Cronin, Brian (December 16, 2016). "Comic Legends: Why Did Marvel REALLY Buy the Ultraverse?". CBR.com. ^ Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe: Alternate Universes Vol 4 #17 (2005) ^ "Marvel Comics Just Brought Back The Ultraverse But No One Noticed" at Bleeding Cool. ^ "Why Did Marvel Really Buy Ultraverse & Why Won't They Publish It Now?" at Bleeding Cool ^ Cronin, Brian (April 15, 2017). "Comic Legends: Was There Almost an Ultraverse Reboot at Marvel?". CBR. Retrieved 23 August 2020. ^ Englehart, Steve. "The Strangers (Marvel)". Retrieved 23 August 2020. ^ "Joe Fridays - Week 9". Newsarama. Archived from the original on 25 October 2005. ^ De Blieck, Augie Jr. (December 17, 2013). "Miracleman, Malibu's Coloring Department & More!" CBR.com. ^ "Black Knight takes on the Avengers in redefining Curse of the Ebony Blade #1". GamesRadar+. 18 February 2021. ^ Wickstrom, Andy (4 August 1994). "Tale On Tape Concludes In Comic Book". articles.philly.com. The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 9 July 2015. ^ "Queen Topaz: Ruler of Men". scoop.previewsworld.com/. ^ Kubai, Andy L. (November 7, 2017). "Crazy Comic Origins of Thor: Ragnarok's New Characters (Topaz section)". screenrant.com/. ^ Harris-King, Scott (November 3, 2017). "Characters In Thor: Ragnarok With More Meaning Than You Realized (Topaz section)". www.looper.com. ^ Compton, Dean (April 8, 2018). "ULTRAVERSE: RAGNAROK". theunspokendecade.com/. Sources Misiroglu, Gina (2012). "Ultraverse Heroes". The Superhero Book: The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Comic-Book Icons and Hollywood Heroes. Visible Ink Press. pp. 377–379. ISBN 9781578593972. Keith Dallas, Jason Sacks (2018). "1991". American Comic Book Chronicles: The 1990s. TwoMorrows Publishing. pp. 99–100. ISBN 9781605490847. External links Ryan McLelland on the history of the Ultraverse Joe Quesada on Ultraverse revivals Rich Johnston's Lying in the Gutters, speaking with creators on an Ultraverse revival Details of the Ultraverse Details of Ultraforce vteUltraverseUltraforce Contrary Hardcase Prime (comics) Prototype Ghoul Pixx Topaz Black Knight Amber Hunt Ironclad Other heroes Mantra (comics) Night Man Strangers (Malibu Comics) Sludge (comics) Adam Warlock Juggernaut Sersi Recurring villains Loki Other characters Minor characters In other media Ultraforce (animated series) Night Man (TV series) Thor: Ragnarok Related articles Genesis Universe Shattered Earth Dinosaurs for Hire Malibu Comics Eternity Comics Aircel Comics Key People Scott Mitchell Rosenberg Dave Olbrich Tom Mason Chris Ulm James D. Hudnall Len Strazewski George Pérez Mike W. Barr Steve Gerber Steve Englehart James Robinson Norm Breyfogle vteMarvel Comics MultiverseMain universes Marvel Universe Earth-616 2099 Adventures Cinematic multiverse Mangaverse MC2 Ultimate Marvel Ultimate Universe Zombies Alternate universes 1602 Anime Age of Apocalypse Age of X Age of Ultron Apes Askani Blade films Bullet Points Crooked World Days of Future Past Film Earth-A Earth X The End Forever Yesterday Heroes Reborn House of M Knights 2099 Larval Last Avengers Mega Morphs Mutant X Nemesis Noir Not Brand Echh Nth Man Old Man Logan Real Time Real World Rising Ruins Secret Wars Shadowline Sony's Spider-Man Universe Spider-Gwen Spider-Man: India Spider-Man: Reign Spider-Verse Films Strikeforce: Morituri vs. Capcom games Wastelanders X-Men films Deadpool Zombies Return Parallel universes Squadron Supreme Supreme Power Pocket universes Asgard Avalon Counter-Earth Darkforce Dimension Heliopolis K'un-L'un Limbo Microverse Mojoverse Negative Zone Olympus Otherplace Ta-Lo Therea Megaverse universes Amalgam Doctor Who Genesis New Universe newuniversal Razorline Shattered Earth Sigilverse Transformers UK Ultraverse Related articles Avengers Alliance Captain Britain Corps Contest of Champions Crossover Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness Edge of Time Exiles Future Fight Illuminati Infinity Gems Lego Super Heroes Loki season 2 Miracleman M'Kraan Crystal Shattered Dimensions Siege Perilous Spider-Man Unlimited Strike Force What If...? TV series
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comic book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book"},{"link_name":"imprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprint_(trade_name)"},{"link_name":"Malibu Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malibu_Comics"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"shared universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_universe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Ultraverse is a defunct comic book imprint published by the American company Malibu Comics which is currently owned by Marvel Comics. The Ultraverse is a shared universe in which a variety of characters – known within the comics as Ultras – acquired super-human abilities.[1]","title":"Ultraverse"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malibu Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malibu_Comics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Hardcase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcase_(Ultraverse)"},{"link_name":"The Strangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangers_(Malibu_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Mike W. Barr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_W._Barr"},{"link_name":"Steve Englehart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Englehart"},{"link_name":"Steve Gerber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Gerber"},{"link_name":"James D. Hudnall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_D._Hudnall"},{"link_name":"Gerard Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Jones"},{"link_name":"James Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Robinson_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Len Strazewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_Strazewski"},{"link_name":"Larry Niven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Niven"},{"link_name":"continuity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuity_(fiction)"},{"link_name":"crossovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictional_crossover"},{"link_name":"Ultraforce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraforce"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics multiverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverse_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The Ultraverse line was launched by Malibu Comics during the \"comics boom\" of the early 1990s, when a number of new and existing publishers introduced new universes featuring superheroes,[2] debuting in June 1993 with ongoing series Prime, Hardcase and The Strangers. The project included writers Mike W. Barr, Steve Englehart, Steve Gerber, James D. Hudnall, Gerard Jones, James Robinson, Len Strazewski, and Larry Niven. It emphasized tight continuity between the various series, making extensive use of crossovers, in which a story that began in one series would be continued in the next-shipping issue of another series. Various promotions for special editions or limited-print stories also encouraged readers to sample issues of the entire line. The Ultraverse line came to dominate Malibu's catalog, and an animated series featuring one of the line's teams, Ultraforce, aired from 1994 to 1995.As American comics sales declined in the mid-1990s, Malibu canceled lower-selling series.[3] The company was purchased by Marvel Comics in November 1994.[4][5][6] Marvel reportedly made the purchase to acquire Malibu's then-groundbreaking in-house coloring studio,[7] with some speculation that it was to prevent DC Comics from buying it to increase their market share.[8] Within the Marvel Comics multiverse, the Ultraverse was designated as Earth-93060.[9] Crossovers between Malibu and Marvel began, such as Rune/Silver Surfer.In 1995, Marvel published a crossover story called \"Black September\" featuring the members of Ultraforce and Marvel's Avengers, which ended with the cancellation of all of the series in the Ultraverse line. Seven of the series – Prime, Mantra, Night Man, Ultraforce, Rune, Siren, The New Exiles – were \"rebooted\" with issues numbered \"#∞\", followed by volume 2, in which popular Marvel characters were briefly featured to attract Marvel's regular readers. This version of the Ultraverse lasted until the end of 1996, with a one-shot (Ultraverse Future Shock #1) published in February 1997 to wrap up unresolved plot lines.Marvel ended the Ultraverse line in 1997.[10][11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Newsarama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsarama"},{"link_name":"Joe Quesada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Quesada"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Tom Brevoort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Brevoort"},{"link_name":"non-disclosure agreements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreements"},{"link_name":"Scott Mitchell Rosenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Mitchell_Rosenberg"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Black Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Knight_(Dane_Whitman)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"In 2003, Steve Englehart was commissioned by Marvel to relaunch the Ultraverse with the most recognizable characters, but editorial decided finally not to resurrect the imprint.[12][13] In June 2005, when asked by Newsarama whether Marvel had any plans to revive the Ultraverse, Marvel editor-in-chief Joe Quesada replied that:Let's just say that I wanted to bring these characters back in a very big way, but the way that the deal was initially structured, it's next to impossible to go back and publish these books.There are rumors out there that it has to do with a certain percentage of sales that has to be doled out to the creative teams. While this is a logistical nightmare because of the way the initial deal was structured, it's not the reason why we have chosen not to go near these characters, there is a bigger one, but I really don't feel like it's my place to make that dirty laundry public.[14]Senior Vice President of Publishing Tom Brevoort has stated in the past that the reason Marvel cannot discuss the Ultraverse properties is because of non-disclosure agreements in place with certain parties, which has been speculated to pertain to Scott Mitchell Rosenberg's contractual position as \"ongoing producer deal for all Malibu Comics properties\".[15]In February 2021, when Simon Spurrier, writer of the 2021 Black Knight series, was asked about the possibility of the series taking place in the Ultraverse, he said: \"None percent, I'm afraid\".[16]","title":"Status"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Titles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Silver Surfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Surfer"},{"link_name":"Black September","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_September_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Avengers/Ultraforce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers/Ultraforce"},{"link_name":"Ultraforce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraforce_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Avengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Incredible Hulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulk"},{"link_name":"Nightman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Man_(character)"},{"link_name":"Wolverine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverine_(character)"},{"link_name":"The All-New Exiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exiles_(Malibu_Comics)"},{"link_name":"X-Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Force_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Conan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conan_the_Barbarian"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man"},{"link_name":"Nightman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Man_(character)"},{"link_name":"Gambit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambit_(Marvel_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Captain America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America"},{"link_name":"Venom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom_(Marvel_Comics_character)"}],"text":"Godwheel\nRune/Silver Surfer\nSpine (Lord Pumpkin #1, Hardcase #23, Ultraforce Vol. 1 #8, Curse of Rune #2, Mantra Vol. 1 #22, Eliminator #3, Lord Pumkin #4, The Nightman #22)\nBlack September\nCountdown to Black September (Ultraforce Vol. 1 #8-10, Ultraforce/Avengers Prelude)\nAvengers/Ultraforce\nUltraforce/Avengers\nSiren #∞ -3\nUltraforce Vol. 2 #∞-12\nPrime Vol. 2 #∞-5\nAll New Exiles #∞-11\nRune Vol. 2 #∞-7\nPrime vs. the Incredible Hulk\nNightman vs. Wolverine\nThe All-New Exiles vs. X-Men\nThe Phoenix Resurrection\nConan vs. Rune (also Conan #4 and Conan the Barbarian #4)\nUltraforce/Spider-Man\nNightman/Gambit\nPrime/Captain America\nRune vs. Venom\nUltraverse Unlimited #1-2\nUltraverse Future Shock","title":"Crossovers with Marvel Comics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Ultraforce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraforce"},{"link_name":"DIC Productions, L.P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIC_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Bohbot Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohbot_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Sludge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sludge_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Night Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Man_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"the Strangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangers_(Malibu_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Night Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Man_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Ultraforce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraforce"},{"link_name":"Mike W. Barr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_W._Barr"},{"link_name":"Rachel House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_House_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Thor: Ragnarok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor:_Ragnarok"},{"link_name":"Marvel Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Studios"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"A video game based on the character Prime was released in 1994.\nIn 1995, a 13-episode animated series featuring the characters of Ultraforce was produced by DIC Productions, L.P. and Bohbot Entertainment. The series also featured Sludge, the Night Man, and the Strangers.\nA live action series featuring the character Night Man aired in syndication from September 1997 to May 1999.\nThe Ultraforce character Topaz (created by Mike W. Barr) was portrayed by Rachel House in the film Thor: Ragnarok (2017) and the related short film Team Daryl, produced by Marvel Studios.[18][19][20][21]","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Ultraverse Heroes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=RgVlCwAAQBAJ&q=ultraverse&pg=PA378"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781578593972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781578593972"},{"link_name":"\"1991\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=i5x9DwAAQBAJ&q=ultraverse&pg=PA280"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781605490847","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781605490847"}],"text":"Misiroglu, Gina (2012). \"Ultraverse Heroes\". The Superhero Book: The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Comic-Book Icons and Hollywood Heroes. Visible Ink Press. pp. 377–379. ISBN 9781578593972.\nKeith Dallas, Jason Sacks (2018). \"1991\". American Comic Book Chronicles: The 1990s. TwoMorrows Publishing. pp. 99–100. ISBN 9781605490847.","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"McLelland, Ryan (August 25, 2005). \"Ultraverse Ten Years Later\". Sequart. Sequart Organization. Retrieved February 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sequart.com/articles/index.php?article=646","url_text":"\"Ultraverse Ten Years Later\""}]},{"reference":"Straub, L. D. (1994-11-04). \"Comic Book Giant Marvel Buys Upstart Rival Malibu\". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2016-12-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1994-11-04/business/fi-59603_1_comic-book","url_text":"\"Comic Book Giant Marvel Buys Upstart Rival Malibu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marvel buys Malibu Comics\". UPI. Retrieved 2022-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.upi.com/Archives/1994/11/03/Marvel-buys-Malibu-Comics/1589783838800/","url_text":"\"Marvel buys Malibu Comics\""}]},{"reference":"Cronin, Brian (April 15, 2017). \"Comic Legends: Was There Almost an Ultraverse Reboot at Marvel?\". CBR. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/ultraverse-marvel-relaunch-steve-englehart/","url_text":"\"Comic Legends: Was There Almost an Ultraverse Reboot at Marvel?\""}]},{"reference":"Englehart, Steve. \"The Strangers (Marvel)\". Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.steveenglehart.com/Comics/Strangers%20Marvel.html","url_text":"\"The Strangers (Marvel)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Joe Fridays - Week 9\". Newsarama. Archived from the original on 25 October 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051025174240/http://www.newsarama.com/JoeFridays/JoeFridays9.html","url_text":"\"Joe Fridays - Week 9\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsarama","url_text":"Newsarama"},{"url":"http://www.newsarama.com/JoeFridays/JoeFridays9.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Black Knight takes on the Avengers in redefining Curse of the Ebony Blade #1\". GamesRadar+. 18 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesradar.com/black-knight-takes-on-the-avengers-in-redefining-curse-of-the-ebony-blade-1/","url_text":"\"Black Knight takes on the Avengers in redefining Curse of the Ebony Blade #1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar%2B","url_text":"GamesRadar+"}]},{"reference":"Wickstrom, Andy (4 August 1994). \"Tale On Tape Concludes In Comic Book\". articles.philly.com. The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 9 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.philly.com/1994-08-04/entertainment/25841489_1_malibu-comics-entertainment-comic-book-comic-dealers","url_text":"\"Tale On Tape Concludes In Comic Book\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer","url_text":"The Philadelphia Inquirer"}]},{"reference":"\"Queen Topaz: Ruler of Men\". scoop.previewsworld.com/.","urls":[{"url":"https://scoop.previewsworld.com/Home/4/1/73/1016?articleID=225952&fbclid=IwAR0J4XDSaWU_CzL0SF8wTNonyH7AnqbYTGHe9_VSgYagRspixNcpYRbkm_c","url_text":"\"Queen Topaz: Ruler of Men\""}]},{"reference":"Kubai, Andy L. (November 7, 2017). \"Crazy Comic Origins of Thor: Ragnarok's New Characters (Topaz section)\". screenrant.com/.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/thor-ragnarok-new-characters-guide-comic-origins/","url_text":"\"Crazy Comic Origins of Thor: Ragnarok's New Characters (Topaz section)\""}]},{"reference":"Harris-King, Scott (November 3, 2017). \"Characters In Thor: Ragnarok With More Meaning Than You Realized (Topaz section)\". www.looper.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.looper.com/93963/characters-thor-ragnarok-meaning-realized/","url_text":"\"Characters In Thor: Ragnarok With More Meaning Than You Realized (Topaz section)\""}]},{"reference":"Compton, Dean (April 8, 2018). \"ULTRAVERSE: RAGNAROK\". theunspokendecade.com/.","urls":[{"url":"https://theunspokendecade.com/2018/04/08/ultraverse-ragnarok/","url_text":"\"ULTRAVERSE: RAGNAROK\""}]},{"reference":"Misiroglu, Gina (2012). \"Ultraverse Heroes\". The Superhero Book: The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Comic-Book Icons and Hollywood Heroes. Visible Ink Press. pp. 377–379. ISBN 9781578593972.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RgVlCwAAQBAJ&q=ultraverse&pg=PA378","url_text":"\"Ultraverse Heroes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781578593972","url_text":"9781578593972"}]},{"reference":"Keith Dallas, Jason Sacks (2018). \"1991\". American Comic Book Chronicles: The 1990s. TwoMorrows Publishing. pp. 99–100. ISBN 9781605490847.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=i5x9DwAAQBAJ&q=ultraverse&pg=PA280","url_text":"\"1991\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781605490847","url_text":"9781605490847"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.sequart.com/articles/index.php?article=646","external_links_name":"\"Ultraverse Ten Years Later\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1994-11-04/business/fi-59603_1_comic-book","external_links_name":"\"Comic Book Giant Marvel Buys Upstart Rival Malibu\""},{"Link":"https://www.upi.com/Archives/1994/11/03/Marvel-buys-Malibu-Comics/1589783838800/","external_links_name":"\"Marvel buys Malibu Comics\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbr.com/comic-legends-why-did-marvel-really-buy-the-ultraverse/","external_links_name":"\"Comic Legends: Why Did Marvel REALLY Buy the Ultraverse?\""},{"Link":"https://bleedingcool.com/comics/marvel-comics-just-brought-back-the-ultraverse-but-no-one-noticed/","external_links_name":"\"Marvel Comics Just Brought Back The Ultraverse But No One Noticed\""},{"Link":"https://bleedingcool.com/comics/why-did-marvel-really-buy-ultraverse-why-wont-they-publish-it-now/","external_links_name":"\"Why Did Marvel Really Buy Ultraverse & Why Won't They Publish It Now?\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbr.com/ultraverse-marvel-relaunch-steve-englehart/","external_links_name":"\"Comic Legends: Was There Almost an Ultraverse Reboot at Marvel?\""},{"Link":"http://www.steveenglehart.com/Comics/Strangers%20Marvel.html","external_links_name":"\"The Strangers (Marvel)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051025174240/http://www.newsarama.com/JoeFridays/JoeFridays9.html","external_links_name":"\"Joe Fridays - Week 9\""},{"Link":"http://www.newsarama.com/JoeFridays/JoeFridays9.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.cbr.com/miracleman-malibus-coloring-department-more/","external_links_name":"\"Miracleman, Malibu's Coloring Department & More!\""},{"Link":"https://www.gamesradar.com/black-knight-takes-on-the-avengers-in-redefining-curse-of-the-ebony-blade-1/","external_links_name":"\"Black Knight takes on the Avengers in redefining Curse of the Ebony Blade #1\""},{"Link":"http://articles.philly.com/1994-08-04/entertainment/25841489_1_malibu-comics-entertainment-comic-book-comic-dealers","external_links_name":"\"Tale On Tape Concludes In Comic Book\""},{"Link":"https://scoop.previewsworld.com/Home/4/1/73/1016?articleID=225952&fbclid=IwAR0J4XDSaWU_CzL0SF8wTNonyH7AnqbYTGHe9_VSgYagRspixNcpYRbkm_c","external_links_name":"\"Queen Topaz: Ruler of Men\""},{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/thor-ragnarok-new-characters-guide-comic-origins/","external_links_name":"\"Crazy Comic Origins of Thor: Ragnarok's New Characters (Topaz section)\""},{"Link":"https://www.looper.com/93963/characters-thor-ragnarok-meaning-realized/","external_links_name":"\"Characters In Thor: Ragnarok With More Meaning Than You Realized (Topaz section)\""},{"Link":"https://theunspokendecade.com/2018/04/08/ultraverse-ragnarok/","external_links_name":"\"ULTRAVERSE: RAGNAROK\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RgVlCwAAQBAJ&q=ultraverse&pg=PA378","external_links_name":"\"Ultraverse Heroes\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=i5x9DwAAQBAJ&q=ultraverse&pg=PA280","external_links_name":"\"1991\""},{"Link":"http://www.sequart.com/articles/index.php?article=646","external_links_name":"Ryan McLelland on the history of the Ultraverse"},{"Link":"http://www.newsarama.com/JoeFridays/JoeFridays9.html","external_links_name":"Joe Quesada on Ultraverse revivals"},{"Link":"http://www.comicbookresources.com/columns/index.cgi?column=litg&article=2177","external_links_name":"Rich Johnston's Lying in the Gutters, speaking with creators on an Ultraverse revival"},{"Link":"http://www.marvunapp.com/list/appuv.htm","external_links_name":"Details of the Ultraverse"},{"Link":"http://www.marvunapp.com/Appendix/ultrafce.htm","external_links_name":"Details of Ultraforce"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smith%27s_Brewery
John Smith's Brewery
["1 History","1.1 Early years","1.2 1970–present: Courage takeover and the growth of John Smith's Bitter","2 Beers","3 Brewery","4 Advertising","4.1 No Nonsense campaigns","4.2 Sponsorship","5 References","6 External links"]
Brewery in Tadcaster, North Yorkshire, England John Smith's BreweryIndustryBrewingPredecessorBackhouse & HartleyFounded1852FounderJohn SmithHeadquartersTadcaster, North Yorkshire, EnglandProductsBeerProduction output3.8 million hectolitres (1.3 million hl of John Smith's)OwnerHeineken UKNumber of employeesc.300 (c. 2012)ParentHeineken International John Smith's Brewery in Tadcaster, North Yorkshire, England, produces beers including John Smith's, the highest selling bitter in the United Kingdom since the mid-1990s. The majority of John Smith's sales are of the nitrogenated Extra Smooth product, although a cask conditioned variant is available nationally. A stronger variant called Magnet is also available in the North East of England. John Smith's Cask and Magnet are produced under licence by Cameron's in Hartlepool. John Smith acquired the Backhouse & Hartley brewery in 1852. Following a series of acquisitions in the post-World War II period, the company became one of the largest regional brewers in the country, operating over 1,800 licensed premises. The company was taken over by Courage in 1970 who extended distribution of the brewery's products into the South of England. Courage was acquired by Scottish & Newcastle in 1995, and the operations were purchased by Heineken in 2008. John Smith's Extra Smooth and Original are produced at the Tadcaster brewery, as well as a range of Heineken products including Amstel and Kronenbourg 1664. With a 38 million litre capacity, the brewery is one of the largest in the country. John Smith's became well known for a series of highly successful "No Nonsense"-themed television advertising campaigns, featuring the dour Yorkshireman character "Arkwright" during the 1970s and 1980s (shown only in the South of England), followed by the comedians Jack Dee during the 1990s and Peter Kay since 2002. The brand also has an association with horse racing: it was the principal sponsor of the Grand National between 2005 and 2013, the Northumberland Plate from 2003 until 2016, and has sponsored the John Smith's Cup since 1960. History Early years John Smith Stephen Hartley began brewing in Tadcaster in 1758. Jane Hartley mortgaged the brewery to David Backhouse and John Hartley in 1845. Samuel Smith of Leeds arranged for his son John to enter the business in 1847. Jane Hartley died in 1852, and John Smith acquired the business, enlisting his brother William to assist. The timing was to prove fortuitous; pale ales were displacing porter as the beer of choice, and Tadcaster's hard water proved to be well-suited for brewing the new style. The prosperity of the 1850s and 1860s, together with the arrival of the railways, realised greater opportunities for brewers, and John Smith employed eight men in his brewing and malting enterprise by 1861. The operations became sizeable during the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Smith died in 1879, leaving an estate valued at under £45,000 (around £4.1 million in 2016 adjusted for inflation), and his assets were jointly inherited by his two brothers, William and Samuel Smith, a tanner. William purchased Samuel's share of his brother's personal estate, and built a modern brewery in 1883–4 at the cost of £130,000 (£9.7 million in 2013). By this time the business employed over 100 people. William Smith died in 1886, and the firm was inherited in partnership by his two nephews, Henry Herbert Riley (1863 - 1911) and Frank Riley, henceforth known as Riley-Smith under the terms of his will. The firm expanded throughout the 1880s by creating an agency network, establishing sixteen offices in nearby settlements, and offering free trade discounts on their beer of 20 per cent or higher. The brewery had an annual output of 150,000 barrels by 1889. In 1889, the company's first scientifically-trained head brewer was appointed, Percy Clinch, son of Charles Clinch of the Eagle Brewery in Witney. In 1892, the partnership became a limited company called John Smith's Tadcaster Brewery Company Limited, with Henry Herbert Riley-Smith as chairman. In 1899 the company acquired Simpson & Co of Market Weighton, with 51 public houses, and converted the brewery into a maltings. By the turn of the century the brewery was considered to be one of the best-run in Britain, "a byword for first-class management". In 1907, John Marples of Sheffield, the wines and spirits distributor, was acquired. The company began to bottle its own beer in Tadcaster from 1907. In 1912, the company owned over 250 horses, 41 of which saw service during the First World War. Artificially carbonated beer was first bottled in 1923. Paired horse drays were phased out by 1929. During and for some time after the World Wars, the Government raised the duty on beer, and forced brewers to lower their beer strength. During this period, substitutes for malted barley had to be used for brewing, including flaked barley, oats and rye. The last of the company's dray horses was retired in 1947. Horses had delivered beer to all the areas surrounding the brewery, as far afield as Pateley Bridge. From 1948 the company exported beer to Belgium where it was bottled and distributed by Tilkens brewery. In 1950 there was a general strike in Belgium, and John Smith's hired two Handley Page Halifax heavy bomber aircraft to carry 7 ton loads twice-daily of their beers into the country in order to ensure supply. In 1953 the firm became a public company, with fixed assets of around £5 million, 1,000 licensed premises and around 1,100 employees. In 1958, Whitworth, Son & Nephew of Wath-upon-Dearne was acquired with 165 licensed houses, and the brewery was immediately closed down. In 1959 the company began to bottle imported Alken lager at Tadcaster, in response to growing customer demand. In 1961 the company also began to bottle Carlsberg lager. By 1960 the company had an estate of 909 public houses. In 1961, John Smith's acquired the Barnsley Brewery Company, adding 250 licensed properties to their growing estate. The company acquired Warwicks & Richardsons of Newark-on-Trent, with 474 pubs, in 1962. Whilst some product rationalisation took place, popular lines such as Warwicks' Milk Maid Stout were retained. John Smith's closed down all the breweries it acquired, apart from Barnsley, where it invested in the brewery, and added production of John Smith beers to the site, as well as increasing the distribution of Barnsley Bitter. As a result of acquisitions, by 1967 John Smith's was the third largest regional brewer in the country after Courage and Scottish & Newcastle, with fixed assets of £30 million. Acquisitions diluted the Riley-Smith family stake in the company to around 10 per cent. 1970–present: Courage takeover and the growth of John Smith's Bitter William Smith's 1884 brewery, Tadcaster In October 1970, Courage purchased John Smith's in a friendly takeover which valued the company at £40 million (equivalent to £782 million in 2023). By this time John Smith's owned around 1,800 licensed premises throughout the north of England, and as far south as Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire and parts of Cambridgeshire and Shropshire. The merged company held assets worth £137 million. By combining Courage's strength in the South of England, and John Smith's in the North, a national brewing company was created. John Smith's bottled Magnet Pale Ale was selected for nationwide distribution across the group, and the takeover facilitated the wider distribution of Courage brands such as Tavern Keg. The Tadcaster brewery was substantially redeveloped and expanded throughout 1974. Courage closed down the Barnsley brewery in 1976 with the loss of 200 jobs. Barnsley Bitter was replaced by John Smith's bitter. Courage argued that modernisation of the Barnsley site would have required "massive" investment. It was reported in The Times that landlords were generally indifferent to the change, as the taste profiles of John Smith's bitter and Barnsley bitter were similar. After successful test marketing from 1974, John Smith's Bitter was distributed in the South of England from 1979 onwards, accompanied by an extensive marketing budget. As research by Courage indicated that Southern drinkers considered Yorkshire bitter to be superior, the beer was sold there under the name John Smith's Yorkshire Bitter. Sales of the beer doubled in 1981 owing to the increase in free trade outlets in the South stocking the beer. By 1982 it was the highest selling Courage brand and the highest selling canned bitter in the United Kingdom. In 1982, the John Smith's brands included Yorkshire Bitter, Magnet Pale Ale, Export Pale, Sweet Stout, Double Brown and Magnet Old. In December 1983, John Smith's Cask (3.8% ABV) was re-introduced, seven years after it had been phased out. By June 1985, John Smith's produced 1.7 million hectolitres (1.0 million imperial barrels) of beer annually. In November that year, a new brewhouse was opened, at the cost of £5 million. Production of Foster's lager began in 1987. In 1993, John Smith's Extra Smooth was launched in cans. It was introduced in kegs in February 1995, and distributed to 10,000 pubs and venues. It is a nitrogenated version of the pasteurised beer, which was renamed to John Smith's Original in order to differentiate the two products. In 2005, Scottish & Newcastle claimed that John Smith's was available in 40,000 outlets across the United Kingdom. In 2007, Scottish & Newcastle moved production of John Smith's Cask from Tadcaster to Burtonwood near Warrington, and production of John Smith's Magnet to Camerons Brewery of Hartlepool. In 2008 three limited edition beers were released to celebrate the 250th anniversary of the brewery. In 2010 Heineken discontinued production of cask conditioned John Smith's Magnet, although it remains available in kegs. By 2011, production of John Smith's Cask had moved to Cameron's. As of 2012, John Smith's is the sixth highest selling beer brand in the United Kingdom and the highest selling bitter in the world. From February 2013, John Smith's Extra Smooth and Original were reduced from 3.8 to 3.6% ABV. According to Heineken, the decision was taken in order to bring the product in line with the strength of its major competitors such as Tetley, Boddingtons and Worthington. Beers John Smith's Extra Smooth (3.6% ABV). The highest selling variant, available in kegs and cans. It is nitrogenated and pasteurised. John Smith's Original (3.6% ABV). The same as Extra Smooth, but carbonated, rather than nitrogenated. John Smith's Cask (3.8% ABV). Available nationwide, but most often found around the brewery's Yorkshire heartland. John Smith's Magnet (4% ABV). A keg product, most frequently found around the North East and Yorkshire. John Smiths Golden Ale (4% ABV). Available in a can only, a lightly hopped pale ale. Brewery Modern buildings of the John Smith's Brewery. The brewery brews 3.8 million hectolitres annually (1.3 million of which is John Smith's beer), and employed around 300 people in 2008. It has two keg lines, two bottle lines and one canning line. It currently brews and packages the ale brands John Smith's Original, John Smith's Extra Smooth and Newcastle Brown Ale, and the lager brands Foster's, Kronenbourg 1664 (Kronenbourg is a Carlsberg-owned brand brewed under license by Heineken in the UK), Amstel and Tiger. Slate Yorkshire Square brewing vessels were used at the brewery from 1913 until 1975. Stainless steel Yorkshire Squares were in use by at least 1953, but were removed in the 1980s, and the brewery now uses conical tanks. By 1953, the brewery site occupied 20 acres. Wooden casks were still in use in the 1960s. The cask beer line was removed in 1976, but restored in 1984. A new canning line and a new brewhouse were installed around 1982. In 1984 the original brewhouse was converted into a brewery museum. In November 1985 a new £5 million brewhouse opened. Production of Foster's Lager began in 1987. By 1989 the brewery had a production capacity of 1.2 million barrels per annum. Scottish & Newcastle used the John Smith's Brewery to brew many of its ale brands. In 2004, a new £24 million bottling facility was opened in 2004, described as the most modern bottling facility in Europe. Advertising A sign on a pub in London advertises "Magnet Ales" The Magnet trademark was first registered in September 1908 in Brussels, and symbolised strength. The company's association with television advertising began in 1971 with the "Yorkshiremen love it" campaign. An early campaign used a series of parodies of Jona Lewie's "Stop the Cavalry" generally extolling "yer mate called Smith." This was followed by the "Big John" campaign, which ran in the North of England from 1981, and centred around a re-writing of the Big Bad John country music staple. Courage was able to demonstrate to an independent panel that the £300,000 campaign had resulted in a £5 million sales increase in the North. From 1979 to 1986 Gordon Rollings played the dour Yorkshireman Arkwright in a campaign that was only used in the South. The campaign won a large number of advertising industry awards, and was featured on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. After Rollings died in 1986 the campaign was continued with Arkwright's successor, Barraclough, until 1991. Despite its success, the campaign was not without detractors, with Deyan Sudjic describing it in The Times as a "spurious ... tripe-and-whippets campaign". No Nonsense campaigns From 1992 until 1997, comedian Jack Dee starred in the "No Nonsense" campaign, created by DDB. The Dee campaign was widely credited with helping John Smith's rise from sixteenth to fourth highest selling beer in the UK as sales increased by 65 per cent, and the brand overtook Tetley's as the highest selling ale brand in the world by 1995. The Dee campaign won fifty advertising awards, and helped to turn the rising comedian into a household name. Dee resigned in 1997, and he was replaced in 1998 with a cardboard cut-out known as the "No Nonsense Man", from the GGT advertising agency. Despite appearing in over 20,000 pubs, clubs and shops, No Nonsense Man was found to have less of an impact than the Dee advertisements. Peter Kay represented the brand from 2002 to 2005 and again in 2010–11. The Kay campaign was described as an "advertising phenomenon", and introduced the phrase "Ave it!" into the public consciousness. Between 2002 and 2004 the Kay advertisements won over fifty advertising and marketing awards, making it the sixth most awarded advertising campaign in the world. Despite the success of the Kay campaign, the perceived "laddishness" of the advertisements were criticised by rival brewer Interbrew as hindering sales of beer among women. Sponsorship John Smith's Day at York Racecourse in 2009. John Smith's is a major sponsor of horse racing in the United Kingdom. It has sponsored the Northumberland Plate since 2003, and more than 90 "No Nonsense" race days are held throughout the year at 28 jump and flat racecourses across the UK. The brand has sponsored the John Smith's Cup (originally the Magnet Cup until 1998) at York since 1960, which is the longest running sponsorship in flat racing in the world. John Smith's previously sponsored the Grand National between 2005 and 2013. In August 2012 John Smith's announced a five-year sponsorship of the Kirklees Stadium in Huddersfield, home to football team Huddersfield Town and rugby league team Huddersfield Giants, which was renamed "John Smith's Stadium". In December 2016, this deal was extended for a further five years. References ^ a b c d e f "Tadcaster Brewery History". Tadcaster.uk.com. Archived from the original on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2014. ^ "HEINEKEN UK". heineken.co.uk. Retrieved 19 September 2016. ^ a b Alcoholic Drinks: Euromonitor from trade sources/national statistics, 2012 ^ "Tadcaster to benefit as S&N reveals closure". Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 23 June 2012. ^ Gourvish, Terry; Wilson, Richard G. (September 2003). The Dynamics of the Modern Brewing Industry. Taylor & Francis. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-203-44069-8. Retrieved 24 July 2013. ^ a b c d e Wilson, R.G. (2007). "Smith, John". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/94650. Retrieved 19 August 2011. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) (subscription required) ^ Sigsworth, Eric M. (1967). The Brewing Trade During the Industrial Revolution: The Case of Yorkshire. Borthwick Publications. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-900701-31-3. Retrieved 20 April 2013. ^ Principal Probate Registry, England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858–1966 ^ One Hundred Years: : A History of John Smith's, 1847–1947. Tadcaster: John Smith's Tadcaster Brewery Company Ltd. 1948. p. 14. ^ "Obituary Notice". Journal of the Institute of Brewing. 17 (5): 543–544. September–October 1911. doi:10.1002/j.2050-0416.1911.tb04711.x. ^ Barnard, Alfred (1889). The Noted Breweries of Great Britain & Ireland (PDF). Retrieved 18 April 2013. ^ One Hundred Years: : A History of John Smith's, 1847–1947. Tadcaster: John Smith's Tadcaster Brewery Company Ltd. 1948. p. 31. ^ a b c d Pudney, John (1971). "14". A draught of contentment: the story of the Courage Group. New English Library. ISBN 9780450009945. Retrieved 4 September 2012. ^ "Yorkshire Brewery Amalgamation". Leeds Mercury. 13 January 1899. ^ Ellis, Aytoun (1953). Yorkshire Magnet. Tadcaster. p. 36.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ One Hundred Years: : A History of John Smith's, 1847–1947. Tadcaster: John Smith's Tadcaster Brewery Company Ltd. 1948. p. 44. ^ Ellis, Aytoun (1953). Yorkshire Magnet. Tadcaster. p. 42.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ a b c d One Hundred Years: : A History of John Smith's, 1847–1947. Tadcaster: John Smith's Tadcaster Brewery Company Ltd. 1948. p. 46. ^ One Hundred Years: : A History of John Smith's, 1847–1947. Tadcaster: John Smith's Tadcaster Brewery Company Ltd. 1948. p. 38. ^ a b One Hundred Years: : A History of John Smith's, 1847–1947. Tadcaster: John Smith's Tadcaster Brewery Company Ltd. 1948. p. 35. ^ "John Smith's Tadcaster Brewery". The Economist. 26 December 1964. ^ Ellis, Aytoun (1953). Yorkshire Magnet. Tadcaster. p. 58.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ "John Smith's Tadcaster Brewery Company, Limited". The Times. 12 May 1953. ^ "John Smith's Tadcaster Brewery Company Limited". The Times. 23 December 1958. ^ "John Smith's Tadcaster Brewery Company Limited". The Economist. 19 December 1959. ^ "The Glasgow Herald - Google News Archive Search". google.com. Retrieved 19 September 2016. ^ Mutch, Alistair (June 2006). "Allied Breweries and the Development of the Area Manager in British Brewing, 1950–1984" (PDF). Enterprise & Society. 7 (2): 361. doi:10.1093/es/khj035. ^ "John Smith's Tadcaster Brewery Company". The Times. 18 December 1962. ^ "John Smith's Tadcaster Brewery Company". The Times. 17 December 1963. ^ "John Smith's Tadcaster Brewery". The Economist. 25 December 1965. ^ "John Smith's Tadcaster Brewery Company". The Times. 20 December 1966. ^ John Smith and his Tadcaster brewery, Ward & Tattersall-Walker, p22 ^ "John Smith's Tadcaster Brewery." Economist 18 January 1969: 82. The Economist Historical Archive. Web. 5 March 2014. ^ "The protectors and the protected". The Economist. 2 December 1967. ^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024. ^ a b McLachlan, Sandy (11 July 1970). "Courage bids £34m for John Smith's". The Guardian. ^ "Courage." Times 18 May 1971: 19. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 5 March 2014. ^ Dixon, C. (April 1978). "The Changing Structure of the British Brewing Industry". Geography. 63 (2): 108–113. JSTOR 40568891. ^ a b "The Taste of Economics in Your Beer". Financial Times. 17 August 1974. ^ a b Kershaw, Ronald (22 February 1973). "The bitter truth at Barnsley Brewery". The Times. ^ The Times, Thursday 5 December 1974 p.23 ^ a b Yorkshire Evening Post, 10 November 2004 We 'ave it! ^ a b c "Advertising in the 80s: Financial Times Survey: Yorkshire Double Act Pays Off". Financial Times. 29 October 1982. ^ a b "Yorkshire Double Act Pays off", Financial Times, 29 October 1982, p.19. Financial Times. Web. 19 August 2011. ^ "The Campaign for Real Ale : Hertforshire Letter" (PDF). Hertsale.org.uk. December 1978. Retrieved 25 September 2016. ^ Smith, Richard (8 May 1982). "The politics of alcohol". British Medical Journal. 284 (6326): 1392–5. doi:10.1136/bmj.284.6326.1392. PMC 1498300. PMID 6803990. ^ "Huntingdonshire CAMRA, Opening Times 137". huntscamra2.org.uk. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2016. ^ "NCB". The Times. 24 June 1985. ^ Harris, Derek (19 September 1986). "Australia brews change for beerage". The Times. ^ a b Gibbs, Geoffrey (1 December 1987). "Courage deal gives extra strength to Mansfield". The Guardian. ^ Official John Smith's Website Official John Smith's Website ^ Week, Marketing (3 February 1995). "Courage unveils Extra Smooth keg bitter". marketingweek.com. Retrieved 19 September 2016. ^ "The John Smith's Grand National Information Guide 2005" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 May 2006. Retrieved 13 September 2012. ^ "Right track for Winner's Tipple". Morning Advertiser. 21 February 2008. Retrieved 3 September 2012. ^ Charles, Gemma (19 August 2008). "John Smith's launches 'Finest Hour' ale to mark RAF anniversary". Marketing magazine. Retrieved 3 September 2012. ^ "Beer Blog with Roger Protz: Magnet loses its pulling power". Beer-pages.com. 21 January 2010. Retrieved 3 September 2012. ^ a b "Brewer Denies Weakening Bitter To Save Tax". sky.com. Retrieved 19 September 2016. ^ "Brought To Book, The Brewers Who Made a Name for Themselves". Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 23 June 2012. ^ "Do Your Bit – Case Study: John Smith's". Retrieved 9 November 2011. ^ "Heineken's hopes for the future". Morning Advertiser. 31 January 2008. Retrieved 23 April 2020. ^ "S&N quiet on brewery's future as profits go flat". Yorkshire Post. 24 February 2004. Retrieved 13 September 2012. ^ Hardman, Michael. "When Copenhagen means Northampton". Beer Tutor. Archived from the original on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 28 February 2014. ^ a b "Gazetteer of operating pre-1940 breweries in England" (PDF). Retrieved 13 September 2012. ^ Ellis, Aytoun (1953). Yorkshire Magnet. Tadcaster. p. 41.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ "John Smith's Tadcaster Brewery Company, Limited." Times 12 May 1953: 11. ^ John Smith and his Tadcaster brewery, Ward & Tattersall-Walker, p30 ^ "Beverage Manufacturing". Country Market Survey: 14. December 1982. Retrieved 20 November 2018. ^ "The John Smith Brewery in Tadcaster, Yorkshire, England" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2012. ^ Harris, Derek (19 September 1986). "Australia brews change for beerage". The Times. ^ 1988/89 Cm 654 The Monopolies and Mergers Commission. Elders IXL Ltd and Scottish & Newcastle Breweries Plc. A report on the merger situations ^ "Heritage means little to the marketing men". Morningadvertiser.co.uk. 23 March 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2012. ^ Scottish Courage gets new bottling factory Archived 21 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine ^ Chrystal, Paul; Sunderland, Mark (2010). Tadcaster Through Time. Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4456-3127-1. ^ a b "John Smith's Bitter". Advertising Age. 15 September 2003. Retrieved 28 August 2014. ^ a b "Selling pitches." The Economist, 20 November 1982, p.56. The Economist Historical Archive. Web. 17 May 2012. ^ Campaign, 4 December 1992 John Smith's films mock ad industry ^ Campaign, 8 March 1991 John Smith's calls time for regulars ^ Sudjic, Deyan (5 November 1988). "Call that a pub?; Public house's must adapt to changing market forces". The Times. ^ a b c d e Angwin, Duncan; Cummings, Stephen; Smith, Chris (2011). The Strategy Pathfinder: Core Concepts and Live Cases. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 207–8. ISBN 978-1-119-99588-3. ^ Images of strategy By Stephen Cummings, p69 ^ Guardian Unlimited 10 April 2010 Saturday Peter Kay to reprise straight-talking role in John Smith's TV ads ^ "Scottish Courage defends John Smith's ad". Morning Advertiser. 1 May 2003. Retrieved 5 March 2014. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). www.yfaonline.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "No Nonsense racing - Forecourt Trader". forecourttrader.co.uk. Retrieved 19 September 2016. ^ "BBC Sport - Horse Racing - Double John Smith's Cup boost for York racecourse". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 19 September 2016. ^ Promotional Marketing Council: Bronze (Event Marketing), Silver (Sponsorship/Joint Effort/Tie-in/Innovative Idea or Concept), IMC European Awards 2008 ^ Joseph, Sebastian (26 November 2012). "John Smith's ends Grand National sponsorship". Marketing Week. Retrieved 26 November 2012. ^ "John Smith's unveil Huddersfield stadium branding". The Drum. Retrieved 3 September 2012. ^ Zientek, Henryk (13 December 2016). "New deal signed for naming rights for John Smith's Stadium". The Huddersfield Daily Examiner. Retrieved 15 September 2017. External links Official website vteHeineken N.V.Subsidiaries Central de Cervejas H. P. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tadcaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadcaster"},{"link_name":"North Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"bitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitter_(beer)"},{"link_name":"nitrogenated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen"},{"link_name":"cask conditioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cask_conditioned"},{"link_name":"Cameron's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerons_Brewery"},{"link_name":"Hartlepool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartlepool"},{"link_name":"John Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smith_(brewer)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Courage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courage_Brewery"},{"link_name":"Scottish & Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_%26_Newcastle"},{"link_name":"Heineken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heineken_International"},{"link_name":"Amstel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstel_Brewery"},{"link_name":"Kronenbourg 1664","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronenbourg_1664"},{"link_name":"South of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_of_England"},{"link_name":"Jack Dee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Dee"},{"link_name":"Peter Kay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kay"},{"link_name":"horse racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_racing"},{"link_name":"Grand National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_National"},{"link_name":"Northumberland Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberland_Plate"},{"link_name":"John Smith's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smith%27s_Cup"}],"text":"Brewery in Tadcaster, North Yorkshire, EnglandJohn Smith's Brewery in Tadcaster, North Yorkshire, England, produces beers including John Smith's, the highest selling bitter in the United Kingdom since the mid-1990s.The majority of John Smith's sales are of the nitrogenated Extra Smooth product, although a cask conditioned variant is available nationally. A stronger variant called Magnet is also available in the North East of England. John Smith's Cask and Magnet are produced under licence by Cameron's in Hartlepool.John Smith acquired the Backhouse & Hartley brewery in 1852. Following a series of acquisitions in the post-World War II period, the company became one of the largest regional brewers in the country, operating over 1,800 licensed premises. The company was taken over by Courage in 1970 who extended distribution of the brewery's products into the South of England. Courage was acquired by Scottish & Newcastle in 1995, and the operations were purchased by Heineken in 2008.John Smith's Extra Smooth and Original are produced at the Tadcaster brewery, as well as a range of Heineken products including Amstel and Kronenbourg 1664. With a 38 million litre capacity, the brewery is one of the largest in the country.John Smith's became well known for a series of highly successful \"No Nonsense\"-themed television advertising campaigns, featuring the dour Yorkshireman character \"Arkwright\" during the 1970s and 1980s (shown only in the South of England), followed by the comedians Jack Dee during the 1990s and Peter Kay since 2002. The brand also has an association with horse racing: it was the principal sponsor of the Grand National between 2005 and 2013, the Northumberland Plate from 2003 until 2016, and has sponsored the John Smith's Cup since 1960.","title":"John Smith's Brewery"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John-smith.png"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taddyhistory-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taddyhistory-1"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smith_(brewer)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taddyhistory-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taddyhistory-1"},{"link_name":"pale 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company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_company"},{"link_name":"chairman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-13"},{"link_name":"Market Weighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Weighton"},{"link_name":"maltings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltings"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leedsmerc-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ellis2-15"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB1-6"},{"link_name":"Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hundred6-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ellis4-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hundred7-18"},{"link_name":"carbonated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonation"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hundred4-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hundred7-18"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hundred2-20"},{"link_name":"flaked barley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaked_barley"},{"link_name":"rye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mash_ingredients#Rye"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hundred2-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hundred7-18"},{"link_name":"Pateley Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pateley_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hundred7-18"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-econ5-21"},{"link_name":"general strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Question"},{"link_name":"Handley Page Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handley_Page_Halifax"},{"link_name":"heavy bomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_bomber"},{"link_name":"aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ellis5-22"},{"link_name":"public company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_company"},{"link_name":"fixed assets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_asset"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times2-23"},{"link_name":"Wath-upon-Dearne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wath-upon-Dearne"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times3-24"},{"link_name":"Alken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alken-Maes"},{"link_name":"lager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lager"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-econ8-25"},{"link_name":"Carlsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlsberg_Group"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mutch-27"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-13"},{"link_name":"Newark-on-Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark-on-Trent"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times15-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times19-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-econ9-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times18-31"},{"link_name":"Scottish & Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_%26_Newcastle"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-econ1-34"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"John SmithStephen Hartley began brewing in Tadcaster in 1758.[1] Jane Hartley mortgaged the brewery to David Backhouse and John Hartley in 1845.[1] Samuel Smith of Leeds arranged for his son John to enter the business in 1847.[1] Jane Hartley died in 1852, and John Smith acquired the business, enlisting his brother William to assist.[1] The timing was to prove fortuitous; pale ales were displacing porter as the beer of choice, and Tadcaster's hard water proved to be well-suited for brewing the new style.[5] The prosperity of the 1850s and 1860s, together with the arrival of the railways, realised greater opportunities for brewers, and John Smith employed eight men in his brewing and malting enterprise by 1861.[6]The operations became sizeable during the last quarter of the nineteenth century.[7] Smith died in 1879, leaving an estate valued at under £45,000 (around £4.1 million in 2016 adjusted for inflation), and his assets were jointly inherited by his two brothers, William and Samuel Smith, a tanner.[6][8] William purchased Samuel's share of his brother's personal estate, and built a modern brewery in 1883–4 at the cost of £130,000 (£9.7 million in 2013).[6] By this time the business employed over 100 people.[9] William Smith died in 1886, and the firm was inherited in partnership by his two nephews, Henry Herbert Riley (1863 - 1911) and Frank Riley, henceforth known as Riley-Smith under the terms of his will.[10]The firm expanded throughout the 1880s by creating an agency network, establishing sixteen offices in nearby settlements, and offering free trade discounts on their beer of 20 per cent or higher.[6] The brewery had an annual output of 150,000 barrels by 1889.[11] In 1889, the company's first scientifically-trained head brewer was appointed, Percy Clinch, son of Charles Clinch of the Eagle Brewery in Witney.[12] In 1892, the partnership became a limited company called John Smith's Tadcaster Brewery Company Limited, with Henry Herbert Riley-Smith as chairman.[13] In 1899 the company acquired Simpson & Co of Market Weighton, with 51 public houses, and converted the brewery into a maltings.[14][15]By the turn of the century the brewery was considered to be one of the best-run in Britain, \"a byword for first-class management\".[6] In 1907, John Marples of Sheffield, the wines and spirits distributor, was acquired.[16] The company began to bottle its own beer in Tadcaster from 1907.[17] In 1912, the company owned over 250 horses, 41 of which saw service during the First World War.[18] Artificially carbonated beer was first bottled in 1923.[19] Paired horse drays were phased out by 1929.[18] During and for some time after the World Wars, the Government raised the duty on beer, and forced brewers to lower their beer strength.[20] During this period, substitutes for malted barley had to be used for brewing, including flaked barley, oats and rye.[20]The last of the company's dray horses was retired in 1947.[18] Horses had delivered beer to all the areas surrounding the brewery, as far afield as Pateley Bridge.[18] From 1948 the company exported beer to Belgium where it was bottled and distributed by Tilkens brewery.[21] In 1950 there was a general strike in Belgium, and John Smith's hired two Handley Page Halifax heavy bomber aircraft to carry 7 ton loads twice-daily of their beers into the country in order to ensure supply.[22] In 1953 the firm became a public company, with fixed assets of around £5 million, 1,000 licensed premises and around 1,100 employees.[23] In 1958, Whitworth, Son & Nephew of Wath-upon-Dearne was acquired with 165 licensed houses, and the brewery was immediately closed down.[24] In 1959 the company began to bottle imported Alken lager at Tadcaster, in response to growing customer demand.[25] In 1961 the company also began to bottle Carlsberg lager.[26] By 1960 the company had an estate of 909 public houses.[27]In 1961, John Smith's acquired the Barnsley Brewery Company, adding 250 licensed properties to their growing estate.[13] The company acquired Warwicks & Richardsons of Newark-on-Trent, with 474 pubs, in 1962.[28] Whilst some product rationalisation took place, popular lines such as Warwicks' Milk Maid Stout were retained.[29] John Smith's closed down all the breweries it acquired, apart from Barnsley, where it invested in the brewery, and added production of John Smith beers to the site, as well as increasing the distribution of Barnsley Bitter.[30][31] As a result of acquisitions, by 1967 John Smith's was the third largest regional brewer in the country after Courage and Scottish & Newcastle, with fixed assets of £30 million.[32][33] Acquisitions diluted the Riley-Smith family stake in the company to around 10 per cent.[34]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Smith%27s_Brewery,_Tadcaster.jpg"},{"link_name":"friendly takeover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_takeover"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-UK-35"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-13"},{"link_name":"assets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asset"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-36"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-modern-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ft-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ft-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barnsleybitter-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barnsleybitter-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yep-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated9-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated8-44"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated9-43"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bmj-46"},{"link_name":"ABV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABV"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coal-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harris-49"},{"link_name":"Foster's lager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster%27s_Lager"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gibbs-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"nitrogenated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Burtonwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burtonwood"},{"link_name":"Camerons Brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerons_Brewery"},{"link_name":"Hartlepool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartlepool"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated4-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated4-57"}],"sub_title":"1970–present: Courage takeover and the growth of John Smith's Bitter","text":"William Smith's 1884 brewery, TadcasterIn October 1970, Courage purchased John Smith's in a friendly takeover which valued the company at £40 million (equivalent to £782 million in 2023).[35][13] By this time John Smith's owned around 1,800 licensed premises throughout the north of England, and as far south as Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire and parts of Cambridgeshire and Shropshire.[13] The merged company held assets worth £137 million.[36] By combining Courage's strength in the South of England, and John Smith's in the North, a national brewing company was created.[37] John Smith's bottled Magnet Pale Ale was selected for nationwide distribution across the group, and the takeover facilitated the wider distribution of Courage brands such as Tavern Keg.[36]The Tadcaster brewery was substantially redeveloped and expanded throughout 1974.[38] Courage closed down the Barnsley brewery in 1976 with the loss of 200 jobs.[39] Barnsley Bitter was replaced by John Smith's bitter.[39] Courage argued that modernisation of the Barnsley site would have required \"massive\" investment.[40] It was reported in The Times that landlords were generally indifferent to the change, as the taste profiles of John Smith's bitter and Barnsley bitter were similar.[40]After successful test marketing from 1974, John Smith's Bitter was distributed in the South of England from 1979 onwards, accompanied by an extensive marketing budget.[41][42] As research by Courage indicated that Southern drinkers considered Yorkshire bitter to be superior, the beer was sold there under the name John Smith's Yorkshire Bitter.[43] Sales of the beer doubled in 1981 owing to the increase in free trade outlets in the South stocking the beer.[44] By 1982 it was the highest selling Courage brand and the highest selling canned bitter in the United Kingdom.[43][45]In 1982, the John Smith's brands included Yorkshire Bitter, Magnet Pale Ale, Export Pale, Sweet Stout, Double Brown and Magnet Old.[46] In December 1983, John Smith's Cask (3.8% ABV) was re-introduced, seven years after it had been phased out.[47] By June 1985, John Smith's produced 1.7 million hectolitres (1.0 million imperial barrels) of beer annually.[48] In November that year, a new brewhouse was opened, at the cost of £5 million.[49] Production of Foster's lager began in 1987.[50]In 1993, John Smith's Extra Smooth was launched in cans.[51] It was introduced in kegs in February 1995, and distributed to 10,000 pubs and venues.[52] It is a nitrogenated version of the pasteurised beer, which was renamed to John Smith's Original in order to differentiate the two products.In 2005, Scottish & Newcastle claimed that John Smith's was available in 40,000 outlets across the United Kingdom.[53] In 2007, Scottish & Newcastle moved production of John Smith's Cask from Tadcaster to Burtonwood near Warrington, and production of John Smith's Magnet to Camerons Brewery of Hartlepool. In 2008 three limited edition beers were released to celebrate the 250th anniversary of the brewery.[54][55] In 2010 Heineken discontinued production of cask conditioned John Smith's Magnet, although it remains available in kegs.[56] By 2011, production of John Smith's Cask had moved to Cameron's. As of 2012, John Smith's is the sixth highest selling beer brand in the United Kingdom and the highest selling bitter in the world.[3] From February 2013, John Smith's Extra Smooth and Original were reduced from 3.8 to 3.6% ABV.[57] According to Heineken, the decision was taken in order to bring the product in line with the strength of its major competitors such as Tetley, Boddingtons and Worthington.[57]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"John Smith's Extra Smooth (3.6% ABV). The highest selling variant, available in kegs and cans. It is nitrogenated and pasteurised.\nJohn Smith's Original (3.6% ABV). The same as Extra Smooth, but carbonated, rather than nitrogenated.\nJohn Smith's Cask (3.8% ABV). Available nationwide, but most often found around the brewery's Yorkshire heartland.\nJohn Smith's Magnet (4% ABV). A keg product, most frequently found around the North East and Yorkshire.\nJohn Smiths Golden Ale (4% ABV). Available in a can only, a lightly hopped pale ale.","title":"Beers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Football_Field_and_John_Smith%27s_brewery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_54539.jpg"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yorkshirepost1-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Newcastle Brown Ale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_Brown_Ale"},{"link_name":"Foster's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster%27s_Lager"},{"link_name":"Kronenbourg 1664","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronenbourg_1664"},{"link_name":"Carlsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlsberg_Group"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Amstel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstel"},{"link_name":"Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tutor-62"},{"link_name":"Slate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Square"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated6-63"},{"link_name":"Stainless steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steel"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated6-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ellis3-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated8-44"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Derek-69"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gibbs-50"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Scottish & Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_%26_Newcastle"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated7-72"}],"text":"Modern buildings of the John Smith's Brewery.The brewery brews 3.8 million hectolitres annually (1.3 million of which is John Smith's beer), and employed around 300 people in 2008.[58] It has two keg lines, two bottle lines and one canning line.[59] It currently brews and packages the ale brands John Smith's Original, John Smith's Extra Smooth and Newcastle Brown Ale, and the lager brands Foster's, Kronenbourg 1664 (Kronenbourg is a Carlsberg-owned brand brewed under license by Heineken in the UK),[60] Amstel and Tiger.[61][62]Slate Yorkshire Square brewing vessels were used at the brewery from 1913 until 1975.[63] Stainless steel Yorkshire Squares were in use by at least 1953, but were removed in the 1980s, and the brewery now uses conical tanks.[63][64] By 1953, the brewery site occupied 20 acres.[65]Wooden casks were still in use in the 1960s.[44] The cask beer line was removed in 1976, but restored in 1984.[66] A new canning line and a new brewhouse were installed around 1982.[67]In 1984 the original brewhouse was converted into a brewery museum.[68] In November 1985 a new £5 million brewhouse opened.[69] Production of Foster's Lager began in 1987.[50] By 1989 the brewery had a production capacity of 1.2 million barrels per annum.[70] Scottish & Newcastle used the John Smith's Brewery to brew many of its ale brands.[71] In 2004, a new £24 million bottling facility was opened in 2004, described as the most modern bottling facility in Europe.[72]","title":"Brewery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Magnet_Ales.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sunderland2010-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adage1-74"},{"link_name":"Jona Lewie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jona_Lewie"},{"link_name":"Stop the Cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_the_Cavalry"},{"link_name":"North of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_of_England"},{"link_name":"Big Bad John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bad_John"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eha-75"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eha-75"},{"link_name":"Gordon Rollings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Rollings"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Johnny_Carson"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated9-43"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Deyan Sudjic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deyan_Sudjic"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tripe-78"}],"text":"A sign on a pub in London advertises \"Magnet Ales\"The Magnet trademark was first registered in September 1908 in Brussels, and symbolised strength.[73]The company's association with television advertising began in 1971 with the \"Yorkshiremen love it\" campaign.[74]An early campaign used a series of parodies of Jona Lewie's \"Stop the Cavalry\" generally extolling \"yer mate called Smith.\"This was followed by the \"Big John\" campaign, which ran in the North of England from 1981, and centred around a re-writing of the Big Bad John country music staple.[75] Courage was able to demonstrate to an independent panel that the £300,000 campaign had resulted in a £5 million sales increase in the North.[75]From 1979 to 1986 Gordon Rollings played the dour Yorkshireman Arkwright in a campaign that was only used in the South.[76] The campaign won a large number of advertising industry awards, and was featured on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson.[43] After Rollings died in 1986 the campaign was continued with Arkwright's successor, Barraclough, until 1991.[77] Despite its success, the campaign was not without detractors, with Deyan Sudjic describing it in The Times as a \"spurious ... tripe-and-whippets campaign\".[78]","title":"Advertising"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jack Dee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Dee"},{"link_name":"DDB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDB_Worldwide"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AngwinCummings2011-79"},{"link_name":"Tetley's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetley%27s_Bitter"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AngwinCummings2011-79"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AngwinCummings2011-79"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AngwinCummings2011-79"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adage1-74"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AngwinCummings2011-79"},{"link_name":"Peter Kay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kay"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated13-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yep-42"},{"link_name":"laddishness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lad_culture"},{"link_name":"Interbrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interbrew"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sco-82"}],"sub_title":"No Nonsense campaigns","text":"From 1992 until 1997, comedian Jack Dee starred in the \"No Nonsense\" campaign, created by DDB.[79] The Dee campaign was widely credited with helping John Smith's rise from sixteenth to fourth highest selling beer in the UK as sales increased by 65 per cent, and the brand overtook Tetley's as the highest selling ale brand in the world by 1995.[79] The Dee campaign won fifty advertising awards, and helped to turn the rising comedian into a household name.[79]Dee resigned in 1997, and he was replaced in 1998 with a cardboard cut-out known as the \"No Nonsense Man\", from the GGT advertising agency.[79] Despite appearing in over 20,000 pubs, clubs and shops, No Nonsense Man was found to have less of an impact than the Dee advertisements.[74][79]Peter Kay represented the brand from 2002 to 2005 and again in 2010–11.[80] The Kay campaign was described as an \"advertising phenomenon\", and introduced the phrase \"Ave it!\" into the public consciousness.[81] Between 2002 and 2004 the Kay advertisements won over fifty advertising and marketing awards, making it the sixth most awarded advertising campaign in the world.[42] Despite the success of the Kay campaign, the perceived \"laddishness\" of the advertisements were criticised by rival brewer Interbrew as hindering sales of beer among women.[82]","title":"Advertising"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Smith%27s_Day_2009_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434828.jpg"},{"link_name":"York Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Northumberland Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberland_Plate"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"John Smith's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smith%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"flat racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_racing"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Grand National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_National"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Kirklees Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirklees_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Huddersfield Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Giants"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thedrum1-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"}],"sub_title":"Sponsorship","text":"John Smith's Day at York Racecourse in 2009.John Smith's is a major sponsor of horse racing in the United Kingdom.[83] It has sponsored the Northumberland Plate since 2003, and more than 90 \"No Nonsense\" race days are held throughout the year at 28 jump and flat racecourses across the UK.[84] The brand has sponsored the John Smith's Cup (originally the Magnet Cup until 1998) at York since 1960, which is the longest running sponsorship in flat racing in the world.[85] John Smith's previously sponsored the Grand National between 2005 and 2013.[86][87]In August 2012 John Smith's announced a five-year sponsorship of the Kirklees Stadium in Huddersfield, home to football team Huddersfield Town and rugby league team Huddersfield Giants, which was renamed \"John Smith's Stadium\".[88] In December 2016, this deal was extended for a further five years.[89]","title":"Advertising"}]
[{"image_text":"John Smith","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/John-smith.png/170px-John-smith.png"},{"image_text":"William Smith's 1884 brewery, Tadcaster","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/John_Smith%27s_Brewery%2C_Tadcaster.jpg/220px-John_Smith%27s_Brewery%2C_Tadcaster.jpg"},{"image_text":"Modern buildings of the John Smith's Brewery.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Football_Field_and_John_Smith%27s_brewery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_54539.jpg/220px-Football_Field_and_John_Smith%27s_brewery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_54539.jpg"},{"image_text":"A sign on a pub in London advertises \"Magnet Ales\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Magnet_Ales.jpg/150px-Magnet_Ales.jpg"},{"image_text":"John Smith's Day at York Racecourse in 2009.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/John_Smith%27s_Day_2009_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434828.jpg/220px-John_Smith%27s_Day_2009_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434828.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Tadcaster Brewery History\". Tadcaster.uk.com. Archived from the original on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130102035233/http://www.tadcaster.uk.com/breweriesHistory.htm","url_text":"\"Tadcaster Brewery History\""},{"url":"http://www.tadcaster.uk.com/breweriesHistory.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"HEINEKEN UK\". heineken.co.uk. Retrieved 19 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heineken.co.uk/where-we-operate","url_text":"\"HEINEKEN UK\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tadcaster to benefit as S&N reveals closure\". Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 23 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/business/business-news/tadcaster_to_benefit_as_s_amp_n_reveals_closure_1_2490354","url_text":"\"Tadcaster to benefit as S&N reveals closure\""}]},{"reference":"Gourvish, Terry; Wilson, Richard G. (September 2003). The Dynamics of the Modern Brewing Industry. Taylor & Francis. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-203-44069-8. Retrieved 24 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NQcVEwe0qVIC&pg=PA99","url_text":"The Dynamics of the Modern Brewing Industry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-44069-8","url_text":"978-0-203-44069-8"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, R.G. (2007). \"Smith, John\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/94650. Retrieved 19 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/94650","url_text":"\"Smith, John\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F94650","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/94650"}]},{"reference":"Sigsworth, Eric M. (1967). The Brewing Trade During the Industrial Revolution: The Case of Yorkshire. Borthwick Publications. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-900701-31-3. Retrieved 20 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PFY7vkSJM-kC&pg=PA14","url_text":"The Brewing Trade During the Industrial Revolution: The Case of Yorkshire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-900701-31-3","url_text":"978-0-900701-31-3"}]},{"reference":"One Hundred Years: : A History of John Smith's, 1847–1947. Tadcaster: John Smith's Tadcaster Brewery Company Ltd. 1948. p. 14.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Obituary Notice\". Journal of the Institute of Brewing. 17 (5): 543–544. September–October 1911. doi:10.1002/j.2050-0416.1911.tb04711.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.2050-0416.1911.tb04711.x","url_text":"\"Obituary Notice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.2050-0416.1911.tb04711.x","url_text":"10.1002/j.2050-0416.1911.tb04711.x"}]},{"reference":"Barnard, Alfred (1889). The Noted Breweries of Great Britain & Ireland (PDF). Retrieved 18 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.askaboutireland.ie/aai-files/assets/ebooks/204-207_The-Noted-Breweries-of-Great-Britain-and-Ireland/204_The-Noted-Breweries-of-Great-Britain-and-Ireland-1.pdf","url_text":"The Noted Breweries of Great Britain & Ireland"}]},{"reference":"One Hundred Years: : A History of John Smith's, 1847–1947. Tadcaster: John Smith's Tadcaster Brewery Company Ltd. 1948. p. 31.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pudney, John (1971). \"14\". A draught of contentment: the story of the Courage Group. New English Library. ISBN 9780450009945. Retrieved 4 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=satIAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"\"14\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780450009945","url_text":"9780450009945"}]},{"reference":"\"Yorkshire Brewery Amalgamation\". Leeds Mercury. 13 January 1899.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ellis, Aytoun (1953). Yorkshire Magnet. Tadcaster. p. 36.","urls":[]},{"reference":"One Hundred Years: : A History of John Smith's, 1847–1947. Tadcaster: John Smith's Tadcaster Brewery Company Ltd. 1948. p. 44.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ellis, Aytoun (1953). Yorkshire Magnet. Tadcaster. p. 42.","urls":[]},{"reference":"One Hundred Years: : A History of John Smith's, 1847–1947. Tadcaster: John Smith's Tadcaster Brewery Company Ltd. 1948. p. 46.","urls":[]},{"reference":"One Hundred Years: : A History of John Smith's, 1847–1947. Tadcaster: John Smith's Tadcaster Brewery Company Ltd. 1948. p. 38.","urls":[]},{"reference":"One Hundred Years: : A History of John Smith's, 1847–1947. Tadcaster: John Smith's Tadcaster Brewery Company Ltd. 1948. p. 35.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"John Smith's Tadcaster Brewery\". The Economist. 26 December 1964.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ellis, Aytoun (1953). Yorkshire Magnet. Tadcaster. p. 58.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"John Smith's Tadcaster Brewery Company, Limited\". The Times. 12 May 1953.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"John Smith's Tadcaster Brewery Company Limited\". The Times. 23 December 1958.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"John Smith's Tadcaster Brewery Company Limited\". The Economist. 19 December 1959.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Glasgow Herald - Google News Archive Search\". google.com. Retrieved 19 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19611219&id=at09AAAAIBAJ&sjid=LUgMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5357,7460025","url_text":"\"The Glasgow Herald - Google News Archive Search\""}]},{"reference":"Mutch, Alistair (June 2006). \"Allied Breweries and the Development of the Area Manager in British Brewing, 1950–1984\" (PDF). Enterprise & Society. 7 (2): 361. doi:10.1093/es/khj035.","urls":[{"url":"http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/9055/1/EP9055_a510_Mutch.pdf","url_text":"\"Allied Breweries and the Development of the Area Manager in British Brewing, 1950–1984\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fes%2Fkhj035","url_text":"10.1093/es/khj035"}]},{"reference":"\"John Smith's Tadcaster Brewery Company\". The Times. 18 December 1962.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"John Smith's Tadcaster Brewery Company\". The Times. 17 December 1963.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"John Smith's Tadcaster Brewery\". The Economist. 25 December 1965.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"John Smith's Tadcaster Brewery Company\". The Times. 20 December 1966.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The protectors and the protected\". The Economist. 2 December 1967.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Clark, Gregory (2017). \"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)\". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/","url_text":"\"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeasuringWorth","url_text":"MeasuringWorth"}]},{"reference":"McLachlan, Sandy (11 July 1970). \"Courage bids £34m for John Smith's\". The Guardian.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dixon, C. (April 1978). \"The Changing Structure of the British Brewing Industry\". Geography. 63 (2): 108–113. JSTOR 40568891.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40568891","url_text":"40568891"}]},{"reference":"\"The Taste of Economics in Your Beer\". Financial Times. 17 August 1974.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kershaw, Ronald (22 February 1973). \"The bitter truth at Barnsley Brewery\". The Times.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Advertising in the 80s: Financial Times Survey: Yorkshire Double Act Pays Off\". Financial Times. 29 October 1982.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Campaign for Real Ale : Hertforshire Letter\" (PDF). Hertsale.org.uk. December 1978. Retrieved 25 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hertsale.org.uk/newsletter/HN11.PDF","url_text":"\"The Campaign for Real Ale : Hertforshire Letter\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Richard (8 May 1982). \"The politics of alcohol\". British Medical Journal. 284 (6326): 1392–5. doi:10.1136/bmj.284.6326.1392. PMC 1498300. PMID 6803990.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1498300","url_text":"\"The politics of alcohol\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.284.6326.1392","url_text":"10.1136/bmj.284.6326.1392"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1498300","url_text":"1498300"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6803990","url_text":"6803990"}]},{"reference":"\"Huntingdonshire CAMRA, Opening Times 137\". huntscamra2.org.uk. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140106182458/http://www.huntscamra2.org.uk/news/ot137-years-ago.asp","url_text":"\"Huntingdonshire CAMRA, Opening Times 137\""},{"url":"http://www.huntscamra2.org.uk/news/ot137-years-ago.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NCB\". The Times. 24 June 1985.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Harris, Derek (19 September 1986). \"Australia brews change for beerage\". The Times.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gibbs, Geoffrey (1 December 1987). \"Courage deal gives extra strength to Mansfield\". The Guardian.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Week, Marketing (3 February 1995). \"Courage unveils Extra Smooth keg bitter\". marketingweek.com. Retrieved 19 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marketingweek.com/1995/02/03/courage-unveils-extra-smooth-keg-bitter/","url_text":"\"Courage unveils Extra Smooth keg bitter\""}]},{"reference":"\"The John Smith's Grand National Information Guide 2005\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 May 2006. Retrieved 13 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060507233728/http://www.sportsguidelimited.com/PDFs/js_grand_national_guide.pdf","url_text":"\"The John Smith's Grand National Information Guide 2005\""},{"url":"http://www.sportsguidelimited.com/PDFs/js_grand_national_guide.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Right track for Winner's Tipple\". Morning Advertiser. 21 February 2008. Retrieved 3 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.morningadvertiser.co.uk/Drinks-Brands-News/Right-track-for-Winner-s-Tipple","url_text":"\"Right track for Winner's Tipple\""}]},{"reference":"Charles, Gemma (19 August 2008). \"John Smith's launches 'Finest Hour' ale to mark RAF anniversary\". Marketing magazine. Retrieved 3 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marketingmagazine.co.uk/news/840270/","url_text":"\"John Smith's launches 'Finest Hour' ale to mark RAF anniversary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Beer Blog with Roger Protz: Magnet loses its pulling power\". Beer-pages.com. 21 January 2010. Retrieved 3 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.beer-pages.com/2010/01/magnet-loses-its-pulling-power.html","url_text":"\"Beer Blog with Roger Protz: Magnet loses its pulling power\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brewer Denies Weakening Bitter To Save Tax\". sky.com. Retrieved 19 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.sky.com/story/1038421/john-smiths-brewer-denies-tax-saving-claims","url_text":"\"Brewer Denies Weakening Bitter To Save Tax\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brought To Book, The Brewers Who Made a Name for Themselves\". Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 23 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/features/brought_to_book_the_brewers_who_made_a_name_for_themselves_1_2471455","url_text":"\"Brought To Book, The Brewers Who Made a Name for Themselves\""}]},{"reference":"\"Do Your Bit – Case Study: John Smith's\". Retrieved 9 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hse.gov.uk/involvement/doyourbit/case-study-john-smiths.htm","url_text":"\"Do Your Bit – Case Study: John Smith's\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heineken's hopes for the future\". Morning Advertiser. 31 January 2008. Retrieved 23 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.morningadvertiser.co.uk/Article/2008/01/31/Heineken-s-hopes-for-the-future","url_text":"\"Heineken's hopes for the future\""}]},{"reference":"\"S&N quiet on brewery's future as profits go flat\". Yorkshire Post. 24 February 2004. 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Tadcaster. p. 41.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Beverage Manufacturing\". Country Market Survey: 14. December 1982. Retrieved 20 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015085113192;view=1up;seq=12","url_text":"\"Beverage Manufacturing\""}]},{"reference":"\"The John Smith Brewery in Tadcaster, Yorkshire, England\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054318/http://www.garycorbinwriting.com/index_files/johnsmith.pdf","url_text":"\"The John Smith Brewery in Tadcaster, Yorkshire, England\""},{"url":"http://www.garycorbinwriting.com/index_files/johnsmith.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Harris, Derek (19 September 1986). \"Australia brews change for beerage\". The Times.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Heritage means little to the marketing men\". Morningadvertiser.co.uk. 23 March 2011. 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The Strategy Pathfinder: Core Concepts and Live Cases. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 207–8. ISBN 978-1-119-99588-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VXlZqDz7shAC&pg=PT207","url_text":"The Strategy Pathfinder: Core Concepts and Live Cases"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-99588-3","url_text":"978-1-119-99588-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Scottish Courage defends John Smith's ad\". Morning Advertiser. 1 May 2003. Retrieved 5 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.morningadvertiser.co.uk/Drinks-Brands-News/Scottish-Courage-defends-John-Smith-s-ad","url_text":"\"Scottish Courage defends John Smith's ad\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). www.yfaonline.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140202123011/http://www.yfaonline.com/sites/yfa.drupal.substrakt.net/files/node_pdfs/node_9179_context.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.yfaonline.com/sites/yfa.drupal.substrakt.net/files/node_pdfs/node_9179_context.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"No Nonsense racing - Forecourt Trader\". forecourttrader.co.uk. Retrieved 19 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.forecourttrader.co.uk/news/archivestory.php/aid/5931/No_Nonsense_racing.html","url_text":"\"No Nonsense racing - Forecourt Trader\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Sport - Horse Racing - Double John Smith's Cup boost for York racecourse\". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 19 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/horse_racing/9390375.stm","url_text":"\"BBC Sport - Horse Racing - Double John Smith's Cup boost for York racecourse\""}]},{"reference":"Joseph, Sebastian (26 November 2012). \"John Smith's ends Grand National sponsorship\". Marketing Week. Retrieved 26 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marketingweek.co.uk/news/john-smiths-ends-grand-national-sponsorship/4004908.article","url_text":"\"John Smith's ends Grand National sponsorship\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Smith's unveil Huddersfield stadium branding\". The Drum. Retrieved 3 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thedrum.co.uk/news/2012/08/23/john-smith-s-lager-unveil-huddersfield-stadium-branding","url_text":"\"John Smith's unveil Huddersfield stadium branding\""}]},{"reference":"Zientek, Henryk (13 December 2016). \"New deal signed for naming rights for John Smith's Stadium\". The Huddersfield Daily Examiner. Retrieved 15 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.examiner.co.uk/news/west-yorkshire-news/new-deal-signed-naming-rights-12312903","url_text":"\"New deal signed for naming rights for John Smith's Stadium\""}]}]
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original"},{"Link":"http://www.forecourttrader.co.uk/news/archivestory.php/aid/5931/No_Nonsense_racing.html","external_links_name":"\"No Nonsense racing - Forecourt Trader\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/horse_racing/9390375.stm","external_links_name":"\"BBC Sport - Horse Racing - Double John Smith's Cup boost for York racecourse\""},{"Link":"http://www.marketingweek.co.uk/news/john-smiths-ends-grand-national-sponsorship/4004908.article","external_links_name":"\"John Smith's ends Grand National sponsorship\""},{"Link":"http://www.thedrum.co.uk/news/2012/08/23/john-smith-s-lager-unveil-huddersfield-stadium-branding","external_links_name":"\"John Smith's unveil Huddersfield stadium branding\""},{"Link":"http://www.examiner.co.uk/news/west-yorkshire-news/new-deal-signed-naming-rights-12312903","external_links_name":"\"New deal signed for naming rights for John Smith's Stadium\""},{"Link":"http://www.johnsmiths.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisanti
Antisanti
["1 Geography","1.1 Neighbouring communes and villages","2 History","3 Administration","4 Demography","5 Economy","6 Cultural and heritage","6.1 Civil architecture","6.2 Religious heritage","7 Notable resident","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
Coordinates: 42°10′04″N 9°20′48″E / 42.1678°N 9.3467°E / 42.1678; 9.3467 Commune in Corsica, FranceAntisantiCommuneThe church and surrounding buildings in AntisantiLocation of Antisanti AntisantiShow map of FranceAntisantiShow map of CorsicaCoordinates: 42°10′04″N 9°20′48″E / 42.1678°N 9.3467°E / 42.1678; 9.3467CountryFranceRegionCorsicaDepartmentHaute-CorseArrondissementCorteCantonGhisonacciaGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Anthony AlessandriniArea147.95 km2 (18.51 sq mi)Population (2021)568 • Density12/km2 (31/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code2B016 /20270Elevation5–780 m (16–2,559 ft) (avg. 750 m or 2,460 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Antisanti (in Corsican Antisanti, pronounced ) is a commune in the Haute-Corse (Upper Corsica) department of France on the island of Corsica. Geography Antisanti is a landlocked commune on the eastern side of Corsica overlooking the eastern plain of the island some 80 km south of Bastia and 12 km west by north-west of Aléria. It belonged to the ancient Pieve of Rogna and is now part of the Rogna in La micro-region located on the right bank of the Tavignano extending from Vivario to the plain. Access to the commune is by the minor road D43 from Aléria in the east passing through the heart of the commune and the village before continuing west to join the D143 south-east of Santo-Pietro-di-Venaco. There is also a connecting road to the D343 near Vezzani. National Highway N200 passes along the eastern and northern borders but there is no access to the commune. The west of the commune is rugged and heavily forested, while the eastern half is on the plain with mostly farmland although still having significant forested areas. The northern and eastern borders of the commune are formed by the Tavignano river with a large tributary flowing west through the centre of the commune to join it on the eastern border. Neighbouring communes and villages Places adjacent to Antisanti Piedicorte-di-Gaggio Pancheraccia Vezzani Antisanti Pietroso Aghione Aléria History In 1770 Antisanti was one of the least populated communes in the Piève of Rogna. With the French Revolution of 1789 the Pieve of Sorba became the Canton of Vezzani in the district of Bastia. Since 1954 Antisanti has been part of the Canton of Vezzani along with the communes of Aghione, Casevecchie, Noceta, Pietroso, Rospigliani, and Vezzani. Administration Plaque by Dr Baud, former Mayor This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (April 2021) List of Successive Mayors From To Name 1953 1989 Paul Baud 2001 2026 Anthony Alessandrini Demography The inhabitants of the commune are known as Antisantais or Antisantaises in French. Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1800 379—    1806 373−0.27%1821 474+1.61%1831 575+1.95%1836 649+2.45%1841 664+0.46%1846 795+3.67%1851 775−0.51%1856 779+0.10%1861 681−2.65%1866 687+0.18%1872 801+2.59%1876 821+0.62%1881 777−1.10%1886 795+0.46%1891 819+0.60%1896 827+0.19%1901 897+1.64%YearPop.±% p.a.1906 900+0.07%1911 823−1.77%1921 728−1.22%1926 708−0.56%1931 655−1.54%1936 613−1.32%1946 530−1.44%1954 589+1.33%1962 493−2.20%1968 486−0.24%1975 534+1.35%1982 661+3.09%1990 500−3.43%1999 418−1.97%2007 378−1.25%2012 429+2.56%2017 546+4.94%Source: EHESS and INSEE Economy Antisanti markets 40% of the national production of Clementines from its vast orchards. Cultural and heritage Civil architecture A War Memorial on the side facade of the parish church. Religious heritage The 'Parish church of Saint-Pierre-aux-Liens. Built in 1894, this small baroque church was remodeled and enlarged in 1944. Town hall and church Parish church Interior of the church Ornate ceiling of the nave Notable resident Politician Georges Benedetti was born in Antisanti on 29 July 1930. See also Communes of the Haute-Corse department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ a b Google Maps ^ Antisanti website Archived 2013-06-27 at the Wayback Machine (in French) ^ ADECEC - CORSICA: Elements for a dictionary of proper names Archived 2012-01-26 at the Wayback Machine (in French) ^ List of Mayors of France ^ Commemorative Plaque ^ Le nom des habitants du 2B - Haute-Corse, habitants.fr ^ Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet Antisanti, EHESS (in French). ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE External links Antisanti official website Antisanti on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website (in French) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Antisanti. vteCommunes of the Haute-Corse department Aghione Aiti Alando Albertacce Aléria Algajola Altiani Alzi Ampriani Antisanti Aregno Asco Avapessa Barbaggio Barrettali Bastiapref Belgodère Bigorno Biguglia Bisinchi Borgo Brando Bustanico Cagnano Calacuccia Calenzana Calvisubpr Cambia Campana Campi Campile Campitello Canale-di-Verde Canari Canavaggia Carcheto-Brustico Carpineto Carticasi Casabianca Casalta Casamaccioli Casanova Casevecchie Castellare-di-Casinca Castellare-di-Mercurio Castello-di-Rostino Castifao Castiglione Castineta Castirla Cateri Centuri Cervione Chiatra Chisa Corbara Corscia Cortesubpr Costa Croce Crocicchia Erbajolo Érone Ersa Farinole Favalello Felce Feliceto Ficaja Focicchia Furiani Galéria Gavignano Ghisonaccia Ghisoni Giocatojo Giuncaggio L'Île-Rousse Isolaccio-di-Fiumorbo Lama Lano Lavatoggio Lento Linguizzetta Loreto-di-Casinca Lozzi Lucciana Lugo-di-Nazza Lumio Luri Manso Matra Mausoléo Mazzola Meria Moïta Moltifao Monacia-d'Orezza Moncale Monte Montegrosso Monticello Morosaglia Morsiglia Muracciole Murato Muro Nessa Nocario Noceta Nonza Novale Novella Occhiatana Ogliastro Olcani Oletta Olmeta-di-Capocorso Olmeta-di-Tuda Olmi-Cappella Olmo Omessa Ortale Ortiporio Palasca Pancheraccia Parata Patrimonio Penta-Acquatella Penta-di-Casinca Perelli Pero-Casevecchie Pianello Piano Piazzali Piazzole Piedicorte-di-Gaggio Piedicroce Piedigriggio Piedipartino Pie-d'Orezza Pietracorbara Pietra-di-Verde Pietralba Pietraserena Pietricaggio Pietroso Piève Pigna Pino Piobetta Pioggiola Poggio-di-Nazza Poggio-di-Venaco Poggio-d'Oletta Poggio-Marinaccio Poggio-Mezzana Polveroso Popolasca Porri La Porta Prato-di-Giovellina Prunelli-di-Casacconi Prunelli-di-Fiumorbo Pruno Quercitello Rapaggio Rapale Riventosa Rogliano Rospigliani Rusio Rutali Saint-Florent Saliceto San-Damiano San-Gavino-d'Ampugnani San-Gavino-di-Fiumorbo San-Gavino-di-Tenda San-Giovanni-di-Moriani San-Giuliano San-Lorenzo San-Martino-di-Lota San-Nicolao Santa-Lucia-di-Mercurio Santa-Lucia-di-Moriani Santa-Maria-di-Lota Santa-Maria-Poggio Sant'Andréa-di-Bozio Sant'Andréa-di-Cotone Sant'Antonino Santa-Reparata-di-Balagna Santa-Reparata-di-Moriani Santo-Pietro-di-Tenda Santo-Pietro-di-Venaco Scata Scolca Sermano Serra-di-Fiumorbo Silvareccio Sisco Solaro Sorbo-Ocagnano Sorio Soveria Speloncato Stazzona Taglio-Isolaccio Talasani Tallone Tarrano Tomino Tox Tralonca Urtaca Vallecalle Valle-d'Alesani Valle-di-Campoloro Valle-di-Rostino Valle-d'Orezza Vallica Velone-Orneto Venaco Ventiseri Venzolasca Verdèse Vescovato Vezzani Vignale Ville-di-Paraso Ville-di-Pietrabugno Vivario Volpajola Zalana Zilia Zuani pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases: National France BnF data
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corsican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsican_language"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Haute-Corse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Corse"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Corsica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsica"}],"text":"Commune in Corsica, FranceAntisanti (in Corsican Antisanti, pronounced [ɑ̃ŋ.ti.ˈzɑ̃ːŋ.ti]) is a commune in the Haute-Corse (Upper Corsica) department of France on the island of Corsica.","title":"Antisanti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corsica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsica"},{"link_name":"Bastia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastia"},{"link_name":"Aléria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%A9ria"},{"link_name":"Pieve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieve"},{"link_name":"Tavignano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavignano"},{"link_name":"Vivario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivario"},{"link_name":"Santo-Pietro-di-Venaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo-Pietro-di-Venaco"},{"link_name":"Vezzani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vezzani"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google-3"}],"text":"Antisanti is a landlocked commune on the eastern side of Corsica overlooking the eastern plain of the island some 80 km south of Bastia and 12 km west by north-west of Aléria. It belonged to the ancient Pieve of Rogna and is now part of the Rogna in La micro-region located on the right bank of the Tavignano extending from Vivario to the plain. Access to the commune is by the minor road D43 from Aléria in the east passing through the heart of the commune and the village before continuing west to join the D143 south-east of Santo-Pietro-di-Venaco. There is also a connecting road to the D343 near Vezzani. National Highway N200 passes along the eastern and northern borders but there is no access to the commune.The west of the commune is rugged and heavily forested, while the eastern half is on the plain with mostly farmland although still having significant forested areas.The northern and eastern borders of the commune are formed by the Tavignano river with a large tributary flowing west through the centre of the commune to join it on the eastern border.[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Piedicorte-di-Gaggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedicorte-di-Gaggio"},{"link_name":"Pancheraccia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancheraccia"},{"link_name":"Vezzani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vezzani"},{"link_name":"Pietroso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietroso"},{"link_name":"Aghione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghione"},{"link_name":"Aléria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%A9ria"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google-3"}],"sub_title":"Neighbouring communes and villages","text":"Places adjacent to Antisanti\nPiedicorte-di-Gaggio\nPancheraccia\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVezzani\n\nAntisanti\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPietroso\nAghione\nAléria[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Site_Antisanti-4"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Vezzani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vezzani"},{"link_name":"Bastia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastia"},{"link_name":"Aghione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghione"},{"link_name":"Casevecchie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casevecchie"},{"link_name":"Noceta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noceta"},{"link_name":"Pietroso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietroso"},{"link_name":"Rospigliani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rospigliani"},{"link_name":"Vezzani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vezzani"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADECEC-5"}],"text":"In 1770 Antisanti was one of the least populated communes in the Piève of Rogna.[4]With the French Revolution of 1789 the Pieve of Sorba became the Canton of Vezzani in the district of Bastia.Since 1954 Antisanti has been part of the Canton of Vezzani along with the communes of Aghione, Casevecchie, Noceta, Pietroso, Rospigliani, and Vezzani.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antisanti_Plaque_comm%C3%A9morative_Mairie.jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Plaque by Dr Baud, former MayorList of Successive Mayors[6]","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The inhabitants of the commune are known as Antisantais or Antisantaises in French.[8]","title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clementines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clementine"}],"text":"Antisanti markets 40% of the national production of Clementines from its vast orchards.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cultural and heritage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Civil architecture","text":"A War Memorial on the side facade of the parish church.","title":"Cultural and heritage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antisanti_Mairie_%C3%A9glise.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antisanti_St-Pierre-aux-Liens.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antisanti_St-Pierre_de_Liens_int%C3%A9rieur.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antisanti_St-Pierre-aux-Liens_plafond.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Religious heritage","text":"The 'Parish church of Saint-Pierre-aux-Liens. Built in 1894, this small baroque church was remodeled and enlarged in 1944.Town hall and church\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tParish church\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInterior of the church\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOrnate ceiling of the nave","title":"Cultural and heritage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georges Benedetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Benedetti"}],"text":"Politician Georges Benedetti was born in Antisanti on 29 July 1930.","title":"Notable resident"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Insurance_Academy
National Insurance Academy
["1 Evolution of NIA","1.1 Conceptual innovations","1.2 Institutional expansion","1.3 History of Lloyd's Box","2 NIA School of Management","3 Placements","4 NAAC accreditation","4.1 Institutional environment","4.2 Research","5 References","6 External links"]
Educational institute in India This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "National Insurance Academy" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article contains wording that promotes the subject in a subjective manner without imparting real information. Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject's importance, use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance. (February 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) National Insurance Academy PuneNIATypePublic Education and Research InstitutionEstablished1980DirectorDr. Tarun AgarwalPostgraduates120-PGDMLocation Pune, Maharashtra, IndiaCampus32 acres (0.13 km2)AffiliationsGovernment of IndiaWebsite The National Insurance Academy (NIA Pune also known as NIA) is situated in Pune, India. Founded in 1980 by the Finance Department of the Indian government with capital patronage from LIC and the public sector general insurance industry, NIA started MBA education as a lateral diversification in 2004 with Dr K C Mishra as the founder director and Dr R K Parchure a leading economist as an MBA Coordinator, who was replaced by Dr S D Totade. After the tenure of Dr K C Mishra, the academy had Dr. Prathap Oburai from IIM Ahmedabad as the new Director. During his stint here, Dr. Oburai had promised the students to elevate the academy to the top 10 B-Schools of India with strong international collaborations. NIA runs a PGDM course. It provides a dual specialization (Insurance + Finance/Marketing/HR/IT). A main source of income for the academy is arranged by IRDA in the form of Broker's training and examination programs. Also, the MDP program for top executives of insurance companies is a major contributor to funds generated by NIA. Evolution of NIA Academic Block of NIASoM. NIA was functioning from Mumbai until 1990 and moved to its beautiful campus at Pune in the early 1990s. The academy is now an integrated management school with training, education, publications, research, consultancy and regulatory advisory services. Life Insurance, General Insurance, Reinsurance, Health Insurance, Crop Insurance, Credit Insurance, Pensions, Actuarial Services, Insurance Investment, Market research for insurance companies, developing insurance institutions and leadership for succession planning and Insurance regulatory compliance are the fields covered by the academy. The earlier Director (Late Dr. PS Palande - Retd Commissioner of Pune) had already positioned NIA on the international map. Later Kailash Chandra Mishra took over as the Director of the academy from 1999 and spearheaded the academy till August 2009. Conceptual innovations The academy has developed 7A framework for the organizational structure of insurance, 7P framework for the underwriting structure of insurance and 7E framework for the value structure of insurance. Institutional expansion Apart from the mother institution NIA, the academy houses an MBA program NIASoM, a producer development program (NIASPD), a pension research program (NIAPRI). NIA is also the statutory examining body for insurance brokers in India as per IRDA Regulation. The academy is home for historically famous Lloyd's Box symbolic of a Syndicate at old Lloyd's of London. History of Lloyd's Box Lloyd's Box is essentially a set of historical Lloyd's Tables. The Lloyd's Box at National Insurance Academy was Michael Payne's box syndicate number 386. Michael Payne was a specialist Non-US liability underwriter at Lloyds. It was installed in the old Lloyds - it was unique as it was the only non-square underwriting desk in Lloyds. While adorning 1952 Lloyd's building it was acquired in 1970 and the esteemed box became a feature of the underwriting room at Lloyds Gallery level in the early 1970s. When Lloyds moved to their new building in approximately 1987, it was purchased by Robert Porter the then managing director of E W Payne and installed in E W Payne's boardroom at 8 Bridge Street Sydney. Significantly Rob Porter had brokered many pieces of Australian Liability business at that desk in the late 1970s and early 1980s; when relocated to Bridge street many good lunches were enjoyed by the mighty and powerful in insurance at it in the EW Payne board room. "When removed from the 1952 Lloyds building the removal was overseen by the head waiter at the time who was delighted to know that it would continue service in Australia". Rob Porter purchased the table by means of an offset brokerage deal between the QBE - E W Payne & Syndicate 386. The nominal value placed on it was AUD 25,000. In 2006, this historical Lloyd's Box was presented to the then Director of National Insurance Academy (Dr K C Mishra) as Guru Dakshina (a teacher's dues) by the then Principal Officer of Marsh (Mr Sanjay Kedia), who is now its country head and MD. It was originally housed in National Insurance Academy Museum at Greenleaf Dome, named after the former AT&T Chairman, who popularized the concept of "Servant Leadership". Later on this monumental table was shifted to a special room named after Mr B K Shah, one of the three legendary Indians, who ever entered into Insurance Hall of Fame at Ohio, United States. The other two being Sir Joseph Arnould and Mr G S Diwan in whose names also NIA has dedicated academic spaces like a lounge and Alumnia room respectively. NIA School of Management NIASoM is the Management School of National Insurance Academy in Pune, India. Placements NIASoM For the placement of 2011-13 batch all the four public sector general insurance companies came for the placement, GIC Re and AIC also came for the placement. The post offered in the public sector insurance companies were of A.O i.e.; administrative officer. The 100% placement continues year after year. Some of the companies who visited NIA SoM for placements are D.E. Shaw & Co., SAP Labs, HDFC Life, Accenture Services, SBI General, SBI Life, Bajaj Alliance General & Life Insurance Companies, AIR Worldwide, Infosys Limited, Cognizant Business Consulting, Swiss Re, GIC Re, Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC), Wipro Technologies, Reliance General & Life Insurance, IFFCO Tokio General Insurance, ET Life Insurance, TCS, TATA-AIG General & Life, IndusInd Bank, Unit Trust of India Mutual Funds, Birla Sun Life Insurance, Kotak Life Insurance, IDBI Federal Life Insurance, Star Union Dai-chi, Max New York Life, Universal Sompo, GMR Group, HUL, Alliance Insurance Brokers, HCL Technologies, Tata CMC, ICICI Prudential, ICICI Lombard, Future Generali, HP, Aon, KM Dastur, Aegon Religare, Syntel, IBM, HDFC Ergo, Indiafirst Life Insurance, MetLife, ING Vysya, Marsh India Brokers, First Apex Technologies, Milliman Inc., L&T General Insurance, Raheja QBE, C2L Biz Solutions Private Limited, etc. NAAC accreditation The NIA Tower. On 22 December 2007, National Assessment and Accreditation Council, an autonomous body of University Grants Commission (UGC) under the Ministry of HRD, Government of India, assigned highest rating grade "A" for National Insurance Academy as an academic institution. As per results of accreditation cleared in 43rd Executive Committee Meeting held on 22 December 2007, National Insurance Academy has received the highest accreditation rating of NAAC which is "Grade A within cumulative grade point average range of 3.01 to 4 read as Very Good and Accredited" which is amplified as "high level of academic accomplishment as accepted of an institution" with the academy securing 3.43 Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA). Institutional environment National Insurance Academy (NIA), is located in Pune. It was established in the year 1980 under the aegis of Ministry of Finance Government of India, LIC, GIC and the four public sector insurance companies. NIA is the jewel crafted by this one of a kind private public venture, and has been running executive development programs for the past 25 years. Recently, National Insurance Academy School of Management(NIASoM) has undergone thorough management and syllabus restructuring following international standards under the supervision of Dr. Prathap Oburai, the Director of NIA. The institute has also revamped its assessment structure from a percentage based to a CGPA based grading system. Research At research level NIASOM has established several instrumentalities. A journal "PRAVARTAK" is a research publication running in parallel to BIMAQUEST published by the parent institution National Insurance Academy. Dnyanajyoti Research Series (DJRS) is a research serial, which publishes occasional papers dealing with insurance and risk management. "Utkarsh" is another student publication focussing on learning issues, which students want to highlight in their own way. The PhD program revolves around Management, Insurance, Risk Management, Information Technology and Economics. The academy conducts a nomination process to select a "C. D. Deshmukh Fellow" every year based on the excellence of past research recognized both by academia and insurance industry. Similarly for student researchers creating excellence in developing insurance laboratory project, an endowment is established by a former chairman of Life Insurance Company in early eighties known as the "A S Gupta" endowment. In 2006, in recognition of its dedication for development of insurance laboratory, a historical Lloyd's Box was presented to the academy's director Dr K C Mishra by Marsh Brokers, which is now housed in the academy's Incubation Centre. References ^ "NIA: 100% placement with highest package of Rs 10.5 lakh per annum". The Indian Express. Retrieved 17 March 2012. External links NIAPUNE Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States
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It provides a dual specialization (Insurance + Finance/Marketing/HR/IT).A main source of income for the academy is arranged by IRDA in the form of Broker's training and examination programs. Also, the MDP program for top executives of insurance companies is a major contributor to funds generated by NIA.","title":"National Insurance Academy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NIASoMCampus.jpg"},{"link_name":"NIASoM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIASoM"}],"text":"Academic Block of NIASoM.NIA was functioning from Mumbai until 1990 and moved to its beautiful campus at Pune in the early 1990s. The academy is now an integrated management school with training, education, publications, research, consultancy and regulatory advisory services. Life Insurance, General Insurance, Reinsurance, Health Insurance, Crop Insurance, Credit Insurance, Pensions, Actuarial Services, Insurance Investment, Market research for insurance companies, developing insurance institutions and leadership for succession planning and Insurance regulatory compliance are the fields covered by the academy. The earlier Director (Late Dr. PS Palande - Retd Commissioner of Pune) had already positioned NIA on the international map. Later Kailash Chandra Mishra took over as the Director of the academy from 1999 and spearheaded the academy till August 2009.","title":"Evolution of NIA"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Conceptual innovations","text":"The academy has developed 7A framework for the organizational structure of insurance, 7P framework for the underwriting structure of insurance and 7E framework for the value structure of insurance.","title":"Evolution of NIA"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBA"},{"link_name":"NIASoM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIASoM"},{"link_name":"pension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pension"},{"link_name":"insurance brokers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_broker"},{"link_name":"Lloyd's of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%27s_of_London"}],"sub_title":"Institutional expansion","text":"Apart from the mother institution NIA, the academy houses an MBA program NIASoM, a producer development program (NIASPD), a pension research program (NIAPRI). NIA is also the statutory examining body for insurance brokers in India as per IRDA Regulation. The academy is home for historically famous Lloyd's Box symbolic of a Syndicate at old Lloyd's of London.","title":"Evolution of NIA"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lloyd's building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%27s_building"},{"link_name":"AT&T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T"}],"sub_title":"History of Lloyd's Box","text":"Lloyd's Box is essentially a set of historical Lloyd's Tables. The Lloyd's Box at National Insurance Academy was Michael Payne's box syndicate number 386. Michael Payne was a specialist Non-US liability underwriter at Lloyds. It was installed in the old Lloyds - it was unique as it was the only non-square underwriting desk in Lloyds.While adorning 1952 Lloyd's building it was acquired in 1970 and the esteemed box became a feature of the underwriting room at Lloyds Gallery level in the early 1970s. When Lloyds moved to their new building in approximately 1987, it was purchased by Robert Porter the then managing director of E W Payne and installed in E W Payne's boardroom at 8 Bridge Street Sydney.Significantly Rob Porter had brokered many pieces of Australian Liability business at that desk in the late 1970s and early 1980s; when relocated to Bridge street many good lunches were enjoyed by the mighty and powerful in insurance at it in the EW Payne board room.\"When removed from the 1952 Lloyds building the removal was overseen by the head waiter at the time who was delighted to know that it would continue service in Australia\".Rob Porter purchased the table by means of an offset brokerage deal between the QBE - E W Payne & Syndicate 386. The nominal value placed on it was AUD 25,000.In 2006, this historical Lloyd's Box was presented to the then Director of National Insurance Academy (Dr K C Mishra) as Guru Dakshina (a teacher's dues) by the then Principal Officer of Marsh (Mr Sanjay Kedia), who is now its country head and MD. It was originally housed in National Insurance Academy Museum at Greenleaf Dome, named after the former AT&T Chairman, who popularized the concept of \"Servant Leadership\". Later on this monumental table was shifted to a special room named after Mr B K Shah, one of the three legendary Indians, who ever entered into Insurance Hall of Fame at Ohio, United States. The other two being Sir Joseph Arnould and Mr G S Diwan in whose names also NIA has dedicated academic spaces like a lounge and Alumnia room respectively.","title":"Evolution of NIA"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"NIASoM is the Management School of National Insurance Academy in Pune, India.","title":"NIA School of Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NIASoM.jpg"},{"link_name":"NIASoM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIASoM"},{"link_name":"HDFC Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDFC_Life"},{"link_name":"IFFCO Tokio General Insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IFFCO_Tokio_General_Insurance_Company_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"NIASoMFor the placement of 2011-13 batch all the four public sector general insurance companies came for the placement, GIC Re and AIC also came for the placement. The post offered in the public sector insurance companies were of A.O i.e.; administrative officer.The 100% placement continues year after year.Some of the companies who visited NIA SoM for placements are D.E. Shaw & Co., SAP Labs, HDFC Life, Accenture Services, SBI General, SBI Life, Bajaj Alliance General & Life Insurance Companies, AIR Worldwide, Infosys Limited, Cognizant Business Consulting, Swiss Re, GIC Re, Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC), Wipro Technologies, Reliance General & Life Insurance, IFFCO Tokio General Insurance, ET Life Insurance, TCS, TATA-AIG General & Life, IndusInd Bank, Unit Trust of India Mutual Funds, Birla Sun Life Insurance, Kotak Life Insurance, IDBI Federal Life Insurance, Star Union Dai-chi, Max New York Life, Universal Sompo, GMR Group, HUL, Alliance Insurance Brokers, HCL Technologies, Tata CMC, ICICI Prudential, ICICI Lombard, Future Generali, HP, Aon, KM Dastur, Aegon Religare, Syntel, IBM, HDFC Ergo, Indiafirst Life Insurance, MetLife, ING Vysya, Marsh India Brokers, First Apex Technologies, Milliman Inc., L&T General Insurance, Raheja QBE, C2L Biz Solutions Private Limited, etc.[1]","title":"Placements"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NIASign.jpg"}],"text":"The NIA Tower.On 22 December 2007, National Assessment and Accreditation Council, an autonomous body of University Grants Commission (UGC) under the Ministry of HRD, Government of India, assigned highest rating grade \"A\" for National Insurance Academy as an academic institution. As per results of accreditation cleared in 43rd Executive Committee Meeting held on 22 December 2007, National Insurance Academy has received the highest accreditation rating of NAAC which is \"Grade A within cumulative grade point average range of 3.01 to 4 read as Very Good and Accredited\" which is amplified as \"high level of academic accomplishment as accepted of an institution\" with the academy securing 3.43 Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA).","title":"NAAC accreditation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Government of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"NIASoM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIASoM"}],"sub_title":"Institutional environment","text":"National Insurance Academy (NIA), is located in Pune. It was established in the year 1980 under the aegis of Ministry of Finance Government of India, LIC, GIC and the four public sector insurance companies. NIA is the jewel crafted by this one of a kind private public venture, and has been running executive development programs for the past 25 years.\nRecently, National Insurance Academy School of Management(NIASoM) has undergone thorough management and syllabus restructuring following international standards under the supervision of Dr. Prathap Oburai, the Director of NIA. The institute has also revamped its assessment structure from a percentage based to a CGPA based grading system.","title":"NAAC accreditation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C. D. Deshmukh Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C._D._Deshmukh_Fellow&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marsh Brokers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_Brokers"}],"sub_title":"Research","text":"At research level NIASOM has established several instrumentalities. A journal \"PRAVARTAK\" is a research publication running in parallel to BIMAQUEST published by the parent institution National Insurance Academy. Dnyanajyoti Research Series (DJRS) is a research serial, which publishes occasional papers dealing with insurance and risk management. \"Utkarsh\" is another student publication focussing on learning issues, which students want to highlight in their own way. The PhD program revolves around Management, Insurance, Risk Management, Information Technology and Economics.The academy conducts a nomination process to select a \"C. D. Deshmukh Fellow\" every year based on the excellence of past research recognized both by academia and insurance industry. Similarly for student researchers creating excellence in developing insurance laboratory project, an endowment is established by a former chairman of Life Insurance Company in early eighties known as the \"A S Gupta\" endowment.In 2006, in recognition of its dedication for development of insurance laboratory, a historical Lloyd's Box was presented to the academy's director Dr K C Mishra by Marsh Brokers, which is now housed in the academy's Incubation Centre.","title":"NAAC accreditation"}]
[{"image_text":"Academic Block of NIASoM.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/NIASoMCampus.jpg/220px-NIASoMCampus.jpg"},{"image_text":"NIASoM","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/NIASoM.jpg/220px-NIASoM.jpg"},{"image_text":"The NIA Tower.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/NIASign.jpg/220px-NIASign.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Somali_Coast
German attempts to colonise the Somali Coast
["1 Background and strategy","2 Northeast Somalia","2.1 Hörnecke expedition in the Majerteen Sultanate","2.2 Anderten expedition in the Sultanate of Hobyo","3 References"]
German colonial attempt You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (November 2021) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the German article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 1,885 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|de|Deutsche Kolonialbestrebungen an der Somaliküste}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Areas of Somali coast labeled as property of German East Africa, 1887 German colonial efforts on the Somali coast were pursued from 1885 to 1890. Representatives of the German East Africa Company signed friendship and protection treaties with local rulers in the coastal cities of Somalia in 1885 and 1886 with the aim of acquiring areas north of Wituland. In 1888 and 1890, respectively, the project, which overlapped with British and Italian claims, was abandoned. Background and strategy Cities of importance on the 1800s Somali coast were Mogadishu, Kismayo, Warsheikh, Merca and Barawe. They were primarily trading cities, as agriculture was hardly possible in the immediate vicinity due to the region's arid climate These port cities were under the rule of the Sultanate of the Geledi and Hiraab. The British protectorate established in 1884 over the Northern Somali Coast in turn, troubled the Majerteen Sultans in present-day Puntland. The African researcher and later consul Gerhard Rohlfs recommended German acquisitions on the Somali coast from 1882 in order to establish trade relations inland. German colonial agents now tried on the one hand to provide Sultan Barghash bin Said of Zanzibar for the provision or to push the lease of its Somali coastal places, and on the other hand to conclude trade agreements and alliances against Zanzibar with the Somali sultans in the hinterland of these coastal places. However, the Italians also had similar plans. Northeast Somalia The contracts concluded by representatives of society with Somali rulers should extend German East Africa to such an extent that it would have extended from the Rovuma River in the south along the entire East African coast to Cape Guardafui in the north. In February 1886, Carl Peters asked the German government for a protectorate for the entire Somali coast. Hörnecke expedition in the Majerteen Sultanate In Aluula, near Cape Guardafui, an expedition group led by the government builder Gustav Hörnecke closed on 6 September 1885 a far-reaching friendship agreement with the local Sultan Bogor Osman Mahmoud Yusuf (1854-1927) from the Majerteen clan, who belong to the Darod clan family. The contract drawn up in German and Arabic (not in Somali) shows significant differences between the two language versions. While the German text refers to a protection treaty with the German Empire and land transfers to the German-East African Society, the Arabic text only mentions a treaty on friendship and support for society in the research and utilization of the hinterland. The area of Sultan Osman affected by the treaty should extend from cape westwards to Bender Ziada, about 400 kilometers east of Berbera, and southwards to Cape Ras Assuad (near Hobyo, in the Mudug region). However, according to the German version, the contract area extended to the gates of the already British Berbera. Inland, the contract area would each extend 20 day trips (i.e. about 600 kilometers deep and thus into Ogaden). Anderten expedition in the Sultanate of Hobyo While Hörnecke returned to Berlin after concluding the contract via Aden and Trieste and two DOAG employees tried in vain to establish the contractually promised branch in Caluula, Hörnecke's adjutant, Lieutenant Claus von Anderten, had been commissioned to expand the contract area to the south. With Osman's relative, Yusuf Ali Kenadid of Hobyo, Anderten closed the agreement on 26 November 1885, the German and Arabic versions of which differed similarly significantly. According to this follow-up contract, the Sultan subordinated the coastal area of the Abgal clan belonging to the Hawiya tribe south of Hobyo to the gates of Warsheikh (i.e. to about 80 kilometers north of Mogadishu). Inland, a length of 25 day trips to the borders of the Oromia area was planned this time (i.e. about 750 kilometers and thus deep again into Ogaden). References ^ Deutsche Kolonialbestrebungen an der Somaliküste https://globalhistory.de › deutschland ^ Andreas Birken: Das Sultanat Zanzibar im 19. Jahrhundert. Stuttgart 1971, S. 155. ^ Sultanate of the Geledi ^ a b c d Rolf Herzog: Reaktion einiger Somalistämme auf frühe Kolonialbestrebungen. 1975/77 (PDF; 997 kB) ^ Photomontage „Dr. Carl Peters erwarb ein riesiges Kolonialreich in Ostafrika“ Archived 1 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Bildbestand der Deutschen Kolonialgesellschaft in der Universitätsbibliothek Frankfurt am Main. ^ Norbert B. Wagner: Archiv des Deutschen Kolonialrechts (PDF; 1,9 MB). Brühl/Wesseling 2008, S. 366–370.
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brockhaus-Afrika-1887.jpg"},{"link_name":"German East Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_East_Africa"},{"link_name":"German East Africa Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_East_Africa_Company"},{"link_name":"Wituland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wituland"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Somaliland"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Somaliland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Areas of Somali coast labeled as property of German East Africa, 1887German colonial efforts on the Somali coast were pursued from 1885 to 1890. Representatives of the German East Africa Company signed friendship and protection treaties with local rulers in the coastal cities of Somalia in 1885 and 1886 with the aim of acquiring areas north of Wituland. In 1888 and 1890, respectively, the project, which overlapped with British and Italian claims, was abandoned.[1]","title":"German attempts to colonise the Somali Coast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mogadishu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu"},{"link_name":"Kismayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kismayo"},{"link_name":"Warsheikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsheikh"},{"link_name":"Merca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merca"},{"link_name":"Barawe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barawa"},{"link_name":"arid climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_climate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of the Geledi and Hiraab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_the_Geledi_and_Hiraab&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Northern Somali Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Somaliland"},{"link_name":"Puntland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puntland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herzog-4"},{"link_name":"Gerhard Rohlfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Rohlfs"},{"link_name":"Barghash bin Said","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barghash_bin_Said"},{"link_name":"Italians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy"}],"text":"Cities of importance on the 1800s Somali coast were Mogadishu, Kismayo, Warsheikh, Merca and Barawe. They were primarily trading cities, as agriculture was hardly possible in the immediate vicinity due to the region's arid climate[2] These port cities were under the rule of the Sultanate of the Geledi and Hiraab.[3] The British protectorate established in 1884 over the Northern Somali Coast in turn, troubled the Majerteen Sultans in present-day Puntland.[4] The African researcher and later consul Gerhard Rohlfs recommended German acquisitions on the Somali coast from 1882 in order to establish trade relations inland.German colonial agents now tried on the one hand to provide Sultan Barghash bin Said of Zanzibar for the provision or to push the lease of its Somali coastal places, and on the other hand to conclude trade agreements and alliances against Zanzibar with the Somali sultans in the hinterland of these coastal places. However, the Italians also had similar plans.","title":"Background and strategy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German East Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_East_Africa"},{"link_name":"Rovuma River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovuma_River"},{"link_name":"Cape Guardafui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Guardafui"},{"link_name":"Carl Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Peters"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Photomontage-5"}],"text":"The contracts concluded by representatives of society with Somali rulers should extend German East Africa to such an extent that it would have extended from the Rovuma River in the south along the entire East African coast to Cape Guardafui in the north. In February 1886, Carl Peters asked the German government for a protectorate for the entire Somali coast.[5]","title":"Northeast Somalia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"German-East African Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German-East_African_Society&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"hinterland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinterland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herzog-4"},{"link_name":"Bender Ziada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bender_Ziada&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Berbera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera"},{"link_name":"Mudug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudug"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herzog-4"}],"sub_title":"Hörnecke expedition in the Majerteen Sultanate","text":"In Aluula, near Cape Guardafui, an expedition group led by the government builder Gustav Hörnecke closed on 6 September 1885 a far-reaching friendship agreement with the local Sultan Bogor Osman Mahmoud Yusuf (1854-1927) from the Majerteen clan, who belong to the Darod clan family.The contract drawn up in German and Arabic (not in Somali) shows significant differences between the two language versions. While the German text refers to a protection treaty with the German Empire and land transfers to the German-East African Society, the Arabic text only mentions a treaty on friendship and support for society in the research and utilization of the hinterland.[4]The area of Sultan Osman affected by the treaty should extend from cape westwards to Bender Ziada, about 400 kilometers east of Berbera, and southwards to Cape Ras Assuad (near Hobyo, in the Mudug region). However, according to the German version, the contract area extended to the gates of the already British Berbera. Inland, the contract area would each extend 20 day trips (i.e. about 600 kilometers deep and thus into Ogaden).[4]","title":"Northeast Somalia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Aden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden"},{"link_name":"Trieste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trieste"},{"link_name":"Caluula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caluula"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herzog-4"},{"link_name":"Yusuf Ali Kenadid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_Ali_Kenadid"},{"link_name":"Warsheikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsheikh"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu"},{"link_name":"Oromia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wagner-6"}],"sub_title":"Anderten expedition in the Sultanate of Hobyo","text":"While Hörnecke returned to Berlin after concluding the contract via Aden and Trieste and two DOAG employees tried in vain to establish the contractually promised branch in Caluula, Hörnecke's adjutant, Lieutenant Claus von Anderten, had been commissioned to expand the contract area to the south.[4]With Osman's relative, Yusuf Ali Kenadid of Hobyo, Anderten closed the agreement on 26 November 1885, the German and Arabic versions of which differed similarly significantly. According to this follow-up contract, the Sultan subordinated the coastal area of the Abgal clan belonging to the Hawiya tribe south of Hobyo to the gates of Warsheikh (i.e. to about 80 kilometers north of Mogadishu). Inland, a length of 25 day trips to the borders of the Oromia area was planned this time (i.e. about 750 kilometers and thus deep again into Ogaden).[6]","title":"Northeast Somalia"}]
[{"image_text":"Areas of Somali coast labeled as property of German East Africa, 1887","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Brockhaus-Afrika-1887.jpg/250px-Brockhaus-Afrika-1887.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kennon
Robert F. Kennon
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 References","4 External links"]
American judge Bob Kennon48th Governor of LouisianaIn officeMay 13, 1952 – May 8, 1956LieutenantC. E. BarhamPreceded byEarl LongSucceeded byEarl LongChair of the National Governors AssociationIn officeJuly 11, 1954 – August 9, 1955Preceded byDaniel I. J. ThorntonSucceeded byArthur B. LanglieJudge of the Louisiana Second Circuit Court of AppealIn office1945–1952Preceded byHarmon Caldwell DrewSucceeded byJ. Frank McInnisAssociate Justice of the Louisiana Supreme CourtIn office1945–1946Preceded byArchibald T. HigginsSucceeded byE. Howard McCalebDistrict Attorney of Bossier and Webster ParishesIn officeDecember 6, 1930 – January 6, 1941Preceded byR. H. LeeSucceeded byGraydon Kitchens (Acting)Mayor of Minden, LouisianaIn office1926–1928Preceded byConnell FortSucceeded byHenry L. Bridges Personal detailsBornRobert Floyd Kennon(1902-08-21)August 21, 1902Dubberly, Louisiana, U.S.DiedJanuary 11, 1988(1988-01-11) (aged 85)Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.Political partyDemocraticSpouseEugenia SentellRelationsEdward Kennon (Nephew)Children3EducationLouisiana State University (BA, LLB)Military serviceAllegiance United StatesBranch/service United States ArmyRankColonelBattles/warsWorld War II Robert Floyd Kennon Sr. (August 21, 1902 – January 11, 1988), was an American politician and judge who served as the 48th governor of Louisiana, an associate justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court, a judge of the Louisiana Second Circuit Court of Appeal, the district attorney of Bossier Parish and Webster Parish, and mayor of Minden, Louisiana. During Kennon's governorship, he additionally served as chairman of the National Governors Association and chairman of the Council of State Governments. Early life Kennon was born near Minden, Louisiana. He graduated from Minden High School in 1919 and then went to Louisiana State University. While at LSU, Kennon played football and tennis. He completed his undergrad there in 1923 and his law degree there in 1925. Career In 1925, Kennon was elected mayor of Minden, Louisiana, at the age of 23. He served in that position until 1928. In 1930, he became district attorney for Bossier Parish. He served as a district attorney until 1940. He also served as district attorney in Webster Parish. Apparently he was attorney for both parishes at the same time. Kennon was elected to the 2nd circuit court of appeals in 1940. However, he instead of serving joined the United States military and did not take up active service as a judge until after World War II. While governor, Kennon reestablished the state civil service in Louisiana, which had been abolished by his predecessor Earl Long. He also advocated constitutional amendments to limit the power of the governor's office. He also worked to create home rule for New Orleans and end state government interference in local issues there. Other things Kennon did while governor were ensuring that every precinct had a voting machine while working to suppress illegal slot machines and gambling in the state. During Kennon's governorship, he additionally served as chairman of the National Governors Association from 1954 to 1955, and as chairman of the Council of State Governments in 1955. References ^ Masonic governors of Louisiana listing ^ bio connected with Louisiana State University papers of Kennon ^ ^ ^ Louisiana Secretary of State bio of Kennon ^ Louisiana Political Museum entry ^ "Former Governor Kennon dies", Minden Press-Herald, January 12, 1988, p. 1. External links Media related to Robert F. Kennon at Wikimedia Commons State of Louisiana - Biography Cemetery Memorial by La-Cemeteries Robert F. Kennon at Find a Grave Party political offices Preceded byEarl Long Democratic nominee for Governor of Louisiana 1952 Succeeded byEarl Long Political offices Preceded byEarl Long Governor of Louisiana 1952–1956 Succeeded byEarl Long Preceded byDaniel I. J. Thornton Chair of the National Governors Association 1954–1955 Succeeded byArthur B. Langlie vteGovernors of LouisianaState (1812–1861) Claiborne Villeré Robertson Thibodaux H. Johnson Derbigny Beauvais Dupré Roman White Roman Mouton I. Johnson Walker Hébert Wickliffe Moore Confederate (1861–1865) Moore H. Allen Union (1862–1865) Shepley Hahn Reconstruction (1865–1868) Wells Flanders Baker State (since 1868) Warmoth Pinchback J. McEnery Kellogg Packard Nicholls Wiltz S. McEnery Nicholls M. J. Foster Heard Blanchard Sanders Hall Pleasant Parker Fuqua Simpson H. Long King O. Allen Noe Leche E. Long Jones Davis E. Long Kennon E. Long Davis McKeithen E. Edwards Treen E. Edwards Roemer E. Edwards M. Foster Blanco Jindal J. Edwards Landry vteChairs of the National Governors Association Willson McGovern Walsh Spry Capper Harrington Allen Sproul Cox Trinkle Brewster McMullen Dern Case Pollard Rolph McNutt Peery Cochran Stark Vanderbilt Stassen O'Conor Saltonstall Maw Martin Caldwell Hildreth Hunt Lane Carlson Lausche Peterson Shivers Thornton Kennon Langlie Stanley Stratton Collins Boggs McNichols Powell Rosellini Anderson Sawyer Reed Guy Volpe Ellington Love Hearnes Moore Mandel Evans Rampton Ray Andrus Askew Milliken Carroll Bowen Busbee Snelling Matheson J. Thompson Carlin Alexander Clinton Sununu Baliles Branstad Gardner Ashcroft Romer Campbell Dean T. Thompson Miller Voinovich Carper Leavitt Glendening Engler Patton Kempthorne Warner Huckabee Napolitano Pawlenty Rendell Douglas Manchin Gregoire Heineman Markell Fallin Hickenlooper Herbert McAuliffe Sandoval Bullock Hogan Cuomo Hutchinson Murphy Cox vteLouisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame1990s1993 Hale Boggs William C. C. Claiborne Jimmie Davis Pap Dean Edwin Edwards Dudley LeBlanc Earl Long Huey Long Russell B. Long 1994 A. Leonard Allen Lindy Boggs Victor Bussie Allen J. Ellender Gillis William Long 1995 Camille Gravel Sam Hanna Sr. deLesseps Story Morrison Zachary Taylor Edward Douglass White 1996 Louis Berry James Carville Mary Evelyn Parker Leander Perez Gus Weill 1997 Oscar K. Allen Murphy J. Foster J. Bennett Johnston Melinda Schwegmann David C. Treen 1998 Speedy Long John H. Overton Joe Waggonner T. Harry Williams 1999 Cat Doucet Jimmy Fitzmorris Douglas Fowler Iris Kelso Ed Renwick 2000s2000 Jefferson Caffery William J. Jefferson Jeannette Knoll Jimmy D. Long Buddy Roemer 2001 Wiley W. Hilburn Robert F. Kennon Harry Lee Harold McSween Wade O. Martin Jr. Victor H. Schiro 2002 Jesse Bankston Kenny Bowen Harley Bozeman Nathan Burl Cain Bill Dodd Francis Grevemberg John Hainkel Henson Moore Joe Sampite Lillian Walker 2003 John Alario John Breaux Jay Chevalier Harry Connick Sr. Mike Foster Carolyn Huntoon Raymond Laborde Bob Livingston Richard Stalder Billy Tauzin 2004 Billy Boles Charles W. DeWitt Jr. Dudley A. Guglielmo Moon Landrieu Edgar G. "Sonny" Mouton Jr. Doris Lindsey Holland Rhodes Virginia Shehee Jack Wardlaw 2005 Robert W. Bates Carlos Roberto Flores Mary Flake Flores Eddie J. Jordan Jr. Curtis Joubert Barbara Boggs Sigmund Francis C. Thompson 2006 Kathleen Babineaux Blanco Charlie Cook Sylvan Friedman Donald E. Hines W. Fox McKeithen Cecil J. Picard Vic Stelly 2007 Diana E. Bajoie Sally Clausen Charles deGravelles Virginia deGravelles Hunt Downer Theodore "Ted" Jones Mary Landrieu Sean O'Keefe 2008 Richard Baker Bobby Freeman Melvin "Kip" Holden James A. Joseph Donald G. Kelly John LaPlante Bob Odom Ned Randolph Joe R. Salter 2009 Al Ater Foster Campbell Chris John Walter Lee Jessel Ourso Patrick F. Taylor 2010s2010 Rodney Alexander Randy Ewing Charlton Lyons Samuel B. Nunez Jr. William Nungesser Risley C. Triche 2011 James H. Brown Lucille May Grace Catherine D. Kimball J. Kelly Nix Ralph Perlman Charlie Smith 2012 Fred Baden Felix Edward Hébert E. L. Henry Jerry Huckaby Adras LaBorde Billy Montgomery 2013 Charles C. Barham Leonard J. Chabert Marty J. Chabert Norby Chabert George Dement Leonard R. "Pop" Hataway Angelo Roppolo Raymond Strother 2014 J. Marshall Brown John Bel Edwards John B. Fournet Richard P. "Dick" Guidry John S. Hunt II Rose McConnell Long Robert "Bob" Mann Harvey Peltier Jr. 2015 Peppi Bruneau Buddy Caldwell Juba Diez Noble Ellington John Maginnis Charles A. Marvin Scott family: Albin Provosty, Nauman Scott and Jock Scott 2016 Boysie Bollinger Randy K. Haynie Richard Ieyoub Sam Houston Jones John Mamoulides Braxton Moody III Kaliste Saloom Jr. 2017 Jim Beam Jimmy Dimos T. J. Jemison Maurice Mapes Dave Norris 2018 Avery Alexander Jay Dardenne Quentin Dastugue James Gill Charles D. Lancaster Jr. 2019 Raymond Blanco Marion Edwards Paul Hardy Ron Gomez Richard Zuschlag Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Other SNAC This biography of a state judge in Louisiana is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a Louisiana politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"governor of Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"associate justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_justice_of_the_Louisiana_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Louisiana Second Circuit Court of Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Second_Circuit_Court_of_Appeal"},{"link_name":"district attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_attorney"},{"link_name":"Bossier Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bossier_Parish"},{"link_name":"Webster Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webster_Parish"},{"link_name":"Minden, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minden,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"National Governors Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Governors_Association"},{"link_name":"Council of State Governments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_State_Governments"}],"text":"Robert Floyd Kennon Sr. (August 21, 1902 – January 11, 1988), was an American politician and judge who served as the 48th governor of Louisiana, an associate justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court, a judge of the Louisiana Second Circuit Court of Appeal, the district attorney of Bossier Parish and Webster Parish, and mayor of Minden, Louisiana. During Kennon's governorship, he additionally served as chairman of the National Governors Association and chairman of the Council of State Governments.","title":"Robert F. Kennon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minden High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minden_High_School_(Minden,_Louisiana)"},{"link_name":"Louisiana State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Kennon was born near Minden, Louisiana. He graduated from Minden High School in 1919 and then went to Louisiana State University. While at LSU, Kennon played football and tennis.[1] He completed his undergrad there in 1923 and his law degree there in 1925.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"district attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_attorney"},{"link_name":"Bossier Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bossier_Parish,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Webster Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webster_Parish,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"civil service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service"},{"link_name":"Earl Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Long"},{"link_name":"home rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_rule"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Council of State Governments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_State_Governments"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 1925, Kennon was elected mayor of Minden, Louisiana, at the age of 23. He served in that position until 1928. In 1930, he became district attorney for Bossier Parish. He served as a district attorney until 1940. He also served as district attorney in Webster Parish. Apparently he was attorney for both parishes at the same time.[3]Kennon was elected to the 2nd circuit court of appeals in 1940. However, he instead of serving joined the United States military and did not take up active service as a judge until after World War II.[4]While governor, Kennon reestablished the state civil service in Louisiana, which had been abolished by his predecessor Earl Long. He also advocated constitutional amendments to limit the power of the governor's office. He also worked to create home rule for New Orleans and end state government interference in local issues there.[5] Other things Kennon did while governor were ensuring that every precinct had a voting machine while working to suppress illegal slot machines and gambling in the state.[6] During Kennon's governorship, he additionally served as chairman of the National Governors Association from 1954 to 1955, and as chairman of the Council of State Governments in 1955.[7]","title":"Career"}]
[]
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[]
[{"Link":"http://library.la-mason.com/GovernorExhibit/Kennon.html","external_links_name":"Masonic governors of Louisiana listing"},{"Link":"https://www.lib.lsu.edu/sites/default/files/sc/findaid/2719.pdf","external_links_name":"bio connected with Louisiana State University papers of Kennon"},{"Link":"https://www.sos.la.gov/HistoricalResources/AboutLouisiana/LouisianaGovernors1877-Present/Pages/RobertFKennon.aspx","external_links_name":"Louisiana Secretary of State bio of Kennon"},{"Link":"https://lapoliticalmuseum.com/inductee/robert-kennon/","external_links_name":"Louisiana Political Museum entry"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100527151911/http://www.sos.louisiana.gov/tabid/405/Default.aspx","external_links_name":"State of Louisiana - Biography"},{"Link":"http://www.la-cemeteries.com/Governors/Kennon,%20Robert%20F/Kennon,%20Robert%20Floyd.shtml","external_links_name":"Cemetery Memorial"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/5772642","external_links_name":"Robert F. Kennon"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1898365/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/41158743","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbttr4FWMxCjQXjgkyrv3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1173338802","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n98077275","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6514dc4","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_F._Kennon&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_F._Kennon&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobi_matrix_(operator)
Jacobi operator
["1 Self-adjoint Jacobi operators","2 Applications","3 Generalizations","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
"Jacobi matrix (operator)" redirects here. For a similar term, see Jacobian matrix. A Jacobi operator, also known as Jacobi matrix, is a symmetric linear operator acting on sequences which is given by an infinite tridiagonal matrix. It is commonly used to specify systems of orthonormal polynomials over a finite, positive Borel measure. This operator is named after Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi. The name derives from a theorem from Jacobi, dating to 1848, stating that every symmetric matrix over a principal ideal domain is congruent to a tridiagonal matrix. Self-adjoint Jacobi operators The most important case is the one of self-adjoint Jacobi operators acting on the Hilbert space of square summable sequences over the positive integers ℓ 2 ( N ) {\displaystyle \ell ^{2}(\mathbb {N} )} . In this case it is given by J f 0 = a 0 f 1 + b 0 f 0 , J f n = a n f n + 1 + b n f n + a n − 1 f n − 1 , n > 0 , {\displaystyle Jf_{0}=a_{0}f_{1}+b_{0}f_{0},\quad Jf_{n}=a_{n}f_{n+1}+b_{n}f_{n}+a_{n-1}f_{n-1},\quad n>0,} where the coefficients are assumed to satisfy a n > 0 , b n ∈ R . {\displaystyle a_{n}>0,\quad b_{n}\in \mathbb {R} .} The operator will be bounded if and only if the coefficients are bounded. There are close connections with the theory of orthogonal polynomials. In fact, the solution p n ( x ) {\displaystyle p_{n}(x)} of the recurrence relation J p n ( x ) = x p n ( x ) , p 0 ( x ) = 1  and  p − 1 ( x ) = 0 , {\displaystyle J\,p_{n}(x)=x\,p_{n}(x),\qquad p_{0}(x)=1{\text{ and }}p_{-1}(x)=0,} is a polynomial of degree n and these polynomials are orthonormal with respect to the spectral measure corresponding to the first basis vector δ 1 , n {\displaystyle \delta _{1,n}} . This recurrence relation is also commonly written as x p n ( x ) = a n + 1 p n + 1 ( x ) + b n p n ( x ) + a n p n − 1 ( x ) {\displaystyle xp_{n}(x)=a_{n+1}p_{n+1}(x)+b_{n}p_{n}(x)+a_{n}p_{n-1}(x)} Applications It arises in many areas of mathematics and physics. The case a(n) = 1 is known as the discrete one-dimensional Schrödinger operator. It also arises in: The Lax pair of the Toda lattice. The three-term recurrence relationship of orthogonal polynomials, orthogonal over a positive and finite Borel measure. Algorithms devised to calculate Gaussian quadrature rules, derived from systems of orthogonal polynomials. Generalizations When one considers Bergman space, namely the space of square-integrable holomorphic functions over some domain, then, under general circumstances, one can give that space a basis of orthogonal polynomials, the Bergman polynomials. In this case, the analog of the tridiagonal Jacobi operator is a Hessenberg operator – an infinite-dimensional Hessenberg matrix. The system of orthogonal polynomials is given by z p n ( z ) = ∑ k = 0 n + 1 D k n p k ( z ) {\displaystyle zp_{n}(z)=\sum _{k=0}^{n+1}D_{kn}p_{k}(z)} and p 0 ( z ) = 1 {\displaystyle p_{0}(z)=1} . Here, D is the Hessenberg operator that generalizes the tridiagonal Jacobi operator J for this situation. Note that D is the right-shift operator on the Bergman space: that is, it is given by [ D f ] ( z ) = z f ( z ) {\displaystyle (z)=zf(z)} The zeros of the Bergman polynomial p n ( z ) {\displaystyle p_{n}(z)} correspond to the eigenvalues of the principal n × n {\displaystyle n\times n} submatrix of D. That is, The Bergman polynomials are the characteristic polynomials for the principal submatrices of the shift operator. See also Hankel matrix References ^ Meurant, Gérard; Sommariva, Alvise (2014). "Fast variants of the Golub and Welsch algorithm for symmetric weight functions in Matlab" (PDF). Numerical Algorithms. 67 (3): 491–506. doi:10.1007/s11075-013-9804-x. S2CID 7385259. ^ Tomeo, V.; Torrano, E. (2011). "Two applications of the subnormality of the Hessenberg matrix related to general orthogonal polynomials" (PDF). Linear Algebra and Its Applications. 435 (9): 2314–2320. doi:10.1016/j.laa.2011.04.027. ^ Saff, Edward B.; Stylianopoulos, Nikos (2014). "Asymptotics for Hessenberg matrices for the Bergman shift operator on Jordan regions". Complex Analysis and Operator Theory. 8 (1): 1–24. arXiv:1205.4183. doi:10.1007/s11785-012-0252-8. MR 3147709. ^ Escribano, Carmen; Giraldo, Antonio; Sastre, M. Asunción; Torrano, Emilio (2013). "The Hessenberg matrix and the Riemann mapping function". Advances in Computational Mathematics. 39 (3–4): 525–545. arXiv:1107.6036. doi:10.1007/s10444-012-9291-y. MR 3116040. Teschl, Gerald (2000), Jacobi Operators and Completely Integrable Nonlinear Lattices, Providence: Amer. Math. Soc., ISBN 0-8218-1940-2 External links "Jacobi matrix", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacobian matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobian_matrix"},{"link_name":"linear operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_operator"},{"link_name":"sequences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence"},{"link_name":"tridiagonal matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridiagonal_matrix"},{"link_name":"orthonormal polynomials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_polynomials"},{"link_name":"Borel measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borel_measure"},{"link_name":"Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi"},{"link_name":"symmetric matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_matrix"},{"link_name":"principal ideal domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_ideal_domain"}],"text":"\"Jacobi matrix (operator)\" redirects here. For a similar term, see Jacobian matrix.A Jacobi operator, also known as Jacobi matrix, is a symmetric linear operator acting on sequences which is given by an infinite tridiagonal matrix. It is commonly used to specify systems of orthonormal polynomials over a finite, positive Borel measure. This operator is named after Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi.The name derives from a theorem from Jacobi, dating to 1848, stating that every symmetric matrix over a principal ideal domain is congruent to a tridiagonal matrix.","title":"Jacobi operator"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hilbert space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert_space"},{"link_name":"positive integers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_integers"},{"link_name":"orthogonal polynomials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_polynomials"},{"link_name":"recurrence relation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurrence_relation"},{"link_name":"orthonormal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthonormal"},{"link_name":"spectral measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_measure"}],"text":"The most important case is the one of self-adjoint Jacobi operators acting on the Hilbert space of square summable sequences over the positive integers \n \n \n \n \n ℓ\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n N\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ell ^{2}(\\mathbb {N} )}\n \n. In this case it is given byJ\n \n f\n \n 0\n \n \n =\n \n a\n \n 0\n \n \n \n f\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n b\n \n 0\n \n \n \n f\n \n 0\n \n \n ,\n \n J\n \n f\n \n n\n \n \n =\n \n a\n \n n\n \n \n \n f\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n +\n \n b\n \n n\n \n \n \n f\n \n n\n \n \n +\n \n a\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n f\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n n\n >\n 0\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Jf_{0}=a_{0}f_{1}+b_{0}f_{0},\\quad Jf_{n}=a_{n}f_{n+1}+b_{n}f_{n}+a_{n-1}f_{n-1},\\quad n>0,}where the coefficients are assumed to satisfya\n \n n\n \n \n >\n 0\n ,\n \n \n b\n \n n\n \n \n ∈\n \n R\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a_{n}>0,\\quad b_{n}\\in \\mathbb {R} .}The operator will be bounded if and only if the coefficients are bounded.There are close connections with the theory of orthogonal polynomials. In fact, the solution \n \n \n \n \n p\n \n n\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p_{n}(x)}\n \n of the recurrence relationJ\n \n \n p\n \n n\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n =\n x\n \n \n p\n \n n\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n ,\n \n \n p\n \n 0\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n =\n 1\n \n  and \n \n \n p\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n =\n 0\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle J\\,p_{n}(x)=x\\,p_{n}(x),\\qquad p_{0}(x)=1{\\text{ and }}p_{-1}(x)=0,}is a polynomial of degree n and these polynomials are orthonormal with respect to the spectral measure corresponding to the first basis vector \n \n \n \n \n δ\n \n 1\n ,\n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\delta _{1,n}}\n \n.This recurrence relation is also commonly written asx\n \n p\n \n n\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n a\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n p\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n +\n \n b\n \n n\n \n \n \n p\n \n n\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n +\n \n a\n \n n\n \n \n \n p\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle xp_{n}(x)=a_{n+1}p_{n+1}(x)+b_{n}p_{n}(x)+a_{n}p_{n-1}(x)}","title":"Self-adjoint Jacobi operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Schrödinger operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_operator"},{"link_name":"Lax pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lax_pair"},{"link_name":"Toda lattice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toda_lattice"},{"link_name":"orthogonal polynomials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_polynomials"},{"link_name":"Borel measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borel_measure"},{"link_name":"Gaussian quadrature rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_quadrature"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"It arises in many areas of mathematics and physics. The case a(n) = 1 is known as the discrete one-dimensional Schrödinger operator. It also arises in:The Lax pair of the Toda lattice.\nThe three-term recurrence relationship of orthogonal polynomials, orthogonal over a positive and finite Borel measure.\nAlgorithms devised to calculate Gaussian quadrature rules, derived from systems of orthogonal polynomials.[1]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bergman space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergman_space"},{"link_name":"square-integrable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square-integrable"},{"link_name":"holomorphic functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holomorphic_functions"},{"link_name":"Bergman polynomials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bergman_polynomial&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hessenberg operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hessenberg_operator&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hessenberg matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessenberg_matrix"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"shift operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift_operator"},{"link_name":"eigenvalues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvalue"},{"link_name":"characteristic polynomials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_polynomial"}],"text":"When one considers Bergman space, namely the space of square-integrable holomorphic functions over some domain, then, under general circumstances, one can give that space a basis of orthogonal polynomials, the Bergman polynomials. In this case, the analog of the tridiagonal Jacobi operator is a Hessenberg operator – an infinite-dimensional Hessenberg matrix. The system of orthogonal polynomials is given byz\n \n p\n \n n\n \n \n (\n z\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n D\n \n k\n n\n \n \n \n p\n \n k\n \n \n (\n z\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle zp_{n}(z)=\\sum _{k=0}^{n+1}D_{kn}p_{k}(z)}and \n \n \n \n \n p\n \n 0\n \n \n (\n z\n )\n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p_{0}(z)=1}\n \n. Here, D is the Hessenberg operator that generalizes the tridiagonal Jacobi operator J for this situation.[2][3][4] Note that D is the right-shift operator on the Bergman space: that is, it is given by[\n D\n f\n ]\n (\n z\n )\n =\n z\n f\n (\n z\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [Df](z)=zf(z)}The zeros of the Bergman polynomial \n \n \n \n \n p\n \n n\n \n \n (\n z\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p_{n}(z)}\n \n correspond to the eigenvalues of the principal \n \n \n \n n\n ×\n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n\\times n}\n \n submatrix of D. That is, The Bergman polynomials are the characteristic polynomials for the principal submatrices of the shift operator.","title":"Generalizations"}]
[]
[{"title":"Hankel matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hankel_matrix"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_consort_of_Cyprus
List of Cypriot royal consorts
["1 Empress and Despoina in Cyprus","1.1 Komnenoi dynasty, 1184–1191","2 Consort of Cyprus","2.1 House of Lusignan, 1192–1489","3 See also","4 Notes","5 Sources"]
See also: Kingdom of Cyprus "Queen of Cyprus" redirects here. For Queen regnant of Cyprus, see King of Cyprus. Empress and Despoina in Cyprus Byzantine titles did not have any territorial qualification, so there were no Emperors or Despots of Cyprus Komnenoi dynasty, 1184–1191 Picture Name Father Birth Marriage Became Empress Ceased to be Empress Death Spouse Unnamed Thoros II, Prince of Armenia (Rubenids) 1150–1164 1175/76 1184became Despoina1185became Empress before 1185 Isaac Komnenos Unnamed William I of Sicily (Hauteville) - 1185/86 1 June 1191Richard the Lionheart's conquest, husband's desposition - Consort of Cyprus House of Lusignan, 1192–1489 Picture Name Father Birth Marriage Became Queen Ceased to be Queen Death Spouse Eschive d'Ibelin Baldwin d'Ibelin, Lord of Rama (Ibelin) 1160 before 29 October 1175 18 July 1194husband's accession Winter 1196–1197 Amalric I Isabella I of Jerusalem Amalric I of Jerusalem (Anjou) 1172 January 1198 1 April 1205husband's death 5 April 1205 Alice of Champagne Henry II, Count of Champagne (Blois) 1195/1196 before September 1210 10 January 1218husband's death 1246 Hugh I Alix of Montferrat William VI, Marquess of Montferrat (Aleramici) 1210/1215 May 1229 December 1232-May 1233 Henry I Stephanie of Lampron Constantine of Lampron, Lord of Barbaron and Partzerpert (Lampron) 1220/1225 before 17 November 1237 1 April/September 1249 Plaisance of Antioch Bohemond V of Antioch (Ramnulfids) 1235–1238 September 1250 10 Jan 1253husband's death 27/22 September 1261 Isabella d'Ibelin, Lady of Beirut John II d'Ibelin, Lord of Beirut (Ibelin) 1252 12 May 1265 5 December 1267husband's death before November 1283 Hugh II Isabella d'Ibelin Guy d'Ibelin, constable of Cyprus (Ibelin) 1241/42 after 23 January 1255 5 December 1267husband's accession 24 March 1284husband's death 2 June 1324 Hugh III Constance of Sicily Frederick III of Sicily (Barcelona) 1307 16 October 1317 31 August 1324husband's death after 19 June 1344 Henry II Alix d'Ibelin Guy d'Ibelin, Lord of Nicosia (Ibelin) 1304/06 18 Jun 1318 (date of Papal dispensation) 31 March 1324husband's accession 24 November 1358husband's abdication after 6 August 1386 Hugh IV Eleanor of Aragon Infante Pedro, Count of Ribagorça and Prades (Barcelona) 1333 September 1353 24 November 1358 husband's accession 17 January 1369husband's assassination 26 December 1416 Peter I Valentina Visconti Bernabò Visconti (Visconti) 1360/1362 July/August 1378 13 October 1382husband's death before September 1393 Peter II Helvis of Brunswick-Grubenhagen Philip of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, Constable of Jerusalem(Welf) 1353 1 May 1365 13 October 1382husband's accession 9 September 1398husband's death 15/25 January 1421 James I Anglesia Visconti Bernabò Visconti, Lord of Milan(Visconti) 1377 after January 1400 1407-1409divorce 12 October 1439 Janus Charlotte de Bourbon-La Marche John I, Count of La Marche(Bourbon-La Marche) 1388 25 August 1411 15 January 1422 Amadea Palaiologina of Monferrato John Jacob Palaeologus, Marquess of Montferrat(Palaiologoi) 1418/20 or 3 August 1429 3 July 1440 13 September 1440 John II Helena Palaiologina Theodore II Palaiologos, Lord of Morea(Palaiologoi) 3 February 1428 3 February 1442 11 April 1458 Louis of Savoy, Count of Geneva(also co-ruler) Louis, Duke of Savoy(Savoy) 5 June 1436 or 1 April 1437 4 October 1459 1464wife's deposition 16 July 1482 Charlotte Catherine Cornaro Marco Cornaro (Cornaro) 25 November 1454 December 1472 10 July 1473husband's death; later became regent then queen regnant 10 July 1510 James II See also List of Latin Empresses Princess of Antioch Notes ^ a b Also Queen consort of Jerusalem. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Also Claimant Queen consort of Jerusalem. ^ Also Countess consort of Tripoli. ^ a b c d e f Also Claimant Queen consort of Armenia. Sources vteRoyal consorts of the Kingdom of Cyprus Eschiva of Ibelin Isabella I of Jerusalem Alice of Champagne Alice of Montferrat Stephanie of Lampron Plaisance of Antioch Isabella, Lady of Beirut Isabella of Ibelin Constance of Sicily Alice of Ibelin Eleanor of Aragon Valentina Visconti Helvis of Brunswick-Grubenhagen Anglesia Visconti Charlotte of Bourbon Amadea Palaiologina of Montferrat Helena Palaiologina Catherine Cornaro
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For Queen regnant of Cyprus, see King of Cyprus.","title":"List of Cypriot royal consorts"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Byzantine titles did not have any territorial qualification, so there were no Emperors or Despots of Cyprus","title":"Empress and Despoina in Cyprus"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Komnenoi dynasty, 1184–1191","title":"Empress and Despoina in Cyprus"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Consort of Cyprus"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"House of Lusignan, 1192–1489","title":"Consort of Cyprus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jerusalem1_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jerusalem1_1-1"},{"link_name":"Queen consort of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_consort_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jerusalem2_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jerusalem2_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jerusalem2_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jerusalem2_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jerusalem2_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jerusalem2_2-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jerusalem2_2-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jerusalem2_2-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jerusalem2_2-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jerusalem2_2-9"},{"link_name":"Queen consort of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_consort_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tripoli_3-0"},{"link_name":"Countess consort of Tripoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countess_consort_of_Tripoli"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Armenia_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Armenia_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Armenia_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Armenia_4-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Armenia_4-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Armenia_4-5"},{"link_name":"Queen consort of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_consort_of_Armenia"}],"text":"^ a b Also Queen consort of Jerusalem.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j Also Claimant Queen consort of Jerusalem.\n\n^ Also Countess consort of Tripoli.\n\n^ a b c d e f Also Claimant Queen consort of Armenia.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cypriot_royal_consorts"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cypriot_royal_consorts"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cypriot_royal_consorts"},{"link_name":"Royal consorts of the Kingdom of Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Eschiva of Ibelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschiva_of_Ibelin_(died_1196)"},{"link_name":"Isabella I of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Alice of Champagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_of_Champagne"},{"link_name":"Alice of Montferrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_of_Montferrat"},{"link_name":"Stephanie of Lampron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_of_Lampron"},{"link_name":"Plaisance of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaisance_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Isabella, Lady of Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella,_Lady_of_Beirut"},{"link_name":"Isabella of Ibelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_Ibelin,_Queen_of_Cyprus_and_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Constance of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_of_Sicily,_Queen_of_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Alice of Ibelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_of_Ibelin"},{"link_name":"Eleanor of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Valentina Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentina_Visconti,_Queen_of_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Helvis of Brunswick-Grubenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helvis_of_Brunswick-Grubenhagen"},{"link_name":"Anglesia Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglesia_Visconti"},{"link_name":"Charlotte of Bourbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_of_Bourbon,_Queen_of_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Amadea Palaiologina of Montferrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadea_Palaiologina_of_Montferrat"},{"link_name":"Helena Palaiologina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Palaiologina"},{"link_name":"Catherine Cornaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Cornaro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armoiries_Chypre.svg"}],"text":"vteRoyal consorts of the Kingdom of Cyprus\nEschiva of Ibelin\nIsabella I of Jerusalem\nAlice of Champagne\nAlice of Montferrat\nStephanie of Lampron\nPlaisance of Antioch\nIsabella, Lady of Beirut\nIsabella of Ibelin\nConstance of Sicily\nAlice of Ibelin\nEleanor of Aragon\nValentina Visconti\nHelvis of Brunswick-Grubenhagen\nAnglesia Visconti\nCharlotte of Bourbon\nAmadea Palaiologina of Montferrat\nHelena Palaiologina\nCatherine Cornaro","title":"Sources"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of Latin Empresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin_Empresses"},{"title":"Princess of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_of_Antioch"}]
[]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbright-Hays_Act_of_1961
Fulbright–Hays Act of 1961
["1 Purpose","2 United States Congressional Authorizations and Declarations","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","5.1 Cross-Cultural Educational Exchange","5.2 Resources of U.S. Federal Organizations","5.3 Narrations of John F. Kennedy regarding Governance of U.S. Educational Exchange Programs","6 External links"]
US foreign policy law President John F. Kennedy signs the Fulbright-Hays Act on September 21, 1961Fulbright–Hays Act of 1961Long titleAn Act to provide for the improvement and strengthening of the international relations of the United States by promoting better mutual understanding among the peoples of the world through educational and cultural exchanges.Acronyms (colloquial)MECEANicknamesMutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961Enacted bythe 87th United States CongressEffectiveSeptember 21, 1961CitationsPublic law87–256Statutes at Large75 Stat. 527CodificationTitles amended22 U.S.C.: Foreign Relations and IntercourseU.S.C. sections amended22 U.S.C. ch. 33 § 2451 et seq.Legislative historyIntroduced in the House as H.R. 8666 by Wayne Hays (D–OH) on August 31, 1961Committee consideration by House Foreign Affairs, Senate Foreign RelationsPassed the Senate on July 14, 1961 (79-5, in lieu of S. 1154)Passed the House on September 6, 1961 (329-66)Reported by the joint conference committee on September 15, 1961; agreed to by the Senate on September 15, 1961 (Agreed) and by the House on September 16, 1961 (Agreed)Signed into law by President John F. Kennedy on September 21, 1961 The Fulbright–Hays Act of 1961 is officially known as the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961 (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 87–256, 75 Stat. 527). It was marshalled by United States Senator J. William Fulbright (D-AR) and passed by the 87th United States Congress on September 16, 1961, the same month the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 and Peace Corps Act of 1961 were enacted. The legislation was enacted into law by the president John F. Kennedy on September 21, 1961. Purpose As the preamble of the Fulbright–Hays Act of 1961 states: The purpose of this chapter is to enable the Government of the United States to increase mutual understanding between the people of the United States and the people of other countries by means of educational and cultural exchange; to strengthen the ties which unite us with other nations by demonstrating the educational and cultural interests, developments, and achievements of the people of the United States and other nations, and the contributions being made toward a peaceful and more fruitful life for people throughout the world; to promote international cooperation for educational and cultural advancement; and thus to assist in the development of friendly, sympathetic, and peaceful relations between the United States and the other countries of the world. United States Congressional Authorizations and Declarations U.S. Statutes regarding the Educational and Cultural Exchange Act, 1961 Date of Enactment Public Law No. U.S. Statute U.S. Bill No. U.S. Presidential Administration October 29, 1966 P.L. 89-698 80 Stat. 1066 H.R. 14643 Lyndon B. Johnson November 5, 1966 P.L. 89-766 80 Stat. 1314 S. 1760 Lyndon B. Johnson July 13, 1972 P.L. 92-352 86 Stat. 489 H.R. 14734 Richard Nixon October 26, 1974 P.L. 93-475 88 Stat. 1439 S. 3473 Gerald Ford July 12, 1976 P.L. 94-350 90 Stat. 823 S. 3168 Gerald Ford August 17, 1977 P.L. 95-105 91 Stat. 844 H.R. 6689 Jimmy Carter August 15, 1979 P.L. 96-60 93 Stat. 395 H.R. 3363 Jimmy Carter August 16, 1985 P.L. 99-93 99 Stat. 405 H.R. 2068 Ronald Reagan December 22, 1987 P.L. 100-204 101 Stat. 1331 H.R. 1777 Ronald Reagan February 16, 1990 P.L. 101-246 104 Stat. 15 H.R. 3792 George H. W. Bush October 28, 1991 P.L. 102-138 105 Stat. 647 H.R. 1415 George H. W. Bush April 30, 1994 P.L. 103-236 108 Stat. 382 H.R. 2333 William J. Clinton October 21, 1998 P.L. 105-277 112 Stat. 2681 H.R. 4328 William J. Clinton November 28, 2001 P.L. 107-77 115 Stat. 748 H.R. 2500 George W. Bush September 30, 2002 P.L. 107-228 116 Stat. 1350 H.R. 1646 George W. Bush See also Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs U.S. Cultural Exchange Programs Fulbright Program United States Information Agency Student & Exchange Visitor Program World Festival of Youth and Students Fulbright Act of 1946 U.S. Educational Exchange Act, 1948 Lacy-Zarubin Agreement of 1958 National Defense Education Act, 1958 FRIENDSHIP Act of 1993 References ^ "Bill signing - H.R. 8666 Public Law 87-256, Fulbright-Hays Act, 5:15PM". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. September 21, 1961. ^ Kennedy, John J. (September 21, 1961). "Remarks Upon Signing the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act - September 21, 1961". Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. p. 614. ^ "Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961" (PDF). Retrieved July 25, 2008. Further reading Cross-Cultural Educational Exchange Allen, Edward D. (December 1957). "Why Not Student Exchanges at the High School Level?". The French Review. 31 (2). American Association of Teachers of French: 136–140. JSTOR 383541. Bu, Liping (December 1999). "Educational Exchange and Cultural Diplomacy in the Cold War". Journal of American Studies. 33 (3). Cambridge University Press: 393–415. doi:10.1017/S0021875899006167. S2CID 145246782. Füssl, Karl-Heinz (2004). "Between Elitism and Educational Reform - German-American Exchange Programs, 1945-1970". The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945–1990. The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945–1990: A Handbook. Cambridge University Press. pp. 409–416. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139052436.048. ISBN 978-0-521-79112-0. Snow, Nancy (March 2008). "International Exchanges and the U.S. Image". American Academy of Political and Social Science. 616 (1). SAGE Publications: 198–222. doi:10.1177/0002716207311864. S2CID 145784272. Risso, L. (February 2010). "The Cold War and the United States Information Agency: American Propaganda and Public Diplomacy, 1945–1989". The English Historical Review. 125 (512). Oxford University Press: 246–248. doi:10.1093/ehr/cep373. Lebovic, Sam (April 2013). "From War Junk to Educational Exchange: The World War II Origins of the Fulbright Program and the Foundations of American Cultural Globalism, 1945-1950". Diplomatic History. 37 (2). Oxford University Press: 280–312. doi:10.1093/dh/dht002. JSTOR 44254519. Scribner, Campbell F. (November 2017). "American Teenagers, Educational Exchange, and Cold War Politics". History of Education Quarterly. 57 (4). History of Education Society: 542–569. doi:10.1017/heq.2017.31. S2CID 148615524. Resources of U.S. Federal Organizations "Title 22: Chapter 33 ~ Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Program" (PDF). Office of Post-Secondary Education ~ Fulbright-Hays Programs. U.S. Department of Education. "The United States at the Brussels Universal and International Exhibition 1958" (PDF). U.S. Department of State. May 30, 1959. OCLC 39661089 – via Expo 58. U.S. Department of State (August 14, 1967). "ERIC ED019025: Annual Report to the Congress on the International Educational and Cultural Exchange Program ~ Fiscal Year 1966". Internet Archive. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare – via Education Resources Information Center. Rosen, Seymour M. (January 1971). "ERIC ED058121: Soviet Programs in International Education". Internet Archive. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare – via Education Resources Information Center. U.S. Department of State (December 1971). "ERIC ED120071: A Quarter Century: The American Adventure in Academic Exchange" . Internet Archive. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare – via Education Resources Information Center. Byers, Philip P. (June 1972). "ERIC ED089592: The German-American Conference on Educational Exchange". Internet Archive. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare – via Education Resources Information Center. "U.S. Government Exchange Programs Are Not Being Coordinated in Japan and India" . U.S. GAO: Office of Public Affairs. U.S. Government Accountability Office. March 30, 1981. National Institute of Education (November 15, 1983). "ERIC ED246761: International Education, Foreign Exchange and Scholarships" . Internet Archive. U.S. Department of Education – via Education Resources Information Center. "Exchange Programs: Observations on International Educational, Cultural, and Training Exchange Programs" . U.S. GAO: Office of Public Affairs. U.S. Government Accountability Office. March 23, 1993. "Exchange Programs: Inventory of International Educational, Cultural, and Training Programs" . U.S. GAO: Office of Public Affairs. U.S. Government Accountability Office. June 23, 1993. Narrations of John F. Kennedy regarding Governance of U.S. Educational Exchange Programs American Educational Exchange, Foreign Students, and U.S. President John F. Kennedy "John F. Kennedy ~ Loyola College Annual Alumni Banquet, Baltimore, Maryland, 18 February 1958". Papers of John F. Kennedy: Pre-Presidential Papers ~ Senate Files. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. February 18, 1958. "John F. Kennedy ~ Briefing Papers: Educational Exchange" . Papers of John F. Kennedy: Pre-Presidential Papers ~ Presidential Campaign Files. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. September 2, 1960. pp. 19–21. "John F. Kennedy ~ National Security Action Memoranda: re: Exchange of Persons Behind the Iron Curtain". Papers of John F. Kennedy: Presidential Papers ~ National Security Files. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. February 8, 1961. "John F. Kennedy ~ Meeting with the Board of Foreign Scholarships and US Advisory Commission on Educational Exchange, 2:50PM". White House Photographs. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. February 27, 1961. "John F. Kennedy ~ Remarks on Fulbright Exchange Program Anniversary, 1 August 1961". Papers of John F. Kennedy: Presidential Papers ~ President's Office Files. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. August 1, 1961. "John F. Kennedy ~ Ceremony Marking the 15th Anniversary of the Fulbright Act, 4:10PM". White House Photographs. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. August 1, 1961. "John F. Kennedy ~ National Security Action Memoranda: Selection of Polish Exchange Students". Papers of John F. Kennedy: Presidential Papers ~ National Security Files. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. August 20, 1961. "John F. Kennedy ~ Smith College Foreign Exchange Students Tour White House". White House Photographs. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. March 28, 1962. "John F. Kennedy ~ Staff Memoranda: Klein, David, June 1962" . Papers of John F. Kennedy: Presidential Papers ~ National Security Files. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. June 15, 1962. pp. 14–31. Peters,Gerhard; Woolley, John T. "John F. Kennedy: "Executive Order 11034 - Administration of the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961," June 25, 1962". The American Presidency Project. University of California - Santa Barbara. "John F. Kennedy ~ Remarks to Fulbright-Hayes Scholars, 23 April 1963". Papers of John F. Kennedy: Presidential Papers ~ President's Office Files. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. April 23, 1963. "John F. Kennedy ~ Visit of a Group of Fulbright-Hayes Exchange Teachers, 9:45AM". White House Photographs. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. August 23, 1963. "John F. Kennedy ~ Remarks to Fulbright-Hayes Exchange Teachers, 23 August 1963". Papers of John F. Kennedy: Presidential Papers ~ President's Office Files. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. August 23, 1963. "John F. Kennedy ~ Remarks to Group from Second U.S.-Japan Conference on Education and Cultural Exchange, 18 October 1963". Papers of John F. Kennedy: Presidential Papers ~ President's Office Files. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. October 18, 1963 – via U.S.-Japan Conference on Cultural and Educational Interchange. "History of the United States-Japan Alliance". United States-Japan Relations ~ U.S.-Japan Alliance. United States Embassy Japan. November 2011 – via Public Affairs Section ~ American View Magazine. External links "Brussels World's Fair, 1958/03/17". Internet Archive. Universal Studios. March 17, 1958. Fulbright Program at the Wayback Machine (archived 26 June 2008) "Fulbright Program: 40 And Still 'Pretentious'". The New York Times. June 26, 1986. "United States Exchange Programs". Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. U.S. Department of State. Portals: Africa Asia Australia Europe Latin America North America Schools Society
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William Fulbright (D-AR) and passed by the 87th United States Congress on September 16, 1961, the same month the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 and Peace Corps Act of 1961 were enacted.The legislation was enacted into law by the president John F. 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(December 1957). \"Why Not Student Exchanges at the High School Level?\". The French Review. 31 (2). American Association of Teachers of French: 136–140. JSTOR 383541.\nBu, Liping (December 1999). \"Educational Exchange and Cultural Diplomacy in the Cold War\". Journal of American Studies. 33 (3). Cambridge University Press: 393–415. doi:10.1017/S0021875899006167. S2CID 145246782.\nFüssl, Karl-Heinz (2004). \"Between Elitism and Educational Reform - German-American Exchange Programs, 1945-1970\". The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945–1990. The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945–1990: A Handbook. Cambridge University Press. pp. 409–416. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139052436.048. ISBN 978-0-521-79112-0.\nSnow, Nancy (March 2008). \"International Exchanges and the U.S. Image\". American Academy of Political and Social Science. 616 (1). SAGE Publications: 198–222. doi:10.1177/0002716207311864. S2CID 145784272.\nRisso, L. (February 2010). \"The Cold War and the United States Information Agency: American Propaganda and Public Diplomacy, 1945–1989\". The English Historical Review. 125 (512). Oxford University Press: 246–248. doi:10.1093/ehr/cep373.\nLebovic, Sam (April 2013). \"From War Junk to Educational Exchange: The World War II Origins of the Fulbright Program and the Foundations of American Cultural Globalism, 1945-1950\". Diplomatic History. 37 (2). Oxford University Press: 280–312. doi:10.1093/dh/dht002. JSTOR 44254519.\nScribner, Campbell F. (November 2017). \"American Teenagers, Educational Exchange, and Cold War Politics\". History of Education Quarterly. 57 (4). History of Education Society: 542–569. doi:10.1017/heq.2017.31. S2CID 148615524.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Title 22: Chapter 33 ~ Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Program\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ope/iegps/fulbrighthaysact.pdf"},{"link_name":"\"The United States at the Brussels Universal and International Exhibition 1958\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//2017-2021.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Brussels-Expo-1958-Guidebook.pdf"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"39661089","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/39661089"},{"link_name":"Expo 58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_58"},{"link_name":"\"ERIC ED019025: Annual Report to the Congress on the International Educational and Cultural Exchange Program ~ Fiscal Year 1966\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ERIC_ED019025/"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services#Department_of_Health,_Education,_and_Welfare"},{"link_name":"Education Resources Information Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_Resources_Information_Center"},{"link_name":"\"ERIC ED058121: Soviet Programs in International Education\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ERIC_ED058121/"},{"link_name":"\"ERIC ED120071: A Quarter Century: The American Adventure in Academic Exchange\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ERIC_ED120071/"},{"link_name":"\"ERIC ED089592: The German-American Conference on Educational Exchange\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ERIC_ED089592/"},{"link_name":"\"U.S. Government Exchange Programs Are Not Being Coordinated in Japan and India\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gao.gov/products/id-81-41"},{"link_name":"\"ERIC ED246761: International Education, Foreign Exchange and Scholarships\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ERIC_ED246761/"},{"link_name":"\"Exchange Programs: Observations on International Educational, Cultural, and Training Exchange Programs\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gao.gov/products/t-nsiad-93-7"},{"link_name":"\"Exchange Programs: Inventory of International Educational, Cultural, and Training Programs\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gao.gov/products/nsiad-93-157br"}],"sub_title":"Resources of U.S. Federal Organizations","text":"\"Title 22: Chapter 33 ~ Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Program\" (PDF). Office of Post-Secondary Education ~ Fulbright-Hays Programs. U.S. Department of Education.\n\"The United States at the Brussels Universal and International Exhibition 1958\" [A Report to the President of the Unlted States from the United States Commissioner General Howard S. Cullman] (PDF). U.S. Department of State. May 30, 1959. OCLC 39661089 – via Expo 58.\nU.S. Department of State (August 14, 1967). \"ERIC ED019025: Annual Report to the Congress on the International Educational and Cultural Exchange Program ~ Fiscal Year 1966\". Internet Archive. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare – via Education Resources Information Center.\nRosen, Seymour M. (January 1971). \"ERIC ED058121: Soviet Programs in International Education\". Internet Archive. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare – via Education Resources Information Center.\nU.S. Department of State (December 1971). \"ERIC ED120071: A Quarter Century: The American Adventure in Academic Exchange\" [A Report of the Board of Foreign Scholarships]. Internet Archive. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare – via Education Resources Information Center.\nByers, Philip P. (June 1972). \"ERIC ED089592: The German-American Conference on Educational Exchange\". Internet Archive. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare – via Education Resources Information Center.\n\"U.S. Government Exchange Programs Are Not Being Coordinated in Japan and India\" [GAO/ID-81-41 Report]. U.S. GAO: Office of Public Affairs. U.S. Government Accountability Office. March 30, 1981.\nNational Institute of Education (November 15, 1983). \"ERIC ED246761: International Education, Foreign Exchange and Scholarships\" [Hearing before the Subcommittee on Postsecondary Education of the Committee on Education and Labor ~ House of Representatives, Ninety-Eighth Congress, First Session]. Internet Archive. U.S. Department of Education – via Education Resources Information Center.\n\"Exchange Programs: Observations on International Educational, Cultural, and Training Exchange Programs\" [GAO/T-NSIAD-93-7 Report]. U.S. GAO: Office of Public Affairs. U.S. Government Accountability Office. March 23, 1993.\n\"Exchange Programs: Inventory of International Educational, Cultural, and Training Programs\" [GAO/NSIAD-93-157BR Report]. U.S. GAO: Office of Public Affairs. U.S. Government Accountability Office. June 23, 1993.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"John F. Kennedy ~ Loyola College Annual Alumni Banquet, Baltimore, Maryland, 18 February 1958\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/jfksen-0899-012"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum"},{"link_name":"\"John F. Kennedy ~ Briefing Papers: Educational Exchange\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/jfkcamp1960-0993-016"},{"link_name":"Food for Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_for_Peace#Kennedy_era_and_Food_for_Peace_Act_(1966)"},{"link_name":"\"John F. Kennedy ~ National Security Action Memoranda: re: Exchange of Persons Behind the Iron Curtain\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/jfknsf-328-014"},{"link_name":"\"John F. Kennedy ~ Meeting with the Board of Foreign Scholarships and US Advisory Commission on Educational Exchange, 2:50PM\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/jfkwhp-1961-02-27-c"},{"link_name":"\"John F. Kennedy ~ Remarks on Fulbright Exchange Program Anniversary, 1 August 1961\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/jfkpof-035-033"},{"link_name":"\"John F. Kennedy ~ Ceremony Marking the 15th Anniversary of the Fulbright Act, 4:10PM\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/jfkwhp-1961-08-01-b"},{"link_name":"\"John F. Kennedy ~ National Security Action Memoranda: Selection of Polish Exchange Students\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/jfknsf-331-004"},{"link_name":"\"John F. Kennedy ~ Smith College Foreign Exchange Students Tour White House\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/jfkwhp-1962-03-28-c"},{"link_name":"\"John F. Kennedy ~ Staff Memoranda: Klein, David, June 1962\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/jfknsf-321-013"},{"link_name":"\"John F. Kennedy: \"Executive Order 11034 - Administration of the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961,\" June 25, 1962\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/235965"},{"link_name":"\"John F. Kennedy ~ Remarks to Fulbright-Hayes Scholars, 23 April 1963\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/jfkpof-043-038"},{"link_name":"\"John F. Kennedy ~ Visit of a Group of Fulbright-Hayes Exchange Teachers, 9:45AM\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/jfkwhp-1963-08-23-b"},{"link_name":"\"John F. Kennedy ~ Remarks to Fulbright-Hayes Exchange Teachers, 23 August 1963\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/jfkpof-046-020"},{"link_name":"\"John F. Kennedy ~ Remarks to Group from Second U.S.-Japan Conference on Education and Cultural Exchange, 18 October 1963\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/jfkpof-047-032"},{"link_name":"U.S.-Japan Conference on Cultural and Educational Interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_U.S.-Japan_Conference_on_Cultural_and_Educational_Interchange_(CULCON)"},{"link_name":"\"History of the United States-Japan Alliance\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//amview.japan.usembassy.gov/en/history-of-the-alliance/"},{"link_name":"United States Embassy Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Tokyo"}],"sub_title":"Narrations of John F. Kennedy regarding Governance of U.S. Educational Exchange Programs","text":"American Educational Exchange, Foreign Students, and U.S. President John F. Kennedy\"John F. Kennedy ~ Loyola College Annual Alumni Banquet, Baltimore, Maryland, 18 February 1958\". Papers of John F. Kennedy: Pre-Presidential Papers ~ Senate Files. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. February 18, 1958.\n\"John F. Kennedy ~ Briefing Papers: Educational Exchange\" [Briefing Papers: Education, Salaries (Education), School Construction, Educational Exchange, Federal Highways, Food for Peace, Forests]. Papers of John F. Kennedy: Pre-Presidential Papers ~ Presidential Campaign Files. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. September 2, 1960. pp. 19–21.\n\"John F. Kennedy ~ National Security Action Memoranda: re: Exchange of Persons Behind the Iron Curtain\". Papers of John F. Kennedy: Presidential Papers ~ National Security Files. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. February 8, 1961.\n\"John F. Kennedy ~ Meeting with the Board of Foreign Scholarships and US Advisory Commission on Educational Exchange, 2:50PM\". White House Photographs. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. February 27, 1961.\n\"John F. Kennedy ~ Remarks on Fulbright Exchange Program Anniversary, 1 August 1961\". Papers of John F. Kennedy: Presidential Papers ~ President's Office Files. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. August 1, 1961.\n\"John F. Kennedy ~ Ceremony Marking the 15th Anniversary of the Fulbright Act, 4:10PM\". White House Photographs. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. August 1, 1961.\n\"John F. Kennedy ~ National Security Action Memoranda: Selection of Polish Exchange Students\". Papers of John F. Kennedy: Presidential Papers ~ National Security Files. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. August 20, 1961.\n\"John F. Kennedy ~ Smith College Foreign Exchange Students Tour White House\". White House Photographs. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. March 28, 1962.\n\"John F. Kennedy ~ Staff Memoranda: Klein, David, June 1962\" [Report on Eastern European Exchange Programs including Agriculture, Arts, Sciences]. Papers of John F. Kennedy: Presidential Papers ~ National Security Files. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. June 15, 1962. pp. 14–31.\nPeters,Gerhard; Woolley, John T. \"John F. Kennedy: \"Executive Order 11034 - Administration of the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961,\" June 25, 1962\". The American Presidency Project. University of California - Santa Barbara.\n\"John F. Kennedy ~ Remarks to Fulbright-Hayes Scholars, 23 April 1963\". Papers of John F. Kennedy: Presidential Papers ~ President's Office Files. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. April 23, 1963.\n\"John F. Kennedy ~ Visit of a Group of Fulbright-Hayes Exchange Teachers, 9:45AM\". White House Photographs. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. August 23, 1963.\n\"John F. Kennedy ~ Remarks to Fulbright-Hayes Exchange Teachers, 23 August 1963\". Papers of John F. Kennedy: Presidential Papers ~ President's Office Files. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. August 23, 1963.\n\"John F. Kennedy ~ Remarks to Group from Second U.S.-Japan Conference on Education and Cultural Exchange, 18 October 1963\". Papers of John F. Kennedy: Presidential Papers ~ President's Office Files. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. October 18, 1963 – via U.S.-Japan Conference on Cultural and Educational Interchange.\n\"History of the United States-Japan Alliance\". United States-Japan Relations ~ U.S.-Japan Alliance. United States Embassy Japan. November 2011 – via Public Affairs Section ~ American View Magazine.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"President John F. Kennedy signs the Fulbright-Hays Act on September 21, 1961","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Fulbright-Hays_Act_signing.png/299px-Fulbright-Hays_Act_signing.png"}]
[{"title":"Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Educational_and_Cultural_Affairs"},{"title":"U.S. Cultural Exchange Programs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Cultural_Exchange_Programs"},{"title":"Fulbright Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbright_Program"},{"title":"United States Information Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Information_Agency"},{"title":"Student & Exchange Visitor Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_and_Exchange_Visitor_Program"},{"title":"World Festival of Youth and Students","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Festival_of_Youth_and_Students"},{"title":"Fulbright Act of 1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbright_Act_of_1946"},{"title":"U.S. Educational Exchange Act, 1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith%E2%80%93Mundt_Act"},{"title":"Lacy-Zarubin Agreement of 1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacy-Zarubin_Agreement"},{"title":"National Defense Education Act, 1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Education_Act"},{"title":"FRIENDSHIP Act of 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRIENDSHIP_Act_of_1993"}]
[{"reference":"\"Bill signing - H.R. 8666 Public Law 87-256, Fulbright-Hays Act, 5:15PM\". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. September 21, 1961.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKWHP/1961/Month%2009/Day%2021/JFKWHP-1961-09-21-C","url_text":"\"Bill signing - H.R. 8666 Public Law 87-256, Fulbright-Hays Act, 5:15PM\""}]},{"reference":"Kennedy, John J. (September 21, 1961). \"Remarks Upon Signing the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act - September 21, 1961\". Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. p. 614.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/4730886.1961.001.umich.edu/page/614","url_text":"\"Remarks Upon Signing the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act - September 21, 1961\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961\" (PDF). Retrieved July 25, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ope/iegps/fulbrighthaysact.pdf","url_text":"\"Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961\""}]},{"reference":"Allen, Edward D. (December 1957). \"Why Not Student Exchanges at the High School Level?\". The French Review. 31 (2). American Association of Teachers of French: 136–140. JSTOR 383541.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_Teachers_of_French","url_text":"American Association of Teachers of French"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/383541","url_text":"383541"}]},{"reference":"Bu, Liping (December 1999). \"Educational Exchange and Cultural Diplomacy in the Cold War\". Journal of American Studies. 33 (3). Cambridge University Press: 393–415. doi:10.1017/S0021875899006167. S2CID 145246782.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-american-studies/article/abs/educational-exchange-and-cultural-diplomacy-in-the-cold-war/2290C6F9EF498EFBFE5985810785AE75","url_text":"\"Educational Exchange and Cultural Diplomacy in the Cold War\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_American_Studies","url_text":"Journal of American Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021875899006167","url_text":"10.1017/S0021875899006167"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145246782","url_text":"145246782"}]},{"reference":"Füssl, Karl-Heinz (2004). \"Between Elitism and Educational Reform - German-American Exchange Programs, 1945-1970\". The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945–1990. The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945–1990: A Handbook. Cambridge University Press. pp. 409–416. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139052436.048. ISBN 978-0-521-79112-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/united-states-and-germany-in-the-era-of-the-cold-war-19451990/between-elitism-and-educational-reform-germanamerican-exchange-programs-19451970/2A6A3F1D7C4215C1DFD72D689C03ECE2","url_text":"\"Between Elitism and Educational Reform - German-American Exchange Programs, 1945-1970\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139052436.048","url_text":"10.1017/CBO9781139052436.048"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79112-0","url_text":"978-0-521-79112-0"}]},{"reference":"Snow, Nancy (March 2008). \"International Exchanges and the U.S. Image\". American Academy of Political and Social Science. 616 (1). SAGE Publications: 198–222. doi:10.1177/0002716207311864. S2CID 145784272.","urls":[{"url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0002716207311864","url_text":"\"International Exchanges and the U.S. Image\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Political_and_Social_Science","url_text":"American Academy of Political and Social Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002716207311864","url_text":"10.1177/0002716207311864"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145784272","url_text":"145784272"}]},{"reference":"Risso, L. (February 2010). \"The Cold War and the United States Information Agency: American Propaganda and Public Diplomacy, 1945–1989\". The English Historical Review. 125 (512). Oxford University Press: 246–248. doi:10.1093/ehr/cep373.","urls":[{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/ehr/article-abstract/CXXV/512/246/393095","url_text":"\"The Cold War and the United States Information Agency: American Propaganda and Public Diplomacy, 1945–1989\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_English_Historical_Review","url_text":"The English Historical Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcep373","url_text":"10.1093/ehr/cep373"}]},{"reference":"Lebovic, Sam (April 2013). \"From War Junk to Educational Exchange: The World War II Origins of the Fulbright Program and the Foundations of American Cultural Globalism, 1945-1950\". Diplomatic History. 37 (2). Oxford University Press: 280–312. doi:10.1093/dh/dht002. JSTOR 44254519.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44254519","url_text":"\"From War Junk to Educational Exchange: The World War II Origins of the Fulbright Program and the Foundations of American Cultural Globalism, 1945-1950\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_History_(journal)","url_text":"Diplomatic History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdht002","url_text":"10.1093/dh/dht002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44254519","url_text":"44254519"}]},{"reference":"Scribner, Campbell F. (November 2017). \"American Teenagers, Educational Exchange, and Cold War Politics\". History of Education Quarterly. 57 (4). History of Education Society: 542–569. doi:10.1017/heq.2017.31. S2CID 148615524.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/history-of-education-quarterly/article/abs/american-teenagers-educational-exchange-and-cold-war-politics/DD3B1D49BBC4B1D60E05462418088BC1","url_text":"\"American Teenagers, Educational Exchange, and Cold War Politics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Education_Quarterly","url_text":"History of Education Quarterly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fheq.2017.31","url_text":"10.1017/heq.2017.31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148615524","url_text":"148615524"}]},{"reference":"\"Title 22: Chapter 33 ~ Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Program\" (PDF). Office of Post-Secondary Education ~ Fulbright-Hays Programs. U.S. Department of Education.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ope/iegps/fulbrighthaysact.pdf","url_text":"\"Title 22: Chapter 33 ~ Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Program\""}]},{"reference":"\"The United States at the Brussels Universal and International Exhibition 1958\" [A Report to the President of the Unlted States from the United States Commissioner General Howard S. Cullman] (PDF). U.S. Department of State. May 30, 1959. OCLC 39661089 – via Expo 58.","urls":[{"url":"https://2017-2021.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Brussels-Expo-1958-Guidebook.pdf","url_text":"\"The United States at the Brussels Universal and International Exhibition 1958\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39661089","url_text":"39661089"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_58","url_text":"Expo 58"}]},{"reference":"U.S. Department of State (August 14, 1967). \"ERIC ED019025: Annual Report to the Congress on the International Educational and Cultural Exchange Program ~ Fiscal Year 1966\". Internet Archive. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare – via Education Resources Information Center.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ERIC_ED019025/","url_text":"\"ERIC ED019025: Annual Report to the Congress on the International Educational and Cultural Exchange Program ~ Fiscal Year 1966\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services#Department_of_Health,_Education,_and_Welfare","url_text":"U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_Resources_Information_Center","url_text":"Education Resources Information Center"}]},{"reference":"Rosen, Seymour M. (January 1971). \"ERIC ED058121: Soviet Programs in International Education\". Internet Archive. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare – via Education Resources Information Center.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ERIC_ED058121/","url_text":"\"ERIC ED058121: Soviet Programs in International Education\""}]},{"reference":"U.S. Department of State (December 1971). \"ERIC ED120071: A Quarter Century: The American Adventure in Academic Exchange\" [A Report of the Board of Foreign Scholarships]. Internet Archive. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare – via Education Resources Information Center.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ERIC_ED120071/","url_text":"\"ERIC ED120071: A Quarter Century: The American Adventure in Academic Exchange\""}]},{"reference":"Byers, Philip P. (June 1972). \"ERIC ED089592: The German-American Conference on Educational Exchange\". Internet Archive. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare – via Education Resources Information Center.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ERIC_ED089592/","url_text":"\"ERIC ED089592: The German-American Conference on Educational Exchange\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Government Exchange Programs Are Not Being Coordinated in Japan and India\" [GAO/ID-81-41 Report]. U.S. GAO: Office of Public Affairs. U.S. Government Accountability Office. March 30, 1981.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gao.gov/products/id-81-41","url_text":"\"U.S. Government Exchange Programs Are Not Being Coordinated in Japan and India\""}]},{"reference":"National Institute of Education (November 15, 1983). \"ERIC ED246761: International Education, Foreign Exchange and Scholarships\" [Hearing before the Subcommittee on Postsecondary Education of the Committee on Education and Labor ~ House of Representatives, Ninety-Eighth Congress, First Session]. Internet Archive. U.S. Department of Education – via Education Resources Information Center.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ERIC_ED246761/","url_text":"\"ERIC ED246761: International Education, Foreign Exchange and Scholarships\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exchange Programs: Observations on International Educational, Cultural, and Training Exchange Programs\" [GAO/T-NSIAD-93-7 Report]. U.S. GAO: Office of Public Affairs. U.S. Government Accountability Office. March 23, 1993.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gao.gov/products/t-nsiad-93-7","url_text":"\"Exchange Programs: Observations on International Educational, Cultural, and Training Exchange Programs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exchange Programs: Inventory of International Educational, Cultural, and Training Programs\" [GAO/NSIAD-93-157BR Report]. U.S. GAO: Office of Public Affairs. U.S. Government Accountability Office. June 23, 1993.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gao.gov/products/nsiad-93-157br","url_text":"\"Exchange Programs: Inventory of International Educational, Cultural, and Training Programs\""}]},{"reference":"\"John F. Kennedy ~ Loyola College Annual Alumni Banquet, Baltimore, Maryland, 18 February 1958\". Papers of John F. Kennedy: Pre-Presidential Papers ~ Senate Files. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. February 18, 1958.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/jfksen-0899-012","url_text":"\"John F. Kennedy ~ Loyola College Annual Alumni Banquet, Baltimore, Maryland, 18 February 1958\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum","url_text":"John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum"}]},{"reference":"\"John F. Kennedy ~ Briefing Papers: Educational Exchange\" [Briefing Papers: Education, Salaries (Education), School Construction, Educational Exchange, Federal Highways, Food for Peace, Forests]. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatim_Ammor
Hatim Ammor
["1 References","2 External links"]
Moroccan musical artist Hatim Ammorحاتم عمورBorn (1981-08-29) August 29, 1981 (age 42)Hay Mohammadi, Casablanca, MoroccoOccupationssingeractorYears active2005–presentMusical careerGenresArabic musicMoroccan pop Musical artist Hatim Ammor (born August 29, 1981) is a Moroccan singer. He performed at the Expo 2020. Ammor was born in 1981 in Hay Mohammadi. His wife, Hind Tazi, was diagnosed with cancer on 2019. Ammor is a brand ambassador of Oppo. References ^ "Objet de moqueries sur les réseaux sociaux, Hatim Ammor s'explique (VIDEOS)". Le Site Info (in French). 2021-09-29. Retrieved 2021-10-10. ^ ""Expo Dubaï 2020": Concert haut en couleurs de Hatim Ammor". Hespress Français (in French). 2021-10-03. Retrieved 2021-10-10. ^ "Moroccan Singer Hatim Ammor Shoots in New York". Morocco World News. November 17, 2016. Retrieved 2021-10-10. ^ Hatim, Yahia (September 11, 2019). "Celebrities Show Support for Wife of Moroccan Singer Hatim Ammor After Cancer Diagnosis". Morocco World News. Retrieved 2021-10-10. ^ "Hatim Ammor offre sa notoriété à Oppo". Aujourd'hui le Maroc (in French). March 2, 2021. Retrieved 2021-10-10. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hatem Ammor. Hatim Ammor at IMDb  Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz This article about a Moroccan singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Objet de moqueries sur les réseaux sociaux, Hatim Ammor s'explique (VIDEOS)\". Le Site Info (in French). 2021-09-29. Retrieved 2021-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lesiteinfo.com/maroc/objet-de-moqueries-sur-les-reseaux-sociaux-hatim-ammor-sexplique-videos/","url_text":"\"Objet de moqueries sur les réseaux sociaux, Hatim Ammor s'explique (VIDEOS)\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Expo Dubaï 2020\": Concert haut en couleurs de Hatim Ammor\". Hespress Français (in French). 2021-10-03. Retrieved 2021-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://fr.hespress.com/227191-expo-dubai-2020-concert-haut-en-couleurs-de-hatim-ammor.html","url_text":"\"\"Expo Dubaï 2020\": Concert haut en couleurs de Hatim Ammor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Moroccan Singer Hatim Ammor Shoots in New York\". Morocco World News. November 17, 2016. Retrieved 2021-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2016/11/201600/moroccan-singer-hatim-ammor-shoots-in-new-york","url_text":"\"Moroccan Singer Hatim Ammor Shoots in New York\""}]},{"reference":"Hatim, Yahia (September 11, 2019). \"Celebrities Show Support for Wife of Moroccan Singer Hatim Ammor After Cancer Diagnosis\". Morocco World News. Retrieved 2021-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/09/282398/celebrities-support-wife-moroccan-singer-hatim-ammor-cancer-diagnosis","url_text":"\"Celebrities Show Support for Wife of Moroccan Singer Hatim Ammor After Cancer Diagnosis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hatim Ammor offre sa notoriété à Oppo\". Aujourd'hui le Maroc (in French). March 2, 2021. Retrieved 2021-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://aujourdhui.ma/culture/hatim-ammor-offre-sa-notoriete-a-oppo","url_text":"\"Hatim Ammor offre sa notoriété à Oppo\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa_Symphony
Tulsa Symphony
["1 References","2 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Tulsa Symphony" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Tulsa SymphonyFounded2005LocationTulsa, OklahomaWebsitewww.tulsasymphony.org The Tulsa Symphony is a professional orchestra based in Tulsa, Oklahoma. It was formed in 2005 by musicians from the Tulsa Philharmonic, which ended in 2002. Tulsa Symphony began performing with other cultural organizations in early 2006, and presented its first concert in November 2006. Its members also perform with the LOOK Musical Theatre (formerly Light Opera Oklahoma). The Tulsa Symphony follows a different structure, a model of orchestral governance that incorporates the musicians into all levels of the organization. Musicians serve as performing artists, and hold executive roles on the orchestra's staff, serve on the board of directors, and participate in 12 committees that make decisions for the organization. Rather than operating via collective bargaining agreements with Tulsa Symphony, in which musicians negotiate every few years for a new contract, orchestra members are self-governed, an approach supported by the American Federation of Musicians Local 94, a union for professional musicians. Musicians, board and staff members are integrated at all levels of decision- and policymaking. References ^ Tahlequah Daily Press Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine ^ James D. Watts. Jr., "Coming together: Tulsa Symphony creates near-perfect fit on opening night", Tulsa World, November 6, 2006 . ^ "A Musician Governed Orchestra Model" (PDF). americanorchestras.org. February 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-29. Retrieved 2013-07-20. External links Official website This Oklahoma-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tulsa, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Tulsa Philharmonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa_Philharmonic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"LOOK Musical Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LOOK_Musical_Theatre"},{"link_name":"collective bargaining agreements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_bargaining_agreement"},{"link_name":"American Federation of Musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Federation_of_Musicians"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Tulsa Symphony is a professional orchestra based in Tulsa, Oklahoma. It was formed in 2005 by musicians from the Tulsa Philharmonic, which ended in 2002.[1] Tulsa Symphony began performing with other cultural organizations in early 2006, and presented its first concert in November 2006.[2] Its members also perform with the LOOK Musical Theatre (formerly Light Opera Oklahoma).The Tulsa Symphony follows a different structure, a model of orchestral governance that incorporates the musicians into all levels of the organization. Musicians serve as performing artists, and hold executive roles on the orchestra's staff, serve on the board of directors, and participate in 12 committees that make decisions for the organization. Rather than operating via collective bargaining agreements with Tulsa Symphony, in which musicians negotiate every few years for a new contract, orchestra members are self-governed, an approach supported by the American Federation of Musicians Local 94, a union for professional musicians. Musicians, board and staff members are integrated at all levels of decision- and policymaking.[3]","title":"Tulsa Symphony"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudia
Saudia
["1 History","1.1 Early years","1.2 Development (2000s–2020s)","1.3 Continued growth and new brand identity (2020s–present)","2 Awards","3 Sponsorships","4 Destinations","4.1 Codeshare agreements","5 Fleet","5.1 Current fleet","5.2 Historic fleet","5.3 Other aircraft","6 In-flight services","7 Incidents and accidents","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
Flag carrier of Saudi Arabia; based in Jeddah For the foraminferan genus or the politician, see Saudia (foram) and Saudia LaMont. Saudia السعودية IATA ICAO Callsign SV SVA SAUDIA FoundedSeptember 1945; 78 years ago (1945-09)HubsJeddahRiyadhFocus citiesMedinaFrequent-flyer programAl Fursan LoyaltyAllianceSkyTeamSubsidiariesFlyadealSaudia CargoFleet size157Destinations107Parent companySaudia GroupGovernment of Saudi ArabiaHeadquartersJeddah, Saudi ArabiaKey peopleEngr. Saleh bin Nasser Al-Jasser (Chairman)Engr. Ibrahim bin Abdulrahaman Al-Omar (Director General)Ibrahim Alkoshy (CEO)Websitewww.saudia.com Saudia (Arabic: السعودية as-Suʿūdiyyah), formerly known as Saudi Arabian Airlines (Arabic: الخطوط الجوية العربية السعودية al-Ḫuṭūṭ al-Jawwiyyah al-ʿArabiyyah as-Suʿūdiyyah), is the flag carrier of Saudi Arabia, based in Jeddah. The airline's main hub is at King Abdulaziz International Airport in Jeddah and King Khalid International Airport in Riyadh, with it planning to pull out of Riyadh as a major hub by 2030. Saudia operates domestic and international scheduled flights to over 100 destinations in the Middle East, Africa, Asia, Europe and North America. Domestic and international charter flights are operated, mostly during the Ramadan and the Hajj seasons. It joined the SkyTeam airline alliance on 29 May 2012, making it the first carrier from the Persian Gulf region to join one of the three major airline alliances. Saudia is a member and one of the founders of the Arab Air Carriers' Organization. History Early years Saudi Arabian Airlines Boeing 707 in 1969 When U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt presented a Douglas DC-3 as a gift to King Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud in 1945, the event marked the kingdom's gradual development of civil aviation. The nation's flag carrier, Saudia, was founded as Saudi Arabian Airlines in September 1945 as a fully owned government agency under the control of the Ministry of Defense, with Trans World Airlines(TWA) running the airline under a management contract. The now-demolished Al-Kandara Airport, which was close to Jeddah, served as the flag carrier's main base. Among the airline's early operations was a special flight from Lydda (Lod) in Palestine (today in Israel, site of Ben-Gurion International Airport), a British Mandate at that time, to carry Hajj pilgrims to Jeddah. The airline used five DC-3 aircraft to launch scheduled operations on the Jeddah-Riyadh-Hofuf-Dhahran route in March 1947. Its first international service was between Jeddah and Cairo. Service to Beirut, Karachi and Damascus followed in early 1948. The following year the first of five Bristol 170s was received. These aircraft offered the airline the flexibility of carrying both passengers and cargo. In 1962, the airline took delivery of two Boeing 720s, becoming the fourth Middle Eastern airline to fly jet aircraft, after Middle East Airlines and Cyprus Airways with the de Havilland Comet in 1960 and El Al with the Boeing 707 in 1961. On 19 February 1963, the airline became a registered company, with King Faisal of Saudi Arabia signing the papers that declared Saudia a fully independent company. DC-6s and Boeing 707s were later bought, and the airline joined the AACO, the Arab Air Carriers' Organization. Services were started to Frankfurt, Geneva, Khartoum, London, Mumbai, Rabat, Sharjah, Tehran, Tripoli, and Tunis. Saudi Arabian Airlines Lockheed L-1011 TriStar in 1987 In the 1970s, a new livery was introduced. It comprised a white fuselage with green and blue stripes and a green tailfin. The carrier's name was changed to Saudia on 1 April 1972. Boeing 737s and Fokker F-28s were bought, with the 737s replacing the Douglas DC-9. The airline operated its first Boeing 747 service in 1977 when three Jumbo Jets were leased from Middle East Airlines and deployed in the London sector. The first all-cargo flights between Saudi Arabia and Europe were started, and Lockheed L-1011s and Fairchild FH-27s were introduced. New services, including the Arabian Express 'no reservation shuttle flights' between Jeddah and Riyadh. The Special Flight Services (SFS) was set up as a special unit of Saudia and operates special flights for the royal family and government agencies. Service was also started to Kano, Muscat, Paris, Rome, and Stockholm. The Pan Am/Saudia joint service between Dhahran and New York City began in 1979. A Saudi Arabian Airlines Boeing 747SP in 1989 In the 1980s services such as Saudia Catering began. Flights were started to Amsterdam, Athens, Baghdad, Bangkok, Brussels, Colombo, Dakar, Delhi, Dhaka, Islamabad, Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur, Lahore, Madrid, Manila, Mogadishu, Nairobi, New York City, Nice, Seoul, Singapore, and Taipei. Horizon Class, a business class service, was established to offer enhanced service. Cargo hubs were built in Brussels and Taipei. Airbus A300s, Boeing 747s, and Cessna Citations were also added to the fleet, the Citations for the SFS service. In 1989 services to Larnaca and Addis Ababa began. On 1 July 1982, the first nonstop service from Jeddah to New York City was initiated with Boeing 747SP aircraft. This was followed by a Riyadh-New York route. A Saudi Arabian Airlines Boeing 737-200 in 1995 In the 1990s, services to Orlando, Chennai, Asmara, Washington, D.C., Johannesburg, Alexandria, Milan, Málaga (seasonal), and Sanaa (resumption) were introduced. Boeing 777s, MD-90s and MD-11s were introduced. New female flight attendant uniforms designed by Adnan Akbar were introduced. A new corporate identity was launched on 16 July 1996, featuring a sand colored fuselage with contrasting dark blue tailfin, the center of which featured a stylized representation of the House of Saud crest. The Saudia name was dropped in the identity revamp, with the full Saudi Arabian Airlines name used. Development (2000s–2020s) On 8 October 2000, Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, the Saudi Minister of Defense and Aviation, signed a contract to conduct studies for the privatization of Saudi Arabian Airlines. In preparation for this, the airline was restructured to allow non-core units—including Saudia catering, ground handling services and maintenance as well as the Prince Sultan Aviation Academy in Jeddah—to be transformed into commercial units and profit centers. In April 2005, the Saudi government indicated that the airline may also lose its monopoly on domestic services. In 2006, Saudia began the process of dividing itself into Strategic Business Units (SBU); the catering unit was the first to be privatized. In August 2007, Saudi Arabia's Council of Ministers approved the conversion of strategic units into companies. It is planned that ground services, technical services, air cargo and the Prince Sultan Aviation Academy, medical division, as well as the catering unit, will become subsidiaries of a holding company. The airline rebranded to its former brand name Saudia (used from 1972 to 1996) on 29 May 2012, dropping the Saudi Arabian Airlines branding entirely; the name was changed to celebrate the company's entry into the SkyTeam airline alliance on that day, and it was part of a larger rebranding initiative. Saudia received 64 new aircraft by the end of 2012 (six from Boeing and 58 from Airbus). Another eight Boeing 787-9 aircraft started to join the fleet in 2015. A Saudia Boeing 777 decorated in a special livery to commemorate the Saudi Arabia national football team (nicknamed the 'Green Falcons') in 2018 In April 2016, Saudia announced the creation of a low-cost subsidiary named Flyadeal. The airline was launched as part of Saudia Group's SV2020 Transformation Strategy, which intends to transform the group's units into world-class organisations by 2020. Flyadeal, which serves domestic and regional destinations, began operating in mid-2017. Continued growth and new brand identity (2020s–present) In April 2021, Saudia announced that on 19 April, it will try the mobile app developed by the International Air Transport Association (IATA) that helps passengers manage their travel information and documents digitally. In December 2021, Saudia was in talks with the two major aircraft manufacturers Airbus and Boeing in purchasing new wide-body aircraft, the airline will decide in early 2022 whether it will order the Airbus A350 or the Boeing 777X, or it might purchase more Boeing 787's instead. The airline also chose the CFM International LEAP engine to power its Airbus A321neos which are expected to be delivered in 2024. The airline plans to have 250 planes in its fleet by 2030. In April 2022 services began to Seoul, Beijing, Batumi, Mykonos, Barcelona, Málaga, Bangkok, Chicago, Moscow, Entebbe and Kyiv. Services to Kyiv are currently not operating due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. In June 2022, they resumed services to Zürich. In July 2022 Saudia signed a contract with the Air Connectivity Programme to launch four new destinations to Zürich, Barcelona, Tunis and Kuala Lumpur. In March 2023, Saudia ordered 39 Boeing 787s split between the -9 and -10 variants, with options for a further ten aircraft. A Saudia Boeing 787-10 in 2024 with the new design and logo In September 2023, Saudia announced a rebrand to a 1980s-like design and logo. It also introduced a new travel AI assistant called "SAUDIA", using Open AI's GPT-4. Awards Saudia was named the World's Most Improved Airline' for 2017 and 2020 by SkyTrax. Sponsorships Saudia sponsorships on a 1978 Williams FW06 being demonstrated at the 2009 Goodwood Festival of Speed Saudia was the main sponsor of the Williams Formula One team from 1977 to 1984. During this period Williams won the Constructors' Championship twice (1980 and 1981), and two Williams drivers won the Drivers' Championship: Alan Jones in 1980 and Keke Rosberg in 1982. Saudia was the main sponsor of the 2018 and 2019 Diriyah ePrix. They are the official airline of Formula E, with one of their planes, a Boeing 777-300ER, painted in a special livery featuring an eagle head with the Spark SRT05e Gen2 car behind it. In November 2022, Newcastle United announced Saudia as the club’s official tour airline partner. In March 2023, Aston Martin F1 Team announced Saudia as the team's official global airline partner in a multi-year deal. Destinations Main article: List of Saudia destinations See also: Saudia Cargo § Destinations King Abdulaziz International Airport in Jeddah, Saudia's primary hub Saudia operates to 102 destinations as of October 2022. The airline plans to reach 250 destinations by 2030. Codeshare agreements Saudia has codeshare agreements with SkyTeam partners and with the following airlines: Aegean Airlines Aeroflot Air France Air Mauritius Czech Airlines Etihad Airways Ethiopian Airlines Flyadeal Garuda Indonesia Gulf Air ITA Airways Kenya Airways Korean Air KLM Kuwait Airways Malaysia Airlines Middle East Airlines Oman Air Royal Air Maroc Vietnam Airlines Fleet Current fleet Saudia Airbus A320-200 Saudia Airbus A330-300 in the special Saudi National Day livery Saudia Boeing 777-300ER in the special Formula E livery Saudia Cargo Boeing 777F A Saudia Boeing 747-400 wearing former livery. As of May 2024, the Saudia fleet consists of 147 aircraft, including its passenger and cargo fleet: Saudia Fleet Aircraft In service Orders Passengers Notes F J Y Total Airbus A320-200 37 — – 12 120 132 132 144 20 90 110 Airbus A321-200 15 — – 20 145 165 Airbus A321neo 7 67 – 20 168 188 Order with 35 options. Airbus A321XLR — 15 TBA Airbus A330-300 33 — – 36 262 298 252 288 30 300 330 Boeing 747-400 2 _ _ 32 402 434 Operated by Air Atlanta Icelandic. Mainly used for Batam flights. Boeing 777-300ER 35 — 12 36 242 290 One painted in 1970s retro livery. – 30 351 381 383 413 12 393 405 Boeing 787-9 13 23 – 24 274 298 Order with 10 options. Boeing 787-10 8 26 – 24 333 357 Saudia Cargo Fleet Boeing 747-400BDSF 2 — Cargo Operated by Air Atlanta Icelandic. Boeing 777F 4 — Cargo Total 156 131 Historic fleet Saudia Convair 340 in 1959 Saudia Lockheed L-1011 in 1985 Saudia McDonnell Douglas MD-90-30 in 2008 Saudia Boeing 747-400 leased from Air Atlanta Icelandic in 2012 Saudia formerly operated the following aircraft: Fleet history Aircraft Total Introduced Retired Notes Airbus A300-600 11 1984 2008 Launch customer Airbus A330-300 1 2017 2023 HZ-AQ30 destroyed as flight SV458 during 2023 Sudan conflict Boeing 707-320 Un­known 1969 1997 Boeing 720 Un­known Un­known Un­known Boeing 727-100 1 1976 2000s Operated for Saudi Arabian Royal Flight Boeing 727-200 Un­known Un­known Un­known Boeing 737-200 26 1972 2007 Boeing 747-100 19 1981 2010 Boeing 747-100B 32 1979 2012 1 1996 HZ-AIH crashed as flight SV763 Boeing 747-200F 7 1981 2012 Boeing 747-300 19 1983 2013 Eighth aircraft stored.First aircraft used as VIP/Government transport. Boeing 747-300SF 1 2014 2015 Boeing 747-8F 2 2013 2021 Sub-leased to other operators. Boeing 747SP 2 1981 1992 Boeing 757-200 10 2008 2011 All fleets were leased Boeing 767-200ER 5 2003 2012 Boeing 767-300ER 6 2012 2012 Boeing 777-200ER 23 1997 2019 Convair 340 Un­known 1960s 1970s Embraer ERJ-170 15 2005 2016 All aircraft stored Fokker F28 2 1980 1986 Lockheed L-1011-200 17 1975 1998 HZ-AHP is currently preserved at Riyadh Aviation Museum 1 1980 HZ-AHK written off as flight SV163 Lockheed L-1011-500 2 1970s Un­known Operated for Saudi Arabian Royal Flight McDonnell Douglas DC-8 series 37 1977 1998 McDonnell Douglas DC-10 1 1975 1990s McDonnell Douglas MD-11 2 1998 2013 Operated for Saudi Arabian Royal Flight McDonnell Douglas MD-11F 4 1998 2014 All aircraft stored McDonnell Douglas MD-90-30 29 1998 2013 Two aircraft stored Other aircraft Saudi Royal Flight Boeing 747-400 parked at JFK Airport wearing its former livery, 2018. The above A340-200 is parked behind it. Saudia Special Flight Services, VIP flights, and Private Aviation operate the following, several of which sport the airline's livery Saudia Special Flight Service Fleet Aircraft Total Order Notes Beechcraft Bonanza 6 — Used for flight training Dassault Falcon 900 2 — Used for government transport Dassault Falcon 7X 4 — Used for charter transport Gulfstream IV 6 — Used for government transport Hawker 400XP 6 — Used for government transport Saudia Royal Flight Division Fleet Aircraft Total Order Notes Airbus ACJ318 1 — HZ-AS99 Airbus A340-200X 1 — Not in Saudia livery 1 Boeing 747-300 1 — Boeing 747-400 1 — Not in Saudia livery Boeing 757-200 1 — Used for flying hospital Boeing 777-300ER 1 — Not in Saudia livery Boeing 787-8 2 — Not in Saudia livery Some military C-130s are also painted with the Saudia colors and are flown by Royal Saudi Air Force crews to support Saudi official activities in the region and Europe. Since 2017 two mobile escalators (TEC Hünert MFT 500-01) travel with the King and transported by separate aircraft. In 2021, the Saudi royal flight's single Boeing 747-400 registered as HZ-HM1 was painted in a new livery. As of January 2022, all the Saudi royal flight aircraft are going to be operated by a private company, that's why all aircraft are to be painted in another livery soon. In-flight services The inflight magazine of Saudia is called Ahlan Wasahlan (أهلاً وسهلاً "Hello and Welcome"). No alcoholic beverages or pork is served on board under Islamic dietary laws. Selected Airbus A320, Airbus A330-300, Boeing 787-9, Boeing 787-10, and Boeing 777-300ER aircraft are equipped with Wi-Fi and mobile network connectivity on board. Most aircraft also offer onboard specialized prayer areas and a recorded prayer is played before takeoff. Incidents and accidents On 25 September 1959, a Saudia Douglas DC-4/C-54A-5-DO (registration HZ-AAF), performed a belly landing shortly after take-off from the old Jeddah Airport. The cause of the accident was just locks not deactivated by the mechanic, followed by a stall. All 67 passengers and five crew members survived. On 9 February 1968, a Douglas C-47 (reg. HZ-AAE) was damaged beyond economic repair at an unknown location. On 10 November 1970, a Douglas DC-3 on a flight from Amman Civil Airport, Jordan to King Khalid International Airport, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia was hijacked and diverted to Damascus Airport, Syria. On 11 July 1972, a Douglas C-47B (reg. HZ-AAK) was damaged beyond economic repair in an accident at Tabuk Airport. On 2 January 1976, Saudia Flight 5130, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30CF, leased from ONA undershot the runway at Istanbul, Turkey, crash landed, tearing off the #1 engine and causing the left wing to catch fire. All passengers and crew evacuated safely. The aircraft was written off. The aftermath of the fire aboard Saudia Flight 163 in 1980 On 19 August 1980, Saudia Flight 163, a Lockheed L-1011-200 TriStar (HZ-AHK), operating Karachi-Riyadh-Jeddah, was completely destroyed by fire at Riyadh airport with the loss of all 301 people on board due to delays in evacuating the aircraft. This was the deadliest accident experienced by Saudia until 312 were killed in the loss of Flight 763 over 16 years later. On 22 December 1980, Saudia Flight 162, a Lockheed L-1011-200 TriStar, operating Dhahran to Karachi, experienced an explosive decompression, penetrating the passenger cabin. The hole sucked out two passengers and depressurized the cabin. On 5 April 1984, a Saudia Lockheed L-1011 TriStar on final approach to Damascus from Jeddah was hijacked by a Syrian national. The hijacker demanded to be taken to Istanbul, Turkey but changed his mind and requested to go to Stockholm, Sweden. After landing in Istanbul to refuel, the hijacker was arrested after the pilot pushed him out of the emergency exit. On 12 November 1996, a Saudia Boeing 747-100B (HZ-AIH), operating flight 763, was involved in the 1996 Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision. The aircraft was on its way from New Delhi, India, to Dhahran, Saudi Arabia when a Kazakhstan Airlines Ilyushin Il-76 (UN-76435) collided with it over the village of Charkhi Dadri, some miles west of New Delhi. Flight 763 was carrying 312 people, all of whom, along with 37 more on the Kazakh aircraft, died, for a total of 349 fatalities. The loss of Flight 763 alone remains Saudia's worst accident in terms of fatalities. The accident overall also remains the world's deadliest mid-air collision. On 6 September 1997, A Boeing 737-200 operating as Saudia Flight 1861 (reg. HZ-AGM) from Najran was accelerating on its takeoff roll when the No. 2 engine spooled up without any pilot input, the captain attempted to abort the landing but the engine continued to increase in power. The plane veered to the left of the runway, causing the main landing gears to collapse and tearing the right engine off the wing. It skidded for a few meters before stopping on the sand, a fire broke out but all 85 occupants managed to escape. On 14 October 2000, Saudia Flight 115, flying from Jeddah to London was hijacked en route by two men who claimed they were armed with explosives. The hijackers commandeered the Boeing 777-200ER (HZ-AKH) to Baghdad, Iraq, where all 90 passengers and 15 crew members were safely released. The two hijackers, identified as Lieutenant Faisal Naji Hamoud Al-Bilawi and First Lieutenant Ayesh Ali Hussein Al-Fareedi, both Saudi citizens, were arrested and later extradited to Saudi Arabia in 2003. On 23 August 2001, at Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Malaysia, a Boeing 747-300 (reg. HZ-AIO) suffered nose damage as it entered a monsoon drainage ditch while it was being taxied by maintenance staff from the hangar to the gate before a return flight to Saudi Arabia. None of the six crew members on board at the time were injured, but the aircraft was written off. On 8 September 2005, a Boeing 747 travelling from Colombo to Jeddah, carrying mostly Sri Lankan nationals to take up employment in the Kingdom, received a false alarm claiming that a bomb had been planted on board. The aircraft returned to Colombo. During the evacuation, there was a passenger stampede in the wake of which one Sri Lankan woman died, 62 were injured, and 17 were hospitalized. The aircraft had taken on a load of 420 passengers in Colombo. According to the Civil Aviation Authority of Sri Lanka, the probable cause was a "Breakdown of timely and effective communication amongst Aerodrome Controller and Ground Handling (SriLankan Airlines) personnel had prevented a timely dispatch of the stepladders to the aircraft to deplane the passengers in a timely manner, which resulted in the Pilot-In-Command to order an emergency evacuation of the passengers through slides after being alarmed by the bomb threat." On 25 May 2008, an Air Atlanta Icelandic aircraft operating for Saudia as Flight 810 (TF-ARS) from Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz Airport, Madinah made an unscheduled landing at Zia International Airport (now Shahjalal International Airport), Dhaka. During the roll the tower controller reported that he saw a fire on the right-hand wing. Upon vacating the runway, the crew received a fire indication for engine number three. The fire extinguisher was activated and all engines were shut down. The aircraft, a Boeing 747-357, which was damaged beyond repair, was successfully evacuated. Only minor injuries were incurred. Investigations revealed a fuel leak where the fuel enters the front spar for engine number three. On 5 January 2014, a leased Boeing 767 operating under Saudia was forced to make an emergency landing at Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz Airport in Medina after the landing gear failed to deploy. 29 people were injured in the incident. On 5 August 2014, a Boeing 747-400 (reg. HZ-AIX) operating as flight 871 from Manila to Riyadh veered off runway 24 of Ninoy Aquino International Airport in Manila while positioning for takeoff. No one on the plane or ground was injured. On 11 November 2017, a MyCargo Airlines Boeing 747-400 freighter operated by Saudia Cargo (reg. TC-ACR) as flight SV916 from Maastricht (EHBK) to Jeddah (OEJN) veered off to the right of the runway during the takeoff roll in after a loss of thrust on the #4 engine caused by a compressor stall. The pilots did not immediately retard the thrust levers, and more standard procedures weren't followed as the plane swerved due to 'startle effect'. The aircraft was repaired soon after. On 21 May 2018, an Onur Air-leased Airbus A330-200 (reg TC-OCH), operating as flight 3818 from Medina to Dhaka, was diverted to Jeddah after suffering a malfunction with the nose landing gear. It was forced to make a belly landing. No injuries were reported. On 20 June 2022, a Boeing 777-368 operating as Flight 862 from Riyadh veered off and got stuck at a taxiway in Manila after landing. All 420 people on board were unharmed. On 15 April 2023, an Airbus A330-343 operating as Flight 458 was destroyed while preparing to take off in Khartoum Airport during the 2023 Sudan clashes. The aircraft, registered as HZ-AQ30, was hit by a tracer bullet, causing its hull to burn and its tail section to collapse. Despite the damage, all occupants onboard managed to escape without any injuries and were evacuated to the Saudi Embassy in Khartoum. Another Saudi plane was a few hundred kilometres away from airport and it did not land. It did a U-turn in order to avoid being shot down. See also Saudi Arabia portal List of airlines of Saudi Arabia Red Sea International Airport Saudi Vision 2030 References ^ "Saudia on ch-aviation.com". ch-aviation.com. Retrieved 21 November 2023. ^ "Saudi Airlines entrusts Sami Sindi with the duties of the General Manager". News1. Retrieved 28 October 2019. ^ Hofmann, Kurt (20 January 2017). "Saudia outlines 2017 fleet delivery plan". Air Transport World. Archived from the original on 21 January 2017. Saudi Arabia's national carrier Saudia will take delivery of 30 aircraft this year, according to a Jan. 17 statement. ^ "Saudi Arabian Airlines Ground Services Company: Private Company Information". Businessweek. Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2012. ^ "Saudia Set to Move Out of Riyadh to Make Room for New Airline". Bloomberg.com. 21 March 2024. Retrieved 27 April 2024. ^ "AACO | Member Airlines". AACO: Arab Air Carriers Organization - الإتحاد العربي للنقل الجوي. Retrieved 30 December 2020. ^ "Economy and Infrastructure" (PDF). Saudi Embassy. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 May 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2014. ^ "Events of Interest in Aviation World". The New York Times. 15 January 1952. ProQuest 112368056. Retrieved 22 January 2021. ^ Cross, Lee (14 March 2023). "3/14/1947: Saudia Takes to the Skies". Airways Magazine. Dallas: Airways Publishing, LLC. Retrieved 8 October 2023. ^ "Commercial Aviation". centennialofflight.gov. Retrieved 29 May 2017. ^ Mahmoud, Marwa (29 October 2022). "Intercontinental For 77 Years: The History of Saudia Airlines". Leaders Mena Magazine. Leaders. Retrieved 8 October 2023. ^ "Embraer wins $400m Saudi jet deal". BBC News. 28 March 2006. Retrieved 27 September 2010. ^ "Saudi Air Lauches Privatization With Catering Unit". Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2007. ^ "Saudi cabinet okays Saudi Arabian Airlines privatisation". Retrieved 14 September 2007. ^ "Arabian Aerospace – Saudia plays the name game, joins the alliance and gets privatisation rolling". Arabian Aerospace. 29 May 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2013. ^ "Our Fleet". Retrieved 24 April 2015. ^ Hanware, Khalil (19 April 2016). "Flyadeal's launch puts Saudia at higher altitude". Arab News. Jeddah. Retrieved 20 April 2016. ^ "Saudia Airlines to trial IATA travel pass on flights from Kuala Lumpur to Jeddah". Arab News. 13 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021. ^ Fattah, Zainab (15 November 2021). "Saudia Weighs Bumper Jetliner Order to Reach 250-Strong Fleet". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 8 October 2023. ^ "This is how we fly". www.saudia.com. Retrieved 1 October 2023. ^ Drum, Bruce (29 September 2021). "Skytrax awards Saudia the "world's most improved airline" in 2021". World Airline News. Retrieved 5 July 2022. ^ "Formula E Signs Saudi Arabian Airlines As Official Airline Partner". ABB FIA Formula E. 25 September 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2023. ^ "SAUDIA REVEALS FORMULA E GEN2 CAR AIRCRAFT DESIGN". Saudia (Press release). 3 December 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2023. ^ Mahadik, Gauresh (18 November 2022). "Newcastle United land sponsorship deal with SAUDIA". SportsMint Media. ^ Brittle, Cian (14 March 2023). "Aston Martin name Saudia as global airline sponsor". SportsPro. ^ "Profile on Saudia". CAPA. Centre for Aviation. Archived from the original on 31 October 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2016. ^ "AEGEAN AIRLINES / SAUDIA BEGINS CODESHARE SERVICE FROM MAY 2024". ^ "Aeroflot and Saudia Announce Codeshare Agreement" (Press release). Aeroflot. 25 August 2015. ^ "SAUDI AIRLINES AND AIR FRANCE TO SIGN A CODESHARE AGREEMENT" (Press release). Saudia. 21 February 2011. ^ "Air Mauritius begins Saudia codeshare partnership from mid-Jan 2024". aeroroutes.com. Retrieved 26 January 2024. ^ "Saudia / CSA Czech Airlines begins codeshare partnership from late-Dec 2018". Routesonline. 1 January 2019. ^ "Etihad / Saudia plans codeshare partnership from late-Oct 2018". Routesonline. 9 October 2018. ^ "ETHIOPIAN AIRLINES / SAUDIA BEGINS CODESHARE PARTNERSHIP FROM MID-MARCH 2023". Aeroroutes. 3 April 2023. ^ "SAUDIA / FLYADEAL BEGINS CODESHARE SERVICE FROM LATE-SEP 2023". Aeroroutes. 27 September 2023. ^ "Saudia expands Garuda Indonesia codeshare to Australia from Sep 2018". Routesonline. 7 September 2018. ^ "Saudia Airlines activates codeshare agreement with Gulf Air". Arab News. 25 April 2021. ^ "The Network". www.ita-airways.com. ^ "Korean Air / Saudia resumes codeshare service from March 2018". Routesonline. 14 March 2018. ^ "Malaysia Airlines, Saudi Airlines announce codesharing agreement". New Straits Times. 22 December 2022. ^ "Yêu cầu cộng dặm". www.vietnamairlines.com (in Vietnamese). ^ "OUR FLEET". 26 Saudia. ^ "SAUDIA Fleet". www.planespotters.net. 20 October 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2018. ^ "Airbus Orders & Deliveries". Airbus. 31 January 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021. ^ Kaminski-Morrow, David (18 June 2019). "PARIS: Saudia takes A321XLR as part of extra Airbus deal". Flight Global. ^ a b "Saudi Arabian Airlines to boost A320neo Family fleet up to 100". Airbus (Press release). 18 June 2019. ^ "Saudia Group orders 105 A320/A321neo". ch-aviation.com. 20 May 2024. ^ "Boeing 787 Orders and Deliveries Report". Archived from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2019. ^ Hofmann, Kurt (15 March 2019). "Saudi Arabian Airlines evaluates widebody order". m.atwonline.com. Archived from the original on 17 March 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2019. ^ a b "SAUDIA to Grow Long-Haul Fleet with up to 49 Boeing 787 Dreamliners". Boeing. 14 March 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023. ^ "Saudia temporary files Boeing 787-10 service in S20". Routesonline. Retrieved 12 August 2019. ^ "Saudia to wet-lease two more B747-400 freighters". ch-aviation. Retrieved 24 April 2015. ^ Saudi Arabian Airlines Fleet Details and History Plane Spotters. Retrieved 5 September 2014. Archived 1 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine ^ Hogg, Ryan. "A Saudi Arabian airline said an A330 plane was involved in an 'accident' at Khartoum airport in Sudan". Business Insider. Retrieved 31 August 2023. ^ "Saudia disposes of its two B747-8 freighters". Ch-Aviation. 2 November 2021. ^ "How Have We Never Heard of These Before? Mobile Aircraft Escalator Steps for the Most Elite Flyers". 11 June 2018. ^ "Saudi king brought his own golden escalator on Russia trip". 6 October 2017. ^ "Mobile & WiFi". Retrieved 24 April 2015. ^ "Saudi Arabian Airlines DC-4 accident HZ-AAF". Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 16 March 2010. ^ "HZ-AAE Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 24 July 2011. ^ "Hijacking description". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 20 October 2010. ^ "HZ-AAK Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 5 September 2010. ^ Accident description for N1031F at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on November 24, 2020. ^ Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network ^ "Accident Database: Accident Synopsis 12231980". Air Disaster. 23 December 1980. Archived from the original on 24 May 2005. Retrieved 28 January 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ Hijacking description at the Aviation Safety Network ^ Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network ^ Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network ^ "NTSB Safety Recommendations" (PDF). NTSB Safety Recommendations: 119–123 – via Defense Technical Information Center. ^ "ASN Accident Report". Aviation Safety Network. ^ "Saudi hijack passengers freed". BBC World. 14 October 2000. Retrieved 25 December 2010. ^ "Hijacked Saudi plane returns safely to Riyadh". Saudi Embassy. 16 September 2000. Retrieved 25 December 2010. ^ "Saudi Hijacker Extradited". USA Today. 18 November 2003. Retrieved 25 December 2010. ^ Hijacking description at the Aviation Safety Network ^ "Accident information: Boeing 747 Saudi Arabian Airlines HZ-AIO". Airfleets. Retrieved 27 September 2010. ^ Hull-loss description at the Aviation Safety Network ^ "Bomb hoax triggers panic at Sri Lanka airport Archived 11 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine," Asian Political News. 12 September 2005 ^ "Final report: Accident of Saudi Arabian Airlines Flight SV-781, Boeing 747-368, Registration HZ-AIP, oN 08 September 2005 at Bandaranaike International Airport, Katunayake – Sri Lanka" (Archive) Civil Aviation Authority of Sri Lanka. p. 11. Retrieved 3 May 2013. ^ a b Hull-loss description at the Aviation Safety Network ^ "Saudi plane catches fire at ZIA". The Daily Star. 26 March 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2011. ^ "Plane Crash Lands in Saudi Holy City". The Wall Street Journal. ^ "Saudi Plane Makes Emergency Landing, 29 Hurt". Gulf Business. Reuters. 5 January 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2014. ^ "Saudia plane overshoots NAIA runway (MNL)". ABS CBN News. Retrieved 5 August 2014. ^ "Final report: Accident of MyCargo Airlines opb Saudia Cargo Flight SV-916, Boeing 747-400ERF, Registration TC-ACR, On 11 November 2017 at Maastricht/Aachen Airport, Netherlands" Dutch Safety Board ^ "Accident: MyCargo B744 at Maastricht on Nov 11th 2017, runway excursion on takeoff". avherald.com. Retrieved 27 February 2023. ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-428FER TC-ACR Maastricht/Aachen Airport (MST)". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 27 February 2023. ^ "Accident: MyCargo B744 at Maastricht on Nov 11th 2017, runway excursion on takeoff". avherald.com. Retrieved 27 February 2023. ^ "Saudia Airbus A330-200 makes emergency landing at Jeddah airport". Arab News. 21 May 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2018. ^ Locus, Sundy (20 June 2022). "Saudia plane veers off NAIA runway". GMA News. Retrieved 16 January 2023. ^ Esperas, Raoul (20 June 2022). "Saudia airplane gets stuck at NAIA taxiway". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved 16 January 2023. ^ Hogg, Ryan (15 April 2023). "Saudia Said Plane Involved in 'Accident' at Sudan's Khartoum Airport". businessinsider.com. Business Insider. Retrieved 17 April 2023. Saudia, formerly called Saudi Arabian Airlines, issued a statement saying one of its Airbus A330 jets was "involved in an accident" at the airport before a flight to Riyadh.... the other plane damaged in the shelling was a Ukraine-based SkyUp 737, operating on behalf of airline Sunwing. ^ Air Plus News (15 April 2023). "air plus news on Twitter: "🔴 Un Airbus A330 en feu à l'aéroport de Khartoum après la prise de contrôle par les rebelles putschistes. Plus d'infos à venir ⚠️ Des avions de combat sont actuellement en vol au-dessus de la capitale soudanaise." (🔴 An Airbus A330 on fire at Khartoum airport after the coup rebels took control. More info to come. ⚠️ Fighter jets are currently flying over the Sudanese capital.)" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ المركز الإعلامي | الخطوط السعودية (Media Center | Saudi Arabian Airlines) (15 April 2023). "Statement on accident involving #saudia aircraft at Khartoum International Airport" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ Uras, Umut; Gadzo, Mersiha; Siddiqui, Usaid. "Sudan updates: Explosions, shooting rock Khartoum". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2023. ^ "Sudan: Saudia A330, Other Planes Damaged at Khartoum Airport Amid Heavy Firing - Watch Video". External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saudi Arabian Airlines. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saudia (foram)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudia_(foram)"},{"link_name":"Saudia LaMont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudia_LaMont"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"flag carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_carrier"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Jeddah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeddah"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"King Abdulaziz International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Jeddah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeddah"},{"link_name":"King Khalid International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Khalid_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Riyadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"charter flights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_flight"},{"link_name":"Ramadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan"},{"link_name":"Hajj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj"},{"link_name":"SkyTeam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SkyTeam"},{"link_name":"Persian Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf"},{"link_name":"airline alliances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline_alliance"},{"link_name":"Arab Air Carriers' Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Air_Carriers%27_Organization"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"For the foraminferan genus or the politician, see Saudia (foram) and Saudia LaMont.Saudia (Arabic: السعودية as-Suʿūdiyyah), formerly known as Saudi Arabian Airlines (Arabic: الخطوط الجوية العربية السعودية al-Ḫuṭūṭ al-Jawwiyyah al-ʿArabiyyah as-Suʿūdiyyah), is the flag carrier of Saudi Arabia, based in Jeddah.[3][4] The airline's main hub is at King Abdulaziz International Airport in Jeddah and King Khalid International Airport in Riyadh, with it planning to pull out of Riyadh as a major hub by 2030.[5]Saudia operates domestic and international scheduled flights to over 100 destinations in the Middle East, Africa, Asia, Europe and North America. Domestic and international charter flights are operated, mostly during the Ramadan and the Hajj seasons. It joined the SkyTeam airline alliance on 29 May 2012, making it the first carrier from the Persian Gulf region to join one of the three major airline alliances. Saudia is a member and one of the founders of the Arab Air Carriers' Organization.[6]","title":"Saudia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boeing_707-368C_HZ-ACD_Saudi_LAP_18.05.69_edited-3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Boeing 707","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_707"},{"link_name":"Franklin Delano Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-3"},{"link_name":"King Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Abdul_Aziz_Ibn_Saud"},{"link_name":"flag carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_carrier"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Trans World Airlines(TWA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_World_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Al-Kandara Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandara_Airport"},{"link_name":"Lod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lod"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)"},{"link_name":"Ben-Gurion International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben-Gurion_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"British Mandate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"Bristol 170s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_170"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Boeing 720s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_720"},{"link_name":"Middle East Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Cyprus Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_Airways"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Comet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Comet"},{"link_name":"El Al","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Al"},{"link_name":"Boeing 707","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_707"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"King Faisal of Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_bin_Abdul_Aziz"},{"link_name":"DC-6s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-6"},{"link_name":"Boeing 707s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_707"},{"link_name":"Arab Air Carriers' Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Air_Carriers%27_Organization"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Airport"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"Khartoum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathrow_Airport"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Rabat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabat"},{"link_name":"Sharjah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharjah_(city)"},{"link_name":"Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran"},{"link_name":"Tripoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya"},{"link_name":"Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lockheed_L-1011-385-1-15_TriStar_200,_Saudia_-_Saudi_Arabian_Airlines_AN0213092.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lockheed L-1011 TriStar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_L-1011_TriStar"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737"},{"link_name":"Fokker F-28s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_F-28"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-9"},{"link_name":"Boeing 747","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747"},{"link_name":"Middle East Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Airlines"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathrow_Airport"},{"link_name":"Lockheed L-1011s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_L-1011"},{"link_name":"Fairchild FH-27s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_Hiller_FH-227"},{"link_name":"the royal family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_royal_family"},{"link_name":"Kano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kano_(city)"},{"link_name":"Muscat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat,_Oman"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Dhahran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhahran"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabian_Airlines_Boeing_747SP_Maiwald.jpg"},{"link_name":"Boeing 747SP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747SP"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"Colombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo"},{"link_name":"Dakar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"},{"link_name":"Islamabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad"},{"link_name":"Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"},{"link_name":"Kuala Lumpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu"},{"link_name":"Nairobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Nice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei"},{"link_name":"business class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_class"},{"link_name":"Airbus A300s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A300"},{"link_name":"Boeing 747s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747"},{"link_name":"Cessna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna"},{"link_name":"Larnaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larnaca"},{"link_name":"Addis Ababa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa"},{"link_name":"Jeddah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeddah"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saudia_Boeing_737-200_Davey.jpg"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737-200"},{"link_name":"Boeing 777s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_777"},{"link_name":"MD-90s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD-90"},{"link_name":"MD-11s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11"},{"link_name":"flight attendant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_attendant"},{"link_name":"Adnan Akbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adnan_Akbar"},{"link_name":"sand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand"},{"link_name":"fuselage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuselage"},{"link_name":"House of Saud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Saud"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"Saudi Arabian Airlines Boeing 707 in 1969When U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt presented a Douglas DC-3 as a gift to King Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud in 1945, the event marked the kingdom's gradual development of civil aviation. The nation's flag carrier, Saudia, was founded as Saudi Arabian Airlines in September 1945[7] as a fully owned government agency under the control of the Ministry of Defense, with Trans World Airlines(TWA) running the airline under a management contract.The now-demolished Al-Kandara Airport, which was close to Jeddah, served as the flag carrier's main base. Among the airline's early operations was a special flight from Lydda (Lod) in Palestine (today in Israel, site of Ben-Gurion International Airport), a British Mandate at that time, to carry Hajj pilgrims to Jeddah. The airline used five DC-3 aircraft to launch scheduled operations on the Jeddah-Riyadh-Hofuf-Dhahran route in March 1947. Its first international service was between Jeddah and Cairo. Service to Beirut, Karachi[8] and Damascus followed in early 1948. The following year the first of five Bristol 170s was received. These aircraft offered the airline the flexibility of carrying both passengers and cargo.[9]In 1962, the airline took delivery of two Boeing 720s, becoming the fourth Middle Eastern airline to fly jet aircraft, after Middle East Airlines and Cyprus Airways with the de Havilland Comet in 1960 and El Al with the Boeing 707 in 1961.[10] On 19 February 1963, the airline became a registered company, with King Faisal of Saudi Arabia signing the papers that declared Saudia a fully independent company. DC-6s and Boeing 707s were later bought, and the airline joined the AACO, the Arab Air Carriers' Organization. Services were started to Frankfurt, Geneva, Khartoum, London, Mumbai, Rabat, Sharjah, Tehran, Tripoli, and Tunis.Saudi Arabian Airlines Lockheed L-1011 TriStar in 1987In the 1970s, a new livery was introduced. It comprised a white fuselage with green and blue stripes and a green tailfin. The carrier's name was changed to Saudia on 1 April 1972. Boeing 737s and Fokker F-28s were bought, with the 737s replacing the Douglas DC-9. The airline operated its first Boeing 747 service in 1977 when three Jumbo Jets were leased from Middle East Airlines and deployed in the London sector. The first all-cargo flights between Saudi Arabia and Europe were started, and Lockheed L-1011s and Fairchild FH-27s were introduced. New services, including the Arabian Express 'no reservation shuttle flights' between Jeddah and Riyadh. The Special Flight Services (SFS) was set up as a special unit of Saudia and operates special flights for the royal family and government agencies. Service was also started to Kano, Muscat, Paris, Rome, and Stockholm. The Pan Am/Saudia joint service between Dhahran and New York City began in 1979.[11]A Saudi Arabian Airlines Boeing 747SP in 1989In the 1980s services such as Saudia Catering began. Flights were started to Amsterdam, Athens, Baghdad, Bangkok, Brussels, Colombo, Dakar, Delhi, Dhaka, Islamabad, Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur, Lahore, Madrid, Manila, Mogadishu, Nairobi, New York City, Nice, Seoul, Singapore, and Taipei. Horizon Class, a business class service, was established to offer enhanced service. Cargo hubs were built in Brussels and Taipei. Airbus A300s, Boeing 747s, and Cessna Citations were also added to the fleet, the Citations for the SFS service. In 1989 services to Larnaca and Addis Ababa began. On 1 July 1982, the first nonstop service from Jeddah to New York City was initiated with Boeing 747SP aircraft. This was followed by a Riyadh-New York route.A Saudi Arabian Airlines Boeing 737-200 in 1995In the 1990s, services to Orlando, Chennai, Asmara, Washington, D.C., Johannesburg, Alexandria, Milan, Málaga (seasonal), and Sanaa (resumption) were introduced. Boeing 777s, MD-90s and MD-11s were introduced. New female flight attendant uniforms designed by Adnan Akbar were introduced. A new corporate identity was launched on 16 July 1996, featuring a sand colored fuselage with contrasting dark blue tailfin, the center of which featured a stylized representation of the House of Saud crest. The Saudia name was dropped in the identity revamp, with the full Saudi Arabian Airlines name used.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sultan bin Abdulaziz Al Saud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud"},{"link_name":"Minister of Defense and Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Defense_and_Aviation"},{"link_name":"privatization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatization"},{"link_name":"ground handling services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_handling_services"},{"link_name":"Prince Sultan Aviation Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Sultan_Aviation_Academy"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Strategic Business Units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Business_Unit"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Council of Ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Saudi_Arabia#National_government"},{"link_name":"air cargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_cargo"},{"link_name":"Prince Sultan Aviation Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Sultan_Aviation_Academy"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"SkyTeam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SkyTeam"},{"link_name":"rebranding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebranding"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arabianaerospace.aero-15"},{"link_name":"Boeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing"},{"link_name":"Airbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus"},{"link_name":"Boeing 787-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_787"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HZ-AK43_(43663083172).jpg"},{"link_name":"Boeing 777","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_777"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"low-cost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-cost_carrier"},{"link_name":"Flyadeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyadeal"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Development (2000s–2020s)","text":"On 8 October 2000, Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, the Saudi Minister of Defense and Aviation, signed a contract to conduct studies for the privatization of Saudi Arabian Airlines. In preparation for this, the airline was restructured to allow non-core units—including Saudia catering, ground handling services and maintenance as well as the Prince Sultan Aviation Academy in Jeddah—to be transformed into commercial units and profit centers. In April 2005, the Saudi government indicated that the airline may also lose its monopoly on domestic services.[12]In 2006, Saudia began the process of dividing itself into Strategic Business Units (SBU); the catering unit was the first to be privatized.[13] In August 2007, Saudi Arabia's Council of Ministers approved the conversion of strategic units into companies. It is planned that ground services, technical services, air cargo and the Prince Sultan Aviation Academy, medical division, as well as the catering unit, will become subsidiaries of a holding company.[14]The airline rebranded to its former brand name Saudia (used from 1972 to 1996) on 29 May 2012, dropping the Saudi Arabian Airlines branding entirely; the name was changed to celebrate the company's entry into the SkyTeam airline alliance on that day, and it was part of a larger rebranding initiative.[15]Saudia received 64 new aircraft by the end of 2012 (six from Boeing and 58 from Airbus). Another eight Boeing 787-9 aircraft started to join the fleet in 2015.[16]A Saudia Boeing 777 decorated in a special livery to commemorate the Saudi Arabia national football team (nicknamed the 'Green Falcons') in 2018In April 2016, Saudia announced the creation of a low-cost subsidiary named Flyadeal. The airline was launched as part of Saudia Group's SV2020 Transformation Strategy, which intends to transform the group's units into world-class organisations by 2020. Flyadeal, which serves domestic and regional destinations, began operating in mid-2017.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Airbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus"},{"link_name":"Boeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing"},{"link_name":"Airbus A350","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A350"},{"link_name":"Boeing 777X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_777X"},{"link_name":"Boeing 787","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_787"},{"link_name":"CFM International LEAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFM_International_LEAP"},{"link_name":"Airbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Batumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batumi"},{"link_name":"Mykonos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykonos"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Málaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1laga"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Entebbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entebbe"},{"link_name":"Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv"},{"link_name":"2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis"},{"link_name":"Kuala Lumpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur"},{"link_name":"Boeing 787s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_787_Dreamliner"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saudia_Boeing_787_arriving_at_Birmingham-BHX_January_2024.jpg"},{"link_name":"Boeing 787","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_787_Dreamliner"},{"link_name":"Open AI's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI"},{"link_name":"GPT-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Continued growth and new brand identity (2020s–present)","text":"In April 2021, Saudia announced that on 19 April, it will try the mobile app developed by the International Air Transport Association (IATA) that helps passengers manage their travel information and documents digitally.[18]In December 2021, Saudia was in talks with the two major aircraft manufacturers Airbus and Boeing in purchasing new wide-body aircraft, the airline will decide in early 2022 whether it will order the Airbus A350 or the Boeing 777X, or it might purchase more Boeing 787's instead. The airline also chose the CFM International LEAP engine to power its Airbus A321neos which are expected to be delivered in 2024. The airline plans to have 250 planes in its fleet by 2030.[19]In April 2022 services began to Seoul, Beijing, Batumi, Mykonos, Barcelona, Málaga, Bangkok, Chicago, Moscow, Entebbe and Kyiv. Services to Kyiv are currently not operating due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. In June 2022, they resumed services to Zürich. In July 2022 Saudia signed a contract with the Air Connectivity Programme to launch four new destinations to Zürich, Barcelona, Tunis and Kuala Lumpur.In March 2023, Saudia ordered 39 Boeing 787s split between the -9 and -10 variants, with options for a further ten aircraft.A Saudia Boeing 787-10 in 2024 with the new design and logoIn September 2023, Saudia announced a rebrand to a 1980s-like design and logo. It also introduced a new travel AI assistant called \"SAUDIA\", using Open AI's GPT-4.[20]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SkyTrax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skytrax"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Saudia was named the World's Most Improved Airline' for 2017 and 2020 by SkyTrax.[21]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1978_Williams-Ford_FW06_Goodwood,_2009.JPG"},{"link_name":"Williams FW06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_FW06"},{"link_name":"Goodwood Festival of Speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodwood_Festival_of_Speed"},{"link_name":"Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Formula One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One"},{"link_name":"Constructors' Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_World_Constructors%27_Champions"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Formula_One_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"Drivers' Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_World_Drivers%27_Champions"},{"link_name":"Alan Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Jones_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"Keke Rosberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keke_Rosberg"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Formula_One_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"Diriyah ePrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diriyah_ePrix"},{"link_name":"Formula E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_E"},{"link_name":"Boeing 777-300ER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_777-300ER"},{"link_name":"Spark SRT05e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark_SRT05e"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Newcastle United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Aston Martin F1 Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_Martin_in_Formula_One"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Saudia sponsorships on a 1978 Williams FW06 being demonstrated at the 2009 Goodwood Festival of SpeedSaudia was the main sponsor of the Williams Formula One team from 1977 to 1984. During this period Williams won the Constructors' Championship twice (1980 and 1981), and two Williams drivers won the Drivers' Championship: Alan Jones in 1980 and Keke Rosberg in 1982.Saudia was the main sponsor of the 2018 and 2019 Diriyah ePrix. They are the official airline of Formula E, with one of their planes, a Boeing 777-300ER, painted in a special livery featuring an eagle head with the Spark SRT05e Gen2 car behind it.[22][23]In November 2022, Newcastle United announced Saudia as the club’s official tour airline partner.[24]In March 2023, Aston Martin F1 Team announced Saudia as the team's official global airline partner in a multi-year deal.[25]","title":"Sponsorships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saudia Cargo § Destinations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudia_Cargo#Destinations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jeddah_-_King_Abdulaziz_International_(JED_-_OEJN)_AN1219204.jpg"},{"link_name":"King Abdulaziz International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Jeddah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeddah"}],"text":"See also: Saudia Cargo § DestinationsKing Abdulaziz International Airport in Jeddah, Saudia's primary hubSaudia operates to 102 destinations as of October 2022. The airline plans to reach 250 destinations by 2030.","title":"Destinations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"codeshare agreements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codeshare_agreement"},{"link_name":"SkyTeam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SkyTeam"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAPA_Saudia_profile-26"},{"link_name":"Aegean Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Air France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Air Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Mauritius"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Czech Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Etihad Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etihad_Airways"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Flyadeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyadeal"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Garuda Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garuda_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Gulf Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Air"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"ITA Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITA_Airways"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Kenya Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_Airways"},{"link_name":"Korean Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Air"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"KLM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLM"},{"link_name":"Kuwait Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait_Airways"},{"link_name":"Malaysia Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Middle East Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Oman Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman_Air"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Maroc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Maroc"},{"link_name":"Vietnam Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Codeshare agreements","text":"Saudia has codeshare agreements with SkyTeam partners and with the following airlines:[26]Aegean Airlines[27]\nAeroflot[28]\nAir France[29]\nAir Mauritius[30]\nCzech Airlines[31]\nEtihad Airways[32]\nEthiopian Airlines[33]\nFlyadeal[34]\nGaruda Indonesia[35]\nGulf Air[36]\nITA Airways[37]\nKenya Airways\nKorean Air[38]\nKLM\nKuwait Airways\nMalaysia Airlines[39]\nMiddle East Airlines\nOman Air\nRoyal Air Maroc\nVietnam Airlines[40]","title":"Destinations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saudia,_HZ-AS62,_Airbus_A320-214_(47585097882).jpg"},{"link_name":"Airbus A320-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A320#A320-200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saudia_(Saudi_National_Day_Livery),_HZ-AQE,_Airbus_A330-343_(44574961504).jpg"},{"link_name":"Airbus A330-300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A330#A330-300"},{"link_name":"Saudi National Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_National_Day"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saudia_(Ad-Diriyah_E-Prix_Livery),_HZ-AK43,_Boeing_777-368_ER_(49596796563).jpg"},{"link_name":"Boeing 777-300ER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_777#777-300ER"},{"link_name":"Formula E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_E"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HZ-AK74_(48744892592).jpg"},{"link_name":"Boeing 777F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_777#777_Freighter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boeing_747-400_(Saudia)_(5283436749).jpg"},{"link_name":"Boeing 747-400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747-400"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saudia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saudi_Arabian_Airlines_Fleet_Details_and_History-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AirbusOrd&Del-43"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"sub_title":"Current fleet","text":"Saudia Airbus A320-200Saudia Airbus A330-300 in the special Saudi National Day liverySaudia Boeing 777-300ER in the special Formula E liverySaudia Cargo Boeing 777FA Saudia Boeing 747-400 wearing former livery.As of May 2024[update], the Saudia fleet consists of 147 aircraft, including its passenger and cargo fleet:[41][42][43][needs update]","title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabian_Airlines_Convair_340_Quackenbush.jpg"},{"link_name":"Convair 340","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convair_340"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabian_Airlines_L-1011-200_HZ-AHE_LHR_1985-5-17.png"},{"link_name":"Lockheed L-1011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_L-1011"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HZ-APF_(8016935735).jpg"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas MD-90-30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-90-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabian_Airlines_TF-AAD_(7857764738).jpg"},{"link_name":"Boeing 747-400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747-400"},{"link_name":"Air Atlanta Icelandic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Atlanta_Icelandic"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Historic fleet","text":"Saudia Convair 340 in 1959Saudia Lockheed L-1011 in 1985Saudia McDonnell Douglas MD-90-30 in 2008Saudia Boeing 747-400 leased from Air Atlanta Icelandic in 2012Saudia formerly operated the following aircraft:[52]","title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabian_Government_Boeing_747-468_HZ-HM1_at_JFK_Airport.jpg"},{"link_name":"Boeing 747-400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747-400"},{"link_name":"C-130s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-130"},{"link_name":"Royal Saudi Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Boeing 747-400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747-400"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Other aircraft","text":"Saudi Royal Flight Boeing 747-400 parked at JFK Airport wearing its former livery, 2018. The above A340-200 is parked behind it.Saudia Special Flight Services, VIP flights, and Private Aviation operate the following, several of which sport the airline's liverySome military C-130s are also painted with the Saudia colors and are flown by Royal Saudi Air Force crews to support Saudi official activities in the region and Europe. \nSince 2017 two mobile escalators (TEC Hünert MFT 500-01[55]) travel with the King and transported by separate aircraft.In 2021, the Saudi royal flight's single Boeing 747-400 registered as HZ-HM1 was painted in a new livery.[56]As of January 2022, all the Saudi royal flight aircraft are going to be operated by a private company, that's why all aircraft are to be painted in another livery soon.[citation needed]","title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inflight magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflight_magazine"},{"link_name":"alcoholic beverages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage"},{"link_name":"pork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork"},{"link_name":"Islamic dietary laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws"},{"link_name":"Airbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus"},{"link_name":"A320","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A320"},{"link_name":"Airbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus"},{"link_name":"A330-300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A330-300"},{"link_name":"Boeing 787-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_787-9"},{"link_name":"Boeing 787-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_787-10"},{"link_name":"Boeing 777-300ER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_777-300ER"},{"link_name":"Wi-Fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"The inflight magazine of Saudia is called Ahlan Wasahlan (أهلاً وسهلاً \"Hello and Welcome\"). No alcoholic beverages or pork is served on board under Islamic dietary laws. Selected Airbus A320, Airbus A330-300, Boeing 787-9, Boeing 787-10, and Boeing 777-300ER aircraft are equipped with Wi-Fi and mobile network connectivity on board. Most aircraft also offer onboard specialized prayer areas and a recorded prayer is played before takeoff.[57]","title":"In-flight services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Douglas DC-4/C-54A-5-DO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-4"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Douglas C-47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-47"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASN090268-59"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-3"},{"link_name":"Amman Civil Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amman_Civil_Airport"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Damascus Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus_Airport"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASN101170-60"},{"link_name":"Douglas C-47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-47"},{"link_name":"Tabuk Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabuk_Airport"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASN110772-61"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas DC-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10"},{"link_name":"ONA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_National_Airways"},{"link_name":"Istanbul, Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul,_Turkey"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saudia_Flight_163_aftermath_of_fire_onboard.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saudia Flight 163","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudia_Flight_163"},{"link_name":"Saudia Flight 163","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudia_Flight_163"},{"link_name":"Lockheed L-1011-200 TriStar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_L-1011_TriStar"},{"link_name":"Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi"},{"link_name":"Riyadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh"},{"link_name":"Jeddah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeddah"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Saudia Flight 162","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudia_Flight_162"},{"link_name":"Dhahran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhahran"},{"link_name":"Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Lockheed L-1011 TriStar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_L-1011_TriStar"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"Jeddah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeddah"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Boeing 747-100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747-100"},{"link_name":"1996 Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charkhi_Dadri_mid-air_collision"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Dhahran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhahran"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Ilyushin Il-76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-76"},{"link_name":"Charkhi Dadri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charkhi_Dadri"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Jeddah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeddah"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Boeing 777","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_777"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Kuala Lumpur International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Boeing 747-300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747-300"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Boeing 747","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747"},{"link_name":"Colombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo"},{"link_name":"Jeddah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeddah"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Civil Aviation Authority of Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority_of_Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Air Atlanta Icelandic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Atlanta_Icelandic"},{"link_name":"Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Mohammad_Bin_Abdulaziz_Airport"},{"link_name":"Madinah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madinah"},{"link_name":"Zia International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zia_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Shahjalal International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahjalal_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"},{"link_name":"Boeing 747-357","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747-300"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aviation_Safety_Network-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aviation_Safety_Network-78"},{"link_name":"Boeing 767","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_767"},{"link_name":"Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Mohammad_bin_Abdulaziz_Airport"},{"link_name":"Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Boeing 747-400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747-400"},{"link_name":"Ninoy Aquino International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninoy_Aquino_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABS-CBN_News-82"},{"link_name":"MyCargo Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyCargo_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Boeing 747-400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747-400"},{"link_name":"Saudia Cargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudia_Cargo"},{"link_name":"compressor stall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressor_stall"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Onur Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onur_Air"},{"link_name":"Airbus A330-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A330-200"},{"link_name":"Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Mohammad_bin_Abdulaziz_Airport"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahjalal_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Jeddah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arab_News-87"},{"link_name":"Boeing 777-368","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_777#777-300"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Airbus A330-343","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A330#A330-300"},{"link_name":"Khartoum Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum_Airport"},{"link_name":"2023 Sudan clashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Sudan_clashes"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"}],"text":"On 25 September 1959, a Saudia Douglas DC-4/C-54A-5-DO (registration HZ-AAF), performed a belly landing shortly after take-off from the old Jeddah Airport. The cause of the accident was just locks not deactivated by the mechanic, followed by a stall. All 67 passengers and five crew members survived.[58]\nOn 9 February 1968, a Douglas C-47 (reg. HZ-AAE) was damaged beyond economic repair at an unknown location.[59]\nOn 10 November 1970, a Douglas DC-3 on a flight from Amman Civil Airport, Jordan to King Khalid International Airport, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia was hijacked and diverted to Damascus Airport, Syria.[60]\nOn 11 July 1972, a Douglas C-47B (reg. HZ-AAK) was damaged beyond economic repair in an accident at Tabuk Airport.[61]\nOn 2 January 1976, Saudia Flight 5130, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30CF, leased from ONA undershot the runway at Istanbul, Turkey, crash landed, tearing off the #1 engine and causing the left wing to catch fire. All passengers and crew evacuated safely. The aircraft was written off.[62]The aftermath of the fire aboard Saudia Flight 163 in 1980On 19 August 1980, Saudia Flight 163, a Lockheed L-1011-200 TriStar (HZ-AHK), operating Karachi-Riyadh-Jeddah, was completely destroyed by fire at Riyadh airport with the loss of all 301 people on board due to delays in evacuating the aircraft.[63] This was the deadliest accident experienced by Saudia until 312 were killed in the loss of Flight 763 over 16 years later.\nOn 22 December 1980, Saudia Flight 162, a Lockheed L-1011-200 TriStar, operating Dhahran to Karachi, experienced an explosive decompression, penetrating the passenger cabin. The hole sucked out two passengers and depressurized the cabin.[64]\nOn 5 April 1984, a Saudia Lockheed L-1011 TriStar on final approach to Damascus from Jeddah was hijacked by a Syrian national. The hijacker demanded to be taken to Istanbul, Turkey but changed his mind and requested to go to Stockholm, Sweden. After landing in Istanbul to refuel, the hijacker was arrested after the pilot pushed him out of the emergency exit.[65]\nOn 12 November 1996, a Saudia Boeing 747-100B (HZ-AIH), operating flight 763, was involved in the 1996 Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision. The aircraft was on its way from New Delhi, India, to Dhahran, Saudi Arabia when a Kazakhstan Airlines Ilyushin Il-76 (UN-76435) collided with it over the village of Charkhi Dadri, some miles west of New Delhi. Flight 763 was carrying 312 people, all of whom, along with 37 more on the Kazakh aircraft, died, for a total of 349 fatalities.[66][67] The loss of Flight 763 alone remains Saudia's worst accident in terms of fatalities. The accident overall also remains the world's deadliest mid-air collision.\nOn 6 September 1997, A Boeing 737-200 operating as Saudia Flight 1861 (reg. HZ-AGM) from Najran was accelerating on its takeoff roll when the No. 2 engine spooled up without any pilot input, the captain attempted to abort the landing but the engine continued to increase in power. The plane veered to the left of the runway, causing the main landing gears to collapse and tearing the right engine off the wing. It skidded for a few meters before stopping on the sand, a fire broke out but all 85 occupants managed to escape.[68][69]\nOn 14 October 2000, Saudia Flight 115,[70] flying from Jeddah to London was hijacked en route by two men who claimed they were armed with explosives. The hijackers commandeered the Boeing 777-200ER (HZ-AKH) to Baghdad, Iraq, where all 90 passengers and 15 crew members were safely released. The two hijackers, identified as Lieutenant Faisal Naji Hamoud Al-Bilawi and First Lieutenant Ayesh Ali Hussein Al-Fareedi,[71] both Saudi citizens, were arrested and later extradited to Saudi Arabia in 2003.[72][73]\nOn 23 August 2001, at Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Malaysia, a Boeing 747-300 (reg. HZ-AIO) suffered nose damage as it entered a monsoon drainage ditch while it was being taxied by maintenance staff from the hangar to the gate before a return flight to Saudi Arabia. None of the six crew members on board at the time were injured, but the aircraft was written off.[74][75]\nOn 8 September 2005, a Boeing 747 travelling from Colombo to Jeddah, carrying mostly Sri Lankan nationals to take up employment in the Kingdom, received a false alarm claiming that a bomb had been planted on board. The aircraft returned to Colombo. During the evacuation, there was a passenger stampede in the wake of which one Sri Lankan woman died, 62 were injured, and 17 were hospitalized. The aircraft had taken on a load of 420 passengers in Colombo.[76] According to the Civil Aviation Authority of Sri Lanka, the probable cause was a \"Breakdown of timely and effective communication amongst Aerodrome Controller and Ground Handling (SriLankan Airlines) personnel had prevented a timely dispatch of the stepladders to the aircraft to deplane the passengers in a timely manner, which resulted in the Pilot-In-Command to order an emergency evacuation of the passengers through slides after being alarmed by the bomb threat.\"[77]\nOn 25 May 2008, an Air Atlanta Icelandic aircraft operating for Saudia as Flight 810 (TF-ARS) from Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz Airport, Madinah made an unscheduled landing at Zia International Airport (now Shahjalal International Airport), Dhaka. During the roll the tower controller reported that he saw a fire on the right-hand wing. Upon vacating the runway, the crew received a fire indication for engine number three. The fire extinguisher was activated and all engines were shut down. The aircraft, a Boeing 747-357, which was damaged beyond repair, was successfully evacuated.[78] Only minor injuries were incurred.[79] Investigations revealed a fuel leak where the fuel enters the front spar for engine number three.[78]\nOn 5 January 2014, a leased Boeing 767 operating under Saudia was forced to make an emergency landing at Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz Airport in Medina after the landing gear failed to deploy. 29 people were injured in the incident.[80][81]\nOn 5 August 2014, a Boeing 747-400 (reg. HZ-AIX) operating as flight 871 from Manila to Riyadh veered off runway 24 of Ninoy Aquino International Airport in Manila while positioning for takeoff. No one on the plane or ground was injured.[82]\nOn 11 November 2017, a MyCargo Airlines Boeing 747-400 freighter operated by Saudia Cargo (reg. TC-ACR) as flight SV916 from Maastricht (EHBK) to Jeddah (OEJN) veered off to the right of the runway during the takeoff roll in after a loss of thrust on the #4 engine caused by a compressor stall. The pilots did not immediately retard the thrust levers, and more standard procedures weren't followed as the plane swerved due to 'startle effect'.[83][84][85] The aircraft was repaired soon after.[86]\nOn 21 May 2018, an Onur Air-leased Airbus A330-200 (reg TC-OCH), operating as flight 3818 from Medina to Dhaka, was diverted to Jeddah after suffering a malfunction with the nose landing gear. It was forced to make a belly landing. No injuries were reported.[87]\nOn 20 June 2022, a Boeing 777-368 operating as Flight 862 from Riyadh veered off and got stuck at a taxiway in Manila after landing. All 420 people on board were unharmed.[88][89]\nOn 15 April 2023, an Airbus A330-343 operating as Flight 458 was destroyed while preparing to take off in Khartoum Airport during the 2023 Sudan clashes. The aircraft, registered as HZ-AQ30, was hit by a tracer bullet, causing its hull to burn and its tail section to collapse.[90][91] Despite the damage, all occupants onboard managed to escape without any injuries[92] and were evacuated to the Saudi Embassy in Khartoum.[93] Another Saudi plane was a few hundred kilometres away from airport and it did not land. It did a U-turn in order to avoid being shot down.[94]","title":"Incidents and accidents"}]
[{"image_text":"Saudi Arabian Airlines Boeing 707 in 1969","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Boeing_707-368C_HZ-ACD_Saudi_LAP_18.05.69_edited-3.jpg/220px-Boeing_707-368C_HZ-ACD_Saudi_LAP_18.05.69_edited-3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Saudi Arabian Airlines Lockheed L-1011 TriStar in 1987","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Lockheed_L-1011-385-1-15_TriStar_200%2C_Saudia_-_Saudi_Arabian_Airlines_AN0213092.jpg/220px-Lockheed_L-1011-385-1-15_TriStar_200%2C_Saudia_-_Saudi_Arabian_Airlines_AN0213092.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Saudi Arabian Airlines Boeing 747SP in 1989","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Saudi_Arabian_Airlines_Boeing_747SP_Maiwald.jpg/220px-Saudi_Arabian_Airlines_Boeing_747SP_Maiwald.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Saudi Arabian Airlines Boeing 737-200 in 1995","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Saudia_Boeing_737-200_Davey.jpg/220px-Saudia_Boeing_737-200_Davey.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Saudia Boeing 777 decorated in a special livery to commemorate the Saudi Arabia national football team (nicknamed the 'Green Falcons') in 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/HZ-AK43_%2843663083172%29.jpg/220px-HZ-AK43_%2843663083172%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Saudia Boeing 787-10 in 2024 with the new design and logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Saudia_Boeing_787_arriving_at_Birmingham-BHX_January_2024.jpg/220px-Saudia_Boeing_787_arriving_at_Birmingham-BHX_January_2024.jpg"},{"image_text":"Saudia sponsorships on a 1978 Williams FW06 being demonstrated at the 2009 Goodwood Festival of Speed","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/1978_Williams-Ford_FW06_Goodwood%2C_2009.JPG/220px-1978_Williams-Ford_FW06_Goodwood%2C_2009.JPG"},{"image_text":"King Abdulaziz International Airport in Jeddah, Saudia's primary hub","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Jeddah_-_King_Abdulaziz_International_%28JED_-_OEJN%29_AN1219204.jpg/220px-Jeddah_-_King_Abdulaziz_International_%28JED_-_OEJN%29_AN1219204.jpg"},{"image_text":"Saudia Airbus A320-200","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Saudia%2C_HZ-AS62%2C_Airbus_A320-214_%2847585097882%29.jpg/220px-Saudia%2C_HZ-AS62%2C_Airbus_A320-214_%2847585097882%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Saudia Airbus A330-300 in the special Saudi National Day livery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Saudia_%28Saudi_National_Day_Livery%29%2C_HZ-AQE%2C_Airbus_A330-343_%2844574961504%29.jpg/220px-Saudia_%28Saudi_National_Day_Livery%29%2C_HZ-AQE%2C_Airbus_A330-343_%2844574961504%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Saudia Boeing 777-300ER in the special Formula E livery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Saudia_%28Ad-Diriyah_E-Prix_Livery%29%2C_HZ-AK43%2C_Boeing_777-368_ER_%2849596796563%29.jpg/220px-Saudia_%28Ad-Diriyah_E-Prix_Livery%29%2C_HZ-AK43%2C_Boeing_777-368_ER_%2849596796563%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Saudia Cargo Boeing 777F","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/HZ-AK74_%2848744892592%29.jpg/220px-HZ-AK74_%2848744892592%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Saudia Boeing 747-400 wearing former livery.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Boeing_747-400_%28Saudia%29_%285283436749%29.jpg/220px-Boeing_747-400_%28Saudia%29_%285283436749%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Saudia Convair 340 in 1959","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Saudi_Arabian_Airlines_Convair_340_Quackenbush.jpg/220px-Saudi_Arabian_Airlines_Convair_340_Quackenbush.jpg"},{"image_text":"Saudia Lockheed L-1011 in 1985","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Saudi_Arabian_Airlines_L-1011-200_HZ-AHE_LHR_1985-5-17.png/220px-Saudi_Arabian_Airlines_L-1011-200_HZ-AHE_LHR_1985-5-17.png"},{"image_text":"Saudia McDonnell Douglas MD-90-30 in 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/HZ-APF_%288016935735%29.jpg/220px-HZ-APF_%288016935735%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Saudia Boeing 747-400 leased from Air Atlanta Icelandic in 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Saudi_Arabian_Airlines_TF-AAD_%287857764738%29.jpg/220px-Saudi_Arabian_Airlines_TF-AAD_%287857764738%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Saudi Royal Flight Boeing 747-400 parked at JFK Airport wearing its former livery, 2018. The above A340-200 is parked behind it.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Saudi_Arabian_Government_Boeing_747-468_HZ-HM1_at_JFK_Airport.jpg/220px-Saudi_Arabian_Government_Boeing_747-468_HZ-HM1_at_JFK_Airport.jpg"},{"image_text":"The aftermath of the fire aboard Saudia Flight 163 in 1980","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Saudia_Flight_163_aftermath_of_fire_onboard.jpg/220px-Saudia_Flight_163_aftermath_of_fire_onboard.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Saudi Arabia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Saudi_Arabia"},{"title":"List of airlines of Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"title":"Red Sea International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_International_Airport"},{"title":"Saudi Vision 2030","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Vision_2030"}]
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Saudia, formerly called Saudi Arabian Airlines, issued a statement saying one of its Airbus A330 jets was \"involved in an accident\" at the airport before a flight to Riyadh.... the other plane damaged in the shelling was a Ukraine-based SkyUp 737, operating on behalf of airline Sunwing.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/saudi-airline-involved-accident-airport-khartoum-sudan-2023-4","url_text":"\"Saudia Said Plane Involved in 'Accident' at Sudan's Khartoum Airport\""}]},{"reference":"Air Plus News [@airplusnews] (15 April 2023). \"air plus news on Twitter: \"🔴 [ Urgent ] Un Airbus A330 en feu à l'aéroport de Khartoum après la prise de contrôle par les rebelles putschistes. Plus d'infos à venir ⚠️ Des avions de combat sont actuellement en vol au-dessus de la capitale soudanaise.\" (🔴 [ Urgent ] An Airbus A330 on fire at Khartoum airport after the coup rebels took control. More info to come. ⚠️ Fighter jets are currently flying over the Sudanese capital.)\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/airplusnews/status/1647182564354924546","url_text":"\"air plus news on Twitter: \"🔴 [ Urgent ] Un Airbus A330 en feu à l'aéroport de Khartoum après la prise de contrôle par les rebelles putschistes. Plus d'infos à venir ⚠️ Des avions de combat sont actuellement en vol au-dessus de la capitale soudanaise.\" (🔴 [ Urgent ] An Airbus A330 on fire at Khartoum airport after the coup rebels took control. More info to come. ⚠️ Fighter jets are currently flying over the Sudanese capital.)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"المركز الإعلامي | الخطوط السعودية (Media Center | Saudi Arabian Airlines) [@svmedia_center] (15 April 2023). \"Statement on accident involving #saudia aircraft at Khartoum International Airport\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/svmedia_center/status/1647210332589268993","url_text":"\"Statement on accident involving #saudia aircraft at Khartoum International Airport\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Uras, Umut; Gadzo, Mersiha; Siddiqui, Usaid. \"Sudan updates: Explosions, shooting rock Khartoum\". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/15/sudan-unrest-live-news-explosions-shooting-rock-khartoum","url_text":"\"Sudan updates: Explosions, shooting rock Khartoum\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230415095207/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/15/sudan-unrest-live-news-explosions-shooting-rock-khartoum","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sudan: Saudia A330, Other Planes Damaged at Khartoum Airport Amid Heavy Firing - Watch Video\".","urls":[{"url":"https://zeenews.india.com/aviation/sudan-saudia-a330-other-planes-damaged-at-khartoum-airport-amid-heavy-firing-watch-video-2595292.html","url_text":"\"Sudan: Saudia A330, Other Planes Damaged at Khartoum Airport Amid Heavy Firing - Watch Video\""}]}]
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Report\""},{"Link":"http://active.boeing.com/commercial/orders/displaystandardreport.cfm?cboCurrentModel=787&optReportType=AllModels&cboAllModel=787&ViewReportF=View+Report","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190317020713/http://m.atwonline.com/airframes/saudi-arabian-airlines-evaluates-widebody-order","external_links_name":"\"Saudi Arabian Airlines evaluates widebody order\""},{"Link":"http://m.atwonline.com/airframes/saudi-arabian-airlines-evaluates-widebody-order","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2023-03-14-SAUDIA-to-Grow-Long-Haul-Fleet-with-up-to-49-Boeing-787-Dreamliners","external_links_name":"\"SAUDIA to Grow Long-Haul Fleet with up to 49 Boeing 787 Dreamliners\""},{"Link":"https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/285811/saudia-temporary-files-boeing-787-10-service-in-s20/","external_links_name":"\"Saudia temporary files Boeing 787-10 service in S20\""},{"Link":"http://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/31562-saudia-to-wet-lease-two-more-b747-400-freighters","external_links_name":"\"Saudia to wet-lease two more B747-400 freighters\""},{"Link":"http://www.planespotters.net/Airline/Saudi-Arabian-Airlines","external_links_name":"Saudi Arabian Airlines Fleet Details and History"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130201181510/http://www.planespotters.net/Airline/Saudi-Arabian-Airlines","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.businessinsider.com/saudi-airline-involved-accident-airport-khartoum-sudan-2023-4","external_links_name":"\"A Saudi Arabian airline said an A330 plane was involved in an 'accident' at Khartoum airport in Sudan\""},{"Link":"https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/109225-saudia-disposes-of-its-two-b747-8-freighters","external_links_name":"\"Saudia disposes of its two B747-8 freighters\""},{"Link":"https://www.paddleyourownkanoo.com/2018/06/11/how-have-we-never-heard-of-these-before-mobile-aircraft-escalator-steps-for-the-most-elite-flyers/","external_links_name":"\"How Have We Never Heard of These Before? Mobile Aircraft Escalator Steps for the Most Elite Flyers\""},{"Link":"https://nypost.com/2017/10/06/saudi-king-brought-his-own-golden-escalator-on-russia-trip/","external_links_name":"\"Saudi king brought his own golden escalator on Russia trip\""},{"Link":"http://www.saudiairlines.com/portal/site/saudiairlines/menuitem.d9a467d070ca6c65173ff63dc8f034a0/?vgnextoid=f07bef9230762310VgnVCM100000d59618acRCRD","external_links_name":"\"Mobile & WiFi\""},{"Link":"http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19590925-0","external_links_name":"\"Saudi Arabian Airlines DC-4 accident HZ-AAF\""},{"Link":"http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19680209-0","external_links_name":"\"HZ-AAE Accident description\""},{"Link":"http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19701110-0","external_links_name":"\"Hijacking description\""},{"Link":"http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19720710-0","external_links_name":"\"HZ-AAK Accident description\""},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19760102-0","external_links_name":"Accident description for N1031F"},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19800819-1","external_links_name":"Accident description"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050524142106/http://www.airdisaster.com/cgi-bin/view_details.cgi?date=12231980&reg=HZ-AHJ&airline=Saudi+Arabian+Airlines","external_links_name":"\"Accident Database: Accident Synopsis 12231980\""},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19840405-1","external_links_name":"Hijacking description"},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19961112-0","external_links_name":"Accident description"},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19961112-1","external_links_name":"Accident description"},{"Link":"https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA359793.pdf","external_links_name":"\"NTSB Safety Recommendations\""},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19970906-2","external_links_name":"\"ASN Accident Report\""},{"Link":"http://cdnedge.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/972429.stm","external_links_name":"\"Saudi hijack passengers freed\""},{"Link":"https://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2000/news/Page196.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Hijacked Saudi plane returns safely to Riyadh\""},{"Link":"http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=1&section=0&article=35258&d=18&m=11&y=2003","external_links_name":"\"Saudi Hijacker Extradited\""},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20001014-0","external_links_name":"Hijacking description"},{"Link":"http://www.airfleets.net/crash/crash_report_Saudia_HZ-AIO.htm","external_links_name":"\"Accident information: Boeing 747 Saudi Arabian Airlines HZ-AIO\""},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20010823-0","external_links_name":"Hull-loss description"},{"Link":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0WDQ/is_2005_Sept_12/ai_n15403211","external_links_name":"Bomb hoax triggers panic at Sri Lanka airport"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080611110044/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0WDQ/is_2005_Sept_12/ai_n15403211","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.caa.lk/pdf/accident_reports/HZ-AIP_08_Sept.%202005.pdf","external_links_name":"Final report: Accident of Saudi Arabian Airlines Flight SV-781, Boeing 747-368, Registration HZ-AIP, oN 08 September 2005 at Bandaranaike International Airport, Katunayake – Sri Lanka"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140322230507/http://www.caa.lk/pdf/accident_reports/HZ-AIP_08_Sept.%202005.pdf","external_links_name":"Archive"},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20080325-0","external_links_name":"Hull-loss description"},{"Link":"http://www.thedailystar.net/story.php?nid=29352","external_links_name":"\"Saudi plane catches fire at ZIA\""},{"Link":"https://blogs.wsj.com/middleeast/2014/01/05/plane-crash-lands-in-saudi-holy-city/","external_links_name":"\"Plane Crash Lands in Saudi Holy City\""},{"Link":"http://gulfbusiness.com/2014/01/saudi-plane-makes-emergency-landing-29-hurt/#.UtluwmRagzY","external_links_name":"\"Saudi Plane Makes Emergency Landing, 29 Hurt\""},{"Link":"http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/metro-manila/08/05/14/saudia-plane-overshoots-naia-runway","external_links_name":"\"Saudia plane overshoots NAIA runway (MNL)\""},{"Link":"https://www.onderzoeksraad.nl/nl/media/inline/2020/3/12/runway_excursion_after_loss_of_thrust_at_low_speed.pdf","external_links_name":"\""},{"Link":"http://www.caa.lk/pdf/accident_reports/HZ-AIP_08_Sept.%202005.pdf","external_links_name":"Final report: Accident of MyCargo Airlines opb Saudia Cargo Flight SV-916, Boeing 747-400ERF, Registration TC-ACR, On 11 November 2017 at Maastricht/Aachen Airport, Netherlands"},{"Link":"http://avherald.com/h?article=4b0ed972","external_links_name":"\"Accident: MyCargo B744 at Maastricht on Nov 11th 2017, runway excursion on takeoff\""},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20171111-0","external_links_name":"\"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 747-428FER TC-ACR Maastricht/Aachen Airport (MST)\""},{"Link":"http://avherald.com/h?article=4b0ed972","external_links_name":"\"Accident: MyCargo B744 at Maastricht on Nov 11th 2017, runway excursion on takeoff\""},{"Link":"http://www.arabnews.com/node/1307081/saudi-arabia","external_links_name":"\"Saudia Airbus A330-200 makes emergency landing at Jeddah airport\""},{"Link":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/metro/835487/saudia-plane-veers-off-naia-runway/story/","external_links_name":"\"Saudia plane veers off NAIA runway\""},{"Link":"https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/multimedia/photo/06/20/22/saudia-airplane-gets-stuck-at-naia-taxiway","external_links_name":"\"Saudia airplane gets stuck at NAIA taxiway\""},{"Link":"https://www.businessinsider.com/saudi-airline-involved-accident-airport-khartoum-sudan-2023-4","external_links_name":"\"Saudia Said Plane Involved in 'Accident' at Sudan's Khartoum Airport\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/airplusnews/status/1647182564354924546","external_links_name":"\"air plus news on Twitter: \"🔴 [ Urgent ] Un Airbus A330 en feu à l'aéroport de Khartoum après la prise de contrôle par les rebelles putschistes. Plus d'infos à venir ⚠️ Des avions de combat sont actuellement en vol au-dessus de la capitale soudanaise.\" (🔴 [ Urgent ] An Airbus A330 on fire at Khartoum airport after the coup rebels took control. More info to come. ⚠️ Fighter jets are currently flying over the Sudanese capital.)\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/svmedia_center/status/1647210332589268993","external_links_name":"\"Statement on accident involving #saudia aircraft at Khartoum International Airport\""},{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/15/sudan-unrest-live-news-explosions-shooting-rock-khartoum","external_links_name":"\"Sudan updates: Explosions, shooting rock Khartoum\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230415095207/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/15/sudan-unrest-live-news-explosions-shooting-rock-khartoum","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://zeenews.india.com/aviation/sudan-saudia-a330-other-planes-damaged-at-khartoum-airport-amid-heavy-firing-watch-video-2595292.html","external_links_name":"\"Sudan: Saudia A330, Other Planes Damaged at Khartoum Airport Amid Heavy Firing - Watch Video\""},{"Link":"https://www.saudia.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/aero_02/textonly/a01txt.html","external_links_name":"\"Saudi Arabian Airlines: The Jewel of the Middle East\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000106896600","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/133752534","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/5332733-0","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85079289","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Golf_Club
Toronto Golf Club
["1 History","2 Tournaments hosted","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 43°35′35″N 79°33′14″W / 43.593°N 79.554°W / 43.593; -79.554Private golf club in Mississauga, Ontario The Toronto Golf ClubClub informationCoordinates43°35′35″N 79°33′14″W / 43.593°N 79.554°W / 43.593; -79.554Location1305 Dixie RoadMississauga, Ontario, CanadaEstablished1876; 148 years ago (1876)TypePrivateTotal holes18Events hostedCanadian Open (1905, 1909, 1914, 1921 and 1927)Canadian Amateur Championship (1898, 1901, 1903, 1905, 1909, 1913, 1926, 1995, 2017)Websitetorontogolfclub.comDesigned byHarry ColtPar70Length6,251 metres (6,836 yd)Course rating73.7Slope rating141 The Toronto Golf Club is a private golf club in Mississauga, Ontario, a suburban municipality to the west of Toronto. Established in Toronto in 1876, it is the third-oldest golf club in North America, after the Royal Montreal Golf Club and the Royal Quebec Golf Club. The Toronto Golf Club adopted its current name in 1909 and moved to its present location in 1913. The Club has hosted the Canadian Open five times and the Canadian Amateur Championship nine times, more than any other club. History Aerial view of the Toronto Golf Club and its courses in Mississauga It originated on a parcel of land known as the Fernhill property, which was included within the city of Toronto in the 1900s. The original course was located east of Coxwell Avenue between the railway and slightly south of Eastwood Road and then along a narrow area between tracks and north side of Gerrard Street east to Kildonan Road. In 1909, the Club obtained a new charter without share capital, and the original name of the Club, "The Toronto Golf Club", was restored. The following year, it was decided to acquire a new site in Toronto Township, now Mississauga. The old course is now a residential area on the south end of East Danforth. The Club is located on the banks of the Etobicoke River, and its 18-hole course was designed by the renowned English architect Harry Colt. The course was ready for play in the fall of 1912, and its clubhouse was completed in 1913. In 1919, the Club bought additional land to the north and had a new nine-hole course built which opened in 1921. George Cumming was hired in 1900, at age 21, to serve as head professional and remained in that position for 50 years. Donovan Fraser is the current Head Professional. Hired in 2024, Fraser took over from Doug Rankin, who was the Professional from 1991 to 2023. John Hunt, Professional 1959-90; Lou Cumming, Professional 1950-59; George Cumming, Professional 1900-50; Arthur Smith, Professional 1895-99. Tournaments hosted The Toronto Golf Club has hosted several major events in its history. The golf club was a former rota course of the Canadian Open, hosting the event on five occasions. It hosted the event twice at its original location in Toronto (1905 and 1909), and hosted the event three more times at its current location in 1914, 1921 and 1927. The Toronto Golf Club has also hosted the Canadian Amateur Championship nine times, more than any other club. The golf club played host to the tournament in 1898, 1901, 1903, 1905, 1909, 1913, 1926, 1995, and 2017. References ^ "Ian Andrew's Golf Design Blog: Finding Harry Colt". Archived from the original on November 22, 2015. ^ "Clubmakers: George Cumming (Dumfries/Toronto)". AntiqueGolfScotland.com. Retrieved November 21, 2015. External links Official website Media related to Toronto Golf Club at Wikimedia Commons vteCanadian Open venuesCurrent rota courses Angus Glen Glen Abbey Hamilton Oakdale Royal Montreal St George’s Shaughnessy Former courses Beaconsfield Cherry Hill Essex Islesmere Kanawaki Lakeview Lambton Laval-sur-le-Lac London Hunt Mississaugua Montreal Municipal Mount Bruno Niakwa Ottawa Hunt Pine Grove Richelieu Valley Rivermead Riverside Rosedale Royal Mayfair Royal Ottawa Royal Quebec St. Andrews Scarboro St. Charles Summerlea Thornhill Toronto Westmount Weston Authority control databases VIAF
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf"},{"link_name":"Mississauga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississauga"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Royal Montreal Golf Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Montreal_Golf_Club"},{"link_name":"Royal Quebec Golf Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Quebec_Golf_Club"},{"link_name":"Canadian Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Open_(golf)"},{"link_name":"Canadian Amateur Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Amateur_Championship"}],"text":"Private golf club in Mississauga, OntarioThe Toronto Golf Club is a private golf club in Mississauga, Ontario, a suburban municipality to the west of Toronto. Established in Toronto in 1876, it is the third-oldest golf club in North America, after the Royal Montreal Golf Club and the Royal Quebec Golf Club. The Toronto Golf Club adopted its current name in 1909 and moved to its present location in 1913. The Club has hosted the Canadian Open five times and the Canadian Amateur Championship nine times, more than any other club.","title":"Toronto Golf Club"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toronto_Golf_Club_-_Aerial_View_Looking_Southwest.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mississauga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississauga"},{"link_name":"East Danforth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Danforth"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Etobicoke River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etobicoke_Creek"},{"link_name":"Harry Colt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Colt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"George Cumming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cumming_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AGS-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Aerial view of the Toronto Golf Club and its courses in MississaugaIt originated on a parcel of land known as the Fernhill property, which was included within the city of Toronto in the 1900s. The original course was located east of Coxwell Avenue between the railway and slightly south of Eastwood Road and then along a narrow area between tracks and north side of Gerrard Street east to Kildonan Road. In 1909, the Club obtained a new charter without share capital, and the original name of the Club, \"The Toronto Golf Club\", was restored. The following year, it was decided to acquire a new site in Toronto Township, now Mississauga. The old course is now a residential area on the south end of East Danforth.[citation needed]The Club is located on the banks of the Etobicoke River, and its 18-hole course was designed by the renowned English architect Harry Colt.[1] The course was ready for play in the fall of 1912, and its clubhouse was completed in 1913. In 1919, the Club bought additional land to the north and had a new nine-hole course built which opened in 1921. George Cumming was hired in 1900, at age 21, to serve as head professional and remained in that position for 50 years.[2] Donovan Fraser is the current Head Professional. Hired in 2024, Fraser took over from Doug Rankin, who was the Professional from 1991 to 2023. John Hunt, Professional 1959-90; Lou Cumming, Professional 1950-59; George Cumming, Professional 1900-50; Arthur Smith, Professional 1895-99.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Open_(golf)"},{"link_name":"Canadian Amateur Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Amateur_Championship"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Toronto Golf Club has hosted several major events in its history. The golf club was a former rota course of the Canadian Open, hosting the event on five occasions. It hosted the event twice at its original location in Toronto (1905 and 1909), and hosted the event three more times at its current location in 1914, 1921 and 1927. The Toronto Golf Club has also hosted the Canadian Amateur Championship nine times, more than any other club. The golf club played host to the tournament in 1898, 1901, 1903, 1905, 1909, 1913, 1926, 1995, and 2017.[citation needed]","title":"Tournaments hosted"}]
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null
[{"reference":"\"Ian Andrew's Golf Design Blog: Finding Harry Colt\". Archived from the original on November 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151122070616/http://ianandrewsgolfdesignblog.blogspot.ca/2011/01/finding-harry-colt.html","url_text":"\"Ian Andrew's Golf Design Blog: Finding Harry Colt\""},{"url":"http://ianandrewsgolfdesignblog.blogspot.ca/2011/01/finding-harry-colt.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Clubmakers: George Cumming (Dumfries/Toronto)\". AntiqueGolfScotland.com. Retrieved November 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.antiquegolfscotland.com/antiquegolf/maker.php3?makerid=814","url_text":"\"Clubmakers: George Cumming (Dumfries/Toronto)\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gontran_Hamel
Gontran Hamel
["1 Written works","2 References"]
Gontran Georges Henri Hamel (1883–1944) was a French phycologist. In 1927 he earned his doctorate in natural sciences with a thesis on the red algae genera Acrochaetium and Rhodochorton. He is known for research performed in the "Laboratoire de Cryptogamie" at the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris. He reportedly died while trying to reach Paris by bicycle prior to its liberation in August 1944. In 1924 with Pierre Allorge (1891–1944), he was co-founder of the journal Revue algologique. He was also a contributor to the exsiccatae series Algues de France. In 1942 Frederik Børgesen named the brown algae genus Hamelella (family Chordariaceae) in his honor. Also, the red algae species Lithothamnion hamelii is one of several species that bear his name. Written works Recherches sur les genres Acrochaetium Naeg. et Rhodochorton Naeg., 1927. (doctoral thesis) Chlorophycées des côtes française, Revue algologique, 1928 - Chlorophyceae of coastal France. Floridées de France Laboratoire de Cryptogamie, (1924–1933) - Florideae of France. Phéophycées de France, 1931–1939 - Phaeophyceae of France. Corallinacées de France et d'Afrique du Nord (with Paul Lemoine) - Corallinaceae of France and northern Africa. The standard author abbreviation Hamel is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Netherlands Academics International Plant Names Index Other SNAC IdRef Te Papa (New Zealand) References ^ Bordeaux.w3line Recherches sur les genres Acrochaetium Naeg. et Rhodochorton Naeg. ^ JSTOR Plant Science Hamel, Gontran Georges Henri (1883–1944) ^ a b BHL Taxonomic literature : a selective guide to botanical publications ^ Cryptogamie Algologie Archived 2015-01-15 at the Wayback Machine - CRYPTOGAMIE - The Journal ^ Willemetia Florain - Association des Botanistes Lorrains ^ Algaebase Hamelella Børgesen, 1942 ^ Algaebase Lithothamnion hamelii ^ IDREF.fr (bibliography) ^ WorldCat Titles Corallinacées de France et d'Afrique du Nord ^ International Plant Names Index.  Hamel.
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(doctoral thesis)\nChlorophycées des côtes française, Revue algologique, 1928 - Chlorophyceae of coastal France.\nFloridées de France Laboratoire de Cryptogamie, (1924–1933) - Florideae of France.\nPhéophycées de France, 1931–1939 - Phaeophyceae of France.[8]\nCorallinacées de France et d'Afrique du Nord (with Paul Lemoine) - Corallinaceae of France and northern Africa.[9]The standard author abbreviation Hamel is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[10]Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nNetherlands\nAcademics\nInternational Plant Names Index\nOther\nSNAC\nIdRef\nTe Papa (New Zealand)","title":"Written works"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haptocarpum
Cleome
["1 Species","2 Cultivation and uses","3 Gallery of species","4 References"]
Genus of flowering plants Cleome Cleome houtteana Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Rosids Order: Brassicales Family: Cleomaceae Genus: CleomeL. Synonyms List Aldenella Greene Andinocleome Iltis & Cochrane Anomalostemon Klotzsch Areocleome R.L.Barrett & Roalson Arivela Raf. Atalanta (Nutt.) Raf. Aubion Raf. Buhsea Bunge Carsonia Greene Celome Greene Chilocalyx Klotzsch Cleoserrata Iltis Coalisina Raf. Cochranella E.M.McGinty & Roalson (2020) Corynandra Schrad. ex Spreng. Cristatella Nutt. Cyrbasium Endl. Dactylaena Schrad. ex Schult. & Schult.f. (1829) Decastemon Klotzsch Dianthera Klotzsch Diorimasperma Raf. Dipterygium Decne. Dispara Raf. Gilgella Roalson & J.C.Hall Gynandropsis DC. Haptocarpum Ule Hemiscola Raf. Iltisiella Soares Neto & Roalson (2020) Isexina Raf. Jacksonia Raf. ex Greene Justago Kuntze Kersia Roalson & J.C.Hall Lagansa Rumph. ex Raf. Melidiscus Raf. Micambe Adans. Mitostylis Raf. Neocleome Small Oncufis Raf. Pedicellaria Schrank Pericla Raf. Physostemon Mart. Podandrogyne Ducke Podogyne Hoffmanns. Polanisia Raf. Pterocleome Iltis ex E.M.McGinty & Roalson (2020) Pteroloma Hochst. & Steud. Puccionia Chiov. Roeperia F.Muell. Rorida J.F.Gmel. Roridula Forssk. Scolosperma Raf. Sieruela Raf. Siliquaria Forssk. Sinapistrum Mill. Stylidocleome Roalson & J.C.Hall Stylista Raf. Symphyostemon Klotzsch Tarenaya Raf. Tetratelia Sond. Thulinella Roalson & J.C.Hall Triandrophora O.Schwarz Cleome is a genus of flowering plants in the family Cleomaceae, commonly known as spider flowers, spider plants, spider weeds, or bee plants. Previously, it had been placed in the family Capparaceae, until DNA studies found the Cleomaceae genera to be more closely related to the Brassicaceae than the Capparaceae. Cleome and clammyweed (Polanisia dodecandra) can sometimes be confused. The genus sensu stricto includes about 170 species of herbaceous annual or perennial plants and shrubs. The genus has a subcosmopolitan distribution throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. However, a recent DNA study failed to separate Cleome, Podandrogyne, and Polanisia from each other, so some taxonomists have abandoned the last two of these genera, treating them as part of Cleome sensu lato; in this case, Cleome contains about 275 species, the vast majority of the Cleomaceae. The genus contains species which show an evolutionary progression from C3 to C4 photosynthesis. This, combined with it being very close to the Brassicaceae with the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana, makes it an ideal genus in which to study the evolution of C4 photosynthesis. Morphological differences that demonstrate the transition from C3 to C4 include C3 species having leaves with more veins and larger bundle sheath cells. Also, species such as Cleome gynandra produce proteins needed for C4 photosynthesis. Three species independently acquired the C4 pathway, while others are C3–C4 intermediate or C4-like. Species 199 species are accepted. Cleome aculeata L. – tropical Cleome africana Botsch. Cleome afrospina Iltis Cleome albescens Franch. Cleome aldenella W.R.Ernst Cleome allamanii Chiov. Cleome amblyocarpa Barratte & Murb. Cleome angulata (DC.) Schult. & Schult.f. – western India and Java Cleome angustifolia Forssk. – African – C4 Cleome anomala Kunth – neotropical Cleome arabica L. Cleome arenitensis Craven, Lepschi & Fryxell Cleome ariana Hedge & Lamond Cleome aspera J.Koenig ex DC. Cleome atropurpurea Schott Cleome augustinensis (Hochr.) Briq. Cleome bahiana (Iltis & Costa-e-Silva ex Soares Neto & Roalson) ined. Cleome bahiensis (Ule) Christenh. & Byng Cleome bicolor Gardner Cleome bojeri Hadj-Moust. Cleome boliviensis Iltis Cleome bororensis (Klotzsch) Oliv. Cleome brachiata (Bojer) Briq. Cleome brachycarpa Vahl ex DC. Cleome brachystyla Deflers Cleome brevipetiolata D.F.Chamb. & Lamond Cleome briquetii Polhill Cleome bundeica P.S.Short Cleome burttii R.A.Graham Cleome carnosa (Pax) Gilg & Gilg-Ben. Cleome chapalensis Iltis Cleome chelidonii L.f. Cleome chilensis DC. Cleome chiriquensis (Standl.) Govaerts Cleome chodatiana Iltis Cleome chrysantha Decne. Cleome cleomoides (F.Muell.) Iltis Cleome coccinea (Benth.) Govaerts Cleome coeruleorosea Gilg & Gilg-Ben. Cleome coluteoides Boiss. Cleome conrathii Burtt Davy Cleome cordobensis Eichler ex Griseb. Cleome cornus-africani (Thulin) Thulin Cleome costaricensis Iltis Cleome crenopetala DC. Cleome decipiens Triana & Planch. Cleome densiflora (Benth.) Triana & Planch. Cleome densifolia C.H.Wright Cleome diffusa Banks ex DC. Cleome dodecandra L. Cleome domingensis Iltis Cleome drepanocarpa O.Schwartz Cleome droserifolia Forssk. (Delile) Cleome dumosa Baker Cleome × ecuadorica Heilborn Cleome elegantissima Briq. Cleome eosina J.F.Macbr. Cleome erosa (Nutt.) Eaton Cleome felina L.f. Cleome flava Banks ex DC. Cleome foliosa Hook.f. Cleome formosa (Cochrane) N.Zamora Cleome fosteriana Iltis Cleome frutescens Aubl. Cleome gallaensis Gilg & Gilg-Ben. Cleome gigantea L. Cleome glandulosa Ruiz & Pav. ex DC. Cleome glaucescens DC. Cleome gobica Grubov Cleome gordjaginii Popov Cleome gossweileri Exell Cleome guaranitica (Chodat & Hassl.) Briq. Cleome guianensis Aubl. Cleome gynandra L. – C4 Cleome hadramautica Thulin Cleome hanburyana Penz. Cleome hemsleyana (Bullock) Iltis Cleome heratensis Bunge & Bien. ex Boiss. Cleome hirta (Klotzsch) Oliv. Cleome hispidula (DC.) Govaerts Cleome horrida Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f. Cleome houstonii R.Br. Cleome houtteana Schltdl. Cleome humilis Rose Cleome iberica DC. Cleome iberidella Welw. ex Oliv. Cleome inermis Malme Cleome insolata P.S.Short Cleome jamesii (Torr. & A.Gray) Govaerts Cleome jamesonii Briq. Cleome kalachariensis Gilg & Gilg-Ben. Cleome karachiensis S.Riaz, Abid & Qaiser Cleome karjaginii Tzvelev Cleome kelleriana (Schinz) Gilg & Gilg-Ben. Cleome kenneallyi Hewson Cleome kermesina Gilg & Gilg-Ben. Cleome kersiana Thulin Cleome khorassanica Bunge & Bien. ex Boiss. Cleome laburnifolia Roessler Cleome lanceolata (Mart. & Zucc.) H.H.Iltis Cleome latifolia Vahl ex DC. Cleome lechleri Eichler Cleome leptorachis Linden & Planch. Cleome lilloi M.Gómez Cleome limmenensis P.S.Short Cleome limoneolens J.F.Macbr. Cleome linophylla (O.Schwarz) Pax & K.Hoffm. Cleome lipskyi Popov Cleome longifolia C.Presl Cleome longipes Lamb. ex DC. Cleome lophosperma P.S.Short Cleome macradenia Schweinf. Cleome macrophylla (Klotzsch) Briq. Cleome macrorhiza C.Wright Cleome maculata (Sond.) Szyszył. Cleome magnifica Briq. Cleome mathewsii Briq. Cleome melanosperma S.Watson Cleome microaustralica Iltis Cleome microcarpa Ule Cleome monandra DC. Cleome monophylla L. Cleome monophylloides R.Wilczek Cleome moricandii Briq. Cleome moritziana Klotzsch ex Eichler Cleome mossamedensis Exell & Mendonça Cleome niamniamensis Schweinf. & Gilg Cleome oligandra Kers Cleome omanensis (D.F.Chamb. & Lamond) Thulin Cleome ornithopodioides L. Cleome oxalidea F.Muell. – C4 Cleome oxypetala Boiss. Cleome oxyphylla Burch. Cleome pakistanica (Jafri) Khatoon & A.Perveen Cleome pallida Kotschy Cleome paludosa Willd. ex Eichler Cleome paradoxa R.Br. ex DC. Cleome parviflora Kunth Cleome parviflora Kunth Cleome parvipetala R.A.Graham Cleome parvisepala Heilborn Cleome parvula R.A.Graham Cleome paxii (Schinz) Gilg & Gilg-Ben. Cleome perrieri Hadj-Moust. Cleome pilosa Benth. Cleome polyanthera Schweinf. & Gilg Cleome polytricha Franch. Cleome postrata D.Subram. Cleome procumbens Jacq. Cleome puberula Triana & Planch. Cleome puccionia Christenh. & Byng Cleome pulchella (Lindl.) Schult. & Schult.f. Cleome quinquenervia DC. Cleome ramosissima Parl. ex Webb Cleome regnellii Eichler Cleome rosea Vahl ex DC. Cleome rostrata Bobrov Cleome rotundifolia (Mart. & Zucc.) Iltis Cleome rubella Burch. Cleome rutidosperma DC. Cleome rubelloides Kers Cleome rupicola Vicary Cleome scaposa DC. Cleome schimperi Pax Cleome schlechteri Briq. Cleome semitetrandra Sond. Cleome serrata Jacq. Cleome siliculifera Eichler Cleome silvatica Gilg & Gilg-Ben. Cleome simplicifolia (Cambess.) Hook.f. & Thomson Cleome socotrana Balf.f. Cleome speciosa Raf. Cleome spinosa Jacq. Cleome stenopetala Gilg & Gilg-Ben. Cleome stenophylla Klotzsch ex Urban Cleome steveniana Schult. & Schult.f. Cleome stricta (Klotzsch) R.A.Graham Cleome strigosa (Bojer) Oliv. Cleome stylosa Eichler Cleome suffruticosa Schinz Cleome tenella L.f. Cleome tenuifolia (Mart. & Zucc.) Iltis Cleome tenuis S.Watson Cleome tetrandra DC. Cleome titubans Speg. Cleome tomentella Popov Cleome torticarpa Iltis & T.Ruíz Cleome trachycarpa Klotzsch ex Eichler Cleome trachysperma (Torr. & A.Gray) Pax & K.Hoffm. Cleome tucumanensis H.H.Iltis Cleome turkmena Bobrov Cleome uncifera Kers Cleome uniglandulosa Cav. Cleome usambarica Pax Cleome vahliana Fresen. Cleome violacea L. Cleome virens J.F.Macbr. Cleome viscosa L. Cleome werdermannii Alf.Ernst Cleome yunnanensis W.W.Sm. Cultivation and uses Cleome chelidonii at Pocharam Lake, Andhra Pradesh, India Cleome gynandra is used as a vegetable crop. C. houtteana is a commonly cultivated ornamental plant with purple, pink, or white flowers. Gallery of species Stereo imageLeft frame Right frame Parallel view ()Cross-eye view ()Cleome seeds resemble snail shells Cleome chelidonii Cleome foliosa, from arid region in Namibia Cleome gynandra, cultivated as a vegetable Cleome 'Inncleosr' Senorita Rosalita Cleome houtteana also known as Tarenaya hassleriana a common garden ornamental Cleome monophylla Cleome oxyphylla Cleome rutidosperma Cleome spinosa Cleome viscosa References ^ a b "Cleome L." Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2023. ^ Steve L. O’Kane Jr. "Cleomaceae: Cleome Family". San Juan College. Archived from the original on October 5, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2011. ^ G. J. H. Grubben (2004). Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2: Vegetables. PROTA. p. 197–198. ISBN 978-90-5782-147-9. ^ a b c Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening 1: 652-653. Macmillan. ISBN 1-56159-001-0. ^ Marshall, D.M.; Muhaidat, R.; Brown, N.J.; Liu, Z.; Stanley, S.; Griffiths, H.; Sage, R.F.; Hibberd, J.M. (2007). "Cleome, a genus closely related to Arabidopsis, contains species spanning a developmental progression from C3 to C4 photosynthesis". The Plant Journal. 51 (5): 886–896. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03188.x. ISSN 0960-7412. PMID 17692080. ^ Feodorova, T.A.; Voznesenskaya, E.V.; Edwards, G.E.; Roalson, E.H. (2010). "Biogeographic patterns of diversification and the origins of C4 in Cleome (Cleomaceae)" (PDF). Systematic Botany. 35 (4): 811–826. doi:10.1600/036364410X539880. ISSN 0363-6445. S2CID 84983697. Retrieved 16 June 2016. ^ Germplasm Resources Information Network: Cleome list Archived 2009-01-20 at the Wayback Machine ^ Flora Europaea: Cleome list ^ USDA Plants Profile: Cleome list ^ Efloras: Cleome search results ^ Flora of China 7: 430–431. 2008: Tarenaya Rafinesque Taxon identifiersCleome Wikidata: Q2086565 Wikispecies: Cleome APDB: 189529 APNI: 72013 CoL: 62L7Q eFloraSA: Cleome EoL: 52974 EPPO: 1CLEG FloraBase: 21460 FNA: 107324 FoAO2: Cleome FoC: 107324 FoIO: cleome GBIF: 3041500 GRIN: 2686 iNaturalist: 56751 IPNI: 5928-1 IRMNG: 1067718 ITIS: 22613 NBN: NHMSYS0000457375 NCBI: 25782 NZOR: 78656665-3302-42d0-b3bd-b33dd5253e82 Open Tree of Life: 918061 PLANTS: CLEOM POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30009982-2 Tropicos: 40010199 VicFlora: 5a249b64-81bc-4d6b-80d5-5594f99f886d WFO: wfo-4000008580 Authority control databases: National Israel
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus_(biology)"},{"link_name":"flowering plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Cleomaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleomaceae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kane-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grubben-3"},{"link_name":"Capparaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capparaceae"},{"link_name":"Brassicaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassicaceae"},{"link_name":"Polanisia dodecandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polanisia_dodecandra"},{"link_name":"sensu stricto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensu_stricto"},{"link_name":"herbaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbaceous_plant"},{"link_name":"annual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_plant"},{"link_name":"perennial plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_plant"},{"link_name":"shrubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrub"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huxley-4"},{"link_name":"subcosmopolitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huxley-4"},{"link_name":"Podandrogyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podandrogyne"},{"link_name":"Polanisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polanisia"},{"link_name":"sensu lato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensu_lato"},{"link_name":"C3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C3_carbon_fixation"},{"link_name":"C4 photosynthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C4_carbon_fixation"},{"link_name":"Brassicaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassicaceae"},{"link_name":"Arabidopsis thaliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana"},{"link_name":"Morphological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(biology)"},{"link_name":"veins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf#Veins"},{"link_name":"bundle sheath cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_bundle"},{"link_name":"Cleome gynandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleome_gynandra"},{"link_name":"proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MarshallMuhaidat2007-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FeodorovaVoznesenskaya2010-6"}],"text":"Cleome is a genus of flowering plants in the family Cleomaceae, commonly known as spider flowers, spider plants, spider weeds, or bee plants.[2][3] Previously, it had been placed in the family Capparaceae, until DNA studies found the Cleomaceae genera to be more closely related to the Brassicaceae than the Capparaceae. Cleome and clammyweed (Polanisia dodecandra) can sometimes be confused.The genus sensu stricto includes about 170 species of herbaceous annual or perennial plants and shrubs.[4] The genus has a subcosmopolitan distribution throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world.[4] However, a recent DNA study failed to separate Cleome, Podandrogyne, and Polanisia from each other, so some taxonomists have abandoned the last two of these genera, treating them as part of Cleome sensu lato; in this case, Cleome contains about 275 species, the vast majority of the Cleomaceae.The genus contains species which show an evolutionary progression from C3 to C4 photosynthesis. This, combined with it being very close to the Brassicaceae with the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana, makes it an ideal genus in which to study the evolution of C4 photosynthesis. Morphological differences that demonstrate the transition from C3 to C4 include C3 species having leaves with more veins and larger bundle sheath cells. Also, species such as Cleome gynandra produce proteins needed for C4 photosynthesis.[5] Three species independently acquired the C4 pathway, while others are C3–C4 intermediate or C4-like.[6]","title":"Cleome"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-powo-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huxley-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grin2-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fleur-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usda-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-efloras-10"},{"link_name":"Cleome aculeata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_aculeata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome africana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_africana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome afrospina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_afrospina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome albescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_albescens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome aldenella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_aldenella&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome allamanii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_allamanii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome amblyocarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_amblyocarpa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome angulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleome_angulata"},{"link_name":"Cleome angustifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleome_angustifolia"},{"link_name":"Cleome anomala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_anomala&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome arabica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_arabica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome arenitensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleome_arenitensis"},{"link_name":"Cleome ariana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_ariana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome aspera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_aspera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome atropurpurea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_atropurpurea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome augustinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_augustinensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome bahiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_bahiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome bahiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_bahiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome bicolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_bicolor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome bojeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_bojeri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome boliviensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_boliviensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome bororensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_bororensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome brachiata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_brachiata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome brachycarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_brachycarpa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome brachystyla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_brachystyla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome brevipetiolata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_brevipetiolata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome briquetii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_briquetii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome bundeica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_bundeica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome burttii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_burttii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome carnosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_carnosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome chapalensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_chapalensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome chelidonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleome_chelidonii"},{"link_name":"Cleome chilensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_chilensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome chiriquensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_chiriquensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome chodatiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_chodatiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome chrysantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_chrysantha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome cleomoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleome_cleomoides"},{"link_name":"Cleome coccinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_coccinea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome coeruleorosea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_coeruleorosea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome coluteoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_coluteoides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome conrathii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_conrathii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome cordobensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_cordobensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome cornus-africani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_cornus-africani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome costaricensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_costaricensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome crenopetala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_crenopetala&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome decipiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_decipiens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome densiflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_densiflora&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome densifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_densifolia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome diffusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_diffusa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome dodecandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleome_dodecandra"},{"link_name":"Cleome domingensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_domingensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome drepanocarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_drepanocarpa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome droserifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_droserifolia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome dumosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_dumosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome × ecuadorica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_%C3%97_ecuadorica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome elegantissima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_elegantissima&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome eosina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_eosina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome erosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_erosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome felina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_felina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome flava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_flava&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome foliosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_foliosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome formosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_formosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome fosteriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_fosteriana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome frutescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_frutescens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome gallaensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_gallaensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome gigantea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_gigantea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome glandulosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_glandulosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome glaucescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_glaucescens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome gobica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_gobica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome gordjaginii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_gordjaginii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome gossweileri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_gossweileri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome guaranitica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_guaranitica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome guianensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_guianensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome gynandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleome_gynandra"},{"link_name":"Cleome hadramautica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_hadramautica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome hanburyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_hanburyana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome hemsleyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_hemsleyana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome heratensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_heratensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome hirta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_hirta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome hispidula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_hispidula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome horrida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_horrida&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome houstonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_houstonii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome houtteana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleome_houtteana"},{"link_name":"Cleome humilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_humilis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome iberica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_iberica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome iberidella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_iberidella&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome inermis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_inermis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome insolata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_insolata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome jamesii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_jamesii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome jamesonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_jamesonii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome kalachariensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_kalachariensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome karachiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_karachiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome karjaginii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_karjaginii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome kelleriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_kelleriana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome kenneallyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleome_kenneallyi"},{"link_name":"Cleome kermesina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_kermesina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome kersiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_kersiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome khorassanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_khorassanica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome laburnifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_laburnifolia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome lanceolata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_lanceolata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome latifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_latifolia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome lechleri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_lechleri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome leptorachis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_leptorachis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome lilloi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_lilloi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome limmenensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_limmenensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome limoneolens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_limoneolens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome linophylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_linophylla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome lipskyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_lipskyi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome longifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_longifolia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome longipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleome_longipes"},{"link_name":"Cleome lophosperma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_lophosperma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome macradenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_macradenia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome macrophylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_macrophylla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome macrorhiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_macrorhiza&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome maculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleome_maculata"},{"link_name":"Cleome magnifica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_magnifica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome mathewsii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_mathewsii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome melanosperma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_melanosperma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome microaustralica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_microaustralica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome microcarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_microcarpa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome monandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_monandra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome monophylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_monophylla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome monophylloides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_monophylloides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome moricandii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_moricandii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome moritziana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_moritziana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome mossamedensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_mossamedensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome niamniamensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_niamniamensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome oligandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_oligandra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome omanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_omanensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome ornithopodioides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleome_ornithopodioides"},{"link_name":"Cleome oxalidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleome_oxalidea"},{"link_name":"Cleome oxypetala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_oxypetala&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome oxyphylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_oxyphylla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome pakistanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_pakistanica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome pallida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_pallida&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome paludosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_paludosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome paradoxa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_paradoxa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome parviflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_parviflora&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome parviflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_parviflora&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome parvipetala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_parvipetala&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome parvisepala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_parvisepala&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome parvula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_parvula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome paxii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_paxii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome perrieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_perrieri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome pilosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_pilosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome polyanthera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_polyanthera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome polytricha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_polytricha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome postrata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_postrata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome procumbens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_procumbens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome puberula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_puberula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome puccionia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_puccionia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome pulchella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_pulchella&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome quinquenervia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_quinquenervia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome ramosissima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_ramosissima&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome regnellii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_regnellii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome rosea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_rosea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome rostrata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_rostrata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome rotundifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_rotundifolia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome rubella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_rubella&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome rutidosperma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleome_rutidosperma"},{"link_name":"Cleome rubelloides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_rubelloides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome rupicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_rupicola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome scaposa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_scaposa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome schimperi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_schimperi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome schlechteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_schlechteri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome semitetrandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_semitetrandra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome serrata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_serrata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome siliculifera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_siliculifera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome silvatica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_silvatica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome simplicifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_simplicifolia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome socotrana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_socotrana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome speciosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_speciosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome spinosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleome_spinosa"},{"link_name":"Cleome stenopetala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_stenopetala&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome stenophylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_stenophylla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome steveniana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_steveniana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome stricta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_stricta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome strigosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_strigosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome stylosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_stylosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome suffruticosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_suffruticosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome tenella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_tenella&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome tenuifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_tenuifolia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome tenuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_tenuis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome tetrandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleome_tetrandra"},{"link_name":"Cleome titubans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_titubans&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome tomentella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_tomentella&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome torticarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_torticarpa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome trachycarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_trachycarpa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome trachysperma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_trachysperma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome tucumanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_tucumanensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome turkmena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_turkmena&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome uncifera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleome_uncifera"},{"link_name":"Cleome uniglandulosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_uniglandulosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome usambarica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_usambarica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome vahliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_vahliana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome violacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_violacea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome virens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_virens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome viscosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleome_viscosa"},{"link_name":"Cleome werdermannii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_werdermannii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleome yunnanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_yunnanensis&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"199 species are accepted.[1][4][7][8][9][10]Cleome aculeata L. – tropical\nCleome africana Botsch.\nCleome afrospina Iltis\nCleome albescens Franch.\nCleome aldenella W.R.Ernst\nCleome allamanii Chiov.\nCleome amblyocarpa Barratte & Murb.\nCleome angulata (DC.) Schult. & Schult.f. – western India and Java\nCleome angustifolia Forssk. – African – C4\nCleome anomala Kunth – neotropical\nCleome arabica L.\nCleome arenitensis Craven, Lepschi & Fryxell\nCleome ariana Hedge & Lamond\nCleome aspera J.Koenig ex DC.\nCleome atropurpurea Schott\nCleome augustinensis (Hochr.) Briq.\nCleome bahiana (Iltis & Costa-e-Silva ex Soares Neto & Roalson) ined.\nCleome bahiensis (Ule) Christenh. & Byng\nCleome bicolor Gardner\nCleome bojeri Hadj-Moust.\nCleome boliviensis Iltis\nCleome bororensis (Klotzsch) Oliv.\nCleome brachiata (Bojer) Briq.\nCleome brachycarpa Vahl ex DC.\nCleome brachystyla Deflers\nCleome brevipetiolata D.F.Chamb. & Lamond\nCleome briquetii Polhill\nCleome bundeica P.S.Short\nCleome burttii R.A.Graham\nCleome carnosa (Pax) Gilg & Gilg-Ben.\nCleome chapalensis Iltis\nCleome chelidonii L.f.\nCleome chilensis DC.\nCleome chiriquensis (Standl.) Govaerts\nCleome chodatiana Iltis\nCleome chrysantha Decne.\nCleome cleomoides (F.Muell.) Iltis\nCleome coccinea (Benth.) Govaerts\nCleome coeruleorosea Gilg & Gilg-Ben.\nCleome coluteoides Boiss.\nCleome conrathii Burtt Davy\nCleome cordobensis Eichler ex Griseb.\nCleome cornus-africani (Thulin) Thulin\nCleome costaricensis Iltis\nCleome crenopetala DC.\nCleome decipiens Triana & Planch.\nCleome densiflora (Benth.) Triana & Planch.\nCleome densifolia C.H.Wright\nCleome diffusa Banks ex DC.\nCleome dodecandra L.\nCleome domingensis Iltis\nCleome drepanocarpa O.Schwartz\nCleome droserifolia Forssk. (Delile)\nCleome dumosa Baker\nCleome × ecuadorica Heilborn\nCleome elegantissima Briq.\nCleome eosina J.F.Macbr.\nCleome erosa (Nutt.) Eaton\nCleome felina L.f.\nCleome flava Banks ex DC.\nCleome foliosa Hook.f.\nCleome formosa (Cochrane) N.Zamora\nCleome fosteriana Iltis\nCleome frutescens Aubl.\nCleome gallaensis Gilg & Gilg-Ben.\nCleome gigantea L.\nCleome glandulosa Ruiz & Pav. ex DC.\nCleome glaucescens DC.\nCleome gobica Grubov\nCleome gordjaginii Popov\nCleome gossweileri Exell\nCleome guaranitica (Chodat & Hassl.) Briq.\nCleome guianensis Aubl.\nCleome gynandra L. – C4\nCleome hadramautica Thulin\nCleome hanburyana Penz.\nCleome hemsleyana (Bullock) Iltis\nCleome heratensis Bunge & Bien. ex Boiss.\nCleome hirta (Klotzsch) Oliv.\nCleome hispidula (DC.) Govaerts\nCleome horrida Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f.\nCleome houstonii R.Br.\nCleome houtteana Schltdl.\nCleome humilis Rose\nCleome iberica DC.\nCleome iberidella Welw. ex Oliv.\nCleome inermis Malme\nCleome insolata P.S.Short\nCleome jamesii (Torr. & A.Gray) Govaerts\nCleome jamesonii Briq.\nCleome kalachariensis Gilg & Gilg-Ben.\nCleome karachiensis S.Riaz, Abid & Qaiser\nCleome karjaginii Tzvelev\nCleome kelleriana (Schinz) Gilg & Gilg-Ben.\nCleome kenneallyi Hewson\nCleome kermesina Gilg & Gilg-Ben.\nCleome kersiana Thulin\nCleome khorassanica Bunge & Bien. ex Boiss.\nCleome laburnifolia Roessler\nCleome lanceolata (Mart. & Zucc.) H.H.Iltis\nCleome latifolia Vahl ex DC.\nCleome lechleri Eichler\nCleome leptorachis Linden & Planch.\nCleome lilloi M.Gómez\nCleome limmenensis P.S.Short\nCleome limoneolens J.F.Macbr.\nCleome linophylla (O.Schwarz) Pax & K.Hoffm.\nCleome lipskyi Popov\nCleome longifolia C.Presl\nCleome longipes Lamb. ex DC.\nCleome lophosperma P.S.Short\nCleome macradenia Schweinf.\nCleome macrophylla (Klotzsch) Briq.\nCleome macrorhiza C.Wright\nCleome maculata (Sond.) Szyszył.\nCleome magnifica Briq.\nCleome mathewsii Briq.\nCleome melanosperma S.Watson\nCleome microaustralica Iltis\nCleome microcarpa Ule\nCleome monandra DC.\nCleome monophylla L.\nCleome monophylloides R.Wilczek\nCleome moricandii Briq.\nCleome moritziana Klotzsch ex Eichler\nCleome mossamedensis Exell & Mendonça\nCleome niamniamensis Schweinf. & Gilg\nCleome oligandra Kers\nCleome omanensis (D.F.Chamb. & Lamond) Thulin\nCleome ornithopodioides L.\nCleome oxalidea F.Muell. – C4\nCleome oxypetala Boiss.\nCleome oxyphylla Burch.\nCleome pakistanica (Jafri) Khatoon & A.Perveen\nCleome pallida Kotschy\nCleome paludosa Willd. ex Eichler\nCleome paradoxa R.Br. ex DC.\nCleome parviflora Kunth\nCleome parviflora Kunth\nCleome parvipetala R.A.Graham\nCleome parvisepala Heilborn\nCleome parvula R.A.Graham\nCleome paxii (Schinz) Gilg & Gilg-Ben.\nCleome perrieri Hadj-Moust.\nCleome pilosa Benth.\nCleome polyanthera Schweinf. & Gilg\nCleome polytricha Franch.\nCleome postrata D.Subram.\nCleome procumbens Jacq.\nCleome puberula Triana & Planch.\nCleome puccionia Christenh. & Byng\nCleome pulchella (Lindl.) Schult. & Schult.f.\nCleome quinquenervia DC.\nCleome ramosissima Parl. ex Webb\nCleome regnellii Eichler\nCleome rosea Vahl ex DC.\nCleome rostrata Bobrov\nCleome rotundifolia (Mart. & Zucc.) Iltis\nCleome rubella Burch.\nCleome rutidosperma DC.\nCleome rubelloides Kers\nCleome rupicola Vicary\nCleome scaposa DC.\nCleome schimperi Pax\nCleome schlechteri Briq.\nCleome semitetrandra Sond.\nCleome serrata Jacq.\nCleome siliculifera Eichler\nCleome silvatica Gilg & Gilg-Ben.\nCleome simplicifolia (Cambess.) Hook.f. & Thomson\nCleome socotrana Balf.f.\nCleome speciosa Raf.\nCleome spinosa Jacq.\nCleome stenopetala Gilg & Gilg-Ben.\nCleome stenophylla Klotzsch ex Urban\nCleome steveniana Schult. & Schult.f.\nCleome stricta (Klotzsch) R.A.Graham\nCleome strigosa (Bojer) Oliv.\nCleome stylosa Eichler\nCleome suffruticosa Schinz\nCleome tenella L.f.\nCleome tenuifolia (Mart. & Zucc.) Iltis\nCleome tenuis S.Watson\nCleome tetrandra DC.\nCleome titubans Speg.\nCleome tomentella Popov\nCleome torticarpa Iltis & T.Ruíz\nCleome trachycarpa Klotzsch ex Eichler\nCleome trachysperma (Torr. & A.Gray) Pax & K.Hoffm.\nCleome tucumanensis H.H.Iltis\nCleome turkmena Bobrov\nCleome uncifera Kers\nCleome uniglandulosa Cav.\nCleome usambarica Pax\nCleome vahliana Fresen.\nCleome violacea L.\nCleome virens J.F.Macbr.\nCleome viscosa L.\nCleome werdermannii Alf.Ernst\nCleome yunnanensis W.W.Sm.","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cleome_chelidonii_in_AP_W_IMG_9951.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cleome chelidonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleome_chelidonii"},{"link_name":"Pocharam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocharam_lake"},{"link_name":"Andhra Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh"}],"text":"Cleome chelidonii at Pocharam Lake, Andhra Pradesh, IndiaCleome gynandra is used as a vegetable crop. C. houtteana is a commonly cultivated ornamental plant with purple, pink, or white flowers.","title":"Cultivation and uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cleome_chelidonii_plant.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cleome chelidonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleome_chelidonii"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cleome_foliosa_IMG_8601.JPG"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_061128-1587_Cleome_gynandra.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cleome gynandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleome_gynandra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spider_flower_--_Cleome_%27Inncleosr%27_Senorita_Rosalita.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tarenaya_hassleriana_o_Cleome_Hassleriana_o_Cleome_Spinosa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cleome houtteana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleome_houtteana"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tarenaya-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cleome_monophylla_W3_IMG_1882.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cleome monophylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_monophylla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cleome_oxyphylla_var._oxyphylla_1DS-II_7380.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cleome oxyphylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleome_oxyphylla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cleome_rutidosperma_05859.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cleome rutidosperma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleome_rutidosperma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cleome_spinosa_2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cleome spinosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleome_spinosa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cleome_viscosa_by_kadavoor.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cleome viscosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleome_viscosa"}],"text":"Cleome chelidonii\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCleome foliosa, from arid region in Namibia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCleome gynandra, cultivated as a vegetable\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCleome 'Inncleosr' Senorita Rosalita\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCleome houtteana also known as Tarenaya hassleriana[11] a common garden ornamental\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCleome monophylla\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCleome oxyphylla\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCleome rutidosperma\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCleome spinosa\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCleome viscosa","title":"Gallery of species"}]
[{"image_text":"Cleome chelidonii at Pocharam Lake, Andhra Pradesh, India","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Cleome_chelidonii_in_AP_W_IMG_9951.jpg/190px-Cleome_chelidonii_in_AP_W_IMG_9951.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Cleome L.\" Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30009982-2#synonyms","url_text":"\"Cleome L.\""}]},{"reference":"Steve L. O’Kane Jr. \"Cleomaceae: Cleome Family\". San Juan College. Archived from the original on October 5, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111005162229/http://www.sanjuancollege.edu/pages/953.asp","url_text":"\"Cleomaceae: Cleome Family\""},{"url":"http://www.sanjuancollege.edu/pages/953.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"G. J. H. Grubben (2004). Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2: Vegetables. PROTA. p. 197–198. ISBN 978-90-5782-147-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6jrlyOPfr24C&pg=PA197","url_text":"Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2: Vegetables"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5782-147-9","url_text":"978-90-5782-147-9"}]},{"reference":"Marshall, D.M.; Muhaidat, R.; Brown, N.J.; Liu, Z.; Stanley, S.; Griffiths, H.; Sage, R.F.; Hibberd, J.M. (2007). \"Cleome, a genus closely related to Arabidopsis, contains species spanning a developmental progression from C3 to C4 photosynthesis\". The Plant Journal. 51 (5): 886–896. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03188.x. ISSN 0960-7412. PMID 17692080.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-313X.2007.03188.x","url_text":"\"Cleome, a genus closely related to Arabidopsis, contains species spanning a developmental progression from C3 to C4 photosynthesis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-313X.2007.03188.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03188.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0960-7412","url_text":"0960-7412"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17692080","url_text":"17692080"}]},{"reference":"Feodorova, T.A.; Voznesenskaya, E.V.; Edwards, G.E.; Roalson, E.H. (2010). \"Biogeographic patterns of diversification and the origins of C4 in Cleome (Cleomaceae)\" (PDF). Systematic Botany. 35 (4): 811–826. doi:10.1600/036364410X539880. ISSN 0363-6445. S2CID 84983697. Retrieved 16 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://msu-botany.ru/gallery/feodorova-5-&2010.pdf","url_text":"\"Biogeographic patterns of diversification and the origins of C4 in Cleome (Cleomaceae)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1600%2F036364410X539880","url_text":"10.1600/036364410X539880"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0363-6445","url_text":"0363-6445"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84983697","url_text":"84983697"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30009982-2#synonyms","external_links_name":"\"Cleome L.\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111005162229/http://www.sanjuancollege.edu/pages/953.asp","external_links_name":"\"Cleomaceae: Cleome Family\""},{"Link":"http://www.sanjuancollege.edu/pages/953.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6jrlyOPfr24C&pg=PA197","external_links_name":"Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2: Vegetables"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-313X.2007.03188.x","external_links_name":"\"Cleome, a genus closely related to Arabidopsis, contains species spanning a developmental progression from C3 to C4 photosynthesis\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-313X.2007.03188.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03188.x"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0960-7412","external_links_name":"0960-7412"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17692080","external_links_name":"17692080"},{"Link":"http://msu-botany.ru/gallery/feodorova-5-&2010.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Biogeographic patterns of diversification and the origins of C4 in Cleome (Cleomaceae)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1600%2F036364410X539880","external_links_name":"10.1600/036364410X539880"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0363-6445","external_links_name":"0363-6445"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84983697","external_links_name":"84983697"},{"Link":"http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?2686","external_links_name":"Cleome list"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090120155739/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?2686","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Cleome&SPECIES_XREF=&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK=","external_links_name":"Cleome list"},{"Link":"https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CLEOM","external_links_name":"Cleome list"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=0&name_str=cleome","external_links_name":"Cleome search results"},{"Link":"http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/PDF/PDF07/Tarenaya.pdf","external_links_name":"Tarenaya Rafinesque"},{"Link":"https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/189529","external_links_name":"189529"},{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/72013","external_links_name":"72013"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/62L7Q","external_links_name":"62L7Q"},{"Link":"http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/cgi-bin/speciesfacts_display.cgi?form=speciesfacts&name=Cleome","external_links_name":"Cleome"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/52974","external_links_name":"52974"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1CLEG","external_links_name":"1CLEG"},{"Link":"https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/21460","external_links_name":"21460"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=107324","external_links_name":"107324"},{"Link":"https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Cleome","external_links_name":"Cleome"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=107324","external_links_name":"107324"},{"Link":"https://flora.org.il/en/plants/systematics/cleome","external_links_name":"cleome"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3041500","external_links_name":"3041500"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=2686","external_links_name":"2686"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/56751","external_links_name":"56751"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/5928-1","external_links_name":"5928-1"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1067718","external_links_name":"1067718"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=22613","external_links_name":"22613"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0000457375","external_links_name":"NHMSYS0000457375"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=25782","external_links_name":"25782"},{"Link":"https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/78656665-3302-42d0-b3bd-b33dd5253e82","external_links_name":"78656665-3302-42d0-b3bd-b33dd5253e82"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=918061","external_links_name":"918061"},{"Link":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=CLEOM","external_links_name":"CLEOM"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A30009982-2","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30009982-2"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/40010199","external_links_name":"40010199"},{"Link":"https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/5a249b64-81bc-4d6b-80d5-5594f99f886d","external_links_name":"5a249b64-81bc-4d6b-80d5-5594f99f886d"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000008580","external_links_name":"wfo-4000008580"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007530063105171","external_links_name":"Israel"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Nugent
Jay Nugent
["1 Discography","2 References"]
Jayson NugentBackground informationAlso known asAgent JayBorn (1972-11-20) November 20, 1972 (age 51)GenresReggae, Ska, RocksteadyOccupation(s)Musician, songwriterInstrument(s)GuitarMusical artist Jayson Nugent (born 1972; also known as Agent Jay, and Crazy Baldhead) is a guitarist and DJ from New York who plays in the style of several Jamaican music genres. Nugent's experiments with ska, reggae, rocksteady, dub music, and skinhead reggae came to be noticed through his work with Version City and Stubborn Records. Since 1997, Nugent has been a staple in the New York City ska community, playing backup for King Django, trading dub masters with Victor Rice, and playing in The Slackers. Other bands that featured Nugent's guitar work in the 1990s include: Agent 99, Stubborn All-Stars, Da Whole Thing, and Version City Rockers. In 2007, Nugent released the Crazy Baldhead Has a Posse CD, which he produced over a 10-year period, with guest musicians featured in every song. Crazy Baldhead released "the Sound of '69" in the fall of 2008. This album features re-interpretations of pop hits from 1969 in the style of Jamaican music of the time - that is, the raw, funk-influenced early reggae championed by producers such as Lee "Scratch" Perry and Harry J. In December 2013 Nugent released Boots Embraces after a successful crowd-funding campaign at BigTunes. The record features fellow members of the Slackers Dave Hillyard and Vic Ruggiero, and was mixed by Victor Axelrod. Most of the songs are written by Nugent, except Revolution.Stop, which is inspired by The Clash's Revolution Rock. The album cover states that Aria is written by J.S. Bach, but the song did not make the final cut. It is however available online. Discography Agent 99 - Agent 99 Cassette EP/Demo (1994) Agent 99 - The Biggest Boy 7" (1995) Stubborn All-Stars - Open Season (1995) Stubborn All-Stars - Back With A New Batch (1997 Stubborn Records Presents: Version City (1997) Agent 99 - Little Pieces: 1993-1995 (1998) Rocker T and Version City Rockers - Nicer By The Hour (1998) New York Ska-Jazz Ensemble - Get This! (1998) Stubborn All-Stars - Nex Music (1999) Victor Rice - At Version City (2000) Stubborn All-Stars - At Version City (2001) Version City - Dub Clash (2001) Crazy Baldhead - Long Road/California 10" (2003) Crazy Baldhead - Has A Posse 1997-2004 (Stubborn, 2004) The Slackers - Peculiar (2006) The Slackers - The Boss Harmony Sessions (2007) The Slackers - Minha Menina 7" (2007) The Slackers - Self Medication (2008) Crazy Baldhead - The Sound Of '69 (2008) The Slackers - Lost & Found (2009) The Slackers - Dreidel 7" (2009) The Slackers - NYC Boat Cruise 2009 (Whatevski, digital only, 2009) The Slackers - Slackfest NYC 2009 (Whatevski, digital only, 2009) The Slackers - Holiday Party With... (Whatevski, digital only, 2009) The Slackers - Live On the West Side 4/6/10 (Whatevski, digital only, 2010) The Slackers - The Great Rocksteady Swindle (2010) The Slackers - New Years Day 7" (Urban Pirate Records,2010) Crazy Baldhead - Too Much Technology 7" (Urban Pirate Records, 2010) Crazy Baldhead - The Reggae Will Not Be Televised (Whatevski, 2010) The Slackers - Live In San Francisco 12/31/10 (digital only, 2011) The Slackers - Stash Box (2011) Crazy Baldhead - Cutback 7" (Simmerdown Productions 2012) Crazy Baldhead - Boots Embraces (2013) References ^ Crazy Baldhead Has a Posse ^ "The Sound Of '69" Crazy Baldhead Has a Posse The Sound of '69 The Reggae Will Not Be Televised Crazy Baldhead - Aria (J. S. Bach cover) vteThe Slackers Vic Ruggiero Jay Nugent Dave Hillyard Glen Pine Marcus Geard Ara Babajian Jeremy Mushlin Marc Lyn TJ Scanlon Dave Hahn Luis Zuluaga Allen Teboul Studio albums Better Late Than Never Redlight The Question Wasted Days Close My Eyes An Afternoon in Dub Slackness (with Chris Murray) Peculiar The Boss Harmony Sessions Self Medication The Great Rocksteady Swindle The Radio The Slackers Cassettes and EPs The Slackers International War Criminal Live albums Live at Ernesto's Compilations Before There Were Slackers There Were... Related articles Chris Murray Crazy Baldhead Sound System Hellcat Records Jammyland King Django Leftöver Crack Moon Ska Records Rancid SKAndalous All Stars Stubborn All-Stars The Rocksteady Seven Victor Rice Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany Artists MusicBrainz 2
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"guitarist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Jamaican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"music genres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_genre"},{"link_name":"ska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska"},{"link_name":"reggae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae"},{"link_name":"rocksteady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocksteady"},{"link_name":"dub music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dub_music"},{"link_name":"skinhead reggae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae_genres"},{"link_name":"Version City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Version_City"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"King Django","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Django"},{"link_name":"Victor Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Rice"},{"link_name":"The Slackers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Slackers"},{"link_name":"Stubborn All-Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stubborn_All-Stars"},{"link_name":"Version City Rockers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Version_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Lee \"Scratch\" Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_%22Scratch%22_Perry"},{"link_name":"Harry J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_J"},{"link_name":"BigTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bigtun.es"},{"link_name":"Dave Hillyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Hillyard"},{"link_name":"Vic Ruggiero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic_Ruggiero"},{"link_name":"Victor Axelrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Axelrod"},{"link_name":"The Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clash"},{"link_name":"Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bach"}],"text":"Musical artistJayson Nugent (born 1972; also known as Agent Jay, and Crazy Baldhead) is a guitarist and DJ from New York who plays in the style of several Jamaican music genres.Nugent's experiments with ska, reggae, rocksteady, dub music, and skinhead reggae came to be noticed through his work with Version City and Stubborn Records. Since 1997, Nugent has been a staple in the New York City ska community, playing backup for King Django, trading dub masters with Victor Rice, and playing in The Slackers. Other bands that featured Nugent's guitar work in the 1990s include: Agent 99, Stubborn All-Stars, Da Whole Thing, and Version City Rockers. In 2007, Nugent released the Crazy Baldhead Has a Posse [1] CD, which he produced over a 10-year period, with guest musicians featured in every song.Crazy Baldhead released \"the Sound of '69\" [2] in the fall of 2008. This album features re-interpretations of pop hits from 1969 in the style of Jamaican music of the time - that is, the raw, funk-influenced early reggae championed by producers such as Lee \"Scratch\" Perry and Harry J. In December 2013 Nugent released Boots Embraces after a successful crowd-funding campaign at BigTunes. The record features fellow members of the Slackers Dave Hillyard and Vic Ruggiero, and was mixed by Victor Axelrod. Most of the songs are written by Nugent, except Revolution.Stop, which is inspired by The Clash's Revolution Rock. The album cover states that Aria is written by J.S. Bach, but the song did not make the final cut. It is however available online.","title":"Jay Nugent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peculiar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peculiar_(album)"},{"link_name":"Urban Pirate Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban_Pirate_Records&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Urban Pirate Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban_Pirate_Records&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Agent 99 - Agent 99 Cassette EP/Demo (1994)\nAgent 99 - The Biggest Boy 7\" (1995)\nStubborn All-Stars - Open Season (1995)\nStubborn All-Stars - Back With A New Batch (1997\nStubborn Records Presents: Version City (1997)\nAgent 99 - Little Pieces: 1993-1995 (1998)\nRocker T and Version City Rockers - Nicer By The Hour (1998)\nNew York Ska-Jazz Ensemble - Get This! (1998)\nStubborn All-Stars - Nex Music (1999)\nVictor Rice - At Version City (2000)\nStubborn All-Stars - At Version City (2001)\nVersion City - Dub Clash (2001)\nCrazy Baldhead - Long Road/California 10\" (2003)\nCrazy Baldhead - Has A Posse 1997-2004 (Stubborn, 2004)\nThe Slackers - Peculiar (2006)\nThe Slackers - The Boss Harmony Sessions (2007)\nThe Slackers - Minha Menina 7\" (2007)\nThe Slackers - Self Medication (2008)\nCrazy Baldhead - The Sound Of '69 (2008)\nThe Slackers - Lost & Found (2009)\nThe Slackers - Dreidel 7\" (2009)\nThe Slackers - NYC Boat Cruise 2009 (Whatevski, digital only, 2009)\nThe Slackers - Slackfest NYC 2009 (Whatevski, digital only, 2009)\nThe Slackers - Holiday Party With... (Whatevski, digital only, 2009)\nThe Slackers - Live On the West Side 4/6/10 (Whatevski, digital only, 2010)\nThe Slackers - The Great Rocksteady Swindle (2010)\nThe Slackers - New Years Day 7\" (Urban Pirate Records,2010)\nCrazy Baldhead - Too Much Technology 7\" (Urban Pirate Records, 2010)\nCrazy Baldhead - The Reggae Will Not Be Televised (Whatevski, 2010)\nThe Slackers - Live In San Francisco 12/31/10 (digital only, 2011)\nThe Slackers - Stash Box (2011)\nCrazy Baldhead - Cutback 7\" (Simmerdown Productions 2012)\nCrazy Baldhead - Boots Embraces (2013)","title":"Discography"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyar_of_Fogaras
Boyar of Fogaras
["1 Background","2 History","3 References","4 Sources"]
Group of Romanian nobles in the medieval Kingdom of Hungary The boyars of Fogaras (now Făgăraș in Romania) were a group of Vlach (or Romanian) conditional nobles in the medieval Kingdom of Hungary and the Principality (and Grand Principality) of Transylvania. Background The earliest royal charter which mentioned the Vlachs' presence in southern Transylvania was issued in the early 13th century. The document recorded that Andrew II of Hungary had deprived the local Vlachs from a small territory between the rivers Olt, Arpaș (Árpás) and Cârțișoara and granted it to the newly established Cistercian Kerc Abbey. A hoard of hacksilver discovered at Cârțișoara, which contained a Byzantine coin from the first half of the 12th century, also confirm the Vlachs' presence in the region. The earliest record about a permanent Vlach settlement in the region – Kerch Olachorum (or "Vlachs' Kerc" at present-day Cârțișoara) – was made in 1332. Decades later, the first place names of Romanian origin were also recorded: Cuciulata in 1372 and Mândra in 1401. Louis I of Hungary forced Vladislav I of Wallachia to accept his suzerainty in 1366. To secure Vladislav's loyalty, the king also granted him landed property in southern Transylvania, including the district of Fogaras (around present-day Făgăraș in Romania). Six years later, Vladislav donated estates to Wallachian boyars (or noblemen) in the district. Most of Vladislav's successors who also held Fogaras – Mircea the Elder, Vlad the Impaler, Radu the Fair and Basarab Laiotă – regularly granted estates to their boyars or awarded the heads of the local communities with the title boyar. History In 1372 Vladislav I of Wallachia gave to the magistrate Ladislau de Dopca, his relative, five estates in the district of Fogaras. Mircea I of Wallachia gives the village of Szkore to Stanciul the hegumen and his brother Călin, and in 1400 he strengthens to his boyars Micul and Stoia the dominion over half of the village of Mondra. The boyars Ion, Borcea and Călin had during Mircea's reign three villages with the mountains that belonged to them, and the boyar Costea had two and a half villages. Through a document from June 10, 1417, Mircea I of Wallachia strengthened Ion, Borcea and Calian, "To the boyar of my lordship so that their village may be Árpásthou and Vad , of estate and inheritance and of all the services and gifts and tithes, as many as they will find in the whole land of the country lordship my." We mention that the Borcea family name still exists in Vad, and the Calian family name is found in the neighboring village, Sinke. In 1437 the boyar Stanciu and his brother Roman receive from Vlad II Dracul the village of Voivodeni/Vajdafalva. The increase of the boyar from Fogaras was observed in the richer donations, so in 1473 the family of the master Stoica Naneș obtained from Radu cel Frumos more than 13 villages and 3 mountains. Towards the end of the 15th century and the beginning of the following century, the history of Fogaras district experienced a more turbulent period. In 1508 a boyar revolt tried unsuccessfully to bring the country under the rule of the Muntenian voivode Mihnea cel Rău. The 1640 conscription counts 248 boyars in the Fogaras domain. In 1648, 87 boyars appeared in the fields of Porumbáktanya and Kwmana (Komána/Comăna). Zsuzsanna Lorántffy (1600-1660), the wife of the prince of Transylvania George I Rákóczi, the mistress of the Făgăraș Citadel, issued 21 boyar diplomas, in some cases confirming "their old boyar rights". Residents of Bucsum, Also Uczya (Alsóucsa/Ucea de Sus), Also Venechia (Veneția de Jos), Dragos (Drăguș), Sinke, Hirszen (Hârseni) received such diplomas. In the conscription from 1720 to 1721 in 53 villages belonging to the Făgăraș, Porumbac and Comăna domains, 725 boyars have appeared. References ^ Curta 2006, p. 354–355. ^ a b Curta 2006, p. 354. ^ Makkai 1994, p. 189. ^ a b c Makkai 1994, p. 191. ^ a b Pop 2005, p. 249. ^ Costea 2009, p. 216. ^ Pascu, pp. 56-57 ^ Panaitescu, p. 245 ^ Valentina Popa - Țara Făgărașului sub stăpânirea domnilor munteni, in Cumidava VI, (1973), Muzeul Județean Brașov, Brașov. ^ „O parte a acestei familii a trecut în Săliște”. In C. Stan, Școala poporană din Făgăraș și depe Târnave, Vol. I, Făgărașul, p. 456 ^ Probabil, identic cu Călin. ^ „Din Caliani se trage generalul austriac Caliani, care s-a remarcat în revoluția dela 1848.” Vd. C. Stan, Școala poporană din Făgăraș și depe Târnave, Vol. I, Făgărașul, p. 456. ^ Pascu, p. 57 ^ Lukács, p. 63 ^ Drăgan, p. 229 ^ Florentin Olteanu, Ana Mago, Lucreția Olteanu, Cetatea principeselor, In: Muzeul Țării Făgărașului „Valer Literat”, 720 de ani de istorie a Făgărașului (2011), p.51. ^ Prodan, pp 93, 95 Sources Costea, Ionuț (2009). "Social Structures". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Nägler, Thomas; Magyari, András (eds.). The History of Transylvania, Volume II (From 1541 to 1711). Romanian Academy, Center for Transylvanian Studies. pp. 199–225. ISBN 978-973-7784-04-9. Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89452-4. Makkai, László (1994). "The Emergence of the Estates (1172–1526)". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.). History of Transylvania. Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 178–243. ISBN 963-05-6703-2. Pop, Ioan-Aurel (2005). "Romanians in the 14th–16th Centuries: From the "Christian Republic" to the "Restoration of Dacia"". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Bolovan, Ioan (eds.). History of Romania: Compendium. Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies). pp. 209–314. ISBN 978-973-7784-12-4.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Făgăraș","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%83g%C4%83ra%C8%99"},{"link_name":"Vlach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlachs"},{"link_name":"conditional nobles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_noble"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Principality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)"},{"link_name":"Grand Principality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1711%E2%80%931867)"}],"text":"The boyars of Fogaras (now Făgăraș in Romania) were a group of Vlach (or Romanian) conditional nobles in the medieval Kingdom of Hungary and the Principality (and Grand Principality) of Transylvania.","title":"Boyar of Fogaras"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"royal charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_charter"},{"link_name":"Vlachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlachs"},{"link_name":"Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006354%E2%80%93355-1"},{"link_name":"Andrew II of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_II_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Olt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olt_River"},{"link_name":"Arpaș","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpa%C8%99_River"},{"link_name":"Cârțișoara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2r%C8%9Bi%C8%99oara_River"},{"link_name":"Kerc Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2r%C8%9Ba_Monastery"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006354-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakkai1994189-3"},{"link_name":"hoard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoard"},{"link_name":"hacksilver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacksilver"},{"link_name":"Cârțișoara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2r%C8%9Bi%C8%99oara"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006354-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakkai1994191-4"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language"},{"link_name":"Cuciulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuciulata"},{"link_name":"Mândra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2ndra"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakkai1994191-4"},{"link_name":"Louis I of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Vladislav I of Wallachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislav_I_of_Wallachia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop2005249-5"},{"link_name":"district of Fogaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Fogaras"},{"link_name":"Făgăraș","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%83g%C4%83ra%C8%99"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPop2005249-5"},{"link_name":"Wallachian boyars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachian_boyars"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakkai1994191-4"},{"link_name":"Mircea the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mircea_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Vlad the Impaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad_the_Impaler"},{"link_name":"Radu the Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radu_the_Fair"},{"link_name":"Basarab Laiotă","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basarab_Laiot%C4%83_cel_B%C4%83tr%C3%A2n"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostea2009216-6"}],"text":"The earliest royal charter which mentioned the Vlachs' presence in southern Transylvania was issued in the early 13th century.[1] The document recorded that Andrew II of Hungary had deprived the local Vlachs from a small territory between the rivers Olt, Arpaș (Árpás) and Cârțișoara and granted it to the newly established Cistercian Kerc Abbey.[2][3] A hoard of hacksilver discovered at Cârțișoara, which contained a Byzantine coin from the first half of the 12th century, also confirm the Vlachs' presence in the region.[2] The earliest record about a permanent Vlach settlement in the region – Kerch Olachorum (or \"Vlachs' Kerc\" at present-day Cârțișoara) – was made in 1332.[4] Decades later, the first place names of Romanian origin were also recorded: Cuciulata in 1372 and Mândra in 1401.[4]Louis I of Hungary forced Vladislav I of Wallachia to accept his suzerainty in 1366.[5] To secure Vladislav's loyalty, the king also granted him landed property in southern Transylvania, including the district of Fogaras (around present-day Făgăraș in Romania).[5] Six years later, Vladislav donated estates to Wallachian boyars (or noblemen) in the district.[4] Most of Vladislav's successors who also held Fogaras – Mircea the Elder, Vlad the Impaler, Radu the Fair and Basarab Laiotă – regularly granted estates to their boyars or awarded the heads of the local communities with the title boyar.[6]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vladislav I of Wallachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislav_I_of_Wallachia"},{"link_name":"Mircea I of Wallachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mircea_I_of_Wallachia"},{"link_name":"hegumen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegumen"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Vlad II Dracul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad_II_Dracul"},{"link_name":"Radu cel Frumos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radu_cel_Frumos"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Mihnea cel Rău","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihnea_cel_R%C4%83u"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Zsuzsanna Lorántffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zsuzsanna_Lor%C3%A1ntffy"},{"link_name":"George I Rákóczi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_I_R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi"},{"link_name":"Făgăraș Citadel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%83g%C4%83ra%C8%99_Citadel"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ocp-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"In 1372 Vladislav I of Wallachia gave to the magistrate Ladislau de Dopca, his relative, five estates in the district of Fogaras. Mircea I of Wallachia gives the village of Szkore to Stanciul the hegumen and his brother Călin, and in 1400 he strengthens to his boyars Micul and Stoia the dominion over half of the village of Mondra.[7] The boyars Ion, Borcea and Călin had during Mircea's reign three villages with the mountains that belonged to them, and the boyar Costea had two and a half villages.[8]Through a document from June 10, 1417,[9] Mircea I of Wallachia strengthened Ion, Borcea[10] and Calian,[11][12]\"To the boyar of my lordship so that their village may be Árpásthou and Vad [...], of estate and inheritance and of all the services and gifts and tithes, as many as they will find in the whole land of the country [...] lordship my.\"We mention that the Borcea family name still exists in Vad, and the Calian family name is found in the neighboring village, Sinke.In 1437 the boyar Stanciu and his brother Roman receive from Vlad II Dracul the village of Voivodeni/Vajdafalva. The increase of the boyar from Fogaras was observed in the richer donations, so in 1473 the family of the master Stoica Naneș obtained from Radu cel Frumos more than 13 villages and 3 mountains.[13]Towards the end of the 15th century and the beginning of the following century, the history of Fogaras district experienced a more turbulent period.[14] In 1508 a boyar revolt tried unsuccessfully to bring the country under the rule of the Muntenian voivode Mihnea cel Rău.[15]The 1640 conscription counts 248 boyars in the Fogaras domain. In 1648, 87 boyars appeared in the fields of Porumbáktanya and Kwmana (Komána/Comăna).Zsuzsanna Lorántffy (1600-1660), the wife of the prince of Transylvania George I Rákóczi, the mistress of the Făgăraș Citadel, issued 21 boyar diplomas, in some cases confirming \"their old boyar rights\". Residents of Bucsum, Also Uczya (Alsóucsa/Ucea de Sus), Also Venechia (Veneția de Jos), Dragos (Drăguș), Sinke, Hirszen (Hârseni) received such diplomas.[16]In the conscription from 1720 to 1721 in 53 villages belonging to the Făgăraș, Porumbac and Comăna domains, 725 boyars have appeared.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-973-7784-04-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-7784-04-9"},{"link_name":"Curta, Florin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florin_Curta"},{"link_name":"Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-89452-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89452-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"963-05-6703-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-05-6703-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-973-7784-12-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-7784-12-4"}],"text":"Costea, Ionuț (2009). \"Social Structures\". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Nägler, Thomas; Magyari, András (eds.). The History of Transylvania, Volume II (From 1541 to 1711). Romanian Academy, Center for Transylvanian Studies. pp. 199–225. ISBN 978-973-7784-04-9.\nCurta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89452-4.\nMakkai, László (1994). \"The Emergence of the Estates (1172–1526)\". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.). History of Transylvania. Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 178–243. ISBN 963-05-6703-2.\nPop, Ioan-Aurel (2005). \"Romanians in the 14th–16th Centuries: From the \"Christian Republic\" to the \"Restoration of Dacia\"\". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Bolovan, Ioan (eds.). History of Romania: Compendium. Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies). pp. 209–314. ISBN 978-973-7784-12-4.","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Costea, Ionuț (2009). \"Social Structures\". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Nägler, Thomas; Magyari, András (eds.). The History of Transylvania, Volume II (From 1541 to 1711). Romanian Academy, Center for Transylvanian Studies. pp. 199–225. ISBN 978-973-7784-04-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-7784-04-9","url_text":"978-973-7784-04-9"}]},{"reference":"Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89452-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florin_Curta","url_text":"Curta, Florin"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt","url_text":"Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89452-4","url_text":"978-0-521-89452-4"}]},{"reference":"Makkai, László (1994). \"The Emergence of the Estates (1172–1526)\". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.). History of Transylvania. Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 178–243. ISBN 963-05-6703-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-05-6703-2","url_text":"963-05-6703-2"}]},{"reference":"Pop, Ioan-Aurel (2005). \"Romanians in the 14th–16th Centuries: From the \"Christian Republic\" to the \"Restoration of Dacia\"\". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Bolovan, Ioan (eds.). History of Romania: Compendium. Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies). pp. 209–314. ISBN 978-973-7784-12-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-7784-12-4","url_text":"978-973-7784-12-4"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt","external_links_name":"Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotex
Kotex
["1 History","2 Product line","3 Recalls and defects","4 Notes","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
KotexA Kotex "Deo" padProduct typeMenstrual hygiene productsOwnerKimberly-ClarkCountryUnited StatesIntroduced1920WebsiteKotex corporate website Brand of menstrual hygiene products A Kotex newspaper advertisement from 1920 Kotex ad, painted by Coby Whitmore (1950) Kotex is an American brand of menstrual hygiene products, which includes the Kotex maxi, thin and ultra-thin pads, the Security tampons, and the Lightdays pantiliners. Most recently, the company has added U by Kotex to its menstrual hygiene product line. Kotex is owned and managed by Kimberly-Clark, a consumer products corporation active in more than 80 countries. History The modern, commercial, disposable pads started in the late nineteenth century with the Hartmann  company in Germany, and Johnson & Johnson in the United States. In the UK, the Birmingham firm of Southall Brothers & Barclay was advertising "sanitary towels" in The Family Doctor and Home Medical Adviser in the early 1890s. In the United States, Kotex was launched in 1920 by Kimberly-Clark to make use of leftover cellucotton (wood pulp fiber) from World War One bandages. An employee noted that the pads had a "cotton-like texture" which was abbreviated to "cot-tex" and then made the product name with alternate spelling. In the 1920s, Kimberly-Clark placed advertisements in the women's magazines Good Housekeeping and Ladies' Home Journal. Although some readers were offended by the ads, the product's success led to more advertisements. Kimberly-Clark also promoted Kotex in Good Housekeeping by using intimate advice columnist Mary Pauline Callender. Originally sold in a hospital blue box at 12 for 60 cents, Victorian sexual prudishness caused slow acceptance until Montgomery Ward began advertising them in its 1926 catalog, reaching $11 million sales in 1927 in 57 countries. It became one of the first self-service items in American retailing history after it was strategically placed on countertops with a special payment box so that the woman didn't have to ask a clerk for it and touch hands. Tampax appeared in 1936. Belts were needed until the 1970 introduction of Stayfree by Personal Products Co. and New Freedom Pads by Kimberly-Clark. New Freedom is a former brand in the Kotex family. New Freedom was one of the first beltless pads manufactured in the early 1970s. Product line In August 2009, Kotex launched a premium sub-brand called Kotex Luxe in Singapore. It launched U by Kotex Tween, products aimed at girls aged 8–12 in the US in 2011. Recalls and defects In September 2012, Kimberly-Clark issued a warning regarding a shipment of rejected Kotex tampons stolen and sold to the public. The company said the defective products posed only a minor health risk to consumers. In December 2018, Kimberly-Clark issued a recall of U by Kotex Sleek tampons due to findings that the product would sometimes break apart during removal, leaving behind fragments in the body that could require medical attention for removal. Notes ^ Newman, Andrew Adam (16 March 2010). "Rebellion Against the Usually Evasive Menstrual Care Ad". The New York Times. p. B3. Retrieved 17 June 2015. ^ "Pads ". Museum of Menstruation. Retrieved 17 June 2015. ^ "Southall's towels". Museum of Menstruation & Women's Health. Retrieved 2020-09-02. ^ www.mum.org ^ www.mum.org ^ Eschner, Kat (2017-08-11). "The Surprising Origins of Kotex Pads". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 26 February 2020. ^ Cross, Mary (2002). A Century of American Icons: 100 Products and Slogans from the 20th-Century Consumer Culture. Greenwood Press. pp. 86–87. ISBN 978-0313314810. Retrieved 4 September 2020. ^ "Photo of Mary Pauline Callender". Museum of Menstruation. Retrieved 17 June 2015. ^ http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2252/who-invented-tampons ^ Newman, Andrew Adam (14 April 2011). "A Younger Group for Feminine Products". The New York Times. p. B3. Retrieved 17 June 2015. ^ "Kimberly-Clark issues warning about stolen tampons". USA Today. Associated Press. 5 September 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2015. ^ "Kimberly-Clark issues recall after reports of tampons causing users to seek medical attention". Fox 8 Cleveland. December 12, 2018. Retrieved December 12, 2018. References Marchand, Roland (1985). Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity, 1920–1940. Berkeley, Cal.: University of California Press. pp. 20–23 et al. ISBN 9780520052536. OCLC 11574067. Further reading Guadagnolo, D. (2020). "“The Miracle of You”: Women's Sex Education and the Marketing of Kotex." Modern American History "The Accidental History of Kleenex & Kotex". Alan's Mysterious World. September 30, 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2015. Mikkelson, Barbara (May 19, 2011). "Padded Account". Snopes.com. Retrieved 17 June 2015. On the origin of Kotex sanitary napkins. Cites: Gershman, Michael (1990). Getting It Right the Second Time: How American Ingenuity Transformed Forty-Nine Marketing Failures into Some of Our Most Successful Products. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. pp. 31–37. ISBN 9780201550825. OCLC 21407250. Henrich, Thomas; Batchelor, Bob (2004). Kotex, Kleenex, Huggies. Ohio State University Press. ISBN 0814209769. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kotex. Kimberly-Clark corporate website Girlspace: Kotex website for teen girls U by Kotex USA U by Kotex English-Canada U by Kotex French-Canada Kotex Singapore Kotex in Russia
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kotex-newspaperad-1920.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coby_Whitmore_-_Very_personally_yours_-_Kotex_1950.jpg"},{"link_name":"Coby Whitmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coby_Whitmore"},{"link_name":"menstrual hygiene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrual_hygiene"},{"link_name":"pads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_napkin"},{"link_name":"tampons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampon"},{"link_name":"pantiliners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantiliner"},{"link_name":"menstrual hygiene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrual_hygiene"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Kimberly-Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberly-Clark"}],"text":"Brand of menstrual hygiene productsA Kotex newspaper advertisement from 1920Kotex ad, painted by Coby Whitmore (1950)Kotex is an American brand of menstrual hygiene products, which includes the Kotex maxi, thin and ultra-thin pads, the Security tampons, and the Lightdays pantiliners. Most recently, the company has added U by Kotex to its menstrual hygiene product line.[1] Kotex is owned and managed by Kimberly-Clark, a consumer products corporation active in more than 80 countries.","title":"Kotex"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hartmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hartmann_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartmann_Gruppe"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Johnson & Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_%26_Johnson"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kimberly-Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberly-Clark"},{"link_name":"cellucotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellucotton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-surprising-6"},{"link_name":"Good Housekeeping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Housekeeping"},{"link_name":"Ladies' Home Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladies%27_Home_Journal"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"advice columnist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advice_column"},{"link_name":"Mary Pauline Callender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Pauline_Callender&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Victorian sexual prudishness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_morality"},{"link_name":"Montgomery Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_Ward"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The modern, commercial, disposable pads started in the late nineteenth century with the Hartmann [de] company in Germany, and Johnson & Johnson in the United States.[2] In the UK, the Birmingham firm of Southall Brothers & Barclay was advertising \"sanitary towels\" in The Family Doctor and Home Medical Adviser in the early 1890s.[3]In the United States, Kotex was launched in 1920 by Kimberly-Clark to make use of leftover cellucotton (wood pulp fiber) from World War One bandages.[4][5] An employee noted that the pads had a \"cotton-like texture\" which was abbreviated to \"cot-tex\" and then made the product name with alternate spelling.[6]In the 1920s, Kimberly-Clark placed advertisements in the women's magazines Good Housekeeping and Ladies' Home Journal.[7] Although some readers were offended by the ads, the product's success led to more advertisements. Kimberly-Clark also promoted Kotex in Good Housekeeping by using intimate advice columnist Mary Pauline Callender.[8]Originally sold in a hospital blue box at 12 for 60 cents, Victorian sexual prudishness caused slow acceptance until Montgomery Ward began advertising them in its 1926 catalog, reaching $11 million sales in 1927 in 57 countries.[9] It became one of the first self-service items in American retailing history after it was strategically placed on countertops with a special payment box so that the woman didn't have to ask a clerk for it and touch hands. Tampax appeared in 1936. Belts were needed until the 1970 introduction of Stayfree by Personal Products Co. and New Freedom Pads by Kimberly-Clark.New Freedom is a former brand in the Kotex family. New Freedom was one of the first beltless pads manufactured in the early 1970s.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In August 2009, Kotex launched a premium sub-brand called Kotex Luxe in Singapore. It launched U by Kotex Tween, products aimed at girls aged 8–12 in the US in 2011.[10]","title":"Product line"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In September 2012, Kimberly-Clark issued a warning regarding a shipment of rejected Kotex tampons stolen and sold to the public. The company said the defective products posed only a minor health risk to consumers.[11]In December 2018, Kimberly-Clark issued a recall of U by Kotex Sleek tampons due to findings that the product would sometimes break apart during removal, leaving behind fragments in the body that could require medical attention for removal.[12]","title":"Recalls and defects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Rebellion Against the Usually Evasive Menstrual Care Ad\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2010/03/16/business/media/16adco.html"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Pads [Directory]\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mum.org/paddir.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Southall's towels\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mum.org/southall.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"www.mum.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mum.org/sfagnak.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"www.mum.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mum.org/kotcelar.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-surprising_6-0"},{"link_name":"\"The Surprising Origins of Kotex Pads\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/surprising-origins-kotex-pads-180964466/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"A Century of American Icons: 100 Products and Slogans from the 20th-Century Consumer Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/centuryofamerica00cros/page/86/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0313314810","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313314810"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Photo of Mary Pauline Callender\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mum.org/callendr.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2252/who-invented-tampons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2252/who-invented-tampons"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"A Younger Group for Feminine Products\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2011/04/15/business/media/15adco.html"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Kimberly-Clark issues warning about stolen tampons\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.usatoday.com/news/health/story/2012-09-04/stolen-tampons/57584394/1"},{"link_name":"USA Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Kimberly-Clark issues recall after reports of tampons causing users to seek medical attention\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fox8.com/2018/12/12/kimberly-clark-issues-recall-after-reports-of-tampons-causing-users-to-seek-medical-attention/"}],"text":"^ Newman, Andrew Adam (16 March 2010). \"Rebellion Against the Usually Evasive Menstrual Care Ad\". The New York Times. p. B3. Retrieved 17 June 2015.\n\n^ \"Pads [Directory]\". Museum of Menstruation. Retrieved 17 June 2015.\n\n^ \"Southall's towels\". Museum of Menstruation & Women's Health. Retrieved 2020-09-02.\n\n^ www.mum.org\n\n^ www.mum.org\n\n^ Eschner, Kat (2017-08-11). \"The Surprising Origins of Kotex Pads\". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 26 February 2020.\n\n^ Cross, Mary (2002). A Century of American Icons: 100 Products and Slogans from the 20th-Century Consumer Culture. Greenwood Press. pp. 86–87. ISBN 978-0313314810. Retrieved 4 September 2020.\n\n^ \"Photo of Mary Pauline Callender\". Museum of Menstruation. Retrieved 17 June 2015.\n\n^ http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2252/who-invented-tampons\n\n^ Newman, Andrew Adam (14 April 2011). \"A Younger Group for Feminine Products\". The New York Times. p. B3. Retrieved 17 June 2015.\n\n^ \"Kimberly-Clark issues warning about stolen tampons\". USA Today. Associated Press. 5 September 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2015.\n\n^ \"Kimberly-Clark issues recall after reports of tampons causing users to seek medical attention\". Fox 8 Cleveland. December 12, 2018. Retrieved December 12, 2018.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"“The Miracle of You”: Women's Sex Education and the Marketing of Kotex.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-american-history/article/miracle-of-you-womens-sex-education-and-the-marketing-of-kotex/D468EAC3C9D89D0C5ED3A70239AD4DB1"},{"link_name":"\"The Accidental History of Kleenex & Kotex\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//alansmysteriousworld.wordpress.com/2009/09/30/the-accidental-history-of-kleenex-kotex/"},{"link_name":"\"Padded Account\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.snopes.com/business/origins/kotex.asp"},{"link_name":"Snopes.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snopes.com"},{"link_name":"Getting It Right the Second Time: How American Ingenuity Transformed Forty-Nine Marketing Failures into Some of Our Most Successful Products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/gettingitrightse00gers/page/31"},{"link_name":"31–37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/gettingitrightse00gers/page/31"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780201550825","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780201550825"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"21407250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/21407250"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0814209769","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0814209769"}],"text":"Guadagnolo, D. (2020). \"“The Miracle of You”: Women's Sex Education and the Marketing of Kotex.\" Modern American History\n\"The Accidental History of Kleenex & Kotex\". Alan's Mysterious World. September 30, 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2015.\nMikkelson, Barbara (May 19, 2011). \"Padded Account\". Snopes.com. Retrieved 17 June 2015. On the origin of Kotex sanitary napkins. Cites:\nGershman, Michael (1990). Getting It Right the Second Time: How American Ingenuity Transformed Forty-Nine Marketing Failures into Some of Our Most Successful Products. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. pp. 31–37. ISBN 9780201550825. OCLC 21407250.\nHenrich, Thomas; Batchelor, Bob (2004). Kotex, Kleenex, Huggies. Ohio State University Press. ISBN 0814209769.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"A Kotex newspaper advertisement from 1920","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Kotex-newspaperad-1920.jpg/220px-Kotex-newspaperad-1920.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kotex ad, painted by Coby Whitmore (1950)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Coby_Whitmore_-_Very_personally_yours_-_Kotex_1950.jpg/220px-Coby_Whitmore_-_Very_personally_yours_-_Kotex_1950.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Newman, Andrew Adam (16 March 2010). \"Rebellion Against the Usually Evasive Menstrual Care Ad\". The New York Times. p. B3. Retrieved 17 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/16/business/media/16adco.html","url_text":"\"Rebellion Against the Usually Evasive Menstrual Care Ad\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Pads [Directory]\". Museum of Menstruation. Retrieved 17 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mum.org/paddir.htm","url_text":"\"Pads [Directory]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Southall's towels\". Museum of Menstruation & Women's Health. Retrieved 2020-09-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mum.org/southall.htm","url_text":"\"Southall's towels\""}]},{"reference":"Eschner, Kat (2017-08-11). \"The Surprising Origins of Kotex Pads\". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 26 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/surprising-origins-kotex-pads-180964466/","url_text":"\"The Surprising Origins of Kotex Pads\""}]},{"reference":"Cross, Mary (2002). A Century of American Icons: 100 Products and Slogans from the 20th-Century Consumer Culture. Greenwood Press. pp. 86–87. ISBN 978-0313314810. Retrieved 4 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/centuryofamerica00cros/page/86/","url_text":"A Century of American Icons: 100 Products and Slogans from the 20th-Century Consumer Culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313314810","url_text":"978-0313314810"}]},{"reference":"\"Photo of Mary Pauline Callender\". Museum of Menstruation. Retrieved 17 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mum.org/callendr.htm","url_text":"\"Photo of Mary Pauline Callender\""}]},{"reference":"Newman, Andrew Adam (14 April 2011). \"A Younger Group for Feminine Products\". The New York Times. p. B3. Retrieved 17 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/15/business/media/15adco.html","url_text":"\"A Younger Group for Feminine Products\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Kimberly-Clark issues warning about stolen tampons\". USA Today. Associated Press. 5 September 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/news/health/story/2012-09-04/stolen-tampons/57584394/1","url_text":"\"Kimberly-Clark issues warning about stolen tampons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Kimberly-Clark issues recall after reports of tampons causing users to seek medical attention\". Fox 8 Cleveland. December 12, 2018. Retrieved December 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://fox8.com/2018/12/12/kimberly-clark-issues-recall-after-reports-of-tampons-causing-users-to-seek-medical-attention/","url_text":"\"Kimberly-Clark issues recall after reports of tampons causing users to seek medical attention\""}]},{"reference":"Marchand, Roland (1985). Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity, 1920–1940. Berkeley, Cal.: University of California Press. pp. 20–23 et al. ISBN 9780520052536. OCLC 11574067.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hqafM0xZjqIC","url_text":"Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity, 1920–1940"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/advertisingameri0000marc/page/n47","url_text":"20–23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520052536","url_text":"9780520052536"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11574067","url_text":"11574067"}]},{"reference":"\"The Accidental History of Kleenex & Kotex\". Alan's Mysterious World. September 30, 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://alansmysteriousworld.wordpress.com/2009/09/30/the-accidental-history-of-kleenex-kotex/","url_text":"\"The Accidental History of Kleenex & Kotex\""}]},{"reference":"Mikkelson, Barbara (May 19, 2011). \"Padded Account\". Snopes.com. Retrieved 17 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snopes.com/business/origins/kotex.asp","url_text":"\"Padded Account\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snopes.com","url_text":"Snopes.com"}]},{"reference":"Gershman, Michael (1990). Getting It Right the Second Time: How American Ingenuity Transformed Forty-Nine Marketing Failures into Some of Our Most Successful Products. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. pp. 31–37. ISBN 9780201550825. OCLC 21407250.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/gettingitrightse00gers/page/31","url_text":"Getting It Right the Second Time: How American Ingenuity Transformed Forty-Nine Marketing Failures into Some of Our Most Successful Products"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/gettingitrightse00gers/page/31","url_text":"31–37"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780201550825","url_text":"9780201550825"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21407250","url_text":"21407250"}]},{"reference":"Henrich, Thomas; Batchelor, Bob (2004). Kotex, Kleenex, Huggies. Ohio State University Press. ISBN 0814209769.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0814209769","url_text":"0814209769"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.kotex.com/","external_links_name":"Kotex corporate website"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/16/business/media/16adco.html","external_links_name":"\"Rebellion Against the Usually Evasive Menstrual Care Ad\""},{"Link":"http://www.mum.org/paddir.htm","external_links_name":"\"Pads [Directory]\""},{"Link":"http://www.mum.org/southall.htm","external_links_name":"\"Southall's towels\""},{"Link":"http://www.mum.org/sfagnak.htm","external_links_name":"www.mum.org"},{"Link":"http://www.mum.org/kotcelar.htm","external_links_name":"www.mum.org"},{"Link":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/surprising-origins-kotex-pads-180964466/","external_links_name":"\"The Surprising Origins of Kotex Pads\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/centuryofamerica00cros/page/86/","external_links_name":"A Century of American Icons: 100 Products and Slogans from the 20th-Century Consumer Culture"},{"Link":"http://www.mum.org/callendr.htm","external_links_name":"\"Photo of Mary Pauline Callender\""},{"Link":"http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2252/who-invented-tampons","external_links_name":"http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2252/who-invented-tampons"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/15/business/media/15adco.html","external_links_name":"\"A Younger Group for Feminine Products\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/news/health/story/2012-09-04/stolen-tampons/57584394/1","external_links_name":"\"Kimberly-Clark issues warning about stolen tampons\""},{"Link":"https://fox8.com/2018/12/12/kimberly-clark-issues-recall-after-reports-of-tampons-causing-users-to-seek-medical-attention/","external_links_name":"\"Kimberly-Clark issues recall after reports of tampons causing users to seek medical attention\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hqafM0xZjqIC","external_links_name":"Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity, 1920–1940"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/advertisingameri0000marc/page/n47","external_links_name":"20–23"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11574067","external_links_name":"11574067"},{"Link":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-american-history/article/miracle-of-you-womens-sex-education-and-the-marketing-of-kotex/D468EAC3C9D89D0C5ED3A70239AD4DB1","external_links_name":"“The Miracle of You”: Women's Sex Education and the Marketing of Kotex."},{"Link":"https://alansmysteriousworld.wordpress.com/2009/09/30/the-accidental-history-of-kleenex-kotex/","external_links_name":"\"The Accidental History of Kleenex & Kotex\""},{"Link":"http://www.snopes.com/business/origins/kotex.asp","external_links_name":"\"Padded Account\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/gettingitrightse00gers/page/31","external_links_name":"Getting It Right the Second Time: How American Ingenuity Transformed Forty-Nine Marketing Failures into Some of Our Most Successful Products"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/gettingitrightse00gers/page/31","external_links_name":"31–37"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21407250","external_links_name":"21407250"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110225011523/http://www.kimberly-clark.com/","external_links_name":"Kimberly-Clark corporate website"},{"Link":"http://www.girlspace.com/","external_links_name":"Girlspace: Kotex website for teen girls"},{"Link":"https://www.ubykotex.com/en-us/","external_links_name":"U by Kotex USA"},{"Link":"https://www.ubykotex.com/en-ca/","external_links_name":"U by Kotex English-Canada"},{"Link":"https://www.ubykotex.com/fr-ca/","external_links_name":"U by Kotex French-Canada"},{"Link":"https://www.kotex.com.sg/","external_links_name":"Kotex Singapore"},{"Link":"https://www.kotex.ru/","external_links_name":"Kotex in Russia"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terri_Burns
Terri Burns
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Awards","4 References","5 External links"]
Investor Terri BurnsBorn (1994-02-22) February 22, 1994 (age 30)Alma materNew York UniversityOccupation(s)Partner, GV Engineer, Venmo Terri Burns (born February 22, 1994) is an investor and partner at GV (formerly Google Ventures). After joining the company in 2017 as a principal, she was promoted and became the youngest partner and first Black woman partner at GV in 2020. Early life and education Burns was born on February 22, 1994 and was raised in California. She graduated from New York University's Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences with a bachelor’s degree in computer science in 2016, and in 2021, became the youngest member in history to serve on the university's Board of Trustees. Career Burns joined the GV team in 2017 as a principal investor. In 2020, she became the youngest partner and first Black woman partner at GV. In 2021, she became the youngest member of the NYU Board of Trustees at age 27, and was named to the Forbes 30 Under 30 list. Her first investment was a $1 million seed round in Have a Great Summer (HAGS), a Gen-Z-founded startup and social network. Previously, she was a front-end engineer at Venmo and an associate product manager at Twitter where she met the GV team. Burns was also a contributing writer for publications including Teen Vogue and Forbes, documenting her journey into product management and the technology sector. Awards 2021: GCV Rising Stars Award 2020: Forbes 30 Under 30 References ^ Courtney Connley (October 22, 2020). "Meet Terri Burns, the youngest and first Black female partner at GV, formerly known as Google Ventures". CNBC. Retrieved June 23, 2021. ^ Terri Burns (February 22, 2016). "Terri Turns Twenty-Two". tcburning. Retrieved June 23, 2021. ^ a b Communications, NYU Web. "Meet Trustee Terri Burns". www.nyu.edu. Retrieved 2023-01-09. ^ Lucinda Shen (October 14, 2020). "GV, formerly known as Google Ventures, elevates its first Black female investing partner". Fortune. Retrieved June 23, 2021. ^ "Terri Burns". Forbes. Retrieved 2023-01-09. ^ Courtney Connley (October 22, 2020). "Meet Terri Burns, the youngest and first Black female partner at GV, formerly known as Google Ventures". CNBC. Retrieved June 23, 2021. ^ "Meet Trustee Terri Burns". NYU. October 18, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2022. ^ "2021 Forbes 30 Under 30 list". Forbes. March 31, 2022. ^ Lucas Matney (September 28, 2020). "GV bets on young team behind high school social app HAGS". TechCrunch. Retrieved June 23, 2021. ^ Anthony Ha (April 12, 2021). "GV partner Terri Burns is joining us to judge the Startup Battlefield". TechCrunch. Retrieved June 23, 2021. ^ Liwen-Edison Fu (January 21, 2021). "GCV Rising Stars Awards 2021". Global Corporate Venturing. Retrieved June 23, 2021. External links Official website
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabinenroller
Microcar
["1 Predecessors","2 Europe 1940–1970: Microcars","2.1 Characteristics","2.2 History","2.3 Bubble cars","3 Worldwide 1990–present","3.1 Quadricycle legislation","4 Junior cars","5 Microcar trucks","6 Microcars by country of origin","7 See also","8 References"]
Smallest automobile classification This article is about small cars. For the French car manufacturer, see Microcar (brand). 1957 Heinkel Kabine bubble car2012 Renault Twizy quadricycle Microcar is a term often used for the smallest size of cars, with three or four wheels and often an engine smaller than 700 cc (43 cu in). Specific types of microcars include bubble cars, cycle cars, invacar, quadricycles and voiturettes. Microcars are often covered by separate regulations to normal cars, having relaxed requirements for registration and licensing. Predecessors Main articles: Voiturette and Cyclecar Voiturette is a term used by some small cars and tricycles manufactured from 1895 to 1910. Cyclecars are a type of small, lightweight and inexpensive car manufactured mainly between 1910 and the late 1920s. Europe 1940–1970: Microcars The first cars to be described as microcars (earlier equivalents were called voiturettes or cyclecars) were built in the United Kingdom and Germany following World War II, and remained popular until the 1960s. They were originally called minicars, but later became known as microcars. France also produced large numbers of similar tiny vehicles called voiturettes, but they were rarely sold abroad. Characteristics Microcars have three or four wheels, although most were three-wheelers which, in many countries, meant that they qualified for lower taxes and were licensed as motorcycles. Another common characteristic is an engine displacement of less than 700 cc (43 cu in), although several cars with engines up to 1,000 cc (61 cu in) have also been classified as microcars.: 7  Often, the engine was originally designed for a motorcycle. History Microcars originated in the years following World War II, when motorcycles transport was commonly used.: 7  To provide better weather protection, three-wheeled microcars began increasing in popularity in the United Kingdom, where they could be driven using only a motorcycle licence. One of the first microcars was the 1949 Bond Minicar. Microcars also became popular in Europe. A demand for cheap personal motorised transport emerged, and their greater fuel efficiency meant that microcars became even more significant when fuel prices rose, partly due to the 1956 Suez Crisis. The microcar boom lasted until the late 1950s, when larger cars regained popularity. The 1959 introduction of the Mini, which provided greater size and performance at an affordable price, contributed to the decline in popularity of microcars. Production of microcars had largely ceased by the end of the 1960s, due to competition from the Mini, Citroën 2CV, Fiat 500 and Renault 4. 1952–1958 SMZ S-1L 1955–1964 Messerschmitt KR200 1959–1962 BMW Isetta 1962–1965 Peel P50 Bubble cars "Bubble car" redirects here. For the British rail vehicle, see British Rail Class 121. Several microcars of the 1950s and 1960s were nicknamed bubble cars. This was due to the aircraft-style bubble canopies of vehicles such as the Messerschmitt KR175, Messerschmitt KR200 and the FMR Tg500. Other microcars, such as the Isetta, also had a bubble-like appearance. German manufacturers of bubble cars included former military aircraft manufacturers Messerschmitt and Heinkel. BMW manufactured the Italian Iso Rivolta Isetta under licence, using an engine based on one from one of their own motorcycles. The United Kingdom had licence-built right-hand-drive versions of the Heinkel Kabine and the Isetta. The British version of the Isetta was built with only one rear wheel, instead of the narrow-tracked pair of wheels in the normal Isetta design, in order to take advantage of the three-wheel vehicle laws in the United Kingdom. There were also indigenous British three-wheeled microcars, including the Peel Trident. Examples include the Citroën Prototype C, FMR Tg500, Fuldamobil, Heinkel Kabine, Isetta, Messerschmitt KR175, Messerschmitt KR200, Peel P50, Peel Trident, SMZ S-1L, Trojan 200, and Kleinschnittger F125. Worldwide 1990–present Recent microcars include the 2001 Aixam 5xx series, Renault Twizy, Citroën Ami, and XEV Yoyo. Electric-powered microcars which have reached production include the 1987 CityEl, the 1990 Automobiles ERAD Spacia, the 1999 Corbin Sparrow, the 2001 REVAi, the 2005 Commuter Cars Tango, the 2009 Tazzari Zero and the resurrected Peel P50 of 2011 (the original model of 1962 - 65 being petrol powered). The Smart Fortwo is often called a microcar in the United States; although it requires a regular licence to drive. Squad Solar, a Neighborhood Electric Vehicle The Commuter Cars Tango, 8 ft 5 in (257 cm) long and 39 in (990 mm) wide Quadricycle legislation Main article: Quadricycle (EU vehicle classification) The European Union introduced the quadricycle category in 1992. In several European countries since then, microcars are classified by governments separately from normal cars, sometimes using the same regulations as motorcycles or mopeds. Therefore, compared with normal cars, microcars often have relaxed requirements for registration and licensing, and can be subject to lower taxes and insurance costs. Junior cars Roland and Jean Bugatti in their Baby Bugattis Junior cars are motorized cars for children, typically copies of real designs. Originally powered either by electric engines or small internal combustion engines, electric engines currently dominate. From the 1926 Baby Bugatti until today, junior cars are often as expensive as a real car and are built to a higher standard than a ride-in toy car. As with the Bugatti, these are frequently sold directly by real car manufacturers such as Porsche and Ferrari. In the 1990s Aston Martin built a half-scale junior car version of the then-new Aston Martin Virage Volante, with a handmade aluminium body, leather interior, and 160-cc Honda engine. It cost as much as a brand new Mercedes-Benz 190E. Manufacturers include Pocket Classics, the Little Car Company, Eshelman, and Hackney. Microcar trucks There are also a variety of microcar trucks, usually of the "forward control" or van style to provide more cargo room. These might be used for local deliveries on narrow streets that are unsuited to larger vehicles. The Piaggio Ape is a three-wheeled example. The Honda Acty is a four-wheeled example. Microcars by country of origin Main article: List of microcars See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Microcars. Car classification Economy car Kei car Neighborhood Electric Vehicle Velomobile References ^ a b Dan, Mike (2015). The A-Z of popular Scooters & Microcars: Cruising in style!. Veloce Publishing Ltd. ISBN 9781845848750. ^ a b c d Quellin, Adam (2015). Microcars at Large!. Veloce. ISBN 9781845848873. Retrieved 21 December 2018. ^ "About RUM (Register of Unusual Microcars)". www.rumcars.org. Retrieved 18 December 2018. ^ "The Bubblecar Museum and it's collection". www.bubblecarmuseum.co.uk. Retrieved 28 December 2018. ^ "The Vintage Microcar Club Membership Page". www.microcar.org. Retrieved 19 December 2018. ^ a b "Experience Microcar History In Mazomanie, WI". www.rideapart.com. Retrieved 16 December 2018. ^ Cameron, Duncan (2018-06-28). British Microcars, 1947-2002. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1784422790. ^ "Legal & MOT's". www.micromaniacsclub.co.uk. Retrieved 28 December 2018. ^ a b "Museum Information". www.microcarmuseum.com. Retrieved 19 December 2018. ^ "The History of the Microcar at Petersen Automotive Museum". Motor Trend. 15 June 2007. Retrieved 19 December 2018. ^ "Babies on Wheels". The Times: 13. October 14, 1957. In sunny weather too, bubble cars are inclined, like greenhouses, to become uncomfortably hot. ^ "65 MPH and 80 MPG-That's the Messerschmitt". Motorcycle Mechanics: 34–35. April 1963. This bubble-car has a beetle-like outline ^ "Smart's tiny Fortwo microcar gets redesign for 2016". www.latimes.com. 17 July 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2018. ^ "Smart Vehicles". Autoweek. 26 January 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2018. ^ Johansson, Claes; Fröberg, Jonas (1991-05-16). "Salongsberusning" . Teknikens Värld (in Swedish). Vol. 43, no. 10. Stockholm, Sweden: Specialtidningsförlaget AB. p. 15. ^ "Piaggio Ape Commercial Vehicle". Greencarsite.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-05-08. vteCar designClassificationBy size Micro Kei Subcompact Supermini Family Compact Mid-size Full-size Custom Hot rod Lead sled Lowrider Street rod T-bucket Luxury Compact executive Executive Personal Minivan / MPV Compact Leisure Mini SUV Compact Crossover (CUV) Mini Coupe SUV Sports Grand tourer Hot hatch Muscle Pony Sport compact Super Go-kart Other Antique Classic Economy Ute Van Vintage car EU A-segment B-segment C-segment D-segment E-segment F-segment J-segment M-segment S-segment Body styles 2+2 Baquet Barchetta Berlinetta Brougham Cabrio coach Cab over Cabriolet / Convertible / Drophead coupe Coupe Coupé de Ville / Sedanca de Ville Coupé utility Fastback Hardtop Hatchback Kammback Landaulet Liftback Limousine Microvan Minibus Multi-stop truck Notchback Panel van Phaeton Pickup truck Quad coupé Retractable hardtop Roadster / Spider / Spyder Runabout Saloon / Sedan Sedan delivery/Panel van Shooting brake Station wagon Targa top Torpedo Touring Town (Coupé de Ville) T-top Vis-à-vis Specialized vehicles All-terrain vehicle Amphibious Connected Driverless (autonomous) Go-kart Gyrocar Pedal car Personal rapid transit Police car Flying car Taxicab Tow truck Voiturette Propulsion Alternative fuel Autogas Biodiesel Biofuel Biogasoline Biogas Compressed natural gas Diesel Electric (battery NEV) Ethanol (E85) Fossil fuel Fuel cell Fuel gas Natural gas Gasoline / petrol (direct injection) Homogeneous charge compression ignition Hybrid (plug-in) Hydrogen Internal combustion Liquid nitrogen Liquified petroleum gas Steam Drive wheels Front-wheel Rear-wheel Two-wheel Four-wheel Six-wheel Eight-wheel Ten-wheel Twelve-wheel Engine position Front Mid Rear Layout (engine / drive) Front-front   Front mid-front   Rear-front   Front-rear   Rear mid-rear   Rear-rear   Front-four-wheel   Mid-four-wheel   Rear-four-wheel   Dual motor-four-wheel  Engine configuration(internal combustion) Boxer Flat Four-stroke H-block Reciprocating Single-cylinder Straight Two-stroke V (Vee) W engine Wankel Portal Category Template:EC car classification Authority control databases: National France BnF data Israel United States
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For the French car manufacturer, see Microcar (brand).1957 Heinkel Kabine bubble car2012 Renault Twizy quadricycleMicrocar is a term often used for the smallest size of cars,[1] with three or four wheels and often an engine smaller than 700 cc (43 cu in). Specific types of microcars include bubble cars, cycle cars, invacar, quadricycles and voiturettes. Microcars are often covered by separate regulations to normal cars, having relaxed requirements for registration and licensing.","title":"Microcar"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Voiturette is a term used by some small cars and tricycles manufactured from 1895 to 1910.Cyclecars are a type of small, lightweight and inexpensive car manufactured mainly between 1910 and the late 1920s.","title":"Predecessors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"voiturettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiturette"}],"text":"The first cars to be described as microcars (earlier equivalents were called voiturettes or cyclecars) were built in the United Kingdom and Germany following World War II, and remained popular until the 1960s. They were originally called minicars, but later became known as microcars.France also produced large numbers of similar tiny vehicles called voiturettes, but they were rarely sold abroad.","title":"Europe 1940–1970: Microcars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"motorcycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-microcars_at_large-2"},{"link_name":"engine displacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(engine)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-microcars_at_large-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_A-Z_of_popular_Scooters-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rideapart.com-6"}],"sub_title":"Characteristics","text":"Microcars have three or four wheels, although most were three-wheelers which, in many countries, meant that they qualified for lower taxes and were licensed as motorcycles.[2] Another common characteristic is an engine displacement of less than 700 cc (43 cu in),[3][2][4] although several cars with engines up to 1,000 cc (61 cu in) have also been classified as microcars.[5][1]: 7  Often, the engine was originally designed for a motorcycle.[6]","title":"Europe 1940–1970: Microcars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"motorcycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Microcars-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-microcars_at_large-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bond Minicar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_Minicar#Minicar_1949%E2%80%9351"},{"link_name":"transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport"},{"link_name":"fuel efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_efficiency"},{"link_name":"1956 Suez Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rideapart.com-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-microcarmuseum.com-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-microcarmuseum.com-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-motortrend.com-10"},{"link_name":"Mini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-microcars_at_large-2"},{"link_name":"Mini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini"},{"link_name":"Citroën 2CV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_2CV"},{"link_name":"Fiat 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_500"},{"link_name":"Renault 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1-1%D0%90.jpg"},{"link_name":"SMZ S-1L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeAZ"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Messerschmitt_Kabinenroller.jpg"},{"link_name":"Messerschmitt KR200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_KR200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BMW_Isetta_-_Bad_W%C3%B6rishofen_(2015-08-29_3164_b).jpg"},{"link_name":"BMW Isetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_Isetta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1965_Peel_P50,_The_World%27s_Smallest_Car_(Lane_Motor_Museum).jpg"},{"link_name":"Peel P50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peel_P50"}],"sub_title":"History","text":"Microcars originated in the years following World War II, when motorcycles transport was commonly used.[7]: 7  To provide better weather protection, three-wheeled microcars began increasing in popularity in the United Kingdom, where they could be driven using only a motorcycle licence.[2][8] One of the first microcars was the 1949 Bond Minicar.Microcars also became popular in Europe. A demand for cheap personal motorised transport emerged, and their greater fuel efficiency meant that microcars became even more significant when fuel prices rose, partly due to the 1956 Suez Crisis.[6][9]The microcar boom lasted until the late 1950s, when larger cars regained popularity.[9][10] The 1959 introduction of the Mini, which provided greater size and performance at an affordable price, contributed to the decline in popularity of microcars.[2] Production of microcars had largely ceased by the end of the 1960s, due to competition from the Mini, Citroën 2CV, Fiat 500 and Renault 4.1952–1958 SMZ S-1L\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1955–1964 Messerschmitt KR200\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1959–1962 BMW Isetta\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1962–1965 Peel P50","title":"Europe 1940–1970: Microcars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Rail Class 121","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_121"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Messerschmitt KR175","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_KR175"},{"link_name":"Messerschmitt KR200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_KR200"},{"link_name":"FMR Tg500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMR_Tg500"},{"link_name":"Isetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isetta"},{"link_name":"Messerschmitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt"},{"link_name":"Heinkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinkel"},{"link_name":"BMW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW"},{"link_name":"Iso Rivolta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iso_Rivolta"},{"link_name":"Isetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isetta"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Heinkel Kabine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinkel_Kabine"},{"link_name":"Isetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isetta"},{"link_name":"Peel Trident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peel_Trident"},{"link_name":"Citroën Prototype C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Prototype_C"},{"link_name":"FMR Tg500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMR_Tg500"},{"link_name":"Fuldamobil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuldamobil"},{"link_name":"Heinkel Kabine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinkel_Kabine"},{"link_name":"Isetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isetta"},{"link_name":"Messerschmitt KR175","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_KR175"},{"link_name":"Messerschmitt KR200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_KR200"},{"link_name":"Peel P50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peel_P50"},{"link_name":"Peel Trident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peel_Trident"},{"link_name":"SMZ S-1L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeAZ"},{"link_name":"Trojan 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_(automobile)#Bubble_and_sports_cars"},{"link_name":"Kleinschnittger F125","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleinschnittger"}],"sub_title":"Bubble cars","text":"\"Bubble car\" redirects here. For the British rail vehicle, see British Rail Class 121.Several microcars of the 1950s and 1960s were nicknamed bubble cars.[11][12] This was due to the aircraft-style bubble canopies of vehicles such as the Messerschmitt KR175, Messerschmitt KR200 and the FMR Tg500. Other microcars, such as the Isetta, also had a bubble-like appearance.German manufacturers of bubble cars included former military aircraft manufacturers Messerschmitt and Heinkel. BMW manufactured the Italian Iso Rivolta Isetta under licence, using an engine based on one from one of their own motorcycles.The United Kingdom had licence-built right-hand-drive versions of the Heinkel Kabine and the Isetta. The British version of the Isetta was built with only one rear wheel, instead of the narrow-tracked pair of wheels in the normal Isetta design, in order to take advantage of the three-wheel vehicle laws in the United Kingdom. There were also indigenous British three-wheeled microcars, including the Peel Trident.Examples include the Citroën Prototype C, FMR Tg500, Fuldamobil, Heinkel Kabine, Isetta, Messerschmitt KR175, Messerschmitt KR200, Peel P50, Peel Trident, SMZ S-1L, Trojan 200, and Kleinschnittger F125.","title":"Europe 1940–1970: Microcars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aixam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aixam"},{"link_name":"Renault Twizy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Twizy"},{"link_name":"Citroën Ami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Ami_(electric)"},{"link_name":"XEV Yoyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XEV_Yoyo"},{"link_name":"CityEl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CityEl"},{"link_name":"Automobiles ERAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobiles_ERAD"},{"link_name":"Corbin Sparrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbin_Sparrow"},{"link_name":"REVAi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REVAi"},{"link_name":"Commuter Cars Tango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_Cars_Tango"},{"link_name":"Tazzari Zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tazzari_Zero"},{"link_name":"Peel P50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peel_P50#Since_2011"},{"link_name":"Smart Fortwo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Fortwo"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes.com-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autoweek.com-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Squad_Solar_Car_(Fully_Charged_2022).jpg"},{"link_name":"Squad Solar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squad_Solar"},{"link_name":"Neighborhood Electric Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhood_Electric_Vehicle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TangoSide.jpg"},{"link_name":"Commuter Cars Tango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_Cars_Tango"}],"text":"Recent microcars include the 2001 Aixam 5xx series, Renault Twizy, Citroën Ami, and XEV Yoyo.Electric-powered microcars which have reached production include the 1987 CityEl, the 1990 Automobiles ERAD Spacia, the 1999 Corbin Sparrow, the 2001 REVAi, the 2005 Commuter Cars Tango, the 2009 Tazzari Zero and the resurrected Peel P50 of 2011 (the original model of 1962 - 65 being petrol powered).The Smart Fortwo is often called a microcar in the United States;[13][14] although it requires a regular licence to drive.Squad Solar, a Neighborhood Electric Vehicle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Commuter Cars Tango, 8 ft 5 in (257 cm) long and 39 in (990 mm) wide","title":"Worldwide 1990–present"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"motorcycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle"},{"link_name":"mopeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moped"}],"sub_title":"Quadricycle legislation","text":"The European Union introduced the quadricycle category in 1992. In several European countries since then, microcars are classified by governments separately from normal cars, sometimes using the same regulations as motorcycles or mopeds. Therefore, compared with normal cars, microcars often have relaxed requirements for registration and licensing, and can be subject to lower taxes and insurance costs.","title":"Worldwide 1990–present"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bugatti_Type_52_-_Ettore_Bugatti_et_ses_fils_Roland_et_Jean_Bugatti.jpg"},{"link_name":"Baby Bugatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugatti_Type_52"},{"link_name":"Aston Martin Virage Volante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_Martin_Virage#Volante"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz 190E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W201"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV1091.15-15"},{"link_name":"Pocket Classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_Classics"},{"link_name":"Little Car Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_Car_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eshelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eshelman"},{"link_name":"Hackney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackney_(automobile)"}],"text":"Roland and Jean Bugatti in their Baby BugattisJunior cars are motorized cars for children, typically copies of real designs. Originally powered either by electric engines or small internal combustion engines, electric engines currently dominate. From the 1926 Baby Bugatti until today, junior cars are often as expensive as a real car and are built to a higher standard than a ride-in toy car. As with the Bugatti, these are frequently sold directly by real car manufacturers such as Porsche and Ferrari. In the 1990s Aston Martin built a half-scale junior car version of the then-new Aston Martin Virage Volante, with a handmade aluminium body, leather interior, and 160-cc Honda engine. It cost as much as a brand new Mercedes-Benz 190E.[15]Manufacturers include Pocket Classics, the Little Car Company, Eshelman, and Hackney.","title":"Junior cars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Piaggio Ape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piaggio_Ape"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green_Car_site-16"},{"link_name":"Honda Acty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Acty"}],"text":"There are also a variety of microcar trucks, usually of the \"forward control\" or van style to provide more cargo room. These might be used for local deliveries on narrow streets that are unsuited to larger vehicles. The Piaggio Ape is a three-wheeled example.[16] The Honda Acty is a four-wheeled example.","title":"Microcar trucks"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Microcars by country of origin"}]
[{"image_text":"Roland and Jean Bugatti in their Baby Bugattis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bugatti_Type_52_-_Ettore_Bugatti_et_ses_fils_Roland_et_Jean_Bugatti.jpg/220px-Bugatti_Type_52_-_Ettore_Bugatti_et_ses_fils_Roland_et_Jean_Bugatti.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Microcars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Microcars"},{"title":"Car classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_classification"},{"title":"Economy car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_car"},{"title":"Kei car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kei_car"},{"title":"Neighborhood Electric Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhood_Electric_Vehicle"},{"title":"Velomobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velomobile"}]
[{"reference":"Dan, Mike (2015). The A-Z of popular Scooters & Microcars: Cruising in style!. Veloce Publishing Ltd. ISBN 9781845848750.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AZdpCgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The A-Z of popular Scooters & Microcars: Cruising in style!"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845848750","url_text":"9781845848750"}]},{"reference":"Quellin, Adam (2015). Microcars at Large!. Veloce. ISBN 9781845848873. Retrieved 21 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mw62CgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Microcars at Large!"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845848873","url_text":"9781845848873"}]},{"reference":"\"About RUM (Register of Unusual Microcars)\". www.rumcars.org. Retrieved 18 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rumcars.org/a-about.html","url_text":"\"About RUM (Register of Unusual Microcars)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Bubblecar Museum and it's [sic] collection\". www.bubblecarmuseum.co.uk. Retrieved 28 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bubblecarmuseum.co.uk/the-bubblecar-museum-and-its-collection/","url_text":"\"The Bubblecar Museum and it's [sic] collection\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Vintage Microcar Club Membership Page\". www.microcar.org. Retrieved 19 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.microcar.org/membership.html","url_text":"\"The Vintage Microcar Club Membership Page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Experience Microcar History In Mazomanie, WI\". www.rideapart.com. Retrieved 16 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rideapart.com/articles/254172/experience-microcar-history-in-mazomanie-wi/","url_text":"\"Experience Microcar History In Mazomanie, WI\""}]},{"reference":"Cameron, Duncan (2018-06-28). British Microcars, 1947-2002. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1784422790.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ob9RDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"British Microcars, 1947-2002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1784422790","url_text":"978-1784422790"}]},{"reference":"\"Legal & MOT's\". www.micromaniacsclub.co.uk. Retrieved 28 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.micromaniacsclub.co.uk/legal%20&%20mot's.htm","url_text":"\"Legal & MOT's\""}]},{"reference":"\"Museum Information\". www.microcarmuseum.com. Retrieved 19 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.microcarmuseum.com/info.html","url_text":"\"Museum Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"The History of the Microcar at Petersen Automotive Museum\". Motor Trend. 15 June 2007. Retrieved 19 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.motortrend.com/news/the-history-of-the-microcar-at-petersen-automotive-museum-736/","url_text":"\"The History of the Microcar at Petersen Automotive Museum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Babies on Wheels\". The Times: 13. October 14, 1957. In sunny weather too, bubble cars are inclined, like greenhouses, to become uncomfortably hot.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"65 MPH and 80 MPG-That's the Messerschmitt\". Motorcycle Mechanics: 34–35. April 1963. This bubble-car has a beetle-like outline","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Smart's tiny Fortwo microcar gets redesign for 2016\". www.latimes.com. 17 July 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/business/autos/la-fi-hy-autos-smart-fortwo-redesign-2016-20140717-story.html","url_text":"\"Smart's tiny Fortwo microcar gets redesign for 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Smart Vehicles\". Autoweek. 26 January 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://autoweek.com/vehicles/smart","url_text":"\"Smart Vehicles\""}]},{"reference":"Johansson, Claes; Fröberg, Jonas (1991-05-16). \"Salongsberusning\" [Salon drunk]. Teknikens Värld (in Swedish). Vol. 43, no. 10. Stockholm, Sweden: Specialtidningsförlaget AB. p. 15.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknikens_V%C3%A4rld","url_text":"Teknikens Värld"}]},{"reference":"\"Piaggio Ape Commercial Vehicle\". Greencarsite.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.greencarsite.co.uk/GREENCARS/piaggio-ape.htm","url_text":"\"Piaggio Ape Commercial Vehicle\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AZdpCgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The A-Z of popular Scooters & Microcars: Cruising in style!"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mw62CgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Microcars at Large!"},{"Link":"http://www.rumcars.org/a-about.html","external_links_name":"\"About RUM (Register of Unusual Microcars)\""},{"Link":"http://www.bubblecarmuseum.co.uk/the-bubblecar-museum-and-its-collection/","external_links_name":"\"The Bubblecar Museum and it's [sic] collection\""},{"Link":"http://www.microcar.org/membership.html","external_links_name":"\"The Vintage Microcar Club Membership Page\""},{"Link":"https://www.rideapart.com/articles/254172/experience-microcar-history-in-mazomanie-wi/","external_links_name":"\"Experience Microcar History In Mazomanie, WI\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ob9RDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"British Microcars, 1947-2002"},{"Link":"http://www.micromaniacsclub.co.uk/legal%20&%20mot's.htm","external_links_name":"\"Legal & MOT's\""},{"Link":"http://www.microcarmuseum.com/info.html","external_links_name":"\"Museum Information\""},{"Link":"https://www.motortrend.com/news/the-history-of-the-microcar-at-petersen-automotive-museum-736/","external_links_name":"\"The History of the Microcar at Petersen Automotive Museum\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/business/autos/la-fi-hy-autos-smart-fortwo-redesign-2016-20140717-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Smart's tiny Fortwo microcar gets redesign for 2016\""},{"Link":"https://autoweek.com/vehicles/smart","external_links_name":"\"Smart Vehicles\""},{"Link":"http://www.greencarsite.co.uk/GREENCARS/piaggio-ape.htm","external_links_name":"\"Piaggio Ape Commercial Vehicle\""},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119847519","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119847519","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007551682205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh95005116","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through_a_Window
Through a Window
["1 Track listing","1.1 Side A","1.2 Side B","2 Personnel","3 References"]
1985 studio album by Patrick SkyThrough a WindowStudio album by Patrick SkyReleased1985GenreFolkLabelShanachieProducerPatrick SkyPatrick Sky chronology Two Steps Forward, One Step Back(1975) Through a Window(1985) Down to Us(2009) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic Through a Window is the seventh album by Patrick Sky, recorded in 1985. Track listing Side A 1." San Francisco Bay Blues" I'll never forget Jesse Fuller playing his Foot-Della (a string-bass operated by the foot) at the Gaslight in New York. He played a 3-hour set and had to be dragged offstage. 2. "Ramblin' Boy" Tom Paxton's best. 3. "Separation Blues" My own contribution. I'm told it's a popular camp song. 4. " Dark as a Dungeon" Although this song was written much earlier it was important to me when I was involved in raising money for the Hazard miners. There is no better mining song. 5. Mississippi John Hurt's "Candy Man" His style of fingerpicking influenced me more than any other player. Candy Man — what a metaphor! 6. "Blowin' in the Wind" When this song first hit the airwaves it shocked everyone. The anthem of the sixties. Side B 1. Reverend Gary Davis "Candy Man" The Reverend's style of fingerpicking along with Merle Travis' set the standard. 2. ""Don't Think Twice" The great Dylan song was heavily influenced by our mutual friend, Paul Clayton — collector and singer; his logging camp songs were gems. 3. "Ballad of Ira Hayes" The plight of the Native Americans was never more poignantly expressed. 4. "Freight Train" Is there anyone who plays a guitar that does not know Libba Cotten's Freight Train? 5. "Louise" Paul Siebel still remains one of my favorite songwriters. 6. "Good Night Irene" I'll never forget the first time I heard Ledbelly on the 12 string guitar. I ran to a pawn shop and bought an old plywood 'Harmony". Later I used it for a planter. Personnel Patrick Sky - vocal, acoustic guitar Michael Shorrock - bass Laura Furlong - fiddle Ted Bird - harmonica Technical Produced, supervised, recorded and engineered by Patrick Sky — Skylark Productions. Assistant Engineer: Ray Noren Graphics: Cathy Sky Photos: Ray Clayton References ^ Through a Window at AllMusic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patrick Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Sky"}],"text":"Through a Window is the seventh album by Patrick Sky, recorded in 1985.","title":"Through a Window"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Blues"},{"link_name":"Jesse Fuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Fuller"},{"link_name":"Foot-Della","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotdella"},{"link_name":"Tom Paxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Paxton"},{"link_name":"Dark as a Dungeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_as_a_Dungeon"},{"link_name":"Mississippi John Hurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_John_Hurt"},{"link_name":"Blowin' in the Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowin%27_in_the_Wind"}],"sub_title":"Side A","text":"1.\" San Francisco Bay Blues\"\nI'll never forget Jesse Fuller playing his Foot-Della [sic] (a string-bass operated by the foot) at the Gaslight in New York. He played a 3-hour set and had to be dragged offstage.\n2. \"Ramblin' Boy\"\nTom Paxton's best.\n3. \"Separation Blues\"\nMy own contribution. I'm told it's a popular camp song.\n4. \" Dark as a Dungeon\"\nAlthough this song was written much earlier it was important to me when I was involved in raising money for the Hazard miners. There is no better mining song.\n5. Mississippi John Hurt's \"Candy Man\"\nHis style of fingerpicking influenced me more than any other player. Candy Man — what a metaphor!\n6. \"Blowin' in the Wind\"\nWhen this song first hit the airwaves it shocked everyone. The anthem of the sixties.","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reverend Gary Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverend_Gary_Davis"},{"link_name":"Merle Travis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merle_Travis"},{"link_name":"Don't Think Twice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Think_Twice,_It%27s_All_Right"},{"link_name":"Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"Paul Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Clayton_(folksinger)"},{"link_name":"logging camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logging_camp"},{"link_name":"Ballad of Ira Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ballad_of_Ira_Hayes"},{"link_name":"Libba Cotten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Cotten"},{"link_name":"Paul Siebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Siebel"},{"link_name":"Good Night Irene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Night_Irene"},{"link_name":"Ledbelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_Belly"}],"sub_title":"Side B","text":"1. Reverend Gary Davis \"Candy Man\"\nThe Reverend's style of fingerpicking along with Merle Travis' set the standard.\n2. \"\"Don't Think Twice\"\nThe great Dylan song was heavily influenced by our mutual friend, Paul Clayton — collector and singer; his logging camp songs were gems.\n3. \"Ballad of Ira Hayes\"\nThe plight of the Native Americans was never more poignantly expressed.\n4. \"Freight Train\"\nIs there anyone who plays a guitar that does not know Libba Cotten's Freight Train?\n5. \"Louise\"\nPaul Siebel still remains one of my favorite songwriters.\n6. \"Good Night Irene\"\nI'll never forget the first time I heard Ledbelly [sic] on the 12 string guitar. I ran to a pawn shop and bought an old plywood 'Harmony\". Later I used it for a planter.","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Patrick Sky - vocal, acoustic guitar\nMichael Shorrock - bass\nLaura Furlong - fiddle\nTed Bird - harmonicaTechnicalProduced, supervised, recorded and engineered by Patrick Sky — Skylark Productions.\nAssistant Engineer: Ray Noren\nGraphics: Cathy Sky\nPhotos: Ray Clayton","title":"Personnel"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r97077","external_links_name":"Through a Window"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hogg
Peter Hogg
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Death","4 Honours","5 Selected works","6 References","7 External links"]
New Zealand-born Canadian legal scholar and lawyer (1939–2020) Peter HoggCC QC FRSCHogg speaking at the University of Western Ontario in 2010BornPeter Wardell Hogg(1939-03-12)12 March 1939Lower Hutt, New ZealandDied4 February 2020(2020-02-04) (aged 80)NationalityCanadianAcademic backgroundAlma materVictoria University CollegeHarvard UniversityMonash UniversityAcademic workDisciplineLawSub-disciplineConstitutional lawInstitutionsVictoria University of WellingtonYork UniversityNotable worksConstitutional Law of Canada Peter Wardell Hogg CC QC FRSC (12 March 1939 – 4 February 2020) was a New Zealand-born Canadian legal scholar and lawyer. He was best known as a leading authority on Canadian constitutional law, with the most academic citations in Supreme Court jurisprudence of any living scholar during his lifetime, according to Emmett Macfarlane of the University of Waterloo. Early life and education Born in Lower Hutt, New Zealand, on 12 March 1939, Hogg attended Nelson College from 1952 to 1956. He earned his LLB from Victoria University College, a constituent college of the University of New Zealand, in 1962, his LLM from Harvard University in 1963, and his PhD from Monash University in Melbourne, Australia, in 1970. Career In 1970, he was appointed Professor of Law at Osgoode Hall Law School in Toronto and was appointed Dean in 1998. In 2003 he accepted a position as scholar in residence at the law firm of Blake, Cassels & Graydon LLP. Hogg wrote several books, including Constitutional Law of Canada, the single most-cited book in decisions of the Supreme Court of Canada. In 2004, he was lead counsel for the Canadian government in the Supreme Court's same-sex marriage reference. Hogg also advised the committee that studied Marshall Rothstein's nomination to the Supreme Court, saying the creation of the committee was important to Canada's legal history and informing it that it should not ask political questions about abortion and same-sex marriage. Hogg supported judicial restraint in cases dealing with disputes over Canadian federalism. Hogg was the academic supervisor of Randal Graham during Graham's PhD studies at Osgoode Hall Law School. Death Hogg died on 4 February 2020. Honours 1980 – appointed a Queen's Counsel 1988 – named a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. 1991 – made an Officer of the Order of Canada. 1996 – awarded Law Society Medal by the Law Society of Upper Canada. 2003 – promoted to Companion of the Order of Canada. 2003 – received the Canadian Bar Association's Ramon John Hnatyshyn Award for Law, which recognizes outstanding contributions to the law and legal scholarship in Canada. 2003 – received from the Law Society of Upper Canada an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) 2005 – received from Université de Montréal an honorary Doctorate. 2006 – received from Victoria University of Wellington in New Zealand an honorary Doctor of Laws degree (LL.D.) 2006 – received from York University an honorary Doctor of Laws. Selected works Hogg, Peter W. (2007) . Constitutional Law of Canada (5th ed.). Toronto: Carswell. ISBN 978-0-7798-1337-7. —; Monahan, Patrick J.; Wright, Wade K. (2011) . Liability of the Crown (4th ed.). Toronto: Carswell. ISBN 978-0-7798-3635-2. —; Magee, Joanne E.; Li, Jinyan (2013) . Principles of Canadian Income Tax Law (8th ed.). Toronto: Carswell. ISBN 978-0-7798-5513-1. References ^ "Renowned legal scholar and lawyer Peter Hogg dead at 80". Canadian Lawyer. Retrieved 16 March 2021. ^ a b "Passings: Peter Hogg, dean emeritus at Osgoode Hall Law School, dead at 80". York University. 5 February 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2020. ^ "Full school list of Nelson College, 1856–2005". Nelson College Old Boys' Register, 1856–2006 (CD-ROM) (6th ed.). 2006. ^ "NZ university graduates 1870–1961: Hi–Hy". Shadows of Time. Retrieved 7 February 2020. ^ Reference re Same-Sex Marriage, 3 SCR 698 ^ John Ward, "Even the paintings seemed bored as MPs question high court nominee: Column Constitutional expert Peter Hogg called it a historic moment. Then he carefully outlined the kind of historic questions the MPs shouldn't ask," Daily Townsman, Cranbrook, BC: February 28, 2006, pg. 4. ^ Macklem, Patrick; Rogerson, Carol, eds. (2017). Canadian Constitutional Law (5th ed.). Toronto: Emond Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-77255-070-2. ^ Peter Hogg, taken from Emond Publishing website. "From the forward of Statutory Interpretation: Theory and Practise by Randal Graham". emond.ca. Retrieved 11 August 2022. ^ "About Peter". Blake, Cassels & Graydon. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020. ^ "Mr. Peter Wardell Hogg". The Governor General of Canada. External links Fine, Sean (21 February 2020). "New Zealander Peter Hogg quietly shaped Canadian law". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 26 April 2020. Academic offices Preceded byMarilyn L. Pilkington Dean of Law at York University 1998–2003 Succeeded byPatrick J. Monahan Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Italy Israel United States Australia Croatia Netherlands Academics CiNii Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"QC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"FRSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"legal scholar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_scholar"},{"link_name":"lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer"},{"link_name":"Canadian constitutional law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_constitutional_law"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"New Zealand-born Canadian legal scholar and lawyer (1939–2020)Peter Wardell Hogg CC QC FRSC (12 March 1939 – 4 February 2020) was a New Zealand-born Canadian legal scholar and lawyer. He was best known as a leading authority on Canadian constitutional law, with the most academic citations in Supreme Court jurisprudence of any living scholar during his lifetime, according to Emmett Macfarlane of the University of Waterloo.[1]","title":"Peter Hogg"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lower Hutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Hutt"},{"link_name":"Nelson College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_College"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-York_obit-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"LLB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws"},{"link_name":"Victoria University College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Wellington"},{"link_name":"University of New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"LLM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Laws"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"Monash University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monash_University"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"}],"text":"Born in Lower Hutt, New Zealand, on 12 March 1939, Hogg attended Nelson College from 1952 to 1956.[2][3] He earned his LLB from Victoria University College, a constituent college of the University of New Zealand, in 1962,[4] his LLM from Harvard University in 1963, and his PhD from Monash University in Melbourne, Australia, in 1970.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor"},{"link_name":"Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law"},{"link_name":"Osgoode Hall Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osgoode_Hall_Law_School"},{"link_name":"Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_(education)"},{"link_name":"law firm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_firm"},{"link_name":"Blake, Cassels & Graydon LLP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake,_Cassels_%26_Graydon_LLP"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"same-sex marriage reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re_Same-Sex_Marriage"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Marshall Rothstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Rothstein"},{"link_name":"abortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"same-sex marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Canadian federalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_federalism"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Constitutional_Compliance-7"},{"link_name":"supervisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervisor"},{"link_name":"Randal Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randal_Graham"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD"},{"link_name":"Osgoode Hall Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osgoode_Hall_Law_School"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In 1970, he was appointed Professor of Law at Osgoode Hall Law School in Toronto and was appointed Dean in 1998. In 2003 he accepted a position as scholar in residence at the law firm of Blake, Cassels & Graydon LLP.Hogg wrote several books, including Constitutional Law of Canada, the single most-cited book in decisions of the Supreme Court of Canada. In 2004, he was lead counsel for the Canadian government in the Supreme Court's same-sex marriage reference.[5] Hogg also advised the committee that studied Marshall Rothstein's nomination to the Supreme Court, saying the creation of the committee was important to Canada's legal history and informing it that it should not ask political questions about abortion and same-sex marriage.[6]Hogg supported judicial restraint in cases dealing with disputes over Canadian federalism.[7]Hogg was the academic supervisor of Randal Graham during Graham's PhD studies at Osgoode Hall Law School.[8]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-York_obit-2"}],"text":"Hogg died on 4 February 2020.[9][2]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queen's Counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Order of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Canadian Bar Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Bar_Association"},{"link_name":"Ramon John Hnatyshyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_John_Hnatyshyn"},{"link_name":"Law Society of Upper Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Society_of_Upper_Canada"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws"},{"link_name":"Université de Montréal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Montr%C3%A9al"},{"link_name":"Victoria University of Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Wellington"}],"text":"1980 – appointed a Queen's Counsel\n1988 – named a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.\n1991 – made an Officer of the Order of Canada.\n1996 – awarded Law Society Medal by the Law Society of Upper Canada.\n2003 – promoted to Companion of the Order of Canada.[10]\n2003 – received the Canadian Bar Association's Ramon John Hnatyshyn Award for Law, which recognizes outstanding contributions to the law and legal scholarship in Canada.\n2003 – received from the Law Society of Upper Canada an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)\n2005 – received from Université de Montréal an honorary Doctorate.\n2006 – received from Victoria University of Wellington in New Zealand an honorary Doctor of Laws degree (LL.D.)\n2006 – received from York University an honorary Doctor of Laws.","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Constitutional Law of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Law_of_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7798-1337-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7798-1337-7"},{"link_name":"Monahan, Patrick J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_J._Monahan"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7798-3635-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7798-3635-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7798-5513-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7798-5513-1"}],"text":"Hogg, Peter W. (2007) [1st ed. pub. 1977]. Constitutional Law of Canada (5th ed.). Toronto: Carswell. ISBN 978-0-7798-1337-7.\n—; Monahan, Patrick J.; Wright, Wade K. (2011) [1st ed. pub. 1971]. Liability of the Crown (4th ed.). Toronto: Carswell. ISBN 978-0-7798-3635-2.\n—; Magee, Joanne E.; Li, Jinyan (2013) [1st ed. pub. 1995]. Principles of Canadian Income Tax Law (8th ed.). Toronto: Carswell. ISBN 978-0-7798-5513-1.","title":"Selected works"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Hogg, Peter W. (2007) [1st ed. pub. 1977]. Constitutional Law of Canada (5th ed.). Toronto: Carswell. ISBN 978-0-7798-1337-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Law_of_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Constitutional Law of Canada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7798-1337-7","url_text":"978-0-7798-1337-7"}]},{"reference":"—; Monahan, Patrick J.; Wright, Wade K. (2011) [1st ed. pub. 1971]. Liability of the Crown (4th ed.). Toronto: Carswell. ISBN 978-0-7798-3635-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_J._Monahan","url_text":"Monahan, Patrick J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7798-3635-2","url_text":"978-0-7798-3635-2"}]},{"reference":"—; Magee, Joanne E.; Li, Jinyan (2013) [1st ed. pub. 1995]. Principles of Canadian Income Tax Law (8th ed.). Toronto: Carswell. ISBN 978-0-7798-5513-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7798-5513-1","url_text":"978-0-7798-5513-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Renowned legal scholar and lawyer Peter Hogg dead at 80\". Canadian Lawyer. Retrieved 16 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canadianlawyermag.com/news/general/renowned-legal-scholar-and-lawyer-peter-hogg-dead-at-80/325955","url_text":"\"Renowned legal scholar and lawyer Peter Hogg dead at 80\""}]},{"reference":"\"Passings: Peter Hogg, dean emeritus at Osgoode Hall Law School, dead at 80\". York University. 5 February 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://yfile.news.yorku.ca/2020/02/05/passings-peter-hogg-dean-emeritus-at-osgoode-hall-law-school-dead-at-80/","url_text":"\"Passings: Peter Hogg, dean emeritus at Osgoode Hall Law School, dead at 80\""}]},{"reference":"\"Full school list of Nelson College, 1856–2005\". Nelson College Old Boys' Register, 1856–2006 (CD-ROM) (6th ed.). 2006.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"NZ university graduates 1870–1961: Hi–Hy\". Shadows of Time. Retrieved 7 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://shadowsoftime.co.nz/university12.html","url_text":"\"NZ university graduates 1870–1961: Hi–Hy\""}]},{"reference":"Macklem, Patrick; Rogerson, Carol, eds. (2017). Canadian Constitutional Law (5th ed.). Toronto: Emond Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-77255-070-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto","url_text":"Toronto"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77255-070-2","url_text":"978-1-77255-070-2"}]},{"reference":"Peter Hogg, taken from Emond Publishing website. \"From the forward of Statutory Interpretation: Theory and Practise by Randal Graham\". emond.ca. Retrieved 11 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://emond.ca/Store/Books/Statutory-Interpretation-Theory-and-Practice?r=%2FDivision%2FLegal-Practice%3Fpage%3D6","url_text":"\"From the forward of Statutory Interpretation: Theory and Practise by Randal Graham\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Peter\". Blake, Cassels & Graydon. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200205223357/https://www.blakes.com/people/find-a-person/h/peter-hogg","url_text":"\"About Peter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake,_Cassels_%26_Graydon","url_text":"Blake, Cassels & Graydon"},{"url":"https://www.blakes.com/people/find-a-person/h/peter-hogg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mr. Peter Wardell Hogg\". The Governor General of Canada.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gg.ca/en/honours/recipients/146-3583","url_text":"\"Mr. Peter Wardell Hogg\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Baltic_(poem)
Battle of the Baltic (poem)
["1 References","2 External links"]
"The Battle of the Baltic" is a poem by Scottish writer Thomas Campbell. "The Battle of the Baltic" is an upbeat, patriotic poem written in 1801. Its subject is the naval Battle of Copenhagen, fought earlier that year between the fleets of Britain and Denmark. Its first lines run:    Of Nelson and the North    Sing the glorious day's renown,    When to battle fierce came forth    All the might of Denmark's crown,    And her arms along the deep proudly shone... British composer Alexandra Thomson wrote a setting of "The Battle of the Baltic" for orchestra and chorus, which was performed at the 1890 Hovingham Festival. References ^ Brown, James Duff; Stratton, Stephen Samuel (1897). British Musical Biography: A Dictionary of Musical Artists, Authors, and Composers Born in Britain and Its Colonies. S.S. Stratton. External links Complete text of the poem on PoetryArchive This article related to a poem is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1801)"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Alexandra Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Thomson"},{"link_name":"Hovingham Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovingham#Music"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"\"The Battle of the Baltic\" is an upbeat, patriotic poem written in 1801. Its subject is the naval Battle of Copenhagen, fought earlier that year between the fleets of Britain and Denmark.Its first lines run:Of Nelson and the North\n   Sing the glorious day's renown,\n   When to battle fierce came forth\n   All the might of Denmark's crown,\n   And her arms along the deep proudly shone...British composer Alexandra Thomson wrote a setting of \"The Battle of the Baltic\" for orchestra and chorus, which was performed at the 1890 Hovingham Festival.[1]","title":"Battle of the Baltic (poem)"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Brown, James Duff; Stratton, Stephen Samuel (1897). British Musical Biography: A Dictionary of Musical Artists, Authors, and Composers Born in Britain and Its Colonies. S.S. Stratton.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V_U5AAAAIAAJ&dq=Alexandra+Thomson+composer&pg=PA411","url_text":"British Musical Biography: A Dictionary of Musical Artists, Authors, and Composers Born in Britain and Its Colonies"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V_U5AAAAIAAJ&dq=Alexandra+Thomson+composer&pg=PA411","external_links_name":"British Musical Biography: A Dictionary of Musical Artists, Authors, and Composers Born in Britain and Its Colonies"},{"Link":"http://www.poetry-archive.com/c/battle_of_the_baltic.html","external_links_name":"Complete text of the poem on PoetryArchive"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Baltic_(poem)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanush_(2010_film)
Amanush (2010 film)
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Critical reception","3.1 Box office","4 Soundtrack","5 Sequel","6 References","7 External links"]
2010 film by Rajiv Kumar Biswas AmanushDirected byRajiv Kumar BiswasWritten bySelvaraghavanScreenplay byN.K. SalilProduced byShrikant Mohta of Shree Venkatesh FilmsStarringSohamSrabanti ChatterjeeCinematographyKumud VermaEdited byRabi Ranjan MoitraMusic byJeet GannguliProductioncompanyShree Venkatesh FilmsRelease date 30 April 2010 (2010-04-30) Running time165 minutesCountryIndiaLanguageBengali Amanush (transl. The Inhuman) is a 2010 Indian Bengali-language romantic psychological thriller drama film written and directed by Rajib Biswas, starring Soham Chakraborty and Srabanti Chatterjee in lead roles, whilst newcomer Rehaan Roy, Saswata Chatterjee play supporting roles. The film, which has music scored by noted musician Jeet Ganguly and cinematography handled by Kumud Verma, was released in April 2010. The film is officially a remake of the 2003 film Kaadhal Kondein starring Dhanush and Sonia Agarwal. This film was already remade in Bangladesh as Onno Manush in 2004. The story explores the mind of a youth who is mentally and physically abused in his childhood. The lack of a mother's love haunts the protagonist throughout the film as the girl of his infatuation parts him in her death. Turning into a psychopath, he desperately tries to woo his newly found lady love. Plot Vinod (Soham Chakraborty), who was orphaned at an early age, has grown up under the care of a church father, Father Rozario (Nagesh), in North Bengal, is an introvert but a genius. He is forcibly sent to college by Father Rozario but is a complete misfit in class. One day he solves a complex mathematics problem in class surprising his classmates. Though shunned and avoided by the rest of his class, a beautiful and educated young girl, Ria (Srabanti Chatterjee) becomes his friend and he gradually warms up to her too. Impressed by Ria's heavenly beauty and charm, his feelings soon turn into love but he realizes that Ria considers him as only a friend. But he is unwilling to let her go. Meanwhile, Vinod learns that Ria is in love with another classmate, Aditya (Rehaan Roy). Ria's father is angered at learning about her love. He shuts her up and prevents her from contacting anyone. But Vinod comes and meets her on the pretext of getting some old clothes for himself to wear. Pitied by Vinod, her father allows him. But Vinod uses the chance and escapes with Ria. He convinces her that she will meet Aditya. Vinod has set up a secret place for executing his plan of wooing Ria. He makes her stay with him while convincing her by talking about the never-impending Aditya's arrival. On one such day, he reveals his miserable past, where he is made to work for paid labor after being orphaned at an early age. He revolts against the oppression one day against the illegal child labor in vogue at his place. Promptly he is beaten black and blue for his profanity. Moreover, he also loses his girlfriend to rapists in that place, who also kill her. Somehow he manages to escape from them and seeks refuge in the place of Father Rozario. Ria is touched by his past. Incidentally, the police and Aditya arrive at the place. While Vinod was away to get some food, they try to make Ria understand that Vinod was a psychopath. Yet Ria scoffs at their claims, citing his gentlemanly behavior over the days she was put up alone with him. Vinod, learning that the police have arrived at the scene, begins to indulge in mass violence. He opens fire, killing a police constable. Forcing them out of their hideout, he manages to evade the police Inspector and Aditya and successfully brings Ria back to their original place of stay. Ria soon identifies the tiger out of the cow's skin. Vinod pleads with her, telling her that all he wanted in his life was her presence with him. But Ria called him a friend and stated her inability to accept him as her partner for life. Meanwhile, Aditya regains consciousness and comes back to attack Vinod and rescue his girlfriend. A violent fight follows, where Vinod defies his puny self and treats Aditya with disdain. The fight culminates with Vinod, Aditya, and Ria finding themselves at the edge of a cliff. While Ria clutches a tree bark tightly, Vinod and Aditya slip out and barely manage to hold either of her hands. Ria is forced into a situation where she needs to choose between her boyfriend and friend. Aditya's pleas notwithstanding, Ria doesn't have the heart to kill Vinod. The epic of a cliffhanger finally ends with Vinod smiling wryly at Ria and letting go of her hands himself. He falls dead into the deep valley. Cast Soham Chakraborty as Vinod, a psychopath Srabanti Chatterjee as Riya, Aditya's love interest Rehaan Roy as Aditya Rita Koiral, the main antagonist, the child trafficking kingpin. Biswajit Chakraborty as Police Commissioner and Riya's father Saswata Chatterjee as ACP Raghav Roy Dolon Roy as Riya's mother Critical reception Amrita Roychowdhury of The Times of India commented "Oh my love, Jeet Gannguli has done it again — giving the much-needed hype that Amanush needed when pitted against another big budget release of the week. When it comes to acting, Soham is a real revelation. It is a treat watching him play an underdog for which he also gathers complete sympathy from the crowd. The actor has some calibre to pull off a scene (or the film in this case) all by himself. He can convincingly play the sweet, ugly and psychotic killer — at the same time and without overdoing it.And finally, a word on the director. Considering that this is Rajib's second film, the director has told a gripping story." Box office The film grossed ₹4.5 crore (US$540,000) at the box office. Soundtrack AmanushSoundtrack album by Jeet GannguliReleased11 April 2010Recorded2009 / 2010GenreFeature film soundtrackLanguageBengaliLabelSVFProducerJeet GannguliSingles from Amanush "O My Love"Released: 21 Jun 2014 "Du Chokhe"Released: 25 Feb 2015 "Jiboner Jol Chobi"Released: 25 Feb 2015 "Haye Rama"Released: 25 Feb 2015 "Monta Kore Uru Uru"Released: 25 Feb 2015 All lyrics are written by Priyo Chattopadhyay, Goutam Sushmit, Prasen (Prasenjit Mukherjee), Chandrani Gannguli (English Part); all music is composed by Jeet GannguliNo.TitleLyricsSinger(s)Length1."Oh My Love"Prasen (Prasenjit Mukherjee), Chandrani Gannguli (English Part)Kunal Ganjawala, Shreya Ghoshal5:112."Monta Kore Uru Uru"Priyo ChottopadhyayJeet Gannguli4:363."Du Chokhe"Goutam SushmitSonu Nigam, Mahalaxmi Iyer4:184."Haye Rama"Gautam SushmitSonu Nigam4:125."Jiboner Jol Chobi"Priyo ChattopadhyayJeet Gannguli5:046."Amanush"Priyo ChattopadhyayJeet Gannguli 7."Amanush Theme Music" Instrumental  Sequel 'Amanush 2' References ^ "Amanush Review". The Times of India. External links Amanush at IMDb
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The film, which has music scored by noted musician Jeet Ganguly and cinematography handled by Kumud Verma, was released in April 2010. The film is officially a remake of the 2003 film Kaadhal Kondein starring Dhanush and Sonia Agarwal. This film was already remade in Bangladesh as Onno Manush in 2004.The story explores the mind of a youth who is mentally and physically abused in his childhood. The lack of a mother's love haunts the protagonist throughout the film as the girl of his infatuation parts him in her death. Turning into a psychopath, he desperately tries to woo his newly found lady love.","title":"Amanush (2010 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soham Chakraborty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soham_Chakraborty"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"Srabanti Chatterjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srabanti_Chatterjee"}],"text":"Vinod (Soham Chakraborty), who was orphaned at an early age, has grown up under the care of a church father, Father Rozario (Nagesh), in North Bengal, is an introvert but a genius. He is forcibly sent to college by Father Rozario but is a complete misfit in class. One day he solves a complex mathematics problem in class surprising his classmates. Though shunned and avoided by the rest of his class, a beautiful and educated young girl, Ria (Srabanti Chatterjee) becomes his friend and he gradually warms up to her too. Impressed by Ria's heavenly beauty and charm, his feelings soon turn into love but he realizes that Ria considers him as only a friend. But he is unwilling to let her go. Meanwhile, Vinod learns that Ria is in love with another classmate, Aditya (Rehaan Roy).Ria's father is angered at learning about her love. He shuts her up and prevents her from contacting anyone. But Vinod comes and meets her on the pretext of getting some old clothes for himself to wear. Pitied by Vinod, her father allows him. But Vinod uses the chance and escapes with Ria. He convinces her that she will meet Aditya.Vinod has set up a secret place for executing his plan of wooing Ria. He makes her stay with him while convincing her by talking about the never-impending Aditya's arrival. On one such day, he reveals his miserable past, where he is made to work for paid labor after being orphaned at an early age. He revolts against the oppression one day against the illegal child labor in vogue at his place. Promptly he is beaten black and blue for his profanity. Moreover, he also loses his girlfriend to rapists in that place, who also kill her. Somehow he manages to escape from them and seeks refuge in the place of Father Rozario.Ria is touched by his past. Incidentally, the police and Aditya arrive at the place. While Vinod was away to get some food, they try to make Ria understand that Vinod was a psychopath. Yet Ria scoffs at their claims, citing his gentlemanly behavior over the days she was put up alone with him. Vinod, learning that the police have arrived at the scene, begins to indulge in mass violence. He opens fire, killing a police constable. Forcing them out of their hideout, he manages to evade the police Inspector and Aditya and successfully brings Ria back to their original place of stay.Ria soon identifies the tiger out of the cow's skin. Vinod pleads with her, telling her that all he wanted in his life was her presence with him. But Ria called him a friend and stated her inability to accept him as her partner for life.Meanwhile, Aditya regains consciousness and comes back to attack Vinod and rescue his girlfriend. A violent fight follows, where Vinod defies his puny self and treats Aditya with disdain. The fight culminates with Vinod, Aditya, and Ria finding themselves at the edge of a cliff.While Ria clutches a tree bark tightly, Vinod and Aditya slip out and barely manage to hold either of her hands. Ria is forced into a situation where she needs to choose between her boyfriend and friend. Aditya's pleas notwithstanding, Ria doesn't have the heart to kill Vinod. The epic of a cliffhanger finally ends with Vinod smiling wryly at Ria and letting go of her hands himself. He falls dead into the deep valley.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soham Chakraborty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soham_Chakraborty"},{"link_name":"Srabanti Chatterjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srabanti_Chatterjee"},{"link_name":"Rehaan Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehaan_Roy"},{"link_name":"Rita Koiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Koiral"},{"link_name":"Biswajit Chakraborty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biswajit_Chakraborty"},{"link_name":"Saswata Chatterjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saswata_Chatterjee"},{"link_name":"ACP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_Commissioner_of_Police"},{"link_name":"Dolon Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolon_Roy"}],"text":"Soham Chakraborty as Vinod, a psychopath\nSrabanti Chatterjee as Riya, Aditya's love interest\nRehaan Roy as Aditya\nRita Koiral, the main antagonist, the child trafficking kingpin.\nBiswajit Chakraborty as Police Commissioner and Riya's father\nSaswata Chatterjee as ACP Raghav Roy\nDolon Roy as Riya's mother","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Times of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Amrita Roychowdhury of The Times of India commented \"Oh my love, Jeet Gannguli has done it again — giving the much-needed hype that Amanush needed when pitted against another big budget release of the week. When it comes to acting, Soham is a real revelation. It is a treat watching him play an underdog for which he also gathers complete sympathy from the crowd. The actor has some calibre to pull off a scene (or the film in this case) all by himself. He can convincingly play the sweet, ugly and psychotic killer — at the same time and without overdoing it.And finally, a word on the director. Considering that this is Rajib's second film, the director has told a gripping story.\"[1]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"The film grossed ₹4.5 crore (US$540,000) at the box office.[citation needed]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Priyo Chattopadhyay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Priyo_Chattopadhyay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Goutam Sushmit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goutam_Sushmit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chandrani Gannguli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandrani_Gannguli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jeet Gannguli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeet_Gannguli"},{"link_name":"Kunal Ganjawala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunal_Ganjawala"},{"link_name":"Shreya Ghoshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreya_Ghoshal"},{"link_name":"Sonu Nigam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonu_Nigam"},{"link_name":"Mahalaxmi Iyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahalaxmi_Iyer"},{"link_name":"Instrumental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental"}],"text":"All lyrics are written by Priyo Chattopadhyay, Goutam Sushmit, Prasen (Prasenjit Mukherjee), Chandrani Gannguli (English Part); all music is composed by Jeet GannguliNo.TitleLyricsSinger(s)Length1.\"Oh My Love\"Prasen (Prasenjit Mukherjee), Chandrani Gannguli (English Part)Kunal Ganjawala, Shreya Ghoshal5:112.\"Monta Kore Uru Uru\"Priyo ChottopadhyayJeet Gannguli4:363.\"Du Chokhe\"Goutam SushmitSonu Nigam, Mahalaxmi Iyer4:184.\"Haye Rama\"Gautam SushmitSonu Nigam4:125.\"Jiboner Jol Chobi\"Priyo ChattopadhyayJeet Gannguli5:046.\"Amanush\"Priyo ChattopadhyayJeet Gannguli 7.\"Amanush Theme Music\" Instrumental","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amanush 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanush_2"}],"text":"'Amanush 2'","title":"Sequel"}]
[]
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[{"Link":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/Amanush/movie-review/5880426.cms","external_links_name":"\"Amanush Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1677695/","external_links_name":"Amanush"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_SW15
SW postcode area
["1 Postal administration","1.1 List of postcode districts","1.2 SW1","1.3 SW19","2 Boundaries","3 Map","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Postcode district boundaries: Postcode area within the United Kingdom Template:Attached KML/SW postcode areaKML is from WikidataPostcode area in United KingdomLondon SWPostcode areaSWCoordinates: 51°27′43″N 0°10′08″W / 51.462°N 0.169°W / 51.462; -0.169CountryUnited KingdomPostcode areaSWPostcode area nameLondon SWPost towns1Postcode districts29Postcode sectors139Postcodes (live)19,890Postcodes (total)36,392Statistics as at May 2020 The SW (South Western) postcode area, also known as the London SW postcode area, is a group of 20 postcode districts within the London post town in England. The area comprises the South Western operational district (covering the subdivisions of postcode district SW1, plus SW2 - SW10) and the Battersea operational district (covering SW11 - SW20), and is the only area within the London post town to lie on both sides of the River Thames. Mail for the area is sorted at the Jubilee Mail Centre in Hounslow, along with mail for the TW, KT and GU postcode areas. Postal administration The postcode area originated in 1857 as the SW district. In 1868 it gained some of the area of the very short-lived S district, with the rest going to SE. It was divided into numbered districts in 1917. The South Western district consists of the postcode districts SW1–SW10 and the once Battersea-headquartered component consists of the postcode districts SW11–SW20. The South Western head district was designated as SW1 and the rest of the numbering followed, alphabetically, by their most important parish, chapelry, topological or built environment feature names, up to 10. Similarly as to the Battersea SW11 once "head district". List of postcode districts The approximate coverage of the postcode districts, with the historic postal district names shown in italics: Postcode district Post town Coverage Local authority area(s) SW1A LONDON Whitehall, Buckingham Palace, the Houses of Parliament and west of St James's Westminster SW1E LONDON Northern 'Victoria' around Buckingham Gate (a street) to include both sides of part of Victoria Street Westminster SW1H LONDON Surrounds of St James's Park tube station centred on Broadway, Queen Anne's Gate and Old Queen Street to include both sides of part of Victoria Street – derivation: Horse Guards Parade Westminster SW1P LONDON A projection around Parliament Square. Nearby Westminster School to Westminster Cathedral to CCAL, University of the Arts, London (omitting all backstreets nearest to Vauxhall Bridge Road) – derivation: Parliament Square Westminster SW1V LONDON between Vauxhall Bridge, Grosvenor (or Victoria Railway) Bridge and Victoria Station, taking in both sides of Vauxhall Bridge Road; includes Pimlico Westminster SW1W LONDON South or lower Belgravia and Chelsea (a corner), from Sloane Square to Victoria Station to Grosvenor Waterside basin Westminster, Kensington and Chelsea SW1X LONDON Rest of Belgravia (north of Eaton Square), Knightsbridge (eastern half) and Chelsea (a corner) Westminster, Kensington and Chelsea SW1Y LONDON All but the west of St James's Westminster SW2 LONDON Brixton district: Brixton Hill, Tulse Hill (part), Brixton (part), Streatham Hill, Clapham Park (part), Lambeth Lambeth SW3 LONDON Chelsea district: Chelsea, Brompton, Knightsbridge (part) Kensington and Chelsea SW4 LONDON Clapham district: Clapham, Stockwell (part) Lambeth, Wandsworth SW5 LONDON Earls Court district: Earl's Court Kensington and Chelsea SW6 LONDON Fulham district: Fulham, Parsons Green Hammersmith and Fulham SW7 LONDON South Kensington district: South Kensington, Knightsbridge (part) Kensington and Chelsea, Westminster SW8 LONDON South Lambeth district: South Lambeth, Vauxhall, Nine Elms (east), Clapham (north), Stockwell (northwest), Oval (west) Lambeth, Wandsworth SW9 LONDON Stockwell district: Brixton, Stockwell, Clapham (part), Oval (part) Lambeth SW10 LONDON West Brompton district: West Brompton, Chelsea (part) Kensington and Chelsea, Hammersmith and Fulham SW11 LONDON Battersea head district: Battersea, Nine Elms (west) Wandsworth, Lambeth SW12 LONDON Balham district: Balham, Clapham Park (part), Wandsworth Common (part) Wandsworth, Lambeth SW13 LONDON Barnes district: Barnes Richmond upon Thames SW14 LONDON Mortlake district: Mortlake, East Sheen Richmond upon Thames SW15 LONDON Putney district: Putney, Roehampton, Kingston Vale, Putney Heath, Putney Vale, Richmond Park, Roehampton Vale Wandsworth, Kingston upon Thames, Richmond upon Thames SW16 LONDON Streatham district: Streatham, Streatham Common, Norbury, Streatham Park, Furzedown, Streatham Vale, Mitcham Common, Pollards Hill, Eastfields, West Norwood (part) Lambeth, Croydon, Wandsworth, Merton SW17 LONDON Tooting district: Tooting, Balham (part), Mitcham (part), Furzedown Wandsworth, Merton SW18 LONDON Wandsworth district: Wandsworth Town, Southfields, Earlsfield Wandsworth SW19 LONDON Wimbledon district: Wimbledon, Colliers Wood, Merton Park, Merton Abbey, Southfields, Morden (part) Merton, Wandsworth SW20 LONDON West Wimbledon district: Raynes Park, Lower Morden, Merton Park, Wimbledon Chase, very small part of the east of New Malden Merton, Kingston upon Thames SW1 SW1 is the South Western head district. Since about the 1890s it has had a surplus of addresses and buildings for practical division into one set of inwards codes so is divided into smaller postcode districts since 1917 used for mail purposes. SW1 is used in geographic reference, street signs and colloquial use across most communities. Its eight subdivisions continue to be classed as one 'district'. Within SW1A are keynote inward codes including: SW1A 0AA – House of Commons SW1A 0PW – House of Lords, Palace of Westminster SW1A 1AA – Buckingham Palace SW1A 1BA – Clarence House, Residence of King Charles III during restoration of Buckingham Palace SW1A 2AA – 10 Downing Street, Prime Minister and First Lord of the Treasury SW1A 2AB – 11 Downing Street, Chancellor of the Exchequer SW1A 2AH – Foreign and Commonwealth Office, King Charles Street SW1A 2HQ – HM Treasury headquarters SW19 SW19 is the postcode that covers Wimbledon and is used as a synonym for the Wimbledon Championships tennis tournament. Boundaries The SW postcode area covers parts of nine London Boroughs. North of the River Thames, it covers the southern parts of the City of Westminster, the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea and the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham. South of the river, it covers all of the London Borough of Wandsworth, the western part of the London Borough of Lambeth, the northern parts of the London Boroughs of Merton and Croydon and the northeastern parts of the London Boroughs of Richmond upon Thames and Kingston upon Thames. Map KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/SW postcode areaKML is from Wikidata SW postcode area map, showing postcode districts in red and post towns in grey text, with links to nearby CR, EC, KT, SE, SM, TW, W and WC postcode areas. See also Postcode Address File List of postcode areas in the United Kingdom London postal district References ^ "ONS Postcode Directory Version Notes" (ZIP). National Statistics Postcode Products. Office for National Statistics. May 2020. Table 2. Retrieved 19 June 2020. Coordinates from mean of unit postcode points, "Code-Point Open". OS OpenData. Ordnance Survey. February 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2012. ^ Address Management Guide (4 ed.). Royal Mail Group. 2004. ^ a b Monopolies and Mergers Commission (1980). "The London Postal Region". The Inner London Letter Post (PDF). HMSO. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "Postcodes" (PDF). Archive Information Sheet. The British Postal Museum and Archive. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2010. ^ a b "Names of Streets and Places in the London Postal area". HMSO. 1930. ^ "Why is Wimbledon called SW19?". 12 July 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2022. ^ "Seven talking points from SW19". Retrieved 13 July 2022. ^ File:Londonpostal iln 1857.jpg ^ Postcodes in the United Kingdom#History External links Royal Mail's Postcode Address File A quick introduction to Royal Mail's Postcode Address File (PAF) Archived 26 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine "SW1". The Postcodes Project. Museum of London. Archived from the original on 28 December 2012. "SW2". The Postcodes Project. Museum of London. Archived from the original on 27 December 2012. "SW3". The Postcodes Project. Museum of London. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012. "SW4". The Postcodes Project. Museum of London. Archived from the original on 24 September 2012. "SW5". The Postcodes Project. Museum of London. Archived from the original on 24 September 2012. "SW6". The Postcodes Project. Museum of London. Archived from the original on 24 September 2012. "SW7". The Postcodes Project. Museum of London. Archived from the original on 24 September 2012. "SW8". The Postcodes Project. Museum of London. Archived from the original on 20 September 2007. "SW9". The Postcodes Project. Museum of London. Archived from the original on 27 November 2012. "SW10". The Postcodes Project. Museum of London. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012. "SW11". The Postcodes Project. Museum of London. Archived from the original on 28 December 2012. "SW12". The Postcodes Project. Museum of London. Archived from the original on 24 September 2012. "SW13". The Postcodes Project. Museum of London. Archived from the original on 24 September 2012. "SW14". The Postcodes Project. Museum of London. Archived from the original on 20 August 2010. "SW15". The Postcodes Project. Museum of London. Archived from the original on 27 November 2012. "SW16". The Postcodes Project. Museum of London. Archived from the original on 25 September 2012. "SW17". The Postcodes Project. Museum of London. Archived from the original on 20 April 2012. "SW18". The Postcodes Project. Museum of London. Archived from the original on 25 September 2012. "SW19". The Postcodes Project. Museum of London. Archived from the original on 25 September 2012. "SW20". The Postcodes Project. Museum of London. Archived from the original on 25 September 2012. vtePostcode areas in the United Kingdom and its dependencies AB AL B BA BB BD BH BL BN BR BS BT CA CB CF CH CM CO CR CT CV CW DA DD DE DG DH DL DN DT DY E EC EH EN EX FK FY G GL GU HA HD HG HP HR HS HU HX IG IP IV KA KT KW KY L LA LD LE LL LN LS LU M ME MK ML N NE NG NN NP NR NW OL OX PA PE PH PL PO PR RG RH RM S SA SE SG SK SL SM SN SO SP SR SS ST SW SY TA TD TF TN TQ TR TS TW UB W WA WC WD WF WN WR WS WV YO ZE Crown dependencies GY IM JE Overseas territories AI ASCN BBND BIQQ FIQQ GX KY MSR PCRN SIQQ STHL TDCU TKCA VG Non-geographic BF BX GIR XX Related UK lists: Postcode districts Post towns Postal counties London postal district vteLondon postal regionLondon postal district E EC N NW SE SW W WC Outer areas BR CR DA EN HA IG KT RM SM TN TW UB WD
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/SW postcode area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/SW_postcode_area"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guide-2"},{"link_name":"London post town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_postal_district"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ILLP-3"},{"link_name":"River Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thames"},{"link_name":"Hounslow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hounslow"},{"link_name":"TW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TW_postcode_area"},{"link_name":"KT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KT_postcode_area"},{"link_name":"GU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GU_postcode_area"}],"text":"Postcode area within the United KingdomTemplate:Attached KML/SW postcode areaKML is from WikidataPostcode area in United KingdomThe SW (South Western) postcode area, also known as the London SW postcode area,[2] is a group of 20 postcode districts within the London post town in England. The area comprises the South Western operational district (covering the subdivisions of postcode district SW1, plus SW2 - SW10) and the Battersea operational district (covering SW11 - SW20),[3] and is the only area within the London post town to lie on both sides of the River Thames.Mail for the area is sorted at the Jubilee Mail Centre in Hounslow, along with mail for the TW, KT and GU postcode areas.","title":"SW postcode area"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SE_postcode_area"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archive_Information_Sheet-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ILLP-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-streets_1930-5"}],"text":"The postcode area originated in 1857 as the SW district. In 1868 it gained some of the area of the very short-lived S district, with the rest going to SE. It was divided into numbered districts in 1917.[4] The South Western district consists of the postcode districts SW1–SW10 and the once Battersea-headquartered component consists of the postcode districts SW11–SW20.[3][5]The South Western head district was designated as SW1 and the rest of the numbering followed, alphabetically, by their most important parish, chapelry, topological or built environment feature names, up to 10. Similarly as to the Battersea SW11 once \"head district\".","title":"Postal administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-streets_1930-5"}],"sub_title":"List of postcode districts","text":"The approximate coverage of the postcode districts, with the historic postal district names shown in italics:[5]","title":"Postal administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"Palace of Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster"},{"link_name":"Buckingham Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_Palace"},{"link_name":"Clarence House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_House"},{"link_name":"10 Downing Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_Downing_Street"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"First Lord of the Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"11 Downing Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_Downing_Street"},{"link_name":"Chancellor of the Exchequer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer"},{"link_name":"Foreign and Commonwealth Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office"},{"link_name":"HM Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Treasury"}],"sub_title":"SW1","text":"SW1 is the South Western head district. Since about the 1890s it has had a surplus of addresses and buildings for practical division into one set of inwards codes so is divided into smaller postcode districts since 1917 used for mail purposes. SW1 is used in geographic reference, street signs and colloquial use across most communities. Its eight subdivisions continue to be classed as one 'district'. Within SW1A are keynote inward codes including:SW1A 0AA – House of Commons\nSW1A 0PW – House of Lords, Palace of Westminster\nSW1A 1AA – Buckingham Palace\nSW1A 1BA – Clarence House, Residence of King Charles III during restoration of Buckingham Palace\nSW1A 2AA – 10 Downing Street, Prime Minister and First Lord of the Treasury\nSW1A 2AB – 11 Downing Street, Chancellor of the Exchequer\nSW1A 2AH – Foreign and Commonwealth Office, King Charles Street\nSW1A 2HQ – HM Treasury headquarters","title":"Postal administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wimbledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimbledon,_London"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimbledon_Championships"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"SW19","text":"SW19 is the postcode that covers Wimbledon and is used as a synonym for the Wimbledon Championships tennis tournament.[6][7]","title":"Postal administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"City of Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Westminster"},{"link_name":"Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Borough_of_Kensington_and_Chelsea"},{"link_name":"London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Hammersmith_and_Fulham"},{"link_name":"London Borough of Wandsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Wandsworth"},{"link_name":"London Borough of Lambeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Lambeth"},{"link_name":"London Boroughs of Merton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Merton"},{"link_name":"Croydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Croydon"},{"link_name":"London Boroughs of Richmond upon Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Richmond_upon_Thames"},{"link_name":"Kingston upon Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Borough_of_Kingston_upon_Thames"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The SW postcode area covers parts of nine London Boroughs. North of the River Thames, it covers the southern parts of the City of Westminster, the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea and the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham. South of the river, it covers all of the London Borough of Wandsworth, the western part of the London Borough of Lambeth, the northern parts of the London Boroughs of Merton and Croydon and the northeastern parts of the London Boroughs of Richmond upon Thames and Kingston upon Thames.[8][9]","title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KML file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/SW_postcode_area&action=raw"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/SW_postcode_area&action=edit"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Attached_KML"},{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/SW postcode area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/SW_postcode_area"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SW_postcode_area_map.svg"},{"link_name":"CR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CR_postcode_area"},{"link_name":"EC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EC_postcode_area"},{"link_name":"KT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KT_postcode_area"},{"link_name":"SE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SE_postcode_area"},{"link_name":"SM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_postcode_area"},{"link_name":"TW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TW_postcode_area"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_postcode_area"},{"link_name":"WC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WC_postcode_area"}],"text":"KML file (edit • help)Template:Attached KML/SW postcode areaKML is from WikidataSW postcode area map, showing postcode districts in red and post towns in grey text, with links to nearby CR, EC, KT, SE, SM, TW, W and WC postcode areas.","title":"Map"}]
[{"image_text":"SW postcode area map, showing postcode districts in red and post towns in grey text, with links to nearby CR, EC, KT, SE, SM, TW, W and WC postcode areas.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/SW_postcode_area_map.svg/550px-SW_postcode_area_map.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Postcode Address File","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcode_Address_File"},{"title":"List of postcode areas in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_postcode_areas_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"London postal district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_postal_district"}]
[{"reference":"\"ONS Postcode Directory Version Notes\" (ZIP). National Statistics Postcode Products. Office for National Statistics. May 2020. Table 2. Retrieved 19 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/geography/products/postcode-directories/-nspp-/onspd-user-guide-and-version-notes.zip","url_text":"\"ONS Postcode Directory Version Notes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics","url_text":"Office for National Statistics"}]},{"reference":"\"Code-Point Open\". OS OpenData. Ordnance Survey. February 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/products/code-point-open/","url_text":"\"Code-Point Open\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_Survey","url_text":"Ordnance Survey"}]},{"reference":"Address Management Guide (4 ed.). Royal Mail Group. 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Mail","url_text":"Royal Mail Group"}]},{"reference":"Monopolies and Mergers Commission (1980). \"The London Postal Region\". The Inner London Letter Post (PDF). HMSO. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_Commission","url_text":"Monopolies and Mergers Commission"},{"url":"http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120119212832/http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/reports/1980/fulltext/122c03.pdf","url_text":"The Inner London Letter Post"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Public_Sector_Information","url_text":"HMSO"}]},{"reference":"\"Postcodes\" (PDF). Archive Information Sheet. The British Postal Museum and Archive. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090320052708/http://www.postalheritage.org.uk/history/downloads/BPMA_Info_Sheet_Postcodes_web.pdf","url_text":"\"Postcodes\""},{"url":"http://www.postalheritage.org.uk/history/downloads/BPMA_Info_Sheet_Postcodes_web.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Names of Streets and Places in the London Postal area\". HMSO. 1930.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.londonancestor.com/po/1map-w.htm","url_text":"\"Names of Streets and Places in the London Postal area\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Public_Sector_Information","url_text":"HMSO"}]},{"reference":"\"Why is Wimbledon called SW19?\". 12 July 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.express.co.uk/sport/tennis/1147243/Where-is-Wimbledon-why-is-it-called-SW19-reason-explained","url_text":"\"Why is Wimbledon called SW19?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seven talking points from SW19\". Retrieved 13 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://sports.yahoo.com/wimbledon-2022-seven-talking-points-from-sw-19-215038890.html","url_text":"\"Seven talking points from SW19\""}]},{"reference":"\"SW1\". The Postcodes Project. Museum of London. Archived from the original on 28 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121228183947/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/postcodes/places/SW1.html","url_text":"\"SW1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_London","url_text":"Museum of London"},{"url":"http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/postcodes/places/SW1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SW2\". The Postcodes Project. Museum of London. Archived from the original on 27 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121227221505/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/postcodes/places/SW2.html","url_text":"\"SW2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_London","url_text":"Museum of London"},{"url":"http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/postcodes/places/SW2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SW3\". The Postcodes Project. Museum of London. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121109045250/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/postcodes/places/SW3.html?","url_text":"\"SW3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_London","url_text":"Museum of London"},{"url":"http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/postcodes/places/SW3.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SW4\". The Postcodes Project. Museum of London. Archived from the original on 24 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120924070248/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/postcodes/places/SW4.html","url_text":"\"SW4\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_London","url_text":"Museum of London"},{"url":"http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/postcodes/places/SW4.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SW5\". The Postcodes Project. Museum of London. Archived from the original on 24 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120924070326/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/postcodes/places/SW5.html","url_text":"\"SW5\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_London","url_text":"Museum of London"},{"url":"http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/postcodes/places/SW5.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SW6\". The Postcodes Project. Museum of London. Archived from the original on 24 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120924070426/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/postcodes/places/SW6.html","url_text":"\"SW6\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_London","url_text":"Museum of London"},{"url":"http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/postcodes/places/SW6.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SW7\". The Postcodes Project. Museum of London. Archived from the original on 24 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120924070517/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/postcodes/places/SW7.html","url_text":"\"SW7\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_London","url_text":"Museum of London"},{"url":"http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/postcodes/places/SW7.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SW8\". The Postcodes Project. Museum of London. Archived from the original on 20 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070920134634/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/postcodes/places/SW8.html","url_text":"\"SW8\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_London","url_text":"Museum of London"},{"url":"http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/postcodes/places/SW8.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SW9\". The Postcodes Project. Museum of London. Archived from the original on 27 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121127142859/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/postcodes/places/SW9.html","url_text":"\"SW9\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_London","url_text":"Museum of London"},{"url":"http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/postcodes/places/SW9.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SW10\". The Postcodes Project. Museum of London. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121109045023/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/postcodes/places/SW10.html","url_text":"\"SW10\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_London","url_text":"Museum of London"},{"url":"http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/postcodes/places/SW10.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SW11\". The Postcodes Project. Museum of London. Archived from the original on 28 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121228181537/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/postcodes/places/SW11.html?","url_text":"\"SW11\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_London","url_text":"Museum of London"},{"url":"http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/postcodes/places/SW11.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SW12\". The Postcodes Project. Museum of London. Archived from the original on 24 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120924070752/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/postcodes/places/SW12.html","url_text":"\"SW12\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_London","url_text":"Museum of London"},{"url":"http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/postcodes/places/SW12.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SW13\". The Postcodes Project. Museum of London. Archived from the original on 24 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120924070940/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/postcodes/places/SW13.html","url_text":"\"SW13\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_London","url_text":"Museum of London"},{"url":"http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/postcodes/places/SW13.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SW14\". The Postcodes Project. Museum of London. Archived from the original on 20 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100820083529/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/postcodes/places/SW14.html","url_text":"\"SW14\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_London","url_text":"Museum of London"},{"url":"http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/postcodes/places/SW14.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SW15\". The Postcodes Project. Museum of London. Archived from the original on 27 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121127151142/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/postcodes/places/SW15.html","url_text":"\"SW15\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_London","url_text":"Museum of London"},{"url":"http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/postcodes/places/SW15.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SW16\". The Postcodes Project. Museum of London. Archived from the original on 25 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120925012303/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/postcodes/places/SW16.html","url_text":"\"SW16\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_London","url_text":"Museum of London"},{"url":"http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/postcodes/places/SW16.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SW17\". The Postcodes Project. Museum of London. Archived from the original on 20 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120420233909/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/postcodes/places/SW17.html","url_text":"\"SW17\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_London","url_text":"Museum of London"},{"url":"http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/postcodes/places/SW17.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SW18\". The Postcodes Project. Museum of London. Archived from the original on 25 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120925012450/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/postcodes/places/SW18.html","url_text":"\"SW18\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_London","url_text":"Museum of London"},{"url":"http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/postcodes/places/SW18.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SW19\". The Postcodes Project. Museum of London. Archived from the original on 25 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120925012825/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/postcodes/places/SW19.html","url_text":"\"SW19\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_London","url_text":"Museum of London"},{"url":"http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/postcodes/places/SW19.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SW20\". The Postcodes Project. Museum of London. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Polonich
Dennis Polonich
["1 Playing career","1.1 Junior hockey","1.2 Professional hockey","2 Post-playing career","3 Records","4 Career statistics","5 References","6 External links"]
Canadian ice hockey player (born 1953) Ice hockey player Dennis Polonich Polonich in 2017.Born (1953-12-04) December 4, 1953 (age 70)Foam Lake, Saskatchewan, CanadaHeight 5 ft 6 in (168 cm)Weight 166 lb (75 kg; 11 st 12 lb)Position Centre/Right wingShot RightPlayed for Detroit Red WingsNHL draft 118th overall, 1973Detroit Red WingsPlaying career 1973–1987 Dennis Daniel "Polo" Polonich (born December 4, 1953) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre who spent his entire National Hockey League (NHL) career with the Detroit Red Wings. He was selected in the eighth round, 118th overall, by the Detroit Red Wings in the 1973 NHL Amateur Draft. Polonich was the first NHL player to be awarded damages from a civil suit for an on-ice incident. Playing career Junior hockey Standing only five feet, six inches, and while playing for the Flin Flon Bombers of the Western Canadian Hockey League, Polonich attracted attention of scouts by being a pest, antagonizing opposing players while scoring occasional goals. During the 1972–73 season Polonich was known for his relentless trash-talking, and racked up 222 penalty minutes along with 74 points. Polonich was drafted 118th by the Detroit Red Wings in 1973. However, the Wings wanted to see if Polonich could be as effective in a higher-level league, and sent him play a season with the London Lions in Britain. He impressed and was brought back for the 1974–75 season. Polonich signed his first professional contract with a $7,500 signing bonus and salary of $55,000 if he made the Detroit Red Wings, or $15,500 if he played in the minors. Professional hockey In the 1974–75 season, Polonich joined the Virginia Wings of the American Hockey League (AHL). He led the Wings in penalty minutes, and his 34 points helped them reach the playoffs, where he was the team's leading scorer in their short playoff appearance. Towards the end of the regular season, Polonich joined the Red Wings for his first four NHL games, recording no points or penalty minutes. After a quick stint with the Kalamazoo Wings of the International Hockey League (IHL), Polonich became a full-time Red Wing in the 1975–76 NHL season. The Red Wings were retooling, adding toughness and grit to their roster after a few disappointing seasons and Polonich fit the bill. Although small, Polonich brought an instant force to the team. Polonich set a club record on March 24, 1976 by sitting out eight penalties – five minors, a major and a misconduct. Polonich became the first rookie to be penalized more than 300 minutes in one season. "If I had stayed out of the box a little more, I might have scored 20 or 25 goals, you have to have a mighty long stick to score from the penalty box." In the 1976–77 NHL season Polonich had a short tenure as captain of the Detroit Red Wings while Danny Grant was injured. He finished second in team scoring with 46 points and led the team (second in the league behind Tiger Williams) in penalty minutes with 274. He again led the team in penalty minutes the following season. On October 25, 1978, Polonich got under the skin of the Colorado Rockies' Wilf Paiement. In what has been termed as the worst-ever case of brutality in the NHL, Paiement smashed the diminutive Polonich across the face with his stick, leaving Polonich with a concussion, severe facial lacerations, and a broken nose requiring reconstructive surgery. Paiement argued that Polonich had intentionally struck him with his stick in the follow-through of a slap shot. Wayne County Prosecutor's Office investigated the incident and decided not to prosecute Paiement. Polonich missed about 20 games due to the incident. In 1982, Polonich filed a civil suit against Paiement in U.S. Federal Court before Judge Horace Weldon Gilmore. Prior to proceeding to court a Wayne County mediation panel recommended a settlement of $85,000, which Polonich accepted, however the Colorado Rockies' insurance company countered with $50,000 which Polonich refused. Judge Gilmore did not allow evidence to be heard about Polonich's penalty-filled career and physical style of play. Ultimately Polonich was awarded $500,000 for "pain and suffering" and $350,000 in punitive damages which would be paid by Paiement and not be covered by the Colorado Rockies' insurance. Polonich suffered from breathing problems for the remainder of his career. The Detroit Red Wings general ganager Ted Lindsay testified at the trial that Paiement hit Polonich with a baseball-type swing. Wilf Paiement was fined $500 (the maximum permitted under NHL rules) and suspended by the NHL for 15 games, the longest NHL suspension since the beginning of the "Original Six" era. Polonich's career would taper off following the incident, playing just 109 more NHL games with 4 goals during that time, compared to the 55 goals in his previous 277 NHL games. After five and a half seasons with the Red Wings, Polonich was sent down to the AHL after the 1980–81 season and, besides 11 games in 1982, remained there. He helped the Adirondack Red Wings reach the playoffs twice, winning the Calder Cup in 1981, in the following four years before jumping to the Muskegon Lumberjacks of the IHL. Polonich retired in 1987 one year after winning the Turner Cup. Post-playing career Following his retirement from professional hockey, Polonich was hired as the General Manager and Head Coach of the Yorkton Terriers of the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League (SJHL) in the middle of the 1986-87 season, a position he held for six seasons. Polonich was named the SJHL Coach of the Year in 1987-88, and with the Terriers lost the SJHL championship in the 1989-90 season, and followed that with a SJHL championship in 1990-91 and winning the ANAVET Cup. Polonich made the jump to the Western Hockey League in 1992 when he was hired as the General Manager of the Medicine Hat Tigers. Polonich spent four seasons with the Tigers until he was hired on the Prince George Cougars as General Manager in 1996, a position he held for two seasons. Polonich became a player agent following his hockey management career. Polonich played in the 2009 NHL Winter Classic alumni game. Records Red Wings club record: Sitting out eight penalties in one game - five minors, a major and a misconduct. (1976) Career statistics     Regular season   Playoffs Season Team League GP G A Pts PIM GP G A Pts PIM 1971–72 Flin Flon Bombers WCJHL 65 9 21 30 200 7 0 1 1 41 1972–73 Flin Flon Bombers WCJHL 68 26 48 74 222 9 1 5 6 38 1973–74 London Lions Britain 67 17 43 60 57 — — — — — 1974–75 Detroit Red Wings NHL 4 0 0 0 0 — — — — — 1974–75 Virginia Wings AHL 60 14 20 34 194 5 0 2 2 30 1975–76 Detroit Red Wings NHL 57 11 12 23 302 — — — — — 1975–76 Kalamazoo Wings IHL 5 1 8 9 32 — — — — — 1976–77 Detroit Red Wings NHL 79 18 28 46 274 — — — — — 1977–78 Detroit Red Wings NHL 79 16 19 35 254 7 1 0 1 19 1978–79 Detroit Red Wings NHL 62 10 12 22 208 — — — — — 1979–80 Detroit Red Wings NHL 66 2 8 10 127 — — — — — 1980–81 Detroit Red Wings NHL 32 2 2 4 77 — — — — — 1980–81 Adirondack Red Wings AHL 40 16 13 29 99 14 9 5 14 95 1981–82 Adirondack Red Wings AHL 80 30 26 56 202 5 2 2 4 0 1982–83 Detroit Red Wings NHL 11 0 1 1 0 — — — — — 1982–83 Adirondack Red Wings AHL 61 18 22 40 128 6 2 2 4 10 1983–84 Adirondack Red Wings AHL 66 14 26 40 122 — — — — — 1984–85 Adirondack Red Wings AHL 53 18 17 35 133 — — — — — 1985–86 Muskegon Lumberjacks IHL 78 32 36 68 222 14 8 10 18 36 1986–87 Muskegon Lumberjacks IHL 22 2 9 11 24 — — — — — NHL totals 390 59 82 141 1242 7 1 0 1 19 AHL totals 360 110 124 234 878 30 13 11 24 135 References ^ a b c d McFarlane, Brian (1998). The Red Wings. Toronto: Stoddart. pp. 95–97. ISBN 9780773731165. Retrieved December 30, 2020. ^ a b c d Daniels, Calvin (February 18, 2016). "Reflecting on long career in hockey". Yorkton this Week. Retrieved December 30, 2020. ^ Weekes, Don (2003). The best & worst of hockey firsts : the unofficial guide. Vancouver, B.C.: Greystone Books. p. 77. ISBN 9781926685427. Retrieved December 30, 2020. ^ a b c d Vecsey, George (August 25, 1982). "Sports of the Times; The Price of Hockey Violence". New York Times. p. B9. Retrieved December 30, 2020. ^ Baley, James A. (1989). Law and liability in athletics, physical education, and recreation. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Publishers. p. 346. ISBN 9780697101471. Retrieved December 30, 2020. ^ a b Joyce, Randolph (August 30, 1982). "Another black eye for hockey's image". Maclean's. Retrieved December 30, 2020. ^ "Terrier History". yorktonterriers.com. Yorkton Terriers. Retrieved December 30, 2020. ^ Campbell, Tim (December 31, 2016). "Kris Draper stirs up Centennial Alumni Game". NHL.com. Retrieved December 30, 2020. External links Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or Eliteprospects.com, or Hockey-Reference.com, or The Internet Hockey Database Dennis's Bio on Detroit Red Wings.com Preceded byDanny Grant Detroit Red Wings captain 1976–77 Succeeded byDanny Grant
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He led the Wings in penalty minutes, and his 34 points helped them reach the playoffs, where he was the team's leading scorer in their short playoff appearance. Towards the end of the regular season, Polonich joined the Red Wings for his first four NHL games, recording no points or penalty minutes. After a quick stint with the Kalamazoo Wings of the International Hockey League (IHL), Polonich became a full-time Red Wing in the 1975–76 NHL season. The Red Wings were retooling, adding toughness and grit to their roster after a few disappointing seasons and Polonich fit the bill. Although small, Polonich brought an instant force to the team. Polonich set a club record on March 24, 1976 by sitting out eight penalties – five minors, a major and a misconduct.[citation needed] Polonich became the first rookie to be penalized more than 300 minutes in one season.[3]\"If I had stayed out of the box a little more, I might have scored 20 or 25 goals, you have to have a mighty long stick to score from the penalty box.\"In the 1976–77 NHL season Polonich had a short tenure as captain of the Detroit Red Wings while Danny Grant was injured. He finished second in team scoring with 46 points and led the team (second in the league behind Tiger Williams) in penalty minutes with 274. He again led the team in penalty minutes the following season.On October 25, 1978, Polonich got under the skin of the Colorado Rockies' Wilf Paiement. In what has been termed[by whom?] as the worst-ever case of brutality in the NHL, Paiement smashed the diminutive Polonich across the face with his stick, leaving Polonich with a concussion, severe facial lacerations, and a broken nose requiring reconstructive surgery. Paiement argued that Polonich had intentionally struck him with his stick in the follow-through of a slap shot.[4] Wayne County Prosecutor's Office investigated the incident and decided not to prosecute Paiement.[5] Polonich missed about 20 games due to the incident.[4]In 1982, Polonich filed a civil suit against Paiement in U.S. Federal Court before Judge Horace Weldon Gilmore.[6][1] Prior to proceeding to court a Wayne County mediation panel recommended a settlement of $85,000, which Polonich accepted, however the Colorado Rockies' insurance company countered with $50,000 which Polonich refused.[4] Judge Gilmore did not allow evidence to be heard about Polonich's penalty-filled career and physical style of play.[6] Ultimately Polonich was awarded $500,000 for \"pain and suffering\" and $350,000 in punitive damages which would be paid by Paiement and not be covered by the Colorado Rockies' insurance.[4]Polonich suffered from breathing problems for the remainder of his career. The Detroit Red Wings general ganager Ted Lindsay testified at the trial that Paiement hit Polonich with a baseball-type swing.[1] Wilf Paiement was fined $500 (the maximum permitted under NHL rules) and suspended by the NHL for 15 games,[1] the longest NHL suspension since the beginning of the \"Original Six\" era.Polonich's career would taper off following the incident, playing just 109 more NHL games with 4 goals during that time, compared to the 55 goals in his previous 277 NHL games.[2]After five and a half seasons with the Red Wings, Polonich was sent down to the AHL after the 1980–81 season and, besides 11 games in 1982, remained there. He helped the Adirondack Red Wings reach the playoffs twice, winning the Calder Cup in 1981, in the following four years before jumping to the Muskegon Lumberjacks of the IHL. Polonich retired in 1987 one year after winning the Turner Cup.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Head Coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_Coach"},{"link_name":"Yorkton Terriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkton_Terriers"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan_Junior_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yorkton2016-2"},{"link_name":"ANAVET Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANAVET_Cup"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yorkton2016-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Western Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Medicine Hat Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_Hat_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Prince George Cougars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_George_Cougars"},{"link_name":"2009 NHL Winter Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_NHL_Winter_Classic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Following his retirement from professional hockey, Polonich was hired as the General Manager and Head Coach of the Yorkton Terriers of the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League (SJHL) in the middle of the 1986-87 season, a position he held for six seasons.[2] Polonich was named the SJHL Coach of the Year in 1987-88, and with the Terriers lost the SJHL championship in the 1989-90 season, and followed that with a SJHL championship in 1990-91 and winning the ANAVET Cup.[2][7] Polonich made the jump to the Western Hockey League in 1992 when he was hired as the General Manager of the Medicine Hat Tigers. Polonich spent four seasons with the Tigers until he was hired on the Prince George Cougars as General Manager in 1996, a position he held for two seasons.Polonich became a player agent following his hockey management career.Polonich played in the 2009 NHL Winter Classic alumni game.[8]","title":"Post-playing career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Red Wings club record: Sitting out eight penalties in one game - five minors, a major and a misconduct. (1976)","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"McFarlane, Brian (1998). The Red Wings. Toronto: Stoddart. pp. 95–97. ISBN 9780773731165. Retrieved December 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_McFarlane","url_text":"McFarlane, Brian"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/redwings00mcfa","url_text":"The Red Wings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773731165","url_text":"9780773731165"}]},{"reference":"Daniels, Calvin (February 18, 2016). \"Reflecting on long career in hockey\". Yorkton this Week. Retrieved December 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yorktonthisweek.com/news/local-news/reflecting-on-long-career-in-hockey-1.2177040","url_text":"\"Reflecting on long career in hockey\""}]},{"reference":"Weekes, Don (2003). The best & worst of hockey firsts : the unofficial guide. Vancouver, B.C.: Greystone Books. p. 77. ISBN 9781926685427. Retrieved December 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bestworstofhocke0000week","url_text":"The best & worst of hockey firsts : the unofficial guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781926685427","url_text":"9781926685427"}]},{"reference":"Vecsey, George (August 25, 1982). \"Sports of the Times; The Price of Hockey Violence\". New York Times. p. B9. Retrieved December 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Vecsey","url_text":"Vecsey, George"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1982/08/25/sports/sports-of-the-times-the-price-of-hockey-violence.html","url_text":"\"Sports of the Times; The Price of Hockey Violence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Baley, James A. (1989). Law and liability in athletics, physical education, and recreation. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Publishers. p. 346. ISBN 9780697101471. Retrieved December 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lawliabilityinat0000bale_m8w7","url_text":"Law and liability in athletics, physical education, and recreation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780697101471","url_text":"9780697101471"}]},{"reference":"Joyce, Randolph (August 30, 1982). \"Another black eye for hockey's image\". Maclean's. Retrieved December 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1982/8/30/another-black-eye-for-hockeys-image","url_text":"\"Another black eye for hockey's image\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maclean%27s","url_text":"Maclean's"}]},{"reference":"\"Terrier History\". yorktonterriers.com. Yorkton Terriers. Retrieved December 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yorktonterriers.com/terrier-history","url_text":"\"Terrier History\""}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Tim (December 31, 2016). \"Kris Draper stirs up Centennial Alumni Game\". NHL.com. Retrieved December 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/news/detroit-red-wings-toronto-maple-leafs-alumni-game/c-285208762","url_text":"\"Kris Draper stirs up Centennial Alumni Game\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/redwings00mcfa","external_links_name":"The Red Wings"},{"Link":"https://www.yorktonthisweek.com/news/local-news/reflecting-on-long-career-in-hockey-1.2177040","external_links_name":"\"Reflecting on long career in hockey\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bestworstofhocke0000week","external_links_name":"The best & worst of hockey firsts : the unofficial guide"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1982/08/25/sports/sports-of-the-times-the-price-of-hockey-violence.html","external_links_name":"\"Sports of the Times; The Price of Hockey Violence\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lawliabilityinat0000bale_m8w7","external_links_name":"Law and liability in athletics, physical education, and recreation"},{"Link":"https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1982/8/30/another-black-eye-for-hockeys-image","external_links_name":"\"Another black eye for hockey's image\""},{"Link":"https://www.yorktonterriers.com/terrier-history","external_links_name":"\"Terrier History\""},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/news/detroit-red-wings-toronto-maple-leafs-alumni-game/c-285208762","external_links_name":"\"Kris Draper stirs up Centennial Alumni Game\""},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/player/8450495","external_links_name":"NHL.com"},{"Link":"http://www.eliteprospects.com/player.php?player=84332&lang=en","external_links_name":"Eliteprospects.com"},{"Link":"https://www.hockey-reference.com/players/p/polonde01.html","external_links_name":"Hockey-Reference.com"},{"Link":"http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid=4339","external_links_name":"The Internet Hockey Database"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061101053830/http://www.detroitredwings.com/history/wol/wol-dennispolonich.jsp","external_links_name":"Dennis's Bio on Detroit Red Wings.com"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Tactical_Reconnaissance_Squadron
9th Combat Operations Squadron
["1 Mission","2 Organization","3 History","3.1 World War II","3.2 Reconnaissance","3.3 Reserve space operations","4 Lineage","4.1 Assignments","4.2 Stations","4.3 Systems operated","4.4 Awards and campaigns","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Notes","6.2 Bibliography","7 External links"]
9th Combat Operations Squadron An RF-4 Phantom II from Bergstrom AFB flies by Hohenzollern Castle. Germany circa 1976Active1943–1945; 1946–1947; 1953–1971; 1999–presentCountry United StatesBranch United States Air ForceRoleSpace operationsPart ofAir Force Reserve CommandGarrison/HQVandenberg Space Force Base, CaliforniaNickname(s)BlackhawksMotto(s)Semper Summatum (Latin for 'Always the Highest')EngagementsEuropean Theater of OperationsDecorationsDistinguished Unit CitationAir Force Outstanding Unit AwardAir Force Organizational Excellence AwardInsignia9th Combat Operations Squadron emblem9th Reconnaissance Squadron emblemMilitary unit The United States Air Force's 9th Combat Operations Squadron is an Air Force Reserve Command space operations unit located at Vandenberg Space Force Base, California. The 9th augments the 614th Air and Space Operations Center in operating the Joint Space Operations Center, performing combat operations, plans, strategy and intelligence assessments that enable the Commander, Joint Functional Component Command for Space to command and control space forces by providing worldwide space effects and theater support to combatant commanders. The squadron was first activated in 1943 as the 761st Bombardment Squadron. After training in the United States, it deployed to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, where it participated in the strategic bombing campaign against Germany, and it earned a Distinguished Unit Citation for its actions. Following V-E Day, the squadron moved to Brazil, where it became part of Air Transport Command, returning troops to the United States before it was inactivated on 26 September 1945. The squadron was redesignated the 9th Reconnaissance Squadron and reactivated in the Far East in 1946. For the next two years, it performed mapping and reconnaissance missions, until it transferred its assets to another unit and was inactivated. It was activated again in 1953 as the 9th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, and in 1956, became the first squadron to fly the Douglas RB-66 Destroyer. During the Cuban Missile Crisis, the squadron flew photographic reconnaissance missions. It deployed equipment and personnel to Southeast Asia, although it remained in the United States as a training unit until inactivating in 1971. The squadron was activated in the reserve in 1999 as the 9th Space Operations Squadron. Mission The 9th Combat Operations Squadron is an associate squadron to the 614th Air and Space Operations Center and augments the active duty center in day-to-day operations of the Joint Space Operations Center, a 24-hour operations center designed to provide commanders with assistance coordinating, planning, and conducting space operations. Organization The squadron is composed of four divisions that provide steady-state and surge support in the Combined Space Operations Center. The Combat Operations Division is charged with the effective employment of 58 tactical units and integration of five Joint Force Space Component Command operations centers. The Strategy Plans Division develops, disseminates, assesses, and refines the Space Operations Directive, Master Space Plan and Combined Space Staking Order in support of functional and geographic combatant commanders' operations. It validates space operations requirements against current and planned operations environments, analyzes space support requests to determine the optimal use of space systems to meet global needs. The Operations Support Division coordinates and documents initial, certification, and continuation training. It develops "lessons learned" for exercise support, requirements, and unit training, and evaluates their overall effectiveness. The Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Division provides supported combat commands, the intelligence community and subordinate units with current and emerging enemy space capabilities, threats to US and Allied use of space, courses of action, and predictive intelligence through a dynamic space intelligence operation of the operational environment. History World War II 460th Bombardment Group B-24 Liberators bombing The squadron was first activated as the 761st Bombardment Squadron at Alamogordo Army Air Field, New Mexico on 1 July 1943 as one of the four original squadrons of the 460th Bombardment Group. A cadre of the unit's air echelon went to Orlando Army Air Base, Florida for specialized training with the Army Air Forces School of Applied Tactics. In August, the unit was filled out with ground personnel at Kearns Army Air Base, Utah, then moved to Chatham Army Air Field, Georgia to complete its training with Consolidated B-24 Liberator heavy bombers. Upon completing training, the squadron departed for the Mediterranean Theater of Operations in January 1944. The squadron completed its deployment to Spinazzola Airfield, Italy by the middle of February 1944, and entered the strategic bombing campaign against Germany the following month, with an attack on a marshalling yard and docks at Metković, Yugoslavia. It attacked oil refineries and storage facilities, railroads, industrial areas, including aircraft manufacturing plants in Austria, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Romania and Yugoslavia. On 26 July 1944, the squadron was part of a 460th Group formation that led the 55th Bombardment Wing on an attack against an airfield and aircraft manufacturing plant at Zwolfaxing, Austria. It attacked the target through heavy enemy flak and adverse weather, for which it was awarded a Distinguished Unit Citation. The squadron was occasionally diverted from the strategic bombing mission to perform air interdiction and close air support missions. In August 1944, it supported Operation Dragoon, the invasion of southern France by attacking submarine pens, marshalling yards and artillery batteries in the area of the amphibious landings. It struck lines of communications, railroads, ammunition dumps and other targets in connection with Operation Grapeshot, the allied offensive in Northern Italy. The squadron flew its last mission against a target in northern Italy on 26 April 1945. After V-E Day, the 460th Group and its squadrons were transferred to the South Atlantic Division, Air Transport Command, moving to Parnamirim Field, near Natal, Brazil to participate in the Green Project. Green Project was aimed at transporting 50,000 military personnel a month from the European and Mediterranean Theaters back to the United States, with priority for those that plans called for redeploying to the Pacific. The squadron's combat veterans proved none too happy with this assignment, but continued supporting the project until inactivating on 26 September 1945. Reconnaissance In 1946, the 761st was redesignated the 9th Reconnaissance Squadron and assigned to the 314th Composite Wing, of Fifth Air Force, at Johnson Air Base and then Yokota Air Base, Japan. 9th airmen flew the Bell P-39 Airacobra, as well as the Consolidated F-7 Liberator, Boeing F-9 Flying Fortress, and Boeing F-13 Superfortress bombers retrofitted to perform photographic reconnaissance performing mapping missions over occupied Japan, Korea, Okinawa, Indochina, and other areas under Far East Air Forces' control after World War II. The squadron also flew classified missions over the Soviet Far East. The squadron was inactivated in October 1947 and its personnel, equipment and mission were transferred to the 31st Reconnaissance Squadron. The squadron was reactivated at Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina on 11 November 1953, as the 9th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, and was assigned to the 363d Tactical Reconnaissance Group. The squadron's initial equipment was the Douglas RB-26 Invader, plus one North American B-25 Mitchell. These aircraft had been modified with special electronic warfare equipment, including AN/APR-4 and AN/APR-9 radar receivers, and AN/APA-17 direction finders. Some were also fitted with AN/APT-1 jammers and chaff dispensers. Although the unit's wartime role was to fly ferret and stand-off jamming missions, the main task assigned to it was to provide jamming training for ground radar operators. 363d Wing RB-66B Destroyer at Tan Son Nhut Airport In January 1956, the squadron was the first in the Air Force to receive jet powered Douglas RB-66B Destroyers, which added weather sampling capability. The unit later flew other upgraded models of the plane (RB-66C and WB-66D). The arrival of the B-66s enabled the squadron to retire its RB-26s as well as the Lockheed RT-33A Shooting Stars it had begun using for weather reconnaissance. When Tactical Air Command adopted the dual deputy organization, it inactivated the squadron's parent 363d Reconnaissance Group, and assigned the squadron directly to the 363d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing. In 1961, three of the squadron's WB-66s deployed to Clark Air Base in Operation Long Pass, a joint deployment exercise in the Philippines. In 1962, 9th had a Navy squadron commander, Commander Chester E. Kingsbury, and flew classified film missions supporting the Cuban Missile Crisis starting in October 1962. Between 1963 and 1966, the 9th routinely deployed aircraft and crews to Southeast Asia and served as an Air Force training squadron for the upgraded B-66 Destroyer. In 1969, the 9th moved to Bergstrom Air Force Base, Texas, where it became part of the 75th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing and flew McDonnell RF-4 Phantom IIs. On 31 August 1971, the squadron inactivated. The squadron's aircraft and personnel were transferred to the 12th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, which moved to Bergstrom on paper from Vietnam as USAF forces in Southeast Asia were reduced. Reserve space operations This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Since the early 1990s, the space command and control mission evolved rapidly. In 1994, 14th Air Force was activated at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California and became responsible for space operations. Between 1994 and 1998, United States Air Force reservists supported Fourteenth Air Force on various man-day tours, primarily as individual mobilization augmentees. In 1999, Captain Patrick Assayag led a team to discuss the possibility of activating a reserve squadron to support the 614th Space Operations Flight. On 1 October 1999, the 9th Space Operations Squadron was activated as a reserve squadron with 37 billets and the responsibility of supporting the newly redesignated 614th Space Operations Squadron to build the weekly Space Tasking Order. Many reservists supporting Fourteenth Air Force were then reassigned to the 9th Squadron. At the unit activation ceremony, Major General Robert Hinson, commander of Fourteenth Air Force, stated "our ability to maintain our nation's superiority in space is dependent upon the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve as critical contributors to part of a cohesive Total Force." In 2002, the space mission transferred from United States Space Command to United States Strategic Command, as Space Command inactivated. Then in 2003, Strategic Command's Joint Force Component Command was developed, and the Joint Space Operations Center was activated under the command's Space and Global Strike. In 2005, as the Fiscal Year 2008 Program Objective Memorandum was drafted, Air Force Space Command increased the squadron's manpower authorization from 37 to 126 billets, ensuring additional support to the 614th and the new 614th Space Intelligence Squadron. Also that year, the 1st Space Control Squadron moved to Vandenberg to become part of the 614th Space Operations Squadron. The 1st and 614th Space Operations Squadron combined to form the 614th Air and Space Operations Center in 2007. In 2010, the command structure of the 9th was adjusted to bring it more in line with the host 614 AOC's O-6 led command and division chief structure. The 9th was redesignated the 9th Combat Operations Squadron in a ceremony held on 3 June 2017 to follow the name standard of other reserve units associated with Air Operations Centers throughout the Air Force. Today, the 9th is a unit of over 100 space, intelligence and communications professionals, expanding the role of support of the 614th and the Combined Space Operations Center. Lineage Constituted as the 761st Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 19 May 1943 Activated on 1 Jul 1943 Redesignated 761st Bombardment Squadron, Heavy on 29 September 1944 Inactivated on 26 September 1945 Redesignated 9th Reconnaissance Squadron, Very Long Range, Photographic on 29 April 1946 Activated on 20 June 1946 Inactivated on 20 October 1947 Redesignated 9th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, Electronics and Weather on 21 July 1953 Activated on 11 November 1953 Redesignated 9th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, Photo-Jet on 15 May 1965 Redesignated 9th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron on 1 October 1966 Inactivated on 31 August 1971 Redesignated 9th Space Operations Squadron on 5 February 1999 Activated in the reserve on 1 October 1999 Redesignated 9th Combat Operations Squadron c. 3 June 2017 Assignments 460th Bombardment Group, 1 July 1943 – 26 September 1945 314th Composite Wing, 20 June 1946 – 20 October 1947 (attached to 3d Bombardment Group c. 25 Sep 1946; 71st Reconnaissance Group, 22 April 1947; 3d Bombardment Group after 7 May 1947) 363d Tactical Reconnaissance Group, 11 November 1953 363d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, 8 February 1958 4402d Tactical Training Group, 1 July 1966 363 Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, 1 February 1967 75th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, 1 September 1969 67th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, 15 July–31 August 1971 310th Space Group, 1 October 1999 310th Operations Group, 7 March 2008 – present Stations Alamogordo Army Air Field, New Mexico, 1 July 1943 Kearns Army Air Base, Utah, 31 August 1943 Chatham Army Air Field, Georgia, 29 October 1943 – 3 January 1944 Spinazzola Airfield, Italy, c. 11 February 1944 – 6 June 1945 Waller Field, Trinidad, 15 June 1945 Parnamirim Airport, Brazil, 30 June 1945 – 26 September 1945 Johnson Air Base, Japan, 20 June 1946 Yokota Air Base, Japan, c. September 1946 – 20 October 1947 Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina, 11 Nov 1953 Bergstrom Air Force Base, Texas, 1 Sep 1969 – 31 Aug 1971 Vandenberg Space Force Base, California, 1 Oct 1999 – present Systems operated Consolidated B-24 Liberator, 1943–1945 Bell P-39 Airacobra, 1946–1947 Consolidated F-7 Liberator, 1946–1947 Beechcraft F-2, 1946–1947 Boeing F-9 (later FB-17) Flying_Fortress, 1946–1947 Boeing F-13 Superfortress, 1947 Douglas RB-26 Invader, 1954–1956 Lockheed RT-33A Shooting Star, 1955–1956 Lockheed WT-33 Shooting Star, 1956 North American TB-25 Mitchell, 1956 Douglas RB-66 Destroyer, 1956–1966 Douglas WB-66 Destroyer, 1957–1966 McDonnell Douglas RF-4 Phantom II, 1965–1967, 1969–1971 Functional (non-Falconer) Air Operations Center, 2000–Present Awards and campaigns Award streamer Award Dates Notes Distinguished Unit Citation 26 July 1944 Austria 761st Bombardment Squadron Air Force Outstanding Unit Award 23 October 1962-24 November 1962 9th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron Air Force Outstanding Unit Award 1 November 1969-31 May 1971 9th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron Air Force Outstanding Unit Award 15 July 1971-31 August 1971 9th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron Air Force Outstanding Unit Award 1 October 2002–30 July 2004 9th Space Operations Squadron Air Force Outstanding Unit Award 1 August 2004–31 July 2006 9th Space Operations Squadron Air Force Outstanding Unit Award 1 August 2006–31 July 2008 9th Space Operations Squadron Air Force Organizational Excellence Award 1 October 2001–30 September 2003 9th Space Operations Squadron Campaign Streamer Campaign Dates Notes Air Offensive, Europe c. 11 February 1944 – 5 June 1944 761st Bombardment Squadron Air Combat, EAME Theater c. 11 February 1944 – 11 May 1945 761st Bombardment Squadron Rome-Arno c. 11 February 1944 – 9 September 1944 761st Bombardment Squadron Central Europe 22 March 1944 – 21 May 1945 761st Bombardment Squadron Normandy 6 June 1944 – 24 July 1944 761st Bombardment Squadron Northern France 25 July 1944 – 14 September 1944 761st Bombardment Squadron Southern France 15 August 1944 – 14 September 1944 761st Bombardment Squadron North Apennines 10 September 1944 – 4 April 1945 761st Bombardment Squadron Rhineland 15 September 1944 – 21 March 1945 761st Bombardment Squadron Po Valley 3 April 1945 – 8 May 1945 761st Bombardment Squadron American Theater without inscription 15 June 1945–25 September 1945 761st Bombardment Squadron See also List of United States Air Force reconnaissance squadrons List of F-4 Phantom II operators List of A-26 Invader operators List of B-29 Superfortress operators B-24 Liberator units of the United States Army Air Forces References Notes Explanatory notes ^ Aircraft is McDonnell Douglas RF-4C-33-MC Phantom II, serial 67-0438. This plane was sent to the Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center on 9 September 1991. It is now on display at the East Mississippi Veteran's Memorial near Key Field. Baugher, Joe (10 April 2023). "1967 USAF Serial Numbers". Joe Baugher. Retrieved 23 June 2023. ^ Approved 6 May 1999. ^ Approved 14 October 1946. Description: On a yellow disc edged black, a stylized hawk of the second in flight toward dexter base. The 31st Reconnaissance Squadron continued to use this emblem after it replaced the 9th at Yokota Air Base, rather than its own emblem, but that use was not officially approved. ^ Aircraft is Douglas RB-66B-DL Destroyer, serial 53-0418. This plane was transferred to the Military Aircraft Storage and Disposition Center on 11 December 1969. Baugher, Joe (9 June 2023). "1953 USAF Serial Numbers". Joe Baugher. Retrieved 23 June 2023.Photo taken in 1965. Citations ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Kane, Robert B. (27 December 2010). "Factsheet 9 Space Operations Squadron (AFRC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 4 July 2018. ^ a b c Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 741–742 ^ Morton, TSG David D. (2 November 1999). "Reserve activates two new space units". 302d Airlift Wing Public Affairs (mirrored at Federation of American Scientists web page). Archived from the original on 15 October 2000. Retrieved 7 June 2019. ^ a b c d e f No byline (October 2018). "310th Space Wing: 9th Combat Operations Squadron". 310th Space Wing Public Affairs. Retrieved 7 June 2019. ^ a b c d e Maurer, Combat Units, p. 335 ^ Glantzburg, Hughes. "460th Bombardment Group (H): History of the 460th Bombardment Group". 15af.com. Retrieved 7 June 2019. ^ a b Glantzburg, Hughes. "460th Bombardment Group (H): 460th Bombardment Group Targets 1944–1945" (PDF). 15af.com. Retrieved 7 June 2019. ^ Heck, pp. 216–217 ^ Heck, p. 219 ^ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 152–153 ^ a b "9th Space Operations Squadron" (PDF). Air Force Order of Battle. 9 March 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2017. ^ Knaack, p. 419 ^ Knaack, p. 442, 452 ^ Bailey, Carl E. (10 April 2017). "Factsheet 12 Reconnaissance Squadron (ACC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 25 July 2017. ^ "9 Space Operations Squadron (AFRC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 25 February 2023. ^ Lineage through November 2010 in Kane, AFHRA Factsheet. ^ Aircraft through March 1963 in Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 741–742 ^ World Airpower Journal. (1992). US Air Force Air Power Directory. Aerospace Publishing: London, UK. ISBN 1-880588-01-3 Bibliography  This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency Heck, Frank H (1955). "Traffic Homeward Bound" (PDF). In Craven, Wesley F; Cate, James L (eds.). The Army Air Forces in World War II. Vol. VII. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. LCCN 48003657. OCLC 704158. Retrieved 17 December 2016. Knaack, Marcelle Size (1988). Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems. Vol. 2, Post-World War II Bombers 1945–1973. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-59-5. Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) . Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979. Retrieved 17 December 2016. Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) . Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556. Retrieved 17 December 2016. Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947-1977. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9. Retrieved 17 December 2016. External links 9th Space Operations Squadron Fact Sheet vte Air Force Reserve CommandAir Forces Fourth Tenth Twenty-Second Bases Dobbins Duke Field General Mitchell Grissom Homestead March Minneapolis-Saint Paul Niagara Falls Pittsburgh Westover Youngstown Command Air Reserve Personnel Center Wings/GroupsAir Refueling 434th 459th 507th 916th 939th 940th Airlift 94th 302nd 315th 433rd 439th 440th 445th 446th 512th 908th 910th 911th 914th 927th 932nd 934th Fighter 301st 414th 419th 442nd 476th 477th 482nd 944th other 307th Bomb 310th Space 349th Air Mobility 403rd 452nd Air Mobility 514th Air Mobility 655th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance 919th Special Operations 920th Rescue vte Tactical Air Command (TAC)Air Forces First Ninth Twelfth Eighteenth Nineteenth Air Divisions 20th (ADTAC) 21st (ADTAC) 23d (ADTAC) 24th (ADTAC) 25th (ADTAC) 26th (ADTAC) 28th (ADTAC) 831st 832d 833d 834th 835th 836th 837th 838th 839th 840th Named units Air Forces Panama Air Forces Iceland Air Defense, Tactical Air Command WingsTFW 1st 4th 12th 15th 20th 23d 27th 32d 33d 37th 50th 56th 312th 323d 347th 354th 355th Other 1st SOW 57th FWW 63d TAW 64th TAW 67th TRW 75th TRW 85th TFTW 317th TAW 363d TRW 405th TFTW 461st TBW 4505th ARW FormerbasesActive(MAJCOM) Altus (AETC) Brooks (AFMC) Cannon (AFSOC) Charleston (AMC) Creech (ACC) Davis–Monthan (ACC) Dover (AMC) Dyess (ACC) Eglin (AFMC) Hill (AMFC) Holloman (ACC) Hurlburt Field (AFSOC) Langley (ACC) Little Rock (AETC) Luke (AETC) MacDill (AMC) McChord (AMC) McConnell (AMC) Moody (ACC) Mountain Home (ACC) Nellis (ACC) Pope (AMC) Seymour Johnson (ACC) Shaw (ACC) Tonopah (ACC) Tyndall (AETC) Whiteman (ACC) Inactive Bergstrom Blythville Donaldson England Forbes George Howard Grenier Myrtle Beach Orlando Sewart Turner Williams Inactive,but with a military presence Bunker Hill Biggs Dow Godman Homestead Lockbourne March Otis Aircraft A-1 A-7 A-10 A-37 AC-47 AC-119 AC-130 B-26 B-57 B-66 C-7 C-47 C-82 C-119 C-123 C-130 E-3 E-8 EF-111 EC-135 F-4 F-5 F-15 F-16 F-47 F-51 F-80 F-82 F-84 F-86 F-89 F-100 F-101 F-102 F-104 F-105 F-106 F-111 F-117 H-1 H-5 H-6 H-19 H-43 H-60 H-53 KB-29 KB-50 KC-97 O-1 O-2 OH-23 OV-10 P-40 P-38 R-4 S-62 T-6 T-28 T-29 T-33 T-38 vte USAAF Fifteenth Air Force in World War IIStationsTunisia Bizerte Depienne Enfidaville Massicault Oudna Pont du Fahs Sainte Marie du Zit Soliman Italy Amendola Bari Castelltuccio Cattolica Celone Cerignola Fano Foggia Gioia del Colle Grottaglie Giulia Lesina Lucera Madna Manduria Marcianise Mondolfo Pantanella Piagiolino Pisa Rimini Salsosa San Giovanni San Pancrazio San Severo Spinazzola Sterparone Tortorella Torremaggiore Torretto Triolo Venosa Vincenzo UnitsWings 5th Bombardment 47th Bombardment 49th Bombardment 55th Bombardment 304th Bombardment 305th Fighter (P) 306th Fighter GroupsBombardment 2d Bombardment 97th Bombardment 98th Bombardment 99th Bombardment 301st Bombardment 376th Bombardment 449th Bombardment 450th Bombardment 451st Bombardment 454th Bombardment 455th Bombardment 456th Bombardment 459th Bombardment 460th Bombardment 461st Bombardment 463d Bombardment 464th Bombardment 465th Bombardment 483d Bombardment 484th Bombardment 485th Bombardment Fighter 1st Fighter 14th Fighter 31st Fighter 52d Fighter 82d Fighter 325th Fighter 332d Fighter United States Army Air Forces First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Thirteenth Fourteenth Fifteenth Twentieth vte USAAF Second Air Force in World War IIAirfields Airfields UnitsCommands II Air Support Command II Bomber Command II Fighter Command IV Air Support Command XX Bomber Command XXI Bomber Command XXII Bomber Command Wings 5th Bombardment 15th Bombardment Training 16th Bombardment Operational Training 17th Bombardment Training 18th Replacement 21st Bombardment 46th Bombardment Operational Training 58th Bombardment 73rd Bombardment 315th Bombardment 316th Bombardment GroupsBombardment 2nd Bombardment 6th Bombardment 7th Bombardment 9th Bombardment 12th Bombardment 16th Bombardment 17th Bombardment 19th Bombardment 25th Bombardment 29th Bombardment 34th Bombardment 39th Bombardment 40th Bombardment 42nd Bombardment 46th Bombardment 47th Bombardment 48th Bombardment 85th Bombardment 86th Bombardment 86th Bombardment 88th Bombardment 94th Bombardment 95th Bombardment 96th Bombardment 99th Bombardment 100th Bombardment 301st Bombardment 302nd Bombardment 303rd Bombardment 304th Bombardment 305th Bombardment 306th Bombardment 307th Bombardment 308th Bombardment 312th Bombardment 330th Bombardment 331st Bombardment 333rd Bombardment 346th Bombardment 351st Bombardment 376th Bombardment 379th Bombardment 381st Bombardment 382nd Bombardment 383rd Bombardment 384th Bombardment 385th Bombardment 388th Bombardment 390th Bombardment 393rd Bombardment 395th Bombardment 396th Bombardment 398th Bombardment 399th Bombardment 400th Bombardment 401st Bombardment 407th Bombardment 415th Bombardment 418th Bombardment 444th Bombardment 445th Bombardment 446th Bombardment 447th Bombardment 448th Bombardment 449th Bombardment 450th Bombardment 451st Bombardment 452nd Bombardment 453rd Bombardment 454th Bombardment 455th Bombardment 456th Bombardment 457th Bombardment 458th Bombardment 459th Bombardment 460th Bombardment 461st Bombardment 462nd Bombardment 464th Bombardment 467th Bombardment 468th Bombardment 469th Bombardment 470th Bombardment 471st Bombardment 472nd Bombardment 484th Bombardment 485th Bombardment 486th Bombardment 487th Bombardment 488th Bombardment 489th Bombardment 490th Bombardment 491st Bombardment 493rd Bombardment 494th Bombardment 497th Bombardment 498th Bombardment 499th Bombardment 500th Bombardment 501st Bombardment 502nd Bombardment 504th Bombardment 505th Bombardment 509th Composite Fighter 20th Fighter 54th Fighter 84th Fighter 85th Fighter 507th Fighter 508th Fighter Reconnaissance 2nd Reconnaissance 3rd Reconnaissance 4th Reconnaissance 5th Reconnaissance 6th Reconnaissance 7th Reconnaissance 8th Reconnaissance 71st Reconnaissance 77th Reconnaissance Troop Carrier 443nd Troop Carrier United States Army Air Forces First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Thirteenth Fourteenth Fifteenth Twentieth
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Air Force Reserve Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Command"},{"link_name":"Vandenberg Space Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"614th Air and Space Operations Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/614th_Air_and_Space_Operations_Center"},{"link_name":"Joint Space Operations Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Space_Operations_Center"},{"link_name":"Joint Functional Component Command for Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Functional_Component_Command_for_Space"},{"link_name":"squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Theater of Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Theater_of_Operations"},{"link_name":"strategic bombing campaign against Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II#US_bombing_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Unit Citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Unit_Citation"},{"link_name":"V-E Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-E_Day"},{"link_name":"Air Transport Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Transport_Command"},{"link_name":"reconnaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance"},{"link_name":"Douglas RB-66 Destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_RB-66_Destroyer"},{"link_name":"Cuban Missile Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis"},{"link_name":"reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_reserve_force"}],"text":"Military unitThe United States Air Force's 9th Combat Operations Squadron is an Air Force Reserve Command space operations unit located at Vandenberg Space Force Base, California. The 9th augments the 614th Air and Space Operations Center in operating the Joint Space Operations Center, performing combat operations, plans, strategy and intelligence assessments that enable the Commander, Joint Functional Component Command for Space to command and control space forces by providing worldwide space effects and theater support to combatant commanders.The squadron was first activated in 1943 as the 761st Bombardment Squadron. After training in the United States, it deployed to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, where it participated in the strategic bombing campaign against Germany, and it earned a Distinguished Unit Citation for its actions. Following V-E Day, the squadron moved to Brazil, where it became part of Air Transport Command, returning troops to the United States before it was inactivated on 26 September 1945.The squadron was redesignated the 9th Reconnaissance Squadron and reactivated in the Far East in 1946. For the next two years, it performed mapping and reconnaissance missions, until it transferred its assets to another unit and was inactivated. It was activated again in 1953 as the 9th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, and in 1956, became the first squadron to fly the Douglas RB-66 Destroyer. During the Cuban Missile Crisis, the squadron flew photographic reconnaissance missions. It deployed equipment and personnel to Southeast Asia, although it remained in the United States as a training unit until inactivating in 1971.The squadron was activated in the reserve in 1999 as the 9th Space Operations Squadron.","title":"9th Combat Operations Squadron"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"associate squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Command#Associate_Program"},{"link_name":"614th Air and Space Operations Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/614th_Air_and_Space_Operations_Center"},{"link_name":"Joint Space Operations Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Space_Operations_Center"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The 9th Combat Operations Squadron is an associate squadron to the 614th Air and Space Operations Center and augments the active duty center in day-to-day operations of the Joint Space Operations Center, a 24-hour operations center designed to provide commanders with assistance coordinating, planning, and conducting space operations.[3]","title":"Mission"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"Combined Space Operations Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_Space_Operations_Center"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-310SQ9COS-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-310SQ9COS-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-310SQ9COS-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-310SQ9COS-7"}],"text":"The squadron is composed of four divisions that provide steady-state and surge support in the Combined Space Operations Center.The Combat Operations Division is charged with the effective employment of 58 tactical units and integration of five Joint Force Space Component Command operations centers.[4]The Strategy Plans Division develops, disseminates, assesses, and refines the Space Operations Directive, Master Space Plan and Combined Space Staking Order in support of functional and geographic combatant commanders' operations. It validates space operations requirements against current and planned operations environments, analyzes space support requests to determine the optimal use of space systems to meet global needs.[4]The Operations Support Division coordinates and documents initial, certification, and continuation training. It develops \"lessons learned\" for exercise support, requirements, and unit training, and evaluates their overall effectiveness.[4]The Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Division provides supported combat commands, the intelligence community and subordinate units with current and emerging enemy space capabilities, threats to US and Allied use of space, courses of action, and predictive intelligence through a dynamic space intelligence operation of the operational environment.[4]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:460th_Bombardment_Group_B-24_Liberators_bombing.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alamogordo Army Air Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamogordo_Army_Air_Field"},{"link_name":"460th Bombardment Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/460th_Bombardment_Group"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9SOSfacts-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer460BG-8"},{"link_name":"cadre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadre_(military)"},{"link_name":"Orlando Army Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Army_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Army Air Forces School of Applied Tactics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Air_Forces_School_of_Applied_Tactics"},{"link_name":"Kearns Army Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kearns_Army_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Chatham Army Air Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_Army_Air_Field"},{"link_name":"Consolidated B-24 Liberator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_B-24_Liberator"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Theater of Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Theater_of_Operations"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9SOSfacts-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer460BG-8"},{"link_name":"squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"Spinazzola Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinazzola_Airfield"},{"link_name":"strategic bombing campaign against Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II#US_bombing_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"marshalling yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshalling_yard"},{"link_name":"Metković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metkovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-460targets-10"},{"link_name":"refineries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refineries"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer460BG-8"},{"link_name":"55th Bombardment Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55th_Bombardment_Wing"},{"link_name":"Zwolfaxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwolfaxing"},{"link_name":"flak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flak"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Unit Citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Unit_Citation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer460BG-8"},{"link_name":"air interdiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_interdiction"},{"link_name":"close air support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_air_support"},{"link_name":"Operation Dragoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dragoon"},{"link_name":"submarine pens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_pen"},{"link_name":"marshalling yards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshalling_yard"},{"link_name":"artillery batteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_batteries"},{"link_name":"lines of communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lines_of_communications"},{"link_name":"ammunition dumps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammunition_dump"},{"link_name":"Operation Grapeshot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Grapeshot"},{"link_name":"allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer460BG-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-460targets-10"},{"link_name":"V-E Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-E_Day"},{"link_name":"South Atlantic Division, Air Transport Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Atlantic_Division,_Air_Transport_Command"},{"link_name":"Parnamirim Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parnamirim_Field"},{"link_name":"Natal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natal,_Rio_Grande_do_Norte"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9SOSfacts-3"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"460th Bombardment Group B-24 Liberators bombingThe squadron was first activated as the 761st Bombardment Squadron at Alamogordo Army Air Field, New Mexico on 1 July 1943 as one of the four original squadrons of the 460th Bombardment Group.[1][5] A cadre of the unit's air echelon went to Orlando Army Air Base, Florida for specialized training with the Army Air Forces School of Applied Tactics. In August, the unit was filled out with ground personnel at Kearns Army Air Base, Utah, then moved to Chatham Army Air Field, Georgia to complete its training with Consolidated B-24 Liberator heavy bombers.[6] Upon completing training, the squadron departed for the Mediterranean Theater of Operations in January 1944.[1][5]The squadron completed its deployment to Spinazzola Airfield, Italy by the middle of February 1944, and entered the strategic bombing campaign against Germany the following month, with an attack on a marshalling yard and docks at Metković, Yugoslavia.[7] It attacked oil refineries and storage facilities, railroads, industrial areas, including aircraft manufacturing plants in Austria, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Romania and Yugoslavia.[5]On 26 July 1944, the squadron was part of a 460th Group formation that led the 55th Bombardment Wing on an attack against an airfield and aircraft manufacturing plant at Zwolfaxing, Austria. It attacked the target through heavy enemy flak and adverse weather, for which it was awarded a Distinguished Unit Citation.[5]The squadron was occasionally diverted from the strategic bombing mission to perform air interdiction and close air support missions. In August 1944, it supported Operation Dragoon, the invasion of southern France by attacking submarine pens, marshalling yards and artillery batteries in the area of the amphibious landings. It struck lines of communications, railroads, ammunition dumps and other targets in connection with Operation Grapeshot, the allied offensive in Northern Italy.[5] The squadron flew its last mission against a target in northern Italy on 26 April 1945.[7]After V-E Day, the 460th Group and its squadrons were transferred to the South Atlantic Division, Air Transport Command, moving to Parnamirim Field, near Natal, Brazil to participate in the Green Project. Green Project was aimed at transporting 50,000 military personnel a month from the European and Mediterranean Theaters back to the United States, with priority for those that plans called for redeploying to the Pacific.[8] The squadron's combat veterans proved none too happy with this assignment,[9] but continued supporting the project until inactivating on 26 September 1945.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"314th Composite Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/314th_Composite_Wing"},{"link_name":"Fifth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Johnson Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Yokota Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokota_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer761BS-5"},{"link_name":"Bell P-39 Airacobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_P-39_Airacobra"},{"link_name":"Boeing F-13 Superfortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_F-13_Superfortress"},{"link_name":"Far East Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_East_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"31st Reconnaissance Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31st_Test_and_Evaluation_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer761BS-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Shaw Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaw_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"363d Tactical Reconnaissance Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/363d_Tactical_Reconnaissance_Group"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9SOSfacts-3"},{"link_name":"Douglas RB-26 Invader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_RB-26_Invader"},{"link_name":"North American B-25 Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"electronic warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_warfare"},{"link_name":"AN/APR-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AN/APR-4&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"AN/APA-17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AN/APA-17&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"AN/APT-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AN/APT-1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFOOB9SOS-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RB-66B_Destroyer_of_363rd_TRW_at_Ta_Son_Nhut_in_1965.jpg"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Douglas RB-66B Destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_RB-66B_Destroyer"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Lockheed RT-33A Shooting Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_RT-33A_Shooting_Star"},{"link_name":"weather reconnaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_reconnaissance"},{"link_name":"Tactical Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"363d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/363d_Tactical_Reconnaissance_Wing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9SOSfacts-3"},{"link_name":"Clark Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFOOB9SOS-14"},{"link_name":"Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Cuban Missile Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9SOSfacts-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9SOSfacts-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bergstrom Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergstrom_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"75th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/75th_Tactical_Reconnaissance_Wing"},{"link_name":"McDonnell RF-4 Phantom IIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_RF-4_Phantom_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9SOSfacts-3"},{"link_name":"12th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Tactical_Reconnaissance_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Reconnaissance","text":"In 1946, the 761st was redesignated the 9th Reconnaissance Squadron and assigned to the 314th Composite Wing, of Fifth Air Force, at Johnson Air Base and then Yokota Air Base, Japan.[2] 9th airmen flew the Bell P-39 Airacobra, as well as the Consolidated F-7 Liberator, Boeing F-9 Flying Fortress, and Boeing F-13 Superfortress bombers retrofitted to perform photographic reconnaissance performing mapping missions over occupied Japan, Korea, Okinawa, Indochina, and other areas under Far East Air Forces' control after World War II. The squadron also flew classified missions over the Soviet Far East.The squadron was inactivated in October 1947 and its personnel, equipment and mission were transferred to the 31st Reconnaissance Squadron.[2][10] The squadron was reactivated at Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina on 11 November 1953, as the 9th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, and was assigned to the 363d Tactical Reconnaissance Group.[1] The squadron's initial equipment was the Douglas RB-26 Invader, plus one North American B-25 Mitchell. These aircraft had been modified with special electronic warfare equipment, including AN/APR-4 and AN/APR-9 radar receivers, and AN/APA-17 direction finders. Some were also fitted with AN/APT-1 jammers and chaff dispensers. Although the unit's wartime role was to fly ferret and stand-off jamming missions, the main task assigned to it was to provide jamming training for ground radar operators.[11]363d Wing RB-66B Destroyer at Tan Son Nhut Airport[d]In January 1956, the squadron was the first in the Air Force to receive jet powered Douglas RB-66B Destroyers, which added weather sampling capability.[12] The unit later flew other upgraded models of the plane (RB-66C and WB-66D).[13] The arrival of the B-66s enabled the squadron to retire its RB-26s as well as the Lockheed RT-33A Shooting Stars it had begun using for weather reconnaissance. When Tactical Air Command adopted the dual deputy organization, it inactivated the squadron's parent 363d Reconnaissance Group, and assigned the squadron directly to the 363d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing.[1] In 1961, three of the squadron's WB-66s deployed to Clark Air Base in Operation Long Pass, a joint deployment exercise in the Philippines.[11]In 1962, 9th had a Navy squadron commander, Commander Chester E. Kingsbury,[citation needed] and flew classified film missions supporting the Cuban Missile Crisis starting in October 1962.[1] Between 1963 and 1966, the 9th routinely deployed aircraft and crews to Southeast Asia[1] and served as an Air Force training squadron for the upgraded B-66 Destroyer.[citation needed]In 1969, the 9th moved to Bergstrom Air Force Base, Texas, where it became part of the 75th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing and flew McDonnell RF-4 Phantom IIs. On 31 August 1971, the squadron inactivated.[1] The squadron's aircraft and personnel were transferred to the 12th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, which moved to Bergstrom on paper from Vietnam as USAF forces in Southeast Asia were reduced.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"14th Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Vandenberg Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Fourteenth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"individual mobilization augmentees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Individual_mobilization_augmentee&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_reserve_force"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"614th Space Operations Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/614th_Space_Operations_Squadron"},{"link_name":"United States Space Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Space_Command"},{"link_name":"United States Strategic Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Strategic_Command"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"614th Space Intelligence Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/614th_Space_Intelligence_Squadron"},{"link_name":"1st Space Control Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Space_Control_Squadron"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-310SQ9COS-7"},{"link_name":"Combined Space Operations Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_Space_Operations_Center"}],"sub_title":"Reserve space operations","text":"Since the early 1990s, the space command and control mission evolved rapidly. In 1994, 14th Air Force was activated at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California and became responsible for space operations. Between 1994 and 1998, United States Air Force reservists supported Fourteenth Air Force on various man-day tours, primarily as individual mobilization augmentees. In 1999, Captain Patrick Assayag led a team to discuss the possibility of activating a reserve squadron to support the 614th Space Operations Flight.On 1 October 1999, the 9th Space Operations Squadron was activated as a reserve squadron[15] with 37 billets and the responsibility of supporting the newly redesignated 614th Space Operations Squadron to build the weekly Space Tasking Order. Many reservists supporting Fourteenth Air Force were then reassigned to the 9th Squadron. At the unit activation ceremony, Major General Robert Hinson, commander of Fourteenth Air Force, stated \"our ability to maintain our nation's superiority in space is dependent upon the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve as critical contributors to part of a cohesive Total Force.\"In 2002, the space mission transferred from United States Space Command to United States Strategic Command, as Space Command inactivated. Then in 2003, Strategic Command's Joint Force Component Command was developed, and the Joint Space Operations Center was activated under the command's Space and Global Strike.[citation needed]In 2005, as the Fiscal Year 2008 Program Objective Memorandum was drafted, Air Force Space Command increased the squadron's manpower authorization from 37 to 126 billets, ensuring additional support to the 614th and the new 614th Space Intelligence Squadron. Also that year, the 1st Space Control Squadron moved to Vandenberg to become part of the 614th Space Operations Squadron. The 1st and 614th Space Operations Squadron combined to form the 614th Air and Space Operations Center in 2007.In 2010, the command structure of the 9th was adjusted to bring it more in line with the host 614 AOC's O-6 led command and division chief structure.[clarification needed what does this mean?]The 9th was redesignated the 9th Combat Operations Squadron in a ceremony held on 3 June 2017[4] to follow the name standard of other reserve units associated with Air Operations Centers throughout the Air Force. Today, the 9th is a unit of over 100 space, intelligence and communications professionals, expanding the role of support of the 614th and the Combined Space Operations Center.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9SOSfacts2-20"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-310SQ9COS-7"}],"text":"Constituted as the 761st Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 19 May 1943Activated on 1 Jul 1943\nRedesignated 761st Bombardment Squadron, Heavy on 29 September 1944\nInactivated on 26 September 1945Redesignated 9th Reconnaissance Squadron, Very Long Range, Photographic on 29 April 1946Activated on 20 June 1946\nInactivated on 20 October 1947Redesignated 9th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, Electronics and Weather on 21 July 1953Activated on 11 November 1953Redesignated 9th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, Photo-Jet on 15 May 1965\nRedesignated 9th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron on 1 October 1966Inactivated on 31 August 1971Redesignated 9th Space Operations Squadron on 5 February 1999Activated in the reserve on 1 October 1999[16]Redesignated 9th Combat Operations Squadron c. 3 June 2017[4]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"3d Bombardment Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3d_Bombardment_Group"},{"link_name":"71st Reconnaissance Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/71st_Reconnaissance_Group"},{"link_name":"67th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/67th_Tactical_Reconnaissance_Wing"},{"link_name":"310th Space Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/310th_Space_Group"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9SOSfacts-3"}],"sub_title":"Assignments","text":"460th Bombardment Group, 1 July 1943 – 26 September 1945\n314th Composite Wing, 20 June 1946 – 20 October 1947 (attached to 3d Bombardment Group c. 25 Sep 1946; 71st Reconnaissance Group, 22 April 1947; 3d Bombardment Group after 7 May 1947)\n363d Tactical Reconnaissance Group, 11 November 1953\n363d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, 8 February 1958\n4402d Tactical Training Group, 1 July 1966\n363 Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, 1 February 1967\n75th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, 1 September 1969\n67th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, 15 July–31 August 1971\n310th Space Group, 1 October 1999\n310th Operations Group, 7 March 2008 – present[1]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waller Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waller_Field"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9SOSfacts-3"}],"sub_title":"Stations","text":"Alamogordo Army Air Field, New Mexico, 1 July 1943\nKearns Army Air Base, Utah, 31 August 1943\nChatham Army Air Field, Georgia, 29 October 1943 – 3 January 1944\nSpinazzola Airfield, Italy, c. 11 February 1944 – 6 June 1945\nWaller Field, Trinidad, 15 June 1945\nParnamirim Airport, Brazil, 30 June 1945 – 26 September 1945\nJohnson Air Base, Japan, 20 June 1946\nYokota Air Base, Japan, c. September 1946 – 20 October 1947\nShaw Air Force Base, South Carolina, 11 Nov 1953\nBergstrom Air Force Base, Texas, 1 Sep 1969 – 31 Aug 1971\nVandenberg Space Force Base, California, 1 Oct 1999 – present[1]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beechcraft F-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft_Model_18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurer761BS2-21"},{"link_name":"Air Operations Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Operations_Center"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Systems operated","text":"Consolidated B-24 Liberator, 1943–1945\nBell P-39 Airacobra, 1946–1947\nConsolidated F-7 Liberator, 1946–1947\nBeechcraft F-2, 1946–1947\nBoeing F-9 (later FB-17) Flying_Fortress, 1946–1947\nBoeing F-13 Superfortress, 1947\nDouglas RB-26 Invader, 1954–1956\nLockheed RT-33A Shooting Star, 1955–1956\nLockheed WT-33 Shooting Star, 1956\nNorth American TB-25 Mitchell, 1956\nDouglas RB-66 Destroyer, 1956–1966\nDouglas WB-66 Destroyer, 1957–1966[17]\nMcDonnell Douglas RF-4 Phantom II, 1965–1967, 1969–1971\nFunctional (non-Falconer) Air Operations Center, 2000–Present[18]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Awards and campaigns","title":"Lineage"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Air_Force_Reserve_Command.png/60px-Air_Force_Reserve_Command.png"},{"image_text":"460th Bombardment Group B-24 Liberators bombing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/460th_Bombardment_Group_B-24_Liberators_bombing.jpg/220px-460th_Bombardment_Group_B-24_Liberators_bombing.jpg"},{"image_text":"363d Wing RB-66B Destroyer at Tan Son Nhut Airport[d]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/RB-66B_Destroyer_of_363rd_TRW_at_Ta_Son_Nhut_in_1965.jpg/220px-RB-66B_Destroyer_of_363rd_TRW_at_Ta_Son_Nhut_in_1965.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of United States Air Force reconnaissance squadrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Air_Force_reconnaissance_squadrons"},{"title":"List of F-4 Phantom II operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_F-4_Phantom_II_operators"},{"title":"List of A-26 Invader operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_A-26_Invader_operators"},{"title":"List of B-29 Superfortress operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_B-29_Superfortress_operators"},{"title":"B-24 Liberator units of the United States Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-24_Liberator_units_of_the_United_States_Army_Air_Forces"}]
[{"reference":"Baugher, Joe (10 April 2023). \"1967 USAF Serial Numbers\". Joe Baugher. Retrieved 23 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_serials/1967.html","url_text":"\"1967 USAF Serial Numbers\""}]},{"reference":"Baugher, Joe (9 June 2023). \"1953 USAF Serial Numbers\". Joe Baugher. Retrieved 23 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_serials/1953.html","url_text":"\"1953 USAF Serial Numbers\""}]},{"reference":"Kane, Robert B. (27 December 2010). \"Factsheet 9 Space Operations Squadron (AFRC)\". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 4 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/432493/9-space-operations-squadron-afrc/","url_text":"\"Factsheet 9 Space Operations Squadron (AFRC)\""}]},{"reference":"Morton, TSG David D. (2 November 1999). \"Reserve activates two new space units\". 302d Airlift Wing Public Affairs (mirrored at Federation of American Scientists web page). Archived from the original on 15 October 2000. Retrieved 7 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20001015202823/http://www.fas.org/news/usa/1999/11/n19991102_992018.htm","url_text":"\"Reserve activates two new space units\""},{"url":"http://www.fas.org/news/usa/1999/11/n19991102_992018.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"No byline (October 2018). \"310th Space Wing: 9th Combat Operations Squadron\". 310th Space Wing Public Affairs. Retrieved 7 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.310sw.afrc.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/453654/9th-space-operations-squadron/","url_text":"\"310th Space Wing: 9th Combat Operations Squadron\""}]},{"reference":"Glantzburg, Hughes. \"460th Bombardment Group (H): History of the 460th Bombardment Group\". 15af.com. Retrieved 7 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.15thaf.org/55th_BW/460th_BG/History/History.html","url_text":"\"460th Bombardment Group (H): History of the 460th Bombardment Group\""}]},{"reference":"Glantzburg, Hughes. \"460th Bombardment Group (H): 460th Bombardment Group Targets 1944–1945\" (PDF). 15af.com. Retrieved 7 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.15thaf.org/55th_BW/460th_BG/PDFs/460th%20Bomb%20Group%20Mission%20List.pdf","url_text":"\"460th Bombardment Group (H): 460th Bombardment Group Targets 1944–1945\""}]},{"reference":"\"9th Space Operations Squadron\" (PDF). Air Force Order of Battle. 9 March 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://usafunithistory.com/PDF/5-9/9%20SPACE%20OPERATIONS%20SQ.pdf","url_text":"\"9th Space Operations Squadron\""}]},{"reference":"Bailey, Carl E. (10 April 2017). \"Factsheet 12 Reconnaissance Squadron (ACC)\". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 25 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/432070/12-reconnaissance-squadron-acc/","url_text":"\"Factsheet 12 Reconnaissance Squadron (ACC)\""}]},{"reference":"\"9 Space Operations Squadron (AFRC)\". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 25 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/432493/9-space-operations-squadron-afrc/http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afhra.af.mil%2FAbout-Us%2FFact-Sheets%2FDisplay%2FArticle%2F432493%2F9-space-operations-squadron-afrc%2F","url_text":"\"9 Space Operations Squadron (AFRC)\""}]},{"reference":"Heck, Frank H (1955). \"Traffic Homeward Bound\" (PDF). In Craven, Wesley F; Cate, James L (eds.). The Army Air Forces in World War II. Vol. VII. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. LCCN 48003657. OCLC 704158. Retrieved 17 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.defense.gov/2010/Nov/05/2001329892/-1/-1/0/AFD-101105-020.pdf#page=265","url_text":"\"Traffic Homeward Bound\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/48003657","url_text":"48003657"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/704158","url_text":"704158"}]},{"reference":"Knaack, Marcelle Size (1988). Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems. Vol. 2, Post-World War II Bombers 1945–1973. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-59-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912799-59-5","url_text":"0-912799-59-5"}]},{"reference":"Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979. Retrieved 17 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/21/2001330256/-1/-1/0/AFD-100921-044.pdf","url_text":"Air Force Combat Units of World War II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912799-02-1","url_text":"0-912799-02-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/61060979","url_text":"61060979"}]},{"reference":"Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556. Retrieved 17 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.defense.gov/2010/Dec/02/2001329899/-1/-1/0/AFD-101202-002.pdf","url_text":"Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-405-12194-6","url_text":"0-405-12194-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/70605402","url_text":"70605402"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/72556","url_text":"72556"}]},{"reference":"Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947-1977. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9. Retrieved 17 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/airforcecombatwi0000rave","url_text":"Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947-1977"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912799-12-9","url_text":"0-912799-12-9"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoneuroendocrinology
Psychoneuroendocrinology
["1 Disorders","1.1 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder","1.2 Postpartum Depression (PPD)","1.3 Postpartum Psychosis","2 References","3 External links"]
For the scientific journal, see Psychoneuroendocrinology (journal). This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article's factual accuracy is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article may lend undue weight to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. Please help improve it by rewriting it in a balanced fashion that contextualizes different points of view. (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Psychoneuroendocrinology is the clinical study of hormone fluctuations and their relationship to human behavior. It may be viewed from the perspective of psychiatry, where in certain mood disorders, there are associated neuroendocrine or hormonal changes affecting the brain. It may also be viewed from the perspective of endocrinology, where certain endocrine disorders can be associated with negative health outcomes and psychiatric illness. Brain dysfunctions associated with the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis HPA axis can affect the endocrine system, which in turn can result in physiological and psychological symptoms. This complex blend of psychiatry, psychology, neurology, biochemistry, and endocrinology is needed to comprehensively understand and treat symptoms related to the brain, endocrine system (hormones), and psychological health. (see neurobiological brain disorder). Disorders Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder Premenstrual syndrome is a mood disorder which occurs recurrently in the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and remits within the first day or two after the onset of menstruation. Symptoms include depression, irritability, anxiety, insomnia, bloating, breast tenderness, cramping, and headaches. About 5-9% of women of child-bearing age meet the DSM-IV criteria for PMDD. In some women, end-of-cycle worsening actually represents "menstrual magnification" of an underlying mood disorder. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder can be treated cyclically with hormonal oral contraceptives, or with antidepressants, which may be used continuously or only during the late luteal phase. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SSRIs, have been found to be effective in the treatment of PMDD. Physical symptoms can be affected by the intake of caffeine, salt, alcohol, and nicotine, so the use of these substances should be monitored and potentially decreased. Sleep hygiene measures, exercise, relaxation therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy are all potentially effective non-medication strategies for milder symptoms. Postpartum Depression (PPD) Postpartum psychiatric disorders typically divided into three categories: (1) postpartum blues (2) postpartum depression and (3) postpartum psychosis. It may be useful to conceptualize these disorders as existing along a continuum, where postpartum blues is the mildest and postpartum psychosis the most severe form of postpartum psychiatric illness. Up to 85% of women experience postpartum blues during the first two weeks after delivery. Symptoms include tearfulness, mood lability, irritability, and anxiety. These symptoms typically peak between postpartum days 5–7, and remit spontaneously within two weeks postpartum, so active treatment is not required. Postpartum depression refers to a major depressive episode occurring following childbirth. While women can become depressed at different points in time following childbirth, the "postpartum-onset" specifier in the DSM-IV-TR is applied for depression with onset in the first four weeks post-partum. The risk of postpartum depression is increased by depression during pregnancy, or a history of postpartum depression. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale is a 10-item questionnaire that may be used to identify women who have PPD. On this scale, a score of 12 or greater or an affirmative answer on question 10 (presence of suicidal thoughts) raise concern and indicate a need for more thorough evaluation. Treatment of postpartum depression can include individual or group psychotherapy, medication, and supportive interventions. A combination of individual psychotherapy (particularly cognitive therapy) and medication has been shown to be effective. There are no standard guidelines regarding medication therapy. The potential risk of infant exposure to small amounts of antidepressants in breast milk is unclear, so in each individual woman the risk of not taking antidepressants must be balanced against the risk of either not breastfeeding or potentially exposing the infant with continued breastfeeding. There is some reassuring data on the safety of SSRI antidepressants, and infants nursed by mothers taking SSRIS typically receive low levels of medication exposure. Postpartum Psychosis Postpartum psychosis is the most severe form of postpartum psychiatric illness. It is a rare event that occurs in approximately 1 to 2 per 1000 women after childbirth. Its presentation is often dramatic, with onset of symptoms as early as the first 48 to 72 hours after delivery. The majority of women with puerperal psychosis develop symptoms within the first two postpartum weeks. Symptoms include mood lability, agitation, confusion, thought disorganization, hallucinations, and disturbed sleep. The risk of developing postpartum psychosis is increased by a history of bipolar disorder, previous episodes of postpartum psychosis, a family history of bipolar disorder, and the current pregnancy being a woman's first. Consequences of postpartum psychosis can be significant, including suicide, infant neglect, and infanticide, so women with this condition are generally hospitalized. Acute treatment includes the use of a mood stabilizer, and antipsychotic, and if necessary a benzodiazepine for agitation. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Hales E and Yudofsky JA, eds, The American Psychiatric Press Textbook of Psychiatry, Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., 2003 ^ a b c Stahl SM, Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical applications, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008 ^ a b c d O'Hara MW ed, Postpartum Depression: Causes and Consequences, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1995 ^ American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revision). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association. ISBN 978-0890420256. ^ "Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 26, 2007. ^ Burt VK, Suri R, Altshuler L, et al. (2001). "The Use of Psychotropic Medications During Breast-Feeding". American Journal of Psychiatry. 158 (7): 1001–1009. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.7.1001. PMID 11431219. ^ "Postpartum Specific Anxiety Scale: A New Instrument for Assessing Postpartum Anxiety". MGH Center for Women's Mental Health. February 14, 2017. Archived from the original on October 10, 2006. ^ Rohde A, Marneros A (1993). "Postpartum Psychoses: Onset and Long-Term Course". Psychopathology. 26 (3–4): 203–209. doi:10.1159/000284823. PMID 8234636. External links Storch M, Gaab J, Küttel Y, Stüssi AC, Fend H (Jul 2007). "Psychoneuroendocrine effects of resource-activating stress management training". Health Psychol. 26 (4): 456–63. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.26.4.456. PMID 17605565. Authority control databases: National Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Psychoneuroendocrinology (journal)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoneuroendocrinology_(journal)"},{"link_name":"hormone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone"},{"link_name":"human behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_behavior"},{"link_name":"psychiatry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatry"},{"link_name":"mood disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_disorder"},{"link_name":"neuroendocrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroendocrine"},{"link_name":"endocrinology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrinology"},{"link_name":"endocrine disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_disorder"},{"link_name":"psychiatric illness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_illness"},{"link_name":"HPA axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPA_axis"},{"link_name":"neurobiological brain disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurobiological_brain_disorder"}],"text":"For the scientific journal, see Psychoneuroendocrinology (journal).Psychoneuroendocrinology is the clinical study of hormone fluctuations and their relationship to human behavior. It may be viewed from the perspective of psychiatry, where in certain mood disorders, there are associated neuroendocrine or hormonal changes affecting the brain. It may also be viewed from the perspective of endocrinology, where certain endocrine disorders can be associated with negative health outcomes and psychiatric illness. Brain dysfunctions associated with the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis HPA axis can affect the endocrine system, which in turn can result in physiological and psychological symptoms. This complex blend of psychiatry, psychology, neurology, biochemistry, and endocrinology is needed to comprehensively understand and treat symptoms related to the brain, endocrine system (hormones), and psychological health. (see neurobiological brain disorder).","title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Disorders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Premenstrual syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premenstrual_syndrome"},{"link_name":"luteal phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteal_phase"},{"link_name":"menstrual cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrual_cycle"},{"link_name":"menstruation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APP_textbook-1"},{"link_name":"depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(mood)"},{"link_name":"irritability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritability"},{"link_name":"anxiety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety"},{"link_name":"insomnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomnia"},{"link_name":"bloating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloating"},{"link_name":"breast tenderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_tenderness"},{"link_name":"cramping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cramping"},{"link_name":"headaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headaches"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APP_textbook-1"},{"link_name":"DSM-IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-IV"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APP_textbook-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stahl-2"},{"link_name":"Premenstrual dysphoric disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premenstrual_dysphoric_disorder"},{"link_name":"oral contraceptives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_contraceptive"},{"link_name":"antidepressants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressants"},{"link_name":"luteal phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteal_phase"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stahl-2"},{"link_name":"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APP_textbook-1"},{"link_name":"caffeine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine"},{"link_name":"salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt"},{"link_name":"alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)"},{"link_name":"nicotine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APP_textbook-1"},{"link_name":"Sleep hygiene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_hygiene"},{"link_name":"exercise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise"},{"link_name":"relaxation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxation_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"cognitive behavioral therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APP_textbook-1"}],"sub_title":"Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder","text":"Premenstrual syndrome is a mood disorder which occurs recurrently in the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and remits within the first day or two after the onset of menstruation.[1] Symptoms include depression, irritability, anxiety, insomnia, bloating, breast tenderness, cramping, and headaches.[1] About 5-9% of women of child-bearing age meet the DSM-IV criteria for PMDD.[1] In some women, end-of-cycle worsening actually represents \"menstrual magnification\" of an underlying mood disorder.[2]Premenstrual dysphoric disorder can be treated cyclically with hormonal oral contraceptives, or with antidepressants, which may be used continuously or only during the late luteal phase.[2] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SSRIs, have been found to be effective in the treatment of PMDD.[1] Physical symptoms can be affected by the intake of caffeine, salt, alcohol, and nicotine, so the use of these substances should be monitored and potentially decreased.[1] Sleep hygiene measures, exercise, relaxation therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy are all potentially effective non-medication strategies for milder symptoms.[1]","title":"Disorders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"postpartum blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_blues"},{"link_name":"postpartum depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_depression"},{"link_name":"postpartum psychosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_psychosis"},{"link_name":"postpartum blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_blues"},{"link_name":"postpartum psychosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_psychosis"},{"link_name":"postpartum blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_blues"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Hara-3"},{"link_name":"lability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lability"},{"link_name":"irritability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritability"},{"link_name":"anxiety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety"},{"link_name":"remit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remission_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APP_textbook-1"},{"link_name":"Postpartum depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_depression"},{"link_name":"major depressive episode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_episode"},{"link_name":"DSM-IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-IV"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DSM-IV-4"},{"link_name":"postpartum depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_depression"},{"link_name":"postpartum depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_depression"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Hara-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"postpartum depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_depression"},{"link_name":"psychotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotherapy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APP_textbook-1"},{"link_name":"psychotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotherapy"},{"link_name":"cognitive therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_therapy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APP_textbook-1"},{"link_name":"antidepressants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressants"},{"link_name":"breast milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_milk"},{"link_name":"antidepressants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressants"},{"link_name":"breastfeeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breastfeeding"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stahl-2"},{"link_name":"SSRI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRI"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Postpartum Depression (PPD)","text":"Postpartum psychiatric disorders typically divided into three categories: (1) postpartum blues (2) postpartum depression and (3) postpartum psychosis. It may be useful to conceptualize these disorders as existing along a continuum, where postpartum blues is the mildest and postpartum psychosis the most severe form of postpartum psychiatric illness.Up to 85% of women experience postpartum blues during the first two weeks after delivery.[3] Symptoms include tearfulness, mood lability, irritability, and anxiety. These symptoms typically peak between postpartum days 5–7, and remit spontaneously within two weeks postpartum, so active treatment is not required.[1]Postpartum depression refers to a major depressive episode occurring following childbirth. While women can become depressed at different points in time following childbirth, the \"postpartum-onset\" specifier in the DSM-IV-TR is applied for depression with onset in the first four weeks post-partum.[4] The risk of postpartum depression is increased by depression during pregnancy, or a history of postpartum depression.[3] The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale[5] is a 10-item questionnaire that may be used to identify women who have PPD. On this scale, a score of 12 or greater or an affirmative answer on question 10 (presence of suicidal thoughts) raise concern and indicate a need for more thorough evaluation.Treatment of postpartum depression can include individual or group psychotherapy, medication, and supportive interventions.[1] A combination of individual psychotherapy (particularly cognitive therapy) and medication has been shown to be effective.[1] There are no standard guidelines regarding medication therapy. The potential risk of infant exposure to small amounts of antidepressants in breast milk is unclear, so in each individual woman the risk of not taking antidepressants must be balanced against the risk of either not breastfeeding or potentially exposing the infant with continued breastfeeding.[2] There is some reassuring data on the safety of SSRI antidepressants, and infants nursed by mothers taking SSRIS typically receive low levels of medication exposure.[6]","title":"Disorders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Postpartum psychosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_psychosis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Hara-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"lability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lability"},{"link_name":"agitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation"},{"link_name":"confusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confusion"},{"link_name":"hallucinations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucinations"},{"link_name":"postpartum psychosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_psychosis"},{"link_name":"bipolar disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_disorder"},{"link_name":"postpartum psychosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_psychosis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APP_textbook-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Hara-3"},{"link_name":"suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide"},{"link_name":"neglect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neglect"},{"link_name":"infanticide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanticide"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APP_textbook-1"},{"link_name":"mood stabilizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_stabilizer"},{"link_name":"antipsychotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic"},{"link_name":"benzodiazepine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine"},{"link_name":"agitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APP_textbook-1"}],"sub_title":"Postpartum Psychosis","text":"Postpartum psychosis is the most severe form of postpartum psychiatric illness. It is a rare event that occurs in approximately 1 to 2 per 1000 women after childbirth.[3] Its presentation is often dramatic, with onset of symptoms as early as the first 48 to 72 hours after delivery. The majority of women with puerperal psychosis develop symptoms within the first two postpartum weeks.\n[7]Symptoms include mood lability, agitation, confusion, thought disorganization, hallucinations, and disturbed sleep. The risk of developing postpartum psychosis is increased by a history of bipolar disorder, previous episodes of postpartum psychosis, a family history of bipolar disorder, and the current pregnancy being a woman's first.[1][3] Consequences of postpartum psychosis can be significant, including suicide, infant neglect, and infanticide,[8] so women with this condition are generally hospitalized.[1] Acute treatment includes the use of a mood stabilizer, and antipsychotic, and if necessary a benzodiazepine for agitation.[1]","title":"Disorders"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2.95_inch_QF_Mountain_gun
QF 2.95-inch mountain gun
["1 Service history","1.1 British service","1.2 US service","2 Ammunition","2.1 British ammunition","2.2 US ammunition","3 Gallery","4 See also","5 Surviving examples","6 Notes and references","7 Bibliography","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
Mountain gun QF 2.95-inch mountain gun British QF 2.95-inch mountain gun, Cameroons and Togoland campaign, WWITypeMountain gunPlace of originUnited KingdomService historyIn service1897 – World War IIUsed byBritish EmpireUnited States • PhilippinesWarsWorld War I, World War IIProduction historyManufacturerVickersSpecificationsMass236 lb (107 kg) gun830 lb (380 kg) totalBarrel length31.6 in (800 mm) bore;35.85 in (0.911 m) totalWidth32 in (810 mm)Height26 in (660 mm), barrel axis36 inches, wheelShellFixed QF round.12.5 lb Common shell;18 lb Double common shell;12.5 lb ShrapnelCalibre75 mm (2.95 in)Recoil14 in (360 mm); short recoil hydro-springCarriageWheeled, box trail, assemblyElevation-10° - 27°Traverse0°Rate of fire14 rounds per minuteMuzzle velocity920 ft/s (280 m/s)Maximum firing range4,825 yd (4,412 m) The QF 2.95-inch mountain gun was the designation given by the British to a Vickers 75 mm calibre gun. It was originally produced for the Egyptian Army. It was taken into British service in the late 19th century to provide the 'movable armament' at some coaling stations. Also known as "The Millimetre Gun", it was used by the West African Frontier Force in several theatres in Africa during World War I. It was also used by the United States and the Commonwealth of the Philippines. Service history The weapon could be broken down and carried by 4 horses or mules, or in British use in Africa by men. According to the U.S. patent 742973A, the separable gun-carriage was designed by Trevor Dawson and George Thomas Buckham. British service The weapon was not adopted by the British Army or the Indian Army, which used the BL 10 pounder Mountain Gun and later the BL 2.75-inch Mountain Gun, but it was used from 1900 by the defence forces of some British African colonies as part of the Royal West African Frontier Force (WAFF). The officers and most NCOs were British, and the gunners, gun carriers and some NCOs were African. As part of the British Empire these units became part of the British war effort in World War I. Thirty guns were originally supplied to West Africa (Sierra Leone, Gold Coast and Nigeria). Guns involved in the West Africa campaign were used by the Sierra Leone Company Royal Garrison Artillery (6 guns), Gold Coast Battery WAFF (6 guns), 1st and 2nd Nigerian Battery WAFF (6 guns each). The guns seem to have been fielded in small numbers as stockade breakers during the War of the Golden Stool, as The Ashanti Campaign of 1900 mentions their presence and details their correct tactical usage as follows: "Vickers, Sons, & Maxim's 75-millimetre mountain gun will breach any stockade in from three to six rounds; it is therefore most essential for this gun to be kept well up in front, and as soon as the scouts have located a frontal stockade, the gun should be mounted, run up to the front, and take up a position where either the top or bottom of the stockade can be seen. While fire is being opened with the gun, a company should be deployed to either flank, to a sufficient depth in the bush to outflank the ends of the stockade." Guns of the Gold Coast Battery fired the first British Empire artillery rounds of World War I, in the attack on Khra in Togoland on 22 August 1914. The gun was also used in the East Africa campaign, originally a section of the Gold Coast Battery, and from December 1916 the 1st Nigerian Battery. In one action, Corporal Awudo Kano and five Nigerian gunners stayed by their gun during the British attack near Melong in Kamerun, 4 March 1915. Their officer was wounded and the infantry forced to retire, but though isolated they refused to abandon the officer or their guns, and continued firing until relieved. US service The US purchased 12 guns in 1899 and used them in the Philippine–American War (otherwise known as the Philippine Insurrection). By 30 June 1904 another 120 guns were purchased. Carriages and pack saddles were manufactured at Watertown and Rock Island. It was also used in World War II by US and Philippine forces defending against the Japanese invasion. Approximately 50 were issued to the Filipino Army artillery regiments. The US Army Philippine Division had one battalion of the 23rd Artillery (Philippine Scouts) equipped with the 2.95 in mountain gun. Ammunition British ammunition The British "Treatise on Ammunition" of 1915 stated that available rounds were Shrapnel (203 bullets), Case shot (330 bullets), Star shell and the Double common shell of 18 lb (exploding charge of 14 oz "P" mixture – gunpowder). British Double Common round British Shrapnel round No. 65A Fuze US ammunition According to the US manual of 1916 the 18 lb (8.2 kg) "Double explosive" shell was no longer in US use. US Cartridge case US HE shells US Shrapnel shell Gallery Front view of British example on display at US Army Ordnance Museum Side view of British example on display at US Army Ordnance Museum gun & carriage diagram transportation of gun barrel by mule in US use Illustration from Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary See also List of mountain artillery West Africa Campaign (World War I) Surviving examples At the Military Museum in Bogota, Colombia A British example is on display at US Army Ordnance Museum, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA HM Royal Armouries Fort Nelson, Fareham, Hampshire, UK At the Military Museum in Bogota, Colombia U.S. Army Artillery Museum, Fort Sill, Oklahoma, USA Notes and references ^ a b c d Hogg & Thurston 1972, page 46 ^ 14 rounds per minute is the figure given by Vickers. Quoted in Brassey's Naval Annual 1901 ^ Clarke 2004 ^ Headlam 1934, page 104 ^ Farndale 1988, page 293 ^ Farndale 1988, page 291 ^ Sir Cecil Hamilton Armitage, Arthur Forbes Montanaro (1901). The Ashanti Campaign of 1900. unknown library. Sands & Co. ^ Farndale 1988, page 290 ^ Farndale 1988, page 338-339 ^ Farndale 1988, page 299 ^ The Fall of the Philippines – U. S. Army in World War II, p. 21. ^ Stanton, Shelby L. (1991). World War II Order of Battle. New York: Galahad Books. pp. 186–187, 371. ISBN 978-0-88365-775-1. ^ Treatise on Ammunition. 10th Edition, 1915. War Office, UK. Page 415-419 ^ "Army Ordnance Museum". Ordmusfound.org. Retrieved 3 June 2014. ^ "Palmerston Forts Society the 2.95QF Mountain Gun". Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 12 July 2008. Bibliography Dale Clarke, British Artillery 1914–1919. Field Army Artillery. Osprey Publishing, Oxford UK, 2004] ISBN 978-1-84176-688-1 Major-General Sir John Headlam, The History of the Royal Artillery : From the Indian Mutiny to the Great War, Volume II (1899–1914). Woolwich  : Royal Artillery Institution, 1937. Facsimile reprint by Naval and Military Press 2004. ISBN 978-1-84574-043-6 General Sir Martin Farndale, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery : Forgotten Fronts and the Home Base 1914–18. London: Royal Artillery Institution, 1988. ISBN 978-1-870114-05-9 I.V. Hogg & L.F. Thurston, British Artillery Weapons & Ammunition 1914–1918. London: Ian Allan, 1972. ISBN 978-0-7110-0381-1 US Army Ordnance Dept, Handbook of the 2.95-inch Mountain Gun Matériel and Pack Outfit. 1912, updated 1916 Louis Morton, "The Fall of the Philippines". United States Army Center of Military History, 1953. ISBN 978-1-410216960 Further reading Morton, Louis. "Chapter XXVIII: The Southern Islands". The Fall of the Philippines. The US Army in World War II. United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 5-2. Anderson, Charles R. Philippine Islands. The US Army Campaigns World War II. United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 72-3. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to QF 2.95 inch Mountain Gun. Handbook for the 2.95inch q.f. mountain gun, mark I mule equipment. 1906 from State Library of Victoria 1908 (provisional) Drill Regulations for mountain Artillery US Army Manual provided online by University of California and www.archive.org 2.95-Inch Vickers-Maxim Mountain Gun Matériel. in https://archive.org/details/handbookofartill00unitrich" Handbook of Artillery : including mobile, anti-aircraft and trench matériel (1920)"] United States. Army. Ordnance Dept May 1920. provided online by University of California and www.archive.org Diagram, photographs, video & data at Victorian Forts and Artillery website photo of a 2.95-inch shell casing at big-ordnance.com vteBritish Empire artillery of the First World WarArmoured vehicle guns QF 3-pounder Vickers QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss QF 6-pounder 6 cwt Infantry guns 1.59-inch breech-loading Vickers Q.F. gun, Mk II Field artillery BL 12-pounder 6 cwt QF 12-pounder 8 cwt QF 12-pounder 18 cwt QF 13-pounder BL 15-pounder BLC 15-pounder QF 15-pounder QF 18-pounder QF 4-inch gun Mk III BL 4-inch gun Mk VII QF 4.5-inch howitzer Medium & heavy artillery QF 4.7-inch gun BL 5-inch howitzer BL 5.4-inch howitzer BL 60-pounder gun BLC 6-inch siege gun BL 6-inch gun Mk VII BL 6-inch gun Mk XIX BL 6-inch 26 cwt howitzer BL 6-inch 30 cwt howitzer BL 8-inch howitzer Mk I – V BL 8-inch howitzer Mk VI – VIII Siege artillery BL 7.5-inch Mk III naval gun BL 9.2-inch howitzer BL 9.2-inch Mk X naval gun BL 12-inch howitzer BL 12-inch Mk X naval gun BL 15-inch howitzer Mountain artillery RML 2.5-inch mountain gun BL 10-pounder mountain gun BL 2.75-inch mountain gun QF 2.95-inch mountain gun QF 3.7-inch mountain howitzer Mortars Garland trench mortar 3-inch Stokes mortar Vickers 1.57-inch mortar 2-inch medium mortar Newton 6-inch mortar 9.45-inch Heavy Mortar Smoke and chemical weapons 4-inch Stokes Mortar Livens Projector Livens Large Gallery Flame Projector Anti-aircraft guns QF 1-pounder pom-pom QF 2-pounder "pom-pom" Mk II 75 mm AA gun QF 12-pounder 12 cwt QF 13-pounder 6 cwt QF 13-pounder Mk IV QF 13-pounder 9 cwt QF 3-inch 20 cwt QF 18-pounder QF 4-inch Mk V Coastal artillery QF 12-pounder 12 cwt QF 4-inch naval gun Mk I – III BL 6-inch Mk VII naval gun BL 9.2-inch Mk IX – X naval gun RML 9-inch Railway guns BL 9.2-inch railway gun BL 12-inch railway gun BL 12-inch railway howitzer BL 14-inch railway gun vteUnited States artillery of World War ITank guns Puteaux SA 18 QF 6-pounder 6 cwt Hotchkiss Small and pack guns Canon d'Infanterie de 37 modèle 1916 TRP 37 mm Infantry Gun Model 1917 QF 2.95-inch mountain gun Field, medium and heavy guns 3-inch M1902 field gun 75 mm gun M1897 75 mm gun M1916 75 mm gun M1917 3.2-inch gun M1897 4.7-inch gun M1906 5-inch gun M1897 6-inch howitzer M1908 6-inch gun M1903 6-inch gun M1917 155 mm GPF M1918 155 mm howitzer M1917 BL 8-inch howitzer Mk VI – VIII BL 9.2-inch howitzer 240 mm trench mortar Anti-aircraft guns 75 mm gun M1897 75 mm gun M1916 3-inch gun M1917 3-inch gun M1918 Coast artillery guns 3-inch gun M1903 4.72-inch Armstrong gun 5-inch gun M1897 6-inch Armstrong gun 6-inch gun M1897 8-inch gun M1888 10-inch gun M1895 12-inch gun M1895 12-inch coast defense mortar 14-inch gun M1907 16-inch gun M1895 16-inch gun M1919 155 mm gun M1918MI Railway artillery 7"/45 caliber gun 8-inch gun M1888 10-inch gun M1895 12-inch coast defense mortar 12-inch gun M1895MIA1 14"/50 caliber railway gun
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vickers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Army"},{"link_name":"coaling stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaling_station"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"West African Frontier Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_African_Frontier_Force"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines"}],"text":"Mountain gunThe QF 2.95-inch mountain gun was the designation given by the British to a Vickers 75 mm calibre gun. It was originally produced for the Egyptian Army. It was taken into British service in the late 19th century to provide the 'movable armament' at some coaling stations. Also known as \"The Millimetre Gun\",[4] it was used by the West African Frontier Force in several theatres in Africa during World War I. It was also used by the United States and the Commonwealth of the Philippines.","title":"QF 2.95-inch mountain gun"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. patent 742973A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//patents.google.com/patent/US742973A"},{"link_name":"Trevor Dawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Dawson"}],"text":"The weapon could be broken down and carried by 4 horses or mules, or in British use in Africa by men. According to the U.S. patent 742973A, the separable gun-carriage was designed by Trevor Dawson and George Thomas Buckham.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Indian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Army"},{"link_name":"BL 10 pounder Mountain Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BL_10_pounder_Mountain_Gun"},{"link_name":"BL 2.75-inch Mountain Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BL_2.75-inch_Mountain_Gun"},{"link_name":"Royal West African Frontier Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_West_African_Frontier_Force"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"Gold Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"West Africa campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa_Campaign_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Royal Garrison Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Garrison_Artillery"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"War of the Golden Stool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Golden_Stool"},{"link_name":"The Ashanti Campaign of 1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//archive.org/details/ashanticampaign00montgoog/page/n308/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Togoland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togoland"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"East Africa campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Melong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melong,_Cameroon"},{"link_name":"Kamerun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"British service","text":"The weapon was not adopted by the British Army or the Indian Army, which used the BL 10 pounder Mountain Gun and later the BL 2.75-inch Mountain Gun, but it was used from 1900 by the defence forces of some British African colonies as part of the Royal West African Frontier Force (WAFF). The officers and most NCOs were British, and the gunners, gun carriers and some NCOs were African. As part of the British Empire these units became part of the British war effort in World War I.Thirty guns were originally supplied to West Africa (Sierra Leone, Gold Coast and Nigeria).[5] Guns involved in the West Africa campaign were used by the Sierra Leone Company Royal Garrison Artillery (6 guns), Gold Coast Battery WAFF (6 guns), 1st and 2nd Nigerian Battery WAFF (6 guns each).[6]The guns seem to have been fielded in small numbers as stockade breakers during the War of the Golden Stool, as The Ashanti Campaign of 1900 mentions their presence and details their correct tactical usage as follows: \"Vickers, Sons, & Maxim's 75-millimetre mountain gun will breach any stockade in from three to six rounds; it is therefore most essential for this gun to be kept well up in front, and as soon as the scouts have located a frontal stockade, the gun should be mounted, run up to the front, and take up a position where either the top or bottom of the stockade can be seen. While fire is being opened with the gun, a company should be deployed to either flank, to a sufficient depth in the bush to outflank the ends of the stockade.\"[7]Guns of the Gold Coast Battery fired the first British Empire artillery rounds of World War I, in the attack on Khra in Togoland on 22 August 1914.[8]The gun was also used in the East Africa campaign, originally a section of the Gold Coast Battery, and from December 1916 the 1st Nigerian Battery.[9]In one action, Corporal Awudo Kano and five Nigerian gunners stayed by their gun during the British attack near Melong in Kamerun, 4 March 1915. Their officer was wounded and the infantry forced to retire, but though isolated they refused to abandon the officer or their guns, and continued firing until relieved.[10]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippine–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Japanese invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hogg&Thurston1972page46-1"},{"link_name":"Philippine Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Philippine Scouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Scouts"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"US service","text":"The US purchased 12 guns in 1899 and used them in the Philippine–American War (otherwise known as the Philippine Insurrection).\nBy 30 June 1904 another 120 guns were purchased. Carriages and pack saddles were manufactured at Watertown and Rock Island.It was also used in World War II by US and Philippine forces defending against the Japanese invasion.[1] Approximately 50 were issued to the Filipino Army artillery regiments. The US Army Philippine Division had one battalion of the 23rd Artillery (Philippine Scouts) equipped with the 2.95 in mountain gun.[11][12]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ammunition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"common shell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_ordnance_terms#Common_shell"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"British ammunition","text":"The British \"Treatise on Ammunition\" of 1915 stated that available rounds were Shrapnel (203 bullets), Case shot (330 bullets), Star shell and the Double common shell of 18 lb (exploding charge of 14 oz \"P\" mixture – gunpowder).[13]","title":"Ammunition"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"US ammunition","text":"According to the US manual of 1916 the 18 lb (8.2 kg) \"Double explosive\" shell was no longer in US use.","title":"Ammunition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pack_Howitzer2.jpg"},{"link_name":"US Army Ordnance Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Army_Ordnance_Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:QF2.95inchMountainGun3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:QF2.95inchMountainGunDiagram.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:QF2.95inchMountainGunMule.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:QF_2.95_inch_Vickers-Maxim_mountain_gun.jpg"}],"text":"Front view of British example on display at US Army Ordnance Museum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSide view of British example on display at US Army Ordnance Museum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tgun & carriage diagram\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\ttransportation of gun barrel by mule in US use\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIllustration from Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1900_Vickers_with_recoil_cylinders.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bogota, Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogota,_Colombia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Royal Armouries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Armouries"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"At the Military Museum in Bogota, ColombiaA British example is on display at US Army Ordnance Museum, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA[14]\nHM Royal Armouries Fort Nelson, Fareham, Hampshire, UK[15]\nAt the Military Museum in Bogota, Colombia\nU.S. Army Artillery Museum, Fort Sill, Oklahoma, USA","title":"Surviving examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hogg&Thurston1972page46_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hogg&Thurston1972page46_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hogg&Thurston1972page46_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hogg&Thurston1972page46_1-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Brassey's Naval Annual 1901","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gwpda.org/naval/brassey/b1901o08.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Clarke_3-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"The Ashanti Campaign of 1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ashanticampaign00montgoog"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"The Fall of the Philippines – U. S. Army in World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_2.htm#p21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-88365-775-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88365-775-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Army Ordnance Museum\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ordmusfound.org/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"Palmerston Forts Society the 2.95QF Mountain Gun\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090106054152/http://www.palmerstonforts.org.uk/pav1/mountaingun.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.palmerstonforts.org.uk/pav1/mountaingun.htm"}],"text":"^ a b c d Hogg & Thurston 1972, page 46\n\n^ 14 rounds per minute is the figure given by Vickers. Quoted in Brassey's Naval Annual 1901\n\n^ Clarke 2004\n\n^ Headlam 1934, page 104\n\n^ Farndale 1988, page 293\n\n^ Farndale 1988, page 291\n\n^ Sir Cecil Hamilton Armitage, Arthur Forbes Montanaro (1901). The Ashanti Campaign of 1900. unknown library. Sands & Co.\n\n^ Farndale 1988, page 290\n\n^ Farndale 1988, page 338-339\n\n^ Farndale 1988, page 299\n\n^ The Fall of the Philippines – U. S. Army in World War II, p. 21.\n\n^ Stanton, Shelby L. (1991). World War II Order of Battle. New York: Galahad Books. pp. 186–187, 371. ISBN 978-0-88365-775-1.\n\n^ Treatise on Ammunition. 10th Edition, 1915. War Office, UK. Page 415-419\n\n^ \"Army Ordnance Museum\". Ordmusfound.org. Retrieved 3 June 2014.\n\n^ \"Palmerston Forts Society the 2.95QF Mountain Gun\". Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 12 July 2008.","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Osprey Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey_Publishing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84176-688-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-688-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84574-043-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84574-043-6"},{"link_name":"Sir Martin Farndale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Farndale"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-870114-05-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-870114-05-9"},{"link_name":"I.V. Hogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_V._Hogg"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7110-0381-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-0381-1"},{"link_name":"Handbook of the 2.95-inch Mountain Gun Matériel and Pack Outfit. 1912, updated 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/handbookof295inc00unitrich"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-410216960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-410216960"}],"text":"Dale Clarke, British Artillery 1914–1919. Field Army Artillery. Osprey Publishing, Oxford UK, 2004] ISBN 978-1-84176-688-1\nMajor-General Sir John Headlam, The History of the Royal Artillery : From the Indian Mutiny to the Great War, Volume II (1899–1914). Woolwich [England] : Royal Artillery Institution, 1937. Facsimile reprint by Naval and Military Press 2004. ISBN 978-1-84574-043-6\nGeneral Sir Martin Farndale, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery : Forgotten Fronts and the Home Base 1914–18. London: Royal Artillery Institution, 1988. ISBN 978-1-870114-05-9\nI.V. Hogg & L.F. Thurston, British Artillery Weapons & Ammunition 1914–1918. London: Ian Allan, 1972. ISBN 978-0-7110-0381-1\nUS Army Ordnance Dept, Handbook of the 2.95-inch Mountain Gun Matériel and Pack Outfit. 1912, updated 1916\nLouis Morton, \"The Fall of the Philippines\". United States Army Center of Military History, 1953. ISBN 978-1-410216960","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Chapter XXVIII: The Southern Islands\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_28.htm"},{"link_name":"United States Army Center of Military History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History"},{"link_name":"Philippine Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.history.army.mil/brochures/pi/pi.htm"}],"text":"Morton, Louis. \"Chapter XXVIII: The Southern Islands\". The Fall of the Philippines. The US Army in World War II. United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 5-2.\nAnderson, Charles R. Philippine Islands. The US Army Campaigns World War II. United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 72-3.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/QF2.95inchMkIVDoubleShell.jpg/300px-QF2.95inchMkIVDoubleShell.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/QF2.95inchMkIVShrapnelRound.jpg/120px-QF2.95inchMkIVShrapnelRound.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/2.95inchMountainGunCartridgeCaseDiagram.jpg/150px-2.95inchMountainGunCartridgeCaseDiagram.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/2.95inchMountainGun12.5lbHEShell.jpg/150px-2.95inchMountainGun12.5lbHEShell.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/2.95inchMountainGun12.5lbShrapnel.jpg/150px-2.95inchMountainGun12.5lbShrapnel.jpg"},{"image_text":"At the Military Museum in Bogota, Colombia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/1900_Vickers_with_recoil_cylinders.jpg/220px-1900_Vickers_with_recoil_cylinders.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of mountain artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_artillery"},{"title":"West Africa Campaign (World War I)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa_Campaign_(World_War_I)"}]
[{"reference":"Sir Cecil Hamilton Armitage, Arthur Forbes Montanaro (1901). The Ashanti Campaign of 1900. unknown library. Sands & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ashanticampaign00montgoog","url_text":"The Ashanti Campaign of 1900"}]},{"reference":"Stanton, Shelby L. (1991). World War II Order of Battle. New York: Galahad Books. pp. 186–187, 371. ISBN 978-0-88365-775-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88365-775-1","url_text":"978-0-88365-775-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Army Ordnance Museum\". Ordmusfound.org. Retrieved 3 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ordmusfound.org/","url_text":"\"Army Ordnance Museum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Palmerston Forts Society the 2.95QF Mountain Gun\". Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 12 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090106054152/http://www.palmerstonforts.org.uk/pav1/mountaingun.htm","url_text":"\"Palmerston Forts Society the 2.95QF Mountain Gun\""},{"url":"http://www.palmerstonforts.org.uk/pav1/mountaingun.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Morton, Louis. \"Chapter XXVIII: The Southern Islands\". The Fall of the Philippines. The US Army in World War II. United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 5-2.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_28.htm","url_text":"\"Chapter XXVIII: The Southern Islands\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History","url_text":"United States Army Center of Military History"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Charles R. Philippine Islands. The US Army Campaigns World War II. United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 72-3.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/pi/pi.htm","url_text":"Philippine Islands"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US742973A","external_links_name":"U.S. patent 742973A"},{"Link":"http://www.gwpda.org/naval/brassey/b1901o08.htm","external_links_name":"Brassey's Naval Annual 1901"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ashanticampaign00montgoog","external_links_name":"The Ashanti Campaign of 1900"},{"Link":"http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_2.htm#p21","external_links_name":"The Fall of the Philippines – U. S. Army in World War II"},{"Link":"http://www.ordmusfound.org/","external_links_name":"\"Army Ordnance Museum\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090106054152/http://www.palmerstonforts.org.uk/pav1/mountaingun.htm","external_links_name":"\"Palmerston Forts Society the 2.95QF Mountain Gun\""},{"Link":"http://www.palmerstonforts.org.uk/pav1/mountaingun.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/handbookof295inc00unitrich","external_links_name":"Handbook of the 2.95-inch Mountain Gun Matériel and Pack Outfit. 1912, updated 1916"},{"Link":"http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_28.htm","external_links_name":"\"Chapter XXVIII: The Southern Islands\""},{"Link":"http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/pi/pi.htm","external_links_name":"Philippine Islands"},{"Link":"http://handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/107120","external_links_name":"Handbook for the 2.95inch q.f. mountain gun, mark I mule equipment. 1906"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/mountainartillery00unitrich","external_links_name":"1908 (provisional) Drill Regulations for mountain Artillery"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/handbookofartill00unitrich","external_links_name":"https://archive.org/details/handbookofartill00unitrich"},{"Link":"http://www.victorianforts.co.uk/arming/mountaingun.htm","external_links_name":"Diagram, photographs, video & data"},{"Link":"http://www.big-ordnance.com/EarlyUSCasings/295MH1.jpg","external_links_name":"photo of a 2.95-inch shell casing at big-ordnance.com"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Civil_War_of_1829
Chilean Civil War of 1829–1830
["1 Background","2 Constitutional essays","2.1 Election of 1826","2.2 Constitution of 1828","2.3 Election of 1829","3 Revolution of 1829","4 See also","5 Sources"]
1829-30 ideological conflict in Chile between liberal and conservative forces This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Chilean Civil War of 1829–1830Date1829–1830Location ChileResult Pelucones victory, Conservative republic beginsBelligerents Pelucones Military of Chile Chilean Army Chilean Navy PipiolosCommanders and leaders Joaquín PrietoManuel BulnesDiego Portales Ramón FreireFrancisco de la LastraFrancisco Ramón Vicuña vteChilean Civil War of 1829–1830 Ochagavía Lircay Part of a series on the History of Chile Timeline • Years in Chile Early history Monte Verde Origin of the Mapuche Early Mapuches Incas in Chile Colonial times Conquest Colonial Chile Captaincy General Arauco War Destruction of the Seven Cities Nation-building Patria Vieja War of Independence Reconquest Patria Nueva Civil war (1829–1830) War of the Confederation Republican period Conservative Republic Colonization of the Strait of Magellan Liberal Republic Occupation of Araucanía War of the Pacific Parliamentary period 1891 Chilean Civil War Parliamentary Republic 1924 coup d'état Presidential period 1925 coup d'état Presidential Republic Radical governments Allende and UP era Pinochet regime 1973 coup d'état Military dictatorship Contemporary Transition to democracy Student protests Mapuche conflict Social Outburst Politics of Chile Related topics Agriculture history Economic history LGBT history Maritime history Mining history Chilean wars Chilean coups d'état Political scandals Chile portal History portalvte The Chilean Civil War of 1829–1830 (Spanish: Guerra Civil de 1829–1830) was a civil war in Chile fought between conservative Pelucones and liberal Pipiolos forces over the constitutional regime in force. This conflict ended with the defeat of the liberal forces and the approval of a new constitution in 1833, that was in force until 1925. Background See also: Pipiolos and Pelucones The resignation and self-exile of General Bernardo O'Higgins in 1823 did not put an end to the political infighting. Civil conflict continued, focusing mainly on the issues of anticlericalism and regionalism. Presidents and constitutions rose and fell quickly in the 1820s. The Chilean political scene divided itself into two groups that were already embryonic during the days of independence. The followers of O'Higgins became the Conservatives or Bigwigs (Spanish: Pelucones). This group was mainly composed of the remnants of the colonial aristocracy, and defended the ideas of a strong central government, respect for tradition, and strong support for the Catholic Church. Their most prominent leaders were José Gregorio Argomedo, Juan Egaña and José Joaquín Prieto. Opposed to them were the Liberals (Spanish: Pipiolos). This group was mainly composed of the followers of José Miguel Carrera, and were strongly influenced by European liberal ideas. They defended a more free and democratic government, without interference from the Church. Their leaders were Ramón Freire, Manuel Borgoño and Francisco Antonio Pinto. The Conservatives and the Liberals began to coalesce around the church-state issue. Not only more favorably inclined toward the church, the Conservatives were also more sympathetic than the Liberals toward the colonial legacy, authoritarian government, the supremacy of executive powers, and a unitary state. Together with these two political tendencies, which in time developed into the two main political parties of the 19th century, there were also some minority groups. One of them was the Federalist Party under the leadership of José Miguel Infante, who promoted a model of government based on the one adopted by the United States. Another group was the Estanqueros or Monopolists (estanco means monopoly), a very heterogeneous political group under the leadership of Diego Portales. The name came out of the fact that most of them were merchants, and their leader, Portales, was in charge of the tobacco monopoly. Their principal figures were Juan Francisco Meneses (ex-monarchist); Manuel José Gandarillas (Carrera supporter) and José Antonio Rodríguez Aldea (O'Higgins supporter). Constitutional essays The time between 1823 and 1828 is called of the Constitutional Essays. The first of these three essays is the Moralist system (1823) of Juan Egaña, which created a unitary state, democratic (with the franchise restricted to men of the upper classes) and Catholic. The executive power was in the hands of a Supreme Director, elected for four years and to be reelected only once. This system was no sooner in place when it came under attack from the proponents of a federalist system. The abolition of slavery in this constitution – long before most other countries in the Americas – is considered one of the liberals' few lasting achievements. In their impatience, the Federalist leaders forced Congress to adopt some laws giving federal rights to the provinces. In 1825, José Miguel Infante was President of the Directorial Council that was in charge of the administration while Supreme Director Freire was away capturing Chiloé from Royalist forces. Using their position, the councillors created the eight Provincial Assemblies that would become the basis for the federal system. The eight provinces were: Coquimbo, Aconcagua, Santiago, Colchagua, Maule, Concepción, Valdivia and Chiloé. The second essay thus was the Federalist written by Infante in 1826, though it was never formally adopted. Election of 1826 Main article: Chilean presidential election, 1826 On July 14, 1826 Congress passed a law calling for a new election. The Supreme Director was to be replaced by a President. The first elected president was Manuel Blanco Encalada, who, with 59.5% of the vote and 22 electoral votes, defeated José Miguel Infante who only obtained 40.5% of the vote and 15 electoral votes. For the position of vice president Agustín Eyzaguirre, with 57.1% of the vote and 20 electoral votes, defeated Francisco Antonio Pinto who received 42.9% of the vote and 15 electoral votes. The system very quickly proved to be a failure. Blanco Encalada resigned, and was replaced by Eyzaguirre in 1827. He in turn was deposed by colonel Enrique Campino Salamanca, who called back general Ramón Freire. Constitution of 1828 The first (of many) measures of the new government was to call for a constitutional convention. Congress confirmed the return of General Freire and proceeded to dissolve itself. Immediately after, Freire resigned and was replaced by his vice-president Francisco Antonio Pinto. In August 1828, Pinto's first year in office, Chile abandoned its short-lived federalist system for a unitary form of government, with separate legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The new constitution was finalized in 1828 by José Joaquín de Mora together with Melchor Santiago Concha. This became the third or Liberal essay. The government became a unitary system, but maintained the eight Provincial Assemblies created by the federalist essay. The executive was in the hands of a President, elected for five years who was prohibited from running for re-election. By adopting a moderately liberal constitution in 1828, Pinto alienated both the Federalists and the Liberal factions. He also angered the old aristocracy by abolishing estates inherited by primogeniture and caused a public uproar with his anticlericalism. Election of 1829 Main article: Chilean presidential election, 1829 It was not a military incident which caused the revolution, but a mere political disagreement that led to anarchy. A new presidential election was called in 1829. The clear winner (out of 9 candidates) was General Francisco Antonio Pinto, liberal and already Provisional President since the resignation of Freire in 1827, with 118 electoral votes and 29.1% of the vote. The problem happened with the vice presidential election. The winner should have been the first runner-up, Francisco Ruiz-Tagle with 98 electoral votes or 24.1% of the vote, or the second runner-up, General José Joaquín Prieto, with 61 votes or 15.0% of the vote, both conservatives. Nonetheless, Congress was controlled by the Liberals and presided over by Francisco Ramón Vicuña, also Liberal. Arguing that no vice-presidential candidate had a majority, they selected Joaquín Vicuña, brother of the President of the Senate, even though he only got 48 electoral votes (11.8% of the vote). That was the pretext for the conservatives to rebel. Revolution of 1829 The Liberal leader par excellence, General Ramón Freire, rode in and out of the presidency several times (1823–27, 1828, 1829, 1830) but could not sustain his authority. From May 1827 to September 1831, with the exception of brief interventions by Freire, the presidency was occupied by General Francisco Antonio Pinto, Freire's former vice president. The conservative side was under the military leadership of General José Joaquín Prieto and the political guidance of Diego Portales, while the liberal side was under the command of Ramón Freire and Francisco de la Lastra. President Pinto promptly resigned on July 14, handing acting presidential duties not to the vice president but rather to that man's brother, the President of the Senate Francisco Ramón Vicuña. On December 7, 1829 conservative troops under General Prieto approached Santiago from the South, this army having been assembled largely through the efforts of Prieto's cousin, Manuel Bulnes. The conservative army decided to halt the march for a while and camped a few miles outside the city. The government under President Vicuña immediately collapsed and they fled first to Valparaíso and then northward to Coquimbo. On December 14, 1829, General Prieto and his troops met the liberal army under Francisco de la Lastra and defeated them in the Battle of Ochagavía. Meanwhile, President Vicuña and his ministers were captured and imprisoned by the victorious conservative troops. Chile was without a leader for a few weeks (from December 7 to 24, 1829). After the Battle of Ochagavía, General Freire agreed to a cease-fire with Prieto. A Government Junta was organized and took control, in order to avoid the continuance of hostilities, under the neutral figure José Tomás Ovalle, who was acceptable to both sides. This junta ruled the country from December 24, 1829 to February 18, 1830. Power was retained by Ramón Freire who organized a liberal convention with the intention of calling for new general elections and the formation of a new Congress. At the same time, the conservatives who were in control of Santiago also called for their own convention, where an agreement was reached which nominated Francisco Ruiz-Tagle as acting president. Immediately that Ruiz-Tagle took over as president, the principal leaders of the Liberal side (Manuel Borgoño, Francisco de la Lastra and Juan Gregorio de las Heras) were eliminated from the army rosters. This guaranteed the restart of the hostilities. President Ruiz-Tagle and all the cabinet resigned on April 1, and José Tomás Ovalle, as vice president assumed power. The last engagement happened at the Battle of Lircay, near Talca, on April 17, 1830. The liberals were totally routed, and their leader, General Ramón Freire, was exiled first to Peru and then to Tahiti. Later in life he was allowed to return to Chile, but he never participated in politics again. Due to the chaotic situation nobody wanted to participate in the government, so President Ovalle named Diego Portales as his universal minister. Portales took over the running of the government bringing with him the political ideas that were to shape Chile for the rest of the century. After the defeat at the Battle of Lircay, the Liberal side finally decided to negotiate and signed the Treaty of Cuz-Cuz, that brought an end to the anarchy and their political dominance and ushered 30 years of conservative governments. See also Ramón Freire José Joaquín Prieto Francisco Ramón Vicuña Francisco Ruiz-Tagle José Tomás Ovalle Diego Portales Sources Sergio Villalobos, Osvaldo Silva, Fernando Silva y Patricio Estelle; "Historia de Chile, Tomo 3", Editorial Universitaria, Ed. 1995
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This conflict ended with the defeat of the liberal forces and the approval of a new constitution in 1833, that was in force until 1925.","title":"Chilean Civil War of 1829–1830"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pipiolos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipiolos"},{"link_name":"Pelucones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelucones"},{"link_name":"Bernardo O'Higgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_O%27Higgins"},{"link_name":"anticlericalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticlericalism"},{"link_name":"regionalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)"},{"link_name":"Conservatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Chile)"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Pelucones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelucones"},{"link_name":"colonial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Chile"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Chile"},{"link_name":"José Gregorio Argomedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gregorio_Argomedo"},{"link_name":"Juan Egaña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Ega%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"José Joaquín Prieto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Prieto"},{"link_name":"Pipiolos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipiolos"},{"link_name":"José Miguel Carrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_Carrera"},{"link_name":"without interference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state"},{"link_name":"Ramón Freire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Freire"},{"link_name":"Manuel Borgoño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Borgo%C3%B1o&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Francisco Antonio Pinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Antonio_Pinto"},{"link_name":"authoritarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarian"},{"link_name":"executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)"},{"link_name":"unitary state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_state"},{"link_name":"José Miguel Infante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_Infante"},{"link_name":"Diego Portales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Portales"},{"link_name":"Juan Francisco Meneses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Francisco_Meneses"},{"link_name":"Manuel José Gandarillas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Jos%C3%A9_Gandarillas"},{"link_name":"José Antonio Rodríguez Aldea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Aldea"}],"text":"See also: Pipiolos and PeluconesThe resignation and self-exile of General Bernardo O'Higgins in 1823 did not put an end to the political infighting. Civil conflict continued, focusing mainly on the issues of anticlericalism and regionalism. Presidents and constitutions rose and fell quickly in the 1820s. The Chilean political scene divided itself into two groups that were already embryonic during the days of independence. The followers of O'Higgins became the Conservatives or Bigwigs (Spanish: Pelucones). This group was mainly composed of the remnants of the colonial aristocracy, and defended the ideas of a strong central government, respect for tradition, and strong support for the Catholic Church. Their most prominent leaders were José Gregorio Argomedo, Juan Egaña and José Joaquín Prieto. Opposed to them were the Liberals (Spanish: Pipiolos). This group was mainly composed of the followers of José Miguel Carrera, and were strongly influenced by European liberal ideas. They defended a more free and democratic government, without interference from the Church. Their leaders were Ramón Freire, Manuel Borgoño and Francisco Antonio Pinto.The Conservatives and the Liberals began to coalesce around the church-state issue. Not only more favorably inclined toward the church, the Conservatives were also more sympathetic than the Liberals toward the colonial legacy, authoritarian government, the supremacy of executive powers, and a unitary state. Together with these two political tendencies, which in time developed into the two main political parties of the 19th century, there were also some minority groups. One of them was the Federalist Party under the leadership of José Miguel Infante, who promoted a model of government based on the one adopted by the United States. Another group was the Estanqueros or Monopolists (estanco means monopoly), a very heterogeneous political group under the leadership of Diego Portales. The name came out of the fact that most of them were merchants, and their leader, Portales, was in charge of the tobacco monopoly. Their principal figures were Juan Francisco Meneses (ex-monarchist); Manuel José Gandarillas (Carrera supporter) and José Antonio Rodríguez Aldea (O'Higgins supporter).","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juan Egaña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Ega%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"José Miguel Infante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_Infante"},{"link_name":"Chiloé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9"}],"text":"The time between 1823 and 1828 is called of the Constitutional Essays. The first of these three essays is the Moralist system (1823) of Juan Egaña, which created a unitary state, democratic (with the franchise restricted to men of the upper classes) and Catholic. The executive power was in the hands of a Supreme Director, elected for four years and to be reelected only once. This system was no sooner in place when it came under attack from the proponents of a federalist system. The abolition of slavery in this constitution – long before most other countries in the Americas – is considered one of the liberals' few lasting achievements.In their impatience, the Federalist leaders forced Congress to adopt some laws giving federal rights to the provinces. In 1825, José Miguel Infante was President of the Directorial Council that was in charge of the administration while Supreme Director Freire was away capturing Chiloé from Royalist forces. Using their position, the councillors created the eight Provincial Assemblies that would become the basis for the federal system. The eight provinces were: Coquimbo, Aconcagua, Santiago, Colchagua, Maule, Concepción, Valdivia and Chiloé. 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He in turn was deposed by colonel Enrique Campino Salamanca, who called back general Ramón Freire.","title":"Constitutional essays"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francisco Antonio Pinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Antonio_Pinto"},{"link_name":"José Joaquín de Mora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_Mora"},{"link_name":"Melchor Santiago Concha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melchor_Santiago_Concha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"estates inherited by primogeniture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayorazgo"}],"sub_title":"Constitution of 1828","text":"The first (of many) measures of the new government was to call for a constitutional convention. Congress confirmed the return of General Freire and proceeded to dissolve itself. Immediately after, Freire resigned and was replaced by his vice-president Francisco Antonio Pinto.In August 1828, Pinto's first year in office, Chile abandoned its short-lived federalist system for a unitary form of government, with separate legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The new constitution was finalized in 1828 by José Joaquín de Mora together with Melchor Santiago Concha. This became the third or Liberal essay. The government became a unitary system, but maintained the eight Provincial Assemblies created by the federalist essay. The executive was in the hands of a President, elected for five years who was prohibited from running for re-election.By adopting a moderately liberal constitution in 1828, Pinto alienated both the Federalists and the Liberal factions. He also angered the old aristocracy by abolishing estates inherited by primogeniture and caused a public uproar with his anticlericalism.","title":"Constitutional essays"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francisco Antonio Pinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Antonio_Pinto"},{"link_name":"Francisco Ruiz-Tagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ruiz-Tagle"},{"link_name":"José Joaquín Prieto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Prieto"},{"link_name":"Francisco Ramón Vicuña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ram%C3%B3n_Vicu%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Joaquín Vicuña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Vicu%C3%B1a"}],"sub_title":"Election of 1829","text":"It was not a military incident which caused the revolution, but a mere political disagreement that led to anarchy. A new presidential election was called in 1829. The clear winner (out of 9 candidates) was General Francisco Antonio Pinto, liberal and already Provisional President since the resignation of Freire in 1827, with 118 electoral votes and 29.1% of the vote.The problem happened with the vice presidential election. The winner should have been the first runner-up, Francisco Ruiz-Tagle with 98 electoral votes or 24.1% of the vote, or the second runner-up, General José Joaquín Prieto, with 61 votes or 15.0% of the vote, both conservatives. Nonetheless, Congress was controlled by the Liberals and presided over by Francisco Ramón Vicuña, also Liberal. Arguing that no vice-presidential candidate had a majority, they selected Joaquín Vicuña, brother of the President of the Senate, even though he only got 48 electoral votes (11.8% of the vote). That was the pretext for the conservatives to rebel.","title":"Constitutional essays"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ramón Freire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Freire"},{"link_name":"Francisco Antonio Pinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Antonio_Pinto"},{"link_name":"José Joaquín Prieto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Prieto"},{"link_name":"Diego Portales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Portales"},{"link_name":"Ramón Freire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Freire"},{"link_name":"Francisco de la Lastra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_la_Lastra"},{"link_name":"Pinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Antonio_Pinto"},{"link_name":"Francisco Ramón Vicuña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ram%C3%B3n_Vicu%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Prieto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Prieto"},{"link_name":"Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago,_Chile"},{"link_name":"Manuel Bulnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Bulnes"},{"link_name":"Valparaíso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso"},{"link_name":"Coquimbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coquimbo"},{"link_name":"Francisco de la Lastra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_la_Lastra"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ochagavía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acci%C3%B3n_de_Ochagav%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Government Junta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Junta_of_Chile_(1829)"},{"link_name":"José Tomás Ovalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Tom%C3%A1s_Ovalle"},{"link_name":"Francisco Ruiz-Tagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ruiz-Tagle"},{"link_name":"Manuel Borgoño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Borgo%C3%B1o&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Francisco de la Lastra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_la_Lastra"},{"link_name":"Juan Gregorio de las Heras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Gregorio_de_las_Heras"},{"link_name":"José Tomás Ovalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Tom%C3%A1s_Ovalle"},{"link_name":"Battle of Lircay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lircay"},{"link_name":"Talca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talca"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Tahiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahiti"},{"link_name":"Diego Portales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Portales"},{"link_name":"Battle of Lircay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lircay"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Cuz-Cuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuz_Cuz,_Chile"}],"text":"The Liberal leader par excellence, General Ramón Freire, rode in and out of the presidency several times (1823–27, 1828, 1829, 1830) but could not sustain his authority. From May 1827 to September 1831, with the exception of brief interventions by Freire, the presidency was occupied by General Francisco Antonio Pinto, Freire's former vice president. The conservative side was under the military leadership of General José Joaquín Prieto and the political guidance of Diego Portales, while the liberal side was under the command of Ramón Freire and Francisco de la Lastra. President Pinto promptly resigned on July 14, handing acting presidential duties not to the vice president but rather to that man's brother, the President of the Senate Francisco Ramón Vicuña.On December 7, 1829 conservative troops under General Prieto approached Santiago from the South, this army having been assembled largely through the efforts of Prieto's cousin, Manuel Bulnes. The conservative army decided to halt the march for a while and camped a few miles outside the city. The government under President Vicuña immediately collapsed and they fled first to Valparaíso and then northward to Coquimbo. On December 14, 1829, General Prieto and his troops met the liberal army under Francisco de la Lastra and defeated them in the Battle of Ochagavía. Meanwhile, President Vicuña and his ministers were captured and imprisoned by the victorious conservative troops.Chile was without a leader for a few weeks (from December 7 to 24, 1829). After the Battle of Ochagavía, General Freire agreed to a cease-fire with Prieto. A Government Junta was organized and took control, in order to avoid the continuance of hostilities, under the neutral figure José Tomás Ovalle, who was acceptable to both sides. This junta ruled the country from December 24, 1829 to February 18, 1830. Power was retained by Ramón Freire who organized a liberal convention with the intention of calling for new general elections and the formation of a new Congress. At the same time, the conservatives who were in control of Santiago also called for their own convention, where an agreement was reached which nominated Francisco Ruiz-Tagle as acting president.Immediately that Ruiz-Tagle took over as president, the principal leaders of the Liberal side (Manuel Borgoño, Francisco de la Lastra and Juan Gregorio de las Heras) were eliminated from the army rosters. This guaranteed the restart of the hostilities. President Ruiz-Tagle and all the cabinet resigned on April 1, and José Tomás Ovalle, as vice president assumed power.The last engagement happened at the Battle of Lircay, near Talca, on April 17, 1830. The liberals were totally routed, and their leader, General Ramón Freire, was exiled first to Peru and then to Tahiti. Later in life he was allowed to return to Chile, but he never participated in politics again.Due to the chaotic situation nobody wanted to participate in the government, so President Ovalle named Diego Portales as his universal minister. Portales took over the running of the government bringing with him the political ideas that were to shape Chile for the rest of the century. After the defeat at the Battle of Lircay, the Liberal side finally decided to negotiate and signed the Treaty of Cuz-Cuz, that brought an end to the anarchy and their political dominance and ushered 30 years of conservative governments.","title":"Revolution of 1829"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Sergio Villalobos, Osvaldo Silva, Fernando Silva y Patricio Estelle; \"Historia de Chile, Tomo 3\", Editorial Universitaria, Ed. 1995","title":"Sources"}]
[]
[{"title":"Ramón Freire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Freire"},{"title":"José Joaquín Prieto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Prieto"},{"title":"Francisco Ramón Vicuña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ram%C3%B3n_Vicu%C3%B1a"},{"title":"Francisco Ruiz-Tagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ruiz-Tagle"},{"title":"José Tomás Ovalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Tom%C3%A1s_Ovalle"},{"title":"Diego Portales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Portales"}]
[]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_Tree_mastodon
Burning Tree Mastodon
["1 Discovery","1.1 Locality","2 The American mastodon","3 Human presence","4 Dating","5 Diet","5.1 Bacteria","6 Notes","7 Literature"]
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Replica of the near-complete skeleton of Mammut americanum - Burning Tree Mastodon (Upper Pleistocene, 11.39 ka) at the Burning Tree Golf Course The Burning Tree Mastodon site in Heath, southern Licking County, Ohio, represents the location where the most complete skeleton of American mastodon was found. It is dated to about 11,500 BP. It is believed that there was human presence at the site at that time. Discovery The specimen was discovered on December 12, 1989 by a Flower Excavating Company drag line operator who was digging a new pond on the Burning Tree Golf Course grounds. The drag line’s shovel caught and damaged the skull. In the following three days, the fossil was excavated during relatively bitter winter cold and blowing winds. Excavation was conducted by the Ohio Historical Society and the Licking County Archaeology & Landmarks Society and volunteers from several organizations. Locality Burning Tree Mastodon excavation (mid-December 1989), Burning Tree Golf Course, Heath, east-central Ohio, United States The locality was the grounds of the Burning Tree Golf Course, southern side of Ridgley Tract Road, just west of Lake Drive, south side of Heath, southern Licking County, central Ohio, United States. The American mastodon The American mastodon is an extinct species of proboscidean mammal, Mammut americanum (Kerr, 1792) (Animalia, Chordata, Vertebrata, Mammalia, Proboscidea, Mammutidae). The only living proboscideans are the African elephants (Loxodonta africana and Loxodonta cyclotis) and the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). Mammut americanum had a widespread distribution during the Pleistocene. Its fossil remains are found from Alaska to Florida, but are most commonly encountered in eastern America. On average, the American mastodon was around 5 meters long, 3 meters tall at the shoulder, and weighed between 3,500 and 4,500 kilograms. Living mastodons were covered with coarse, brownish hair, unlike modern elephants. Thick body hair on Pleistocene pachyderms was likely an evolutionary adaptation to harsh wintry climates. Remains of more than 150 mastodons have been reported in Ohio, but only about a dozen or so are semi-complete. The Burning Tree Mastodon was approximately 30 years old at the time of its death and is 90-95% complete, missing only the right rear leg, a few tail bones, two ribs, and all the toe bones. The lower spine and right rib cage have healed injuries which have been interpreted as the result of battles with other mastodons. Preserved stomach contents and intestinal contents were also recovered. Human presence Burning Tree Mastodon Exhibit at the Akron Fossils & Science Center Cut marks on some of the ribs indicate that this individual was butchered by early humans. Nevertheless, stone tools were not discovered in the area. Dating Isotopic dating of wood closely associated with the skeleton gives dates of 11,450 to 11,660 years. Isotopic dating of actual bone material gives an 11,390 year date (during the Wisconsinan Glacial Interval of the near-latest Pleistocene). Diet In addition to being near-complete, the Burning Tree Mastodon is remarkable in other ways. Preserved gut contents indicated a diet of moss, seeds, leaves, water lilies, and swamp grass. Before this discovery, American mastodons were interpreted as having diets consisting principally of twigs & cones from evergreen trees. Bacteria Additionally, 38 species of still-living gut bacteria were isolated from preserved intestinal contents. These ancient bacteria were, for a while, considered the oldest known living organisms anywhere on Earth. However, still-living gut bacteria have been isolated from insects in early Cenozoic amber and viable halobacteria have been recovered from Paleozoic and even late Precambrian rock salt. The original Burning Tree Mastodon skeleton was sold in 1993 for over US$600,000 and now resides in a museum in Japan. Notes ^ Bacteria from Burning Tree mastodon survived 13,000 years. Columbus Dispatch, Apr 28, 2016 Literature Primary: Fisher, D.C., B.T. Lepper & P.E. Hooge. 1991. Taphonomic analysis of the Burning Tree Mastodont. Current Research in the Pleistocene 8: 88-91. Lepper, B.T., T.A. Frolking, D.C. Fisher, G. Goldstein, J.E. Sanger, D.A. Wymer, J.G. Ogden III & P.E. Hooge. 1991. Intestinal contents of a Late Pleistocene mastodont from midcontinental North America. Quaternary Research 36: 120-125. Fisher, D.C. & B.T. Lepper. 1994. Paleobiology, taphonomy, and archaeology of the Burning Tree Mastodon. Geological Association of Canada, Mineralogical Association of Canada Annual Meeting Program with Abstracts 19: 36. Goldstein, G. 1994. Isolation of living bacteria from the remains of an 11,000 year old mastodont. Geological Association of Canada, Mineralogical Association of Canada Annual Meeting Program with Abstracts 19: 42. Fisher, D.C., B.T. Lepper & P.E. Hooge. 1994. Evidence for butchery of the Burning Tree Mastodon. pp. 43-57 in The First Discovery of America, Archaeological Evidence of the Early Inhabitants of the Ohio Area. Columbus. Ohio Archaeological Council. Frolking, T.A. 1994. Late-Quaternary environments and landscape evolution of the Burning Tree Mastodon site, Licking County, Ohio. Geological Association of Canada, Mineralogical Association of Canada Annual Meeting Program with Abstracts 19: 39. Lepper, B.T. & D.C. Fisher. 1994. Discovery, recovery, and stratigraphic context of the Burning Tree Mastodon, Licking County, Ohio, USA. Geological Association of Canada, Mineralogical Association of Canada Annual Meeting Program with Abstracts 19: 63. Morgan, A.V. & J.J. Pilny. 1994. Fossil insects (Coleoptera) from the Burning Tree Mastodon site, Licking County, Ohio. Geological Association of Canada, Mineralogical Association of Canada Annual Meeting Program with Abstracts 19: 79. Sanger, J.E. & D.S. Rutter. 1994. Paleolimnology of the Burning Tree Mastodont pond. Geological Association of Canada, Mineralogical Association of Canada Annual Meeting Program with Abstracts 19: 98. Wymer, D.A. & L. Scott. 1994. The Burning Tree Mastodon paleobotany: gut contents and the peat matrix. Geological Association of Canada, Mineralogical Association of Canada Annual Meeting Program with Abstracts 19: 122. Rhodes, A.N., J.W. Urbance, H. Youga, H. Corlew-Newman, C.A. Reddy, M.J. Klug, J.M. Tiedje & D.C. Fisher. 1998. Identification of bacterial isolates obtained from intestinal contents associated with 12,000-year-old mastodon remains. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64: 651-658. Secondary: Hansen, M.C. 1990. Mastodon skeleton discovered in Licking County. Ohio Geology Winter 1990: 1, 3-4. Lepper, B.T. 1990. The Burning Tree Mastodon: a nearly complete skeleton from Licking County, Ohio. Mammoth Trumpet 6(1): 7. Kaczmarek, S. 1991. Mastodon remains yield important discoveries. Echoes 30(6): 2-3. Lafferty, M.B. 1991. The great mastodon question. Columbus Dispatch 12 May 1991: D1. Anonymous. 1992. The Burning Tree Mastodon - "A time machine into the Ice Age". Ward's Bulletin Spring 1992: 1, 11. Folger, T. 1992. Oldest living bacteria tell all. Discover January 1992: 30-31. Feldmann, R.M. and 23 others. 1997 (dated 1996). Fossils of Ohio. Ohio Division of Geological Survey Bulletin 70: xix, 299, 366-367. Loer, D. 2001. Mastodon left only a memory. Columbus Dispatch 28 January 2001: B1. Lepper, B.T. 2003. Mastodon bones yield telltale clues to beast's demise. Columbus Dispatch 18 November 2003.
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mammut_americanum_-_Burning_Tree_Mastodon_(Upper_Pleistocene,_11.39_ka;_Burning_Tree_Golf_Course,_south_of_Heath,_southern_Licking_County,_central_Ohio,_USA)_1_(15276264887).jpg"},{"link_name":"Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"mastodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastodon"}],"text":"Replica of the near-complete skeleton of Mammut americanum - Burning Tree Mastodon (Upper Pleistocene, 11.39 ka) at the Burning Tree Golf CourseThe Burning Tree Mastodon site in Heath, southern Licking County, Ohio, represents the location where the most complete skeleton of American mastodon was found. It is dated to about 11,500 BP. It is believed that there was human presence at the site at that time.","title":"Burning Tree Mastodon"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The specimen was discovered on December 12, 1989 by a Flower Excavating Company drag line operator who was digging a new pond on the Burning Tree Golf Course grounds. The drag line’s shovel caught and damaged the skull. In the following three days, the fossil was excavated during relatively bitter winter cold and blowing winds. Excavation was conducted by the Ohio Historical Society and the Licking County Archaeology & Landmarks Society and volunteers from several organizations.","title":"Discovery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burning_Tree_Mastodon_excavation_site,_Burning_Tree_Golf_Course.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Locality","text":"Burning Tree Mastodon excavation (mid-December 1989), Burning Tree Golf Course, Heath, east-central Ohio, United StatesThe locality was the grounds of the Burning Tree Golf Course, southern side of Ridgley Tract Road, just west of Lake Drive, south side of Heath, southern Licking County, central Ohio, United States.","title":"Discovery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Loxodonta africana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxodonta_africana"},{"link_name":"Loxodonta cyclotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxodonta_cyclotis"},{"link_name":"Elephas maximus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephas_maximus"}],"text":"The American mastodon is an extinct species of proboscidean mammal, Mammut americanum (Kerr, 1792) (Animalia, Chordata, Vertebrata, Mammalia, Proboscidea, Mammutidae). The only living proboscideans are the African elephants (Loxodonta africana and Loxodonta cyclotis) and the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). Mammut americanum had a widespread distribution during the Pleistocene. Its fossil remains are found from Alaska to Florida, but are most commonly encountered in eastern America. On average, the American mastodon was around 5 meters long, 3 meters tall at the shoulder, and weighed between 3,500 and 4,500 kilograms. Living mastodons were covered with coarse, brownish hair, unlike modern elephants. Thick body hair on Pleistocene pachyderms was likely an evolutionary adaptation to harsh wintry climates.Remains of more than 150 mastodons have been reported in Ohio, but only about a dozen or so are semi-complete. The Burning Tree Mastodon was approximately 30 years old at the time of its death and is 90-95% complete, missing only the right rear leg, a few tail bones, two ribs, and all the toe bones. The lower spine and right rib cage have healed injuries which have been interpreted as the result of battles with other mastodons.Preserved stomach contents and intestinal contents were also recovered.","title":"The American mastodon"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CEOhio_exhibit.jpg"},{"link_name":"Akron Fossils & Science Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akron_Fossils_%26_Science_Center"}],"text":"Burning Tree Mastodon Exhibit at the Akron Fossils & Science CenterCut marks on some of the ribs indicate that this individual was butchered by early humans. Nevertheless, stone tools were not discovered in the area.","title":"Human presence"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Isotopic dating of wood closely associated with the skeleton gives dates of 11,450 to 11,660 years. Isotopic dating of actual bone material gives an 11,390 year date (during the Wisconsinan Glacial Interval of the near-latest Pleistocene).","title":"Dating"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In addition to being near-complete, the Burning Tree Mastodon is remarkable in other ways. Preserved gut contents indicated a diet of moss, seeds, leaves, water lilies, and swamp grass. Before this discovery, American mastodons were interpreted as having diets consisting principally of twigs & cones from evergreen trees.","title":"Diet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Bacteria","text":"Additionally, 38 species of still-living gut bacteria were isolated from preserved intestinal contents.[1]These ancient bacteria were, for a while, considered the oldest known living organisms anywhere on Earth. However, still-living gut bacteria have been isolated from insects in early Cenozoic amber and viable halobacteria have been recovered from Paleozoic and even late Precambrian rock salt.The original Burning Tree Mastodon skeleton was sold in 1993 for over US$600,000 and now resides in a museum in Japan.","title":"Diet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Bacteria from Burning Tree mastodon survived 13,000 years.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.dispatch.com/article/20160428/NEWS/304289767"}],"text":"^ Bacteria from Burning Tree mastodon survived 13,000 years. Columbus Dispatch, Apr 28, 2016","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Primary:Fisher, D.C., B.T. Lepper & P.E. Hooge. 1991. Taphonomic analysis of the Burning Tree Mastodont. Current Research in the Pleistocene 8: 88-91.Lepper, B.T., T.A. Frolking, D.C. Fisher, G. Goldstein, J.E. Sanger, D.A. Wymer, J.G. Ogden III & P.E. Hooge. 1991. Intestinal contents of a Late Pleistocene mastodont from midcontinental North America. Quaternary Research 36: 120-125.Fisher, D.C. & B.T. Lepper. 1994. Paleobiology, taphonomy, and archaeology of the Burning Tree Mastodon. Geological Association of Canada, Mineralogical Association of Canada Annual Meeting Program with Abstracts 19: 36.Goldstein, G. 1994. Isolation of living bacteria from the remains of an 11,000 year old mastodont. Geological Association of Canada, Mineralogical Association of Canada Annual Meeting Program with Abstracts 19: 42.Fisher, D.C., B.T. Lepper & P.E. Hooge. 1994. Evidence for butchery of the Burning Tree Mastodon. pp. 43-57 in The First Discovery of America, Archaeological Evidence of the Early Inhabitants of the Ohio Area. Columbus. Ohio Archaeological Council.Frolking, T.A. 1994. Late-Quaternary environments and landscape evolution of the Burning Tree Mastodon site, Licking County, Ohio. Geological Association of Canada, Mineralogical Association of Canada Annual Meeting Program with Abstracts 19: 39.Lepper, B.T. & D.C. Fisher. 1994. Discovery, recovery, and stratigraphic context of the Burning Tree Mastodon, Licking County, Ohio, USA. Geological Association of Canada, Mineralogical Association of Canada Annual Meeting Program with Abstracts 19: 63.Morgan, A.V. & J.J. Pilny. 1994. Fossil insects (Coleoptera) from the Burning Tree Mastodon site, Licking County, Ohio. Geological Association of Canada, Mineralogical Association of Canada Annual Meeting Program with Abstracts 19: 79.Sanger, J.E. & D.S. Rutter. 1994. Paleolimnology of the Burning Tree Mastodont pond. Geological Association of Canada, Mineralogical Association of Canada Annual Meeting Program with Abstracts 19: 98.Wymer, D.A. & L. Scott. 1994. The Burning Tree Mastodon paleobotany: gut contents and the peat matrix. Geological Association of Canada, Mineralogical Association of Canada Annual Meeting Program with Abstracts 19: 122.Rhodes, A.N., J.W. Urbance, H. Youga, H. Corlew-Newman, C.A. Reddy, M.J. Klug, J.M. Tiedje & D.C. Fisher. 1998. Identification of bacterial isolates obtained from intestinal contents associated with 12,000-year-old mastodon remains. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64: 651-658.Secondary:Hansen, M.C. 1990. Mastodon skeleton discovered in Licking County. Ohio Geology Winter 1990: 1, 3-4.Lepper, B.T. 1990. The Burning Tree Mastodon: a nearly complete skeleton from Licking County, Ohio. Mammoth Trumpet 6(1): 7.Kaczmarek, S. 1991. Mastodon remains yield important discoveries. Echoes [Ohio Historical Society] 30(6): 2-3.Lafferty, M.B. 1991. The great mastodon question. Columbus Dispatch 12 May 1991: D1.Anonymous. 1992. The Burning Tree Mastodon - \"A time machine into the Ice Age\". Ward's Bulletin Spring 1992: 1, 11.Folger, T. 1992. Oldest living bacteria tell all. Discover January 1992: 30-31.Feldmann, R.M. and 23 others. 1997 (dated 1996). Fossils of Ohio. Ohio Division of Geological Survey Bulletin 70: xix, 299, 366-367.Loer, D. 2001. Mastodon left only a memory. Columbus Dispatch 28 January 2001: B1.Lepper, B.T. 2003. Mastodon bones yield telltale clues to beast's demise. Columbus Dispatch 18 November 2003.","title":"Literature"}]
[{"image_text":"Replica of the near-complete skeleton of Mammut americanum - Burning Tree Mastodon (Upper Pleistocene, 11.39 ka) at the Burning Tree Golf Course","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mammut_americanum_-_Burning_Tree_Mastodon_%28Upper_Pleistocene%2C_11.39_ka%3B_Burning_Tree_Golf_Course%2C_south_of_Heath%2C_southern_Licking_County%2C_central_Ohio%2C_USA%29_1_%2815276264887%29.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Burning Tree Mastodon excavation (mid-December 1989), Burning Tree Golf Course, Heath, east-central Ohio, United States","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Burning_Tree_Mastodon_excavation_site%2C_Burning_Tree_Golf_Course.jpg/300px-Burning_Tree_Mastodon_excavation_site%2C_Burning_Tree_Golf_Course.jpg"},{"image_text":"Burning Tree Mastodon Exhibit at the Akron Fossils & Science Center","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/CEOhio_exhibit.jpg/220px-CEOhio_exhibit.jpg"}]
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[]
[{"Link":"https://www.dispatch.com/article/20160428/NEWS/304289767","external_links_name":"Bacteria from Burning Tree mastodon survived 13,000 years."}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Ractis
Toyota Ractis
["1 First generation (XP100; 2005)","2 Second generation (XP120; 2010)","2.1 Subaru Trezia","3 References"]
Motor vehicle Toyota RactisToyota Verso-S 1.3 Life (Germany)OverviewManufacturerToyotaProductionOctober 2005 – December 2017Body and chassisClassMini MPVBody style5-door hatchbackLayoutFront-engine, front-wheel-driveFront-engine, four-wheel-drive (Japan only)PlatformToyota B platformChronologyPredecessorToyota Yaris Verso/Fun CargoSuccessorToyota Tank/RoomyToyota Sienta (XP170) The Toyota Ractis (Japanese: トヨタ・ラクティス, Toyota Rakutisu) is a mini MPV produced by Japanese automaker Toyota. It is a five-seater mini MPV based on the Vitz, and was introduced in October 2005 as the successor of the Yaris Verso/FunCargo. The name "Ractis" is derived from "Run", "Activity" and "Space". First generation (XP100; 2005) This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2018) Motor vehicle First generation2005–2007 Toyota Ractis (Japan)OverviewModel codeXP100ProductionOctober 2005 – November 2010AssemblyJapan: Toyota City, Aichi (Takaoka plant); Kanegasaki, Iwate (Kanto Auto Works)DesignerTakanori Tsubaki, Hiroaki Hakamata and Takahiro Minami (2003)Masatoshi Watanabe and Hiroaki Suzuki (2007 minor change: 2006)Body and chassisRelatedToyota Vitz/Yaris (XP90)Toyota Belta/Vios (XP90)Toyota ist (XP110)PowertrainEngine1.3 L 2SZ-FE I4 (petrol)1.5 L 1NZ-FE I4 (petrol)Transmission4-speed automatic (AWD)CVT (FF)DimensionsWheelbase2,550 mm (100.4 in)Length3,955 mm (155.7 in)Width1,695 mm (66.7 in)Height1,640–1,660 mm (64.6–65.4 in)Curb weight1,120–1,210 kg (2,469–2,668 lb) The first generation Ractis was initially only sold in Japan, and was available at Toyopet Store dealerships. A minor change was released on December 20, 2007 with new headlights and tail lights. Sales in Hong Kong started from October 2009. 2005–2007 Toyota Ractis (Japan) 2007–2010 Toyota Ractis 1.3 X Package (Japan) 2007–2010 Toyota Ractis 1.3 X Package (Japan) Second generation (XP120; 2010) Motor vehicle Second generationToyota Verso-S 1.3 Life (pre-facelift, Germany)OverviewModel codeXP120Also calledToyota Verso-S (Europe)Toyota Space VersoSubaru TreziaProductionSeptember 2010 – June 2016 (Japan)December 2010 – December 2017 (Europe)AssemblyJapan: Kanegasaki, Iwate (Kanto Auto Works)Body and chassisRelatedToyota Vitz (XP130)PowertrainEngine1.3 L 1NR-FE I4 (petrol)1.3 L 1NR-FKE I4 (petrol)1.5 L 1NZ-FE I4 (petrol)1.4 L 1ND-TV I4-T (diesel)Transmission6-speed manual (Europe)CVT (Japan)DimensionsWheelbase2,550 mm (100.4 in)Length3,995 mm (157.3 in)Width1,695 mm (66.7 in)Height1,585–1,705 mm (62.4–67.1 in)Curb weight1,090–1,170 kg (2,403–2,579 lb)ChronologySuccessorToyota Proace City (Europe) The second generation Ractis was unveiled at the 2010 Paris Motor Show as the Toyota Verso-S (Japanese: トヨタ・ヴァーソ・S, Toyota Vuāso S). The Ractis is produced at the Iwate plant by Kanto Auto Works. It is available in 1.3 L and 1.5 L engines with G, X and S grades in Japan. The introduction of the Verso-S marked the re-entry of Toyota into the European B-MPV segment. When it hit the market, the Verso-S had the shortest overall length of any mini MPV in Europe. The Verso-S is available with a choice of two engines, a 1.3-litre petrol unit or a 1.4-litre D-4D turbo-diesel unit, both mated to a six-speed manual transmission. The petrol derivative is also offered with an optional, Multidrive S CVT, which features a seven speed, sequential paddle shift mode. The petrol model delivers a combined fuel economy of 18.2 km/L (51 mpg‑imp; 43 mpg‑US) and CO2 emissions of 127 g/km. The diesel model delivers 23.25 km/L (66 mpg‑imp; 55 mpg‑US) and 113 g/km respectively. Toyota UK discontinued the Verso-S in 2013. On June 30, 2016, Toyota confirmed that the Ractis reached the end of production for Japanese, Hong Kong and Macau markets, but the Verso-S continued to be produced for European markets until 2017. Sales of the Ractis in Japan ended on August 31, 2016. It was succeeded by the Toyota Tank/Roomy. The five-seater variant of the facelifted XP170 Sienta, the Funbase, which was released on September 11, 2018, is also considered as the successor of the Ractis. Toyota Verso-S 1.3 Life (pre-facelift, Germany) Toyota Ractis Welcab Type II (pre-facelift, Japan) Toyota Ractis G (facelift, Japan) Toyota Ractis G (facelift, Japan) Toyota Ractis Lepice (Japan) Toyota Ractis Lepice (Japan) Toyota Verso-S interior Subaru Trezia Subaru announced a rebadged OEM version of the Ractis for the Japanese market on November 29, 2010. Known as the Subaru Trezia (Japanese: スバル・トレジア, Subaru Torejia), the badge engineered model receives unique bumpers, grille, bonnet, front fenders, headlights, rear finisher and tail light lenses. The name "Trezia" derives from the English language word "treasure". Engines available consisted of a 1.3-litre 1NR-FE and 1.5-litre 1NZ-FE, coupled with a CVT. Front-wheel drive is offered as the entry level layout for both engines, with all-wheel drive available as an upgrade on the 1.5-litre version. In January 2011, Subaru debuted an STI tuned "Trezia STI" at the Tokyo Auto Salon. The Trezia is also sold in Europe in LHD form, but not in RHD markets such as the United Kingdom or Ireland. Subaru Trezia 1.4D Active (Germany) Subaru Trezia 1.4D Active (Germany) References ^ ラクティスの車名の由来は何ですか？ (in Japanese). toyota.jp. Retrieved 2011-03-19. ^ "History of KANTO AUTO WORKS". Kanto-aw.co.jp. Retrieved 2010-07-16. ^ "Kanto Auto Works, Ltd". Kanto-aw.co.jp. Retrieved 2010-07-16. ^ "Indonesian design patent IDD000017141". 2005-10-18. Retrieved 2019-11-13. ^ "Indonesia design patent IDD000019337". 2007-12-11. Retrieved 2019-11-13. ^ "豐田 Ractis 行貨正式引入香港，香港第一車網，Inside Logic Media Limited，2009-10-2" (in Chinese). Car1.hk. 2009-10-02. Retrieved 2010-10-22. ^ a b "Affiliates (Toyota wholly-owned subsidiaries)-Toyota Motor East Japan, Inc". Toyota Motor Corporation. 2012. Retrieved 2014-07-21. ^ "ラクティス". Toyota.jp. Archived from the original on 2012-08-14. Retrieved 2011-09-04. ^ "Verso S". Toyota. ^ "Paris Preview: Toyota Verso-S gets an iQ-inspired makeover". Autoblog.com. 2010-08-31. Retrieved 2010-09-26. ^ "Paris Show: Toyota Targets Honda Jazz / Fit with New Verso-S MPV". Carscoop. 2010-09-30. Retrieved 2010-10-01. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mini MPV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini_MPV"},{"link_name":"Toyota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota"},{"link_name":"Vitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Vitz"},{"link_name":"Yaris Verso/FunCargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Yaris_Verso"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Toyota Ractis (Japanese: トヨタ・ラクティス, Toyota Rakutisu) is a mini MPV produced by Japanese automaker Toyota. It is a five-seater mini MPV based on the Vitz, and was introduced in October 2005 as the successor of the Yaris Verso/FunCargo. The name \"Ractis\" is derived from \"Run\", \"Activity\" and \"Space\".[1]","title":"Toyota Ractis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toyopet Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyopet_Store"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota_Ractis_03.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota_Ractis_X_Package_1300_SCP100.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota_Ractis_X_Package_1300_SCP100_Rear.JPG"}],"text":"Motor vehicleThe first generation Ractis was initially only sold in Japan, and was available at Toyopet Store dealerships. A minor change was released on December 20, 2007 with new headlights and tail lights. Sales in Hong Kong started from October 2009.[6]2005–2007 Toyota Ractis (Japan)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2007–2010 Toyota Ractis 1.3 X Package (Japan)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2007–2010 Toyota Ractis 1.3 X Package (Japan)","title":"First generation (XP100; 2005)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010 Paris Motor Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Paris_Motor_Show"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Kanto Auto Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanto_Auto_Works"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"petrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrol_engine"},{"link_name":"turbo-diesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo-diesel"},{"link_name":"manual transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_transmission"},{"link_name":"CVT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuously_variable_transmission"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Toyota Tank/Roomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daihatsu_Thor"},{"link_name":"XP170 Sienta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Sienta#XP170"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota_Verso-S_1.33_VVT-i_Life_%E2%80%93_Heckansicht_(1),_31._M%C3%A4rz_2011,_Mettmann.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota_Ractis_Welcab_Type_II.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota_Ractis_G_(P120)_front.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota_Ractis_G_(P120)_rear.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota_Ractis_Lepice_(DBA-NCP120)_front.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota_Ractis_Lepice_(DBA-NCP120)_rear.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota_Verso_S_Cockpit.JPG"}],"text":"Motor vehicleThe second generation Ractis was unveiled at the 2010 Paris Motor Show as the Toyota Verso-S (Japanese: トヨタ・ヴァーソ・S, Toyota Vuāso S).[8][9] The Ractis is produced at the Iwate plant by Kanto Auto Works. It is available in 1.3 L and 1.5 L engines with G, X and S grades in Japan. The introduction of the Verso-S marked the re-entry of Toyota into the European B-MPV segment.When it hit the market, the Verso-S had the shortest overall length of any mini MPV in Europe.[10] The Verso-S is available with a choice of two engines, a 1.3-litre petrol unit or a 1.4-litre D-4D turbo-diesel unit, both mated to a six-speed manual transmission.The petrol derivative is also offered with an optional, Multidrive S CVT, which features a seven speed, sequential paddle shift mode. The petrol model delivers a combined fuel economy of 18.2 km/L (51 mpg‑imp; 43 mpg‑US) and CO2 emissions of 127 g/km. The diesel model delivers 23.25 km/L (66 mpg‑imp; 55 mpg‑US) and 113 g/km respectively.[11]Toyota UK discontinued the Verso-S in 2013.[citation needed] On June 30, 2016, Toyota confirmed that the Ractis reached the end of production for Japanese, Hong Kong and Macau markets, but the Verso-S continued to be produced for European markets until 2017.[citation needed] Sales of the Ractis in Japan ended on August 31, 2016.[citation needed] It was succeeded by the Toyota Tank/Roomy.The five-seater variant of the facelifted XP170 Sienta, the Funbase, which was released on September 11, 2018, is also considered as the successor of the Ractis.Toyota Verso-S 1.3 Life (pre-facelift, Germany)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tToyota Ractis Welcab Type II (pre-facelift, Japan)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tToyota Ractis G (facelift, Japan)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tToyota Ractis G (facelift, Japan)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tToyota Ractis Lepice (Japan)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tToyota Ractis Lepice (Japan)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tToyota Verso-S interior","title":"Second generation (XP120; 2010)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Subaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru"},{"link_name":"OEM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OEM"},{"link_name":"1NR-FE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_NR_engine"},{"link_name":"1NZ-FE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_NZ_engine"},{"link_name":"Front-wheel drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front-wheel_drive"},{"link_name":"all-wheel drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-wheel_drive"},{"link_name":"STI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_Tecnica_International"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Auto Salon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Auto_Salon"},{"link_name":"LHD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-hand_drive"},{"link_name":"RHD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-hand_drive"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Subaru_Trezia_1.4D_Active_%E2%80%93_Frontansicht,_26._September_2012,_Wuppertal.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Subaru_Trezia_1.4D_Active_%E2%80%93_Heckansicht,_26._September_2012,_Wuppertal.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Subaru Trezia","text":"Subaru announced a rebadged OEM version of the Ractis for the Japanese market on November 29, 2010. Known as the Subaru Trezia (Japanese: スバル・トレジア, Subaru Torejia), the badge engineered model receives unique bumpers, grille, bonnet, front fenders, headlights, rear finisher and tail light lenses. The name \"Trezia\" derives from the English language word \"treasure\".Engines available consisted of a 1.3-litre 1NR-FE and 1.5-litre 1NZ-FE, coupled with a CVT. Front-wheel drive is offered as the entry level layout for both engines, with all-wheel drive available as an upgrade on the 1.5-litre version. In January 2011, Subaru debuted an STI tuned \"Trezia STI\" at the Tokyo Auto Salon.The Trezia is also sold in Europe in LHD form, but not in RHD markets such as the United Kingdom or Ireland.[citation needed]Subaru Trezia 1.4D Active (Germany)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSubaru Trezia 1.4D Active (Germany)","title":"Second generation (XP120; 2010)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satoru_Nakajima
Satoru Nakajima
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Racing record","4.1 Career summary","4.2 Japanese Top Formula Championship results","4.3 Complete International Formula 3000 results","4.4 Complete Formula One results","5 Helmet","6 Video games","7 References","8 External links"]
Japanese racing driver (born 1953) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Satoru Nakajima" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Satoru NakajimaIn 2008, as the chairman of Formula NipponBorn (1953-02-23) 23 February 1953 (age 71)Okazaki, JapanFormula One World Championship careerNationality JapaneseActive years1987 – 1991TeamsLotus, TyrrellEnginesHonda, Judd, FordEntries80 (74 starts)Championships0Wins0Podiums0Career points16Pole positions0Fastest laps1First entry1987 Brazilian Grand PrixLast entry1991 Australian Grand Prix Satoru Nakajima (中嶋 悟, Nakajima Satoru, born 23 February 1953) is a Japanese former racing driver. He is a five-time Japanese Top Formula champion, and was the first full-time Japanese Formula One driver. Accordingly, he is responsible for several firsts for Japanese drivers in Formula One, including being the first to score championship points (at the 1987 San Marino Grand Prix, where he finished sixth in only his second F1 race), and being the first to record a fastest lap (at the 1989 Australian Grand Prix). Early life Nakajima was born into a farming family living just outside Okazaki, Japan. He began driving cars in his early teens in the family's garden with his older brother giving him tips, careful that their father didn't catch them. He felt exhilaration behind the wheel of a car, and from then on knew what he wanted to do. Career He started racing after he finished school and passed his driver's licence. In 1973 he was a rookie in the Suzuka Circuit series, which he won. Five years later, he won his first race in Japanese Formula Two. In 1981 he won his first championship, thus beginning a period of domination in the series. He won five of the next six championships, all of them equipped with a Honda V6 engine. Nakajima participated in 80 Formula One Grands Prix, debuting in the Brazilian Grand Prix on 12 April 1987, bringing Honda engines to the Lotus team. He was 34 years old in his debut race, making him one of Formula One's oldest debutants of the modern era. He finished sixth, and so scored a point, in only his second race, the 1987 San Marino Grand Prix. During his debut season, Nakajima was outclassed by his team mate Ayrton Senna, and many questioned Nakajima's place in F1, stating that if not for Honda he would not have been there on merit. Honda had originally pushed for Nakajima to replace Nigel Mansell at Williams for the 1986 season (the Japanese company supplied their engines exclusively to Williams from 1984–86). However, Williams owner Frank Williams refused to dump Mansell, who despite scoring only 7 points in the first 12 rounds, had finally won his first two races towards the end of the 1985 season. Frank Williams, who was always more interested in the Constructors' rather than the Drivers' Championship, reasoned that having race winner Mansell, and then dual World Champion Nelson Piquet, would give the team its best shot at the Constructors' title, and that the unproven (in F1) Nakajima would struggle (Williams was to be proven correct on this). Lotus were looking for a new engine partner for 1987 as Renault were pulling out of the sport at the end of 1986. Lotus agreed to take on Nakajima replacing Johnny Dumfries in the second seat as a part of the new engine deal with Honda. Nakajima driving a Lotus 101, originally used during the 1989 Formula One season, at the 2011 Japanese Grand Prix. 1988 was another miserable year in F1 for both Nakajima and Lotus. In the final season for turbos and using the same V6 engines that propelled McLaren drivers Senna and Alain Prost to win 15 of the season's 16 races, Nakajima scored only a single point during the season finishing sixth in the opening race in Brazil. He also failed to qualify the Lotus 100T at both Monaco and Detroit, the only times between its first race in 1983 and the end of the turbo era in 1988 that a Honda V6 turbo failed to qualify for any Grands Prix entered. Despite this, on occasions Nakajima was able to push his team mate, reigning World Champion Nelson Piquet who had replaced Senna. Not normally the best of qualifiers or racers despite having equipment superior to most, including the same all-powerful Honda V6 turbo engine as the McLarens, Nakajima could have easily been excused for performing poorly at the 1988 Japanese Grand Prix at Suzuka, if he chose to compete at all. Only 30 minutes before the start of the Friday morning's practice session he was informed that his mother had died that morning (28 October). In the circumstances his effort in Saturday qualifying to equal his more illustrious team mate's time right down to the thousandth of a second was exceptional. Piquet and Nakajima qualified 5th and 6th respectively, Piquet in front only for having set his time earlier in the last qualifying session. Nakajima was actually faster than the triple World Champion on the Friday, an effort that won the much-maligned Japanese driver new fans and much praise in the F1 paddock. Despite most believing he did not truly deserve to be in F1, Lotus showed faith in Nakajima when they re-signed him for 1989, even after Honda announced would not be supplying their engines to the team after the 1988 season. This left Nakajima and team-mate Piquet driving the Judd V8 powered Lotus 101 (Nakajima continued to wear Honda patches on his racing suit during the years he did not drive for a Honda-powered team). The pair had a very up-and-down season, with both failing to qualify for the 1989 Belgian Grand Prix, the first time in their 30-year history that Lotus had failed to make the grid, symbolically heralding the beginning of the end for the British team. A great upside to Nakajima's 1989 was a fourth place and fastest lap in the rain-soaked Australian Grand Prix, scoring his only points of the year and also equaling his best career finish, from the 1987 British Grand Prix. Nakajima's race in Adelaide, in which he was dead last at the end of the first lap after a spin soon after the start and only finished 4.648 seconds behind the 3rd placed Williams-Renault V10 of Riccardo Patrese, even drew praise from those who had criticised him in the past such as BBC television commentator and 1976 World Champion James Hunt. Nakajima joined Tyrrell for the 1990 season (along with the promise of the team using the Honda V10 engine in 1991). He raced for them for two uneventful years at the back of the pack before ending his career. In 1990 he was team mate to young Frenchman Jean Alesi, who scored 13 points (including two second places) to Nakajima's three. In 1991 with the Honda engines used by McLaren in 1990 (and serviced by Mugen Motorsports), he was joined by Italian Stefano Modena. Nakajima was again outscored by his team mate, with Modena scoring 10 points and Nakajima's two points coming from finishing 5th in the opening race of the season in Phoenix. Honda left Formula One a year later to lay the first bricks on a works team, one that they had been working on during the Formula One season, and that CEO Nobuhiko Kawamoto finally admitted to in October. The car, the Honda RC100 was unveiled to the media in February 1993, driven by Nakajima. Shortly afterwards, it passed the Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile (FISA) crash tests, meaning that the company could enter their team into F1 competition. In an attempt to improve on their previous chassis, Honda built two more, the RC101 and 101B, the latter intended for racing purposes, the former for crash testing. Nakajima had the first public testing of the 101B in Suzuka in January 1994. The company decided against entering its own cars in F1 at this time, instead opting to further their engine development in America with CART, and later, the IRL. Personal life Nakajima still lives in the family home near Okazaki. He owns the Nakajima Racing entry in Japanese Formula 3000 / Formula Nippon / Super Formula. Nakajima drivers have won the Formula Nippon championship three times, Tom Coronel doing so in 1999, Toranosuke Takagi in 2000, and Ralph Firman in 2002. Nakajima's current drivers are Takashi Kogure and André Lotterer, who finished second in the 2004 championship, although he was tied in points with champion Richard Lyons. Nakajima's son, Kazuki raced for the Williams team in Formula One in the 2008 and 2009 seasons. Nakajima's younger son, Daisuke, is also a racing driver. He competed in the British Formula 3 Championship in 2009 and 2010. After their careers in open-wheel racing, both turned to sports car racing; Kazuki raced in the FIA World Endurance Championship with Toyota Gazoo Racing while Daisuke raced in Super GT; both have since retired from racing. Kazuki retired after the 2021 FIA World Endurance Championship to take up a managerial role with Toyota Gazoo Racing, while Daisuke retired at the end of the 2019 Super GT Series and has since maintained a low profile. Racing record Career summary Season Series Team Races Wins Poles F/Laps Podiums Points Position 1977 Japanese Formula Two Heros Racing Corporation 7 0 0 0 2 52 3rd 1978 Japanese Formula Two Heros Racing Corporation 6 1 1 1 6 67 3rd Vandervell British Formula Three Nova Engineering 2 0 0 0 0 0 NC BP Super Visco British Formula Three 1 0 0 0 0 0 NC 1979 Japanese Formula Two i&i Racing Development 6 0 1 0 1 28 7th Formula Pacific Japan 1 1 1 1 1 15 11th Macau Grand Prix 1 0 0 0 0 N/A 5th 1980 Japanese Formula Two i&i Racing Development 5 2 1 1 3 59 3rd Formula Pacific Japan 7 2 2 ? 4 57 2nd 1981 Formula Pacific Japan i&i Racing Development 9 2 5 ? 7 89 2nd Japanese Formula Two 5 2 0 1 5 79 1st Macau Grand Prix 1 0 0 0 0 N/A DNF 1982 Japanese Formula Two John Player Special Team Ikuzawa 6 4 1 1 5 80 1st European Formula Two 5 0 0 0 1 6 13th 1983 Japanese Formula Two Harada Racing Company 8 2 2 0 3 65 4th 1984 Japanese Formula Two Heros Racing Corporation 8 4 6 3 6 107 1st All-Japan Endurance Championship TOM'S 3 0 1 0 1 12 16th World Sportscar Championship 1 0 0 0 0 N/A NC 1985 Japanese Formula Two Heros Racing with Nakajima 8 5 6 3 8 115 1st All-Japan Endurance Championship TOM'S 5 0 0 0 2 34 9th World Sportscar Championship 2 0 0 0 1 6 56th 1986 Japanese Formula Two Heros Racing with Nakajima 8 1 5 4 6 92 1st International Formula 3000 Ralt Racing Ltd 7 0 0 0 0 7 10th World Sportscar Championship TOM'S 2 0 0 0 0 2 70th All-Japan Endurance Championship 1 0 0 0 0 0 NC 1987 Formula One Camel Team Lotus Honda 16 0 0 0 0 7 12th 1988 Formula One Camel Team Lotus Honda 14 0 0 0 0 1 16th 1989 Formula One Camel Team Lotus 13 0 0 1 0 3 21st 1990 Formula One Tyrrell Racing Organisation 15 0 0 0 0 3 15th 1991 Formula One Braun Tyrrell Honda 16 0 0 0 0 2 15th Japanese Top Formula Championship results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) Year Entrant Chassis Engine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 DC Points 1977 Heros Racing Corporation Nova BMW SUZ4 SUZRet MIN SUZ10 FUJ5 FUJ2 SUZ3 SUZ5 3rd 52 (53) 1978 Heros Racing Corporation NovaMartini BMWRenault SUZ3 FUJ2 SUZ1 SUZ2 SUZ2 MIN SUZ2 3rd 67 1979 i&i Racing Development March BMW SUZ12 MIN SUZ11 FUJ4 SUZ9 SUZRet SUZ2 7th 28 1980 i&i Racing Development March BMW SUZ1 MIN SUZ1 SUZ3 SUZ6 SUZ6 3rd 59 1981 i&i Racing Development RaltMarch Honda SUZ3 SUZ2 SUZ3 SUZ1 SUZ1 1st 79 1982 John Player Special Team Ikuzawa March Honda SUZ1 FUJ6 SUZ1 SUZ3 SUZ1 SUZ1 1st 80 (98) 1983 Harada Racing Company March Honda SUZ1 FUJDSQ MINRet SUZ4 SUZRet FUJ13 SUZ1 SUZ2 4th 65 1984 Heros Racing Corporation March Honda SUZ1 FUJ3 MINRet SUZ9 SUZ1 FUJ2 SUZ1 SUZ1 1st 107 (109) 1985 Heros Racing with Nakajima March Honda SUZ2 FUJ1 MIN1 SUZ1 SUZ2 FUJ2 SUZ1 SUZ1 1st 115 (145) 1986 Heros Racing with Nakajima March Honda SUZ2 FUJ2 MIN4 SUZ1 SUZ2 FUJ3 SUZ2 SUZ4 1st 92 (112) Complete International Formula 3000 results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.) Year Entrant Chassis Engine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 DC Points 1986 Team Ralt Ralt RT20 Honda V8 SILRet VAL5 PAU SPA IMO8 MUG5 PERRet ÖST4 BIR8 BUG JAR 11th 7 Complete Formula One results (key) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) Year Entrant Chassis Engine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 WDC Points 1987 Camel Team Lotus Honda Lotus 99T Honda RA166E 1.5 V6 t BRA7 SMR6 BEL5 MON10 DETRet FRANC GBR4 GERRet HUNRet AUT13 ITA11 POR8 ESP9 MEXRet JPN6 AUSRet 12th 7 1988 Camel Team Lotus Honda Lotus 100T Honda RA168E 1.5 V6 t BRA6 SMR8 MONDNQ MEXRet CAN11 DETDNQ FRA7 GBR10 GER9 HUN7 BELRet ITARet PORRet ESPRet JPN7 AUSRet 16th 1 1989 Camel Team Lotus Lotus 101 Judd CV 3.5 V8 BRA8 SMRNC MONDNQ MEXRet USARet CANDNQ FRARet GBR8 GERRet HUNRet BELDNQ ITA10 POR7 ESPRet JPNRet AUS4 21st 3 1990 Tyrrell Racing Organisation Tyrrell 018 Ford Cosworth DFR 3.5 V8 USA6 BRA8 15th 3 Tyrrell 019 SMRRet MONRet CAN11 MEXRet FRARet GBRRet GERRet HUNRet BELRet ITA6 PORDNS ESPRet JPN6 AUSRet 1991 Braun Tyrrell Honda Tyrrell 020 Honda RA101E 3.5 V10 USA5 BRARet SMRRet MONRet CAN10 MEX12 FRARet GBR8 GERRet HUN15 BELRet ITARet POR13 ESP17 JPNRet AUSRet 15th 2 Helmet Nakajima's helmet was white with two red lines forming a circular end on the chin area, with a wide line on the rear of the helmet with written NAKAJIMA on it. His son Kazuki Nakajima uses a slightly different version of this helmet. Video games Between 1988 and 1994, Nakajima endorsed many Formula One video games for various consoles like Family Computer, Sega Mega Drive, Game Boy and Super Famicom. While most of these games (released by Varie) were only released in Japan, one of the games Nakajima had endorsed for the Mega Drive was released internationally as Ferrari Grand Prix Challenge. He also appeared as a playable driver in his Lotus 100T in Codemasters' F1 2013. References ^ Jenkins, Richard. "The World Championship drivers - Where are they now?". OldRacingCars.com. Retrieved 29 July 2007. ^ a b "Double R sign Daisuke Nakajima". autosport.com. 27 February 2009. Retrieved 4 March 2009. ^ "Nakajima retires from racing, takes on new Toyota WEC role". motorsport.com. Retrieved 7 December 2021. ^ Klein, Jamie (24 November 2019). "Daisuke Nakajima announces retirement from racing". motorsport.com. Retrieved 20 August 2021. ^ "Satoru Nakajima Results". Motorsport Stats. Motorsport Network. Retrieved 8 December 2023. External links Nakajima Racing Satoru Nakajima career summary at DriverDB.com Sporting positions Preceded byMasahiro Hasemi Japanese Formula TwoChampion 1981-1982 Succeeded byGeoff Lees Preceded byGeoff Lees Japanese Formula TwoChampion 1984-1986 Succeeded byKazuyoshi Hoshino(Japanese Formula 3000) vteSatoru Nakajima Formula One gamesFamily Computer Satoru Nakajima F-1 Hero Satoru Nakajima F-1 Hero 2 Sega Mega Drive Nakajima Satoru Kanshuu F1 Grand Prix Nakajima Satoru Kanshuu F1 Hero MD Nakajima Satoru Kanshū F1 Super License Game Boy F-1 Hero GB 91 F-1 Hero GB 92 Super Famicom Super F-1 Hero Nakajima Satoru F-1 Hero '94 Authority control databases International VIAF National Japan Academics CiNii
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Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_British_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Street_Circuit"},{"link_name":"Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_FW13"},{"link_name":"Renault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_F1"},{"link_name":"V10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V10_engine"},{"link_name":"Riccardo Patrese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_Patrese"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"James Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hunt"},{"link_name":"Tyrrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrrell_Racing"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Formula_One_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Formula_One_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"Jean Alesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Alesi"},{"link_name":"Mugen Motorsports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugen_Motorsports"},{"link_name":"Stefano Modena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano_Modena"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_United_States_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Nobuhiko Kawamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobuhiko_Kawamoto"},{"link_name":"Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_du_Sport_Automobile"},{"link_name":"chassis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chassis"},{"link_name":"CART","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champ_Car"},{"link_name":"IRL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indy_Racing_League"}],"text":"He started racing after he finished school and passed his driver's licence. In 1973 he was a rookie in the Suzuka Circuit series, which he won. Five years later, he won his first race in Japanese Formula Two. In 1981 he won his first championship, thus beginning a period of domination in the series. He won five of the next six championships, all of them equipped with a Honda V6 engine.Nakajima participated in 80 Formula One Grands Prix, debuting in the Brazilian Grand Prix on 12 April 1987, bringing Honda engines to the Lotus team. He was 34 years old in his debut race, making him one of Formula One's oldest debutants of the modern era.[citation needed] He finished sixth, and so scored a point, in only his second race, the 1987 San Marino Grand Prix. During his debut season, Nakajima was outclassed by his team mate Ayrton Senna, and many questioned Nakajima's place in F1, stating that if not for Honda he would not have been there on merit.Honda had originally pushed for Nakajima to replace Nigel Mansell at Williams for the 1986 season (the Japanese company supplied their engines exclusively to Williams from 1984–86). However, Williams owner Frank Williams refused to dump Mansell, who despite scoring only 7 points in the first 12 rounds, had finally won his first two races towards the end of the 1985 season. Frank Williams, who was always more interested in the Constructors' rather than the Drivers' Championship, reasoned that having race winner Mansell, and then dual World Champion Nelson Piquet, would give the team its best shot at the Constructors' title, and that the unproven (in F1) Nakajima would struggle (Williams was to be proven correct on this). Lotus were looking for a new engine partner for 1987 as Renault were pulling out of the sport at the end of 1986. Lotus agreed to take on Nakajima replacing Johnny Dumfries in the second seat as a part of the new engine deal with Honda.Nakajima driving a Lotus 101, originally used during the 1989 Formula One season, at the 2011 Japanese Grand Prix.1988 was another miserable year in F1 for both Nakajima and Lotus. In the final season for turbos and using the same V6 engines that propelled McLaren drivers Senna and Alain Prost to win 15 of the season's 16 races, Nakajima scored only a single point during the season finishing sixth in the opening race in Brazil. He also failed to qualify the Lotus 100T at both Monaco and Detroit, the only times between its first race in 1983 and the end of the turbo era in 1988 that a Honda V6 turbo failed to qualify for any Grands Prix entered. Despite this, on occasions Nakajima was able to push his team mate, reigning World Champion Nelson Piquet who had replaced Senna.Not normally the best of qualifiers or racers despite having equipment superior to most, including the same all-powerful Honda V6 turbo engine as the McLarens, Nakajima could have easily been excused for performing poorly at the 1988 Japanese Grand Prix at Suzuka, if he chose to compete at all. Only 30 minutes before the start of the Friday morning's practice session he was informed that his mother had died that morning (28 October). In the circumstances his effort in Saturday qualifying to equal his more illustrious team mate's time right down to the thousandth of a second was exceptional. Piquet and Nakajima qualified 5th and 6th respectively, Piquet in front only for having set his time earlier in the last qualifying session. Nakajima was actually faster than the triple World Champion on the Friday, an effort that won the much-maligned Japanese driver new fans and much praise in the F1 paddock.Despite most believing he did not truly deserve to be in F1, Lotus showed faith in Nakajima when they re-signed him for 1989, even after Honda announced would not be supplying their engines to the team after the 1988 season. This left Nakajima and team-mate Piquet driving the Judd V8 powered Lotus 101 (Nakajima continued to wear Honda patches on his racing suit during the years he did not drive for a Honda-powered team). The pair had a very up-and-down season, with both failing to qualify for the 1989 Belgian Grand Prix, the first time in their 30-year history that Lotus had failed to make the grid, symbolically heralding the beginning of the end for the British team. A great upside to Nakajima's 1989 was a fourth place and fastest lap in the rain-soaked Australian Grand Prix, scoring his only points of the year and also equaling his best career finish, from the 1987 British Grand Prix. Nakajima's race in Adelaide, in which he was dead last at the end of the first lap after a spin soon after the start and only finished 4.648 seconds behind the 3rd placed Williams-Renault V10 of Riccardo Patrese, even drew praise from those who had criticised him in the past such as BBC television commentator and 1976 World Champion James Hunt.Nakajima joined Tyrrell for the 1990 season (along with the promise of the team using the Honda V10 engine in 1991). He raced for them for two uneventful years at the back of the pack before ending his career. In 1990 he was team mate to young Frenchman Jean Alesi, who scored 13 points (including two second places) to Nakajima's three. In 1991 with the Honda engines used by McLaren in 1990 (and serviced by Mugen Motorsports), he was joined by Italian Stefano Modena. Nakajima was again outscored by his team mate, with Modena scoring 10 points and Nakajima's two points coming from finishing 5th in the opening race of the season in Phoenix.Honda left Formula One a year later to lay the first bricks on a works team, one that they had been working on during the Formula One season, and that CEO Nobuhiko Kawamoto finally admitted to in October. The car, the Honda RC100 was unveiled to the media in February 1993, driven by Nakajima. Shortly afterwards, it passed the Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile (FISA) crash tests, meaning that the company could enter their team into F1 competition. In an attempt to improve on their previous chassis, Honda built two more, the RC101 and 101B, the latter intended for racing purposes, the former for crash testing. Nakajima had the first public testing of the 101B in Suzuka in January 1994. The company decided against entering its own cars in F1 at this time, instead opting to further their engine development in America with CART, and later, the IRL.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nakajima Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakajima_Racing"},{"link_name":"Formula 3000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_3000"},{"link_name":"Formula Nippon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_Nippon"},{"link_name":"Formula Nippon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_Nippon"},{"link_name":"Tom Coronel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Coronel"},{"link_name":"Toranosuke Takagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toranosuke_Takagi"},{"link_name":"Ralph Firman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Firman"},{"link_name":"Takashi Kogure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takashi_Kogure"},{"link_name":"André Lotterer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lotterer"},{"link_name":"Richard Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lyons_(auto_racer)"},{"link_name":"Kazuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuki_Nakajima"},{"link_name":"Williams team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WilliamsF1"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"2009 seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-confirmedStefan-2"},{"link_name":"Daisuke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisuke_Nakajima"},{"link_name":"British Formula 3 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Formula_3_Championship"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_British_Formula_3_season"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_British_Formula_3_season"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-confirmedStefan-2"},{"link_name":"FIA World Endurance Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIA_World_Endurance_Championship"},{"link_name":"Toyota Gazoo Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Gazoo_Racing"},{"link_name":"Super GT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_GT"},{"link_name":"2021 FIA World Endurance Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_FIA_World_Endurance_Championship"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2019 Super GT Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Super_GT_Series"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Nakajima still lives in the family home near Okazaki. He owns the Nakajima Racing entry in Japanese Formula 3000 / Formula Nippon / Super Formula. Nakajima drivers have won the Formula Nippon championship three times, Tom Coronel doing so in 1999, Toranosuke Takagi in 2000, and Ralph Firman in 2002. Nakajima's current drivers are Takashi Kogure and André Lotterer, who finished second in the 2004 championship, although he was tied in points with champion Richard Lyons.Nakajima's son, Kazuki raced for the Williams team in Formula One in the 2008 and 2009 seasons.[2] Nakajima's younger son, Daisuke, is also a racing driver. He competed in the British Formula 3 Championship in 2009 and 2010.[2] After their careers in open-wheel racing, both turned to sports car racing; Kazuki raced in the FIA World Endurance Championship with Toyota Gazoo Racing while Daisuke raced in Super GT; both have since retired from racing. Kazuki retired after the 2021 FIA World Endurance Championship to take up a managerial role with Toyota Gazoo Racing,[3] while Daisuke retired at the end of the 2019 Super GT Series and has since maintained a low profile.[4]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Racing record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Career summary","title":"Racing record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:A1GP_results_legend"}],"sub_title":"Japanese Top Formula Championship results","text":"(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)","title":"Racing record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Motorsport_driver_results_legend"}],"sub_title":"Complete International Formula 3000 results","text":"(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.)","title":"Racing record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:F1_driver_results_legend_2"}],"sub_title":"Complete Formula One results","text":"(key) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)","title":"Racing record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kazuki Nakajima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuki_Nakajima"}],"text":"Nakajima's helmet was white with two red lines forming a circular end on the chin area, with a wide line on the rear of the helmet with written NAKAJIMA on it. His son Kazuki Nakajima uses a slightly different version of this helmet.","title":"Helmet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Varie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varie"},{"link_name":"Ferrari Grand Prix Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari_Grand_Prix_Challenge"}],"text":"Between 1988 and 1994, Nakajima endorsed many Formula One video games for various consoles like Family Computer, Sega Mega Drive, Game Boy and Super Famicom. While most of these games (released by Varie) were only released in Japan, one of the games Nakajima had endorsed for the Mega Drive was released internationally as Ferrari Grand Prix Challenge. He also appeared as a playable driver in his Lotus 100T in Codemasters' F1 2013.","title":"Video games"}]
[{"image_text":"Nakajima driving a Lotus 101, originally used during the 1989 Formula One season, at the 2011 Japanese Grand Prix.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Satoru_Nakajima_demonstrating_Lotus_101_2011_Japan.jpg/220px-Satoru_Nakajima_demonstrating_Lotus_101_2011_Japan.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Jenkins, Richard. \"The World Championship drivers - Where are they now?\". OldRacingCars.com. Retrieved 29 July 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oldracingcars.com/driver/Satoru_Nakajima","url_text":"\"The World Championship drivers - Where are they now?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Double R sign Daisuke Nakajima\". autosport.com. 27 February 2009. Retrieved 4 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/73452","url_text":"\"Double R sign Daisuke Nakajima\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nakajima retires from racing, takes on new Toyota WEC role\". motorsport.com. Retrieved 7 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.motorsport.com/wec/news/kazuki-nakajima-retires-toyota-kobayashi/6855653/","url_text":"\"Nakajima retires from racing, takes on new Toyota WEC role\""}]},{"reference":"Klein, Jamie (24 November 2019). \"Daisuke Nakajima announces retirement from racing\". motorsport.com. Retrieved 20 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.motorsport.com/supergt/news/daisuke-nakajima-announces-retirement-honda/4602022/","url_text":"\"Daisuke Nakajima announces retirement from racing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Satoru Nakajima Results\". Motorsport Stats. Motorsport Network. Retrieved 8 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://motorsportstats.com/driver/satoru-nakajima/results","url_text":"\"Satoru Nakajima Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorsport_Network","url_text":"Motorsport Network"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Dorset
Dorset
["1 Toponymy","2 History","2.1 Early history","2.2 Modern history","3 Settlements","4 Physical geography","4.1 Climate","5 Demography","6 Politics","6.1 Local government","6.2 National representation","7 Economy and industry","8 Culture","9 Transport","10 Religious sites","11 Education","12 See also","13 Footnotes","14 Notes","15 References","16 External links"]
Coordinates: 50°48′N 2°18′W / 50.800°N 2.300°W / 50.800; -2.300County of England This article is about the ceremonial county. For the unitary authority area, see Dorset (district). For other uses, see Dorset (disambiguation). Ceremonial county in EnglandDorsetCeremonial countyDurdle Door on the Jurassic Coast, Bournemouth Pier, and Sherborne AbbeyCoordinates: 50°48′N 2°18′W / 50.800°N 2.300°W / 50.800; -2.300Sovereign stateUnited KingdomConstituent countryEnglandRegionSouth WestEstablishedAncientTime zoneUTC+0 (GMT) • Summer (DST)UTC+1 (BST)UK ParliamentList of MPsPoliceDorset PoliceCeremonial countyLord LieutenantAngus CampbellHigh SheriffGeorge Streetfeild(2020–21)Area2,653 km2 (1,024 sq mi) • Rank20th of 48Population (2022)785,172 • Rank32nd of 48Density296/km2 (770/sq mi)Ethnicity97.9% WhiteUnitary authoritiesCouncilsBournemouth, Christchurch and Poole CouncilDorset CouncilDistrictsDistricts of Dorset  Unitary Districts Dorset Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Dorset (/ˈdɔːrsɪt/ DOR-sit; archaically: Dorsetshire /ˈdɔːrsɪt.ʃɪər, -ʃər/ DOR-sit-sheer, -⁠shər) is a ceremonial county in South West England. It is bordered by Somerset to the north-west, Wiltshire to the north and the north-east, Hampshire to the east, the Isle of Wight across the Solent to the south-east, the English Channel to the south, and Devon to the west. The largest settlement is Bournemouth, and the county town is Dorchester. The county has an area of 2,653 km2 (1,024 sq mi) and a population of 772,268. Around half of the population lives in the South East Dorset conurbation, which contains three of the county's largest settlements: Bournemouth (183,491), Poole (151,500), and Christchurch (31,372). The remainder of the county is largely rural, and its principal towns are Weymouth (53,427) and Dorchester (21,366). Dorset contains two unitary authority areas: Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole, and Dorset. The county did not historically include Bournemouth and Christchurch, which were part of Hampshire. Dorset has a varied landscape of chalk downs, steep limestone ridges, and low-lying clay valleys. The majority of its coastline is part of the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site due to its geological and palaeontologic significance, and features notable landforms such as Lulworth Cove, the Isle of Portland, Chesil Beach and Durdle Door. The north of the county contains part of Cranbourne Chase, a chalk downland. The highest point in Dorset is Lewesdon Hill (279 m (915 ft)), in the southwest. There is evidence of Neolithic, Celtic, and Roman settlement in Dorset, and during the Early Middle Ages the region was settled by the Saxons; the county developed in the 7th century. The first recorded Viking raid on the British Isles occurred in Dorset during the eighth century, and the Black Death entered England at Melcombe Regis in 1348. The county has seen much civil unrest: in the English Civil War an uprising of vigilantes was crushed by Oliver Cromwell's forces in a pitched battle near Shaftesbury; the doomed Monmouth Rebellion began at Lyme Regis; and a group of farm labourers from Tolpuddle were instrumental in the formation of the trade union movement. During the Second World War, Dorset was heavily involved in the preparations for the invasion of Normandy, and the large harbours of Portland and Poole were two of the main embarkation points. Agriculture was historically the major industry of Dorset, but is now in decline in favour of tourism. Toponymy Dorset derives its name from the county town of Dorchester. The Romans established the settlement in the 1st century and named it Durnovaria which was a Latinised version of a Common Brittonic word possibly meaning "place with fist-sized pebbles". The Saxons named the town Dornwaraceaster (the suffix -ceaster being the Old English name for a "Roman town"; cf. Exeter and Gloucester) and Dornsæte came into use as the name for the inhabitants of the area from Dorn (a reduced form of Dornwaraceaster) and the Old English word sæte (meaning "people"). It is first mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in AD 845 and in the 10th century the county's archaic name, Dorseteschyre (Dorsetshire), was first recorded. History Main article: History of Dorset Early history The first human visitors to Dorset were Mesolithic hunters, from around 8000 BC. The first permanent Neolithic settlers appeared around 3000 BC and were responsible for the creation of the Dorset Cursus, a 10.5-kilometre (6.5 mi) monument for ritual or ceremonial purposes. From 2800 BC onwards Bronze Age farmers cleared Dorset's woodlands for agricultural use and Dorset's high chalk hills provided a location for numerous round barrows. During the Iron Age, the British tribe known as the Durotriges established a series of hill forts across the county—most notably Maiden Castle which is one of the largest in Europe. The Romans arrived in Dorset during their conquest of Britain in AD 43. Maiden Castle was captured by a Roman legion under the command of Vespasian, and the Roman settlement of Durnovaria was established nearby. Bokerley Dyke, a large defensive ditch built by the county's post-Roman inhabitants near the border with modern-day Hampshire, delayed the advance of the Saxons into Dorset for almost 150 years. It appears to have been re-fortified during this period, with the former Roman Road at Ackling Dyke also being blocked by the Britons, apparently to prevent the West Saxon advance into Dorset. However, by the end of the 7th century Dorset had fallen under Saxon control and been incorporated into the Kingdom of Wessex. The precise details of this West Saxon conquest and how it took place are not clear, but it appears to have substantially taken place by the start of the reign of Caedwalla in 685. The Saxons established a diocese at Sherborne and Dorset was made a shire—an administrative district of Wessex and predecessor to the English county system—with borders that have changed little since. In 789 the first recorded Viking attack on the British Isles took place in Dorset on the Portland coast, and they continued to raid into the county for the next two centuries. After the Norman Conquest in 1066, feudal rule was established in Dorset and the bulk of the land was divided between the Crown and ecclesiastical institutions. The Normans consolidated their control over the area by constructing castles at Corfe, Wareham and Dorchester in the early part of the 12th century. Over the next 200 years Dorset's population grew substantially and additional land was enclosed for farming to provide the extra food required. The wool trade, the quarrying of Purbeck Marble and the busy ports of Weymouth, Melcombe Regis, Lyme Regis and Bridport brought prosperity to the county. However, Dorset was devastated by the bubonic plague in 1348 which arrived in Melcombe Regis on a ship from Gascony. The disease, more commonly known as the Black Death, created an epidemic that spread rapidly and wiped out a third of the population of the country. Dorset came under the political influence of a number of different nobles during the Middle Ages. During the Wars of the Roses, for instance, Dorset came into the area influenced by Humphrey Stafford, earl of Devon (originally of Hooke, Dorset) whose wider influence stretched from Cornwall to Wiltshire. After 1485, one of the most influential Dorset figures was Henry VII's chamberlain Giles Daubeney. Modern history Further information: Dorset in the English Civil War Corfe Castle, captured and destroyed by Cromwell's army in 1646 The dissolution of the monasteries (1536–1541) met little resistance in Dorset and many of the county's abbeys, including Shaftesbury, Cerne and Milton, were sold to private owners. In 1642, at the commencement of the English Civil War, the Royalists took control of the entire county apart from Poole and Lyme Regis. However, within three years their gains had been almost entirely reversed by the Parliamentarians. An uprising of Clubmen—vigilantes weary of the depredations of the war—took place in Dorset in 1645. Some 2,000 of these rebels offered battle to Lord Fairfax's Parliamentary army at Hambledon Hill but they were easily routed. Sherborne Castle was taken by Fairfax that same year and in 1646 Corfe Castle, the last remaining Royalist stronghold in Dorset, was captured after an act of betrayal: both were subsequently slighted. The Duke of Monmouth's unsuccessful attempt to overthrow James II began when he landed at Lyme Regis in 1685. A series of trials known as the Bloody Assizes took place to punish the rebels. Over a five-day period in Dorchester, Judge Jeffreys presided over 312 cases: 74 of the accused were executed, 175 were transported, and nine were publicly whipped. In 1686, at Charborough Park, a meeting took place to plot the downfall of James II of England. This meeting was effectively the start of the Glorious Revolution. During the 18th century, much smuggling took place along the Dorset coast; its coves, caves and sandy beaches provided opportunities for gangs such as the Hawkhursts to stealthily bring smuggled goods ashore. Poole became Dorset's busiest port and established prosperous trade links with the fisheries of Newfoundland which supported cloth, rope and net manufacturing industries in the surrounding towns and villages. However, the industrial revolution largely bypassed Dorset which lacked coal resources and as a consequence the county remained predominantly agricultural. Farming has always been central to the economy of Dorset and the county became the birthplace of the modern trade union movement when, in 1834, six farm labourers formed a union to protest against falling wages. The labourers, who are now known as the Tolpuddle Martyrs, were subsequently arrested for administering "unlawful oaths" and sentenced to transportation but they were pardoned following massive protests by the working classes. The Dorsetshire Regiment were the first British unit to face a gas attack during the First World War (1914–1918) and they sustained particularly heavy losses at the Battle of the Somme. In total some 4,500 Dorset servicemen died in the war and of the county's towns and villages, only one, Langton Herring, known as a Thankful Village, had no residents killed. During the Second World War (1939–1945) Dorset was heavily involved in the preparations for the invasion of Normandy: beach landing exercises were carried out at Studland and Weymouth and the village of Tyneham was requisitioned for army training. Tens of thousands of troops departed Weymouth, Portland and Poole harbours during D-Day and gliders from RAF Tarrant Rushton dropped troops near Caen to begin Operation Tonga. Dorset experienced an increase in holiday-makers after the war. First popularised as a tourist destination by George III's frequent visits to Weymouth, the county's coastline, seaside resorts and its sparsely populated rural areas attract millions of visitors each year. With farming declining across the country, tourism has edged ahead as the primary revenue-earning sector. Settlements See also: List of places in Dorset and List of settlements in Dorset by population BournemouthPooleChristchurchWeymouthBlandford ForumSherborneDorchesterBridportWimborneVerwoodGillinghamShaftesburyclass=notpageimage| Some of the larger settlements of Dorset Dorset is largely rural with many small villages, few large towns and no cities. The only major urban area is the South East Dorset conurbation, which is situated at the south-eastern end of the county and is atypical of the county as a whole. It consists of the seaside resort of Bournemouth, the historic port and borough of Poole, the towns of Christchurch and Ferndown plus many surrounding villages. Bournemouth, the most populous town in the conurbation, was established in the Georgian era when sea bathing became popular. Poole, the second largest settlement (once the largest town in the county), adjoins Bournemouth to the west and contains the suburb of Sandbanks which has some of the highest land values by area in the world. The other two major settlements in the county are Dorchester, which has been the county town since at least 1305, and Weymouth, a major seaside resort since the 18th century. Blandford Forum, Sherborne, Gillingham, Shaftesbury and Sturminster Newton are historic market towns which serve the farms and villages of the Blackmore Vale in north Dorset. Beaminster and Bridport are situated in the west of the county; Verwood and the historic Saxon market towns of Wareham and Wimborne Minster are located to the east. Lyme Regis and Swanage are small coastal towns popular with tourists. Under construction on the western edge of Dorchester is the experimental new town of Poundbury commissioned and co-designed by Prince Charles. The suburb, which is expected to be fully completed by 2025, was designed to integrate residential and retail buildings and counter the growth of dormitory towns and car-oriented development. Physical geography Main articles: Geography of Dorset, Geology of Dorset, List of hills of Dorset, and South West Hampshire/South East Dorset Green Belt Dorset covers an area of 2,653 square kilometres (1,024 sq mi) and contains considerable variety in its underlying geology, which is partly responsible for the diversity of landscape. A large percentage (66%) of the county comprises either chalk, clay or mixed sand and gravels. The remainder is less straightforward and includes Portland and Purbeck stone, other limestones, calcareous clays and shales. Portland and Purbeck stone are of national importance as a building material and for restoring some of Britain's most famous landmarks. Almost every type of rock known from the Early Jurassic to the Eocene epochs can be found in the county. Geological map of Dorset Dorset has a number of limestone ridges which are mostly covered in either arable fields or calcareous grassland supporting sheep. These limestone areas include a wide band of Cretaceous chalk which crosses the county as a range of hills from north-east to south-west, incorporating Cranborne Chase and the Dorset Downs, and a narrow band running from south-west to south-east, incorporating the Purbeck Hills. Between the chalk hills are large, wide vales and wide flood plains. These vales are dotted with small villages, farms and coppices, and include the Blackmore Vale (Stour valley) and the Frome valley. The Blackmore Vale is composed of older Jurassic deposits, largely clays interspersed with limestones, and has traditionally been a centre for dairy agriculture. South-east Dorset, including the lower Frome valley and around Poole and Bournemouth, comprises younger Eocene deposits, mainly sands and clays of poor agricultural quality. The soils created from these deposits support a heathland habitat which sustains all six native British reptile species. Most of the Dorset heathland has Site of Special Scientific Interest status, with three areas designated as internationally important Ramsar sites. In the far west of the county and along the coast there are frequent changes in rock strata, which appear in a less obviously sequential way compared to the landscapes of the chalk and the heath. In the west this results in a hilly landscape of diverse character that resembles that of neighbouring county Devon. Marshwood Vale, a valley of Lower Lias clay at the western tip of the county, lies to the south of the two highest points in Dorset: Lewesdon Hill at 279 metres (915 ft) and Pilsdon Pen at 277 metres (909 ft). A former river valley flooded by rising sea levels 6,000 years ago, Poole Harbour is one of the largest natural harbours in the world. The harbour is very shallow in places and contains a number of islands, notably Brownsea Island, the birthplace of the Scouting movement and one of the few remaining sanctuaries for indigenous red squirrels in England. The harbour, and the chalk and limestone hills of the Isle of Purbeck to the south, lie atop Western Europe's largest onshore oil field. The field, operated by Perenco from Wytch Farm, has the world's oldest continuously pumping well at Kimmeridge which has been producing oil since the early 1960s. Lulworth Cove from Hambury Tout, on the Jurassic Coast Dorset's diverse geography ensures it has an assortment of rivers, although a moderate annual rainfall coupled with rolling hills, means most are typically lowland in nature. Much of the county drains into three rivers, the Frome, Piddle and Stour which all flow to the sea in a south-easterly direction. The Frome and Piddle are chalk streams but the Stour, which rises in Wiltshire to the north, has its origins in clay soil. The River Avon, which flows mainly through Wiltshire and Hampshire, enters Dorset towards the end of its journey at Christchurch Harbour. The rivers Axe and Yeo, which principally drain the counties of Devon and Somerset respectively, have their sources in the north-west of the county. In the south-west, a number of small rivers run into the sea along the Dorset coastline; most notable of these are the Char, Brit, Bride and Wey. Most of Dorset's coastline is part of the Jurassic Coast, a World Heritage Site, which stretches for 155 kilometres (96 mi) between Studland and Exmouth in Devon. This coast documents the entire Mesozoic era, from Triassic to Cretaceous, and is noted for its geological landforms. The Dorset section has yielded important fossils, including Jurassic trees and the first complete Ichthyosaur, discovered near Lyme Regis in 1811 by Mary Anning. The county features some notable coastal landforms, including examples of a cove (Lulworth Cove), a natural arch (Durdle Door) and chalk stacks (Old Harry Rocks). Jutting out into the English Channel at roughly the midpoint of the Dorset coastline is the Isle of Portland, a limestone island that is connected to the mainland by Chesil Beach, a 27-kilometre (17 mi) long shingle barrier beach protecting Britain's largest tidal lagoon. The county has one of the highest proportions of conservation areas in England, and two Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs) cover 53% of the administrative county. It has two heritage coasts totalling 92 kilometres (57 mi), and Sites of Special Scientific Interest covering 199 km2 (77 sq mi). The South West Coast Path, a National Trail, begins at South Haven Point at the entrance to Poole Harbour. There are also substantial areas of green belt surrounding the South East Dorset conurbation, filling in the area between this and the Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs AONB. Climate Weymouth, Dorset Climate chart (explanation) J F M A M J J A S O N D     84     9 5     61     9 4     58     11 5     52     13 7     45     16 9     46     18 12     41     20 14     55     20 14     55     19 13     83     16 10     99     12 7     92     10 5 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C █ Precipitation totals in mmSource: Met Office, 1991–2020 Imperial conversion JFMAMJJASOND     3.3     48 40     2.4     48 39     2.3     51 41     2.1     55 44     1.8     60 49     1.8     65 54     1.6     68 57     2.2     69 58     2.2     66 55     3.3     60 51     3.9     54 45     3.6     49 41 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F █ Precipitation totals in inches Dorset's climate of warm summers and mild winters is partly due to its position on Britain's south coast. The third most southerly county in the UK, Dorset is less affected by the more intense Atlantic winds than Cornwall and Devon. Dorset, along with the entire south-west, has higher winter temperatures, average 4.5 to 8.7 °C (40.1 to 47.7 °F), than the rest of the United Kingdom. However, Dorset maintains higher summer temperatures than Devon and Cornwall, with average highs of 19.1 to 22.2 °C (66.4 to 72.0 °F). Excluding hills such as the Dorset Downs, the average annual temperature of the county is 9.8 to 12 °C (49.6 to 53.6 °F). The south coast counties of Dorset, Hampshire, West Sussex, East Sussex and Kent enjoy more sunshine than anywhere else in the United Kingdom, receiving 1,541–1,885 hours a year. Average annual rainfall varies across the county—southern and eastern coastal areas receive 700–800 mm (28–31 in) per year; the Dorset Downs receive between 1,000 and 1,250 mm (39–49 in) per year; less than much of Devon and Cornwall to the west but more than counties to the east. These templates are an excerpt from Weymouth, Dorset § Climate. Climate data for Weymouth Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 9.0(48.2) 8.9(48.0) 10.6(51.1) 12.9(55.2) 15.7(60.3) 18.1(64.6) 20.0(68.0) 20.3(68.5) 18.7(65.7) 15.5(59.9) 12.2(54.0) 9.7(49.5) 14.3(57.7) Daily mean °C (°F) 6.7(44.1) 6.5(43.7) 7.9(46.2) 9.8(49.6) 12.5(54.5) 15.1(59.2) 17.0(62.6) 17.4(63.3) 15.7(60.3) 13.0(55.4) 9.9(49.8) 7.4(45.3) 11.6(52.9) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 4.5(40.1) 4.1(39.4) 5.2(41.4) 6.6(43.9) 9.3(48.7) 12.0(53.6) 14.0(57.2) 14.4(57.9) 12.7(54.9) 10.4(50.7) 7.4(45.3) 5.1(41.2) 8.5(47.3) Average rainfall mm (inches) 84.3(3.32) 60.5(2.38) 58.1(2.29) 52.4(2.06) 44.6(1.76) 45.9(1.81) 40.7(1.60) 55.4(2.18) 54.9(2.16) 82.7(3.26) 98.7(3.89) 92.2(3.63) 770.4(30.33) Average rainy days (≥ 1 mm) 12.9 10.8 9.0 8.5 8.2 7.2 6.7 8.3 8.0 11.9 13.2 13.1 117.5 Mean monthly sunshine hours 69.1 95.5 141.5 202.1 235.4 234.8 245.6 225.7 178.1 127.5 84.6 64.5 1,904.4 Source: 1991–2020 averages for Wyke Regis climate station. Sources: Met Office and Cefas Demography See also: List of settlements in Dorset by population Dorset ethnicity and religion UK Census 2011 Dorsetnote Bournemouth Poole South West England Population 412,905 183,491 147,645 5,288,935 53,012,456 White 97.9% 91.9% 95.8% 95.4% 85.5% Mixed 0.8% 2.3% 1.3% 1.4% 2.2% Asian 0.7% 2.9% 1.8% 1.5% 7.0% Black 0.2% 1.0% 0.3% 1.0% 3.4% Chinese or other 0.3% 1.9% 0.8% 0.7% 1.7% Christian 65.3% 57.1% 60.4% 60.4% 59.4% Non-Christian 1.3% 4.6% 2.3% 2.5% 8.7% No religion 25.2% 30.5% 29.7% 29.3% 24.7% Not stated 8.0% 7.8% 7.6% 7.9% 7.2% ^ Excluding Bournemouth and Poole The 2011 Census records Dorset's population as 744,041. This consisted of 412,905 for the non-metropolitan county (not including Bournemouth and Poole), 183,491 for the unitary authority of Bournemouth and 147,645 for the unitary authority of Poole. In 2013 it was estimated that the population had risen by around 1.4% to 754,460: 416,720 in the non-metropolitan county and 188,730 and 149,010 in Bournemouth and Poole respectively. More than half of the county's residents live in the Bournemouth, Poole and Christchurch conurbation. Dorset's population has a high proportion of older people and a lower than average proportion of young people: According to 2013 mid-year estimates, 23.6% are over 65 years of age, higher than the England and Wales average of 17.4%, and 18.6% are less than 17 years old, lower than the England and Wales average of 21.3%. The working age population (females and males between 16 and 64) is lower than England and Wales average, 60% compared to 64%. Data collected between 2010 and 2012 shows that average life expectancy at birth in the county is 85.3 years for females and 81.2 years for males. This compares favourably with the averages for England and Wales of 82.9 and 79.1 years respectively. Around 95.2% of Dorset's population are of white ethnicity, 60.9% of the population are Christian and 28.5% say they are not religious. More than 33% of the county's population possess a level 4 qualification or above, such as a Higher National Diploma, Degree or a Higher Degree; while nearly 6.3% have no qualifications at all. Almost 43.7% are employed in a professional or technical capacity (Standard Occupational Classification 2010, groups 1–3), just over 10.3% are administrators or secretaries (group 4), around 12.8% have a skilled trade (group 5), over 18% are employed at a low-level in the care, leisure, sales or customer relations sector (groups 6 and 7) and 14.8% are operatives or in elementary occupations (groups 8 and 9). Historical population of DorsetYearPop.±% p.a. 1801101,857—     1811112,930+1.04% 1821129,210+1.36% 1831143,443+1.05% 1841161,617+1.20% 1851169,699+0.49%YearPop.±% p.a. 1861174,255+0.27% 1871178,813+0.26% 1881183,371+0.25% 1891188,700+0.29% 1901188,263−0.02% 1911190,940+0.14%YearPop.±% p.a. 1921193,543+0.14% 1931198,105+0.23% 1941214,700+0.81% 1951233,206+0.83% 1961259,751+1.08% 1971292,811+1.21%YearPop.±% p.a. 1981321,676+0.94% 1991366,681+1.32% 2001390,986+0.64% 2011412,905+0.55%Pre-1974 statistics were gathered from local government areas that now comprise DorsetSource: Great Britain Historical GIS. Politics Local government Local government in Dorset consists of two unitary authorities (UA); Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole (BCP) Council, which governs the major conurbation comprising the three towns, and Dorset Council which serves the more rural remainder of the county. For the BCP council, voters choose 76 councillors from 33 wards, with ten wards returning three candidates apiece and 23 wards, two. Dorset elects 82 councillors representing six three-councillor wards, 18 two-councillor wards and 28 single-councillor wards - 52 wards in total. In both authorities, elections for the entire council occur every four years. The two authorities came into existence on 1 April 2019, when Bournemouth and Poole merged with Christchurch, one of six second-tier districts previously governed by Dorset County Council, leaving the other five districts - Weymouth and Portland, West Dorset, North Dorset, Purbeck and East Dorset - to form a second UA. Dorset County Council was first formed in 1888 by an act of government to govern the newly created administrative county of Dorset which had been based largely on the historic county borders. Dorset became a two-tier non-metropolitan county after a reorganisation of local government in 1974 and its border was extended eastwards to incorporate the former Hampshire towns of Bournemouth and Christchurch. Following a review by the Local Government Commission for England, Bournemouth and Poole each became administratively independent single-tier unitary authorities in 1997. National representation See also: List of Parliamentary constituencies in Dorset For representation in Parliament Dorset is divided into eight Parliamentary constituencies—five county constituencies and three borough constituencies. At the 2017 general election, the Conservative Party was dominant, taking all eight seats. The borough constituencies of Bournemouth East, Bournemouth West and Poole are traditionally Conservative safe seats and are all represented by Conservative members of parliament. The county constituencies of North Dorset and Christchurch are also represented by Conservative MPs. Between 1997 and 2019, West Dorset was represented by Conservative MP Oliver Letwin who was the Minister of State at the Cabinet Office in David Cameron's government. The seat was won by Chris Loder in the 2019 general election. The marginal seat of South Dorset is represented by Richard Drax, who gained the seat from Labour representative, Jim Knight, in 2010. Drax retained the seat in 2015 and 2017. The Mid Dorset and North Poole constituency has been represented by the Conservative MP, Michael Tomlinson since 2015. In the 2019 general election, the Conservatives held all eight constituencies in Dorset. Parliamentary constituencies in DorsetConservative (8) Bournemouth East Bournemouth West Christchurch North Dorset Poole South Dorset West Dorset Economy and industry Main article: Economy of Dorset Dorset's employment structure (2008) Industry Dorset Poole Bournemouth Great Britain Manufacturing 11.9% 15.8% 3.2% 10.2% Construction 5.3% 4.6% 3.2% 4.8% Services 81.5% 79% 93.1% 83.5% Tourism-related 10.2% 7.7% 12% 8.2% A.^ Excludes self-employed, government-supported trainees and armed forces B.^ Includes industries that are also part of the services industry C.^ Excluding Poole and Bournemouth In 2003 the gross value added (GVA) for the non-metropolitan county was £4,673 million, with an additional £4,705 million for Poole and Bournemouth. The primary sector produced 2.03% of GVA, the secondary sector produced 22.44% and 75.53% came from the tertiary sector. The average GVA for the 16 regions of South West England was £4,693 million. The principal industry in Dorset was once agriculture. It has not, however, been the largest employer since the mid 19th century as mechanisation substantially reduced the number of workers required. Agriculture has become less profitable and the industry has declined further. Within the administrative county between 1995 and 2003, GVA for primary industry (largely agriculture, fishing and quarrying) declined from £229 million to £188 million—7.1% to 4.0%. In 2007, 2,039 km2 (787 sq mi) of the county was in agricultural use, up from 1,986 km2 (767 sq mi) in 1989, although this was due to an increase in permanent grass, and land set aside. By contrast, in the same period, arable land decreased from 993 to 916 km2 (383 to 354 sq mi). Excluding fowl, sheep are the most common animal stock in the county; between 1989 and 2006 their numbers fell from 252,189 to 193,500. Cattle and pig farming has declined similarly; during the same period the number of cattle fell from 240,413 to 170,700, and pigs from 169,636 to 72,700. In 2009 there were 2,340 armed forces personnel stationed in Dorset including the Royal Armoured Corps at Bovington, Royal Signals at Blandford and the Royal Marines at Poole. The military presence has had a mixed effect on the local economy, bringing additional employment for civilians, but on occasion having a negative impact on the tourist trade, particularly when popular areas are closed for military manoeuvres. Other major employers in the county include: BAE Systems, Sunseeker International, J.P. Morgan, Cobham plc and Bournemouth University. Dorset's three ports, Poole, Weymouth and Portland, and the smaller harbours of Christchurch, Swanage, Lyme Regis, Wareham and West Bay generate a substantial amount of international trade and tourism. Around 230 fishing vessels that predominantly catch crab and lobster are based in Dorset's ports. When the waters around Weymouth and Portland were chosen for the sailing events in the 2012 Summer Olympic Games, the area underwent an increased investment in infrastructure and a growth in the marine leisure sector. It is expected that this will continue to have a positive effect on local businesses and tourism. The beach near Bournemouth Pier; Dorset's coastline is a major attraction for tourists Tourism has grown in Dorset since the late 18th century and is now the predominant industry. It is estimated that 37,500 people work in Dorset's tourism sector. Some 3.2 million British and 326,000 foreign tourists visited the county in 2008, staying a total of 15.1 million nights. In addition there were 14.6 million day visitors. The combined spending of both groups was £1,458 million. Towns received 56% of Dorset's day trippers, 27% went to the coast and 17% to the countryside. A survey carried out in 1997 concluded that the primary reason tourists were drawn to Dorset was the attractiveness of the county's coast and countryside. Numbers of domestic and foreign tourists have fluctuated in recent years due to various factors including security and economic downturn, a trend reflected throughout the UK. Manufacturing industry in Dorset provided 10.3% of employment in 2008. This was slightly above the average for Great Britain but below that of the South West region which was at 10.7% for that period. The sector is the county's fourth largest employer, but a predicted decline suggests there will be 10,200 fewer jobs in manufacturing by 2026. Culture Main article: Culture of Dorset The Keep Military Museum in Dorchester As a largely rural county, Dorset has fewer major cultural institutions than larger or more densely populated areas. Major venues for concerts and theatre include the Lighthouse arts centre in Poole; the Bournemouth International Centre, Pavilion Theatre and O2 Academy in Bournemouth; and the Pavilion theatre in Weymouth. The Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra, founded in 1893, is based in Poole. Dorset has more than 30 general and specialist museums. The Dorset County Museum (now the Dorset Museum) in Dorchester was founded in 1846 and contains an extensive collection of exhibits covering the county's history and environment. The Tank Museum at Bovington contains more than 300 tanks and armoured vehicles from 30 nations. The museum is the largest in Dorset and its collection has been designated of national importance. Other museums which reflect the cultural heritage of the county include The Keep Military Museum in Dorchester, the Russell-Cotes Museum in Bournemouth, the Charmouth Heritage Coast Centre, Poole Museum, Portland Museum and Wareham Town Museum. Dorset contains 190 conservation areas, more than 1,500 scheduled monuments, over 30 registered parks and gardens and 12,850 listed buildings. Grade I listed buildings include: Portland Castle, a coastal fort commissioned by Henry VIII; a castle with more than a 1,000 years of history at Corfe; a Roman ruin described by Historic England as the "only Roman town house visible in Britain"; Athelhampton, a Tudor manor house; Forde Abbey, a stately home and former Cistercian monastery; Christchurch Priory, the longest church in England; and St Edwold's church, one of the smallest. Traction engines on display at the Great Dorset Steam Fair Dorset hosts a number of annual festivals, fairs and events including the Great Dorset Steam Fair near Blandford, one of the largest events of its kind in Europe, and the Bournemouth Air Festival, a free air show that attracted 1.3 million visitors in 2009. The Spirit of the Seas is a maritime festival held in Weymouth and Portland. Launched in 2008, the festival features sporting activities, cultural events and local entertainers. The Dorset County Show, which was first held in 1841, is a celebration of Dorset's agriculture. The two-day event exhibits local produce and livestock and attracts some 55,000 people. Inside Out Dorset is an outdoor arts festival that takes place every two years in rural and urban locations across Dorset. In addition to the smaller folk festivals held in towns such as Christchurch and Wimborne, Dorset holds several larger musical events such as Camp Bestival, End of the Road and the Larmer Tree Festival. Dorset's only professional football club is AFC Bournemouth, which plays in the Premier League—the highest division in the English football league system. Non-League semi-professional teams in the county include Southern Premier Division teams Dorchester Town F.C., Poole Town F.C. and Weymouth F.C. Dorset County Cricket Club competes in the Minor Counties Cricket Championship and is based at Dean Park Cricket Ground in Bournemouth. Poole Stadium hosts regular greyhound racing and is the home to top-flight speedway team Poole Pirates. The county's coastline, on the English Channel, is noted for its watersports (particularly sailing, gig racing, windsurfing, power boating and kayaking) which take advantage of the sheltered waters in the bays of Weymouth and Poole, and the harbours of Poole and Portland. Dorset hosted the sailing events at the 2012 Summer Olympics and 2012 Summer Paralympics at the Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy. The venue was completed in May 2009 and was used by international sailing teams in preparation for the Games. In motorsport, Dorset hosts the Extreme E Jurassic X Prix at Bovington Camp. Thomas Hardy Dorset is famed in literature for being the native county of author and poet Thomas Hardy, and many of the places he describes in his novels in the fictional Wessex are in Dorset, which he renamed South Wessex. The National Trust owns Thomas Hardy's Cottage, in Higher Bockhampton, east of Dorchester; and Max Gate, his former house in Dorchester. Several other writers have called Dorset home, including Douglas Adams, who wrote much of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy while he lived in Stalbridge; John le Carré, author of espionage novels, was born in Poole; Tom Sharpe of Wilt fame lived in Bridport; John Fowles (The French Lieutenant's Woman) lived in Lyme Regis before he died in late 2005; T.F. Powys lived in Chaldon Herring for over 20 years and used it as inspiration for the fictitious village of Folly Down in his novel Mr. Weston's Good Wine; John Cowper Powys, his elder brother, also set a number of his works in Dorset, such as the novels Maiden Castle and Weymouth Sands. Children's author Enid Blyton drew inspiration for many of her works from Dorset. The 19th-century poet William Barnes was born in Bagber and wrote many poems in his native Dorset dialect. Originating from the ancient Norse and Saxon languages, the dialect was prevalent across the Blackmore Vale but has fallen into disuse. Flag of Dorset Dorset's flag, which is known as the Dorset Cross or St Wite's Cross, was adopted in 2008 following a public competition organised by Dorset County Council. The winning design, which features a white cross with a red border on a golden background, attracted 54% of the vote. All three colours are used in Dorset County Council's coat of arms and the red and white was used in recognition of the English flag. The golden colour represents Dorset's sandy beaches and the Dorset landmarks of Golden Cap and Gold Hill. It is also a reference to the Wessex Dragon, a symbol of the Saxon Kingdom which Dorset once belonged to, and the gold wreath featured on the badge of the Dorset Regiment. Transport Main article: Transport in Dorset Dorset is connected to London by two main line railways. The West of England Main Line runs through the north of the county at Gillingham and Sherborne. Running west from London Waterloo to Exeter St Davids in Devon, it provides a service for those who live in the western districts of Dorset. The South West Main Line runs through the south at Bournemouth, Poole, Dorchester and the terminus at Weymouth. Additionally, the Heart of Wessex Line runs north from Weymouth to Bristol and the Swanage Railway, a heritage steam and diesel railway, runs the 10 kilometres (6 mi) between Norden and Swanage. Dorset is one of few English counties not well served by canals and has no motorways. The A303, A35 and A31 trunk roads run through the county. The A303, which connects the West Country to London via the M3, clips the north-west of the county. The A35 crosses the county in a west–east direction from Honiton in Devon, via Bridport, Dorchester, Poole, Bournemouth and Christchurch, to Southampton in Hampshire. The A31 connects to the A35 at Bere Regis, and passes east through Wimborne and Ferndown to Hampshire, where it later becomes the M27. Other main roads in the county include the A338, A354, A37 and A350. The A338 heads north from Bournemouth to Ringwood (Hampshire) and on to Salisbury (Wiltshire) and beyond. The A354 also connects to Salisbury after travelling north-east from Weymouth in the south of the county. The A37 travels north-west from Dorchester to Yeovil in Somerset. The A350 also leads north, from Poole through Blandford and Shaftesbury, to Warminster in Wiltshire. A passenger seaport and an international airport are situated in the county. Brittany Ferries and Condor Ferries operate out of Poole Harbour; Brittany Ferries provide access to Cherbourg in France and Condor Ferries sail a seasonal service to the Channel Islands and St Malo, France. Poole and Portland harbours are capable of taking cruise liners. Bournemouth Airport, on the edge of Hurn village 6 kilometres (4 mi) north of Bournemouth, has scheduled and charter flights. Morebus and Damory provide a county wide bus network with frequent services linking major towns, including Bournemouth, Poole and Wimborne, and a varied service in further rural locations. The First Group operate buses in the Weymouth and Bridport area, including a regular route along the A35 from Weymouth to Axminster, which helps to compensate for the missing rail link west of Dorchester; and the Jurassic Coaster service, which runs along the county's coastline. Yellow Buses provided bus services within Bournemouth and outlying areas until they ceased operating in 2022. Religious sites See also: List of monastic houses in Dorset and List of churches in Dorset Wimborne Minster Unlike all of its neighbouring counties, Dorset does not have a cathedral. Over 95% of the county falls within the Church of England Diocese of Salisbury. A small section to the west comes under the Diocese of Bath and Wells and to the east Christchurch and much of Bournemouth—both historically part of Hampshire—belong to the Diocese of Winchester. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Plymouth incorporates most of Dorset with the exception of Christchurch and a portion of Bournemouth which belongs to the Diocese of Portsmouth. Few purpose-built places of worship exist in Dorset for faiths other than Christianity. In 2008 a Hindu temple was constructed in Blandford Forum for the Gurkhas based at the town's military camp. Bournemouth, which contains a higher proportion of Jewish residents than the national average, has three synagogues and an Islamic Centre and a mosque for Muslims. Christianity was introduced to Dorset by the Romans. A 4th century Roman mosaic discovered near Hinton St Mary contains what is generally accepted to be an image of Christ. Christianity became firmly established in the county during the Saxon period although there are few surviving Saxon churches; the most complete is St. Martin's in Wareham which has features from the early 11th century. Mediaeval churches are more prevalent in Dorset; most are 15th century and are of a Perpendicular style. Sherborne Abbey, one of the county's largest, is noted for its broad fan vaulting added during an extensive 15th century rebuild. Founded in AD 705 by Aldhelm, the Abbey contained the chair of the Bishop of Sherborne and was granted cathedral status until 1075 when the diocese was transferred to Old Sarum. Wimborne Minster features a chained library and a 14th-century astronomical clock; Christchurch Priory is renowned for its miraculous beam which, according to legend, was installed by Christ; and the 15th century roof spanning the nave at St John the Baptist Church in Bere Regis is described by architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner as the "finest timber roof of Dorset". St Candida and Holy Cross at Whitchurch Canonicorum is the only church in the country, besides Westminster Abbey, to have a shrine that contains the relics of a saint. Monastic foundations were once abundant in Dorset, but all ceased to exist at the Dissolution of the monasteries. The Reformation and the political and religious turmoil that ensued largely checked the building of new churches until the turn of the 18th century. Notable examples of Early Georgian churches include the Bastard brothers' Church of St. Peter and St. Paul in Blandford Forum, and St George's Church on the Isle of Portland, which has a steeple and tower inspired by the works of Christopher Wren. From the late 18th century onwards, churches in Dorset tended towards a Gothic Revival style. A notable exception to this trend, however, is the Church of St Mary in East Lulworth—the first freestanding Roman Catholic church built in England after the Reformation. George III gave permission to erect the building on the condition that it resembled a garden mausoleum rather than a church. It was completed in 1789. Bournemouth, founded in 1810, has a wealth of 19th-century churches including St Peter's and St Stephen's. St Dunstan's (formerly St Osmund's) in Poole is one of a small number of 20th-century churches in Dorset. The final major work of Edward Schroeder Prior, it is one of the last examples of the Neo Byzantine style. The Church of St Nicholas and St Magnus in Moreton is noted for its elaborate engraved glass windows designed by Laurence Whistler. Severely damaged by a stray German bomb in 1940, the church subsequently underwent extensive renovation and Whistler had replaced every window by 1984. Education See also: List of schools in Dorset and List of schools in Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Responsibility for state schools in Dorset is divided between two local education authorities: Dorset Council, which covers the majority of the county, and Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole (BCP) Council. Most of the Dorset Council area operates a two-tier comprehensive system whereby pupils attend a primary school before completing their education at secondary school but Corfe Mullen, Dorchester, Ferndown and West Moors maintain a three-tier system (first, middle and high school). Bournemouth operates a two-tier system; Poole operates two and three-tier systems. BCP is one of the few local authorities in England to maintain selective education, containing four single-sex grammar schools which select pupils on the basis of an eleven-plus examination. Some of the county's schools are academies—self-governing state schools which have become independent of their local education authority and are maintained directly by the Department for Education. In 2017, the Progress 8 score for schools in the Dorset Council area was ranked below average, and 39.6% of pupils gained at least Grade 5 or above in English and maths GCSEs matching the national average of 39.6%. Poole recorded an above average Progress 8 score and 54% of pupils achieved Grade 5 or above in English and maths GCSEs. Bournemouth was ranked as average and 47.8% of pupils achieved Grade 5 or above in English and maths GCSEs. Dorset contains a range of privately funded independent schools. Many are boarding schools which also take day pupils, such as the co-educational Canford School which is built around a 19th-century Grade I listed manor house; and Sherborne School, a boys' school founded in the 16th century. Four of the county's five largest towns contain a further education college: Weymouth College, Kingston Maurward College in Dorchester and Bournemouth and Poole College which is one of the largest in the UK. Dorset has two higher education establishments situated in the heart of the county's south east conurbation. Bournemouth University has facilities across Bournemouth and Poole and over 17,000 students. Previously named Bournemouth Polytechnic, it was granted university status as a result of the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. The Arts University Bournemouth is situated between the border of Poole and Bournemouth. It became a higher education institute in 2001 and was given degree-awarding powers in 2008. It was granted full university status in 2012. See also England portal Custos Rotulorum of Dorset – list of keepers of the rolls for Dorset Dorset – list of MPs for the abolished Dorset county constituency List of High Sheriffs of Dorset List of hills of Dorset Dorset Police Dorset Police and Crime Commissioner Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Council Dorset heraldry Footnotes ^ 2013 figures are mid year estimates produced by the ONS. 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Archived from the original on 4 November 2001. Retrieved 17 June 2011. ^ "In and Around Weymouth". Dorset Transport and Travel. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2011. ^ "Dorset & South Somerset". FirstGroup. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2011. ^ "History". Yellow Buses. Archived from the original on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 17 June 2011. ^ "Morebus are to take on main routes served by Yellow Buses - full list here". Bournemouth Echo. 4 August 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2022. ^ "And the night shall be filled with music". Dorset Life Magazine. 2010. Archived from the original on 1 December 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2012. ^ "Diocese". Diocese of Salisbury. 2012. Archived from the original on 21 January 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2012. ^ "Deanery of Crewkerne and Ilminster". Diocese of Bath and Wells. 2012. Archived from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2012. ^ "Archdeaconry of Bournemouth". Diocese of Winchester. 2012. Archived from the original on 23 February 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2012. ^ "Plymouth Diocese Directory". Roman Catholic Diocese of Plymouth. 2012. Archived from the original on 8 August 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2012. ^ "Portsmouth Diocese Directory". Roman Catholic Diocese of Portsmouth. 2012. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2012. ^ "New temple for 'bravest of brave'". Bournemouth Daily Echo. 24 January 2008. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2012. ^ "Religion". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. 2013. Archived from the original on 1 May 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2013. ^ "Faith". BBC Dorset. 2012. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2013. ^ Yorke (p. 149) ^ "The Hinton St Mary Mosaic". British Museum. Archived from the original on 2 August 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2012. ^ Newman & Pesvner (p. 231) ^ Page, William (1908). "Religious houses: Introduction". A History of the County of Dorset: Volume 2. British History Online. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2012. ^ "Dorset's Oldest Church". BBC Dorset. 2008. Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2012. ^ Lehane (p. 7) ^ Newman & Pevsner (p. 369) ^ Lehane (pp. 107–109) ^ Lehane (pp. 145–146) ^ "The Finest Parish Church in England". Dorset Life Magazine. 2010. Archived from the original on 1 December 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2012. ^ Newman & Pesvner (p. 90) ^ "Cathedral of the Vale". St Candida and Holy Cross. 2012. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2012. ^ Salmon (p. 94) ^ a b Draper (p. 82) ^ Newman & Pesvner (p. 27) ^ Newman & Pesvner (p. 341) ^ Newman & Pesvner (pp. 30–31) ^ a b Lehane (p. 59) ^ Newman & Pesvner (p. 334) ^ Lehane (pp. 95–96) ^ "Admissions to schools" (PDF). Dorset For You. Dorset County Council. 2018. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 30 May 2018. ^ "Landmark Decision For Poole Schools". Borough of Poole. 11 May 2007. Archived from the original on 6 July 2008. Retrieved 23 June 2011. ^ "Sponsored Academies" (XLS). Department for Education. 2011. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2011. ^ "All schools and colleges in Dorset". gov.uk. Archived from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2018. ^ "All schools and colleges in Poole". gov.uk. Archived from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2018. ^ "All schools and colleges in Bournemouth". gov.uk. Archived from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2018. ^ "A short history of Sherborne School". Sherborne School. 2011. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2011. ^ "Partner colleges". Bournemouth University. 2011. Archived from the original on 4 November 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2011. ^ a b "University history". Bournemouth University. 2011. Archived from the original on 24 September 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2011. ^ "The Arts University College at Bournemouth". The Independent. London. 1 May 2011. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2011. ^ "'New' universities set to be created in England". BBC News. 27 November 2012. Archived from the original on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 7 January 2013. References Bathurst, David (2012). Walking the county high points of England. Chichester: Summersdale. ISBN 978-1-84-953239-6. Blamires, Harry (1983). A Guide to twentieth century literature in English. London: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-416-36450-7. Chaffey, John (2004). The Dorset Landscape, Its Scenery and Geology. Tiverton, Devon: Devon Books. ISBN 1-871164-43-5. Cullingford, Cecil N. (1980). A History of Dorset. Chichester, West Sussex: Phillimore & Co. ISBN 0-85033-255-9. Darby, H.C.; Finn, R. Welldon (2009). The Domesday Geography of South-West England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-11803-3. Draper, Jo (2003). Dorset; The Complete Guide. Wimborne, Dorset: Dovecote Press. ISBN 0-946159-40-8. Ensom, Paul (1998). Discover Dorset: Geology. Wimborne, Dorset: Dovecote Press. ISBN 1-874336-52-0. Hilliam, David (2010). The Little Book of Dorset. Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-5704-8. Hinton, David A. (1998). Saxons & Vikings. Wimborne, Dorset: Dovecote Press. ISBN 1-874336-50-4 Kinross, John (2003). Discovering England's smallest churches. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 1-84212-728-4. Lehane, Brendan (2006). Dorset's Best Churches. Wimborne, Dorset: Dovecote Press. ISBN 1-904349-41-2. Moxey, Sarah (1997). Avon Valley Footpath Guide. Wellington, Somerset: Halsgrove. ISBN 978-1-874448-26-6. Newman, John; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2002) . Dorset. The Buildings of England. London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-09598-8. Putnam, Bill (1998). Discover Dorset: The Prehistoric Age. Wimborne, Dorset: Dovecote Press. ISBN 1-874336-62-8. Salmon, Arthur Leslie (1910). Dorset. Cambridge County Geographies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. OCLC 3761265. Stansfield-Cudworth, R. E. (2009). Political Elites in South-West England, 1450–1500: Politics, Governance, and the Wars of the Roses. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 978-0-77344-714-1. Wightman, R. (1983). Portrait of Dorset. London: Robert Hale. ISBN 0-7090-0844-9. Wright, John (2003). Discover Dorset, Rivers and Streams. Wimborne, Dorset: Dovecote Press. ISBN 1-904349-10-2. Yarrow, Anne (2009). Corfe Castle. Swindon, Wiltshire: National Trust. ISBN 978-1-84359-004-0. Yorke, Barbara (1995). Wessex in the Early Middle Ages. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-7185-1856-1. External links Listen to this article (16 minutes) This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 22 April 2005 (2005-04-22), and does not reflect subsequent edits.(Audio help · More spoken articles) Dorset at Curlie Dorset Museum Images of Dorset at the English Heritage Archive Dorset AONB Dorset at Wikipedia's sister projects:Media from CommonsTravel guides from Wikivoyage Neighbouring counties Somerset Somerset, Wiltshire Wiltshire Devon Dorset Hampshire English Channel English Channel Isle of WightEnglish Channel vteCeremonial county of DorsetUnitary authorities Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole (areas and suburbs) Dorset Major settlements(cities in italics) Beaminster Blandford Forum Bournemouth Bridport Broadstone Chickerell Christchurch Corfe Mullen Dorchester Ferndown Gillingham Highcliffe Lyme Regis Merley Poole Shaftesbury Sherborne Stalbridge Sturminster Newton Swanage Upton Verwood Wareham Weymouth Wimborne MinsterSee also: List of civil parishes in Dorset Rivers Allen Asker Avon Axe Bourne Bride Brit Cerne Char Corfe Crane Frome Hooke Moors Piddle Stour Sydling Water Tarrant Wey Topics Flag Settlements Beaches Churches County Council Economy Places Population of major settlements Geology Geography SSSIs Healthcare History (English Civil War) Schools Tourism Lord Lieutenants High Sheriffs Museums People Transport Grade I listed buildings Grade II listed buildings Grade II* listed buildings Scheduled monuments vte1974–1996 ←   Ceremonial counties of England   → current Bedfordshire Berkshire Bristol Buckinghamshire Cambridgeshire Cheshire Cornwall Cumbria Derbyshire Devon Dorset Durham East Riding of Yorkshire East Sussex Essex Gloucestershire Greater London Greater Manchester Hampshire Herefordshire Hertfordshire Isle of Wight Kent Lancashire Leicestershire Lincolnshire City of London Merseyside Norfolk Northamptonshire Northumberland North Yorkshire Nottinghamshire Oxfordshire Rutland Shropshire Somerset South Yorkshire Staffordshire Suffolk Surrey Tyne and Wear Warwickshire West Midlands West Sussex West Yorkshire Wiltshire Worcestershire Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Geographic MusicBrainz area Other NARA
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For the unitary authority area, see Dorset (district). For other uses, see Dorset (disambiguation).Ceremonial county in EnglandDorset (/ˈdɔːrsɪt/ DOR-sit; archaically: Dorsetshire /ˈdɔːrsɪt.ʃɪər, -ʃər/ DOR-sit-sheer, -⁠shər) is a ceremonial county in South West England. It is bordered by Somerset to the north-west, Wiltshire to the north and the north-east, Hampshire to the east, the Isle of Wight across the Solent to the south-east, the English Channel to the south, and Devon to the west. The largest settlement is Bournemouth, and the county town is Dorchester.The county has an area of 2,653 km2 (1,024 sq mi) and a population of 772,268. Around half of the population lives in the South East Dorset conurbation, which contains three of the county's largest settlements: Bournemouth (183,491), Poole (151,500), and Christchurch (31,372). The remainder of the county is largely rural, and its principal towns are Weymouth (53,427) and Dorchester (21,366). Dorset contains two unitary authority areas: Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole, and Dorset. The county did not historically include Bournemouth and Christchurch, which were part of Hampshire.Dorset has a varied landscape of chalk downs, steep limestone ridges, and low-lying clay valleys. The majority of its coastline is part of the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site due to its geological and palaeontologic significance, and features notable landforms such as Lulworth Cove, the Isle of Portland, Chesil Beach and Durdle Door. The north of the county contains part of Cranbourne Chase, a chalk downland. The highest point in Dorset is Lewesdon Hill (279 m (915 ft)), in the southwest.There is evidence of Neolithic, Celtic, and Roman settlement in Dorset, and during the Early Middle Ages the region was settled by the Saxons; the county developed in the 7th century. The first recorded Viking raid on the British Isles occurred in Dorset during the eighth century, and the Black Death entered England at Melcombe Regis in 1348. The county has seen much civil unrest: in the English Civil War an uprising of vigilantes was crushed by Oliver Cromwell's forces in a pitched battle near Shaftesbury; the doomed Monmouth Rebellion began at Lyme Regis; and a group of farm labourers from Tolpuddle were instrumental in the formation of the trade union movement. During the Second World War, Dorset was heavily involved in the preparations for the invasion of Normandy, and the large harbours of Portland and Poole were two of the main embarkation points. Agriculture was historically the major industry of Dorset, but is now in decline in favour of tourism.","title":"Dorset"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_town"},{"link_name":"Dorchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorchester,_Dorset"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-place_names-3"},{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"Durnovaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durnovaria"},{"link_name":"Common Brittonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Brittonic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-place_names-3"},{"link_name":"Saxons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxons"},{"link_name":"-ceaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_(placename_element)"},{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter#Name"},{"link_name":"Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester#Etymology"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-place_names-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DCM-5"}],"text":"Dorset derives its name from the county town of Dorchester.[3] The Romans established the settlement in the 1st century and named it Durnovaria which was a Latinised version of a Common Brittonic word possibly meaning \"place with fist-sized pebbles\".[3] The Saxons named the town Dornwaraceaster (the suffix -ceaster being the Old English name for a \"Roman town\"; cf. Exeter and Gloucester) and Dornsæte came into use as the name for the inhabitants of the area from Dorn (a reduced form of Dornwaraceaster) and the Old English word sæte (meaning \"people\").[3][4] It is first mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in AD 845 and in the 10th century the county's archaic name, Dorseteschyre (Dorsetshire), was first recorded.[5]","title":"Toponymy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mesolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolithic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Put15-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cullingford_p13-7"},{"link_name":"Neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic"},{"link_name":"Dorset 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county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_counties_of_England"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Viking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Norman Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England"},{"link_name":"feudal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalism_in_England"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Corfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corfe_Castle"},{"link_name":"Wareham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wareham_Castle"},{"link_name":"Dorchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorchester_Castle"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cullingford_p52-25"},{"link_name":"Purbeck Marble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purbeck_Marble"},{"link_name":"Weymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth,_Dorset"},{"link_name":"Melcombe Regis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melcombe_Regis"},{"link_name":"Lyme Regis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_Regis"},{"link_name":"Bridport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridport"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Gascony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gascony"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Black Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Humphrey Stafford, earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Stafford,_1st_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Hooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooke,_Dorset"},{"link_name":"Giles Daubeney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giles_Daubeney,_1st_Baron_Daubeney"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Early history","text":"The first human visitors to Dorset were Mesolithic hunters, from around 8000 BC.[6][7] The first permanent Neolithic settlers appeared around 3000 BC and were responsible for the creation of the Dorset Cursus, a 10.5-kilometre (6.5 mi) monument for ritual or ceremonial purposes.[8][9] From 2800 BC onwards Bronze Age farmers cleared Dorset's woodlands for agricultural use and Dorset's high chalk hills provided a location for numerous round barrows.[10][11] During the Iron Age, the British tribe known as the Durotriges established a series of hill forts across the county—most notably Maiden Castle which is one of the largest in Europe.[12][13]The Romans arrived in Dorset during their conquest of Britain in AD 43. Maiden Castle was captured by a Roman legion under the command of Vespasian, and the Roman settlement of Durnovaria was established nearby.[14][15] Bokerley Dyke, a large defensive ditch built by the county's post-Roman inhabitants near the border with modern-day Hampshire, delayed the advance of the Saxons into Dorset for almost 150 years.[16] It appears to have been re-fortified during this period, with the former Roman Road at Ackling Dyke also being blocked by the Britons, apparently to prevent the West Saxon advance into Dorset.[17]However, by the end of the 7th century Dorset had fallen under Saxon control and been incorporated into the Kingdom of Wessex.[18] The precise details of this West Saxon conquest and how it took place are not clear, but it appears to have substantially taken place by the start of the reign of Caedwalla in 685.[19] The Saxons established a diocese at Sherborne and Dorset was made a shire—an administrative district of Wessex and predecessor to the English county system—with borders that have changed little since.[20] In 789 the first recorded Viking attack on the British Isles took place in Dorset on the Portland coast, and they continued to raid into the county for the next two centuries.[21][22]After the Norman Conquest in 1066, feudal rule was established in Dorset and the bulk of the land was divided between the Crown and ecclesiastical institutions.[23] The Normans consolidated their control over the area by constructing castles at Corfe, Wareham and Dorchester in the early part of the 12th century.[24] Over the next 200 years Dorset's population grew substantially and additional land was enclosed for farming to provide the extra food required.[25] The wool trade, the quarrying of Purbeck Marble and the busy ports of Weymouth, Melcombe Regis, Lyme Regis and Bridport brought prosperity to the county.[26] However, Dorset was devastated by the bubonic plague in 1348 which arrived in Melcombe Regis on a ship from Gascony.[27] The disease, more commonly known as the Black Death, created an epidemic that spread rapidly and wiped out a third of the population of the country.[28][29] Dorset came under the political influence of a number of different nobles during the Middle Ages. During the Wars of the Roses, for instance, Dorset came into the area influenced by Humphrey Stafford, earl of Devon (originally of Hooke, Dorset) whose wider influence stretched from Cornwall to Wiltshire. After 1485, one of the most influential Dorset figures was Henry VII's chamberlain Giles Daubeney.[30]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dorset in the English Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset_in_the_English_Civil_War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corfe_Castle3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Corfe Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corfe_Castle"},{"link_name":"Cromwell's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell"},{"link_name":"dissolution of the monasteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries"},{"link_name":"Shaftesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaftesbury_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Cerne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerne_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Milton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Abbey_School#Abbey_church"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"English Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Royalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier"},{"link_name":"Parliamentarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundhead"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Clubmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clubmen"},{"link_name":"Lord Fairfax's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Fairfax,_3rd_Lord_Fairfax_of_Cameron"},{"link_name":"Hambledon Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hambledon_Hill"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cullingford_pp70%E2%80%9371-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Sherborne Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherborne_Castle"},{"link_name":"slighted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slighting"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cullingford_pp70%E2%80%9371-33"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Duke of Monmouth's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Scott,_1st_Duke_of_Monmouth"},{"link_name":"attempt to overthrow James II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Bloody Assizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Assizes"},{"link_name":"Judge Jeffreys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge_Jeffreys"},{"link_name":"transported","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_transportation"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Charborough Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charborough_House"},{"link_name":"James II of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Glorious Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorious_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"smuggling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smuggling"},{"link_name":"Hawkhursts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawkhurst_Gang"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"industrial revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cullingford_p105-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Draper143-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"trade union movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union_movement"},{"link_name":"Tolpuddle Martyrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolpuddle_Martyrs"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Dorsetshire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsetshire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"gas attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Somme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc_somme_memorial-47"},{"link_name":"Langton Herring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langton_Herring"},{"link_name":"Thankful Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thankful_Villages"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc_somme_memorial-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"invasion of Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy"},{"link_name":"Studland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studland"},{"link_name":"Tyneham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyneham"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"D-Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_landings"},{"link_name":"RAF Tarrant Rushton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Tarrant_Rushton"},{"link_name":"Caen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caen"},{"link_name":"Operation Tonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tonga"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"George III's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cullingford_p105-41"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Draper143-42"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"Modern history","text":"Further information: Dorset in the English Civil WarCorfe Castle, captured and destroyed by Cromwell's army in 1646The dissolution of the monasteries (1536–1541) met little resistance in Dorset and many of the county's abbeys, including Shaftesbury, Cerne and Milton, were sold to private owners.[31] In 1642, at the commencement of the English Civil War, the Royalists took control of the entire county apart from Poole and Lyme Regis. However, within three years their gains had been almost entirely reversed by the Parliamentarians.[32] An uprising of Clubmen—vigilantes weary of the depredations of the war—took place in Dorset in 1645. Some 2,000 of these rebels offered battle to Lord Fairfax's Parliamentary army at Hambledon Hill but they were easily routed.[33][34] Sherborne Castle was taken by Fairfax that same year and in 1646 Corfe Castle, the last remaining Royalist stronghold in Dorset, was captured after an act of betrayal: both were subsequently slighted.[33][35] The Duke of Monmouth's unsuccessful attempt to overthrow James II began when he landed at Lyme Regis in 1685.[36] A series of trials known as the Bloody Assizes took place to punish the rebels. Over a five-day period in Dorchester, Judge Jeffreys presided over 312 cases: 74 of the accused were executed, 175 were transported, and nine were publicly whipped.[37] In 1686, at Charborough Park, a meeting took place to plot the downfall of James II of England. This meeting was effectively the start of the Glorious Revolution.[38]During the 18th century, much smuggling took place along the Dorset coast; its coves, caves and sandy beaches provided opportunities for gangs such as the Hawkhursts to stealthily bring smuggled goods ashore.[39] Poole became Dorset's busiest port and established prosperous trade links with the fisheries of Newfoundland which supported cloth, rope and net manufacturing industries in the surrounding towns and villages.[40] However, the industrial revolution largely bypassed Dorset which lacked coal resources and as a consequence the county remained predominantly agricultural.[41][42][43] Farming has always been central to the economy of Dorset and the county became the birthplace of the modern trade union movement when, in 1834, six farm labourers formed a union to protest against falling wages. The labourers, who are now known as the Tolpuddle Martyrs, were subsequently arrested for administering \"unlawful oaths\" and sentenced to transportation but they were pardoned following massive protests by the working classes.[44][45]The Dorsetshire Regiment were the first British unit to face a gas attack during the First World War (1914–1918) and they sustained particularly heavy losses at the Battle of the Somme.[46][47] In total some 4,500 Dorset servicemen died in the war and of the county's towns and villages, only one, Langton Herring, known as a Thankful Village, had no residents killed.[47][48] During the Second World War (1939–1945) Dorset was heavily involved in the preparations for the invasion of Normandy: beach landing exercises were carried out at Studland and Weymouth and the village of Tyneham was requisitioned for army training.[49][50] Tens of thousands of troops departed Weymouth, Portland and Poole harbours during D-Day and gliders from RAF Tarrant Rushton dropped troops near Caen to begin Operation Tonga.Dorset experienced an increase in holiday-makers after the war.[51] First popularised as a tourist destination by George III's frequent visits to Weymouth, the county's coastline, seaside resorts and its sparsely populated rural areas attract millions of visitors each year.[41][52] With farming declining across the country, tourism has edged ahead as the primary revenue-earning sector.[42][53]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of places in Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_in_Dorset"},{"link_name":"List of settlements in Dorset by population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_Dorset_by_population"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dorset_UK_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Bournemouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournemouth"},{"link_name":"Poole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poole"},{"link_name":"Christchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch,_Dorset"},{"link_name":"Weymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth,_Dorset"},{"link_name":"Blandford Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blandford_Forum"},{"link_name":"Sherborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherborne"},{"link_name":"Dorchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorchester,_Dorset"},{"link_name":"Bridport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridport"},{"link_name":"Wimborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimborne"},{"link_name":"Verwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verwood"},{"link_name":"Gillingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillingham,_Dorset"},{"link_name":"Shaftesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaftesbury"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dorset_UK_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Minerals_Core_Strategy_p20-55"},{"link_name":"South East Dorset conurbation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_Dorset_conurbation"},{"link_name":"seaside resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaside_resort"},{"link_name":"borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough"},{"link_name":"Ferndown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferndown"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Georgian era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_era"},{"link_name":"sea bathing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_bathing"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Sandbanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbanks"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sandbanks-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DFY_Pop-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DFY_Weymouth-62"},{"link_name":"Blandford Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blandford_Forum"},{"link_name":"Gillingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillingham,_Dorset"},{"link_name":"Shaftesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaftesbury"},{"link_name":"Sturminster Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturminster_Newton"},{"link_name":"market towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_town"},{"link_name":"Blackmore Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackmore_Vale"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MKT_Towns-63"},{"link_name":"Beaminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaminster"},{"link_name":"Verwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verwood"},{"link_name":"Wareham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wareham,_Dorset"},{"link_name":"Wimborne Minster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimborne_Minster"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MKT_Towns-63"},{"link_name":"Swanage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swanage"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coastal_Towns-64"},{"link_name":"new town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_town"},{"link_name":"Poundbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poundbury"},{"link_name":"Prince Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"dormitory towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormitory_town"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"text":"See also: List of places in Dorset and List of settlements in Dorset by populationBournemouthPooleChristchurchWeymouthBlandford ForumSherborneDorchesterBridportWimborneVerwoodGillinghamShaftesburyclass=notpageimage| Some of the larger settlements of DorsetDorset is largely rural with many small villages, few large towns and no cities.[54][55] The only major urban area is the South East Dorset conurbation, which is situated at the south-eastern end of the county and is atypical of the county as a whole. It consists of the seaside resort of Bournemouth, the historic port and borough of Poole, the towns of Christchurch and Ferndown plus many surrounding villages.[56][57] Bournemouth, the most populous town in the conurbation, was established in the Georgian era when sea bathing became popular.[58] Poole, the second largest settlement (once the largest town in the county), adjoins Bournemouth to the west and contains the suburb of Sandbanks which has some of the highest land values by area in the world.[59]The other two major settlements in the county are Dorchester, which has been the county town since at least 1305,[60] and Weymouth, a major seaside resort since the 18th century.[61][62] Blandford Forum, Sherborne, Gillingham, Shaftesbury and Sturminster Newton are historic market towns which serve the farms and villages of the Blackmore Vale in north Dorset.[63] Beaminster and Bridport are situated in the west of the county; Verwood and the historic Saxon market towns of Wareham and Wimborne Minster are located to the east.[63] Lyme Regis and Swanage are small coastal towns popular with tourists.[64] Under construction on the western edge of Dorchester is the experimental new town of Poundbury commissioned and co-designed by Prince Charles.[65] The suburb, which is expected to be fully completed by 2025, was designed to integrate residential and retail buildings and counter the growth of dormitory towns and car-oriented development.[66]","title":"Settlements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DDB_2010_p8-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Draper_136-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"chalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk"},{"link_name":"clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay"},{"link_name":"sand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand"},{"link_name":"gravels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravel"},{"link_name":"Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_stone"},{"link_name":"Purbeck stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purbeck_Group"},{"link_name":"limestones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"calcareous clays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcareous_clay"},{"link_name":"shales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Draper_136/137-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Minerals_Core_Strategy_p22-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Early Jurassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Jurassic"},{"link_name":"Eocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocene"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geology_of_Britain_Viewer-74"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dorset_Geology.png"},{"link_name":"calcareous grassland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcareous_grassland"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cullingford_p.91-75"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"Cranborne Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranborne_Chase"},{"link_name":"Dorset Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset_Downs"},{"link_name":"Purbeck Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purbeck_Hills"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chaffey_43-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chaffey_11-77"},{"link_name":"vales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_valley"},{"link_name":"flood plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_plain"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geology_of_Britain_Viewer-74"},{"link_name":"coppices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppice"},{"link_name":"Stour valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Stour,_Dorset"},{"link_name":"Frome valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Frome,_Dorset"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chaffey_11-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geology_of_Britain_Viewer-74"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geology_of_Britain_Viewer-74"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"heathland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathland"},{"link_name":"British reptile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_reptiles_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Site of Special Scientific Interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest"},{"link_name":"Ramsar sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar_Convention"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Marshwood Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshwood_Vale"},{"link_name":"Lower Lias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Lias"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Lewesdon Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewesdon_Hill"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBathurst2012119%E2%80%93125-86"},{"link_name":"Pilsdon Pen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilsdon_Pen"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaffey200454-87"},{"link_name":"Poole Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poole_Harbour"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Brownsea Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownsea_Island"},{"link_name":"Scouting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouting"},{"link_name":"red squirrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_squirrel"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Isle of Purbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Purbeck"},{"link_name":"oil field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_field"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WFAP-91"},{"link_name":"Perenco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perenco"},{"link_name":"Wytch Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wytch_Farm"},{"link_name":"Kimmeridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimmeridge_Oil_Field"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WFAP-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cullingford_p.122-92"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lulworth_Cove_from_Hambury_Tout_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4158867.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lulworth Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulworth_Cove"},{"link_name":"Hambury Tout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hambury_Tout"},{"link_name":"Jurassic Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic_Coast"},{"link_name":"lowland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowland"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wright_7-93"},{"link_name":"Piddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Piddle"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"chalk streams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk_stream"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"River Avon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire_Avon"},{"link_name":"Christchurch Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_Harbour"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Axe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Axe_(Lyme_Bay)"},{"link_name":"Yeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Yeo_(South_Somerset)"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset"},{"link_name":"Char","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Char"},{"link_name":"Brit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Brit"},{"link_name":"Bride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Bride,_Dorset"},{"link_name":"Wey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Wey,_Dorset"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wright_17-97"},{"link_name":"Jurassic Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic_Coast"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Exmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exmouth"},{"link_name":"Mesozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoic"},{"link_name":"Triassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triassic"},{"link_name":"landforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landform"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbcjurassic-99"},{"link_name":"Jurassic trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrified_wood"},{"link_name":"Ichthyosaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyosaur"},{"link_name":"Mary Anning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Anning"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbcjurassic-99"},{"link_name":"cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cove"},{"link_name":"Lulworth Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulworth_Cove"},{"link_name":"natural arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_arch"},{"link_name":"Durdle Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durdle_Door"},{"link_name":"stacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_(geology)"},{"link_name":"Old Harry Rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Harry_Rocks"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"English Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"Isle of Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Portland"},{"link_name":"Chesil Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesil_Beach"},{"link_name":"shingle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingle_beach"},{"link_name":"barrier beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoal"},{"link_name":"Britain's largest tidal lagoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesil_Beach#The_Fleet_Lagoon"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"conservation areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_area"},{"link_name":"Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"heritage coasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_coast"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coastline-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sssi-107"},{"link_name":"South West Coast Path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_Coast_Path"},{"link_name":"National Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trail"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"green belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_belt_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"South East Dorset conurbation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_Dorset_conurbation"},{"link_name":"Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranborne_Chase_and_West_Wiltshire_Downs"}],"text":"Dorset covers an area of 2,653 square kilometres (1,024 sq mi) and contains considerable variety in its underlying geology, which is partly responsible for the diversity of landscape.[67][68][69] A large percentage (66%) of the county comprises either chalk, clay or mixed sand and gravels. The remainder is less straightforward and includes Portland and Purbeck stone, other limestones, calcareous clays and shales.[70] Portland and Purbeck stone are of national importance as a building material and for restoring some of Britain's most famous landmarks.[71][72] Almost every type of rock known from the Early Jurassic to the Eocene epochs can be found in the county.[73][74]Geological map of DorsetDorset has a number of limestone ridges which are mostly covered in either arable fields or calcareous grassland supporting sheep.[75] These limestone areas include a wide band of Cretaceous chalk which crosses the county as a range of hills from north-east to south-west, incorporating Cranborne Chase and the Dorset Downs, and a narrow band running from south-west to south-east, incorporating the Purbeck Hills.[76][77] Between the chalk hills are large, wide vales and wide flood plains.[74] These vales are dotted with small villages, farms and coppices, and include the Blackmore Vale (Stour valley) and the Frome valley.[77][78] The Blackmore Vale is composed of older Jurassic deposits, largely clays interspersed with limestones,[74] and has traditionally been a centre for dairy agriculture.[79] South-east Dorset, including the lower Frome valley and around Poole and Bournemouth, comprises younger Eocene deposits,[74] mainly sands and clays of poor agricultural quality.[80] The soils created from these deposits support a heathland habitat which sustains all six native British reptile species.[81] Most of the Dorset heathland has Site of Special Scientific Interest status, with three areas designated as internationally important Ramsar sites.[82] In the far west of the county and along the coast there are frequent changes in rock strata, which appear in a less obviously sequential way compared to the landscapes of the chalk and the heath.[83] In the west this results in a hilly landscape of diverse character that resembles that of neighbouring county Devon.[84] Marshwood Vale, a valley of Lower Lias clay at the western tip of the county,[85] lies to the south of the two highest points in Dorset: Lewesdon Hill at 279 metres (915 ft)[86] and Pilsdon Pen at 277 metres (909 ft).[87]A former river valley flooded by rising sea levels 6,000 years ago, Poole Harbour is one of the largest natural harbours in the world.[88][89]\nThe harbour is very shallow in places and contains a number of islands, notably Brownsea Island, the birthplace of the Scouting movement and one of the few remaining sanctuaries for indigenous red squirrels in England.[90] The harbour, and the chalk and limestone hills of the Isle of Purbeck to the south, lie atop Western Europe's largest onshore oil field.[91] The field, operated by Perenco from Wytch Farm, has the world's oldest continuously pumping well at Kimmeridge which has been producing oil since the early 1960s.[91][92]Lulworth Cove from Hambury Tout, on the Jurassic CoastDorset's diverse geography ensures it has an assortment of rivers, although a moderate annual rainfall coupled with rolling hills, means most are typically lowland in nature.[93] Much of the county drains into three rivers, the Frome, Piddle and Stour which all flow to the sea in a south-easterly direction.[94] The Frome and Piddle are chalk streams but the Stour, which rises in Wiltshire to the north, has its origins in clay soil.[95] The River Avon, which flows mainly through Wiltshire and Hampshire, enters Dorset towards the end of its journey at Christchurch Harbour.[96] The rivers Axe and Yeo, which principally drain the counties of Devon and Somerset respectively, have their sources in the north-west of the county. In the south-west, a number of small rivers run into the sea along the Dorset coastline; most notable of these are the Char, Brit, Bride and Wey.[97]Most of Dorset's coastline is part of the Jurassic Coast, a World Heritage Site, which stretches for 155 kilometres (96 mi)[98] between Studland and Exmouth in Devon. This coast documents the entire Mesozoic era, from Triassic to Cretaceous, and is noted for its geological landforms.[99] The Dorset section has yielded important fossils, including Jurassic trees and the first complete Ichthyosaur, discovered near Lyme Regis in 1811 by Mary Anning.[99] The county features some notable coastal landforms, including examples of a cove (Lulworth Cove), a natural arch (Durdle Door) and chalk stacks (Old Harry Rocks).[100][101] Jutting out into the English Channel at roughly the midpoint of the Dorset coastline is the Isle of Portland, a limestone island that is connected to the mainland by Chesil Beach, a 27-kilometre (17 mi) long shingle barrier beach protecting Britain's largest tidal lagoon.[102][103]The county has one of the highest proportions of conservation areas in England, and two Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs) cover 53% of the administrative county.[104][105] It has two heritage coasts totalling 92 kilometres (57 mi), and Sites of Special Scientific Interest covering 199 km2 (77 sq mi).[106][107] The South West Coast Path, a National Trail, begins at South Haven Point at the entrance to Poole Harbour.[108] There are also substantial areas of green belt surrounding the South East Dorset conurbation, filling in the area between this and the Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs AONB.","title":"Physical geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall"},{"link_name":"south-west","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_England"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winter-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-summer-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-annual-112"},{"link_name":"West Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sussex"},{"link_name":"East Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sunshine-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rainfall-114"},{"link_name":"Weymouth, Dorset § Climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth,_Dorset#Climate"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weymouth,_Dorset&action=edit"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"Wyke Regis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyke_Regis"},{"link_name":"Met Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Met_Office"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weymouth,_Dorset_annualmean-115"},{"link_name":"Cefas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cefas"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weymouth,_Dorset_seatemperatures-116"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Dorset's climate of warm summers and mild winters is partly due to its position on Britain's south coast. The third most southerly county in the UK, Dorset is less affected by the more intense Atlantic winds than Cornwall and Devon. Dorset, along with the entire south-west, has higher winter temperatures, average 4.5 to 8.7 °C (40.1 to 47.7 °F), than the rest of the United Kingdom.[110] However, Dorset maintains higher summer temperatures than Devon and Cornwall, with average highs of 19.1 to 22.2 °C (66.4 to 72.0 °F).[111] Excluding hills such as the Dorset Downs, the average annual temperature of the county is 9.8 to 12 °C (49.6 to 53.6 °F).[112]The south coast counties of Dorset, Hampshire, West Sussex, East Sussex and Kent enjoy more sunshine than anywhere else in the United Kingdom, receiving 1,541–1,885 hours a year.[113] Average annual rainfall varies across the county—southern and eastern coastal areas receive 700–800 mm (28–31 in) per year; the Dorset Downs receive between 1,000 and 1,250 mm (39–49 in) per year; less than much of Devon and Cornwall to the west but more than counties to the east.[114]These templates are an excerpt from Weymouth, Dorset § Climate.[edit]\n\n\n\n\nClimate data for Weymouth\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n9.0(48.2)\n\n8.9(48.0)\n\n10.6(51.1)\n\n12.9(55.2)\n\n15.7(60.3)\n\n18.1(64.6)\n\n20.0(68.0)\n\n20.3(68.5)\n\n18.7(65.7)\n\n15.5(59.9)\n\n12.2(54.0)\n\n9.7(49.5)\n\n14.3(57.7)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n6.7(44.1)\n\n6.5(43.7)\n\n7.9(46.2)\n\n9.8(49.6)\n\n12.5(54.5)\n\n15.1(59.2)\n\n17.0(62.6)\n\n17.4(63.3)\n\n15.7(60.3)\n\n13.0(55.4)\n\n9.9(49.8)\n\n7.4(45.3)\n\n11.6(52.9)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n4.5(40.1)\n\n4.1(39.4)\n\n5.2(41.4)\n\n6.6(43.9)\n\n9.3(48.7)\n\n12.0(53.6)\n\n14.0(57.2)\n\n14.4(57.9)\n\n12.7(54.9)\n\n10.4(50.7)\n\n7.4(45.3)\n\n5.1(41.2)\n\n8.5(47.3)\n\n\nAverage rainfall mm (inches)\n\n84.3(3.32)\n\n60.5(2.38)\n\n58.1(2.29)\n\n52.4(2.06)\n\n44.6(1.76)\n\n45.9(1.81)\n\n40.7(1.60)\n\n55.4(2.18)\n\n54.9(2.16)\n\n82.7(3.26)\n\n98.7(3.89)\n\n92.2(3.63)\n\n770.4(30.33)\n\n\nAverage rainy days (≥ 1 mm)\n\n12.9\n\n10.8\n\n9.0\n\n8.5\n\n8.2\n\n7.2\n\n6.7\n\n8.3\n\n8.0\n\n11.9\n\n13.2\n\n13.1\n\n117.5\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n69.1\n\n95.5\n\n141.5\n\n202.1\n\n235.4\n\n234.8\n\n245.6\n\n225.7\n\n178.1\n\n127.5\n\n84.6\n\n64.5\n\n1,904.4\n\n\nSource: 1991–2020 averages for Wyke Regis climate station. Sources: Met Office[115] and Cefas[116]","title":"Physical geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of settlements in Dorset by population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_Dorset_by_population"},{"link_name":"2011 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2011"},{"link_name":"non-metropolitan county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-metropolitan_county"},{"link_name":"unitary authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_authority"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ONS_Dorset_ethnic-117"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ONS_Bournemouth_ethnic-119"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ONS_Poole_ethnic-121"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dorsetpopulation-123"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ONS_Dorset_ethnic-117"},{"link_name":"[Note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"England and Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DFY_Pop-61"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ONS_Dorset_ethnic-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ONS_Dorset_religion-118"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Labprof-127"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Labprof-127"}],"text":"See also: List of settlements in Dorset by populationThe 2011 Census records Dorset's population as 744,041. This consisted of 412,905 for the non-metropolitan county (not including Bournemouth and Poole), 183,491 for the unitary authority of Bournemouth and 147,645 for the unitary authority of Poole.[117][119][121] In 2013 it was estimated that the population had risen by around 1.4% to 754,460: 416,720 in the non-metropolitan county and 188,730 and 149,010 in Bournemouth and Poole respectively.[123] More than half of the county's residents live in the Bournemouth, Poole and Christchurch conurbation.[117]Dorset's population has a high proportion of older people and a lower than average proportion of young people: According to 2013 mid-year estimates,[Note 1] 23.6% are over 65 years of age, higher than the England and Wales average of 17.4%, and 18.6% are less than 17 years old, lower than the England and Wales average of 21.3%.[61] The working age population (females and males between 16 and 64) is lower than England and Wales average, 60% compared to 64%.[124] Data collected between 2010 and 2012 shows that average life expectancy at birth in the county is 85.3 years for females and 81.2 years for males. This compares favourably with the averages for England and Wales of 82.9 and 79.1 years respectively.[125] Around 95.2% of Dorset's population are of white ethnicity, 60.9% of the population are Christian and 28.5% say they are not religious.[117][118]More than 33% of the county's population possess a level 4 qualification or above, such as a Higher National Diploma, Degree or a Higher Degree; while nearly 6.3% have no qualifications at all.[126] Almost 43.7% are employed in a professional or technical capacity (Standard Occupational Classification 2010, groups 1–3), just over 10.3% are administrators or secretaries (group 4), around 12.8% have a skilled trade (group 5), over 18% are employed at a low-level in the care, leisure, sales or customer relations sector (groups 6 and 7) and 14.8% are operatives or in elementary occupations (groups 8 and 9).[126]","title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Local government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_England"},{"link_name":"Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole (BCP) Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournemouth,_Christchurch_and_Poole_Council"},{"link_name":"Dorset Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset_Council_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LGR-1-129"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"Bournemouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournemouth_Borough_Council"},{"link_name":"Poole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poole_Borough_Council"},{"link_name":"districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district"},{"link_name":"Dorset County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset_County_Council"},{"link_name":"Weymouth and Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth_and_Portland"},{"link_name":"West Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Dorset"},{"link_name":"North Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dorset"},{"link_name":"Purbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purbeck_District"},{"link_name":"East Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Dorset"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"an act of government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1888"},{"link_name":"administrative county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_counties_of_England"},{"link_name":"reorganisation of local government in 1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972"},{"link_name":"[Note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census200-137"},{"link_name":"Local Government Commission for England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Commission_for_England_(1992)"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"}],"sub_title":"Local government","text":"Local government in Dorset consists of two unitary authorities (UA); Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole (BCP) Council, which governs the major conurbation comprising the three towns, and Dorset Council which serves the more rural remainder of the county.[128] For the BCP council, voters choose 76 councillors from 33 wards, with ten wards returning three candidates apiece and 23 wards, two.[129] Dorset elects 82 councillors representing six three-councillor wards, 18 two-councillor wards and 28 single-councillor wards - 52 wards in total.[130] In both authorities, elections for the entire council occur every four years.[131]The two authorities came into existence on 1 April 2019, when Bournemouth and Poole merged with Christchurch, one of six second-tier districts previously governed by Dorset County Council, leaving the other five districts - Weymouth and Portland, West Dorset, North Dorset, Purbeck and East Dorset - to form a second UA.[132]\nDorset County Council was first formed in 1888 by an act of government to govern the newly created administrative county of Dorset which had been based largely on the historic county borders. Dorset became a two-tier non-metropolitan county after a reorganisation of local government in 1974 and its border was extended eastwards to incorporate the former Hampshire towns of Bournemouth and Christchurch.[Note 2][135] Following a review by the Local Government Commission for England, Bournemouth and Poole each became administratively independent single-tier unitary authorities in 1997.[136][137]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Parliamentary constituencies in Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Dorset"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"county constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_constituencies"},{"link_name":"borough constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_constituencies"},{"link_name":"2017 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"Bournemouth East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournemouth_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Bournemouth West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournemouth_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Poole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poole_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"safe seats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_seat"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2017DS-142"},{"link_name":"North Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dorset_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Christchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"West Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Dorset_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Oliver Letwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Letwin"},{"link_name":"Minister of State at the Cabinet Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_Office"},{"link_name":"David Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2017DW-144"},{"link_name":"Chris Loder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Loder"},{"link_name":"2019 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"South Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dorset_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Richard Drax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Drax"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Jim Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Knight"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2017DS-142"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Knight-146"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"Mid Dorset and North Poole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_Dorset_and_North_Poole_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Michael Tomlinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Tomlinson"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2017MP-148"},{"link_name":"Conservatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Dorset"},{"link_name":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Bournemouth East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournemouth_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Bournemouth West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournemouth_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Christchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"North Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dorset_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Poole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poole_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"South Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dorset_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"West Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Dorset_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"}],"sub_title":"National representation","text":"See also: List of Parliamentary constituencies in DorsetFor representation in Parliament Dorset is divided into eight Parliamentary constituencies—five county constituencies and three borough constituencies. At the 2017 general election, the Conservative Party was dominant, taking all eight seats.[138] The borough constituencies of Bournemouth East, Bournemouth West and Poole are traditionally Conservative safe seats and are all represented by Conservative members of parliament.[139][140] The county constituencies of North Dorset and Christchurch are also represented by Conservative MPs. Between 1997 and 2019, West Dorset was represented by Conservative MP Oliver Letwin who was the Minister of State at the Cabinet Office in David Cameron's government.[141][142] The seat was won by Chris Loder in the 2019 general election.[143]The marginal seat of South Dorset is represented by Richard Drax, who gained the seat from Labour representative, Jim Knight, in 2010. Drax retained the seat in 2015 and 2017.[140][144][145] The Mid Dorset and North Poole constituency has been represented by the Conservative MP, Michael Tomlinson since 2015.[146]In the 2019 general election, the Conservatives held all eight constituencies in Dorset.[147]Parliamentary constituencies in DorsetConservative (8)\nBournemouth East\nBournemouth West\nChristchurch\nNorth Dorset\nPoole\nSouth Dorset\nWest Dorset","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gross value added","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_value_added"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GVA_p249-153"},{"link_name":"primary sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_sector"},{"link_name":"secondary sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_sector"},{"link_name":"tertiary sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_sector"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GVA_p249-153"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GVA_p249-153"},{"link_name":"industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_(economics)"},{"link_name":"mechanisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanisation"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Draper105,143-154"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GVA_p249-153"},{"link_name":"set aside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_aside"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DFY_farmland_use-156"},{"link_name":"arable land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arable_land"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DFY_farmland_use-156"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DFY_Livestock-157"},{"link_name":"Royal Armoured Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Armoured_Corps"},{"link_name":"Bovington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovington_Camp"},{"link_name":"Royal Signals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Signals"},{"link_name":"Blandford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blandford_Camp"},{"link_name":"Royal Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Marines"},{"link_name":"Poole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RM_Poole"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"BAE Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE_Systems"},{"link_name":"Sunseeker International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunseeker_International"},{"link_name":"J.P. Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.P._Morgan_Chase"},{"link_name":"Cobham plc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobham_plc"},{"link_name":"Bournemouth University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournemouth_University"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"Weymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth_Harbour,_Dorset"},{"link_name":"Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Harbour"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coastal_Economy-162"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fishing-163"},{"link_name":"2012 Summer Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W&P_Strategy-164"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bournemouth_07.JPG"},{"link_name":"Bournemouth Pier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournemouth_Pier"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DCF_Tourism_p1-165"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DCF_Tourism_p3-166"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VOT_2008_p1-167"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VOT_2008_p1-167"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VOT_2008_p1-167"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VOT_2008_p7-168"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DCF_Tourism_p4-169"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uktourismdecline-170"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dorstnomis-150"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poolenomis-151"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bmthnomis-152"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grimley_p78-171"}],"text":"In 2003 the gross value added (GVA) for the non-metropolitan county was £4,673 million, with an additional £4,705 million for Poole and Bournemouth.[151] The primary sector produced 2.03% of GVA, the secondary sector produced 22.44% and 75.53% came from the tertiary sector.[151] The average GVA for the 16 regions of South West England was £4,693 million.[151]The principal industry in Dorset was once agriculture. It has not, however, been the largest employer since the mid 19th century as mechanisation substantially reduced the number of workers required.[152][153] Agriculture has become less profitable and the industry has declined further. Within the administrative county between 1995 and 2003, GVA for primary industry (largely agriculture, fishing and quarrying) declined from £229 million to £188 million—7.1% to 4.0%.[151] In 2007, 2,039 km2 (787 sq mi) of the county was in agricultural use, up from 1,986 km2 (767 sq mi) in 1989, although this was due to an increase in permanent grass, and land set aside.[154] By contrast, in the same period, arable land decreased from 993 to 916 km2 (383 to 354 sq mi).[154] Excluding fowl, sheep are the most common animal stock in the county; between 1989 and 2006 their numbers fell from 252,189 to 193,500. Cattle and pig farming has declined similarly; during the same period the number of cattle fell from 240,413 to 170,700, and pigs from 169,636 to 72,700.[155]In 2009 there were 2,340 armed forces personnel stationed in Dorset including the Royal Armoured Corps at Bovington, Royal Signals at Blandford and the Royal Marines at Poole.[156] The military presence has had a mixed effect on the local economy, bringing additional employment for civilians, but on occasion having a negative impact on the tourist trade, particularly when popular areas are closed for military manoeuvres.[157][158]Other major employers in the county include: BAE Systems, Sunseeker International, J.P. Morgan, Cobham plc and Bournemouth University.[159] Dorset's three ports, Poole, Weymouth and Portland, and the smaller harbours of Christchurch, Swanage, Lyme Regis, Wareham and West Bay generate a substantial amount of international trade and tourism.[160] Around 230 fishing vessels that predominantly catch crab and lobster are based in Dorset's ports.[161] When the waters around Weymouth and Portland were chosen for the sailing events in the 2012 Summer Olympic Games, the area underwent an increased investment in infrastructure and a growth in the marine leisure sector. It is expected that this will continue to have a positive effect on local businesses and tourism.[162]The beach near Bournemouth Pier; Dorset's coastline is a major attraction for touristsTourism has grown in Dorset since the late 18th century and is now the predominant industry.[163] It is estimated that 37,500 people work in Dorset's tourism sector.[164] Some 3.2 million British and 326,000 foreign tourists visited the county in 2008, staying a total of 15.1 million nights.[165] In addition there were 14.6 million day visitors.[165] The combined spending of both groups was £1,458 million.[165] Towns received 56% of Dorset's day trippers, 27% went to the coast and 17% to the countryside.[166] A survey carried out in 1997 concluded that the primary reason tourists were drawn to Dorset was the attractiveness of the county's coast and countryside.[167] Numbers of domestic and foreign tourists have fluctuated in recent years due to various factors including security and economic downturn, a trend reflected throughout the UK.[168]Manufacturing industry in Dorset provided 10.3% of employment in 2008. This was slightly above the average for Great Britain but below that of the South West region which was at 10.7% for that period.[148][149][150] The sector is the county's fourth largest employer, but a predicted decline suggests there will be 10,200 fewer jobs in manufacturing by 2026.[169]","title":"Economy and industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Keep_Military_Museum,_Dorchester,_Dorset-16Sept2009.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Keep Military Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Keep,_Dorchester"},{"link_name":"Lighthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthouse_(Poole)"},{"link_name":"Bournemouth International Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournemouth_International_Centre"},{"link_name":"Pavilion Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavilion_Theatre,_Bournemouth"},{"link_name":"O2 Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O2_Academy_Bournemouth"},{"link_name":"Pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth_Pavilion"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DFY_theatres-172"},{"link_name":"Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournemouth_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DFY_Cultstrat-173"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bso-174"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bso-174"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DFY_museums-175"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Find_a_museum-176"},{"link_name":"Dorset Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset_Museum"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"The Tank Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tank_Museum"},{"link_name":"Bovington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovington"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culture24-178"},{"link_name":"designated of national importance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designation_Scheme"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culture24-178"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"The Keep Military Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Keep,_Dorchester"},{"link_name":"Russell-Cotes Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell-Cotes_Museum"},{"link_name":"Charmouth Heritage Coast Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmouth_Heritage_Coast_Centre"},{"link_name":"Poole Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poole_Museum"},{"link_name":"Portland Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Museum,_Dorset"},{"link_name":"Wareham Town Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wareham_Town_Museum"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Find_a_museum-176"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DSP_CultStrat_p15-180"},{"link_name":"conservation areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_area_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"scheduled monuments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_monument"},{"link_name":"listed buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"Portland Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Castle"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"Corfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corfe_Castle_(village)"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"Roman ruin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Town_House,_Dorchester"},{"link_name":"Historic England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"Athelhampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athelhampton"},{"link_name":"Tudor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"Forde Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forde_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Cistercian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercian"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"Christchurch Priory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_Priory"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"St Edwold's church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Edwold%27s_Church,_Stockwood"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steam_Up_-_geograph.org.uk_-_187885.jpg"},{"link_name":"Traction engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_engine"},{"link_name":"Great Dorset Steam Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Dorset_Steam_Fair"},{"link_name":"Great Dorset Steam Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Dorset_Steam_Fair"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"Bournemouth Air Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournemouth_Air_Festival"},{"link_name":"air show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_show"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DCS_BBC_News-193"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DCS_BBC_News-193"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"Wimborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimborne_Folk_Festival"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"Camp Bestival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Bestival"},{"link_name":"End of the Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_Of_The_Road_Festival"},{"link_name":"Larmer Tree Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larmer_Tree_Festival"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"AFC Bournemouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Bournemouth"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"English football league system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_football_league_system"},{"link_name":"Non-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-League_football"},{"link_name":"Southern Premier Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Dorchester Town F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorchester_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Poole Town F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poole_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Weymouth F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dorset County Cricket Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Minor Counties Cricket Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_Counties_Cricket_Championship"},{"link_name":"Dean Park Cricket Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Park_Cricket_Ground"},{"link_name":"Poole Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poole_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Poole Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poole_Pirates"},{"link_name":"gig racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gig_racing"},{"link_name":"Weymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth_Bay"},{"link_name":"Poole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poole_Bay"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weymouthwatersports-202"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poolewatersports-203"},{"link_name":"Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth_and_Portland_National_Sailing_Academy"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"Extreme E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_E"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomashardy_restored.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy"},{"link_name":"Wessex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy%27s_Wessex"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dorset's_writers_BBC-209"},{"link_name":"National Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hardy's Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy%27s_Cottage"},{"link_name":"Max Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Gate"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"},{"link_name":"Douglas Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Adams"},{"link_name":"The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy"},{"link_name":"Stalbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalbridge"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"},{"link_name":"John le Carré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_le_Carr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"Tom Sharpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Sharpe"},{"link_name":"Wilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilt_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"},{"link_name":"John Fowles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fowles"},{"link_name":"The French Lieutenant's Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_French_Lieutenant%27s_Woman"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"T.F. Powys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.F._Powys"},{"link_name":"Chaldon Herring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldon_Herring"},{"link_name":"Mr. Weston's Good Wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Weston%27s_Good_Wine"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"},{"link_name":"John Cowper Powys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cowper_Powys"},{"link_name":"Maiden Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_Castle_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Weymouth Sands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth_Sands"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dorset's_writers_BBC-209"},{"link_name":"Enid Blyton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enid_Blyton"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"},{"link_name":"William Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Barnes"},{"link_name":"Bagber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagber"},{"link_name":"Dorset dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Country_dialect"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dorset's_writers_BBC-209"},{"link_name":"Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Norse_language"},{"link_name":"Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Saxon"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dorset_Echo_4.5.11-218"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Dorset.svg"},{"link_name":"Dorset's flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Dorset"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FRUK-220"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-221"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flag_bbc-222"},{"link_name":"English flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_England"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flag_explained-223"},{"link_name":"Golden Cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Cap"},{"link_name":"Gold Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Hill,_Shaftesbury"},{"link_name":"Wessex Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wessex#Wyvern_or_dragon"},{"link_name":"Saxon Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wessex"},{"link_name":"Dorset Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flag_explained-223"}],"text":"The Keep Military Museum in DorchesterAs a largely rural county, Dorset has fewer major cultural institutions than larger or more densely populated areas. Major venues for concerts and theatre include the Lighthouse arts centre in Poole; the Bournemouth International Centre, Pavilion Theatre and O2 Academy in Bournemouth; and the Pavilion theatre in Weymouth.[170] The Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra, founded in 1893,[171][172] is based in Poole.[172]Dorset has more than 30 general and specialist museums.[173][174] The Dorset County Museum (now the Dorset Museum) in Dorchester was founded in 1846 and contains an extensive collection of exhibits covering the county's history and environment.[175] The Tank Museum at Bovington contains more than 300 tanks and armoured vehicles from 30 nations.[176] The museum is the largest in Dorset and its collection has been designated of national importance.[176][177] Other museums which reflect the cultural heritage of the county include The Keep Military Museum in Dorchester, the Russell-Cotes Museum in Bournemouth, the Charmouth Heritage Coast Centre, Poole Museum, Portland Museum and Wareham Town Museum.[174][178]Dorset contains 190 conservation areas, more than 1,500 scheduled monuments, over 30 registered parks and gardens and 12,850 listed buildings.[179][180] Grade I listed buildings include: Portland Castle, a coastal fort commissioned by Henry VIII;[181] a castle with more than a 1,000 years of history at Corfe;[182] a Roman ruin described by Historic England as the \"only Roman town house visible in Britain\";[183] Athelhampton, a Tudor manor house;[184] Forde Abbey, a stately home and former Cistercian monastery;[185] Christchurch Priory, the longest church in England;[186] and St Edwold's church, one of the smallest.[187]Traction engines on display at the Great Dorset Steam FairDorset hosts a number of annual festivals, fairs and events including the Great Dorset Steam Fair near Blandford, one of the largest events of its kind in Europe,[188] and the Bournemouth Air Festival, a free air show that attracted 1.3 million visitors in 2009.[189] The Spirit of the Seas is a maritime festival held in Weymouth and Portland. Launched in 2008, the festival features sporting activities, cultural events and local entertainers.[190] The Dorset County Show, which was first held in 1841, is a celebration of Dorset's agriculture.[191] The two-day event exhibits local produce and livestock and attracts some 55,000 people.[191] Inside Out Dorset is an outdoor arts festival that takes place every two years in rural and urban locations across Dorset.[192][193] In addition to the smaller folk festivals held in towns such as Christchurch and Wimborne,[194][195] Dorset holds several larger musical events such as Camp Bestival, End of the Road and the Larmer Tree Festival.[196][197][198]Dorset's only professional football club is AFC Bournemouth, which plays in the Premier League—the highest division in the English football league system. Non-League semi-professional teams in the county include Southern Premier Division teams Dorchester Town F.C., Poole Town F.C. and Weymouth F.C. Dorset County Cricket Club competes in the Minor Counties Cricket Championship and is based at Dean Park Cricket Ground in Bournemouth. Poole Stadium hosts regular greyhound racing and is the home to top-flight speedway team Poole Pirates. The county's coastline, on the English Channel, is noted for its watersports (particularly sailing, gig racing, windsurfing, power boating and kayaking) which take advantage of the sheltered waters in the bays of Weymouth and Poole, and the harbours of Poole and Portland.[199][200][201] Dorset hosted the sailing events at the 2012 Summer Olympics and 2012 Summer Paralympics at the Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy. The venue was completed in May 2009 and was used by international sailing teams in preparation for the Games.[202][203][204] In motorsport, Dorset hosts the Extreme E Jurassic X Prix at Bovington Camp.[205]Thomas HardyDorset is famed in literature for being the native county of author and poet Thomas Hardy, and many of the places he describes in his novels in the fictional Wessex are in Dorset, which he renamed South Wessex.[206][207] The National Trust owns Thomas Hardy's Cottage, in Higher Bockhampton, east of Dorchester; and Max Gate, his former house in Dorchester.[208] Several other writers have called Dorset home, including Douglas Adams, who wrote much of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy while he lived in Stalbridge;[209] John le Carré, author of espionage novels, was born in Poole;[210] Tom Sharpe of Wilt fame lived in Bridport;[211] John Fowles (The French Lieutenant's Woman) lived in Lyme Regis before he died in late 2005;[212] T.F. Powys lived in Chaldon Herring for over 20 years and used it as inspiration for the fictitious village of Folly Down in his novel Mr. Weston's Good Wine;[213] John Cowper Powys, his elder brother, also set a number of his works in Dorset, such as the novels Maiden Castle and Weymouth Sands.[214][207] Children's author Enid Blyton drew inspiration for many of her works from Dorset.[215] The 19th-century poet William Barnes was born in Bagber and wrote many poems in his native Dorset dialect.[207] Originating from the ancient Norse and Saxon languages, the dialect was prevalent across the Blackmore Vale but has fallen into disuse.[216][217]Flag of DorsetDorset's flag, which is known as the Dorset Cross or St Wite's Cross, was adopted in 2008 following a public competition organised by Dorset County Council.[218][219] The winning design, which features a white cross with a red border on a golden background, attracted 54% of the vote.[220] All three colours are used in Dorset County Council's coat of arms and the red and white was used in recognition of the English flag.[221] The golden colour represents Dorset's sandy beaches and the Dorset landmarks of Golden Cap and Gold Hill. It is also a reference to the Wessex Dragon, a symbol of the Saxon Kingdom which Dorset once belonged to, and the gold wreath featured on the badge of the Dorset Regiment.[221]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West of England Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_of_England_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Route_4-224"},{"link_name":"London Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Waterloo_station"},{"link_name":"Exeter St Davids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_St_Davids_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Route_4-224"},{"link_name":"South West Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-225"},{"link_name":"Heart of Wessex Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Wessex_Line"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol"},{"link_name":"Swanage Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swanage_Railway"},{"link_name":"heritage steam and diesel railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_railway"},{"link_name":"Norden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norden_railway_station_(Dorset)"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-226"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-doyle-227"},{"link_name":"A303","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A303_road"},{"link_name":"A35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A35_road"},{"link_name":"A31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A31_road"},{"link_name":"trunk roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunk_road"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-228"},{"link_name":"West Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Country"},{"link_name":"M3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M3_motorway_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-googlemapdorset-229"},{"link_name":"Honiton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honiton"},{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton"},{"link_name":"Bere Regis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bere_Regis"},{"link_name":"M27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M27_motorway_(England)"},{"link_name":"A338","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A338"},{"link_name":"A354","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A354"},{"link_name":"A37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A37_road_(England)"},{"link_name":"A350","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A350_road"},{"link_name":"Ringwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringwood,_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury"},{"link_name":"Yeovil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeovil"},{"link_name":"Blandford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blandford"},{"link_name":"Warminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warminster"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-googlemapdorset-229"},{"link_name":"Brittany Ferries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany_Ferries"},{"link_name":"Condor Ferries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condor_Ferries"},{"link_name":"Cherbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherbourg"},{"link_name":"Channel Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Islands"},{"link_name":"St Malo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Malo"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-230"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-231"},{"link_name":"Bournemouth Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournemouth_Airport"},{"link_name":"Hurn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurn"},{"link_name":"Morebus and Damory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_South_Coast"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-232"},{"link_name":"First Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Hampshire_%26_Dorset"},{"link_name":"Jurassic Coaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic_Coaster"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-233"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-234"},{"link_name":"Yellow Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Buses"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-235"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-236"}],"text":"Dorset is connected to London by two main line railways. The West of England Main Line runs through the north of the county at Gillingham and Sherborne.[222] Running west from London Waterloo to Exeter St Davids in Devon, it provides a service for those who live in the western districts of Dorset.[222] The South West Main Line runs through the south at Bournemouth, Poole, Dorchester and the terminus at Weymouth.[223] Additionally, the Heart of Wessex Line runs north from Weymouth to Bristol and the Swanage Railway, a heritage steam and diesel railway, runs the 10 kilometres (6 mi) between Norden and Swanage.[224]Dorset is one of few English counties not well served by canals and has no motorways.[225] The A303, A35 and A31 trunk roads run through the county.[226] The A303, which connects the West Country to London via the M3, clips the north-west of the county.[227] The A35 crosses the county in a west–east direction from Honiton in Devon, via Bridport, Dorchester, Poole, Bournemouth and Christchurch, to Southampton in Hampshire. The A31 connects to the A35 at Bere Regis, and passes east through Wimborne and Ferndown to Hampshire, where it later becomes the M27. Other main roads in the county include the A338, A354, A37 and A350. The A338 heads north from Bournemouth to Ringwood (Hampshire) and on to Salisbury (Wiltshire) and beyond. The A354 also connects to Salisbury after travelling north-east from Weymouth in the south of the county. The A37 travels north-west from Dorchester to Yeovil in Somerset. The A350 also leads north, from Poole through Blandford and Shaftesbury, to Warminster in Wiltshire.[227]A passenger seaport and an international airport are situated in the county. Brittany Ferries and Condor Ferries operate out of Poole Harbour; Brittany Ferries provide access to Cherbourg in France and Condor Ferries sail a seasonal service to the Channel Islands and St Malo, France.[228] Poole and Portland harbours are capable of taking cruise liners.[229] Bournemouth Airport, on the edge of Hurn village 6 kilometres (4 mi) north of Bournemouth, has scheduled and charter flights.Morebus and Damory provide a county wide bus network with frequent services linking major towns, including Bournemouth, Poole and Wimborne, and a varied service in further rural locations.[230] The First Group operate buses in the Weymouth and Bridport area, including a regular route along the A35 from Weymouth to Axminster, which helps to compensate for the missing rail link west of Dorchester; and the Jurassic Coaster service, which runs along the county's coastline.[231][232] Yellow Buses provided bus services within Bournemouth and outlying areas until they ceased operating in 2022.[233][234]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of monastic houses in Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monastic_houses_in_Dorset"},{"link_name":"List of churches in Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Dorset"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wimborne_Minster_June_2015.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wimborne Minster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimborne_Minster"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-237"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-238"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Bath and Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Bath_and_Wells"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Winchester"},{"link_name":"[237]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-239"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-240"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Plymouth"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Portsmouth"},{"link_name":"[239]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-241"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-242"},{"link_name":"Gurkhas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Gurkha_Signals"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-243"},{"link_name":"[242]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-244"},{"link_name":"[243]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-245"},{"link_name":"[244]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-246"},{"link_name":"Roman mosaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinton_St_Mary_Mosaic"},{"link_name":"Hinton St Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinton_St_Mary"},{"link_name":"[245]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-247"},{"link_name":"[246]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-248"},{"link_name":"St. Martin's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Church,_Wareham"},{"link_name":"[247]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-249"},{"link_name":"[248]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-250"},{"link_name":"Perpendicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpendicular_Gothic"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-251"},{"link_name":"Sherborne Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherborne_Abbey"},{"link_name":"fan vaulting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_vault"},{"link_name":"[250]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-252"},{"link_name":"Aldhelm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldhelm"},{"link_name":"chair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedra"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Sherborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Sherborne"},{"link_name":"Old Sarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Sarum"},{"link_name":"[251]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-253"},{"link_name":"Wimborne Minster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimborne_Minster_(church)"},{"link_name":"chained library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chained_library"},{"link_name":"astronomical clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_clock"},{"link_name":"[252]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-254"},{"link_name":"miraculous beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_Priory#Miraculous_beam"},{"link_name":"[253]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-255"},{"link_name":"nave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave"},{"link_name":"Nikolaus Pevsner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner"},{"link_name":"[254]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-256"},{"link_name":"St Candida and Holy Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_Candida_and_Holy_Cross"},{"link_name":"Whitchurch Canonicorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitchurch_Canonicorum"},{"link_name":"Westminster Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey"},{"link_name":"relics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relic"},{"link_name":"[255]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-257"},{"link_name":"[256]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-258"},{"link_name":"Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Reformation"},{"link_name":"[257]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JD82-259"},{"link_name":"[258]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-260"},{"link_name":"Early Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_architecture"},{"link_name":"Bastard brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastard_brothers"},{"link_name":"St George's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Church,_Portland"},{"link_name":"Christopher Wren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren"},{"link_name":"[259]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-261"},{"link_name":"Gothic Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"[260]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-262"},{"link_name":"East Lulworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Lulworth"},{"link_name":"[261]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lehane59-263"},{"link_name":"[257]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JD82-259"},{"link_name":"[261]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lehane59-263"},{"link_name":"St Peter's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church,_Bournemouth"},{"link_name":"St Stephen's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_Church,_Bournemouth"},{"link_name":"St Dunstan's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Dunstan_of_Canterbury_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Edward Schroeder Prior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Schroeder_Prior"},{"link_name":"Neo Byzantine style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"[262]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-264"},{"link_name":"Moreton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreton,_Dorset"},{"link_name":"Laurence Whistler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Whistler"},{"link_name":"[263]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-265"}],"text":"See also: List of monastic houses in Dorset and List of churches in DorsetWimborne MinsterUnlike all of its neighbouring counties, Dorset does not have a cathedral.[235] Over 95% of the county falls within the Church of England Diocese of Salisbury.[236] A small section to the west comes under the Diocese of Bath and Wells and to the east Christchurch and much of Bournemouth—both historically part of Hampshire—belong to the Diocese of Winchester.[237][238] The Roman Catholic Diocese of Plymouth incorporates most of Dorset with the exception of Christchurch and a portion of Bournemouth which belongs to the Diocese of Portsmouth.[239][240] Few purpose-built places of worship exist in Dorset for faiths other than Christianity. In 2008 a Hindu temple was constructed in Blandford Forum for the Gurkhas based at the town's military camp.[241] Bournemouth, which contains a higher proportion of Jewish residents than the national average, has three synagogues and an Islamic Centre and a mosque for Muslims.[242][243]Christianity was introduced to Dorset by the Romans.[244] A 4th century Roman mosaic discovered near Hinton St Mary contains what is generally accepted to be an image of Christ.[245][246] Christianity became firmly established in the county during the Saxon period although there are few surviving Saxon churches; the most complete is St. Martin's in Wareham which has features from the early 11th century.[247][248] Mediaeval churches are more prevalent in Dorset; most are 15th century and are of a Perpendicular style.[249] Sherborne Abbey, one of the county's largest, is noted for its broad fan vaulting added during an extensive 15th century rebuild.[250] Founded in AD 705 by Aldhelm, the Abbey contained the chair of the Bishop of Sherborne and was granted cathedral status until 1075 when the diocese was transferred to Old Sarum.[251] Wimborne Minster features a chained library and a 14th-century astronomical clock;[252] Christchurch Priory is renowned for its miraculous beam which, according to legend, was installed by Christ;[253] and the 15th century roof spanning the nave at St John the Baptist Church in Bere Regis is described by architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner as the \"finest timber roof of Dorset\".[254] St Candida and Holy Cross at Whitchurch Canonicorum is the only church in the country, besides Westminster Abbey, to have a shrine that contains the relics of a saint.[255]Monastic foundations were once abundant in Dorset, but all ceased to exist at the Dissolution of the monasteries.[256] The Reformation and the political and religious turmoil that ensued largely checked the building of new churches until the turn of the 18th century.[257][258] Notable examples of Early Georgian churches include the Bastard brothers' Church of St. Peter and St. Paul in Blandford Forum, and St George's Church on the Isle of Portland, which has a steeple and tower inspired by the works of Christopher Wren.[259] From the late 18th century onwards, churches in Dorset tended towards a Gothic Revival style.[260] A notable exception to this trend, however, is the Church of St Mary in East Lulworth—the first freestanding Roman Catholic church built in England after the Reformation.[261] George III gave permission to erect the building on the condition that it resembled a garden mausoleum rather than a church. It was completed in 1789.[257][261] Bournemouth, founded in 1810, has a wealth of 19th-century churches including St Peter's and St Stephen's. St Dunstan's (formerly St Osmund's) in Poole is one of a small number of 20th-century churches in Dorset. The final major work of Edward Schroeder Prior, it is one of the last examples of the Neo Byzantine style.[262] The Church of St Nicholas and St Magnus in Moreton is noted for its elaborate engraved glass windows designed by Laurence Whistler. Severely damaged by a stray German bomb in 1940, the church subsequently underwent extensive renovation and Whistler had replaced every window by 1984.[263]","title":"Religious sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of schools in Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Dorset"},{"link_name":"List of schools in Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Bournemouth,_Christchurch_and_Poole"},{"link_name":"state schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_school"},{"link_name":"local education authorities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_education_authority"},{"link_name":"comprehensive system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_school"},{"link_name":"West Moors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Moors"},{"link_name":"three-tier system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-tier_education"},{"link_name":"first","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_school"},{"link_name":"middle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_school"},{"link_name":"[264]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-266"},{"link_name":"[265]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-267"},{"link_name":"single-sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-sex_education"},{"link_name":"grammar schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar_school"},{"link_name":"eleven-plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleven-plus"},{"link_name":"academies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_(English_school)"},{"link_name":"Department for Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Education"},{"link_name":"[266]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-268"},{"link_name":"Progress 8 score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_8_benchmark"},{"link_name":"GCSEs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCSE"},{"link_name":"[267]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-269"},{"link_name":"[268]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-270"},{"link_name":"[269]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-271"},{"link_name":"boarding schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boarding_school"},{"link_name":"day pupils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_school"},{"link_name":"Canford School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canford_School"},{"link_name":"manor house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_house"},{"link_name":"Sherborne School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherborne_School"},{"link_name":"[270]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-272"},{"link_name":"further education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Further_education"},{"link_name":"Weymouth College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth_College"},{"link_name":"Kingston Maurward College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_Maurward_College"},{"link_name":"Bournemouth and Poole College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournemouth_and_Poole_College"},{"link_name":"[271]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-273"},{"link_name":"[272]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BU_history-274"},{"link_name":"Further and Higher Education Act 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Further_and_Higher_Education_Act_1992"},{"link_name":"[272]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BU_history-274"},{"link_name":"The Arts University Bournemouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Arts_University_Bournemouth"},{"link_name":"[273]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-275"},{"link_name":"[274]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-276"}],"text":"See also: List of schools in Dorset and List of schools in Bournemouth, Christchurch and PooleResponsibility for state schools in Dorset is divided between two local education authorities: Dorset Council, which covers the majority of the county, and Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole (BCP) Council. Most of the Dorset Council area operates a two-tier comprehensive system whereby pupils attend a primary school before completing their education at secondary school but Corfe Mullen, Dorchester, Ferndown and West Moors maintain a three-tier system (first, middle and high school).[264] Bournemouth operates a two-tier system; Poole operates two and three-tier systems.[265] BCP is one of the few local authorities in England to maintain selective education, containing four single-sex grammar schools which select pupils on the basis of an eleven-plus examination. Some of the county's schools are academies—self-governing state schools which have become independent of their local education authority and are maintained directly by the Department for Education.[266] In 2017, the Progress 8 score for schools in the Dorset Council area was ranked below average, and 39.6% of pupils gained at least Grade 5 or above in English and maths GCSEs matching the national average of 39.6%.[267] Poole recorded an above average Progress 8 score and 54% of pupils achieved Grade 5 or above in English and maths GCSEs.[268] Bournemouth was ranked as average and 47.8% of pupils achieved Grade 5 or above in English and maths GCSEs.[269]Dorset contains a range of privately funded independent schools. Many are boarding schools which also take day pupils, such as the co-educational Canford School which is built around a 19th-century Grade I listed manor house; and Sherborne School, a boys' school founded in the 16th century.[270]Four of the county's five largest towns contain a further education college: Weymouth College, Kingston Maurward College in Dorchester and Bournemouth and Poole College which is one of the largest in the UK.[271] Dorset has two higher education establishments situated in the heart of the county's south east conurbation. Bournemouth University has facilities across Bournemouth and Poole and over 17,000 students.[272] Previously named Bournemouth Polytechnic, it was granted university status as a result of the Further and Higher Education Act 1992.[272] The Arts University Bournemouth is situated between the border of Poole and Bournemouth. It became a higher education institute in 2001 and was given degree-awarding powers in 2008.[273] It was granted full university status in 2012.[274]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-124"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-136"},{"link_name":"Stockland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockland,_Devon"},{"link_name":"Thorncombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorncombe"},{"link_name":"Holwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holwell,_Dorset"},{"link_name":"Adber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adber"},{"link_name":"Goathill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goathill"},{"link_name":"Poyntington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poyntington"},{"link_name":"Sandford Orcas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandford_Orcas"},{"link_name":"Seaborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaborough"},{"link_name":"Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent,_Dorset"},{"link_name":"Wambrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wambrook"},{"link_name":"Chardstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chardstock"},{"link_name":"Hawkchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawkchurch"},{"link_name":"Tytherleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tytherleigh"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"}],"text":"^ 2013 figures are mid year estimates produced by the ONS. Taking the 2011 census as a starting point, each year, the previous year's population is aged by one year, births and deaths are added and removed respectively whilst those leaving the county are subtracted and those moving in are added, each according to age and gender.\n\n^ Alterations to Dorset's boundary prior to 1974 have been comparatively minor. In 1844 Stockland was transferred to Devon in exchange for Thorncombe and Holwell was gained from Somerset. In 1896 the Somerset villages of Adber, Goathill, Poyntington, Sandford Orcas, Seaborough and Trent were added in exchange for Wambrook while Chardstock, Hawkchurch and Tytherleigh were ceded to Devon.[133][134]","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"No. 62943\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/62943/page/5161"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ONS_pop_stats_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2022\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland/mid2022/mye22final.xlsx"},{"link_name":"Office for National Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-place_names_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-place_names_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-place_names_3-2"},{"link_name":"\"A Dictionary of British Place-Names\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oxfordreference.com/pages/Subjects_and_Titles__2B_05"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110406104255/http://www.oxfordreference.com/pages/Subjects_and_Titles__2B_05"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DCM_5-0"},{"link_name":"\"Dorset County Boundary Survey\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120712001143/http://www.dorsetcountymuseum.org/dorsetcountyboundarysurvey"},{"link_name":"Dorset County Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset_County_Museum"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dorsetcountymuseum.org/dorsetcountyboundarysurvey"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Put15_6-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cullingford_p13_7-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Put19_8-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cullingford_p.14_9-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DFY_Culture_10-0"},{"link_name":"\"Cultural History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dorsetforyou.com/339547"},{"link_name":"Dorset County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset_County_Council"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110710145637/http://www.dorsetforyou.com/339547"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cullingford_p.16_12-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Historic England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England"},{"link_name":"\"Maiden Castle (451864)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=451864&resourceID=19191"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vespasian_15-0"},{"link_name":"\"Vespasian (9 AD – 79 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soldiers\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-dorset-13154655"},{"link_name":"BBC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110422084200/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-dorset-13154655"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"\"Thankful villages: The places where everyone came back from the wars\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-15671943"},{"link_name":"BBC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20111111131118/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-15671943"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"\"BBC Local – 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[{"image_text":"Corfe Castle, captured and destroyed by Cromwell's army in 1646","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Corfe_Castle3.jpg/220px-Corfe_Castle3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Geological map of Dorset","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Dorset_Geology.png/300px-Dorset_Geology.png"},{"image_text":"Lulworth Cove from Hambury Tout, on the Jurassic Coast","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Lulworth_Cove_from_Hambury_Tout_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4158867.jpg/220px-Lulworth_Cove_from_Hambury_Tout_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4158867.jpg"},{"image_text":"The beach near Bournemouth Pier; Dorset's coastline is a major attraction for tourists","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Bournemouth_07.JPG/220px-Bournemouth_07.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Keep Military Museum in Dorchester","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/The_Keep_Military_Museum%2C_Dorchester%2C_Dorset-16Sept2009.jpg/170px-The_Keep_Military_Museum%2C_Dorchester%2C_Dorset-16Sept2009.jpg"},{"image_text":"Traction engines on display at the Great Dorset Steam Fair","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Steam_Up_-_geograph.org.uk_-_187885.jpg/220px-Steam_Up_-_geograph.org.uk_-_187885.jpg"},{"image_text":"Thomas Hardy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Thomashardy_restored.jpg/170px-Thomashardy_restored.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flag of Dorset","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Dorset.svg/174px-Flag_of_Dorset.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Wimborne Minster","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Wimborne_Minster_June_2015.jpg/220px-Wimborne_Minster_June_2015.jpg"},{}]
[{"title":"England portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:England"},{"title":"Custos Rotulorum of Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custos_Rotulorum_of_Dorset"},{"title":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"title":"List of High Sheriffs of Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Dorset"},{"title":"List of hills of Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hills_of_Dorset"},{"title":"Dorset Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset_Police"},{"title":"Dorset Police and Crime Commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset_Police_and_Crime_Commissioner"},{"title":"Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournemouth,_Christchurch_and_Poole_Council"},{"title":"Dorset heraldry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset_heraldry"}]
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Retrieved 7 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-20464013","url_text":"\"'New' universities set to be created in England\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141017020314/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-20464013","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bathurst, David (2012). Walking the county high points of England. Chichester: Summersdale. ISBN 978-1-84-953239-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84-953239-6","url_text":"978-1-84-953239-6"}]},{"reference":"Blamires, Harry (1983). A Guide to twentieth century literature in English. London: Taylor & Francis. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grossmont_High_School
Grossmont High School
["1 Campus","1.1 Future construction","2 Extracurricular activities","2.1 Athletics","3 Traditions","3.1 Commencement","4 Notable alumni","4.1 Astronauts","4.2 Athletes","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 32°46′48.72″N 116°59′6.97″W / 32.7802000°N 116.9852694°W / 32.7802000; -116.9852694Public comprehensive secondary school in El Cajon, California, United StatesGrossmont High SchoolStudent Support Services Building, dedicated December 2016Address1100 Murray DriveEl Cajon, CaliforniaUnited StatesInformationTypePublic comprehensive secondaryEstablished1920School districtGrossmont Union High School DistrictPrincipalDan BarnesTeaching staff89.34 (FTE)Grades9–12Enrollment2,175 (2022-23)Student to teacher ratio24.35CampusUrbanColor(s)   AccreditationWestern Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC)YearbookEl RecuerdoNicknameFoothillersWebsiteGrossmont High School Grossmont High School is a public high school located in Eastern San Diego County, California. Opened in 1920, it is the oldest public high school in East County and the first of twelve high schools currently in the Grossmont Union High School District. The school has an approximate enrollment of 2,800 students. Grossmont High School has been accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC) since 1962. The current accreditation is valid through 2020. Grossmont High School was recognized as being a California Distinguished School for the scholastic year of 2008–2009. Its mascot is the Foothiller, so chosen because at the time of the school's construction, east county was much more isolated from the rest of San Diego than it is today and was often referred to as the boondocks or the foothills. Campus The school's "Old Main" building was constructed in 1922 and was used for decades as a teaching space before being converted to district offices. The campus has slowly expanded over the past 80+ years to include thirteen additional permanent instructional, athletic, and administrative buildings. Notable among these is the “Old Gym” which was built in the 1930s by the Civilian Conservation Corps. Recent plans to demolish this gymnasium were tabled after considerable negative community response. Grossmont is directly in between the cities of La Mesa and El Cajon, with a large majority of students being from both areas. It is located close to regional Harry Griffen Park. The majority of the student body is from the La Mesa area. Prop H Construction on the Grossmont High School campus began summer of 2005. The corridors are in the process of being re-modeled. So far the 800, 700, and 500 buildings have been re-modeled and the construction crews are going in reverse order by the building number, 800 first and 100 last. 600 will not be re-modeled as it was re-modeled in 1995, along with the Old Gym. The 400 building or the Old Main building was shut down. Whether the district will re-model this building or demolish it is yet to be decided. Proposition U passed during the 2008 election by an overwhelming majority. Construction and renovation on the campus will continue. Future construction Construction of multiple new buildings is currently underway on the campus, including a school museum and a lunch cafeteria. Extracurricular activities Athletics Grossmont's athletic teams, the Foothillers, compete in the Hills League of the Grossmont Conference and the California Interscholastic Federation (CIF) San Diego Section. The school fields teams in the following sports: baseball, boys basketball, cheer, girls basketball, boys cross country, girls cross country, football, boys golf, girls golf, gymnastics, boys lacrosse, girls lacrosse, boys soccer, girls soccer, softball, boys swimming & diving, girls swimming & diving, boys tennis, girls tennis, boys track & field, girls track & field, boys volleyball, girls volleyball, boys water polo, girls water polo, and wrestling. Grossmont's varsity baseball team have captured the division II CIF title in the past 4 seasons ('05, '06, '07, '08) and ranks amongst the most competitive high schools in California. Grossmont High School's rival is Helix High School. Helix High School and Grossmont High School play for the coveted "musket" trophy in football. Traditions Commencement Commencement at Grossmont used to take place atop nearby Mt. Helix in an amphitheater constructed in the early part of the 20th century for Easter sunrise services. Graduation ceremonies were later moved to San Diego State University, and then to Grossmont's own Thomas Mullen Adams Stadium (Adams was the first American military officer killed during the Iraq war, and a 1993 graduate). Awards granted each year at commencement include the Circle G Award, the Boy and Girl of the Year Award, and the Norman Freeman Award. Notable alumni This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Doug Benson, 1981, comedian Gregory R. Bryant, 1968, Rear Admiral, United States Navy Vinny Curran, actor Resolution Jack Hamann, 1972, journalist, CNN, PBS, author "On American Soil" Jimmy LaValle, 1996, musician, The Album Leaf. David Leisure, 1968, actor, Empty Nest and fictional spokesman Joe Isuzu (Isuzu commercials) Beverly Long, 1950, actress Rebel Without A Cause Dan McLain, aka Country Dick Montana, 1972, musician, entertainer (The Beat Farmers) Roger Neill, 1982, composer Jack Olsen, 1941, Disney Merchandising Executive, Disney Legend Award Recipient Mark M. Phillips, 1969, astronomer and cosmologist, Gruber Prize Laureate of 2007 for the discovery of dark energy and the Accelerating Universe Anna Prieto Sandoval, Chairwoman of the Sycuan Band of the Kumeyaay Nation William Kennedy Shearer, 1949, attorney, writer and publisher of The California Statesman 1962–2007, founder of California's American Independent Party. Julia A. Stewart, 1973, businesswoman, former Chief Executive of Dine Brands Global (IHOP and Applebee's). Frank Zappa, 1954, musician, composer Astronauts William Anders, astronaut, Apollo 8, the first crew to fly to and orbit the Moon Ellen Ochoa, 1975, astronaut Frederick W. Sturckow, 1978, astronaut Athletes Steven Brault, MLB pitcher, Pittsburgh Pirates Nick Christie, racewalker Kevin Correia, 1998, MLB pitcher, San Diego Padres Ralph Drollinger, 1972, UCLA basketball star, NBA player Dennis Enarson, 2009, pro BMX rider Geoff Geary, 1994, MLB pitcher, Philadelphia Phillies, Houston Astros A. J. Griffin, MLB pitcher, Texas Rangers Joe Musgrove, MLB pitcher, San Diego Padres Hal Norris, former National Football League defensive back for the Washington Redskins Jeff Van Raaphorst, 1982, quarterback Arizona State, 1987 Rose Bowl Player Of The Game Grant Roberts, Major League Baseball pitcher, New York Mets Brian Sipe, former National Football League quarterback, 1980 MVP, Cleveland Browns and United States Football League (USFL) New Jersey Generals and Jacksonville Bulls Barry Zito, Major League Baseball pitcher, Oakland Athletics and San Francisco Giants, 2002 Cy Young Award winner; attended Grossmont High School, University of San Diego High School See also List of high schools in San Diego County, California References ^ "Principal's Message". Retrieved 2009-06-02. ^ a b c "Grossmont High". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved April 9, 2024. ^ a b "List of High Schools (with Mascots and Colors)". Archived from the original on 2009-03-08. Retrieved 2009-06-02. ^ "School Accountability Report Card For Current School Year". Retrieved 2009-06-02. ^ "Western Association of Schools and Colleges Directory of Accredited Schools 2005-2006" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 10, 2008. Retrieved 2009-06-02. ^ "History of Grossmont High". Retrieved 2009-05-29. ^ "Steven Brault Stats". ^ "High schools scoreboard". The San Diego Union-Tribune. June 10, 2006. Retrieved 6 December 2012. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grossmont High School. Grossmont High School Grossmont High School Class of 1964 vteGrossmont Union High School District (GUHSD) Regular El Cajon Valley El Capitan Granite Hills Grossmont Monte Vista Mount Miguel Santana Valhalla West Hills Charter Helix Steele Canyon Continuation Chaparral Middle college Grossmont Middle College 32°46′48.72″N 116°59′6.97″W / 32.7802000°N 116.9852694°W / 32.7802000; -116.9852694 Authority control databases International ISNI Geographic NCES
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The school has an approximate enrollment of 2,800 students.[4]Grossmont High School has been accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC) since 1962.[5] The current accreditation is valid through 2020.Grossmont High School was recognized as being a California Distinguished School for the scholastic year of 2008–2009.Its mascot is the Foothiller,[3] so chosen because at the time of the school's construction, east county was much more isolated from the rest of San Diego than it is today and was often referred to as the boondocks or the foothills.","title":"Grossmont High School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Mesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Mesa,_California"},{"link_name":"El Cajon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cajon,_California"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The school's \"Old Main\" building was constructed in 1922 and was used for decades as a teaching space before being converted to district offices. 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Helix High School and Grossmont High School play for the coveted \"musket\" trophy in football.","title":"Extracurricular activities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Traditions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Commencement","text":"Commencement at Grossmont used to take place atop nearby Mt. Helix in an amphitheater constructed in the early part of the 20th century for Easter sunrise services. Graduation ceremonies were later moved to San Diego State University, and then to Grossmont's own Thomas Mullen Adams Stadium (Adams was the first American military officer killed during the Iraq war, and a 1993 graduate). Awards granted each year at commencement include the Circle G Award, the Boy and Girl of the Year Award, and the Norman Freeman Award.","title":"Traditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doug Benson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Benson"},{"link_name":"Gregory R. 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Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_M._Phillips"},{"link_name":"astronomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer"},{"link_name":"cosmologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmologist"},{"link_name":"Gruber Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruber_Prize"},{"link_name":"dark energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy"},{"link_name":"Accelerating Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerating_Universe"},{"link_name":"Anna Prieto Sandoval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Prieto_Sandoval"},{"link_name":"Sycuan Band of the Kumeyaay Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sycuan_Band_of_the_Kumeyaay_Nation"},{"link_name":"William Kennedy Shearer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Shearer"},{"link_name":"Julia A. Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Stewart_(businesswoman)"},{"link_name":"Frank Zappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Zappa"}],"text":"Doug Benson, 1981, comedian\nGregory R. Bryant, 1968, Rear Admiral, United States Navy\nVinny Curran, actor Resolution\nJack Hamann, 1972, journalist, CNN, PBS, author \"On American Soil\"\nJimmy LaValle, 1996, musician, The Album Leaf.\nDavid Leisure, 1968, actor, Empty Nest and fictional spokesman Joe Isuzu (Isuzu commercials)\nBeverly Long, 1950, actress Rebel Without A Cause\nDan McLain, aka Country Dick Montana, 1972, musician, entertainer (The Beat Farmers)[citation needed]\nRoger Neill, 1982, composer\nJack Olsen, 1941, Disney Merchandising Executive, Disney Legend Award Recipient\nMark M. Phillips, 1969, astronomer and cosmologist, Gruber Prize Laureate of 2007 for the discovery of dark energy and the Accelerating Universe\nAnna Prieto Sandoval, Chairwoman of the Sycuan Band of the Kumeyaay Nation\nWilliam Kennedy Shearer, 1949, attorney, writer and publisher of The California Statesman 1962–2007, founder of California's American Independent Party.\nJulia A. Stewart, 1973, businesswoman, former Chief Executive of Dine Brands Global (IHOP and Applebee's).\nFrank Zappa, 1954, musician, composer","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Anders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders"},{"link_name":"Apollo 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8"},{"link_name":"Ellen Ochoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Ochoa"},{"link_name":"Frederick W. Sturckow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_W._Sturckow"}],"sub_title":"Astronauts","text":"William Anders, astronaut, Apollo 8, the first crew to fly to and orbit the Moon\nEllen Ochoa, 1975, astronaut\nFrederick W. Sturckow, 1978, astronaut","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steven Brault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Brault"},{"link_name":"MLB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Nick Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Christie"},{"link_name":"Kevin Correia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Correia"},{"link_name":"MLB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"San Diego Padres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Padres"},{"link_name":"Ralph Drollinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Drollinger"},{"link_name":"UCLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA_Bruins_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Dennis Enarson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Enarson"},{"link_name":"Geoff Geary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Geary"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Phillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies"},{"link_name":"Houston Astros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Astros"},{"link_name":"A. J. Griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Griffin"},{"link_name":"Texas Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Joe Musgrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Musgrove"},{"link_name":"MLB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB"},{"link_name":"San Diego Padres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Padres"},{"link_name":"Hal Norris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Norris"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"defensive back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_back"},{"link_name":"Washington Redskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Redskins"},{"link_name":"Jeff Van Raaphorst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Van_Raaphorst"},{"link_name":"Arizona State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Sun_Devils_football"},{"link_name":"1987 Rose Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Rose_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Grant Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Roberts"},{"link_name":"New York Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mets"},{"link_name":"Brian Sipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Sipe"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"MVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_Valuable_Player"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Browns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Browns"},{"link_name":"United States Football League (USFL)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Football_League"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Generals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Generals"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville Bulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_Bulls"},{"link_name":"Barry Zito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Zito"},{"link_name":"Oakland Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Athletics"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants"},{"link_name":"Cy Young Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cy_Young_Award"},{"link_name":"University of San Diego High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_San_Diego_High_School"}],"sub_title":"Athletes","text":"Steven Brault, MLB pitcher, Pittsburgh Pirates[7]\nNick Christie, racewalker\nKevin Correia, 1998, MLB pitcher, San Diego Padres\nRalph Drollinger, 1972, UCLA basketball star, NBA player\nDennis Enarson, 2009, pro BMX rider\nGeoff Geary, 1994, MLB pitcher, Philadelphia Phillies, Houston Astros\nA. J. Griffin, MLB pitcher, Texas Rangers[8]\nJoe Musgrove, MLB pitcher, San Diego Padres\nHal Norris, former National Football League defensive back for the Washington Redskins\nJeff Van Raaphorst, 1982, quarterback Arizona State, 1987 Rose Bowl Player Of The Game\nGrant Roberts, Major League Baseball pitcher, New York Mets\nBrian Sipe, former National Football League quarterback, 1980 MVP, Cleveland Browns and United States Football League (USFL) New Jersey Generals and Jacksonville Bulls\nBarry Zito, Major League Baseball pitcher, Oakland Athletics and San Francisco Giants, 2002 Cy Young Award winner; attended Grossmont High School, University of San Diego High School","title":"Notable alumni"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of high schools in San Diego County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_high_schools_in_San_Diego_County,_California"}]
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