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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier_of_Fortune_(1955_film) | Soldier of Fortune (1955 film) | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | 1955 film by Edward Dmytryk
Soldier of FortuneDVD coverDirected byEdward DmytrykWritten byErnest K. GannBased onSoldier of Fortune1954 novelby Ernest K. GannProduced byBuddy AdlerStarringClark GableSusan HaywardCinematographyLeo ToverEdited byDorothy SpencerMusic byHugo FriedhoferDistributed by20th Century FoxRelease date
May 24, 1955 (1955-05-24)
Running time96 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$2.5 millionBox office$2.75 million (US rentals)
Soldier of Fortune is a 1955 DeLuxe Color adventure film in CinemaScope about the rescue of an American prisoner in the People's Republic of China in the 1950s. It was directed by Edward Dmytryk, starred Clark Gable and Susan Hayward, and was written by Ernest K. Gann based on his 1954 novel.
Plot
Jane Hoyt arrives in Hong Kong, looking for her husband, reckless photojournalist Louis. He entered Communist China without a visa and was imprisoned as a suspected spy. She sees Hong Kong Marine Police Inspector Merryweather, who found Hoyt's cameras on the junk that took him into China. He can offer little help. During their conversation, he mentions American expatriate Hank Lee, a big name in smuggling and other shady activities.
She decides to arrange his escape, so she contacts Hank. He advises her to give up the foolhardy venture, but she refuses. She foolishly meets Fernand Rocha alone and gives him a $500 deposit to set up a rescue, but he merely gambles the money away and locks her up for his lecherous purposes. Word reaches Hank in time to save her.
Having fallen in love with Jane and realising that she will not let herself get involved with him while her husband's fate remains uncertain, Hank decides to rescue the man himself. Inspector Merryweather is inspecting Hank's boat when Hank decides to make his attempt, and is shanghaied into helping rescue the husband, who is being held in prison in Canton.
Louis is freed. Merryweather is forced to help Hank fight off a pursuing Chinese gunboat with a 20mm Oerlikon cannon concealed belowdecks. When they return safely to Hong Kong, Louis graciously bows out of his wife's life, allowing Hank and Jane to get together.
Cast
Clark Gable as Hank Lee
Susan Hayward as Jane Hoyt
Michael Rennie as Inspector Merryweather
Gene Barry as Louis Hoyt
Alexander D'Arcy as Rene Dupont Chevalier (as Alex D'Arcy)
Tom Tully as Tweedie, owner of Tweedie's Bar
Anna Sten as Madame Dupree
Russell Collins as Icky, piano player
Leo Gordon as Big Matt
Richard Loo as General Po Lin, an impoverished exile who offers to guide Jane to Macao to see Rocha, but is taken off the ferry by the Communists
Soo Yong as Dak Lai
Frank Tang as Capt. Ying Fai
Jack Kruschen as Austin Stoker, Lee's assistant
Mel Welles as Fernand Rocha
Grace Chang as Prostitute (uncredited)
Production
The film was based on a novel by Ernest Gann published in October 1954. Gann had lived in Hong Kong in his youth working for a telephone company and always wanted to write a book set there. He moved there in 1953, hired a Chinese junk and researched and wrote the novel.
Gann's novel attracted the interest of film studios before it had been published. His novels Island in the Sky and The High and the Mighty had just been filmed with John Wayne and Wayne became interested in purchasing the film rights. However, film rights went to 20th Century Fox, who had a deal with Clark Gable, and Gable asked them to buy the novel as a vehicle for him. Buddy Adler was assigned to produce, Edward Dmyrtryk to direct and Gann to write the script.
Susan Hayward signed to play the female lead after Grace Kelly bowed out. Hayward, however, was in the middle of a divorce and could not take her children to Hong Kong with her. She offered to pull out of the film. Instead, she was allowed to remain in Hollywood and shoot all her scenes on the studio backlot. To give the illusion of her presence in Hong Kong, a few brief outdoor scenes were shot at some of the city's landmarks, showing Gable together with a Hayward double whose back was to the camera. In one instance of this, Gable and the Hayward double were shown entering the doorway of a building in Hong Kong. In the next scene, Gable and Hayward were shown walking onto a Hollywood set that was supposed to be the building's interior.
The opening and closing credit scenes of the film, featuring Gable looking out at the harbor skyline, were staged on the Peak Tram.
David Niven was going to play the police inspector, but then decided he did not want to go to Hong Kong, so the role was taken by Michael Rennie.
The rest of the unit left for Hong Kong in November 1954 for five weeks of location filming. This was the first of four CinemaScope productions filmed by Adler’s units in Asia in the mid-fifties.
See also
List of American films of 1955
References
^ Solomon, Aubrey. Twentieth Century Fox: A Corporate and Financial History (The Scarecrow Filmmakers Series). Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 1989. ISBN 978-0-8108-4244-1. p249
^ 'The Top Box-Office Hits of 1955', Variety Weekly, January 25, 1956
^ "Memories of the mambo girl". scmp.com. March 14, 2002. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
^ R. Blakesley (October 10, 1954). "Adventure, intrigue in jittery Hong Kong". Chicago Daily Tribune. ProQuest 178779417.
^ C. Smith (October 3, 1954). "Ex-pilot now steers pen on film scripts". Los Angeles Times. ProQuest 166667143.
^ E. Schallert (1954). "Drama". Los Angeles Times. ProQuest 166572732.
^ Thomas M. Pryor (January 2, 1954). "Old West Drama Acquired By U.-I". The New York Times. ProQuest 113184669.
^ Louella Parsons (June 18, 1954). "Gable gets to embrace grace". The Washington Post and Times-Herald. ProQuest 148526475.
^ P. K. Scheuer (August 1, 1954). "Producer yet to book own film". Los Angeles Times. ProQuest 166678691.
^ Edward Moreno, The Films of Susan Hayward, Citadel Press, Secaucus, NJ, 1979, pp. 141 & 207.
^ "'Reap the Wild Wind' returns to screens". Los Angeles Times. November 5, 1954. ProQuest 166697839.
^ Thomas M. Pryor (November 6, 1954). "'Giant' Lead Role Given To Hudson". The New York Times. ProQuest 113066170.
^ "Clark Gable takes role of greeter on airliner". Los Angeles Times. November 12, 1954. ProQuest 166700468.
^ "Gable — Soldier of Fortune". The World's News. No. 2793. New South Wales, Australia. July 2, 1955. p. 12. Retrieved April 22, 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
External links
Soldier of Fortune at IMDb
Soldier of Fortune at the TCM Movie Database
Soldier of Fortune at AllMovie
Soldier of Fortune at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
Hong Kong filming locations for Soldier of Fortune
vteFilms directed by Edward Dmytryk
The Hawk (1935)
Television Spy (1939)
Emergency Squad (1940)
Golden Gloves (1940)
Mystery Sea Raider (1940)
Her First Romance (1940)
The Devil Commands (1941)
Under Age (1941)
Sweetheart of the Campus (1941)
The Blonde from Singapore (1941)
Secrets of the Lone Wolf (1941)
Confessions of Boston Blackie (1941)
Counter-Espionage (1942)
Seven Miles from Alcatraz (1942)
Hitler's Children (1943)
The Falcon Strikes Back (1943)
Captive Wild Woman (1943)
Behind the Rising Sun (1943)
Tender Comrade (1943)
Murder, My Sweet (1944)
Back to Bataan (1945)
Cornered (1945)
Till the End of Time (1946)
So Well Remembered (1947)
Crossfire (1947)
Obsession (1949)
Give Us This Day (1949)
Mutiny (1952)
The Sniper (1952)
Eight Iron Men (1952)
The Juggler (1953)
The Caine Mutiny (1954)
Broken Lance (1954)
The End of the Affair (1954)
Soldier of Fortune (1955)
The Left Hand of God (1955)
The Mountain (1956)
Raintree County (1957)
The Young Lions (1958)
Warlock (1959)
The Blue Angel (1959)
Walk on the Wild Side (1962)
The Reluctant Saint (1962)
The Carpetbaggers (1964)
Where Love Has Gone (1964)
Mirage (1965)
Alvarez Kelly (1966)
Anzio (1968)
Shalako (1968)
Bluebeard (1972)
He Is My Brother (1975)
The "Human" Factor (1975) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DeLuxe Color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeLuxe_Color"},{"link_name":"adventure film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_film"},{"link_name":"CinemaScope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CinemaScope"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Edward Dmytryk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Dmytryk"},{"link_name":"Clark Gable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Gable"},{"link_name":"Susan Hayward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Hayward"},{"link_name":"Ernest K. Gann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_K._Gann"}],"text":"Soldier of Fortune is a 1955 DeLuxe Color adventure film in CinemaScope about the rescue of an American prisoner in the People's Republic of China in the 1950s. It was directed by Edward Dmytryk, starred Clark Gable and Susan Hayward, and was written by Ernest K. Gann based on his 1954 novel.","title":"Soldier of Fortune (1955 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Marine Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Region"},{"link_name":"junk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junk_(ship)"},{"link_name":"shanghaied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghaiing"},{"link_name":"20mm Oerlikon cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oerlikon_20_mm_cannon"}],"text":"Jane Hoyt arrives in Hong Kong, looking for her husband, reckless photojournalist Louis. He entered Communist China without a visa and was imprisoned as a suspected spy. She sees Hong Kong Marine Police Inspector Merryweather, who found Hoyt's cameras on the junk that took him into China. He can offer little help. During their conversation, he mentions American expatriate Hank Lee, a big name in smuggling and other shady activities.She decides to arrange his escape, so she contacts Hank. He advises her to give up the foolhardy venture, but she refuses. She foolishly meets Fernand Rocha alone and gives him a $500 deposit to set up a rescue, but he merely gambles the money away and locks her up for his lecherous purposes. Word reaches Hank in time to save her.Having fallen in love with Jane and realising that she will not let herself get involved with him while her husband's fate remains uncertain, Hank decides to rescue the man himself. Inspector Merryweather is inspecting Hank's boat when Hank decides to make his attempt, and is shanghaied into helping rescue the husband, who is being held in prison in Canton.Louis is freed. Merryweather is forced to help Hank fight off a pursuing Chinese gunboat with a 20mm Oerlikon cannon concealed belowdecks. When they return safely to Hong Kong, Louis graciously bows out of his wife's life, allowing Hank and Jane to get together.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clark Gable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Gable"},{"link_name":"Susan Hayward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Hayward"},{"link_name":"Michael Rennie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Rennie"},{"link_name":"Gene Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Barry"},{"link_name":"Alexander D'Arcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_D%27Arcy"},{"link_name":"Tom Tully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Tully"},{"link_name":"Anna Sten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Sten"},{"link_name":"Russell Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Collins"},{"link_name":"Leo Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Richard Loo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Loo"},{"link_name":"Soo Yong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soo_Yong"},{"link_name":"Frank Tang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Tang"},{"link_name":"Jack Kruschen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kruschen"},{"link_name":"Mel Welles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Welles"},{"link_name":"Grace Chang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Chang"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Clark Gable as Hank Lee\nSusan Hayward as Jane Hoyt\nMichael Rennie as Inspector Merryweather\nGene Barry as Louis Hoyt\nAlexander D'Arcy as Rene Dupont Chevalier (as Alex D'Arcy)\nTom Tully as Tweedie, owner of Tweedie's Bar\nAnna Sten as Madame Dupree\nRussell Collins as Icky, piano player\nLeo Gordon as Big Matt\nRichard Loo as General Po Lin, an impoverished exile who offers to guide Jane to Macao to see Rocha, but is taken off the ferry by the Communists\nSoo Yong as Dak Lai\nFrank Tang as Capt. Ying Fai\nJack Kruschen as Austin Stoker, Lee's assistant\nMel Welles as Fernand Rocha\nGrace Chang[3] as Prostitute (uncredited)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gann-5"},{"link_name":"Island in the Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_in_the_Sky_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"The High and the Mighty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_High_and_the_Mighty_(novel)"},{"link_name":"John Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wayne"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"20th Century Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Buddy Adler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Adler"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Grace Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Kelly"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Peak Tram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_Tram"},{"link_name":"David Niven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Niven"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The film was based on a novel by Ernest Gann published in October 1954.[4] Gann had lived in Hong Kong in his youth working for a telephone company and always wanted to write a book set there. He moved there in 1953, hired a Chinese junk and researched and wrote the novel.[5]Gann's novel attracted the interest of film studios before it had been published. His novels Island in the Sky and The High and the Mighty had just been filmed with John Wayne and Wayne became interested in purchasing the film rights.[6][7] However, film rights went to 20th Century Fox, who had a deal with Clark Gable, and Gable asked them to buy the novel as a vehicle for him.[8] Buddy Adler was assigned to produce, Edward Dmyrtryk to direct and Gann to write the script.[9]Susan Hayward signed to play the female lead after Grace Kelly bowed out. Hayward, however, was in the middle of a divorce and could not take her children to Hong Kong with her. She offered to pull out of the film. Instead, she was allowed to remain in Hollywood and shoot all her scenes on the studio backlot.[10] To give the illusion of her presence in Hong Kong, a few brief outdoor scenes were shot at some of the city's landmarks, showing Gable together with a Hayward double whose back was to the camera.[11] In one instance of this, Gable and the Hayward double were shown entering the doorway of a building in Hong Kong. In the next scene, Gable and Hayward were shown walking onto a Hollywood set that was supposed to be the building's interior.The opening and closing credit scenes of the film, featuring Gable looking out at the harbor skyline, were staged on the Peak Tram.David Niven was going to play the police inspector, but then decided he did not want to go to Hong Kong, so the role was taken by Michael Rennie.[12]The rest of the unit left for Hong Kong in November 1954 for five weeks of location filming.[13][14] This was the first of four CinemaScope productions filmed by Adler’s units in Asia in the mid-fifties.","title":"Production"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of American films of 1955","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_films_of_1955"}] | [{"reference":"\"Memories of the mambo girl\". scmp.com. March 14, 2002. Retrieved April 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://amp.scmp.com/article/374152/memories-mambo-girl","url_text":"\"Memories of the mambo girl\""}]},{"reference":"R. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery_at_the_2001_SEA_Games | Archery at the 2001 SEA Games | ["1 Medalists","1.1 Medal table","1.2 Men","1.3 Women","2 References"] | Archery at the 2001 SEA GamesVenueBandaraya Square, Johor BahruDates11–15 September 2001← 19992003 →
The archery competitions at the 2001 SEA Games took place from 11 to 15 September 2001 at the Bandaraya Square, Johor Bahru.
Medalists
Medal table
RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 Indonesia21142 Thailand11023 Philippines10014 Malaysia02025 Myanmar0033Totals (5 entries)44412
Men
Event
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Individual
Prawit Poljundleed Thailand
Kuswantoro Indonesia
Nyi Nyi Tun Myanmar
Team
Indonesia (INA)KuswantoroLocknecoSyafrudin Mawi
Thailand (THA)Prawit PoljundleedPatrinrojArkhom Pannoi
Myanmar (MYA)Nyi Nyi TunYan Aung SoeWin Win Zaw
Women
Event
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Individual
Marino Purita Joy Philippines
Lim Geok Pong Malaysia
Rusena Gelanteh Indonesia
Team
Indonesia (INA)Rusenah GelantehGina RahayuSuci Dwi Megasari
Malaysia (MAS)Fairuz HanisahAnbarasi SubramaniamLim Geok Pong
Myanmar (MYA)Thin Thin KhingThi Thi WinMyat Thu Zar Myint
References
^ "Archery schedule, XXI SEA Games, 2001". Archived from the original on June 18, 2002.
^ "Archery results, XXI SEA Games, 2001". Archived from the original on April 27, 2002.
vteArchery at the SEA GamesSoutheast Asian Peninsular Games
1959
1961
1963
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
SEA Games
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
2019
2021
List of medallists
List of SEA Games records
List of venues
vteEvents at the 2001 Southeast Asian Games (Kuala Lumpur)
Archery
Athletics
Badminton
Basketball
Bowling
Boxing
Cue sports
Cycling
Diving
Equestrian
Fencing
Football
Golf
Gymnastics
Hockey
Judo
Karate
Lawn bowls
Netball
Pencak Silat
Petanque
Rowing
Sailing
Sepak Takraw
Shooting
Squash
Swimming
Synchronized swimming
Table tennis
Taekwondo
Tennis
Volleyball
Water polo
Weightlifting
Wushu | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"archery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery"},{"link_name":"2001 SEA Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_SEA_Games"},{"link_name":"Johor Bahru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The archery competitions at the 2001 SEA Games took place from 11 to 15 September 2001 at the Bandaraya Square, Johor Bahru.[1][2]","title":"Archery at the 2001 SEA Games"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Medalists"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Medal table","title":"Medalists"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men","title":"Medalists"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Women","title":"Medalists"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Archery schedule, XXI SEA Games, 2001\". Archived from the original on June 18, 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020618205641/http://sadec.com/Sea2001/sch_ar.html","url_text":"\"Archery schedule, XXI SEA Games, 2001\""},{"url":"http://sadec.com/Sea2001/sch_ar.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archery results, XXI SEA Games, 2001\". Archived from the original on April 27, 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020427134014/http://sadec.com/Sea2001/res_ar.html#top","url_text":"\"Archery results, XXI SEA Games, 2001\""},{"url":"http://sadec.com/Sea2001/res_ar.html#top","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020618205641/http://sadec.com/Sea2001/sch_ar.html","external_links_name":"\"Archery schedule, XXI SEA Games, 2001\""},{"Link":"http://sadec.com/Sea2001/sch_ar.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020427134014/http://sadec.com/Sea2001/res_ar.html#top","external_links_name":"\"Archery results, XXI SEA Games, 2001\""},{"Link":"http://sadec.com/Sea2001/res_ar.html#top","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_L._Tyler | Timothy L. Tyler | ["1 Background","2 Sentencing","3 Life in prison","4 References"] | American drug dealer
For the British military officer with the same name, see Timothy Tyler.
Timothy Leonard Tyler in 2013.
Timothy Leonard Tyler (born 1968) is an American who was sentenced to life in prison for possession and distribution of LSD (or "acid") under the federal three-strikes law. In August 2016, after serving 24 years and 27 days behind bars, Tyler was granted clemency by President Barack Obama. He was released on August 30, 2018.
Background
Tyler was raised in Connecticut and Florida, where he attended Lakewood Senior High School, graduating in 1986. His parents were divorced and he was physically and emotionally abused by his stepfather. He suffered from depression as a child and had episodes that resulted in at least six emergency mental health hospitalizations.
After graduation, he toured the country attending Grateful Dead concerts, where he sold fried dough, fruit smoothies, beer, and soda. He also consumed and sold marijuana and LSD. He was first arrested in Panama City, Florida for LSD possession and released on his own recognizance. A second arrest occurred that resulted in three years of probation. Tyler resumed touring with the Grateful Dead and sent LSD to a friend who was arrested for marijuana possession who turned into a confidential informant for the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). During a two-month period, this informant, working with the DEA, asked Tyler to mail him LSD five times, which Tyler did. Tyler sent the package to his father's address, implicating him in the crime.
Sentencing
According to a pre-sentencing memorandum, Tyler was charged with selling 1,300 hits of acid, found on 13 sheets of paper and equivalent to several grams of liquid. According to the memo prepared by his probation officer, he netted about $3,000 from "a very loosely woven conspiracy" that involved selling acid to "friends, family and business acquaintances". Tyler pleaded guilty to drug distribution.
In 1992, at age 24, he was sentenced to life in prison without parole because of his two prior drug convictions (for which he did not serve prison time) under the federal three-strikes law. Under the law's stipulations, the judge was not able to consider Tyler's drug addiction, lack of violent conduct, mental health issues, or youth when determining his sentence.
Because the packages of LSD were sent to Tyler's father, he was convicted of conspiracy. He received a 10-year sentence and died in prison. His friend who worked as a confidential informant served 10 years.
Life in prison
After his conviction, Tyler was incarcerated in United States Penitentiary, Canaan in Pennsylvania. As of 2016, he was held in Federal Correctional Institution, Jesup, a medium-security federal prison. Because of prison prohibitions against music, Tyler went 20 years from the time of his initial arrest without listening to any Grateful Dead music, except what his sister could play for him in the limited phone time he was allocated. In 2012, inmates were permitted to purchase digital music players.
In 2013, Senator Rand Paul highlighted Tyler's case, writing that he "should have been punished for selling drugs, but he shouldn’t have to spend the rest of his life in prison for it. Today, Timothy is 45 and will likely spend the rest of his life behind bars, not because a judge thought it was a proper punishment, but because an arbitrary federal law demanded it."
More than 400,000 people signed a petition on Change.org calling on President Barack Obama to grant Tyler clemency. In August 2016, he was granted clemency, and subsequently released on August 30, 2018.
References
^ a b c d e f g Silvestrini, Elaine (2013-07-29). "Mandatory minimums keep many nonviolent people behind bars". Tampa Tribute. Retrieved 2013-11-14.
^ a b c d e Fuchs, Erin (2013-07-29). "The Heartbreaking Story Of A Harmless Deadhead Sentenced To Die In Prison". Business Insider. Retrieved 2013-11-14.
^ a b "President Obama Grants Commutations". 2016-08-30. Retrieved 2017-04-09.
^ a b "Tim's Story". Drug War Prisoners. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
^ a b Gill, Molly (2013-02-15). "Op-Ed: Snitching Shouldn't Be Required for a Fair Sentence". Takepart.com. Retrieved 2013-11-14.
^ "Inmate locator, 99672-012". bop.gov. Bureau of Prisons. 4 February 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2016. TIMOTHY L TYLER Located at: Jesup FCI Release Date: LIFE
^ Paul, Rand (2013-08-16). "PAUL: The madness of mandatory minimums". The Washington Times. Retrieved 2013-11-14.
^ Bruer, Wesley (2015-05-14). "Sentenced to life in prison, man hopes new clemency rules will get him out". CNN. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
^ "Grateful Dead Fan Timothy Tyler Has Been Granted Clemency By President Barack Obama". 2016-08-30. Retrieved 2016-08-30. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timothy Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Tyler"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Timothy_L._Tyler,_2013.jpg"},{"link_name":"life in prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_imprisonment"},{"link_name":"LSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD"},{"link_name":"three-strikes law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-strikes_law"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tbo-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-businessinsider-2"},{"link_name":"clemency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardon"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-release-3"}],"text":"For the British military officer with the same name, see Timothy Tyler.Timothy Leonard Tyler in 2013.Timothy Leonard Tyler (born 1968) is an American who was sentenced to life in prison for possession and distribution of LSD (or \"acid\") under the federal three-strikes law.[1][2] In August 2016, after serving 24 years and 27 days behind bars, Tyler was granted clemency by President Barack Obama. He was released on August 30, 2018.[3]","title":"Timothy L. Tyler"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Lakewood Senior High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakewood_High_School_(Florida)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drugwarprisoners-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tbo-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-businessinsider-2"},{"link_name":"Grateful Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grateful_Dead"},{"link_name":"fried dough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fried_dough"},{"link_name":"marijuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)"},{"link_name":"LSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide"},{"link_name":"Panama City, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_City,_Florida"},{"link_name":"confidential informant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidential_informant"},{"link_name":"Drug Enforcement Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drugwarprisoners-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-takepart-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tbo-1"}],"text":"Tyler was raised in Connecticut and Florida, where he attended Lakewood Senior High School, graduating in 1986. His parents were divorced and he was physically and emotionally abused by his stepfather. He suffered from depression as a child and had episodes that resulted in at least six emergency mental health hospitalizations.[4][1][2]After graduation, he toured the country attending Grateful Dead concerts, where he sold fried dough, fruit smoothies, beer, and soda. He also consumed and sold marijuana and LSD. He was first arrested in Panama City, Florida for LSD possession and released on his own recognizance. A second arrest occurred that resulted in three years of probation. Tyler resumed touring with the Grateful Dead and sent LSD to a friend who was arrested for marijuana possession who turned into a confidential informant for the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).[4][5] During a two-month period, this informant, working with the DEA, asked Tyler to mail him LSD five times, which Tyler did. Tyler sent the package to his father's address, implicating him in the crime.[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tbo-1"},{"link_name":"life in prison without parole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_in_prison_without_parole"},{"link_name":"three-strikes law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-strikes_law"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tbo-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-businessinsider-2"},{"link_name":"conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_(criminal)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-businessinsider-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tbo-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-takepart-5"}],"text":"According to a pre-sentencing memorandum, Tyler was charged with selling 1,300 hits of acid, found on 13 sheets of paper and equivalent to several grams of liquid. According to the memo prepared by his probation officer, he netted about $3,000 from \"a very loosely woven conspiracy\" that involved selling acid to \"friends, family and business acquaintances\". Tyler pleaded guilty to drug distribution.[1]In 1992, at age 24, he was sentenced to life in prison without parole because of his two prior drug convictions (for which he did not serve prison time) under the federal three-strikes law.[1][2] Under the law's stipulations, the judge was not able to consider Tyler's drug addiction, lack of violent conduct, mental health issues, or youth when determining his sentence.Because the packages of LSD were sent to Tyler's father, he was convicted of conspiracy. He received a 10-year sentence and died in prison.[2] His friend who worked as a confidential informant served 10 years.[1][5]","title":"Sentencing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Penitentiary, Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Penitentiary,_Canaan"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Federal Correctional Institution, Jesup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Correctional_Institution,_Jesup"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jesup-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tbo-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-businessinsider-2"},{"link_name":"Rand Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rand_Paul"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Change.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change.org"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"clemency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemency"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-release-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-liveforlivemusic-9"}],"text":"After his conviction, Tyler was incarcerated in United States Penitentiary, Canaan in Pennsylvania. As of 2016, he was held in Federal Correctional Institution, Jesup, a medium-security federal prison.[6] Because of prison prohibitions against music, Tyler went 20 years from the time of his initial arrest without listening to any Grateful Dead music, except what his sister could play for him in the limited phone time he was allocated. In 2012, inmates were permitted to purchase digital music players.[1][2]In 2013, Senator Rand Paul highlighted Tyler's case, writing that he \"should have been punished for selling drugs, but he shouldn’t have to spend the rest of his life in prison for it. Today, Timothy is 45 and will likely spend the rest of his life behind bars, not because a judge thought it was a proper punishment, but because an arbitrary federal law demanded it.\"[7]More than 400,000 people signed a petition on Change.org calling on President Barack Obama to grant Tyler clemency.[8] In August 2016, he was granted clemency, and subsequently released on August 30, 2018.[3][9]","title":"Life in prison"}] | [{"image_text":"Timothy Leonard Tyler in 2013.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Timothy_L._Tyler%2C_2013.jpg/220px-Timothy_L._Tyler%2C_2013.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Silvestrini, Elaine (2013-07-29). \"Mandatory minimums keep many nonviolent people behind bars\". Tampa Tribute. Retrieved 2013-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://tbo.com/news/crime/mandatory-minimums-keep-mancy-nonviolent-people-behind-bars-20130817/","url_text":"\"Mandatory minimums keep many nonviolent people behind bars\""}]},{"reference":"Fuchs, Erin (2013-07-29). \"The Heartbreaking Story Of A Harmless Deadhead Sentenced To Die In Prison\". Business Insider. Retrieved 2013-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businessinsider.com/timothy-tylers-mandatory-minimum-sentence--life-in-prison-2013-7","url_text":"\"The Heartbreaking Story Of A Harmless Deadhead Sentenced To Die In Prison\""}]},{"reference":"\"President Obama Grants Commutations\". 2016-08-30. Retrieved 2017-04-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/president-obama-grants-commutations-6","url_text":"\"President Obama Grants Commutations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tim's Story\". Drug War Prisoners. 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Retrieved 2013-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/aug/16/paul-the-madness-of-mandatory-minimums/?page=all","url_text":"\"PAUL: The madness of mandatory minimums\""}]},{"reference":"Bruer, Wesley (2015-05-14). \"Sentenced to life in prison, man hopes new clemency rules will get him out\". CNN. Retrieved 2015-09-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2014/04/26/justice/sentencing-clemency/","url_text":"\"Sentenced to life in prison, man hopes new clemency rules will get him out\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]},{"reference":"\"Grateful Dead Fan Timothy Tyler Has Been Granted Clemency By President Barack Obama\". 2016-08-30. Retrieved 2016-08-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://liveforlivemusic.com/news/grateful-dead-fan-timothy-tyler-has-been-granted-clemency-by-president-barack-obama/","url_text":"\"Grateful Dead Fan Timothy Tyler Has Been Granted Clemency By President Barack Obama\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://tbo.com/news/crime/mandatory-minimums-keep-mancy-nonviolent-people-behind-bars-20130817/","external_links_name":"\"Mandatory minimums keep many nonviolent people behind bars\""},{"Link":"http://www.businessinsider.com/timothy-tylers-mandatory-minimum-sentence--life-in-prison-2013-7","external_links_name":"\"The Heartbreaking Story Of A Harmless Deadhead Sentenced To Die In Prison\""},{"Link":"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/president-obama-grants-commutations-6","external_links_name":"\"President Obama Grants Commutations\""},{"Link":"http://www.drugwarprisoners.org/tyler.htm","external_links_name":"\"Tim's Story\""},{"Link":"http://www.takepart.com/article/2013/02/15/op-ed-snitching-shouldnt-be-required-fair-sentence/","external_links_name":"\"Op-Ed: Snitching Shouldn't Be Required for a Fair Sentence\""},{"Link":"http://www.bop.gov/inmateloc/","external_links_name":"\"Inmate locator, 99672-012\""},{"Link":"http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/aug/16/paul-the-madness-of-mandatory-minimums/?page=all","external_links_name":"\"PAUL: The madness of mandatory minimums\""},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/2014/04/26/justice/sentencing-clemency/","external_links_name":"\"Sentenced to life in prison, man hopes new clemency rules will get him out\""},{"Link":"http://liveforlivemusic.com/news/grateful-dead-fan-timothy-tyler-has-been-granted-clemency-by-president-barack-obama/","external_links_name":"\"Grateful Dead Fan Timothy Tyler Has Been Granted Clemency By President Barack Obama\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Morgan | Ross Morgan | ["1 Domestic career","2 International career","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | New Zealand cricketer
Ross MorganPersonal informationFull nameRoss Winston MorganBorn (1941-02-12) 12 February 1941 (age 83)Auckland, New ZealandBattingRight-handedBowlingRight-arm offbreakInternational information
National sideNew Zealand (1965–1972)Test debut (cap 104)29 January 1965 v PakistanLast Test20 April 1972 v West Indies
Domestic team information
YearsTeam1957/58–1976/77Auckland
Career statistics
Competition
Test
First-class
Matches
20
136
Runs scored
734
5940
Batting average
22.24
27.50
100s/50s
0/5
8/32
Top score
97
166
Balls bowled
1,114
8339
Wickets
5
108
Bowling average
121.79
32.94
5 wickets in innings
0
4
10 wickets in match
0
0
Best bowling
1/16
6/40
Catches/stumpings
12/–
85/1Source: Cricinfo, 1 April 2017
Ross Winston Morgan (born 12 February 1941) is a former New Zealand cricketer who played 20 Tests for New Zealand between 1965 and 1972 as a middle-order batsman and off-spinner.
Domestic career
Morgan was only 16 when he made his first-class debut for Auckland in 1957–58. Good all-round form in the Plunket Shield in 1964–65, including 6 for 40 against Central Districts (which remained the best figures of his career), and 112 not out against Wellington a few days later, led to his selection in the Test team.
He continued playing for Auckland until 1976–77. His highest first-class score was 166 for Auckland against Canterbury at Auckland in 1968–69, out of a total of 314 for 8 declared.
He played senior club cricket for Parnell in Auckland for more than 30 years, establishing club records which have yet to be broken: most runs (16,028) and most wickets (692).
International career
Coming into the Test team when John Sparling withdrew from the selected side, Morgan scored 66 on his debut against Pakistan in the Second Test in Auckland in 1964–65, which was the top score on either side in the match. In the next match of the series in Christchurch he scored 97, which was once again New Zealand's top score for the match. He remained in the Test side for the three series in India, Pakistan and England that followed in the next few months, playing some valuable innings and taking occasional wickets with his off-spin, accumulating 663 runs at an average of 30.13 in his first 12 Tests.
Thereafter, however, his Test form deserted him and his final eight Tests over the next seven years yielded only 71 runs. He played his last three Tests in New Zealand's tour of the West Indies in 1972, as a replacement for Richard Collinge, who had to return to New Zealand due to the death of his infant child. In these three Tests Morgan made only eight runs and took one wicket.
See also
List of Auckland representative cricketers
References
^ "Ross Morgan". CricketArchive. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
^ "Central Districts v Auckland 1964-65". CricketArchive. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
^ "Wellington v Auckland 1964-65". CricketArchive. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
^ a b R. T. Brittenden, Red Leather, Silver Fern, A. H. & A. W. Reed, Wellington, 1965, p. 30.
^ "Auckland v Canterbury 1968-69". CricketArchive. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
^ "Annual Report 2018-2019" (PDF). Parnell Cricket Club. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
^ "2nd Test, Auckland, Jan 29 – Feb 2 1965, Pakistan tour of New Zealand". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
^ "3rd Test, Christchurch, Feb 12 – Feb 16 1965, Pakistan tour of New Zealand". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
^ a b "Test Batting and Fielding in Each Season by Ross Morgan". CricketArchive. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
^ "Test Cricket Tours – New Zealand to West Indies 1971-72". Test-cricket-tours.co.uk. Archived from the original on 28 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
^ Henry Blofeld, "New Zealand in the West Indies, 1971-72", Wisden 1973, pp. 879–98.
External links
Ross Morgan at Cricket Archive
Ross Morgan at Cricinfo | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"Tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cricket"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Ross Winston Morgan (born 12 February 1941) is a former New Zealand cricketer who played 20 Tests for New Zealand between 1965 and 1972 as a middle-order batsman and off-spinner.[1]","title":"Ross Morgan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Plunket Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunket_Shield"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RLSF30-4"},{"link_name":"Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Morgan was only 16 when he made his first-class debut for Auckland in 1957–58. Good all-round form in the Plunket Shield in 1964–65, including 6 for 40 against Central Districts (which remained the best figures of his career),[2] and 112 not out against Wellington a few days later,[3] led to his selection in the Test team.[4]He continued playing for Auckland until 1976–77. His highest first-class score was 166 for Auckland against Canterbury at Auckland in 1968–69, out of a total of 314 for 8 declared.[5]He played senior club cricket for Parnell in Auckland for more than 30 years, establishing club records which have yet to be broken: most runs (16,028) and most wickets (692).[6]","title":"Domestic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Sparling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sparling"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RLSF30-4"},{"link_name":"against Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_cricket_team_in_New_Zealand_in_1964%E2%80%9365"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_cricket_team_in_India_in_1964%E2%80%9365"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_cricket_team_in_Pakistan_in_1964%E2%80%9365"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_cricket_team_in_England_in_1965"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TB-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TB-9"},{"link_name":"New Zealand's tour of the West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_cricket_team_in_the_West_Indies_in_1971%E2%80%9372"},{"link_name":"Richard Collinge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Collinge"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Coming into the Test team when John Sparling withdrew from the selected side,[4] Morgan scored 66 on his debut against Pakistan in the Second Test in Auckland in 1964–65, which was the top score on either side in the match.[7] In the next match of the series in Christchurch he scored 97, which was once again New Zealand's top score for the match.[8] He remained in the Test side for the three series in India, Pakistan and England that followed in the next few months, playing some valuable innings and taking occasional wickets with his off-spin, accumulating 663 runs at an average of 30.13 in his first 12 Tests.[9]Thereafter, however, his Test form deserted him and his final eight Tests over the next seven years yielded only 71 runs.[9] He played his last three Tests in New Zealand's tour of the West Indies in 1972, as a replacement for Richard Collinge, who had to return to New Zealand due to the death of his infant child.[10] In these three Tests Morgan made only eight runs and took one wicket.[11]","title":"International career"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of Auckland representative cricketers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Auckland_representative_cricketers"}] | [{"reference":"\"Ross Morgan\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 29 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1253/1253.html","url_text":"\"Ross Morgan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Central Districts v Auckland 1964-65\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 29 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/27/27237.html","url_text":"\"Central Districts v Auckland 1964-65\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wellington v Auckland 1964-65\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 29 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/27/27244.html","url_text":"\"Wellington v Auckland 1964-65\""}]},{"reference":"\"Auckland v Canterbury 1968-69\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 29 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/29/29897.html","url_text":"\"Auckland v Canterbury 1968-69\""}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Report 2018-2019\" (PDF). Parnell Cricket Club. Retrieved 29 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://static1.squarespace.com/static/55a46fe0e4b0d058cf41c69f/t/5d647a7853f973000106e9ee/1566866184858/PCC+Annual+Report+Final+2018-19+3.8.2019.pdf","url_text":"\"Annual Report 2018-2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"2nd Test, Auckland, Jan 29 – Feb 2 1965, Pakistan tour of New Zealand\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 29 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/pakistan-tour-of-new-zealand-1964-65-61498/new-zealand-vs-pakistan-2nd-test-62963/full-scorecard","url_text":"\"2nd Test, Auckland, Jan 29 – Feb 2 1965, Pakistan tour of New Zealand\""}]},{"reference":"\"3rd Test, Christchurch, Feb 12 – Feb 16 1965, Pakistan tour of New Zealand\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 29 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/pakistan-tour-of-new-zealand-1964-65-61498/new-zealand-vs-pakistan-3rd-test-62964/full-scorecard","url_text":"\"3rd Test, Christchurch, Feb 12 – Feb 16 1965, Pakistan tour of New Zealand\""}]},{"reference":"\"Test Batting and Fielding in Each Season by Ross Morgan\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 29 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1253/t_Batting_by_Season.html","url_text":"\"Test Batting and Fielding in Each Season by Ross Morgan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Test Cricket Tours – New Zealand to West Indies 1971-72\". Test-cricket-tours.co.uk. Archived from the original on 28 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190128140029/http://test-cricket-tours.co.uk/page_1741645.html","url_text":"\"Test Cricket Tours – New Zealand to West Indies 1971-72\""},{"url":"http://test-cricket-tours.co.uk/page_1741645.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/newzealand/content/player/37727.html","external_links_name":"Cricinfo"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1253/1253.html","external_links_name":"\"Ross Morgan\""},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/27/27237.html","external_links_name":"\"Central Districts v Auckland 1964-65\""},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/27/27244.html","external_links_name":"\"Wellington v Auckland 1964-65\""},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/29/29897.html","external_links_name":"\"Auckland v Canterbury 1968-69\""},{"Link":"https://static1.squarespace.com/static/55a46fe0e4b0d058cf41c69f/t/5d647a7853f973000106e9ee/1566866184858/PCC+Annual+Report+Final+2018-19+3.8.2019.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Annual Report 2018-2019\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/pakistan-tour-of-new-zealand-1964-65-61498/new-zealand-vs-pakistan-2nd-test-62963/full-scorecard","external_links_name":"\"2nd Test, Auckland, Jan 29 – Feb 2 1965, Pakistan tour of New Zealand\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/pakistan-tour-of-new-zealand-1964-65-61498/new-zealand-vs-pakistan-3rd-test-62964/full-scorecard","external_links_name":"\"3rd Test, Christchurch, Feb 12 – Feb 16 1965, Pakistan tour of New Zealand\""},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1253/t_Batting_by_Season.html","external_links_name":"\"Test Batting and Fielding in Each Season by Ross Morgan\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190128140029/http://test-cricket-tours.co.uk/page_1741645.html","external_links_name":"\"Test Cricket Tours – New Zealand to West Indies 1971-72\""},{"Link":"http://test-cricket-tours.co.uk/page_1741645.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1/1253/1253.html","external_links_name":"Ross Morgan at Cricket Archive"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/37727.html","external_links_name":"Ross Morgan at Cricinfo"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superelastic | Pseudoelasticity | ["1 Overview","2 Size effects","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Pseudoelasticity, sometimes called superelasticity, is an elastic (reversible) response to an applied stress, caused by a phase transformation between the austenitic and martensitic phases of a crystal. It is exhibited in shape-memory alloys.
Overview
Pseudoelasticity is from the reversible motion of domain boundaries during the phase transformation, rather than just bond stretching or the introduction of defects in the crystal lattice (thus it is not true superelasticity but rather pseudoelasticity). Even if the domain boundaries do become pinned, they may be reversed through heating. Thus, a pseudoelastic material may return to its previous shape (hence, shape memory) after the removal of even relatively high applied strains. One special case of pseudoelasticity is called the Bain Correspondence. This involves the austenite/martensite phase transformation between a face-centered crystal lattice (FCC) and a body-centered tetragonal crystal structure (BCT).
Superelastic alloys belong to the larger family of shape-memory alloys. When mechanically loaded, a superelastic alloy deforms reversibly to very high strains (up to 10%) by the creation of a stress-induced phase. When the load is removed, the new phase becomes unstable and the material regains its original shape. Unlike shape-memory alloys, no change in temperature is needed for the alloy to recover its initial shape.
Superelastic devices take advantage of their large, reversible deformation and include antennas, eyeglass frames, and biomedical stents.
Nickel titanium (Nitinol) is an example of an alloy exhibiting superelasticity.
Size effects
Recently, there have been interests of discovering materials exhibiting superelasticity in nanoscale for MEMS (Microelectromechanical systems) application. The ability to control the martensitic phase transformation has already been reported. But the behavior of superelasticity has been observed to have size effects in nanoscale.
Qualitatively speaking, superelasticity is the reversible deformation by phase transformation. Therefore, it competes with the irreversible plastic deformation by dislocation motion. At nanoscale, the dislocation density and possible Frank–Read source sites are greatly reduced, so the yield stress is increased with reduced size. Therefore, for materials exhibiting superelasticity behavior in nanoscale, it has been found that they can operate in long-term cycling with little detrimental evolution. On the other hand, the critical stress for martensitic phase transformation to occur is also increased because of the reduced possible sites for nucleation to begin. Nucleation usually begins near dislocation or at surface defects. But for nanoscale materials, the dislocation density is greatly reduced, and the surface is usually atomically smooth. Therefore, the phase transformation of nanoscale materials exhibiting superelasticity is usually found to be homogeneous, resulting in much higher critical stress. Specifically, for Zirconia, where it has three phases, the competition between phase transformation and plastic deformation has been found to be orientation dependent, indicating the orientation dependence of activation energy of dislocation and nucleation. Therefore, for nanoscale materials suitable for superelasticity, one should research on the optimized crystal orientation and surface roughness for most enhanced superelasticity effect.
See also
Shape-memory alloy
Elasticity (physics)
References
^ Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. "The Bain Correspondence" (PDF). Materials Science and Metallurgy. University of Cambridge.
^ Thorsten Krenke; et al. (2007). "Magnetic superelasticity and inverse magnetocaloric effect in Ni-Mn-In". Physical Review B. 75 (10): 104414. arXiv:0704.1243. Bibcode:2007PhRvB..75j4414K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.75.104414. S2CID 29563170.
^ J. San Juan; et al. (2014). "Long-term superelastic cycling at nano-scale in Cu-Al-Ni shape memory alloy micropillars". Applied Physics Letters. 104 (1). AIP: 011901. Bibcode:2014ApPhL.104a1901S. doi:10.1063/1.4860951.
^ J. San Juan; et al. (2013). "superelasticity and shape memory at nano-scale: size effects on the martensitic transformation". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 577. Elsevier: S25–S29. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.10.110.
^ Ning Zhang; et al. (2016). "Competing mechanisms between dislocation and phase transformation in plastic deformation of single crystalline yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia nanopillars". Acta Materialia. 120: 337–347. arXiv:1607.03141. Bibcode:2016AcMat.120..337Z. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2016.08.075. S2CID 118512427.
Liang C., Rogers C. A. (1990). "One-Dimensional Thermomechanical Constitutive Relations for Shape Memory Materials". Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. 1 (2): 207–234. doi:10.1177/1045389x9000100205. S2CID 135569418.
Miyazaki S, Otsuka K, Suzuki Y (1981). "Transformation Pseudoelasticity and Deformation Behavior in a Ti-50.6at%Ni Alloy". Scripta Metallurgica. 15 (3): 287–292. doi:10.1016/0036-9748(81)90346-x.
Huo, Y.; Müller, I. (1993). "Nonequilibrium thermodynamics of pseudoelasticity". Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics. 5 (3). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 163–204. Bibcode:1993CMT.....5..163H. doi:10.1007/bf01126524. ISSN 0935-1175. S2CID 123040312.
Tanaka K., Kobayashi S., Sato Y. (1986). "Thermomechanics of transformation pseudoelasticity and shape memory effect in alloys". International Journal of Plasticity. 2 (1): 59–72. doi:10.1016/0749-6419(86)90016-1.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Kamita, Toru; Matsuzaki, Yuji (1998-08-01). "One-dimensional pseudoelastic theory of shape memory alloys". Smart Materials and Structures. 7 (4). IOP Publishing: 489–495. Bibcode:1998SMaS....7..489K. doi:10.1088/0964-1726/7/4/008. ISSN 0964-1726. S2CID 250834042.
Yamada, Y. (1992-09-01). "Theory of pseudoelasticity and the shape-memory effect". Physical Review B. 46 (10). American Physical Society (APS): 5906–5911. Bibcode:1992PhRvB..46.5906Y. doi:10.1103/physrevb.46.5906. ISSN 0163-1829. PMID 10002272.
External links
DoITPoMS Teaching and Learning Package: "Superelasticity and Shape Memory Alloys" | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Pseudoelasticity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"elasticity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)"},{"link_name":"pseudo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pseudo"},{"link_name":"face-centered crystal lattice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system"},{"link_name":"body-centered tetragonal crystal structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bhadeshia-1"},{"link_name":"alloys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloys"},{"link_name":"shape-memory alloys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape-memory_alloy"},{"link_name":"strains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_(materials_science)"},{"link_name":"stress-induced phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stress-induced_phase&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"antennas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)"},{"link_name":"eyeglass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyeglass"},{"link_name":"stents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stent"},{"link_name":"Nickel titanium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel_titanium"}],"text":"Pseudoelasticity is from the reversible motion of domain boundaries during the phase transformation, rather than just bond stretching or the introduction of defects in the crystal lattice (thus it is not true superelasticity but rather pseudoelasticity). Even if the domain boundaries do become pinned, they may be reversed through heating. Thus, a pseudoelastic material may return to its previous shape (hence, shape memory) after the removal of even relatively high applied strains. One special case of pseudoelasticity is called the Bain Correspondence. This involves the austenite/martensite phase transformation between a face-centered crystal lattice (FCC) and a body-centered tetragonal crystal structure (BCT).[1]Superelastic alloys belong to the larger family of shape-memory alloys. When mechanically loaded, a superelastic alloy deforms reversibly to very high strains (up to 10%) by the creation of a stress-induced phase. When the load is removed, the new phase becomes unstable and the material regains its original shape. Unlike shape-memory alloys, no change in temperature is needed for the alloy to recover its initial shape.Superelastic devices take advantage of their large, reversible deformation and include antennas, eyeglass frames, and biomedical stents.Nickel titanium (Nitinol) is an example of an alloy exhibiting superelasticity.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MEMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEMS"},{"link_name":"martensitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martensite"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"plastic deformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_deformation"},{"link_name":"Frank–Read source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%E2%80%93Read_source"},{"link_name":"yield stress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield_stress"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"martensitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martensite"},{"link_name":"nucleation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"activation energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activation_energy"}],"text":"Recently, there have been interests of discovering materials exhibiting superelasticity in nanoscale for MEMS (Microelectromechanical systems) application. The ability to control the martensitic phase transformation has already been reported.[2] But the behavior of superelasticity has been observed to have size effects in nanoscale.Qualitatively speaking, superelasticity is the reversible deformation by phase transformation. Therefore, it competes with the irreversible plastic deformation by dislocation motion. At nanoscale, the dislocation density and possible Frank–Read source sites are greatly reduced, so the yield stress is increased with reduced size. Therefore, for materials exhibiting superelasticity behavior in nanoscale, it has been found that they can operate in long-term cycling with little detrimental evolution.[3] On the other hand, the critical stress for martensitic phase transformation to occur is also increased because of the reduced possible sites for nucleation to begin. Nucleation usually begins near dislocation or at surface defects. But for nanoscale materials, the dislocation density is greatly reduced, and the surface is usually atomically smooth. Therefore, the phase transformation of nanoscale materials exhibiting superelasticity is usually found to be homogeneous, resulting in much higher critical stress.[4] Specifically, for Zirconia, where it has three phases, the competition between phase transformation and plastic deformation has been found to be orientation dependent,[5] indicating the orientation dependence of activation energy of dislocation and nucleation. Therefore, for nanoscale materials suitable for superelasticity, one should research on the optimized crystal orientation and surface roughness for most enhanced superelasticity effect.","title":"Size effects"}] | [] | [{"title":"Shape-memory alloy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape-memory_alloy"},{"title":"Elasticity (physics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)"}] | [{"reference":"Bhadeshia, H. K. D. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beheshtiabad | Beheshtiabad | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 28°15′41″N 60°34′15″E / 28.26139°N 60.57083°E / 28.26139; 60.57083Village in Sistan and Baluchestan, IranBeheshtiabad
بهشتي ابادvillageBeheshtiabadCoordinates: 28°15′41″N 60°34′15″E / 28.26139°N 60.57083°E / 28.26139; 60.57083Country IranProvinceSistan and BaluchestanCountyKhashBakhshNukabadRural DistrictGowhar KuhPopulation (2006) • Total157Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Beheshtiabad (Persian: بهشتي اباد, also Romanized as Beheshtīābād; also known as Beheshtābād) is a village in Gowhar Kuh Rural District, Nukabad District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 157, in 31 families.
References
^ Beheshtiabad can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "10598404" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
vte Khash CountyCapital
Khash
DistrictsCentralCities
Khash
Rural Districts and villagesEsmailabad
Abbasabad
Akbarabad
Aliabad
Chah-e Sam
Eftekharabad
Esmailabad
Espidak
Gharibabad
Hajjiabad
Hajjiabad-e Esmailabad
Hasanabad
Industrial Estate
Kalchat-e Heydarabad
Karimabad-e Kheybar
Karuji
Khash Garrison
Khosrowabad
Mahmudabad
Mashay-e Dasht Kalla Chat
Menab Ab
Mohammadabad
Mohammadabad
Mowtowr-e Davazdah Bahman
Mowtowr-e Davazdah Farurdin
Mowtowr-e Fajr
Mowtowr-e Hajj Azim Gangu Zehi
Mowtowr-e Hajji Gaza Beyk
Mowtowr-e Hajji Hanif
Mowtowr-e Jamhuri
Mowtowr-e Jehad
Mowtowr-e Nazer
Mowtowr-e Panzdah Khordad
Najafabad
Naserabad
Nasirabad
Nematabad
Nikabad
Nushabad
Qasemabad
Rostamabad
Rud-e Gaz
Saidabad
Seh Chahan
Shahid Chamran
Shahid Rejai
Shahid Modarres
Karvandar
Ab Gushtukan
Agosk
Akramabad
Allahabad
Allahabad
Allahabad-e Bala
Chah-e Baluch Khan
Chah-e Kamal
Chah-e Kan
Chah-e Salar
Chah-e Shahi
Darreh Garm
Eslamabad
Gadukan
Gardak
Gazdivan
Gidbast
Gol Shir
Gunich
Gur Mordan Tigh Ab
Habibabad
Hajjiabad
Heydarabad
Hoseynabad
Hoseynabad
Junazi
Kahnak
Karvandar
Kohan Nuk
Kug
Mirzaabad
Mohammadabad
Mohammadabad
Mohammadabad-e Padgan
Mojtame-ye Mowtowr-e Hay Tigh Ab
Mowtowr-e Nur Mohmmadabad
Mowtowr-e Seyyed Mohammad
Ney Padan
Nukabad
Nurabad-e Dasht Abkhvan
Nurabad-e Sar Talap
Padgan-e Golzar
Pigol
Rahmanabad
Richkan
Saidabad
Shahruk
Sharifabad-e Chah Kan
Siah Kut
Tang-e Hanzab
Kuh Sefid
Abbasabad
Aliabad-e Garnechin
Allahabad
Bayatabad
Borhanabad
Chah-e Dar Mohammad
Chah-e Gargin
Chah-e Isa
Chah-e Jelai
Chah-e Mohammad Omar Dasht Robat
Chah-e Rahmat
Chah-e Saadat
Emamiyeh
Eslamabad-e Garnechin
Gharibabad
Gharibabad
Gidbast
Hesharkeh
Judin
Kalak Dinar
Kalkali
Kalkali-ye Now
Kamalabad
Khan Bibi
Mahmudabad
Mehrabad
Mirabad
Mirzaabad
Mohammadabad
Mohammadi
Mowtowr-e Garsaz Hoseynabad
Mowtowr-e Qader Bakhsh
Mowtowr-e Saheb Khan
Muzan
Naseri
Nosratabad
Nukabad
Posht Gorg
Qasemabad
Rahmatabad
Saidabad
Shahrak-e Piman
Poshtkuh
Afzalabad
Allahabad
Azadabad
Balalabad
Baluchabad
Bilari
Chah-e Dekal
Chah-e Kamal Nurollah
Chah-e Kamal Siah Jinad
Chah-e Nali
Chah-e Rahmat
Chahok
Chahtuk
Dasht-e Zar
Deh-e Bala
Esmailabad
Feyzabad
Gazdanan
Gazeh Shahnavazi
Gazu
Gurchan
Hasanabad-e Dastgerd
Heydarabad
Hoseynabad-e Nilgun
Kahn-e Karam Shah
Kalleh Sakan
Kam Zard
Kamalabad
Karimabad-e Seyyed Ali Khamenehi
Kashtag-e Dastgerd
Khalilabad
Lulakdan
Mohammadabad
Mohammadabad
Mowtowr-e Khvabiar
Mowtowr-e Mirza
Naderabad
Nasrabad-e Rutak
Nukabad
Pil Gushkan
Posht Giaban
Poshteh-ye Kamal
Rahmatabad-e Pain
Roknabad
Sabz Gaz-e Olya
Sabz Gaz-e Sofla
Sabz Gaz-e Vosta
Shahid Qalanbar
Shahrak-e Posht Giaban
Shahr-e Deraz
Sharifabad
Tilag
Sangan
Aliabad-e Chah Zar
Amidiyeh-ye Chah Zar
Bar Abak
Bulani
Chah Zaman
Chakol
Cheh-e Zar
Deh-e Now
Deruk
Deruneh
Dorudi
Dumak
Espetk-e Hajji Gholam
Estakhr
Gazok
Golkan-e Shahid Medani
Gorz
Gurehi
Hajjiabad
Kalleh Kaz
Kand-e Zard
Kashik
Khalband
Kulaku
Khvoshab
Mowtowr-e Hajji Abbas
Paval
Sangan
Sangan-e Sofla
Sarsaru
Shundeh
Suleki
Tang-e Vajeg
Tappeh-ye Lal Mohammad
Terati
Terati-ye Sang
Tiab
Torshab
Tudi
Zaghak
IrandeganCities
none
Rural Districts and villagesIrandegan
Bala Qaleh
Dadkan
Dahaneh
Dakab-e Rughan
Damikan
Darin
Darreh-ye Shargan
Darsan
Deh Qaleh
Eslamabad
Gar Abdy
Gazaki
Genz
Genzerig
Hakimabad
Hedkan
Heshik
Hitgar
Jangal
Jangal-e Mukan
Jangaluk
Javadabad
Kah Gishan
Kaminak
Kashen
Kuh-e Nurk
Kuh-e Pasan
Nimgan
Perom
Pusar
Shahrak
Shavatk
Varedan
Zirkeyk
Kahnuk
Akbarabad
Ali Morady
Angiar
Anjirak
Anjirak
Baghak
Baha ol Din
Barataki
Bibah
Binag
Bok
Bumask
Chah-e Nikabakht
Chegerd
Cheshmeh-ye Kondur
Dak Jamal
Darenan
Darkeshan
Dasht Kuh-e Anjirak
Deh Qola
Deh-e Rais
Del Morad
Espah
Gari Dasht Kuh
Gary
Gat Rais Golestan
Gavatamak
Gavatamak
Gavi
Gomn
Gunak
Gur Band
Hashemabad
Hirgan
Hisek
Hushab Aluk
Kahurak
Kal Shab Ravan
Kallah Gur
Kalleh Garmak
Kalleh Maran
Karuchi
Kasab
Kasap Dasht Kuh
Kerstan
Keshikan
Khuki
Kuy Patkuk Dasht Kuh
Lashkeran
Mahmudabad
Marandegan
Mareghan Kand
Mirabad
Nabahri
Nagan
Nali
Nargan
Nilgan
Palizan
Pedehi
Pestak
Purjangi
Qaderabad
Qanat-e Mir Qalandar
Rahmanabad
Randak
Rasulabad
Rishpesh
Saptuk
Sar Kand
Seh Rud
Seyah Takan
Shamgat
Shandan
Sharaf ol Din
Shirabad
Shurak
Sir Gavanani
Sorkh Degar
Sorkh Gazi
Sorkhkan
Sur Chahi
Yek Muki
Yusefabad
Zardian
Zardin Gar
Ziarat Konar
Zirogdan
Zohian
NukabadCities
Nukabad
Rural Districts and villagesEskelabad
Allahabad
Anjir Mehi
Baluchabad-e Kahnaki
Bidak-e Bala
Bidak-e Pain
Bidan Sarzeh
Biduk-e Murtak
Chahak
Chah-e Nabiabad
Chah-e Shur
Deh-e Pabid
Eskelabad
Garjumak
Garuk
Gharibabad
Gunak
Gushan-e Bala
Hajjiabad
Kafeh Hajjiabad
Kahnak
Kahn-e Nuk
Karimabad-e Deh Tajgi
Khalilabad
Khaz-e Bahari
Kolli
Malekabad
Milman
Mohammadabad
Mohammadabad
Murtak-e Pain
Narap
Rahmatabad
Rigabad
Rostamabad
Rubahuk
Sar Band
Sazink-e Olya
Senjedak
Siah Tir-e Pain
Sohrababad
Takhtun
Gowhar Kuh
Abd ol Azizabad
Aliabad
Arzantak
Azimabad
Azizabad
Bag
Bahadorabad
Beheshtiabad
Chacheragh
Chah-e Hajji Siah Khan
Chah-e Mirza
Deh-e Bala
Ebrahimabad
Eslamabad
Esmailabad (south)
Esmailabad (north)
Eydabad
Faqirabad
Fiselabad
Gowhar Kuh Shahrak
Habibabad
Hafezabad
Hajjiabad
Hajjiabad
Hasanabad-e Shandak
Hoseynabad
Jadidabad-e Shandak
Kalleh Shahu
Kalleh-ye Espid
Kalleh-ye Espid-e Eslamabad
Karimabad
Karimabad-e Hajji Karim
Kavari
Kureh-ye Bi Barg Khan
Lalabad
Malek Mohammadabad
Mansurabad
Mazraeh-ye Barani
Mohsenabad
Mowtowr-e Amirabad
Mowtowr-e Bajar
Mowtowr-e Bulan Zehi Kach
Mowtowr-e Hajji Mehrab
Mowtowr-e Hajji Qader Bakhsh
Mowtowr-e Hajji Yar Mohammad
Mowtowr-e Kamal ol Din Mohammadani
Mowtowr-e Khoda Nazer
Mowtowr-e Khodadad
Mowtowr-e Nowruz
Mowtowr-e Pasran Mahmud Isa Zehi
Mowtowr-e Qalandar
Mowtowr-e Saraj
Naserabad
Nazarabad
Nazarabad
Nazarabad
Nematabad
Nematabad
Nukabad
Nurabad
Padagi
Pardelabad
Qaderabad
Rahmatabad
Rigabad
Seyyedabad
Shahid Shah Nazar
Shahidayit-e Shandak
Sharifabad
Sherkat-e Tamp
Shirabad
Shurabad-e Fandaq
Tajabad
Vali Mohammadabad
Valiabad
Zafarabad
Ziruki-ye Gowhar Kuh
Nazil
Ab Namard
Ahmadabad
Akbarabad
Alamabad
Amirabad
Anari
Anjirak
Arzuni
Azizabad
Bahrabad
Bidak
Biduk-e Bala
Biduk-e Pain
Chah-e Ahmad
Chah-e Hajji Ahmad
Deh Nadam
Deh Shahdust
Dehnow
Eslamabad
Eslamabad
Esmailabad
Estakhru
Gharibabad-e Allah Dad
Gharibabad-e Nark
Gholam Nabi
Gol Gaz
Gol Kan
Golabad
Gorgunak
Gunak
Hajji Rasul
Hajjiabad
Haqabad
Hasanabad
Hasanabad
Hoseynabad
Hoseynabad
Hoseynabad
Hulmadian-e Bala
Hulmadian-e Pain
Kalak Shiman
Kalleh Shahtut
Kam-e Zard
Karamabad
Karimabad
Kheyrabad
Lalabad-e Huti
Mahmudabad
Malekabad
Mehrababad
Mirabad
Mohammadabad
Mohammadabad
Mohammadabad
Mohammadabad-e Pain Talarak
Mohammadabad-e Shah Nur
Molla Qus
Moradabad
Mowtowr-e Abdol Vahad
Mowtowr-e Amid
Mowtowr-e Baluch Khan
Mowtowr-e Emanollah
Mowtowr-e Gol Zaman
Mowtowr-e Golab
Mowtowr-e Hajji Pir Mohammad
Mowtowr-e Hajji Yar Mohammad Shah Bakhsh
Mowtowr-e Khoda Nazer
Mowtowr-e Mir Beyk
Mowtowr-e Nader
Mowtowr-e Pasand
Mowtowr-e Rasul
Mowtowr-e Sharif
Mowtowr-e Zaman
Musaabad
Nabiabad
Nabiabad
Naimabad
|Nalaki
Naserabad
Naserabad
Naserabad
Naserabad-e Talarak
Nazil
Nukabad
Patmati
Pur Janki
Rahimabad
Rahmatabad
Rahmatabad
Rasulabad
Rihani
Saidabad
Sangary
Sar Kang
Sar Tall
Seyah Darreh
Shah Nazerabad
Shahidabad-e Saruk
Shahrak
Shand
Shirabad
Shurcheh-ye Purgazy
Siah Kelak
Siah Kut-e Anjireh
Tah Rud
Tuzaki
Valiabad
Yusefabad
Yusefabad
Taftan-e Jonubi(South Taftan)
Aliyeh Dorudy
Biahu Dushing-e Pain
Bida Setar
Chah Zilan
Chahak
Cheshmeh-ye Abek
Chihaki
Darreh-ye Talayi
Deh-e Mir Baluch
Dejang-e Bala
Dejang-e Pain
Do Dar
Do Rudi
Do Rudi Narun
Do Shang
Dowlatabad
Eslamabad
Firuzabad
Garuk
Gati
Gazmeh-ye Marishan
Gurmurik
Hamidabad
Jamchin
Kalleh-ye Shurehi
Kamsegari
Karimabad
Khanak
Kharaki
Kheyrabad
Kolangur
Kusheh
Kusheh-ye Gardak
Kusheh-ye Qaleh Rashid Khan
Kuteh
Lisabad
Mahmudabad
Malekabad
Marishan
Mashin
Mehran
Mohammadabad
Narun
Narun
Posht-e Zard
Rahmatabad
Rahmatabad
Rud-e Sanib
Sangan-e Kuknak
Sar Kam
Shandi
Sihaki
Sihaki Kuteh
Takht
Tamandan
Towd Lang
Tudak-e Taqiabad
Vellan
Yusefabad
Yusefabad-e Tudak
Iran portal
This Khash County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Gowhar Kuh Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gowhar_Kuh_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Nukabad District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukabad_District"},{"link_name":"Khash County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khash_County"},{"link_name":"Sistan and Baluchestan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Sistan and Baluchestan, IranBeheshtiabad (Persian: بهشتي اباد, also Romanized as Beheshtīābād; also known as Beheshtābād)[1] is a village in Gowhar Kuh Rural District, Nukabad District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 157, in 31 families.[2]","title":"Beheshtiabad"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/11.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/11.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Beheshtiabad¶ms=28_15_41_N_60_34_15_E_region:IR_type:city(157)","external_links_name":"28°15′41″N 60°34′15″E / 28.26139°N 60.57083°E / 28.26139; 60.57083"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Beheshtiabad¶ms=28_15_41_N_60_34_15_E_region:IR_type:city(157)","external_links_name":"28°15′41″N 60°34′15″E / 28.26139°N 60.57083°E / 28.26139; 60.57083"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/11.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/11.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beheshtiabad&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantasm_(film_series) | Phantasm (franchise) | ["1 Films","1.1 Phantasm (1979)","1.2 Phantasm II (1988)","1.3 Phantasm III: Lord of the Dead (1994)","1.4 Phantasm IV: Oblivion (1998)","1.5 Phantasm: Ravager (2016)","2 Television","3 Cast and crew","3.1 Cast","3.2 Characters","4 Production","4.1 Development","5 Reception","5.1 Box office performance","6 References"] | American horror film series
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Phantasm is an American horror film series that consists of five films, novels, comic books, and merchandise. It is mainly about the Tall Man (Angus Scrimm), a supernatural and malevolent undertaker and the main antagonist who turns the dead into dwarf zombies to do his bidding and take over the world. He is opposed by a young boy, Mike (A. Michael Baldwin), who tries to convince his older brother Jody (Bill Thornbury) and family friend Reggie (Reggie Bannister) of the threat. The first film was released in 1979, received generally positive reviews and has garnered a cult following.
Films
Film
U.S. release date
Director(s)
Screenwriter(s)
Producer(s)
Phantasm
March 28, 1979
Don Coscarelli
Don Coscarelli
Phantasm II
July 8, 1988
Roberto A. Quezada
Phantasm III: Lord of the Dead
May 6, 1994
Don Coscarelli
Phantasm IV: Oblivion
October 13, 1998
A. Michael Baldwin
Phantasm: Ravager
October 7, 2016
David Hartman
Don CoscarelliDavid Hartman
Don Coscarelli
Phantasm (1979)
Main article: Phantasm (film)
The residents of a small town have begun dying under strange circumstances, leading young Mike to investigate. After discovering that the town's mortician, only known as the Tall Man, is killing and reanimating the dead as misshapen zombies, Mike seeks help from his older brother, Jody, and their friend Reggie, a local ice cream man. Working together, they try to lure out and destroy the Tall Man, all the while avoiding his minions and a deadly silver sphere.
Phantasm II (1988)
Main article: Phantasm II
In Phantasm II, picking up exactly where the previous film leaves off, the Tall Man and his minions attempt to take Mike, but Reggie manages to save him by blowing up the house. Eight years later, Mike, now a mental patient, still has nightmares about the evil mortician, and is the only person to recall that dreadful night. Upon being released from the institution Mike, who's had a premonition about Reggie’s family, tries to warn his friend of the ensuing danger before an explosion murders the entire family. Convinced by Mike's futile warning, the two men set out to track the mysterious mortician down and rescue Liz Reynolds, a young woman, who has a psychic connection to both Mike and the Tall Man.
Phantasm III: Lord of the Dead (1994)
Main article: Phantasm III: Lord of the Dead
In Lord of the Dead, once more picking up exactly where the previous film leaves off, the Tall Man has infiltrated the minds of Mike and Reggie. The two friends embark on a journey to find and kill him, only to discover that he has destroyed town after town, leaving zombies in place of the living. Along the way, Mike and Reggie meet several characters who share their goal, including a murderous boy named Tim, and two young women who are excellent fighters.
Phantasm IV: Oblivion (1998)
Main article: Phantasm IV: Oblivion
Taking off immediately where the last one ended, in this episode, Mike travels across dimensions and time fleeing from the Tall Man, at the same time he tries to find the origins of his enemy, and what happened the night that his brother died. Meanwhile, Reggie (accompanied by a beauty he picked up on the road) battles the spheres and the undead in a quest to find Mike before the Tall Man can complete his transformation.
Phantasm: Ravager (2016)
Main article: Phantasm: Ravager
In the series finale, Reggie continues in his quest to stop the evil, dimension-hopping schemes of The Tall Man and his armada of killer Sentinel Spheres. This time, the fight becomes a multi-dimensional battle across an alien planet, multiple timelines, and altered realities, where the fate of Earth is on the line.
Television
The Tall Man is featured as the main antagonist of the 2017 Mike Tyson Mysteries episode "Mystery on Wall Street", voiced by Jeff Bergman.
Cast and crew
Cast
Characters
Films
Mike Tyson Mysteries
Phantasm
Phantasm II
Phantasm III:Lord of the Dead
Phantasm IV:Oblivion
Phantasm:Ravager
Mystery on Wall Street
1979
1988
1994
1998
2016
2017
The Tall ManJebediah Morningside
Angus Scrimm
Jeff Bergman
Reggie
Reggie Bannister
Mike Pearson
A. Michael Baldwin
James LeGros
A. Michael Baldwin
Jody Pearson
Bill Thornbury
Bill Thornbury
Lady in Lavender
Kathy Lester
Kathy Lester
Rocky
Gloria Lynne Henry
Gloria Lynne Henry
Characters
Mike Pearson (played by A. Michael Baldwin in the first, third, fourth and fifth films, and by James Le Gros in the second) is the main protagonist of the series. He is an ordinary boy, who notices suspicious activities in the Morningside funeral home where the Tall Man operates. After he discovers the truth, the Tall Man pursues him relentlessly. In the later films, the Tall Man tries to convert Mike into one of his own kind.
Jody Pearson (played by Bill Thornbury in all the films except the second) is Mike's older brother and guardian. Mike is very attached to his only remaining family member and afraid that he'll leave, a fear that becomes reality when the Tall Man murders Jody. In Phantasm III, Jody reappears as one of the Tall Man's Sentinels gone rogue. He helps Mike and the others on a number of occasions, but is enigmatic about what really happened to him.
Reggie (played by Reggie Bannister) is the Pearsons' best friend, and joins Mike's quest to kill the Tall Man after his wife and daughter are killed in a rigged explosion. He is an ice cream man by trade, and is rarely seen without his trusty quadruple-barrelled shotgun, which he uses to mow down any of his enemies. A running gag in the series involves Reggie's hopeless attempts at having sex with a beautiful woman.
The Tall Man (played by Angus Scrimm) is an alien undertaker, who is building an army of the living dead by sending corpses to his home planet for conversion. The Tall Man was once a 19th century human named Jebediah Morningside, who invented a dimensional portal that sent him to unknown places before bringing him back to Earth as the monster he is now. His true objective remains a mystery, but it involves the conquest and occupation of Earth.
The Lady In Lavender (played by Kathy Lester in the first and fifth films) is the Tall Man's feminine alter ego, used to seduce hapless males before killing them.
Rocky (played by Gloria Lynne Henry in the third and fifth films) is a nunchuck-wielding martial artist who helps Reggie save Mike after her best friend is killed in front of her eyes. She has a love-hate relationship with Reggie due to his obvious attraction towards her. Later in Phantasm V, she is seen as a member of the resistance fighting for Earth.
Production
Development
The story idea for the original film came to Don Coscarelli in a dream; one night, in his late teens, he dreamed of fleeing down endlessly long marble corridors, pursued by a chrome sphere intent on penetrating his skull with a wicked needle. There was also a quite futuristic "sphere dispenser" out of which the orbs would emerge and begin chasing him.
Originally writer-director Don Coscarelli considered the first film's ending to be conclusive and did not feel knowledgeable about writing a sequel, but Coscarelli had what he described as a breakthrough when he realized that he could start the film immediately after the previous film's final scene. He also added a road movie element in how Reggie and Mike combat the Tall Man, after which he described the process as straightforward. Coscarelli has later revealed that some elements of this movie were influenced by Stephen King, especially a few aspects of his novel 'Salem's Lot'. For instance, the end of the novel, when the characters go out on the road chasing down vampires, gave him the "road movie" idea of Mike and Reggie chasing The Tall Man.
Universal Studios, who took an interest in the film because they wanted a horror series, allocated three million dollars; this was the lowest budget of any of their films in the 1980s, but it was the highest budget of any Phantasm film. Greg Nicotero and Robert Kurtzman, later of K.N.B. EFX, were recruited for special effects. The studio exerted much control over the film, and they did not allow Coscarelli to include any dream sequences or ambiguity. The executives also wanted to recast both A. Michael Baldwin and Reggie Bannister because they were unknown and had been out of the movie business since the release of the first movie. Don Coscarelli resisted their efforts and was forced to audition A. Michael Baldwin and Reggie Bannister for the opportunity to reprise their roles. In the end, his efforts won him a concession: he was allowed to keep one of the two, but had to replace the other; Coscarelli chose to keep Bannister and cast James Le Gros in Baldwin's place. After the mild box-office results of Phantasm II (1988), Universal Studios chose not to personally pursue a sequel but did offer to distribute it should Don Coscarelli and associates make it themselves.
With no casting restrictions this time, Coscarelli offered the role of Mike to his original performer, A. Michael Baldwin, who returned to the role after almost 16 years in Phantasm III: Lord of the Dead.
Roger Avary, a self-confessed hardcore fan of the Phantasm series, wrote an epic screenplay originally called "Phantasm 1999 A.D." as a follow-up to Phantasm III: Lord of the Dead (1994). It was set in a post-apocalyptic near future, featuring Bruce Campbell as a co-star. As the time passed and they couldn't get the budget needed (around $10 million) Don Coscarelli wrote and directed a fourth installment titled Phantasm IV: Oblivion as a precursor to the project, that was conveniently re-titled "Phantasm 2012 A.D." before renaming the planned film as “Phantasm's End.” Ultimately, when the financing for such an ambitious sequel couldn't be secured, the idea was scrapped altogether.
In 2004, six years after the release of Phantasm IV: Oblivion, series director Don Coscarelli told Fangoria, "I'd also still like to do another Phantasm film. Reggie Bannister and Angus Scrimm are still in great shape and raring to go."
In March 2005, Coscarelli was in the final stages of talks with New Line Cinema to produce a new entry. Reportedly, the new film was "being developed as a relaunch and as a possible trilogy about Mike's coming of age." This version never came to fruition.
Rumors about a sequel were reignited in June 2007 by footage contained in Don Coscarelli's Farewell to the Alamo Drafthouse, featuring Angus Scrimm and A. Michael Baldwin in their roles. In an interview, Reggie Bannister stated there was no activity or development of a fifth film but that anything was possible in the future.
In June 2012, rumors again surfaced that Coscarelli would begin a new Phantasm sequel. According to a report on Dread Central, the script was completed and filming would begin later in the year. Coscarelli disputed this claim, publicly stating, "I have no solid news to report on a new project now." The director, however, was being coy with film news sites. According to what Coscarelli and new co-writer-director David Hartman told Entertainment Weekly, the film was shot secretly in and around southern California during 2012 and 2013.
On March 26, 2014, news of Ravager's completion was released via various film news sites. The next day, a trailer debuted on the film's official site. In a 2014 "sneak peek" video preview on the official Phantasm website, director Hartman mentioned in quick passing, "This thing is going to be in the can 2015... for sure." By October 2015, Ravager was completed and awaited a distributor.
Reception
Box office performance
When comparing Phantasm films to other major horror franchises such as Halloween, A Nightmare on Elm Street, Hellraiser, Scream, Friday the 13th, The Texas Chainsaw Massacre, and Saw, it is one of the lowest grossing horror films but has gained a cult following.
Film
Release date (US)
Budget
Box office revenue
Reference
United States
Foreign
Worldwide
1. Phantasm
January 6, 1979 (1979-01-06)
$300,000
$11,988,469
—
$11,988,469
2. Phantasm II
August 7, 1988 (1988-08-07)
$3,000,000
$7,282,851
—
$7,282,851
3. Phantasm III: Lord of the Dead
June 6, 1994 (1994-06-06)
$2,500,000
—
$358,253
$358,253
4. Phantasm IV: Oblivion
January 10, 1998 (1998-13-10)
$650,000
—
—
—
5. Phantasm: Ravager
October 7, 2016
–
–
–
–
Total
$6,450,000
$19,271,320
—
$19,629,573
References
^ Miller, Donna Marie (2016-04-14). "Phantasm: Remastering a Classic". Creative Screenwriting. Retrieved 2016-04-14.
^ Savlov, Marc (2000-03-31). "Sphere of Influence". Austin Chronicle. Retrieved 2013-08-08.
^ Sutton, David (2006). "Don Coscarelli". Fortean Times. Archived from the original on 2013-11-05. Retrieved 2013-08-11.
^ "Don Coscarelli talks BUBBA sequel possibilities". Fangoria.com. 2004-05-11. Archived from the original on 2004-06-03. Retrieved 2014-03-28.
^ "'Phantasm' in New Line's airspace". Hollywoodreporter.com. 2005-03-10. Archived from the original on 2006-01-09. Retrieved 2014-03-28.
^ "Blog » Blog Archive » Don Coscarelli's Farewell To The Alamo Drafthouse". Phantasm.com. 2007-07-01. Retrieved 2013-10-25.
^ a b "UPDATED: Is Don Coscarelli Finally Gearing Up For 'Phantasm 5'? Nope!". Bloody-disgusting.com. 2012-06-06. Retrieved 2014-03-28.
^ "Hot Teaser Trailer: 'Phantasm V: Ravager'". Ddeadline.com. 2014-03-26. Retrieved 2014-03-28.
^ "'Phantasm: Ravager' cast details and teaser trailer – EXCLUSIVE VIDEO". Ew.com. 2014-03-27. Retrieved 2014-03-28.
^ "Phantasm V: Ravager". Phantasm.com. 2014-03-26. Retrieved 2014-03-28.
^ "Phantasm V: Ravager". Phantasm.com. 2014-03-26. Archived from the original on 2015-02-12. Retrieved 2015-02-06.
^ "Phantasm Ravager Delayed to 2016". phantasmarchives.blogspot.com. 2015-09-13. Retrieved 2015-09-15.
^ "News: Phantasm Ravager is Finished". phantasmarchives.blogspot.com. 2 October 2015. Retrieved 2015-10-02.
^ a b "Phantasm (1979)". Box Office Mojo. 1979-06-01. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
^ "Box office / business for Phantasm II (1988)". IMDb.com. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
^ a b "Phantasm II (1988)". Box Office Mojo. 1988-08-02. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
^ "Box office / business for Phantasm III: Lord of the Dead (1994)". IMDb.com. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
^ "Phantasm IV: Oblivion (1998)". IMDb.com. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
vtePhantasmFilms
Phantasm (1979)
Phantasm II (1988)
Lord of the Dead (1994)
Oblivion (1998)
Ravager (2016)
Characters
The Tall Man
Reggie
Related
Mike Tyson Mysteries (2017)
"Mystery on Wall Street"
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"horror film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_film"},{"link_name":"Angus Scrimm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Scrimm"},{"link_name":"A. Michael Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Michael_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"Reggie Bannister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggie_Bannister"},{"link_name":"cult following","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_film"}],"text":"Phantasm is an American horror film series that consists of five films, novels, comic books, and merchandise. It is mainly about the Tall Man (Angus Scrimm), a supernatural and malevolent undertaker and the main antagonist who turns the dead into dwarf zombies to do his bidding and take over the world. He is opposed by a young boy, Mike (A. Michael Baldwin), who tries to convince his older brother Jody (Bill Thornbury) and family friend Reggie (Reggie Bannister) of the threat. The first film was released in 1979, received generally positive reviews and has garnered a cult following.","title":"Phantasm (franchise)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Films"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Phantasm (1979)","text":"The residents of a small town have begun dying under strange circumstances, leading young Mike to investigate. After discovering that the town's mortician, only known as the Tall Man, is killing and reanimating the dead as misshapen zombies, Mike seeks help from his older brother, Jody, and their friend Reggie, a local ice cream man. Working together, they try to lure out and destroy the Tall Man, all the while avoiding his minions and a deadly silver sphere.","title":"Films"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Phantasm II (1988)","text":"In Phantasm II, picking up exactly where the previous film leaves off, the Tall Man and his minions attempt to take Mike, but Reggie manages to save him by blowing up the house. Eight years later, Mike, now a mental patient, still has nightmares about the evil mortician, and is the only person to recall that dreadful night. Upon being released from the institution Mike, who's had a premonition about Reggie’s family, tries to warn his friend of the ensuing danger before an explosion murders the entire family. Convinced by Mike's futile warning, the two men set out to track the mysterious mortician down and rescue Liz Reynolds, a young woman, who has a psychic connection to both Mike and the Tall Man.","title":"Films"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Phantasm III: Lord of the Dead (1994)","text":"In Lord of the Dead, once more picking up exactly where the previous film leaves off, the Tall Man has infiltrated the minds of Mike and Reggie. The two friends embark on a journey to find and kill him, only to discover that he has destroyed town after town, leaving zombies in place of the living. Along the way, Mike and Reggie meet several characters who share their goal, including a murderous boy named Tim, and two young women who are excellent fighters.","title":"Films"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Phantasm IV: Oblivion (1998)","text":"Taking off immediately where the last one ended, in this episode, Mike travels across dimensions and time fleeing from the Tall Man, at the same time he tries to find the origins of his enemy, and what happened the night that his brother died. Meanwhile, Reggie (accompanied by a beauty he picked up on the road) battles the spheres and the undead in a quest to find Mike before the Tall Man can complete his transformation.","title":"Films"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Phantasm: Ravager (2016)","text":"In the series finale, Reggie continues in his quest to stop the evil, dimension-hopping schemes of The Tall Man and his armada of killer Sentinel Spheres. This time, the fight becomes a multi-dimensional battle across an alien planet, multiple timelines, and altered realities, where the fate of Earth is on the line.","title":"Films"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mike Tyson Mysteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Tyson_Mysteries"},{"link_name":"\"Mystery on Wall Street\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mike_Tyson_Mysteries_episodes#ep39"},{"link_name":"Jeff Bergman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bergman"}],"text":"The Tall Man is featured as the main antagonist of the 2017 Mike Tyson Mysteries episode \"Mystery on Wall Street\", voiced by Jeff Bergman.","title":"Television"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast and crew"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cast","title":"Cast and crew"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A. Michael Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Michael_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"James Le Gros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Le_Gros"},{"link_name":"Phantasm III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantasm_III"},{"link_name":"Reggie Bannister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggie_Bannister"},{"link_name":"Angus Scrimm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Scrimm"},{"link_name":"Gloria Lynne Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Lynne_Henry"},{"link_name":"Phantasm V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantasm_V"}],"sub_title":"Characters","text":"Mike Pearson (played by A. Michael Baldwin in the first, third, fourth and fifth films, and by James Le Gros in the second) is the main protagonist of the series. He is an ordinary boy, who notices suspicious activities in the Morningside funeral home where the Tall Man operates. After he discovers the truth, the Tall Man pursues him relentlessly. In the later films, the Tall Man tries to convert Mike into one of his own kind.\nJody Pearson (played by Bill Thornbury in all the films except the second) is Mike's older brother and guardian. Mike is very attached to his only remaining family member and afraid that he'll leave, a fear that becomes reality when the Tall Man murders Jody. In Phantasm III, Jody reappears as one of the Tall Man's Sentinels gone rogue. He helps Mike and the others on a number of occasions, but is enigmatic about what really happened to him.\nReggie (played by Reggie Bannister) is the Pearsons' best friend, and joins Mike's quest to kill the Tall Man after his wife and daughter are killed in a rigged explosion. He is an ice cream man by trade, and is rarely seen without his trusty quadruple-barrelled shotgun, which he uses to mow down any of his enemies. A running gag in the series involves Reggie's hopeless attempts at having sex with a beautiful woman.\nThe Tall Man (played by Angus Scrimm) is an alien undertaker, who is building an army of the living dead by sending corpses to his home planet for conversion. The Tall Man was once a 19th century human named Jebediah Morningside, who invented a dimensional portal that sent him to unknown places before bringing him back to Earth as the monster he is now. His true objective remains a mystery, but it involves the conquest and occupation of Earth.\nThe Lady In Lavender (played by Kathy Lester in the first and fifth films) is the Tall Man's feminine alter ego, used to seduce hapless males before killing them.\nRocky (played by Gloria Lynne Henry in the third and fifth films) is a nunchuck-wielding martial artist who helps Reggie save Mike after her best friend is killed in front of her eyes. She has a love-hate relationship with Reggie due to his obvious attraction towards her. Later in Phantasm V, she is seen as a member of the resistance fighting for Earth.","title":"Cast and crew"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"road movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_movie"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Stephen King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_King"},{"link_name":"'Salem's Lot'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Salem%27s_Lot"},{"link_name":"Universal Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Studios"},{"link_name":"Greg Nicotero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Nicotero"},{"link_name":"Robert Kurtzman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kurtzman"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-savlov-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fortean-3"},{"link_name":"Phantasm IV: Oblivion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantasm_IV:_Oblivion"},{"link_name":"Fangoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fangoria"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"New Line Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Line_Cinema"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Dread Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dread_Central"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phantasm5-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phantasm5-7"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"The story idea for the original film came to Don Coscarelli in a dream; one night, in his late teens, he dreamed of fleeing down endlessly long marble corridors, pursued by a chrome sphere intent on penetrating his skull with a wicked needle. There was also a quite futuristic \"sphere dispenser\" out of which the orbs would emerge and begin chasing him.Originally writer-director Don Coscarelli considered the first film's ending to be conclusive and did not feel knowledgeable about writing a sequel, but Coscarelli had what he described as a breakthrough when he realized that he could start the film immediately after the previous film's final scene. He also added a road movie element in how Reggie and Mike combat the Tall Man, after which he described the process as straightforward.[1] Coscarelli has later revealed that some elements of this movie were influenced by Stephen King, especially a few aspects of his novel 'Salem's Lot'. For instance, the end of the novel, when the characters go out on the road chasing down vampires, gave him the \"road movie\" idea of Mike and Reggie chasing The Tall Man.Universal Studios, who took an interest in the film because they wanted a horror series, allocated three million dollars; this was the lowest budget of any of their films in the 1980s, but it was the highest budget of any Phantasm film. Greg Nicotero and Robert Kurtzman, later of K.N.B. EFX, were recruited for special effects.[2] The studio exerted much control over the film, and they did not allow Coscarelli to include any dream sequences or ambiguity.[3] The executives also wanted to recast both A. Michael Baldwin and Reggie Bannister because they were unknown and had been out of the movie business since the release of the first movie. Don Coscarelli resisted their efforts and was forced to audition A. Michael Baldwin and Reggie Bannister for the opportunity to reprise their roles. In the end, his efforts won him a concession: he was allowed to keep one of the two, but had to replace the other; Coscarelli chose to keep Bannister and cast James Le Gros in Baldwin's place. After the mild box-office results of Phantasm II (1988), Universal Studios chose not to personally pursue a sequel but did offer to distribute it should Don Coscarelli and associates make it themselves.With no casting restrictions this time, Coscarelli offered the role of Mike to his original performer, A. Michael Baldwin, who returned to the role after almost 16 years in Phantasm III: Lord of the Dead.Roger Avary, a self-confessed hardcore fan of the Phantasm series, wrote an epic screenplay originally called \"Phantasm 1999 A.D.\" as a follow-up to Phantasm III: Lord of the Dead (1994). It was set in a post-apocalyptic near future, featuring Bruce Campbell as a co-star. As the time passed and they couldn't get the budget needed (around $10 million) Don Coscarelli wrote and directed a fourth installment titled Phantasm IV: Oblivion as a precursor to the project, that was conveniently re-titled \"Phantasm 2012 A.D.\" before renaming the planned film as “Phantasm's End.” Ultimately, when the financing for such an ambitious sequel couldn't be secured, the idea was scrapped altogether.In 2004, six years after the release of Phantasm IV: Oblivion, series director Don Coscarelli told Fangoria, \"I'd also still like to do another Phantasm film. Reggie Bannister and Angus Scrimm are still in great shape and raring to go.\"[4]In March 2005, Coscarelli was in the final stages of talks with New Line Cinema to produce a new entry. Reportedly, the new film was \"being developed as a relaunch and as a possible trilogy about Mike's coming of age.\"[5] This version never came to fruition.Rumors about a sequel were reignited in June 2007 by footage contained in Don Coscarelli's Farewell to the Alamo Drafthouse, featuring Angus Scrimm and A. Michael Baldwin in their roles. In an interview, Reggie Bannister stated there was no activity or development of a fifth film but that anything was possible in the future.[6]In June 2012, rumors again surfaced that Coscarelli would begin a new Phantasm sequel. According to a report on Dread Central, the script was completed and filming would begin later in the year.[7] Coscarelli disputed this claim, publicly stating, \"I have no solid news to report on a new project now.\"[7] The director, however, was being coy with film news sites. According to what Coscarelli and new co-writer-director David Hartman told Entertainment Weekly, the film was shot secretly[8] in and around southern California during 2012 and 2013.[9]On March 26, 2014, news of Ravager's completion was released via various film news sites. The next day, a trailer debuted on the film's official site.[10] In a 2014 \"sneak peek\" video preview on the official Phantasm website, director Hartman mentioned in quick passing, \"This thing is going to be in the can 2015... for sure.\"[11] By October 2015, Ravager was completed and awaited a distributor.[12][13]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Halloween","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"A Nightmare on Elm Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Nightmare_on_Elm_Street_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"Hellraiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellraiser_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"Scream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scream_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"Friday the 13th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday_the_13th_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"The Texas Chainsaw Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Texas_Chainsaw_Massacre_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"Saw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saw_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"cult following","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_following"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Box office performance","text":"When comparing Phantasm films to other major horror franchises such as Halloween, A Nightmare on Elm Street, Hellraiser, Scream, Friday the 13th, The Texas Chainsaw Massacre, and Saw, it is one of the lowest grossing horror films but has gained a cult following.[citation needed]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Miller, Donna Marie (2016-04-14). \"Phantasm: Remastering a Classic\". Creative Screenwriting. Retrieved 2016-04-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://creativescreenwriting.com/phantasm-remastering-a-classic/","url_text":"\"Phantasm: Remastering a Classic\""}]},{"reference":"Savlov, Marc (2000-03-31). \"Sphere of Influence\". Austin Chronicle. Retrieved 2013-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austinchronicle.com/screens/2000-03-31/76665/","url_text":"\"Sphere of Influence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Chronicle","url_text":"Austin Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"Sutton, David (2006). \"Don Coscarelli\". Fortean Times. Archived from the original on 2013-11-05. Retrieved 2013-08-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131105114832/http://www.forteantimes.com/features/interviews/116/don_coscarelli.html","url_text":"\"Don Coscarelli\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortean_Times","url_text":"Fortean Times"},{"url":"http://www.forteantimes.com/features/interviews/116/don_coscarelli.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Don Coscarelli talks BUBBA sequel possibilities\". Fangoria.com. 2004-05-11. Archived from the original on 2004-06-03. Retrieved 2014-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040603043907/http://fangoria.com/news_article.php?id=2323","url_text":"\"Don Coscarelli talks BUBBA sequel possibilities\""},{"url":"http://fangoria.com/news_article.php?id=2323","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'Phantasm' in New Line's airspace\". Hollywoodreporter.com. 2005-03-10. Archived from the original on 2006-01-09. Retrieved 2014-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060109120415/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr/film/brief_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000835831","url_text":"\"'Phantasm' in New Line's airspace\""},{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr/film/brief_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000835831","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Blog » Blog Archive » Don Coscarelli's Farewell To The Alamo Drafthouse\". Phantasm.com. 2007-07-01. Retrieved 2013-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phantasm.com/secrets/?p=33","url_text":"\"Blog » Blog Archive » Don Coscarelli's Farewell To The Alamo Drafthouse\""}]},{"reference":"\"UPDATED: Is Don Coscarelli Finally Gearing Up For 'Phantasm 5'? Nope!\". Bloody-disgusting.com. 2012-06-06. Retrieved 2014-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://bloody-disgusting.com/news/3146849/is-don-coscarelli-finally-gearing-up-for-phantasm-5/","url_text":"\"UPDATED: Is Don Coscarelli Finally Gearing Up For 'Phantasm 5'? Nope!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hot Teaser Trailer: 'Phantasm V: Ravager'\". Ddeadline.com. 2014-03-26. Retrieved 2014-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deadline.com/2014/03/video-phantasm-5-ravager-trailer/","url_text":"\"Hot Teaser Trailer: 'Phantasm V: Ravager'\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Phantasm: Ravager' cast details and teaser trailer – EXCLUSIVE VIDEO\". Ew.com. 2014-03-27. Retrieved 2014-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://insidemovies.ew.com/2014/03/27/phantasm-5-ravager-trailer-exclusive/","url_text":"\"'Phantasm: Ravager' cast details and teaser trailer – EXCLUSIVE VIDEO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Phantasm V: Ravager\". Phantasm.com. 2014-03-26. Retrieved 2014-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phantasm.com/","url_text":"\"Phantasm V: Ravager\""}]},{"reference":"\"Phantasm V: Ravager\". Phantasm.com. 2014-03-26. Archived from the original on 2015-02-12. Retrieved 2015-02-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150212231403/http://phantasm.com/secrets/","url_text":"\"Phantasm V: Ravager\""},{"url":"http://phantasm.com/secrets/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Phantasm Ravager Delayed to 2016\". phantasmarchives.blogspot.com. 2015-09-13. Retrieved 2015-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://phantasmarchives.blogspot.com/2015/09/phantasm-ravager-delayed-to-2106.html","url_text":"\"Phantasm Ravager Delayed to 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"News: Phantasm Ravager is Finished\". phantasmarchives.blogspot.com. 2 October 2015. Retrieved 2015-10-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://phantasmarchives.blogspot.com/2015/10/news-phantasm-ravager-is-finished.html","url_text":"\"News: Phantasm Ravager is Finished\""}]},{"reference":"\"Phantasm (1979)\". Box Office Mojo. 1979-06-01. Retrieved 2017-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=phantasm.htm","url_text":"\"Phantasm (1979)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"}]},{"reference":"\"Box office / business for Phantasm II (1988)\". IMDb.com. Retrieved 2017-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0095863/business?ref_=tt_dt_bus","url_text":"\"Box office / business for Phantasm II (1988)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Phantasm II (1988)\". Box Office Mojo. 1988-08-02. Retrieved 2017-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=phantasm2.htm","url_text":"\"Phantasm II (1988)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"}]},{"reference":"\"Box office / business for Phantasm III: Lord of the Dead (1994)\". IMDb.com. Retrieved 2017-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0110823/business?ref_=tt_dt_bus","url_text":"\"Box office / business for Phantasm III: Lord of the Dead (1994)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Phantasm IV: Oblivion (1998)\". IMDb.com. Retrieved 2017-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0138703/","url_text":"\"Phantasm IV: Oblivion (1998)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://creativescreenwriting.com/phantasm-remastering-a-classic/","external_links_name":"\"Phantasm: Remastering a Classic\""},{"Link":"http://www.austinchronicle.com/screens/2000-03-31/76665/","external_links_name":"\"Sphere of Influence\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131105114832/http://www.forteantimes.com/features/interviews/116/don_coscarelli.html","external_links_name":"\"Don Coscarelli\""},{"Link":"http://www.forteantimes.com/features/interviews/116/don_coscarelli.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040603043907/http://fangoria.com/news_article.php?id=2323","external_links_name":"\"Don Coscarelli talks BUBBA sequel possibilities\""},{"Link":"http://fangoria.com/news_article.php?id=2323","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060109120415/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr/film/brief_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000835831","external_links_name":"\"'Phantasm' in New Line's airspace\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr/film/brief_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000835831","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.phantasm.com/secrets/?p=33","external_links_name":"\"Blog » Blog Archive » Don Coscarelli's Farewell To The Alamo Drafthouse\""},{"Link":"https://bloody-disgusting.com/news/3146849/is-don-coscarelli-finally-gearing-up-for-phantasm-5/","external_links_name":"\"UPDATED: Is Don Coscarelli Finally Gearing Up For 'Phantasm 5'? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrill_Pye | Merrill Pye | ["1 Selected filmography","2 References","3 External links"] | American art director
Merrill PyeBorn(1902-08-14)August 14, 1902DiedNovember 17, 1975(1975-11-17) (aged 73)Hollywood, CaliforniaOccupationArt directorYears active1925-1971
Merrill Pye (August 14, 1902 – November 17, 1975) was an American art director. He was nominated for an Academy Award in the category Best Art Direction for the film North by Northwest.
Selected filmography
North by Northwest (1959)
Bombshell (1933)
Freaks (1932)
References
^ "The 32nd Academy Awards (1960) Nominees and Winners". Retrieved May 22, 2019.
External links
Merrill Pye at IMDb
Merrill Pye at AllMovie
Merrill Pye at Find a Grave
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
This article about an American art director is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"art director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_director"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Art Direction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Production_Design"},{"link_name":"North by Northwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_by_Northwest"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oscars1960-1"}],"text":"Merrill Pye (August 14, 1902 – November 17, 1975) was an American art director. He was nominated for an Academy Award in the category Best Art Direction for the film North by Northwest.[1]","title":"Merrill Pye"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North by Northwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_by_Northwest"},{"link_name":"Bombshell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombshell_(1933_film)"},{"link_name":"Freaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freaks_(1932_film)"}],"text":"North by Northwest (1959)\nBombshell (1933)\nFreaks (1932)","title":"Selected filmography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"The 32nd Academy Awards (1960) Nominees and Winners\". Retrieved May 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1960","url_text":"\"The 32nd Academy Awards (1960) Nominees and Winners\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1960","external_links_name":"\"The 32nd Academy Awards (1960) Nominees and Winners\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0701442/","external_links_name":"Merrill Pye"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/artist/p107250","external_links_name":"Merrill Pye"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/18359","external_links_name":"Merrill Pye"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/315533959","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJh8KJxGtV6wdr8MR46HYP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2010177952","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merrill_Pye&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bubble_(disambiguation) | Double bubble | ["1 Mathematics and computer science","2 Biology and medicine","3 Music and entertainment","4 Other","5 See also"] | Double bubble may refer to:
Mathematics and computer science
Double bubble theorem, that the minimum surface surrounding two given volumes is formed by three spherical patches meeting at a common circle, and the "standard double bubble", the name for this surface
Double bubble map, a graphical information visualization technique
Double bubble sort, a variation of the bubble sort algorithm
Biology and medicine
Double bubble (radiology), a symptom of a bowel obstruction formed by two air-filled bubbles in the abdomen
Double bubble mint, a plant native to the southwestern US
Music and entertainment
"Double Bubble", a track on jazz-fusion music album Southern Comfort (The Crusaders album)
"Double Bubble", an episode of British medical television drama Holby City (series 14).
"Double Bubble", an episode of animated television series The Little Mermaid
"Double Bubble", an episode of American medical television drama Trapper John, M.D.
Double Bubble (2008), a hip hop/electronic dance music album by Stereo MCs
"The Double Bubble Duchess", one of the songs in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (musical)
"Double Bubble Trouble", a song by M.I.A.
"Double Bubble", a short story by Alistair Fruish, included in his novel Kiss My ASBO
Other
Double bubble roof, a design feature of Zagato automobiles and some aircraft
Dubble Bubble bubble gum
Double Bubble, a commonly-offered bonus payout in Bingo in the United Kingdom
Double Bubble, a style of Reebok Freestyle shoes
The Aurora D8 aeroplane concept, nicknamed the "double bubble" for its shape
Double bubble nebula, in astronomy, planetary nebula NGC 2371-2 in Gemini
See also
Double-double (disambiguation)
Fermi bubble, a large double bubble structure of plasma above and below the plane of the Milky Way galaxy.
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Double bubble.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Double bubble"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Double bubble theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bubble_theorem"},{"link_name":"Double bubble map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bubble_map"},{"link_name":"Double bubble sort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bubble_sort"}],"text":"Double bubble theorem, that the minimum surface surrounding two given volumes is formed by three spherical patches meeting at a common circle, and the \"standard double bubble\", the name for this surface\nDouble bubble map, a graphical information visualization technique\nDouble bubble sort, a variation of the bubble sort algorithm","title":"Mathematics and computer science"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Double bubble (radiology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bubble_(radiology)"},{"link_name":"Double bubble mint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bubble_mint"}],"text":"Double bubble (radiology), a symptom of a bowel obstruction formed by two air-filled bubbles in the abdomen\nDouble bubble mint, a plant native to the southwestern US","title":"Biology and medicine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southern Comfort (The Crusaders album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Comfort_(The_Crusaders_album)"},{"link_name":"Holby City (series 14)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holby_City_(series_14)"},{"link_name":"The Little Mermaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Little_Mermaid_episodes"},{"link_name":"Trapper John, M.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Trapper_John,_M.D._episodes"},{"link_name":"Stereo MCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereo_MCs"},{"link_name":"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (musical)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_and_the_Chocolate_Factory_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Double Bubble Trouble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Bubble_Trouble"},{"link_name":"Alistair Fruish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alistair_Fruish"}],"text":"\"Double Bubble\", a track on jazz-fusion music album Southern Comfort (The Crusaders album)\n\"Double Bubble\", an episode of British medical television drama Holby City (series 14).\n\"Double Bubble\", an episode of animated television series The Little Mermaid\n\"Double Bubble\", an episode of American medical television drama Trapper John, M.D.\nDouble Bubble (2008), a hip hop/electronic dance music album by Stereo MCs\n\"The Double Bubble Duchess\", one of the songs in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (musical)\n\"Double Bubble Trouble\", a song by M.I.A.\n\"Double Bubble\", a short story by Alistair Fruish, included in his novel Kiss My ASBO","title":"Music and entertainment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zagato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagato"},{"link_name":"Dubble Bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubble_Bubble"},{"link_name":"Bingo in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingo_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Reebok Freestyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reebok_Freestyle"},{"link_name":"Aurora D8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_D8"},{"link_name":"Double bubble nebula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bubble_nebula"}],"text":"Double bubble roof, a design feature of Zagato automobiles and some aircraft\nDubble Bubble bubble gum\nDouble Bubble, a commonly-offered bonus payout in Bingo in the United Kingdom\nDouble Bubble, a style of Reebok Freestyle shoes\nThe Aurora D8 aeroplane concept, nicknamed the \"double bubble\" for its shape\nDouble bubble nebula, in astronomy, planetary nebula NGC 2371-2 in Gemini","title":"Other"}] | [] | [{"title":"Double-double (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-double_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Fermi bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi_bubble"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Double_bubble&namespace=0"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Double_bubble&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham_Saracens_RFC | Cheltenham Saracens RFC | ["1 Club history","1.1 Early years","1.2 Decline and rise","2 Charity Sevens Tournament","3 Senior squads","3.1 Current first team","3.2 Current second team","3.3 Committee","3.4 Coaching staff","4 Club honours","5 Notable former players"] | This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Cheltenham Saracens RFC" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Rugby teamCheltenham Saracens RFCFull nameCheltenham Saracens Rugby Football ClubUnionGloucestershire RFUNickname(s)"The Sarries"Founded1975; 49 years ago (1975)LocationCheltenham, Gloucestershire, EnglandGround(s)King George V Playing Field, Brooklyn Road.Chairman Jimmy O'SheaPresident Roger HarrisCoach(es) Gareth EvansMost caps Andrei HangerLeague(s)Gloucester Premier2019–208th
Team kit
Official websitecheltenhamsaracensrugby.com
Cheltenham Saracens RFC is an English rugby union club based in the town of Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, affiliated to Gloucestershire Rugby Football Union. The club's First Team currently play in Gloucester Premier, while their reserve teams play in the Gloucestershire Merit Leagues. The club also runs an under 14's squad.
Club history
Early years
The club was founded in 1975 after Cheltenham Colts Old Boys RFC joined the Cheltenham Saracens Sports Complex, a multi-sports organisation that fielded teams in other sports, such as football and cricket. The original club was based at the multi-sports organisation but played their home matches at King George V Playing Fields in Cheltenham which had previously been used for field hockey. The original kit consisted of blue jerseys with a yellow hoop, black shorts and blue socks, however alternative kits involving a royal blue and yellow quarters as well as black with red hoops on the sleeves were also used during the club's history. The first Chairman of Cheltenham Saracens RFC was Harry Attwood and centre, Tony Pates, was named first captain.
Decline and rise
Results slowly declined and many players drifted away from the club in search for match time at a higher level, heading to bigger clubs such as Cheltenham Rugby Football Club. After relegation from Gloucester 1 in 2003-04, the club was on the verge of collapse and was offered little support for their umbrella organisation leading to a discussion between those still attached to the club debating whether to leave.
Eventually, the decision was made to move the club away from the multi-sports complex, based in the centre of Cheltenham, and after securing a lease from Cheltenham Borough Council, converted the office space above the club's changing rooms into a clubhouse composing of a kitchen, bar, a club lounge area and toilets.
The move saw a rise in the club's fortunes as they were crowned league champions of Gloucester 2 in 2010-2012 losing only two matches all season, losing out 12-17 to Old Cryptians and 37-22 to St. Brendan's Old Boys. The Sarries ended up beating Newent RFC by five points, as the club started to attract a new number of players.
The 2011-12 season saw Saracens First XV struggle to adapt to the new standard of rugby as they beat fellow-promoted club Newent 17-3 on the opening day only to lose 30-6 away to Painswick RFC and followed that by a one-point win over Ross-on-Wye RFC, 11-10. The club's results bounced between win and loss until a run of four games undefeated, from January to March, saw them climb to a top half position and remain there despite a few losses close to the end of the season. However the season provided a good stead for the reserve teams with both putting together good form in their respective Merit tables which culminated with the Sarries 2nd XV lifting the Cheltenham Combination Junior Cup for the first time in 20 years as they beat Old Patesians RFC 3rd XV 17-14 after being 0-14 down at half time.
2012-2013 saw the Sarries First XV lose only two matches in the opening months as they ground out small margin wins against seasoned Gloucester 1 clubs. Their promotion efforts were hampered at the start of January with a big loss to eventual league winners Newent RFC and a draw with midtable Old Colstonians saw them drop off the pace. Any chance of promotion was stopped after three losses back to back as the club suffered injuries to a few key players. The reserve teams continued their fine form from the previous season as both teams managed to secure promotion from their Merit leagues and both teams reach the final of the Cheltenham Combination cups but fail to secure any silverware as the Second XV lost out to Old Patesians RFC 3rds in a replay of the previous year and the Third XV lost out to Smiths in the Minor Shield.
Despite losing on the opening day of the 2013-14 season to Longlevens RFC, the club eventually achieved promotion from Gloucester 1 for the first time in its history as the club soared with a number of new young recruits. They maintained their early good form until the start of November 2 when they lost 13-20 at home to Old Richians rfc. Following this club's form was shaky, but a strong run into the end of the campaign including a 93-0 home win over Kingswood RFC set up a must-win match against fellow promotion chasers Longlevens on the last day of the season. Despite a promising start to the match, Longlevens managed to grab the win 45-38 which saw the Sarries achieve promotion in second behind Bream RFC as they secured two bonus points. The Sarries also performed with their reserve teams as both teams won their respective Merit tables for a second time in a row. The Sarries First XV capitalised on their league performances to capture the Cheltenham Combination Senior Cup for the first time in 30 years, picking up a win over a strong Old Patesians RFC team, however the Sarries reserve teams were unable to secure the Junior Cup or Minor Shield.
The Sarries opened their Gloucester Premier campaign coming out second best against Stroud RFC but picked up a bonus point. Their first home match as a Level 8 club saw them face local rivals Tewkesbury RFC and pick up a 65-5 win. This was followed by two more wins over Forest of Dean clubs Berry Hill RFC and Bream RFC before losing to Whitehall in mid-October, who would eventually go on to secure the playoff place above the Sarries on the last day of the season. The Sarries then went on a long win of runs, not losing a match until January 17 which saw them go into the New Year's break on top of the league. The club would continue to sit in promotion contention until a 22-22 draw with St. Mary's Old Boys RFC followed by a loss to Stroud on the last day saw Stroud win the league and Whitehall RFC secure the second place as the Sarries finished third in their first season as a level eight club. The Cheltenham Combination Cup saw the Sarries lift the Senior Cup again against the Old Pats. Once again, the reserve teams were unable to add Combination Cup silverware to the Sarries' trophy cabinet.
Cheltenham Combination Senior Cup Champions 2016 The St. Mark's based club started their 2015-16 at home against fellow Saracens club, Bristol Saracens. Despite a competitive start, the Bristol side proved too much for the Cheltenham Sarries, eventually running in a 22-53 win. The club's early form was unstable as they bounced between wins and losses which left them sitting midtable before a good run of form from late-October until mid-December saw them push higher up the league. The club's form remained patchy after the New Year's break with a mixed bag of results throughout the early months of 2016. Despite a late fightback, including wins over St. Mary's Old Boys and Cirencester, a 12-10 away loss to league champions Bristol Saracens saw them unable to continue to challenge for promotion. Sarries continued their history-making run, picking up their first ever first team competition win over Cheltenham RFC, winning 21-36 in the Cheltenham Combination Cup Senior Cup first round on April 12. The club found itself put through to the final following a disagreement on the date of the Combination Senior Cup semi-final with Old Patesians RFC. Saracens advanced to face local rivals Cheltenham North RFC in the final on 7 May, which they would win in dominant fashion 38-14 despite being 0-14 down after five minutes.
The club opened the 2016/17 season with two pre-season trial matches. The first was a loss against Newport Saracens while the second was a win over Beaconsfield. The competitive campaign was launched away at St. Mary's Old Boys RFC in the Gloucestershire Senior Vase quarter final, which saw Saracens lose 12-5. The Gloucester Premier campaign started the following weekend with a victory over Longlevens. This was followed by a dominant win over North Bristol at King George V. The next round of games saw them lose away at Old Richians RFC but they returned to winning ways the next couple of weeks against Barts rugby and Berry Hill.
The club was set to host local rivals Cheltenham North RFC on the club's Old Boys Day, but were handed a win as a walkover as the North were unable to field a team.
November saw the Sarries travel back to Trench Lane to face St. Mary's Old Boys, coming out on the losing end of a 30-24 result.
Charity Sevens Tournament
In 2013, the club held its first rugby sevens event since becoming independent. The club had previous history of sevens after taking part in the now defunct British Saracens' Sevens.
Senior squads
Current first team
2015–16
Note: Flags indicate national union under World Rugby eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-World Rugby nationality.
Player
Position
Union
Aaron Connolly
Hooker
Ireland
Kierran White
Prop
England
David Fitzharris
Prop
England
Ashley Cresswell
Lock
England
Gareth Rogers
Lock
Wales
Shaun Meheran
Flanker
England
Liam Cooper
Flanker
England
James McMahon
Number 8
England
Adam Geering
Number 8
England
Jack Medcroft
Scrum-half
England
James Butler
Fly-half
England
Jack Lawrenson
Centre
England
Jonah Manu
Centre
Fiji
Edward Hampshire
Centre
England
Luke Morgan
Centre
England
Jack Kerr
Fullback
Scotland
Christopher Plumb
Fly-half
England|}
Current second team
2015–16
Note: Flags indicate national union under World Rugby eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-World Rugby nationality.
Player
Position
Union
Chris Windley
Hooker
England
Edward Morane
Hooker
England
Russell Morrison
Prop
England
Mark Waring
Prop
England
Ryan White
Prop
England
John Welsh
Lock
England
Adrian Clarke
Lock
England
Dean Hobbs
Lock
England
Peter Lodge
Lock
England
Harry Beaver
Flanker
England
Wayne Hospon
Flanker
England
Richard Coleman
Number 8
Wales
Rickey O'Neill
Number 8
England
Louis Gilbert
Scrum-half
England
Marcus Latchford
Fly-half
England
Craig Hopson
Centre
England
Harry Lodge
Centre
England
Martin Prosser
Centre
England
Lloyd Arkell
Wing
England
Jake Townsend
Wing
England
Carl Stevenson
Wing
England
Connor Anderson
Wing
England
Bradley Hearn
Wing
England
Connor McDaid
Fullback
Ireland
Gabriel Kim
Fullback
Canada
Committee
President: Roger Harris
Chairman: Eddie Walsh
Vice Chairman: Jimmy O'Shea
Club Secretary: John Bradley
Membership Secretary: Iain bell
Committee Member: Joe White
Committee Member: Shaun Meheran
Committee Member: Russell Thomas Morrison
Committee Member: Terry Beaver
Coaching staff
First Team Manager: Jimmy O'Shea
Head Coach: James Butler
Second Team Manager: Adrian Clarke
Under 14's: Adrian Clarke, Aidan Shearer, Buster Mazoweic, Mark Collier, George Efthymiou.
Physiotherapist: Edmore Moyo
Club honours
Gloucester 1:
Runner-up: 2013-2014
Gloucester 2:
Winners (2): 2002-2003, 2010-2011
Cheltenham Combination Senior Cup:
Winners (5): 1974*, 1984, 2014, 2015, 2016
*As Cheltenham Colts Old Boys RFC
Cheltenham Combination Junior Cup:
Winners (3): 1982, 1990, 2012
Runner-up: 2013
Cheltenham Combination Minor Shield:
Runner-up: 2013
Notable former players
Tony Pates
Timmy Pates
Sylvie Donoghue
Andrei Hanger
Eddie Walsh
Terry Beaver
Jimmy O'Shea
Fabio Nicosia
Nick Hanby | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Cheltenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire Rugby Football Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire_Rugby_Football_Union"},{"link_name":"Gloucester Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester_Premier"}],"text":"Rugby teamCheltenham Saracens RFC is an English rugby union club based in the town of Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, affiliated to Gloucestershire Rugby Football Union. The club's First Team currently play in Gloucester Premier, while their reserve teams play in the Gloucestershire Merit Leagues. The club also runs an under 14's squad.","title":"Cheltenham Saracens RFC"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"The club was founded in 1975 after Cheltenham Colts Old Boys RFC joined the Cheltenham Saracens Sports Complex, a multi-sports organisation that fielded teams in other sports, such as football and cricket. The original club was based at the multi-sports organisation but played their home matches at King George V Playing Fields in Cheltenham which had previously been used for field hockey. The original kit consisted of blue jerseys with a yellow hoop, black shorts and blue socks, however alternative kits involving a royal blue and yellow quarters as well as black with red hoops on the sleeves were also used during the club's history. The first Chairman of Cheltenham Saracens RFC was Harry Attwood and centre, Tony Pates, was named first captain.","title":"Club history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cheltenham Rugby Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheltenham_Rugby_Football_Club&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gloucester 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester_1"},{"link_name":"Cheltenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham"},{"link_name":"Gloucester 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester_2"},{"link_name":"Old Cryptians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Cryptians&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Newent RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newent_RFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Painswick RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Painswick_RFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ross-on-Wye RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ross-on-Wye_RFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cheltenham Combination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheltenham_Combination&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Old Patesians RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Patesians_RFC"},{"link_name":"Old Patesians RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Patesians_RFC"},{"link_name":"Smiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smiths_Group"},{"link_name":"Longlevens RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longlevens_RFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gloucester 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester_1"},{"link_name":"Old Richians rfc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Richians_rfc&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kingswood RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingswood_RFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bream RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bream_RFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Old Patesians RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Patesians_RFC"},{"link_name":"Gloucester Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester_Premier"},{"link_name":"Stroud RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stroud_RFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tewkesbury RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tewkesbury_RFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sarries_Cup_2016.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cheltenham RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheltenham_RFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cheltenham Combination Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheltenham_Combination_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Old Patesians RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Patesians_RFC"}],"sub_title":"Decline and rise","text":"Results slowly declined and many players drifted away from the club in search for match time at a higher level, heading to bigger clubs such as Cheltenham Rugby Football Club. After relegation from Gloucester 1 in 2003-04, the club was on the verge of collapse and was offered little support for their umbrella organisation leading to a discussion between those still attached to the club debating whether to leave. \nEventually, the decision was made to move the club away from the multi-sports complex, based in the centre of Cheltenham, and after securing a lease from Cheltenham Borough Council, converted the office space above the club's changing rooms into a clubhouse composing of a kitchen, bar, a club lounge area and toilets.\nThe move saw a rise in the club's fortunes as they were crowned league champions of Gloucester 2 in 2010-2012 losing only two matches all season, losing out 12-17 to Old Cryptians and 37-22 to St. Brendan's Old Boys. The Sarries ended up beating Newent RFC by five points, as the club started to attract a new number of players.The 2011-12 season saw Saracens First XV struggle to adapt to the new standard of rugby as they beat fellow-promoted club Newent 17-3 on the opening day only to lose 30-6 away to Painswick RFC and followed that by a one-point win over Ross-on-Wye RFC, 11-10. The club's results bounced between win and loss until a run of four games undefeated, from January to March, saw them climb to a top half position and remain there despite a few losses close to the end of the season. However the season provided a good stead for the reserve teams with both putting together good form in their respective Merit tables which culminated with the Sarries 2nd XV lifting the Cheltenham Combination Junior Cup for the first time in 20 years as they beat Old Patesians RFC 3rd XV 17-14 after being 0-14 down at half time.2012-2013 saw the Sarries First XV lose only two matches in the opening months as they ground out small margin wins against seasoned Gloucester 1 clubs. Their promotion efforts were hampered at the start of January with a big loss to eventual league winners Newent RFC and a draw with midtable Old Colstonians saw them drop off the pace. Any chance of promotion was stopped after three losses back to back as the club suffered injuries to a few key players. The reserve teams continued their fine form from the previous season as both teams managed to secure promotion from their Merit leagues and both teams reach the final of the Cheltenham Combination cups but fail to secure any silverware as the Second XV lost out to Old Patesians RFC 3rds in a replay of the previous year and the Third XV lost out to Smiths in the Minor Shield.Despite losing on the opening day of the 2013-14 season to Longlevens RFC, the club eventually achieved promotion from Gloucester 1 for the first time in its history as the club soared with a number of new young recruits. They maintained their early good form until the start of November 2 when they lost 13-20 at home to Old Richians rfc. Following this club's form was shaky, but a strong run into the end of the campaign including a 93-0 home win over Kingswood RFC set up a must-win match against fellow promotion chasers Longlevens on the last day of the season. Despite a promising start to the match, Longlevens managed to grab the win 45-38 which saw the Sarries achieve promotion in second behind Bream RFC as they secured two bonus points. The Sarries also performed with their reserve teams as both teams won their respective Merit tables for a second time in a row. The Sarries First XV capitalised on their league performances to capture the Cheltenham Combination Senior Cup for the first time in 30 years, picking up a win over a strong Old Patesians RFC team, however the Sarries reserve teams were unable to secure the Junior Cup or Minor Shield.The Sarries opened their Gloucester Premier campaign coming out second best against Stroud RFC but picked up a bonus point. Their first home match as a Level 8 club saw them face local rivals Tewkesbury RFC and pick up a 65-5 win. This was followed by two more wins over Forest of Dean clubs Berry Hill RFC and Bream RFC before losing to Whitehall in mid-October, who would eventually go on to secure the playoff place above the Sarries on the last day of the season. The Sarries then went on a long win of runs, not losing a match until January 17 which saw them go into the New Year's break on top of the league. The club would continue to sit in promotion contention until a 22-22 draw with St. Mary's Old Boys RFC followed by a loss to Stroud on the last day saw Stroud win the league and Whitehall RFC secure the second place as the Sarries finished third in their first season as a level eight club. The Cheltenham Combination Cup saw the Sarries lift the Senior Cup again against the Old Pats. Once again, the reserve teams were unable to add Combination Cup silverware to the Sarries' trophy cabinet.Cheltenham Combination Senior Cup Champions 2016The St. Mark's based club started their 2015-16 at home against fellow Saracens club, Bristol Saracens. Despite a competitive start, the Bristol side proved too much for the Cheltenham Sarries, eventually running in a 22-53 win. The club's early form was unstable as they bounced between wins and losses which left them sitting midtable before a good run of form from late-October until mid-December saw them push higher up the league. The club's form remained patchy after the New Year's break with a mixed bag of results throughout the early months of 2016. Despite a late fightback, including wins over St. Mary's Old Boys and Cirencester, a 12-10 away loss to league champions Bristol Saracens saw them unable to continue to challenge for promotion. Sarries continued their history-making run, picking up their first ever first team competition win over Cheltenham RFC, winning 21-36 in the Cheltenham Combination Cup Senior Cup first round on April 12. The club found itself put through to the final following a disagreement on the date of the Combination Senior Cup semi-final with Old Patesians RFC. Saracens advanced to face local rivals Cheltenham North RFC in the final on 7 May, which they would win in dominant fashion 38-14 despite being 0-14 down after five minutes.The club opened the 2016/17 season with two pre-season trial matches. The first was a loss against Newport Saracens while the second was a win over Beaconsfield. The competitive campaign was launched away at St. Mary's Old Boys RFC in the Gloucestershire Senior Vase quarter final, which saw Saracens lose 12-5. The Gloucester Premier campaign started the following weekend with a victory over Longlevens. This was followed by a dominant win over North Bristol at King George V. The next round of games saw them lose away at Old Richians RFC but they returned to winning ways the next couple of weeks against Barts rugby and Berry Hill.\nThe club was set to host local rivals Cheltenham North RFC on the club's Old Boys Day, but were handed a win as a walkover as the North were unable to field a team. \nNovember saw the Sarries travel back to Trench Lane to face St. Mary's Old Boys, coming out on the losing end of a 30-24 result.","title":"Club history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby sevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_sevens"}],"text":"In 2013, the club held its first rugby sevens event since becoming independent. The club had previous history of sevens after taking part in the now defunct British Saracens' Sevens.","title":"Charity Sevens Tournament"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Senior squads"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Rugby"}],"sub_title":"Current first team","text":"2015–16\nNote: Flags indicate national union under World Rugby eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-World Rugby nationality.","title":"Senior squads"}] | [{"image_text":"Cheltenham Combination Senior Cup Champions 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sarries_Cup_2016.jpg/220px-Sarries_Cup_2016.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cheltenham+Saracens+RFC%22","external_links_name":"\"Cheltenham Saracens RFC\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cheltenham+Saracens+RFC%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cheltenham+Saracens+RFC%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cheltenham+Saracens+RFC%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cheltenham+Saracens+RFC%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cheltenham+Saracens+RFC%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://cheltenhamsaracensrugby.com/","external_links_name":"cheltenhamsaracensrugby.com"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/137P/Shoemaker%E2%80%93Levy | List of numbered comets | ["1 List","2 Multiples","2.1 51P/Harrington","2.2 57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte","2.3 73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann","2.4 101P/Chernykh","2.5 128P/Shoemaker–Holt","2.6 141P/Machholz","2.7 205P/Giacobini","2.8 213P/Van Ness","2.9 332P/Ikeya–Murakami","3 See also","4 References"] | This is a list of periodic comets that were numbered by the Minor Planet Center after having been observed on at least two occasions. Their orbital periods vary from 3.2 to 366 years. As of October 2023 there are 471 numbered comets (1P–471P). There are 405 Jupiter-family comets (JFCs), 38 Encke-type comets (ETCs), 14 Halley-type comets (HTCs), five Chiron-type comets (CTCs), and one long-period comet (153P). 75 bodies are also near-Earth comets (NECs). In addition, eight numbered comets are principally classified as minor planets – five main-belt comets, two centaurs (CEN), and one Apollo asteroid – and display characteristics of both an asteroid and a comet.
Occasionally, comets will break up into multiple chunks, as volatiles coming off the comet and rotational forces may cause it to break into two or more pieces. An extreme example of this is 73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann, which broke into over 50 pieces during its 1995 perihelion.
For a larger list of periodic Jupiter-family and Halley-type comets including unnumbered bodies, see list of periodic comets.
List
Comet designation
Discoverer(s) or namesake(s)
Period(years)
e
a(AU)
i(°)
Abs. mag (M1)
Class
NEC
Ref
1P/Halley
E. Halley
75.91
0.9679
17.928
162.19
5.5
HTC
✓
MPC · JPL
2P/Encke
J. Encke
3.30
0.8483
2.215
11.78
15.6
ETC
✓
MPC · JPL
3D/Biela
W. Biela
6.65
0.7513
3.535
13.22
7.1
JFC
✓
JPL
4P/Faye
Faye
7.40
0.5845
3.798
8.16
11.0
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
5D/Brorsen
T. Brorsen
5.46
0.8098
3.101
29.38
8.3
JFC
✓
JPL
6P/d'Arrest
H. d'Arrest
6.54
0.6127
3.497
19.51
15.9
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
7P/Pons–Winnecke
J.-L. PonsF. Winnecke
6.32
0.6376
3.419
22.33
16.0
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
8P/Tuttle
H. Tuttle
13.61
0.8198
5.700
54.98
14.6
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
9P/Tempel(Tempel 1)
W. Tempel
5.58
0.5098
3.146
10.47
12.8
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
10P/Tempel(Tempel 2)
W. Tempel
5.37
0.5363
3.065
12.03
14.3
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR
W. TempelL. SwiftLINEAR
5.96
0.5774
3.289
14.44
15.2
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
12P/Pons–Brooks
J.-L. PonsW. Brooks
71.20
0.9545
17.178
74.19
5.0
HTC
✓
MPC · JPL
13P/Olbers
H. Olbers
68.70
0.9306
16.774
44.65
4.3
HTC
✓
MPC · JPL
14P/Wolf
M. F. Wolf
8.75
0.3575
4.247
27.94
15.6
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
15P/Finlay
W. Finlay
6.52
0.7202
3.490
6.80
14.9
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
16P/Brooks(Brooks 2)
W. Brooks
6.20
0.5690
3.375
4.31
12.2
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
17P/Holmes
E. Holmes
6.91
0.4302
3.626
19.07
9.4
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
18D/Perrine–Mrkos
PerrineA. Mrkos
6.72
0.6426
3.560
17.76
11.5
JFC
✓
JPL
19P/Borrelly
A. Borrelly
6.85
0.6379
3.607
29.32
9.8
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
20D/Westphal
J. Westphal
61.87
0.9198
15.642
40.89
8.8
HTC
✓
JPL
21P/Giacobini–Zinner
M. GiacobiniE. Zinner
6.55
0.7105
3.500
32.00
13.1
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
22P/Kopff
A. Kopff
6.39
0.5486
3.444
4.74
11.9
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
23P/Brorsen–Metcalf
T. BrorsenJ. H. Metcalf
70.52
0.9720
17.069
19.33
7.8
HTC
✓
MPC · JPL
24P/Schaumasse
A. Schaumasse
8.26
0.7048
4.086
11.73
12.0
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
25D/Neujmin(Neujmin 2)
G. N. Neujmin
5.43
0.5668
3.089
10.64
12.5
JFC
–
JPL
26P/Grigg–Skjellerup
J. GriggJ. Skjellerup
5.30
0.6339
3.038
22.41
16.8
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
27P/Crommelin
A. Crommelin
27.42
0.9193
9.093
29.22
12.7
HTC
✓
MPC · JPL
28P/Neujmin(Neujmin 1)
G. N. Neujmin
18.45
0.7736
6.982
14.31
13.2
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann(Schwassmann-Wachmann 1)
A. SchwassmannA. Wachmann
14.87
0.0448
6.047
9.36
10.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
30P/Reinmuth(Reinmuth 1)
K. Reinmuth
7.33
0.5018
3.774
8.13
13.7
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
31P/Schwassmann–Wachmann(Schwassmann–Wachmann 2)
A. SchwassmannA. Wachmann
8.74
0.1930
4.243
4.55
7.2
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
32P/Comas Solà
J. Comas Solà
9.56
0.5560
4.506
9.97
10.6
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
33P/Daniel
Z. Daniel
8.09
0.4624
4.030
22.39
15.4
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
34D/Gale
W. Gale
11.01
0.7607
4.944
11.73
10.5
JFC
✓
JPL
35P/Herschel–Rigollet
C. HerschelR. Rigollet
155.11
0.9741
28.844
64.21
8.3
HTC
✓
MPC · JPL
36P/Whipple
F. L. Whipple
8.50
0.2582
4.165
9.94
10.5
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
37P/Forbes
A. Forbes
6.42
0.5345
3.456
8.96
11.5
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
38P/Stephan–Oterma
E. StephanL. Oterma
37.93
0.8593
11.289
18.35
11.5
HTC
–
MPC · JPL
39P/Oterma
L. Oterma
20.13
0.2293
7.399
1.47
7.1
CTC
–
MPC · JPL
40P/Väisälä(Väisälä 1)
Y. Väisälä
10.98
0.6316
4.940
11.49
11.7
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
41P/Tuttle–Giacobini–Kresák
H. P. TuttleM. GiacobiniL. Kresák
5.42
0.6613
3.085
9.23
16.9
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
42P/Neujmin(Neujmin 3)
G. N. Neujmin
10.77
0.5842
4.876
3.98
13.2
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
43P/Wolf–Harrington
M. F. WolfR. Harrington
6.13
0.5949
3.350
15.97
8.6
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
44P/Reinmuth(Reinmuth 2)
K. Reinmuth
7.09
0.4262
3.691
5.90
14.4
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
45P/Honda–Mrkos–Pajdušáková
M. HondaA. MrkosL. Pajdušáková
5.26
0.8240
3.026
4.25
13.7
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
46P/Wirtanen
C. A. Wirtanen
5.44
0.6588
3.093
11.75
16.6
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
47P/Ashbrook–Jackson
J. AshbrookC. Jackson
8.34
0.3188
4.114
13.05
12.0
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
48P/Johnson
E. L. Johnson
6.95
0.3678
3.642
13.66
9.8
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
49P/Arend–Rigaux
S. ArendF. Rigaux
6.72
0.6003
3.563
19.05
14.3
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
50P/Arend
S. Arend
8.27
0.5300
4.088
19.16
13.8
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
51P/Harrington
R. G. Harrington
7.15
0.5420
3.710
5.42
18.6
JFC
–
MPC · JPLlist
52P/Harrington–Abell
R. G. HarringtonG. Abell
7.58
0.5401
3.859
10.23
11.8
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
53P/Van Biesbroeck
G. Van Biesbroeck
12.56
0.5511
5.405
6.61
10.0
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT
F. de VicoE. SwiftNEAT
7.38
0.4270
3.790
6.07
13.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
55P/Tempel–Tuttle
W. TempelH. P. Tuttle
33.24
0.9056
10.338
162.49
10.0
HTC
✓
MPC · JPL
56P/Slaughter–Burnham
C. SlaughterR. Burnham
11.47
0.5073
5.086
8.15
9.3
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte
D. du ToitG. N. NeujminE. Delporte
6.41
0.4998
3.450
2.85
15.8
JFC
–
MPC · JPLlist
58P/Jackson–Neujmin
C. JacksonG. N. Neujmin
8.25
0.6626
4.083
13.11
9.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
59P/Kearns–Kwee
C. KearnsK. Kwee
9.52
0.4764
4.491
9.34
10.4
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
60P/Tsuchinshan(Tsuchinshan 2)
Tsuchinshan
6.58
0.5385
3.510
3.61
9.3
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
61P/Shajn–Schaldach
P. F. ShajnR. D. Schaldach
7.06
0.4255
3.680
6.01
13.9
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
62P/Tsuchinshan(Tsuchinshan 1)
Tsuchinshan
6.37
0.5974
3.437
9.71
8.2
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
63P/Wild(Wild 1)
P. Wild
13.21
0.6509
5.588
19.78
6.5
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
64P/Swift–Gehrels
L. A. SwiftT. Gehrels
9.41
0.6873
4.456
8.95
14.5
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
65P/Gunn
J. E. Gunn
7.64
0.2500
3.880
9.19
10.5
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
66P/du Toit
D. du Toit
14.78
0.7866
6.023
18.67
15.7
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
K. ChuryumovS. Gerasimenko
6.44
0.6409
3.462
7.04
12.9
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
68P/Klemola
A. R. Klemola
10.84
0.6403
4.899
11.18
11.2
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
69P/Taylor
C. Taylor
7.67
0.4136
3.889
22.04
17.3
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
70P/Kojima
N. Kojima
7.04
0.4540
3.675
6.60
12.2
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
71P/Clark
M. Clark
5.56
0.4945
3.139
9.44
11.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
72P/Denning–Fujikawa
W. DenningS. Fujikawa
9.04
0.8194
4.340
9.17
17.6
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann (Schwassmann-Wachmann 3)
A. SchwassmannA. Wachmann
5.44
0.6855
3.091
11.24
14.3
JFC
✓
MPC · JPLlist
74P/Smirnova–Chernykh
T. SmirnovaN. S. Chernykh
8.50
0.1477
4.166
6.65
6.8
ETC
–
MPC · JPL
75D/Kohoutek
L. Kohoutek
6.67
0.4963
3.543
5.91
10.5
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
76P/West–Kohoutek–Ikemura
R. M. WestL. KohoutekT. Ikemura
6.47
0.5384
3.471
30.48
15.4
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
77P/Longmore
A. Longmore
6.87
0.3542
3.612
24.34
9.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
78P/Gehrels(Gehrels 2)
T. Gehrels
7.22
0.4616
3.736
6.25
9.0
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
79P/du Toit–Hartley
D. du ToitM. Hartley
5.28
0.5941
3.031
2.89
17.4
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
80P/Peters–Hartley
C. H. F. PetersM. Hartley
8.07
0.5994
4.023
29.93
11.8
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
81P/Wild(Wild 2)
P. Wild
6.41
0.5375
3.450
3.24
9.8
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
82P/Gehrels(Gehrels 3)
T. Gehrels
8.41
0.1233
4.135
1.13
7.6
ETC
–
MPC · JPL
83D/Russell(Russell 1)
K. S. Russell
6.10
0.5172
3.338
22.66
14.0
JFC
–
JPL
84P/Giclas
H. Giclas
6.95
0.4945
3.641
7.28
14.2
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
85D/Boethin
L. Boethin
11.81
0.7812
5.185
4.30
–
JFC
✓
JPL
86P/Wild(Wild 3)
P. Wild
6.85
0.3722
3.605
15.47
17.2
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
87P/Bus
S. J. Bus
6.38
0.3893
3.441
2.60
12.7
ETC
–
MPC · JPL
88P/Howell
E. Howell
5.48
0.5631
3.109
4.38
12.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
89P/Russell(Russell 2)
K. S. Russell
7.26
0.4080
3.751
12.08
11.2
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
90P/Gehrels(Gehrels 1)
T. Gehrels
14.95
0.5098
6.069
9.64
7.0
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
91P/Russell(Russell 3)
K. S.Russell
7.67
0.3302
3.890
14.09
7.7
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
92P/Sanguin
J. Sanguin
12.40
0.6593
5.358
19.44
11.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
93P/Lovas (Lovas 1)
M. Lovas
9.20
0.6127
4.389
12.20
12.5
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
94P/Russell(Russell 4)
K. S. Russell
6.58
0.3641
3.511
6.18
13.4
ETC
–
MPC · JPL
95P/Chiron(2060 Chiron)
C. T. Kowal
50.78
0.3764
13.713
6.92
5.6
CEN/CTC
–
MPC · JPL
96P/Machholz(Machholz 1)
D. Machholz
5.29
0.9592
3.035
58.14
13.6
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
97P/Metcalf–Brewington
J. H. MetcalfH. Brewington
10.52
0.4569
4.800
17.86
15.2
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
98P/Takamizawa
K. Takamizawa
7.42
0.5606
3.806
10.55
14.6
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
99P/Kowal(Kowal 1)
C. T. Kowal
15.20
0.2296
6.136
4.34
6.7
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
100P/Hartley(Hartley 1)
M. Hartley
6.35
0.4138
3.428
25.58
10.0
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
101P/Chernykh
N. S. Chernykh
13.90
0.5978
5.782
5.03
13.7
JFC
–
MPC · JPLlist
102P/Shoemaker(Shoemaker 1)
C. & E. Shoemaker
7.22
0.4732
3.737
26.24
16.2
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
103P/Hartley(Hartley 2)
M. Hartley
6.48
0.6938
3.475
13.61
16.3
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
104P/Kowal(Kowal 2)
C. T. Kowal
5.74
0.6655
3.208
5.70
14.6
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
105P/Singer Brewster
S. Singer-Brewster
6.47
0.4093
3.472
9.17
13.8
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
106P/Schuster
H.-E. Schuster
7.27
0.5895
3.754
20.20
11.2
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
107P/Wilson–Harrington(4015 Wilson–Harrington)
E. F. HelinA. G. WilsonR. Harrington
4.25
0.6316
2.625
2.80
–
Apollo, NEO, PHA
✓
MPC · JPL
108P/Ciffréo
J. Ciffréo
6.95
0.5810
3.642
13.98
10.9
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
109P/Swift–Tuttle
L. SwiftH. P. Tuttle
133.28
0.9632
26.092
113.45
4.5
HTC
✓
MPC · JPL
110P/Hartley(Hartley 3)
M. Hartley
6.84
0.3163
3.604
11.70
4.3
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
111P/Helin–Roman–Crockett
E. F. HelinB. RomanR. Crockett
8.49
0.1096
4.160
4.23
8.4
ETC
–
MPC · JPL
112P/Urata–Niijima
T. UrataT. Niijima
6.65
0.5875
3.536
24.20
14.5
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
113P/Spitaler
R. Spitaler
7.06
0.4245
3.682
5.78
14.3
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
114P/Wiseman–Skiff
J. WisemanB. A. Skiff
6.67
0.5545
3.545
18.27
13.9
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
115P/Maury
A. Maury
8.83
0.5183
4.271
11.67
13.0
JFC
–
JPL
116P/Wild(Wild 4)
P. Wild
6.50
0.3723
3.484
3.61
7.6
ETC
–
MPC · JPL
117P/Helin–Roman–Alu(Helin–Roman–Alu 1)
E. F. HelinB. RomanJ. T. Alu
8.28
0.2547
4.092
8.70
6.5
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
118P/Shoemaker–Levy(Shoemaker–Levy 4)
C. & E. ShoemakerD. H. Levy
6.16
0.4549
3.359
10.10
12.3
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
119P/Parker–Hartley
Q. A. ParkerM. Hartley
8.90
0.2954
4.294
5.18
9.6
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
120P/Mueller(Mueller 1)
J. E. Mueller
8.41
0.3365
4.136
8.79
6.6
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
121P/Shoemaker–Holt(Shoemaker–Holt 2)
C. & E. ShoemakerH. E. Holt
8.05
0.3399
4.016
17.74
6.0
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
122P/de Vico
F. de Vico
74.35
0.9627
17.681
85.38
7.5
HTC
✓
MPC · JPL
123P/West–Hartley
R. M. WestM. Hartley
7.59
0.4493
3.861
15.35
8.2
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
124P/Mrkos
A. Mrkos
6.04
0.5039
3.316
31.53
16.4
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
125P/Spacewatch
Spacewatch
5.53
0.5120
3.126
9.99
12.6
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
126P/IRAS
IRAS
13.40
0.6958
5.643
45.84
12.6
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
127P/Holt–Olmstead
H. E. HoltC. M. Olmstead
6.41
0.3607
3.451
14.30
10.5
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
128P/Shoemaker–Holt (Shoemaker–Holt 1)
C. & E. ShoemakerH. E. Holt
9.56
0.3220
4.505
4.36
6.8
JFC
–
MPC · JPLlist
129P/Shoemaker–Levy(Shoemaker–Levy 3)
C. & E. ShoemakerD. H. Levy
9.02
0.0970
4.332
3.44
14.3
ETC
–
MPC · JPL
130P/McNaught–Hughes
R. H. McNaughtS. Hughes
6.66
0.4075
3.541
7.31
13.0
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
131P/Mueller(Mueller 2)
J. E. Mueller
7.06
0.3430
3.680
7.36
8.6
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
132P/Helin–Roman–Alu(Helin–Roman–Alu 2)
E. F. HelinP. RomanJ. T. Alu
7.66
0.5647
3.886
5.38
10.2
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
133P/Elst–Pizarro(7968 Elst–Pizarro)
E. W. ElstG. Pizarro
5.63
0.1562
3.165
1.39
–
MBA-O
–
MPC · JPL
134P/Kowal–Vávrová
C. T. KowalZ. Vávrová
15.55
0.5872
6.229
4.35
5.3
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
135P/Shoemaker–Levy(Shoemaker–Levy 8)
C. & E. ShoemakerD. H. Levy
7.49
0.2902
3.828
6.05
7.0
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
136P/Mueller(Mueller 3)
J. E. Mueller
8.61
0.2916
4.201
9.42
7.2
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
137P/Shoemaker–Levy(Shoemaker–Levy 2)
C. & E. ShoemakerD. H. Levy
9.60
0.5721
4.518
4.85
15.4
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
138P/Shoemaker–Levy(Shoemaker–Levy 7)
C. & E. ShoemakerD. H. Levy
6.91
0.5295
3.628
10.08
16.7
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
139P/Väisälä–Oterma
Y. VäisäläL. Oterma
9.62
0.2475
4.522
2.33
7.2
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
140P/Bowell–Skiff
E. BowellB. A. Skiff
16.18
0.6918
6.397
3.84
11.5
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
141P/Machholz (Machholz 2)
D. Machholz
5.34
0.7367
3.055
13.98
17.3
JFC
✓
MPC · JPLlist
142P/Ge–Wang
Y. GeQ. Wang
11.09
0.4997
4.973
12.31
10.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
143P/Kowal–Mrkos
C. T. KowalA. Mrkos
8.91
0.4088
4.298
4.69
14.5
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
144P/Kushida
Y. Kushida
7.58
0.6304
3.858
4.13
8.6
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
145P/Shoemaker–Levy(Shoemaker–Levy 5)
C. & E. ShoemakerD. H. Levy
8.43
0.5410
4.143
11.26
13.4
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
146P/Shoemaker–LINEAR
C. & E. ShoemakerLINEAR
8.11
0.6467
4.036
23.09
13.5
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
147P/Kushida–Muramatsu
Y. KushidaO. Muramatsu
7.43
0.2760
3.807
2.37
4.5
ETC
–
MPC · JPL
148P/Anderson–LINEAR
J. AndersonLINEAR
7.05
0.5393
3.678
3.68
13.0
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
149P/Mueller(Mueller 4)
J. E. Mueller
9.00
0.3883
4.326
29.75
15.5
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
150P/LONEOS
LONEOS
7.67
0.5453
3.889
18.50
15.6
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
151P/Helin
E. F. Helin
13.99
0.5709
5.807
4.73
8.5
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
152P/Helin–Lawrence
E. F. HelinK. J. Lawrence
9.53
0.3070
4.495
9.87
12.6
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
153P/Ikeya–Zhang
K. IkeyaD. Zhang
365.50
0.9901
51.119
28.12
4.0
–
–
MPC · JPL
154P/Brewington
H. Brewington
10.79
0.6707
4.883
17.83
10.8
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
155P/Shoemaker(Shoemaker 3)
C. & E. Shoemaker
16.93
0.7261
6.594
6.40
10.0
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
156P/Russell–LINEAR
K. S. RussellLINEAR
6.44
0.6149
3.462
17.26
12.7
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
157P/Tritton
K. Tritton
6.17
0.6285
3.365
11.00
15.2
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
158P/Kowal–LINEAR
C. T. KowalLINEAR
10.26
0.0303
4.720
7.91
7.0
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
159P/LONEOS
LONEOS
14.19
0.3821
5.860
23.46
12.9
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
160P/LINEAR
LINEAR
7.90
0.4791
3.967
17.28
6.7
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
161P/Hartley–IRAS
M. HartleyIRAS
21.49
0.8351
7.730
95.70
11.5
HTC
✓
MPC · JPL
162P/Siding Spring
Siding Spring
5.33
0.5961
3.053
27.82
15.2
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
163P/NEAT
NEAT
7.06
0.4760
3.680
12.50
11.8
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
164P/Christensen
E. Christensen
7.00
0.5403
3.658
16.26
14.3
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
165P/LINEAR
LINEAR
76.69
0.6216
18.050
15.91
5.9
CTC
–
MPC · JPL
166P/NEAT
NEAT
51.73
0.3831
13.883
15.37
7.0
CTC
–
MPC · JPL
167P/CINEOS
CINEOS
64.86
0.2700
16.142
19.13
–
CTC
–
MPC · JPL
168P/Hergenrother
C. W. Hergenrother
6.90
0.6095
3.624
21.93
7.0
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
169P/NEAT
NEAT
4.21
0.7668
2.606
11.30
16.8
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
170P/Christensen
E. Christensen
8.60
0.3034
4.198
10.12
6.4
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
171P/Spahr
T. B. Spahr
6.71
0.5020
3.557
21.94
12.2
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
172P/Yeung
W. K. Y. Yeung
6.73
0.3713
3.563
12.69
14.8
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
173P/Mueller(Mueller 5)
J. E. Mueller
13.58
0.2614
5.691
16.51
12.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
174P/Echeclus(60558 Echeclus)
Spacewatch
35.25
0.4565
10.751
4.34
–
CEN
–
MPC · JPL
175P/Hergenrother
C. W. Hergenrother
6.52
0.4222
3.489
6.09
9.7
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
176P/LINEAR(118401 LINEAR)
LINEAR
5.71
0.1924
3.195
0.23
–
MBA-O
–
MPC · JPL
177P/Barnard
E. Barnard
119.82
0.9544
24.305
31.22
15.7
HTC
✓
MPC · JPL
178P/Hug–Bell
G. HugG. Bell
7.03
0.4730
3.669
10.98
13.6
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
179P/Jedicke
R. Jedicke
14.46
0.3075
5.935
19.85
6.9
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
180P/NEAT
NEAT
7.58
0.3549
3.859
16.87
7.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
181P/Shoemaker–Levy(Shoemaker–Levy 6)
C. & E. ShoemakerD. H. Levy
7.52
0.7073
3.839
16.98
16.3
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
182P/LONEOS
LONEOS
5.02
0.6663
2.931
16.91
20.8
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
183P/Korlević–Jurić
K. KorlevićM. Jurić
9.53
0.1350
4.494
18.74
13.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
184P/Lovas(Lovas 2)
M. Lovas
6.61
0.6043
3.522
1.55
18.4
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
185P/Petriew
V. Petriew
5.46
0.6989
3.100
14.00
13.6
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
186P/Garradd
G. Garradd
11.01
0.1268
4.950
28.54
6.5
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
187P/LINEAR
LINEAR
9.53
0.1732
4.494
13.66
7.3
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
188P/LINEAR–Mueller
LINEARJ. E. Mueller
9.18
0.4149
4.384
10.51
14.3
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
189P/NEAT
NEAT
4.98
0.5976
2.918
20.40
19.1
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
190P/Mueller
J. E. Mueller
8.73
0.5207
4.240
2.19
13.7
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
191P/McNaught
R. H. McNaught
6.64
0.4207
3.533
8.76
13.9
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
192P/Shoemaker–Levy(Shoemaker–Levy 1)
C. & E. ShoemakerD. H. Levy
16.44
0.7741
6.465
24.57
12.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
193P/LINEAR–NEAT
LINEARNEAT
6.76
0.3942
3.576
10.69
8.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
194P/LINEAR
LINEAR
8.00
0.5757
4.001
11.14
17.7
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
195P/Hill
R. Hill
16.49
0.3148
6.477
36.36
4.5
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
196P/Tichý
M. Tichý
7.33
0.4344
3.775
19.38
15.3
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
197P/LINEAR
LINEAR
4.86
0.6299
2.867
25.56
18.2
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
198P/ODAS
ODAS
6.78
0.4477
3.583
1.35
15.8
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
199P/Shoemaker(Shoemaker 4)
C. & E. Shoemaker
14.54
0.5080
5.957
24.74
7.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
200P/Larsen
J. A. Larsen
10.87
0.3332
4.908
12.12
7.0
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
201P/LONEOS
LONEOS
6.44
0.6129
3.461
7.04
13.0
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
202P/Scotti
J. V. Scotti
7.33
0.3303
3.773
2.19
16.2
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
203P/Korlević
K. Korlević
10.04
0.3160
4.654
2.97
13.0
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
204P/LINEAR–NEAT
LINEARNEAT
6.99
0.4722
3.656
6.59
15.2
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
205P/Giacobini
M. Giacobini
6.68
0.5669
3.547
15.29
14.0
JFC
–
MPC · JPLlist
206P/Barnard–Boattini
E. BarnardA. Boattini
5.81
0.6485
3.234
33.20
20.3
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
207P/NEAT
NEAT
7.65
0.7572
3.883
10.15
16.5
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
208P/McMillan
R. S. McMillan
8.13
0.3742
4.042
4.41
16.0
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
209P/LINEAR
LINEAR
5.03
0.6889
2.937
20.98
18.1
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
210P/Christensen
E. Christensen
5.66
0.8317
3.176
10.22
14.9
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
211P/Hill
R. Hill
6.72
0.3392
3.559
18.89
7.8
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
212P/NEAT
NEAT
7.79
0.5789
3.929
22.40
18.0
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
213P/Van Ness
M. E. Van Ness
6.12
0.4075
3.347
10.38
11.4
JFC
–
MPC · JPLlist
214P/LINEAR
LINEAR
6.84
0.4896
3.604
15.23
12.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
215P/NEAT
NEAT
9.00
0.2012
4.326
10.06
12.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
216P/LINEAR
LINEAR
7.65
0.4452
3.884
9.04
5.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
217P/LINEAR
LINEAR
7.83
0.6896
3.944
12.88
14.0
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
218P/LINEAR
LINEAR
6.11
0.4911
3.342
18.17
15.5
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
219P/LINEAR
LINEAR
6.97
0.3520
3.650
11.53
8.7
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
220P/McNaught
R. H. McNaught
5.49
0.5022
3.113
8.13
15.7
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
221P/LINEAR
LINEAR
6.47
0.4876
3.473
11.43
14.0
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
222P/LINEAR
LINEAR
4.83
0.7268
2.857
5.15
19.3
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
223P/Skiff
B. A. Skiff
8.45
0.4164
4.148
27.05
15.5
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
224P/LINEAR–NEAT
LINEARNEAT
6.15
0.4376
3.356
14.81
13.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
225P/LINEAR
LINEAR
6.99
0.6375
3.654
21.33
19.0
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
226P/Pigott–LINEAR–Kowalski
E. PigottLINEARR. A. Kowalski
7.32
0.5289
3.771
44.00
11.8
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
227P/Catalina–LINEAR
CSSLINEAR
6.80
0.4996
3.588
6.52
17.2
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
228P/LINEAR
LINEAR
8.51
0.1769
4.168
7.92
9.4
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
229P/Gibbs
A. Gibbs
7.79
0.3771
3.930
26.08
14.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
230P/LINEAR
LINEAR
6.27
0.5631
3.400
14.65
15.6
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
231P/LINEAR–NEAT
LINEARNEAT
8.08
0.2468
4.026
12.33
7.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
232P/Hill
R. Hill
9.50
0.3349
4.485
14.64
7.2
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
233P/La Sagra
LSSS
5.28
0.4106
3.034
11.28
18.7
ETC
–
MPC · JPL
234P/LINEAR
LINEAR
7.47
0.2512
3.820
11.51
7.4
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
235P/LINEAR
LINEAR
8.01
0.3134
4.002
8.89
7.3
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
236P/LINEAR
LINEAR
7.20
0.5086
3.728
16.33
14.9
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
237P/LINEAR
LINEAR
6.58
0.4344
3.512
14.02
6.4
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
238P/Read
M. T. Read
5.63
0.2517
3.166
1.26
8.3
ETC
–
MPC · JPL
239P/LINEAR
LINEAR
9.45
0.6314
4.470
11.31
15.3
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
240P/NEAT
NEAT
7.61
0.4498
3.868
23.52
11.8
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
241P/LINEAR
LINEAR
11.03
0.6099
4.954
20.87
14.3
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
242P/Spahr
T. B. Spahr
13.02
0.2808
5.534
32.51
6.8
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
243P/NEAT
NEAT
7.51
0.3597
3.836
7.63
10.4
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
244P/Scotti
J. V. Scotti
10.82
0.1990
4.892
2.26
7.0
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
245P/WISE
WISE
8.02
0.4661
4.008
21.09
17.4
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
246P/NEAT
NEAT
8.08
0.2851
4.028
15.97
6.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
247P/LINEAR
LINEAR
7.90
0.6256
3.965
13.68
17.9
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
248P/Gibbs
A. Gibbs
14.63
0.6412
5.982
6.37
16.0
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
249P/LINEAR
LINEAR
4.61
0.8187
2.770
8.40
18.4
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
250P/Larson
S. Larson
7.21
0.4074
3.733
13.30
15.6
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
251P/LINEAR
LINEAR
6.52
0.5098
3.491
23.51
9.5
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
252P/LINEAR
LINEAR
5.32
0.6731
3.047
10.42
16.4
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
253P/PANSTARRS
Pan-STARRS
6.47
0.4126
3.472
4.94
13.5
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
254P/McNaught
R. H. McNaught
9.92
0.3206
4.617
32.57
12.8
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
255P/Levy
D. H. Levy
5.26
0.6720
3.025
18.33
11.5
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
256P/LINEAR
LINEAR
9.97
0.4193
4.631
27.63
12.0
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
257P/Catalina
CSS
7.27
0.4324
3.754
20.24
15.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
258P/PANSTARRS
Pan-STARRS
9.24
0.2104
4.405
6.75
16.3
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
259P/Garradd
G. Garradd
4.50
0.3415
2.727
15.90
13.7
ETC
–
MPC · JPL
260P/McNaught
R. H. McNaught
7.05
0.5943
3.676
15.77
12.7
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
261P/Larson
S. Larson
6.81
0.3919
3.592
6.34
7.4
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
262P/McNaught–Russell
R. H. McNaughtK. S. Russell
18.26
0.8154
6.935
29.08
14.7
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
263P/Gibbs
A. Gibbs
5.35
0.5877
3.061
11.54
18.6
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
264P/Larsen
J. Larsen
7.68
0.3737
3.893
25.15
16.7
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
265P/LINEAR
LINEAR
8.77
0.6460
4.253
14.69
14.9
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
266P/Christensen
E. Christensen
6.64
0.3396
3.532
3.43
11.0
ETC
–
MPC · JPL
267P/LONEOS
LONEOS
5.97
0.5934
3.290
5.37
20.5
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
268P/Bernardi
F. Bernardi
9.61
0.4802
4.521
15.66
16.5
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
269P/Jedicke
R. Jedicke
19.37
0.4347
7.212
6.61
6.7
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
270P/Gehrels
T. Gehrels
17.54
0.4676
6.752
2.86
13.7
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
271P/van Houten–Lemmon
C. & I. van HoutenMLS
18.42
0.3907
6.974
6.86
7.2
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
272P/NEAT
NEAT
9.37
0.4565
4.446
18.19
10.7
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
273P/Pons–Gambart
J.-L. PonsJ.-F. Gambart
188.13
0.9753
32.832
136.40
11.3
HTC
✓
MPC · JPL
274P/Tombaugh–Tenagra
C. TombaughTenagra II Obs.
9.12
0.4397
4.364
15.83
11.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
275P/Hermann
S. Hermann
13.84
0.7139
5.765
21.57
15.5
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
276P/Vorobjov
T. Vorobjov
12.22
0.2764
5.306
14.82
13.8
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
277P/LINEAR
LINEAR
7.58
0.5038
3.858
16.75
11.8
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
278P/McNaught
R. H. McNaught
7.12
0.4334
3.700
6.68
12.6
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
279P/La Sagra
LSSS
6.76
0.3985
3.574
5.05
17.4
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
280P/Larsen
J. A. Larsen
9.59
0.4178
4.513
11.78
15.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
281P/MOSS
MOSS
10.70
0.1734
4.856
4.72
14.8
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
282P/2003 BM80 (unnamed)= (323137) 2003 BM80
LONEOS
8.72
0.1878
4.238
5.81
–
MBA-O
–
MPC · JPL
283P/Spacewatch
Spacewatch
8.41
0.4857
4.134
14.46
16.7
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
284P/McNaught
R. H. McNaught
7.04
0.3757
3.672
11.86
9.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
285P/LINEAR
LINEAR
9.58
0.6179
4.509
25.02
13.6
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
286P/Christensen
E. Christensen
8.35
0.4241
4.116
17.04
16.0
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
287P/Christensen
E. Christensen
8.54
0.2692
4.179
16.30
8.9
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
288P/2006 VW139 (unnamed)= (300163) 2006 VW139
Spacewatch
5.32
0.2004
3.048
3.24
–
MBA-O
–
MPC · JPL
289P/Blanpain
J.-J. Blanpain
5.31
0.6851
3.045
5.90
22.1
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
290P/Jäger
M. Jäger
15.08
0.6470
6.103
19.07
9.7
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
291P/NEAT
NEAT
9.71
0.4304
4.552
5.96
8.3
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
292P/Li
W. Li
15.20
0.5868
6.135
24.32
9.5
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
293P/Spacewatch
Spacewatch
6.94
0.4197
3.639
9.06
15.8
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
294P/LINEAR
LINEAR
5.71
0.5986
3.194
18.54
17.9
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
295P/LINEAR
LINEAR
12.36
0.6147
5.345
21.10
13.4
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
296P/Garradd
G. Garradd
6.56
0.4773
3.503
25.20
12.8
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
297P/Beshore
E. Beshore
6.50
0.3086
3.484
10.26
6.7
ETC
–
MPC · JPL
298P/Christensen
E. Christensen
6.52
0.4125
3.490
8.02
16.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
299P/Catalina–PANSTARRS
CSSPan-STARRS
9.16
0.2827
4.377
10.48
6.3
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
300P/Catalina
CSS
4.43
0.6917
2.699
5.68
16.8
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
301P/LINEAR–NEAT
LINEARNEAT
13.56
0.5874
5.687
10.62
10.9
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
302P/Lemmon–PANSTARRS
MLSPan-STARRS
8.86
0.2287
4.281
6.03
11.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
303P/NEAT
NEAT
11.43
0.5104
5.075
7.07
16.2
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
304P/Ory
M. Ory
5.84
0.5742
3.244
2.76
15.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
305P/Skiff
B. A. Skiff
9.93
0.6961
4.621
11.52
16.4
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
306P/LINEAR
LINEAR
5.47
0.5983
3.104
8.36
19.4
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
307P/LINEAR
LINEAR
13.99
0.6747
5.807
4.42
13.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
308P/Lagerkvist–Carsenty
C.-I. LagerkvistU. Carsenty
17.24
0.3623
6.674
4.84
14.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
309P/LINEAR
LINEAR
9.39
0.6070
4.450
17.66
15.8
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
310P/Hill
R. Hill
8.49
0.4260
4.163
13.19
12.5
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
311P/PANSTARRS
Pan-STARRS
3.24
0.1158
2.189
4.97
18.9
ETC
–
MPC · JPL
312P/NEAT
NEAT
6.43
0.4301
3.459
19.79
16.9
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
313P/Gibbs
A. Gibbs
5.60
0.2417
3.154
10.97
16.7
ETC
–
MPC · JPL
314P/Montani
J. Montani
19.62
0.4160
7.275
3.98
12.6
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
315P/LONEOS
LONEOS
11.26
0.5163
5.023
17.91
10.4
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
316P/LONEOS–Christensen
LONEOSE. Christensen
9.00
0.1665
4.328
9.88
14.4
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
317P/WISE
WISE
5.08
0.5802
2.957
11.96
19.5
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
318P/McNaught–Hartley
R. H. McNaughtM. Hartley
20.66
0.6752
7.530
17.89
9.6
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
319P/Catalina–McNaught
CSSR. H. McNaught
6.75
0.6650
3.573
15.07
17.0
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
320P/McNaught
R. H.McNaught
5.47
0.6824
3.103
4.89
19.6
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
321P/SOHO
SOHO
3.78
0.9807
2.427
19.74
–
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
322P/SOHO
SOHO
3.99
0.9787
2.516
12.59
19.0
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
323P/SOHO
SOHO
4.15
0.9848
2.582
5.37
23.6
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
324P/La Sagra
LSSS
5.44
0.1538
3.094
21.42
7.5
ETC
–
MPC · JPL
325P/Yang–Gao
R. YangX. Gao
6.29
0.6241
3.406
16.32
15.5
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
326P/Hill
R. Hill
8.22
0.3174
4.072
2.47
15.5
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
327P/Van Ness
M. E. Van Ness
6.73
0.5628
3.563
36.24
14.8
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
328P/LONEOS–Tucker
LONEOSR. A. Tucker
8.59
0.5519
4.195
17.71
7.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
329P/LINEAR–Catalina
LINEARCSS
11.82
0.6801
5.189
21.47
8.9
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
330P/Catalina
CSS
16.92
0.5493
6.590
15.55
10.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
331P/Gibbs
A. Gibbs
5.21
0.0416
3.005
9.74
16.6
ETC
–
MPC · JPL
332P/Ikeya–Murakami
K. IkeyaS. Murakami
5.42
0.4886
3.087
9.38
5.2
ETC
–
MPC · JPLlist
333P/LINEAR
LINEAR
8.68
0.7359
4.224
131.88
15.0
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
334P/NEAT
NEAT
16.53
0.3545
6.488
19.06
6.5
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
335P/Gibbs
A. Gibbs
6.80
0.5435
3.588
7.28
17.0
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
336P/McNaught
R. H. McNaught
10.56
0.4529
4.813
18.56
8.2
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
337P/WISE
WISE
5.96
0.4969
3.288
15.37
15.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
338P/McNaught
R. H. McNaught
7.70
0.4112
3.900
25.37
14.9
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
339P/Gibbs
A. Gibbs
7.05
0.6398
3.676
5.75
12.3
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
340P/Boattini
A. Boattini
8.72
0.2809
4.237
2.08
15.2
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
341P/Gibbs
A. Gibbs
8.89
0.4145
4.293
3.80
15.5
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
342P/SOHO
SOHO
5.31
0.9826
3.043
13.27
–
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
343P/NEAT–LONEOS
NEATLONEOS
12.81
0.5842
5.475
5.58
6.0
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
344P/Read
M. T. Read
10.80
0.4220
4.887
3.48
5.3
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
345P/LINEAR
LINEAR
8.13
0.2194
4.043
2.72
12.4
ETC
–
MPC · JPL
346P/Catalina
CSS
9.49
0.5039
4.482
22.17
13.9
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
347P/PANSTARRS
Pan-STARRS
6.86
0.3843
3.611
11.75
17.3
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
348P/PANSTARRS
Pan-STARRS
5.64
0.3017
3.169
17.57
17.6
ETC
–
MPC · JPL
349P/Lemmon
MLS
6.74
0.3005
3.568
5.50
7.5
ETC
–
MPC · JPL
350P/McNaught
R. H. McNaught
8.32
0.0869
4.105
7.36
11.2
ETC
–
MPC · JPL
351P/Wiegert–PANSTARRS
P. WiegertPan-STARRS
9.32
0.2951
4.428
12.79
12.3
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
352P/Skiff
B. A. Skiff
16.95
0.6177
6.598
21.06
10.9
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
353P/McNaught
R. H. McNaught
8.50
0.4694
4.164
28.42
8.5
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
354P/LINEAR
LINEAR
3.46
0.1250
2.290
5.26
15.5
ETC
–
MPC · JPL
355P/LINEAR–NEAT
LINEARNEAT
6.47
0.5081
3.472
11.04
12.9
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
356P/WISE
WISE
8.49
0.3540
4.163
9.63
7.4
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
357P/Hill
R. Hill
9.39
0.4355
4.450
6.33
5.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
358P/PANSTARRS
Pan-STARRS
5.59
0.2377
3.150
11.06
7.7
ETC
–
MPC · JPL
359P/LONEOS
LONEOS
9.97
0.3225
4.631
10.26
14.8
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
360P/WISE
WISE
7.13
0.4973
3.703
24.08
18.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
361P/Spacewatch
Spacewatch
11.00
0.4379
4.946
13.88
4.6
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
362P/2008 GO98 (unnamed)= (457175) 2008 GO98
Spacewatch
7.92
0.2787
3.973
15.56
–
MBA-O
–
MPC · JPL
363P/Lemmon
MLS
6.28
0.5577
3.405
3.97
18.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
364P/PANSTARRS
Pan-STARRS
4.88
0.7226
2.878
12.15
17.4
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
365P/PANSTARRS
Pan-STARRS
5.69
0.5733
3.186
9.84
17.0
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
366P/Spacewatch
Spacewatch
6.55
0.3474
3.501
8.85
13.1
ETC
–
MPC · JPL
367P/Catalina
CSS
6.58
0.2799
3.511
8.46
14.3
ETC
–
MPC · JPL
368P/NEAT
NEAT
12.91
0.6285
5.504
15.45
14.6
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
369P/Hill
R. Hill
9.18
0.5546
4.385
10.32
15.9
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
370P/NEAT
NEAT
16.41
0.6122
6.459
19.37
7.2
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
371P/LINEAR–Skiff
LINEARB. A. Skiff
8.50
0.4780
4.164
17.41
4.3
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
372P/McNaught
R. H. McNaught
9.53
0.1535
4.494
9.52
7.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
373P/Rinner
C. Rinner
7.41
0.3937
3.802
13.77
6.0
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
374P/Larson
S. Larson
11.08
0.4625
4.969
10.79
7.4
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
375P/Hill
R. Hill
13.13
0.6600
5.567
17.37
16.7
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
376P/LONEOS
LONEOS
14.17
0.5147
5.857
1.19
9.5
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
377P/Scotti
J. V. Scotti
17.45
0.2515
6.728
9.02
12.3
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
378P/McNaught
R. H. McNaught
15.96
0.4670
6.340
19.11
12.3
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
379P/Spacewatch
Spacewatch
6.63
0.3365
3.529
12.38
10.8
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
380P/PANSTARRS
Pan-STARRS
9.63
0.3264
4.528
8.23
7.6
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
381P/LINEAR–Spacewatch
LINEARSpacewatch
19.01
0.6795
7.123
28.46
13.6
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
382P/Larson
S. Larson
14.89
0.2762
6.052
7.87
7.0
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
383P/Christensen
E. Christensen
6.54
0.6114
3.497
11.87
18.6
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
384P/Kowalski
R. A. Kowalski
4.96
0.6154
2.908
7.29
20.0
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
385P/Hill
R. Hill
8.84
0.4023
4.275
16.86
7.4
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
386P/PANSTARRS
Pan-STARRS
8.16
0.4178
4.052
15.24
13.5
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
387P/Boattini
A. Boattini
10.51
0.7360
4.799
8.90
14.2
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
388P/Gibbs
A. Gibbs
11.99
0.6189
5.239
23.88
10.9
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
389P/Siding Spring
Siding Spring
13.32
0.7047
5.620
160.07
14.3
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
390P/Gibbs
A. Gibbs
14.00
0.7058
5.810
18.52
12.2
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
391P/Kowalski
R. A. Kowalski
10.13
0.1198
4.680
21.27
9.9
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
392P/LINEAR
LINEAR
15.27
0.6825
6.156
4.94
16.4
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
393P/Spacewatch–Hill
SpacewatchR. Hill
10.43
0.1196
4.774
16.81
7.6
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
394P/PANSTARRS
Pan-STARRS
9.04
0.3693
4.339
8.53
16.9
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
395P/Catalina–NEAT
CSSNEAT
16.88
0.3821
6.579
3.28
9.9
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
396P/Leonard
G. Leonard
17.90
0.4178
6.842
5.43
15.7
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
397P/Lemmon
MLS
7.59
0.3999
3.862
11.03
15.5
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
398P/Boattini
A. Boattini
5.53
0.5826
3.128
11.02
15.3
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
399P/PANSTARRS
Pan-STARRS
7.44
0.4419
3.812
13.35
15.9
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
400P/PANSTARRS
Pan-STARRS
6.72
0.4090
3.560
10.93
13.7
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
401P/McNaught
R. H. McNaught
13.58
0.5820
5.693
12.87
10.8
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
402P/LINEAR
LINEAR
18.44
0.4388
6.979
30.89
6.3
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
403P/Catalina
CSS
12.58
0.5037
5.408
12.32
7.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
404P/Bressi
T. Bressi
11.65
0.0950
5.140
9.82
13.4
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
405P/Lemmon
MLS
6.85
0.6891
3.607
9.37
18.8
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
406P/Gibbs
A. Gibbs
6.38
0.5740
3.440
1.43
16.7
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
407P/PANSTARRS–Fuls
Pan-STARRSD. Fuls
6.42
0.3850
3.455
4.90
7.2
ETC
–
MPC · JPL
408P/Novichonok–Gerke
A. NovichonokV. Gerke
10.49
0.2697
4.791
19.22
6.8
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
409P/LONEOS–Hill
LONEOSR. Hill
14.89
0.7107
6.053
17.14
14.2
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
410P/NEAT–LINEAR
NEATLINEAR
17.08
0.5104
6.632
9.39
15.2
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
411P/Christensen
E. Christensen
13.99
0.5820
5.807
12.39
14.7
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
412P/WISE
WISE
5.48
0.4809
3.107
8.94
15.2
ETC
–
MPC · JPL
413P/Larson
S. Larson
7.16
0.4238
3.714
15.98
13.9
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
414P/STEREO
STEREO
4.67
0.8117
2.795
23.38
16.0
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
415P/Tenagra
Tenagra Obs.
8.35
0.1952
4.115
31.79
7.4
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
416P/Scotti
J. V. Scotti
8.02
0.4557
4.005
3.37
16.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
417P/NEOWISE
NEOWISE
6.13
0.5546
3.350
8.13
17.5
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
418P/LINEAR
LINEAR
11.52
0.6637
5.102
5.78
13.9
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
419P/PANSTARRS
Pan-STARRS
6.61
0.2785
3.523
2.80
7.2
ETC
–
MPC · JPL
420P/Hill
R. Hill
12.98
0.4946
5.522
14.44
14.3
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
421P/McNaught
R. H. McNaught
11.45
0.6754
5.080
10.09
13.7
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
422P/Christensen
E. Christensen
15.67
0.5061
6.261
39.59
7.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
423P/Lemmon
MLS
15.28
0.1201
6.158
8.35
13.8
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
424P/La Sagra
LSSS
9.23
0.6928
4.401
8.64
17.8
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
425P/Kowalski
R. A. Kowalski
15.97
0.5424
6.340
16.43
7.2
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
426P/PANSTARRS
Pan-STARRS
5.69
0.1607
3.188
17.77
17.3
ETC
–
MPC · JPL
427P/ATLAS
ATLAS
5.65
0.3130
3.171
11.85
10.7
ETC
–
MPC · JPL
428P/Gibbs
A. Gibbs
6.50
0.5190
3.483
8.51
11.7
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
429P/LINEAR–Hill
LINEARR. Hill
6.53
0.5067
3.492
7.75
12.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
430P/Scotti
J. V. Scotti
5.48
0.4997
3.107
4.47
16.9
ETC
–
MPC · JPL
431P/Scotti
J. V. Scotti
6.39
0.4879
3.442
22.67
12.0
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
432P/PANSTARRS
Pan-STARRS
5.29
0.2425
3.037
10.07
18.4
ETC
–
MPC · JPL
433P/2005 QN173 (unnamed)= (248370) 2005 QN173
NEAT
5.37
0.2252
3.065
0.07
–
MBA-O
–
MPC · JPL
434P/Tenagra
Tenagra II Obs.
8.45
0.2715
4.150
6.32
9.2
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
435P/PANSTARRS
Pan-STARRS
5.24
0.3186
3.018
18.89
18.8
ETC
–
MPC · JPL
436P/Garradd
G. Garradd
14.19
0.6718
5.862
20.21
11.3
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
437P/PANSTARRS
Pan-STARRS
9.74
0.2523
4.560
3.69
7.7
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
438P/Christensen
E. Christensen
7.48
0.4220
3.825
8.34
17.8
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
439P/LINEAR
LINEAR
6.16
0.5098
3.359
6.96
12.4
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
440P/Kobayashi
T. Kobayashi
25.07
0.7611
8.567
12.38
7.4
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
441P/PANSTARRS
Pan-STARRS
8.40
0.1951
4.134
2.57
16.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
442P/McNaught
R. H. McNaught
11.08
0.5316
4.971
6.05
10.6
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
443P/PANSTARRS-Christensen
Pan-STARRSE. Christensen
8.40
0.2845
4.132
19.89
6.4
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
444P/WISE-PANSTARRS
WISEPan-STARRS
6.35
0.5704
3.429
22.13
16.7
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
445P/Lemmon-PANSTARRS
MLSPan-STARRS
8.17
0.4124
4.058
1.09
14.5
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
446P/McNaught
R. H. McNaught
9.80
0.6469
4.581
16.57
17.5
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
447P/Sheppard-Tholen
S. SheppardD. J. Tholen
13.59
0.1807
5.695
7.41
7.6
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
448P/PANSTARRS
Pan-STARRS
6.92
0.4190
3.630
12.15
18.0
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
449P/Leonard
G. J. Leonard
6.83
0.4790
3.598
15.46
8.6
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
450P/LONEOS
LONEOS
22.32
0.3129
7.928
10.57
6.6
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
451P/Christensen
E. Christensen
15.88
0.5574
6.317
26.49
11.6
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
452P/Sheppard-Jewitt
S. SheppardD. C. Jewitt
19.61
0.4280
7.271
6.43
13.2
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
453P/WISE-Lemmon
WISEMLS
12.75
0.5824
5.457
27.07
11.4
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
454P/PANSTARRS
Pan-STARRS
8.63
0.3615
4.208
19.81
13.6
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
455P/PANSTARRS
Pan-STARRS
5.60
0.3042
3.155
14.14
9.4
ETC
–
MPC · JPL
456P/PANSTARRS
Pan-STARRS
5.63
0.1187
3.165
16.96
10.0
ETC
–
MPC · JPL
457P/Lemmon-PANSTARRS
MLSPan-STARRS
4.31
0.1198
2.646
5.22
16.1
ETC
–
MPC · JPL
458P/Jahn
J. Jahn
7.59
0.3150
3.861
13.61
9.2
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
459P/Catalina
Catalina
6.14
0.5217
3.353
13.68
17.2
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
460P/PANSTARRS
Pan-STARRS
5.25
0.6663
3.022
18.92
20.9
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
461P/WISE
WISE
5.56
0.5704
3.139
18.41
17.5
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
462P/LONEOS-PANSTARRS
LONEOSPan-STARRS
10.81
0.5779
4.888
7.03
16.5
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
463P/NEOWISE
NEOWISE
5.14
0.8250
2.977
29.50
18.3
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
464P/PANSTARRS
Pan-STARRS
10.16
0.2810
4.690
21.67
7.0
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
465P/Hill
R. Hill
14.72
0.6140
6.007
25.85
6.8
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
466P/PANSTARRS
Pan-STARRS
8.14
0.4668
4.045
12.24
12.2
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
467P/LINEAR-Grauer
LINEARA. D. Grauer
13.55
0.0739
5.685
2.55
9.4
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
468P/Siding Spring
Siding Spring
19.09
0.4441
7.142
50.36
11.5
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
469P/PANSTARRS
Pan-STARRS
9.02
0.3116
4.334
20.16
14.8
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
470P/PANSTARRS
Pan-STARRS
9.42
0.3887
4.459
8.84
17.0
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
471P/2023 KF3
13.62
0.6276
5.704
4.79
5.5
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
472P/NEAT-LINEAR
NEATLINEAR
21.21
0.5567
7.663
11.01
7.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
473P/NEAT
NEAT
22.31
0.8224
7.930
56.91
10.9
HTC
–
MPC · JPL
474P/Hogan
Hogan
5.54
0.1887
3.129
1.10
14.7
ETC
–
MPC · JPL
475P/Spacewatch-LINEAR
SpacewatchLINEAR
19.755
0.4394
7.304
14.52
10.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
476P/PANSTARRS
PANSTARRS
10.41
0.3457
4.767
18.89
16.1
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
477P/PANSTARRS
PANSTARRS
5.22
0.4160
3.007
8.91
7.8
ETC
–
MPC · JPL
478P/ATLAS
ATLAS
6.97
0.3438
3.649
12.52
9.8
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
479P/Elenin
Leonid Elenin
13.32
0.7784
5.618
15.39
15.2
JFC
✓
MPC · JPL
480P/PANSTARRS
PANSTARRS
10.03
0.2414
4.652
13.69
14.6
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
481P/Lemmon-PANSTARRS
Lemmon - PANSTARRS
10.47
0.3371
4.786
6.120
15.2
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
482P/PANSTARRS
PANSTARRS
7.30
0.4931
3.763
24.534
17.0
JFC
–
MPC · JPL
Comet designation
Discoverer(s) or namesake(s)
Period(years)
e
a(AU)
i(°)
Abs. mag (M1)
Class
NEC
Ref
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Multiples
51P/Harrington
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This is a list of 51P/Harrington (3 entries) with all its cometary fragments listed at JPL's SBDB (see list).
Comet designation
Period(years)
e
a(AU)
i(°)
JTiss
M1
M2
Diam.
Ref
51P/Harrington
7.16
0.542
3.714
5.424
2.814
11.8
15.1
4.8 km
MPC · JPL
51P/Harrington-A
6.78
0.562
3.581
8.655
2.810
10.
15.
4.8 km
JPL
51P/Harrington-D
7.16
0.542
3.714
5.425
2.814
8.6
14.7
–
JPL
57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte
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This is a list of 57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte (2 entries) with all its cometary fragments listed at JPL's SBDB (see list).
Comet designation
Period(years)
e
a(AU)
i(°)
JTiss
M1
M2
Diam.
Ref
57P/duToit-Neujmin-Delporte
6.42
0.499
3.453
2.848
2.917
13.9
?
–
MPC · JPL
57P/duToit-Neujmin-Delporte-A
6.41
0.499
3.452
2.845
2.917
8.5
16.
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann
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In 1995, comet 73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann, broke up into several pieces and as of its last perihelion date, the pieces numbered at least 67 with 73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann C as the presumed original nucleus. Because of the enormous number, the pieces of it have been compiled into a separate list.
This is a list of 73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann (68 entries) with all its cometary fragments listed at JPL's SBDB (see list).
Comet designation
Period(years)
e
a(AU)
i(°)
JTiss
M1
M2
Diam.
Ref
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3
5.44
0.686
3.092
11.237
2.784
12.
15.
–
MPC · JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-B
5.36
0.693
3.062
11.397
2.783
15.2
?
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-C
5.36
0.692
3.063
11.379
2.784
13.2
?
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-E
5.36
0.694
3.062
11.406
2.782
10.4
?
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-G
5.36
0.693
3.063
11.390
2.783
16.8
18.0
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-H
5.37
0.694
3.065
11.391
2.782
20.2
21.7
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-J
5.31
0.692
3.044
11.380
2.793
–
–
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-K
5.36
0.694
3.064
11.391
2.782
20.9
?
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-L
5.40
0.695
3.076
11.399
2.776
20.9
21.7
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-M
5.37
0.694
3.068
11.394
2.780
21.0
21.8
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-N
5.33
0.692
3.052
11.381
2.788
20.4
21.2
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-P
5.42
0.696
3.085
11.405
2.771
–
–
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-Q
5.51
0.699
3.118
11.419
2.754
21.5
?
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-R
5.38
0.694
3.070
11.395
2.779
19.2
20.0
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-S
6.09
0.693
3.334
11.048
2.693
21.1
?
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-T
5.89
0.712
3.261
11.512
2.685
–
–
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-U
5.26
0.689
3.024
11.360
2.803
–
–
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-V
5.13
0.693
2.976
11.652
2.816
–
–
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-W
5.47
0.698
3.105
11.418
2.761
–
–
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-X
5.40
0.695
3.076
11.399
2.776
21.7
?
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-Y
6.13
0.720
3.348
11.562
2.646
–
–
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-Z
5.38
0.693
3.072
11.349
2.779
–
–
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-AA
5.04
0.681
2.941
11.295
2.849
–
–
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-AB
5.31
0.691
3.042
11.373
2.794
–
–
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-AC
5.41
0.695
3.083
11.405
2.772
–
–
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-AD
5.37
0.693
3.068
11.368
2.781
–
–
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-AE
5.45
0.697
3.096
11.415
2.765
–
–
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-AF
4.96
0.676
2.908
11.240
2.870
–
–
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-AG
5.42
0.696
3.087
11.408
2.770
–
–
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-AH
5.39
0.693
3.075
11.331
2.778
–
–
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-AI
5.49
0.698
3.111
11.431
2.757
21.3
?
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-AJ
10.14
0.800
4.685
12.149
2.223
21.3
?
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-AK
5.35
0.693
3.058
11.429
2.784
18.8
?
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-AL
5.53
0.700
3.128
11.444
2.749
–
–
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-AM
5.29
0.693
3.036
11.544
2.793
–
–
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-AN
5.40
0.695
3.076
11.405
2.776
–
–
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-AO
5.38
0.694
3.072
11.326
2.779
–
–
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-AP
5.58
0.701
3.144
11.466
2.741
20.3
21.2
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-AQ
5.43
0.696
3.088
11.414
2.770
17.5
18.5
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-AR
5.43
0.696
3.087
11.407
2.770
21.8
?
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-AS
5.56
0.701
3.140
11.461
2.743
20.3
22.3
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-AT
5.20
0.687
3.001
11.335
2.816
21.0
?
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-AU
5.35
0.693
3.058
11.382
2.785
–
–
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-AV
5.36
0.693
3.062
11.395
2.783
–
–
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-AW
4.97
0.677
2.914
11.240
2.866
–
–
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-AX
5.33
0.692
3.050
11.428
2.789
–
–
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-AY
4.92
0.675
2.894
11.226
2.877
–
–
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-AZ
4.92
0.675
2.894
11.221
2.877
–
–
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-BA
5.09
0.682
2.961
11.271
2.839
–
–
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-BB
5.11
0.682
2.968
11.190
2.836
–
–
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-BC
5.55
0.700
3.134
11.459
2.746
19.8
20.1
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-BD
5.14
0.682
2.979
10.975
2.832
–
–
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-BE
5.09
0.682
2.958
11.317
2.840
–
–
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-BF
5.17
0.686
2.989
11.322
2.823
–
–
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-BG
5.14
0.685
2.980
11.325
2.828
–
–
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-BH
5.09
0.682
2.959
11.289
2.839
–
–
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-BI
5.09
0.682
2.960
11.300
2.839
–
–
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-BJ
5.30
0.691
3.041
11.370
2.795
–
–
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-BK
5.31
0.692
3.045
11.371
2.792
23.7
?
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-BL
5.44
0.696
3.091
11.409
2.768
22.4
?
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-BM
5.09
0.682
2.959
11.294
2.839
–
–
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-BN
5.32
0.692
3.047
11.377
2.791
21.3
22.0
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-BO
5.32
0.692
3.048
11.376
2.791
22.9
24.5
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-BP
5.09
0.682
2.960
11.291
2.839
–
–
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-BQ
5.34
0.692
3.054
11.388
2.788
20.8
23.4
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-BR
5.16
0.685
2.984
11.319
2.825
–
–
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-BS
5.50
0.699
3.115
11.444
2.756
–
–
–
JPL
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3-BT
5.44
0.686
3.092
11.238
2.784
13.3
?
–
JPL
101P/Chernykh
back to main list
This is a list of 101P/Chernykh (2 entries) with all its cometary fragments listed at JPL's SBDB (see list).
Comet designation
Period(years)
e
a(AU)
i(°)
JTiss
M1
M2
Diam.
Ref
101P/Chernykh
13.91
0.594
5.785
5.080
2.590
11.7
14.0
5.6 km
MPC · JPL
101P/Chernykh-B
13.97
0.595
5.800
5.078
2.588
13.0
?
–
JPL
128P/Shoemaker–Holt
back to main list
This is a list of 128P/Shoemaker–Holt (3 entries) with all its cometary fragments listed at JPL's SBDB (see list).
Comet designation
Period(years)
e
a(AU)
i(°)
JTiss
M1
M2
Diam.
Ref
128P/Shoemaker-Holt 1
9.56
0.322
4.505
4.363
2.912
7.0
14.2
–
MPC · JPL
128P/Shoemaker-Holt 1-A
9.73
0.334
4.557
4.354
2.901
8.5
14.
–
JPL
128P/Shoemaker-Holt 1-B
9.51
0.321
4.489
4.362
2.913
5.6
16.7
4.6 km
JPL
141P/Machholz
back to main list
This is a list of 141P/Machholz (3 entries) with all its cometary fragments listed at JPL's SBDB (see list) and CBAT.
Comet designation
Period(years)
e
a(AU)
i(°)
JTiss
M1
M2
Diam.
Ref
141P/Machholz 2(141P/Machholz 2-A)
5.34
0.736
3.056
13.942
–
14.7
19.0
–
MPC · JPL
141P/Machholz 2-B(141P/Machholz 2-H)
5.34
0.736
3.056
13.950
–
–
20.3
–
141P/Machholz 2-C
5.35
0.736
3.058
13.879
–
–
–
–
141P/Machholz 2-D
5.34
0.736
3.056
13.943
–
12.5
19.6
–
JPL ·
141P/Machholz 2-E
4.91
0.738
2.888
12.979
–
–
–
–
141P/Machholz 2-F(fragment of D)
5.35
0.736
3.060
13.801
–
–
–
–
141P/Machholz 2-G(fragment of D)
5.50
0.753
3.117
12.832
–
–
–
–
205P/Giacobini
back to main list
This is a list of 205P/Giacobini (4 entries) with all its cometary fragments listed at JPL's SBDB (see list).
Comet designation
Period(years)
e
a(AU)
i(°)
JTiss
M1
M2
Diam.
Ref
205P/Giacobini
6.68
0.567
3.548
15.286
2.779
13.0
?
–
MPC · JPL
205P/Giacobini-A
6.66
0.569
3.539
15.305
2.779
12.0
15.7
–
JPL
205P/Giacobini-B
6.84
0.575
3.603
15.405
2.756
18.5
?
–
JPL
205P/Giacobini-C
6.66
0.569
3.540
15.309
2.779
–
–
–
JPL
213P/Van Ness
back to main list
This is a list of 213P/Van Ness (2 entries) with all its cometary fragments listed at JPL's SBDB (see list).
Comet designation
Period(years)
e
a(AU)
i(°)
JTiss
M1
M2
Diam.
Ref
213P/Van Ness
6.34
0.382
3.426
10.266
2.994
11.0
14.1
–
MPC · JPL
213P/Van Ness-B
6.33
0.380
3.422
10.240
2.997
7.3
18.2
–
JPL
332P/Ikeya–Murakami
back to main list
This is a list of 332P/Ikeya–Murakami (10 entries) with all its cometary fragments listed at JPL's SBDB (see list).
Comet designation
Period(years)
e
a(AU)
i(°)
JTiss
M1
M2
Diam.
Ref
332P/Ikeya-Murakami
5.42
0.489
3.087
9.378
3.012
5.2
12.5
–
MPC · JPL
332P/Ikeya-Murakami-A
5.42
0.490
3.086
9.387
3.010
16.9
19.3
–
JPL
332P/Ikeya-Murakami-B
5.41
0.490
3.083
9.382
3.012
16.5
20.8
–
JPL
332P/Ikeya-Murakami-C
5.42
0.490
3.086
9.386
3.010
5.2
12.5
–
JPL
332P/Ikeya-Murakami-D
5.41
0.490
3.083
9.379
3.011
19.5
?
–
JPL
332P/Ikeya-Murakami-E
5.43
0.491
3.088
9.388
3.010
?
22.5
–
JPL
332P/Ikeya-Murakami-F
5.61
0.499
3.158
9.519
2.980
?
22.1
–
JPL
332P/Ikeya-Murakami-G
5.36
0.494
3.063
9.273
3.016
20.6
?
–
JPL
332P/Ikeya-Murakami-H
5.42
0.490
3.087
9.387
3.010
18.9
?
–
JPL
332P/Ikeya-Murakami-I
5.41
0.490
3.083
9.380
3.012
?
21.7
–
JPL
See also
List of interstellar comets
List of comets by type
List of non-periodic comets
List of periodic comets
References
^ "Periodic Comet Numbers". Minor Planet Center. 27 September 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
^ "breakup of 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann". NASA. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
^ a b c d e "IAUC 6081: 1994o". Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. 21 September 1994. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
^ a b c d "IAUC 6090: 1994o; 1994aa". Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. 6 October 1994. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
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C/2016 U1 (NEOWISE)
C/2015 V2 (Johnson)
C/2015 G2 (MASTER)
C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS)
C/2014 UN271 (Bernardinelli–Bernstein)
C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)
C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS)
Culture andspeculation
Antimatter comet
Comets in fiction
Comet vintages
Lists of comets (more)PeriodiccometsUntil 1985(all)
1P/Halley
2P/Encke
3D/Biela
4P/Faye
5D/Brorsen
6P/d'Arrest
7P/Pons–Winnecke
8P/Tuttle
9P/Tempel
10P/Tempel
11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR
12P/Pons–Brooks
13P/Olbers
14P/Wolf
15P/Finlay
16P/Brooks
17P/Holmes
18D/Perrine–Mrkos
19P/Borrelly
20D/Westphal
21P/Giacobini–Zinner
22P/Kopff
23P/Brorsen–Metcalf
24P/Schaumasse
25D/Neujmin
26P/Grigg–Skjellerup
27P/Crommelin
28P/Neujmin
29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann
30P/Reinmuth
31P/Schwassmann–Wachmann
32P/Comas Solà
33P/Daniel
34D/Gale
35P/Herschel–Rigollet
36P/Whipple
37P/Forbes
38P/Stephan–Oterma
39P/Oterma
40P/Väisälä
41P/Tuttle–Giacobini–Kresák
42P/Neujmin
43P/Wolf–Harrington
44P/Reinmuth
45P/Honda–Mrkos–Pajdušáková
46P/Wirtanen
47P/Ashbrook–Jackson
48P/Johnson
49P/Arend–Rigaux
50P/Arend
51P/Harrington
52P/Harrington–Abell
53P/Van Biesbroeck
54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT
55P/Tempel–Tuttle
56P/Slaughter–Burnham
57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte
58P/Jackson–Neujmin
59P/Kearns–Kwee
60P/Tsuchinshan
61P/Shajn–Schaldach
62P/Tsuchinshan
63P/Wild
64P/Swift–Gehrels
65P/Gunn
66P/du Toit
67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
68P/Klemola
69P/Taylor
70P/Kojima
71P/Clark
72P/Denning–Fujikawa
73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann
74P/Smirnova–Chernykh
75D/Kohoutek
76P/West–Kohoutek–Ikemura
77P/Longmore
78P/Gehrels
79P/du Toit–Hartley
80P/Peters–Hartley
81P/Wild
82P/Gehrels
83D/Russell
84P/Giclas
85D/Boethin
After 1985(notable)
88P/Howell
92P/Sanguin
96P/Machholz
97P/Metcalf–Brewington
103P/Hartley
107P/Wilson–Harrington
108P/Ciffréo
109P/Swift–Tuttle
122P/de Vico
126P/IRAS
141P/Machholz
144P/Kushida
147P/Kushida–Muramatsu
153P/Ikeya–Zhang
156P/Russell–LINEAR
161P/Hartley–IRAS
168P/Hergenrother
169P/NEAT
177P/Barnard
178P/Hug–Bell
205P/Giacobini
209P/LINEAR
238P/Read
246P/NEAT
252P/LINEAR
255P/Levy
273P/Pons–Gambart
289P/Blanpain
311P/PanSTARRS
322P/SOHO
323P/SOHO
332P/Ikeya–Murakami
333P/LINEAR
354P/LINEAR
362P
460P/PanSTARRS
Comet-likeasteroids
596 Scheila
2060 Chiron (95P)
4015 Wilson–Harrington (107P)
7968 Elst–Pizarro (133P)
165P/LINEAR
166P/NEAT
167P/CINEOS
60558 Echeclus (174P)
118401 LINEAR (176P)
238P/Read
259P/Garradd
311P/PanSTARRS
324P/La Sagra
331P/Gibbs
354P/LINEAR
358P/PANSTARRS
P/2013 R3 (Catalina-PANSTARRS)
(300163) 2006 VW139
LostRecovered
11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR
15P/Finlay
17P/Holmes
27P/Crommelin
54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT
55P/Tempel–Tuttle
57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte
69P/Taylor
72P/Denning–Fujikawa
80P/Peters–Hartley
97P/Metcalf–Brewington
107P/Wilson–Harrington
113P/Spitaler
122P/de Vico
157P/Tritton
177P/Barnard
205P/Giacobini
206P/Barnard–Boattini
226P/Pigott–LINEAR–Kowalski
271P/van Houten–Lemmon
289P/Blanpain
Destroyed
3D/Biela
D/1993 F2 (Shoemaker–Levy 9)
Not found
D/1770 L1 (Lexell)
5D/Brorsen
18D/Perrine–Mrkos
20D/Westphal
25D/Neujmin
34D/Gale
75D/Kohoutek
83D/Russell
85D/Boethin
Visited byspacecraft
21P/Giacobini–Zinner (1985)
1P/Halley (1986)
26P/Grigg–Skjellerup (1992)
19P/Borrelly (2001)
81P/Wild (2004)
9P/Tempel (2005, 2011)
C/2006 P1 (2007)
103P/Hartley (2010)
67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (2014)
Near-Paraboliccomets(notable)Until 1990
C/-43 K1 (Caesar's Comet)
X/1106 C1 (Great Comet of 1106)
C/1264 N1 (Great Comet of 1264)
C/1402 D1 (Great Comet of 1402)
C/1471 Y1 (Great Comet of 1472)
C/1577 V1 (Great Comet of 1577)
C/1652 Y1
C/1680 V1 (Great Comet of 1680, Kirsch's Comet, Newton's Comet))
C/1702 H1 (Comet of 1702)
C/1729 P1 (Comet of 1729, Comet Sarabat)
C/1743 X1 (Great Comet of 1744, Comet Klinkenberg-Chéseaux)
C/1760 A1 (Great Comet of 1760)
C/1769 P1 (Great Comet of 1769)
C/1807 R1 (Great Comet of 1807)
C/1811 F1 (Great Comet of 1811)
C/1819 N1 (Great Comet of 1819)
C/1823 Y1 (Great Comet of 1823)
C/1843 D1 (Great March Comet of 1843)
C/1847 T1 (Miss Mitchell's Comet)
C/1858 L1 (Comet Donati)
C/1861 G1 (Comet Thatcher)
C/1861 J1 (Great Comet of 1861)
C/1865 B1 (Great Southern Comet of 1865)
X/1872 X1 (Pogson's Comet)
C/1874 H1 (Comet Coggia)
C/1881 K1 (Comet Tebbutt)
C/1882 R1 (Great Comet of 1882)
C/1887 B1 (Great Southern Comet of 1887)
C/1901 G1 (Great Comet of 1901)
C/1910 A1 (Great January Comet of 1910)
C/1911 O1 (Brooks)
C/1911 S3 (Beljawsky)
C/1927 X1 (Skjellerup–Maristany)
C/1931 P1 (Ryves)
C/1941 B2 (de Kock-Paraskevopoulos)
C/1947 X1 (Southern Comet)
C/1948 V1 (Eclipse)
C/1956 R1 (Arend–Roland)
C/1957 P1 (Mrkos)
C/1961 O1 (Wilson-Hubbard)
C/1961 R1 (Humason)
C/1962 C1 (Seki-Lines)
C/1963 A1 (Ikeya)
C/1963 R1 (Pereyra)
C/1964 N1 (Ikeya)
C/1965 S1 (Ikeya-Seki)
C/1969 T1 (Tago-Sato-Kosaka)
C/1969 Y1 (Bennett)
C/1970 K1 (White–Ortiz–Bolelli)
C/1973 E1 (Kohoutek)
C/1975 V1 (West)
C/1980 E1 (Bowell)
C/1983 H1 (IRAS–Araki–Alcock)
C/1989 W1 (Aarseth-Brewington)
C/1989 X1 (Austin)
C/1989 Y1 (Skorichenko–George)
After 1990
C/1990 K1 (Levy)
C/1992 J1 (Spacewatch–Rabinowitz)
C/1993 Y1 (McNaught–Russell)
C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp)
C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake)
C/1997 L1 (Zhu–Balam)
C/1998 H1 (Stonehouse)
C/1998 J1 (SOHO)
C/1999 F1 (Catalina)
C/1999 S4 (LINEAR)
C/2000 WM1 (LINEAR)
C/2001 A2 (LINEAR)
C/2001 OG108 (LONEOS)
C/2001 Q4 (NEAT)
C/2002 T7 (LINEAR)
C/2002 V1 (NEAT)
C/2004 F4 (Bradfield)
C/2004 Q2 (Machholz)
C/2006 A1 (Pojmański)
C/2006 M4 (SWAN)
C/2006 P1 (McNaught)
C/2007 E2 (Lovejoy)
C/2007 F1 (LONEOS)
C/2007 N3 (Lulin)
C/2007 Q3 (Siding Spring)
C/2007 W1 (Boattini)
C/2009 F6 (Yi–SWAN)
C/2009 R1 (McNaught)
C/2010 X1 (Elenin)
C/2011 L4 (PANSTARRS)
C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy)
C/2012 E2 (SWAN)
C/2012 F6 (Lemmon)
C/2012 K1 (PANSTARRS)
C/2012 S1 (ISON)
C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)
C/2013 R1 (Lovejoy)
C/2013 US10 (Catalina)
C/2013 V5 (Oukaimeden)
C/2014 E2 (Jacques)
C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS)
C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)
C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS)
C/2015 V2 (Johnson)
C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS)
1I/2017 U1 ʻOumuamua
C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto)
2I/Borisov
C/2019 U6 (Lemmon)
C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS)
C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE)
C/2020 F8 (SWAN)
C/2021 A1 (Leonard)
C/2022 E3 (ZTF)
C/2023 P1 (Nishimura)
After 1910(by name)
Aarseth-Brewington
Arend–Roland
Austin
Beljawsky
Bennett
Boattini
Borisov
Bowell
Bradfield
Brooks
Catalina
C/1999 F1
C/2013 US10
de Kock–Paraskevopoulos
Eclipse
Elenin
Hale-Bopp
Humason
Hyakutake
Ikeya
C/1963 A1
C/1964 N1
Ikeya-Seki
IRAS–Araki–Alcock
ISON
Iwamoto
Jacques
Johnson
Kohoutek
Lemmon
C/2012 F6
C/2018 C2
C/2019 U6
Leonard
Levy
LINEAR
C/1999 S4
C/2000 WM1
C/2001 A2
C/2002 T7
LONEOS
C/2001 OG108
C/2007 F1
Lovejoy
C/2007 E2
C/2011 W3
C/2013 R1
C/2014 Q2
Lulin
Machholz
McNaught
C/2006 P1
C/2009 R1
McNaught–Russell
Mrkos
NEAT
C/2001 Q4
C/2002 V1
NEOWISE
Nishimura
Oukaimeden
ʻOumuamua
Pan-STARRS
C/2011 L4
C/2012 K1
311P/PanSTARRS
C/2014 Q1
C/2015 ER61
C/2017 K2
Pereyra
Pojmański
Ryves
Seki–Lines
Siding Spring
C/2007 Q3
C/2013 A1
Skjellerup–Maristany
Skorichenko–George
SOHO
Southern
Spacewatch–Rabinowitz
Stonehouse
SWAN
C/2006 M4
C/2012 E2
C/2020 F8
Tago-Sato-Kosaka
West
White–Ortiz–Bolelli
Wilson–Hubbard
Yi–SWAN
Zhu–Balam
ZTF
Category
Portals: Astronomy Stars Spaceflight Outer space Solar System | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multiple chunks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Multiples"},{"link_name":"73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#73P/Schwassmann%E2%80%93Wachmann"},{"link_name":"perihelion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perihelion"},{"link_name":"list of periodic comets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_periodic_comets"}],"text":"Occasionally, comets will break up into multiple chunks, as volatiles coming off the comet and rotational forces may cause it to break into two or more pieces. An extreme example of this is 73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann, which broke into over 50 pieces during its 1995 perihelion.For a larger list of periodic Jupiter-family and Halley-type comets including unnumbered bodies, see list of periodic comets.","title":"List of numbered comets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"List"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Multiples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to main list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#51P"},{"link_name":"JPL's SBDB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPL_Small-Body_Database"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=51P"}],"sub_title":"51P/Harrington","text":"back to main listThis is a list of 51P/Harrington (3 entries) with all its cometary fragments listed at JPL's SBDB (see list).","title":"Multiples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to main list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#57P"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=57P"}],"sub_title":"57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte","text":"back to main listThis is a list of 57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte (2 entries) with all its cometary fragments listed at JPL's SBDB (see list).","title":"Multiples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to main list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#73P"},{"link_name":"73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/73P/Schwassmann%E2%80%93Wachmann"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cometbreakup-2"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=73P"}],"sub_title":"73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann","text":"back to main listIn 1995, comet 73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann, broke up into several pieces and as of its last perihelion date, the pieces numbered at least 67 with 73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann C as the presumed original nucleus. Because of the enormous number, the pieces of it have been compiled into a separate list.[2]This is a list of 73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann (68 entries) with all its cometary fragments listed at JPL's SBDB (see list).","title":"Multiples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to main list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#101P"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=101P"}],"sub_title":"101P/Chernykh","text":"back to main listThis is a list of 101P/Chernykh (2 entries) with all its cometary fragments listed at JPL's SBDB (see list).","title":"Multiples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to main list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#128P"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=128P"}],"sub_title":"128P/Shoemaker–Holt","text":"back to main listThis is a list of 128P/Shoemaker–Holt (3 entries) with all its cometary fragments listed at JPL's SBDB (see list).","title":"Multiples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to main list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#141P"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=141P"},{"link_name":"CBAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bureau_for_Astronomical_Telegrams"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IAUC-6081-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IAUC-6090-4"}],"sub_title":"141P/Machholz","text":"back to main listThis is a list of 141P/Machholz (3 entries) with all its cometary fragments listed at JPL's SBDB (see list) and CBAT.[3][4]","title":"Multiples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to main list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#205P"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=205P"}],"sub_title":"205P/Giacobini","text":"back to main listThis is a list of 205P/Giacobini (4 entries) with all its cometary fragments listed at JPL's SBDB (see list).","title":"Multiples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to main list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#213P"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=213P"}],"sub_title":"213P/Van Ness","text":"back to main listThis is a list of 213P/Van Ness (2 entries) with all its cometary fragments listed at JPL's SBDB (see list).","title":"Multiples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to main list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#332P"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=332P"}],"sub_title":"332P/Ikeya–Murakami","text":"back to main listThis is a list of 332P/Ikeya–Murakami (10 entries) with all its cometary fragments listed at JPL's SBDB (see list).","title":"Multiples"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of interstellar comets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_interstellar_comets"},{"title":"List of comets by type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_comets_by_type"},{"title":"List of non-periodic comets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-periodic_comets"},{"title":"List of periodic comets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_periodic_comets"}] | [{"reference":"\"Periodic Comet Numbers\". Minor Planet Center. 27 September 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/PeriodicCodes.html","url_text":"\"Periodic Comet Numbers\""}]},{"reference":"\"breakup of 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann\". NASA. Retrieved 3 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2006/18/image/a/","url_text":"\"breakup of 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann\""}]},{"reference":"\"IAUC 6081: 1994o\". Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. 21 September 1994. Retrieved 5 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/06000/06081.html","url_text":"\"IAUC 6081: 1994o\""}]},{"reference":"\"IAUC 6090: 1994o; 1994aa\". Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. 6 October 1994. Retrieved 5 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/06000/06090.html","url_text":"\"IAUC 6090: 1994o; 1994aa\""}]}] | 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Petrovi%C4%87_Pi%C5%BEon | Vladimir Petrović | ["1 Club career","2 International career","3 Managerial career","4 Career statistics","5 Managerial statistics","6 Honours","6.1 Player","6.2 Club","6.3 Manager","6.4 International","7 References","8 External links"] | Serbian footballer and manager (born 1955)
This article is about the Serbian football manager and former player. For other people with the same name, see Vladimir Petrović (disambiguation).
Vladimir Petrović
Petrović as Serbia manager in 2010Personal informationFull name
Vladimir PetrovićDate of birth
(1955-07-01) 1 July 1955 (age 68)Place of birth
Belgrade, PR Serbia, FPR YugoslaviaHeight
1.82 m (5 ft 11+1⁄2 in)Position(s)
MidfielderSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1972–1982
Red Star Belgrade
257
(49)1982–1983
Arsenal
13
(2)1983–1985
Royal Antwerp
48
(10)1985–1986
Brest
37
(5)1986–1987
Standard Liège
31
(5)1987–1988
Nancy
29
(1)Total
415
(72)International career1973–1982
Yugoslavia
34
(5)Managerial career1992–1993
Radnički Beograd1993
Borac Banja Luka1996–1997
Red Star Belgrade1999–2000
Atromitos2000–2001
Slavia Mozyr2002–2004
Serbia and Montenegro U212004
Vojvodina2005–2006
Dalian Shide2007–2008
China2009–2010
Red Star Belgrade2010
Politehnica Timișoara2010–2011
Serbia2013
Iraq2013–2014
Yemen2015
OFK Beograd
Medal record
Men's football
Representing Serbia and Montenegro (as manager)
UEFA European Under-21 Championship
Runner-up
2004
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Vladimir Petrović (Serbian Cyrillic: Владимир Петровић, pronounced ; born 1 July 1955) is a Serbian football manager and former player.
He is widely known domestically by his nickname Pižon (Serbian: Пижон), after the French for pigeon.
Club career
During his playing career, he mostly played for Red Star Belgrade and is one of the five Zvezdine zvezde (The Stars of Red Star) — the legends of the club.
He started out at Red Star making his debut in 1971, at the age of 16. With the team, he won four Yugoslav League Championship titles, one Yugoslav Cup and reached the final of the 1979 UEFA Cup Final, losing to Borussia Mönchengladbach. In 1980, he was named the Yugoslav Footballer of the Year.
In 1982, he moved abroad, and briefly played for Arsenal; he joined the London side in December 1982 and made 22 appearances in the 1982–83 season. At Arsenal he had a brief but memorable career and helped them reach the semi-finals of both domestic cups (losing both to Manchester United). He scored twice in the league against Stoke City and West Ham United and once in the FA Cup quarter final against Aston Villa. In June 1983 he left Arsenal and subsequently played for Brest and AS Nancy in France, and Royal Antwerp (1) and Standard Liège (16) in Belgium. In all he played 526 matches for the clubs.
International career
He also represented Yugoslavia 34 times and played in the 1974 World Cup and 1982 World Cup.
Managerial career
Petrović during the friendly match between Bulgaria and Serbia. 17-11-2010, Sofia, Bulgaria.
As assistant coach, Petrović won the 1990–91 European Cup with Red Star, and as head coach when they won the 1996–97 FR Yugoslavia Cup. He guided the Serbia and Montenegro national under-21 football team to a runners-up finish at the 2004 UEFA European Under-21 Championship.
In 2005, Petrović managed the Chinese Dalian Shide team to the double. On 14 September 2007, Petrović was named as coach of the Chinese national team. After China failed to qualify for the 2010 World Cup, he was sacked.
On 2 June 2009, Petrović returned to Red Star Belgrade. As manager, Petrović was part of takeover of Red Star by the club's veterans, replacing caretaker/interim coach Siniša Gogić. On 21 March 2010, Red Star officials unexpectedly sacked Petrović after a league defeat against Metalac.
On 4 June 2010, he was named the manager of Romanian club Politehnica Timișoara.
On 15 September 2010, Petrović was named the new head coach of Serbia. On 14 October 2011, the football association of Serbia announced they had terminated their contract with Petrović.
In 2013, he was the head coach of the Iraq national team. On 13 December 2013, he was named the head of coach of the Yemen national team. In May 2014, he resigned following the expiration of the contract. In 2015, Petrović managed OFK Beograd.
Career statistics
Club
Season
League
Cup
Europe
Total
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Red Star Belgrade
1972–73
27
2
?
?
?
?
27
2
1973–74
31
7
?
?
?
?
31
7
1974–75
26
5
?
?
?
?
26
5
1975–76
12
1
?
?
?
?
12
1
1976–77
10
0
?
?
?
?
10
0
1977–78
28
9
?
?
?
?
28
9
1978–79
27
5
?
?
?
?
27
5
1979–80
28
5
?
?
?
?
28
5
1980–81
23
6
?
?
?
?
23
6
1981–82
29
3
?
?
?
?
29
3
1982–83
16
6
?
?
?
?
16
6
Total
257
49
?
?
?
?
257
49
Managerial statistics
As of 22 August 2015
Team
From
To
Record
Played
W
D
L
GF
GA
+/-
Win %
Red Star Belgrade
1 July 1996
3 August 1997
46
31
7
8
91
37
+54
067.39
Atromitos
7 September 1999
27 January 2000
0
0
0
0
0
0
+0
!—
Slavia Mozyr
1 July 2000
2 August 2001
41
24
7
10
88
34
+54
058.54
Serbia and Montenegro U21
1 July 2002
30 June 2004
16
8
2
6
25
31
−6
050.00
Vojvodina
December 2004
December 2004
0
0
0
0
0
0
+0
!—
Dalian Shide
July 2005
December 2006
26
21
2
3
57
18
+39
080.77
China
September 2007
July 2008
18
6
7
5
28
16
+12
033.33
Red Star Belgrade
June 2009
March 2010
25
20
1
4
47
18
+29
080.00
Politehnica Timișoara
June 2010
September 2010
11
3
6
2
33
8
+25
027.27
Serbia
September 2010
October 2011
13
5
3
5
13
14
−1
038.46
Iraq
February 2013
September 2013
7
1
0
6
2
12
−10
014.29
Yemen
December 2013
May 2014
3
1
1
1
3
2
+1
033.33
OFK Beograd
July 2015
August 2015
7
2
0
5
11
9
+2
028.57
Total
230
127
41
62
400
230
+170
055.22
Honours
Player
Club
Red Star Belgrade
Yugoslav First League: 1972–73, 1976–77, 1979–80, 1980–81
Yugoslav Cup: 1981–82
UEFA Cup runner-up: 1978–79
Manager
Red Star Belgrade
FR Yugoslavia Cup: 1996–97
Dalian Shide
Chinese Super League: 2005
Chinese FA Cup: 2005
International
Serbia and Montenegro U21
UEFA Euro U21 runner-up: 2004
References
^ "Vladimir Petrovic... the adored failure". arsenal.com. 27 March 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
^ Pižon i zvanično selektor Kine
^ FIFA.com – FIFA Player Statistics: Vladimir PETROVIC
^ Petrović Vladimir at reprezentacija.rs
^ Vladimir Petrovic – Fussballdaten – Die Fußball-Datenbank
^ Chinese national soccer team releases head coach Vladimir Petrovic
^ Pižon ponovo na "Marakani", MTS Mondo, 3 June 2009
^ "Yemen Football." Yemen.fa. Ministry of Youth, 26 Dec. 2013. Web. 3 Mar. 2014.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vladimir Petrović.
Vladimir Petrović at Reprezentacija.rs (in Serbian)
Vladimir Petrović at WorldFootball.net
Awards
vteThe Stars of Red Star
Rajko Mitić
Dragoslav Šekularac
Dragan Džajić
Vladimir Petrović "Pižon"
Dragan Stojković "Piksi"
The 1991 European Cup Winner Generation
vteYugoslav Footballer of the Year
1972: Bajević
1973: Marić
1974: Katalinski
1975: Buljan
1976: Šurjak
1977: Mužinić
1978: Džoni
1978: N. Stojković
1979: Zajec
1979: Sušić
1980: Petrović
1981: Vujović
1982: Gudelj
1983: Simović
1984: Zajec
1985: Slišković
1986: Tuce
1987: Mlinarić
1988: D. Stojković
1989: D. Stojković
1990: Prosinečki
vteChinese Football Association Coach of the Year
1994: Zhang Honggen
1995: Xu Genbao
1996: Chi Shangbin
1997: Chi Shangbin
1998: Xu Genbao
1999: Santrač
2000: Lee Jang-soo
2001: Kosanović
2002: Zhu Guanghu
2003: Wu Jingui
2004: Zhu Guanghu
2005: Petrović
2006: Tumbaković
2007: Gao Hongbo
2008: Tumbaković
2009: Tang Yaodong
2010: Ivanković
2011: Ma Lin
2012: Okuka
2013: Lippi
2014: Manzano
2015: Scolari
2016: Scolari
2017: Cannavaro
2018: Li Xiaopeng
Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro squads
vteYugoslavia squad – 1974 FIFA World Cup
1 Marić
2 Buljan
3 Hadžiabdić
4 Mužinić
5 Katalinski
6 Bogićević
7 Petković
8 Oblak
9 Šurjak
10 Aćimović
11 Džajić (c)
12 Jerković
13 Pavlović
14 Peruzović
15 Dojčinovski
16 Vladić
17 Popivoda
18 Karasi
19 Bajević
20 V. Petrović
21 O. Petrović
22 Mešković
Coach: Miljanić
vteYugoslavia squad – 1982 FIFA World Cup
1 Pantelić
2 Jerolimov
3 Gudelj
4 Zajec
5 Stojković
6 Krmpotić
7 Petrović
8 Šljivo
9 Zo. Vujović
10 Živković
11 Zl. Vujović
12 Pudar
13 Sušić
14 Jovanović
15 Hrstić
16 Šestić
17 Jerković
18 Deverić
19 Halilhodžić
20 Šurjak (c)
21 Pašić
22 Svilar
Coach: Miljanić
vteSerbia and Montenegro men's football squad – 2004 Summer Olympics
1 Milojević
2 Biševac
3 Neziri
4 Stepanov
5 Jokić
6 Baša
7 Milovanović
8 Lovre
9 Delibašić (c)
10 Vukčević
11 Matić
12 B. Petrović
13 Lomić
14 Lazarević
15 Krasić
16 Nikezić
17 Radonjić
18 Čanović
Coach: V. Petrović
Vladimir Petrović managerial positions
vteFK Borac Banja Luka – managers
Kokotović (1959–62)
Arapović (1969–71)
Miljuš (1971)
Drenovac (1971–72)
Miljuš (1972)
Zec (1972–73)
Čabrinović (1973–74)
Marović (1974–75)
Mihić (1975–76)
Spasojević (1976–77)
Miljuš (1977–78)
Bazić (1978–80)
Drašković (1980)
Valok (1981)
Fazlić (1981–82)
Miljuš (1982–83)
Fazlić (1983–84)
Smileski (1984)
Gerum (1984–85)
Miljuš (1985–86)
Fazlić (1986–88)
Kuže (1988–89)
Poklepović (1989–90)
Popović (1990–91)
Smileski (1991–93)
Petrović (1993)
Karalić (2002)
Malbašić (2002–03)
Sredojević (2003)
Rakojević (2003–04)
Vukša (2004)
Stojanović (2004–05)
Smileski (2005–06)
Bošnjak (2006–07)
Karasi (2007)
Odović (2007–08)
Jagodić (2008–09)
Stojnić (2009–10)
Marić (2010)
Jagodić (2010–11)
Cvetković (2011)
Stojnić (2011–12)
Božičić (2012)
Starčević (2012–13)
Jović (2013–14)
Marinović (2014–15)
Jagodić (2015)
Kurćubić (2015)
Vranješ (2015)
Janjić (2016)
Sredojević (2016)
Dragišić (2016)
Jagodić (2016)
Trivunović (2016–17)
Tešićc (2017)
Vranješ (2017)
Milinković (2017)
Janković (2017–18)
Maksimovićc (2018)
Vojvodić (2018–19)
Krunić (2019–20)
Jagodić (2020)
Maksimović (2020–21)
Milinković (2021)
Miljanović (2021–22)
Ivković (2022)
Lalatović (2022)
Marinović (2022–24)
Žižović (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteRed Star Belgrade – managers
Sekulić (1946)
Glišović (1946–48)
Tomašević (1948–50)
Broćić (1951)
Mihajlović (1951)
Sekulić (1952)
Mihajlović (1952–53)
Broćić (1953–54)
Ralić (1954)
Ćirić (1954–57)
Pavić (1957–64)
Toplak (1964–66)
Miljanić (1966–74)
Mihić (1974–75)
Ćirić (1975–76)
Zec (1976–78)
B. Stanković (1978–82)
S. Ostojić (1982–83)
Zec (1983–86)
Vasović (1986–88)
B. Stanković (1988)
Šekularac (1989–90)
Lj. Petrović (1990–91)
Popović (1991–92)
Živadinović (1992–94)
Lj. Petrović (1994–96)
V. Petrović (1996–97)
Lazarević (1997)
Kosanović (1997–98)
Lazarević (1998–99)
M. Ostojić (1999)
Radićc (1999)
Muslin (1999–01)
Filipović (2001–03)
Muslin (2003–04)
Lj. Petrović (2004)
Rajevacc (2004)
Dostanić (2004–05)
Zenga (2005–06)
Bajević (2006–07)
Đurovski (2007)
Kosanović (2007)
Janković (2007–08)
Zeman (2008)
Janevski (2008–09)
Gogićc (2009)
V. Petrović (2009–10)
Dostanić (2010)
Kristić (2010)
Prosinečki (2010–12)
Janković (2012–13)
Sá Pinto (2013)
Stojanović (2013–14)
Lalatović (2014–15)
Božović (2015–17)
Đurovskic (2017)
V. Milojević (2017–19)
D. Stanković (2019–22)
M. Milojević (2022–23)
Bakhar (2023)
V. Milojević (2023–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteAtromitos F.C. – managers
Sofianidis (1970–71)
Papapostolou (1977)
Stamatiadis (1979–80)
Polychroniou (1980)
Petrović (1980–81)
Stoligas (1987–88)
Sofianidis (1999)
Petrović (1999–2000)
Armodoros (2000–01)
Mihajlović (2001)
Tzalakostas (2001)
Mavridis (2001–02)
Manikas (2002–03)
Tzalakostas (2003–04)
Kotsovos (2004–05)
Paraschos (2005–07)
Kokotović (2007)
Hoyos (2007–08)
Campos (2008)
Vouzas (2008)
Kokotović (2008–09)
Donis (2009–12)
Bajević (2012)
Anastopoulos (2012–13)
Paraschos (2013–14)
Sá Pinto (2014–15)
Nioplias (2015)
Grigoriou (2015)
Dellas (2015–16)
Korakakis (2016–17)
Sá Pinto (2017)
Canadi (2017–19)
Anastasiou (2019)
Korakakisc (2019)
Pantelidis (2019–20)
Canadi (2020–21)
Pantelidis (2021)
López (2021)
Paraschos (2021)
Korakakisc (2021–22)
Coleman (2022–23)
Ilić (2023–24)
Korakakisc (2024)
García (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteFC Slavia Mozyr – managers
Usenko (1990–93)
Yurevich (1993–97)
Bubnov (1997–98)
Kuznetsov (1998–2000)
Petrović (2000–01)
Radnyonak (2001–02)
Pryazhnikov (2002–03)
Kurnev (2003)
Sosnitsky (2004–05)
Belanc (2005)
Carp (2005)
Shevchik (2006–08)
Yasinsky (2008–09)
Shevchik (2009)
Pavlov (2009)
Maleyew (2010–14)
Puntus (2014–17)
Martinovich (2017–22)
Bionchik (2022–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteSerbia and Montenegro national under-21 football team – managers
Živadinović (1996–98)
Đorić (1998–2000)
Rakojević (2000–01)
Petrović (2002–04)
Sivić & Vujovićc (2004)
Kosanović (2004–05)
Okuka (2005–06)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteFK Vojvodina – managers
Hadži (1924–26)
Necas (1926–28)
Simonović (1929)
Necas (1929–30)
Hamacek (1931–32)
Nemes (1933)
Schürmann (1934–35)
Levitus (1936–38)
Ognjanov (1938)
Nemes (1939)
Noj (1939–41)
Ognjanov (1945–47)
Sekulić (1948–51)
Broćić (1952)
Ognjanov (1952)
Lechner (1953–57)
Lyka (1957–59)
Čabrić (1959–60)
Momirski (1960–61)
Hirman (1961–64)
Stanković (1964–67)
Rajkov (1967–68)
Čabrić (1968–70)
Milošević (1970–73)
Zec (1973–74)
Veselinović (1974–77)
Stanković (1977–78)
Brzić (1978–79)
Pavić (1979)
Valok (1979–80)
Drašković (1980–83)
Kaloperović (1983)
Duvančić (1983–84)
Kovrlija (1984–85)
Višnjevac (1985)
Kaloperović (1985)
Savić (1986)
Jurčić (1986)
Vukušić (1986–87)
Brzić (1987–88)
Lj. Petrović (1988–89)
Brzić (1990–91)
Kovrlija (1991–92)
Kosanović (1992–95)
Hadžievski (1995–96)
Bekvalac (1996)
Lj. Petrović (1996–97)
Pirmajer (1997–98)
Manojlović (1998–2000)
Bekvalac (2000)
Okuka (2000)
Bekvalac (2000–01)
Novakovićc (2001)
Pavković (2001–02)
M. Popović (2002)
Đoinčević (2002)
Vukašinović (2002–03)
Ilić (2003)
Smiljanić (2004)
V. Petrović (2004)
Đuričić (2004–05)
Marić (2005–06)
Rajevac (2006–07)
Brzić (2007–08)
Bekvalac (2008)
Radojičićc (2008)
Lj. Petrović (2008–09)
Marić (2009)
Stepanović (2009)
Babić (2009–10)
Đuričić (2010)
Milinković (2010–11)
Ristovski (2011)
Vukićević (2011–12)
Zagorčić (2012)
Vignjević (2012–13)
Nikolić (2013)
Babić (2014)
Marić (2014–15)
Zagorčić (2015)
Lalatović (2015–16)
Ivanović (2016–17)
A. Veselinović (2017)
Batak (2017)
Vanić (2017)
Buač (2017)
Stolica (2017–18)
A. Veselinović (2018)
Okuka (2018)
Krivokapić (2018–19)
Lalatović (2019–21)
Đorđević (2021–22)
Rastavac (2022–23)
Batak (2023)
R. Popović (2023)
Bandović (2023–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteChina national football team – managers
Li Fenglou (1951–52)
Ke Lun (1956)
Dai Linjing (1957)
Chen Chengda (1958–62)
Nian Weisi (1963)
Fang Renqiu (1964)
Nian Weisi (1965–73)
Nian Weisi & Ren Bin (1974–76)
Zhang Honggen (1977)
Nian Weisi (1978)
Zhang Honggen (1979)
Nian Weisi (1980)
Su Yongshun (1980–82)
Zhang Honggen (1982)
Zeng Xuelin (1983–85)
Nian Weisi (1985–86)
Gao Fengwen (1986–90)
Gutendorf (1988)
Xu Genbao & Gutendorf (1991–92)
Chen Xirongc (1992)
Schlappner (1992–93)
Qi Wusheng (1994–97)
Houghton (1997–99)
Jin Zhiyangc (2000)
Milutinović (2000–02)
Shen Xiangfuc (2002)
Haan (2002–04)
Zhu Guanghu (2005–07)
Petrović (2007–08)
Yin Tieshengc (2008–09)
Gao Hongbo (2009–11)
Camacho (2011–13)
Fu Boc (2013–14)
Perrin (2014–16)
Gao Hongbo (2016)
Lippi (2016–19)
Cannavaro (2019)
Lippi (2019)
Li Tie (2020–21)
Li Xiaopeng (2021–22)
Janković (2022–24)
Ivanković (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteFC Politehnica Timișoara – managers
Carnelli (1927–28)
Bürger (1942–46)
Lăpușneanu (1948–49)
Bürger (1950)
Deheleanu (1950)
Kovács (1950–53)
Mladin (1954–55)
Bindea (1955)
Deheleanu (1955–56)
Mladin (1956)
Woronkowski (1957)
Schileru (1958)
Deheleanu (1958–59)
Bindea (1960)
Mladin (1960)
Reuter (1961)
Gain (1961–62)
Braun-Bogdan (1962–63)
Reuter (1963–64)
Vâlcov (1964)
Woronkowski (1965–66)
Reuter (1966–72)
Ionescu (1972–75)
Godeanu (1975)
Rădulescu (1975–77)
Niculescu (1977–79)
Rădulescu (1979)
Ionescu (1980–81)
Pigulea (1981–82)
Manolache (1982)
Ionescu (1982–83)
Dembrovschi (1983–85)
Dumitru (1985)
Cosmoc (1985–86)
Ionescu (1986–88)
Rădulescu (1988–91)
Vișan (1991)
Ionescu (1991–92)
Chimiuc (1992–93)
Ștefănescu (1993–94)
Rădulescu (1994–96)
Dembrovschi (1996–97)
Roșca (1997)
Chimiuc (1997)
Şunda (1997)
Ionescu (1997–00)
Domide (1999)
Ionescu (1999–00)
Zamfir (2000)
Ciorceri (2001)
Panduru (2002)
Gherman (2002–03)
Mulțescu (2003)
Vișan (2003)
Panduru (2003–04)
Dumitriu (2004)
Zancc (2004)
Mulțescu (2004)
Ciorceri (2004)
Doboșc (2004)
Olăroiu (2005)
Hagi (2005–06)
Rotariuc (2006)
Cârțu (2006)
Artimon (2006–07)
Rotariuc (2007)
Velceac (2007)
Uhrin (2007–08)
Balint (2009)
Velceac (2009)
Sabău (2009–10)
Petrović (2010)
Contra (2010)
Uhrin (2010–2011)
Velcea (2011–2012)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteSerbia national football team – managers
Clemente (2006–07)
Đukić (2007–08)
Antić (2008–10)
Petrović (2010–11)
Ćurčićc (2011–12)
Mihajlović (2012–13)
Drulovićc (2014)
Advocaat (2014)
Ćurčić (2014–16)
Muslin (2016–17)
Krstajić (2017–19)
Tumbaković (2019–20)
Stolicac (2021)
Stojković (2021–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteIraq national football team – managers
Habib (1951)
Cook (1955–56)
Mohammed (1957)
Aboud (1959)
Abbas (1959)
Drăgușin (1962–63)
Aboud (1963–64)
Basher (1964)
Aboud (1965)
Basher (1966)
Shihab (1967)
Hassan (1968)
Basher (1968)
Kokeza (1969)
Illichev (1969–71)
Basher (1971–72)
Hassan (1972)
Teleki (1973)
Muhsin (1973)
Naji (1974)
Shihab (1974)
Muhsin (1974)
Naji (1975)
McLennan (1975–76)
Grčić (1976–78)
Salih (1978)
Baba (1978–80)
Naji (1980)
Jassam (1980)
Gardašević (1980)
Aziz (1980)
Baba (1981–84)
Jassam (1985)
Salman (1985)
Naji (1985)
Jorge Vieira (1985)
Edu (1986)
Zé Mário (1986)
Evaristo (1986)
Salman (1986)
Baba (1987–88)
Salih (1988)
Baba (1988–89)
Jassam (1989–90)
Morozov (1990)
Fomenko (1990)
Adnan Dirjal (1992–93)
Baba (1993)
Jassam (1995–96)
Baba (1996)
Alwan (1996–97)
Odisho (1997)
Baba (1997)
Salman (1998)
Humoud (1999)
Hamad (2000)
Živadinović (2000–01)
Hamad (2001)
Belin (2001)
Hamad (2002)
Stange (2002–04)
Hamad (2004)
Salman (2005–07)
Vieira (2007)
Olsen (2007–08)
Hamad (2008)
Vieira (2008–09)
Shenaishil (2009)
Milutinović (2009)
N. Shaker (2009–10)
Sidka (2010–11)
Zico (2011–12)
H. Shaker (2012–13)
Petrović (2013)
H. Shaker (2013–14)
Shenaishil (2014–15)
Salman (2015)
Alwan (2015–16)
Shahad (2016)
Shenaishil (2016–17)
Qasim (2017–18)
Katanec (2018–21)
Advocaat (2021)
Petrović (2021–22)
Shahad (2022)
Shenaishilc (2022)
Casas (2022–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteYemen national football team – managers
Osman (1970)
Gillett (1977)
Pešek (1982–83)
Segizbayev (1983–85)
Bogovik (1985–86)
Khalifa (1989–90)
Abreu (1993–94)
Abad (1996)
Bashami (1996)
Al-Saraha (1997)
Jassam (1997)
Rahman (1997)
Jassam (1997–99)
Fernandes (1999)
Đorđević (1999)
Abreu (2000–02)
Abou-Regaila (2002)
Spiedler (2002)
Baamer (2002)
Jassam (2002–03)
Qasem (2003)
Živadinović (2003–04)
Al-Sunaini (2004)
Saâdane (2004–05)
Alraay (2006)
Saleh (2006–09)
Al Jamal (2009)
Al Nash (2009)
Juričić (2009–10)
Al-Sanini (2010–12)
Al Nash (2012)
Saintfiet (2012–13)
Al Nash (2013)
Petrović (2013–14)
Soukup (2014–16)
Qasem (2016)
Mebratu (2016–18)
Kocian (2018–19)
Al Nash (2019–21)
Qasem (2021)
Nikolić (2021–22)
Al-Sanini (2022)
Amrouche (2022)
Soukup (2022–)
vteOFK Beograd – managers
Engel (1927–28)
Nemes (1930–35)
Uridil (1935)
Nemes (1936–39)
Mészáros (1939–40)
Popović (1941)
Ralić (1946–47)
Broćić (1947–50)
Ćirić (1951–53)
Marjanović (1953–57)
Božović (1957–58)
P. Mihajlović (1958–59)
Božović (1959–60)
Vujadinović (1960–61)
Ćirić (1961–63)
Kos (1963)
Antić (1963–64)
Ćirić (1964–65)
Milić (1965–66)
Milutinović (1966–67)
Ž. Mihajlović (1967–69)
Zec (1969–70)
Drenovac (1970–71)
Marović (1971–73)
Šoškić (1973–76)
Beogradac (1976–78)
Obradović (1978)
Valok (1979)
Obradović (1979)
Marović (1979–80)
Zec (1980–83)
Spasojević (1983–84)
Đorđević (1984–88)
Petković (1988–89)
Zec (1989–90)
Živadinović (1990–91)
Petković (1991–93)
Krivokuća (1993–95)
Mitrović (1995–96)
Milenković (1996–97)
Jović (1997)
S. Vukašinović (1997–98)
Serpak (1998)
Ješić (1998–99)
Krmpotić (1999–2000)
Ivančević (2000)
Varga (2000–01)
Bekvalac (2001–03)
Kuzmanovski (2003–04)
Bekvalac (2004)
Babić (2004–05)
Krčmarević (2005–06)
Dostanić (2006–07)
B. Vukašinović (2007–08)
Lj. Petrović (2008)
Ivanović (2008–09)
Krunić (2009)
Đurđević (2009–11)
Babić (2012)
Kuzmanovski (2012)
Milinković (2012–13)
Krmpotić (2013)
Milanović (2013–14)
Krmpotić (2014)
Đurđević (2014–15)
V. Petrović (2015)
Bekvalac (2015)
Radojičić (2015–16)
Stamenković (2016–17)
Divić (2017–18)
Kalinić (2018–19) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vladimir Petrović (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Petrovi%C4%87_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Serbian Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"[ʋlǎdimiːr pětroʋitɕ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"pigeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeon"}],"text":"This article is about the Serbian football manager and former player. For other people with the same name, see Vladimir Petrović (disambiguation).Vladimir Petrović (Serbian Cyrillic: Владимир Петровић, pronounced [ʋlǎdimiːr pětroʋitɕ]; born 1 July 1955) is a Serbian football manager and former player.He is widely known domestically by his nickname Pižon (Serbian: Пижон), after the French for pigeon.","title":"Vladimir Petrović"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Red Star Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Zvezdine zvezde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade#Stars_of_Red_Star"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav League Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_League_Championship"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Cup"},{"link_name":"1979 UEFA Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_UEFA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Borussia Mönchengladbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borussia_M%C3%B6nchengladbach"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav Footballer of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Footballer_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"1982–83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982-83_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United"},{"link_name":"Stoke City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_City"},{"link_name":"West Ham United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Ham_United"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Aston Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_Villa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Brest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Brestois"},{"link_name":"AS Nancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Nancy"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Royal Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Standard Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"During his playing career, he mostly played for Red Star Belgrade and is one of the five Zvezdine zvezde (The Stars of Red Star) — the legends of the club.He started out at Red Star making his debut in 1971, at the age of 16. With the team, he won four Yugoslav League Championship titles, one Yugoslav Cup and reached the final of the 1979 UEFA Cup Final, losing to Borussia Mönchengladbach. In 1980, he was named the Yugoslav Footballer of the Year.In 1982, he moved abroad, and briefly played for Arsenal; he joined the London side in December 1982 and made 22 appearances in the 1982–83 season. At Arsenal he had a brief but memorable career and helped them reach the semi-finals of both domestic cups (losing both to Manchester United). He scored twice in the league against Stoke City and West Ham United and once in the FA Cup quarter final against Aston Villa.[1] In June 1983 he left Arsenal and subsequently played for Brest and AS Nancy in France, and Royal Antwerp (1) and Standard Liège (16) in Belgium. In all he played 526 matches for the clubs.[2]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1974 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1982 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"He also represented Yugoslavia 34 times and played in the 1974 World Cup and 1982 World Cup.[3]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vladimir_petrovich.JPG"},{"link_name":"1990–91 European Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%E2%80%9391_European_Cup"},{"link_name":"1996–97 FR Yugoslavia Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_FR_Yugoslavia_Cup"},{"link_name":"Serbia and Montenegro national under-21 football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro_national_under-21_football_team"},{"link_name":"2004 UEFA European Under-21 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_UEFA_European_Under-21_Championship"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Dalian Shide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalian_Shide_F.C."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Chinese national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2010 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Siniša Gogić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sini%C5%A1a_Gogi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Metalac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Metalac_Gornji_Milanovac"},{"link_name":"Politehnica Timișoara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Politehnica_Timi%C8%99oara"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Iraq national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Yemen national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"OFK Beograd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFK_Beograd"}],"text":"Petrović during the friendly match between Bulgaria and Serbia. 17-11-2010, Sofia, Bulgaria.As assistant coach, Petrović won the 1990–91 European Cup with Red Star, and as head coach when they won the 1996–97 FR Yugoslavia Cup. He guided the Serbia and Montenegro national under-21 football team to a runners-up finish at the 2004 UEFA European Under-21 Championship.[4]In 2005, Petrović managed the Chinese Dalian Shide team to the double.[5] On 14 September 2007, Petrović was named as coach of the Chinese national team. After China failed to qualify for the 2010 World Cup, he was sacked.[6]On 2 June 2009, Petrović returned to Red Star Belgrade.[7] As manager, Petrović was part of takeover of Red Star by the club's veterans, replacing caretaker/interim coach Siniša Gogić. On 21 March 2010, Red Star officials unexpectedly sacked Petrović after a league defeat against Metalac.On 4 June 2010, he was named the manager of Romanian club Politehnica Timișoara.On 15 September 2010, Petrović was named the new head coach of Serbia. On 14 October 2011, the football association of Serbia announced they had terminated their contract with Petrović.In 2013, he was the head coach of the Iraq national team. On 13 December 2013, he was named the head of coach of the Yemen national team. In May 2014, he resigned following the expiration of the contract.[8] In 2015, Petrović managed OFK Beograd.","title":"Managerial career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As of 22 August 2015","title":"Managerial statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Player","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yugoslav First League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_First_League"},{"link_name":"1972–73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972%E2%80%9373_Yugoslav_First_League"},{"link_name":"1976–77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976%E2%80%9377_Yugoslav_First_League"},{"link_name":"1979–80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979%E2%80%9380_Yugoslav_First_League"},{"link_name":"1980–81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%E2%80%9381_Yugoslav_First_League"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Cup"},{"link_name":"1981–82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%E2%80%9382_Yugoslav_Cup"},{"link_name":"UEFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"1978–79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978%E2%80%9379_UEFA_Cup"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"Red Star BelgradeYugoslav First League: 1972–73, 1976–77, 1979–80, 1980–81\nYugoslav Cup: 1981–82\nUEFA Cup runner-up: 1978–79","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FR Yugoslavia Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FR_Yugoslavia_Cup"},{"link_name":"1996–97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_FR_Yugoslavia_Cup"},{"link_name":"Chinese Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Super_League"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Chinese_Super_League"},{"link_name":"Chinese FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Chinese_FA_Cup"}],"sub_title":"Manager","text":"Red Star BelgradeFR Yugoslavia Cup: 1996–97Dalian ShideChinese Super League: 2005\nChinese FA Cup: 2005","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UEFA Euro U21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_European_Under-21_Championship"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_UEFA_European_Under-21_Championship"}],"sub_title":"International","text":"Serbia and Montenegro U21UEFA Euro U21 runner-up: 2004","title":"Honours"}] | [{"image_text":"Petrović during the friendly match between Bulgaria and Serbia. 17-11-2010, Sofia, Bulgaria.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Vladimir_petrovich.JPG/275px-Vladimir_petrovich.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Vladimir Petrovic... the adored failure\". arsenal.com. 27 March 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/the-adoration-and-failure-of-petrovic","url_text":"\"Vladimir Petrovic... the adored failure\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/the-adoration-and-failure-of-petrovic","external_links_name":"\"Vladimir Petrovic... the adored failure\""},{"Link":"http://www.b92.net/sport/fudbal/vesti.php?yyyy=2007&mm=09&dd=14&nav_id=263514","external_links_name":"Pižon i zvanično selektor Kine"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080615135447/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=56207/index.html","external_links_name":"FIFA.com – FIFA Player Statistics: Vladimir PETROVIC"},{"Link":"http://www.reprezentacija.rs/petrovic-vladimir/","external_links_name":"Petrović Vladimir"},{"Link":"http://www.fussballdaten.de/spieler/petrovicvladimir/","external_links_name":"Vladimir Petrovic – Fussballdaten – Die Fußball-Datenbank"},{"Link":"http://shanghaiist.com/2008/07/07/chinese_national_soccer_team_releas.php","external_links_name":"Chinese national soccer team releases head coach Vladimir Petrovic"},{"Link":"http://www.mtsmondo.com/gallery/index.php?id=2331","external_links_name":"Pižon ponovo na \"Marakani\", MTS Mondo, 3 June 2009"},{"Link":"https://www.reprezentacija.rs/petrovic-vladimir/#content","external_links_name":"Vladimir Petrović"},{"Link":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/vladimir-petrovic_2/#wac_660x40_top","external_links_name":"Vladimir Petrović"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Killaloe_and_Clonfert | Dean of Killaloe and Clonfert | ["1 Deans of Killaloe","2 Deans of Clonfert","3 Deans of Killaloe, Clonfert, Kilfenora and Kilmacduagh","4 References"] | The Dean of Killaloe is based at the Cathedral Church of St Flannan in Killaloe in the united diocese of Limerick, Killaloe and Ardfert within the Church of Ireland. The Dean of Killaloe is also Dean of St Brendans, Clonfert, Dean of Kilfenora, and both Dean and Provost of Kilmacduagh.
Since 2020 the incumbent is Roderick Lindsay Smyth.
Deans of Killaloe
St Flannan's Cathedral, Killaloe
1602–1624 Hugh O'Hogan
1624–>1627 Richard Hacket
1628 Alexander Spicer
1637–1643 John Parker
1643–1649 John Parker (son of above, deprived 1649 but later appointed Bishop of Elphin, 1660)
Interregnum
1661 Jasper Pheasant
1692–1699 Jerome Ryves (afterwards Dean of St Patrick's Cathedral, 1699)
1699–1727 James Abbadie (also known as Jakob Abbadie, writer)
1727–1749 Giles Eyre
1750–1761 Hon Charles Talbot Blayney, 8th Baron Blayney
1761–1768 William Henry
1768–1772 Hon Joseph Deane Bourke (afterwards Dean of Dromore, 1772 and later Bishop of Ferns and Leighlin)
1772–1780 William Cecil Pery (afterwards Dean of Derry, 1780)
1780–1781 Samuel Rastall
1781–1787 Hon Thomas Stopford (afterwards Dean of Ferns, 1787)
1787–1790 John Murray
1790–1808 Peter Carleton
1808–1828 John Bayly (afterwards Dean of Lismore, 1828)
1828–1830 Allen Morgan
1830–1871 John Head
1871–1880 James Hastings Allen
1880–1886 Joseph Frederick Robbins
1886–1917 Robert Humphries
1917–? Henry John Gillespie
1936–1943 Robert McNeil Boyd (afterwards Bishop of Killaloe and Kilfenora, 1943)
1957–1972 Edwin Owen (afterwards Bishop of Killaloe and Clonfert, 1972)
For Deans of Killaloe and Clonfert see below
Deans of Clonfert
St Brendan's Cathedral, Clonfert
1308 Gregory O'Brogan
1319 James
13??-1392 Michael (or Nicholas) O'Kelly died
1407–1438 Thomas O'Longain
1460–1470 Simon McKeogh
1534 Roland de Burgo (made Bishop of Clonfert 1541 but remained Dean in commendam; died 1580)
c1591 Donat O'Lorchan
1597/8 Arilan Loughlin
1622–1627 Revatius (or Ryvas) Tully
1627/8 Robert Mawe
1638 Samuel Pullein (fled to England, 1641, later Archbishop of Tuam, 1661)
Interregnum
1661/2–1666 Richard Heaton
1666 Nicholas Proude
1669/70 Joshua Brooksbank
1692–1726 John Burdett
1726–1745 Robert Taylour
1745–1766 William Crowe
1766–1812 William Digby
1812–1850 Thomas Hawkins
1850–1864 Robert Mitchell Kennedy
1864–1866 Charles Graves (afterwards Bishop of Limerick, Ardfert and Aghadoe 1866)
1866–?1897 James Byrne (died 1897)
?–?1906 Philip Graydon Tibbs (died 1906)
1926–1942 Le Bel Holbrooke Edward ffrench
Deans of Killaloe, Clonfert, Kilfenora and Kilmacduagh
1972-1986 Francis Robert Bourke
1987-1995 Ernon Cope Todd Perdue
1996-2001 Nicholas Marshall Cummins
2002–2012 Stephen Ross White
2013–2021 Gary Paulsen
2021–present Roderick Lindsay Smyth
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Cotton, Henry (1847). Fasti Ecclesiae Hibernicae: The succession of the prelates and members of the Cathedral Bodies of Ireland..., Volume 1. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Cotton, Henry (1850). Fasti Ecclesiae Hibernicae: The succession of the prelates and members of the Cathedral Bodies of Ireland, Volume 4: the Province of Connaught. Dublin: Hodges and Smith. pp. 177–180.
^ Cotton, Henry (1878). Fasti Ecclesiae Hibernicae : the succession of the prelates and members of the Cathedral bodies of Ireland: Supplement containing a continuation of appointments up to the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland on December 31, 1870. Dublin: Printed and published for the author, by James Charles & Son. p. 60.
^ Kennedy's name is incorrectly printed as 'Edward Mitchell Kennedy' in both Vols. II and IV of Fasti Ecclesiae Hibernicae: Vol II, pp. 148, 179 and Vol IV, p. 180.
vteOffice holders in the Diocese of Limerick, Killaloe & ArdfertCurrent
The Bishop of Limerick, Killaloe and Ardfert
Dean of Limerick and Ardfert
Dean of Killaloe and Clonfert
Archdeacon of Limerick, Ardfert and Aghadoe
The Archdeacon of Killaloe, Kilfenora, Clonfert and Kilmacduagh
Former
Archdeacon of Limerick
Archdeacon of Ardfert
Archdeacon of Aghadoe
Archdeacon of Killaloe
Archdeacon of Kilfenora
Archdeacon of Clonfert
Archdeacon of Kilmacduagh
vteDeans in the Church of IrelandProvince of Armagh
Armagh
Belfast
Clogher
Connor
Derry
Down
Dromore
Elphin and Ardagh
Killala
Kilmore
Raphoe
Tuam
Province of Dublin
Cashel
Clonmacnoise
Cloyne
Cork
Dublin, Christ Church
Dublin, St Patrick's
Ferns
Kildare
Kilkenny
Killaloe and Clonfert
Leighlin
Limerick and Ardfert
Lismore
Ross
Waterford
Previous
Achonry
Ardagh
Ardfert
Clonfert
Dublin, Chapel Royal
Elphin
Emly
Killaloe
Kilfenora
Kilmacduagh
Limerick | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Since 2020 the incumbent is Roderick Lindsay Smyth.[citation needed]","title":"Dean of Killaloe and Clonfert"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KillaloeCathedral.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH-1"},{"link_name":"John Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Parker_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Elphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Elphin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH-1"},{"link_name":"Dean of St Patrick's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH-1"},{"link_name":"James Abbadie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Abbadie"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH-1"},{"link_name":"Giles Eyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giles_Eyre_(priest)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH-1"},{"link_name":"William Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_(clergyman)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH-1"},{"link_name":"Hon Joseph Deane Bourke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Deane_Bourke,_3rd_Earl_of_Mayo"},{"link_name":"Dean of Dromore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Dromore"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Ferns and Leighlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Ferns_and_Leighlin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH-1"},{"link_name":"William Cecil Pery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pery,_1st_Baron_Glentworth"},{"link_name":"Dean of Derry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Derry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH-1"},{"link_name":"Thomas Stopford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Stopford"},{"link_name":"Dean of Ferns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Ferns"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH-1"},{"link_name":"John Bayly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bayly_(priest,_died_1831)"},{"link_name":"Dean of Lismore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Lismore"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH-1"},{"link_name":"Robert McNeil Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_McNeil_Boyd"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Killaloe and Kilfenora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Killaloe_and_Kilfenora"},{"link_name":"Edwin Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Owen"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Killaloe and Clonfert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Killaloe_and_Clonfert"}],"text":"St Flannan's Cathedral, Killaloe1602–1624 Hugh O'Hogan [1]\n1624–>1627 Richard Hacket [1]\n1628 Alexander Spicer [1]\n1637–1643 John Parker [1]\n1643–1649 John Parker (son of above, deprived 1649 but later appointed Bishop of Elphin, 1660)\nInterregnum\n1661 Jasper Pheasant [1]\n1692–1699 Jerome Ryves (afterwards Dean of St Patrick's Cathedral, 1699) [1]\n1699–1727 James Abbadie (also known as Jakob Abbadie, writer) [1]\n1727–1749 Giles Eyre[1]\n1750–1761 Hon Charles Talbot Blayney, 8th Baron Blayney [1]\n1761–1768 William Henry[1]\n1768–1772 Hon Joseph Deane Bourke (afterwards Dean of Dromore, 1772 and later Bishop of Ferns and Leighlin) [1]\n1772–1780 William Cecil Pery (afterwards Dean of Derry, 1780) [1]\n1780–1781 Samuel Rastall [1]\n1781–1787 Hon Thomas Stopford (afterwards Dean of Ferns, 1787) [1]\n1787–1790 John Murray [1]\n1790–1808 Peter Carleton [1]\n1808–1828 John Bayly (afterwards Dean of Lismore, 1828) [1]\n1828–1830 Allen Morgan [1]\n1830–1871 John Head [1]\n1871–1880 James Hastings Allen [1]\n1880–1886 Joseph Frederick Robbins [1]\n1886–1917 Robert Humphries [1]\n1917–? Henry John Gillespie [1]\n1936–1943 Robert McNeil Boyd (afterwards Bishop of Killaloe and Kilfenora, 1943)\n1957–1972 Edwin Owen (afterwards Bishop of Killaloe and Clonfert, 1972)For Deans of Killaloe and Clonfert see below","title":"Deans of Killaloe"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ClonfertCathedral.JPG"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH4-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH4-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH4-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH4-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH4-2"},{"link_name":"Roland de Burgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_de_Burgo"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Clonfert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Clonfert"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH4-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH4-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH4-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH4-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH4-2"},{"link_name":"Samuel Pullein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Pullen"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Tuam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Tuam"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH4-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH4-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH4-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH4-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH4-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH4-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH4-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH4-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FEH4-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fasti_Supplement-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Charles Graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Graves_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Limerick, Ardfert and Aghadoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Limerick,_Ardfert_and_Aghadoe"}],"text":"St Brendan's Cathedral, Clonfert1308 Gregory O'Brogan [2]\n1319 James [2]\n13??-1392 Michael (or Nicholas) O'Kelly died [2]\n1407–1438 Thomas O'Longain [2]\n1460–1470 Simon McKeogh [2]\n1534 Roland de Burgo (made Bishop of Clonfert 1541 but remained Dean in commendam; died 1580) [2]\nc1591 Donat O'Lorchan [2]\n1597/8 Arilan Loughlin [2]\n1622–1627 Revatius (or Ryvas) Tully [2]\n1627/8 Robert Mawe [2]\n1638 Samuel Pullein (fled to England, 1641, later Archbishop of Tuam, 1661) [2]\nInterregnum\n1661/2–1666 Richard Heaton [2]\n1666 Nicholas Proude [2]\n1669/70 Joshua Brooksbank [2]\n1692–1726 John Burdett [2]\n1726–1745 Robert Taylour [2]\n1745–1766 William Crowe [2]\n1766–1812 William Digby [2]\n1812–1850 Thomas Hawkins [2]\n1850–1864 Robert Mitchell Kennedy [3][4]\n1864–1866 Charles Graves (afterwards Bishop of Limerick, Ardfert and Aghadoe 1866)\n1866–?1897 James Byrne (died 1897)\n?–?1906 Philip Graydon Tibbs (died 1906)\n1926–1942 Le Bel Holbrooke Edward ffrench","title":"Deans of Clonfert"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"1972-1986 Francis Robert Bourke\n1987-1995 Ernon Cope Todd Perdue\n1996-2001 Nicholas Marshall Cummins\n2002–2012 Stephen Ross White\n2013–2021 Gary Paulsen\n2021–present Roderick Lindsay Smyth","title":"Deans of Killaloe, Clonfert, Kilfenora and Kilmacduagh"}] | [{"image_text":"St Flannan's Cathedral, Killaloe","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/KillaloeCathedral.jpg/220px-KillaloeCathedral.jpg"},{"image_text":"St Brendan's Cathedral, Clonfert","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/ClonfertCathedral.JPG/220px-ClonfertCathedral.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"Cotton, Henry (1847). Fasti Ecclesiae Hibernicae: The succession of the prelates and members of the Cathedral Bodies of Ireland..., Volume 1. Retrieved 8 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8QcOAQAAMAAJ&q=killaloe","url_text":"Fasti Ecclesiae Hibernicae: The succession of the prelates and members of the Cathedral Bodies of Ireland..., Volume 1"}]},{"reference":"Cotton, Henry (1850). Fasti Ecclesiae Hibernicae: The succession of the prelates and members of the Cathedral Bodies of Ireland, Volume 4: the Province of Connaught. Dublin: Hodges and Smith. pp. 177–180.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fastiecclesiaehi04cottuoft/page/n189/mode/2up/","url_text":"Fasti Ecclesiae Hibernicae: The succession of the prelates and members of the Cathedral Bodies of Ireland, Volume 4: the Province of Connaught"}]},{"reference":"Cotton, Henry (1878). Fasti Ecclesiae Hibernicae : the succession of the prelates and members of the Cathedral bodies of Ireland: Supplement containing a continuation of appointments up to the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland on December 31, 1870. Dublin: Printed and published for the author, by James Charles & Son. p. 60.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fastiecclesiae06cottuoft/page/n75/mode/2up","url_text":"Fasti Ecclesiae Hibernicae : the succession of the prelates and members of the Cathedral bodies of Ireland: Supplement containing a continuation of appointments up to the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland on December 31, 1870"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8QcOAQAAMAAJ&q=killaloe","external_links_name":"Fasti Ecclesiae Hibernicae: The succession of the prelates and members of the Cathedral Bodies of Ireland..., Volume 1"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/fastiecclesiaehi04cottuoft/page/n189/mode/2up/","external_links_name":"Fasti Ecclesiae Hibernicae: The succession of the prelates and members of the Cathedral Bodies of Ireland, Volume 4: the Province of Connaught"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/fastiecclesiae06cottuoft/page/n75/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Fasti Ecclesiae Hibernicae : the succession of the prelates and members of the Cathedral bodies of Ireland: Supplement containing a continuation of appointments up to the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland on December 31, 1870"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/fastiecclesiaehi02cottuoft/page/n163/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Vol II, pp. 148, 179"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/fastiecclesiaehi04cottuoft/page/n189/mode/2up/","external_links_name":"Vol IV, p. 180"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%ABji_Sano | Shūji Sano | ["1 Selected filmography","2 References","3 External links","4 Bibliography"] | Japanese actor
Shūji SanoShūji Sano ca. 1948BornSekiguchi Shōsaburō(1912-10-20)October 20, 1912DiedDecember 21, 1978(1978-12-21) (aged 66)NationalityJapaneseOccupationActorYears active1936–1977ChildrenHiroshi Sekiguchi
Shūji Sano (佐野周二, Sano Shūji, October 10, 1912 – December 21, 1978) was a Japanese actor active from 1936 to 1977. A popular star of the Shōchiku film studios, he is best known for his appearances in the films of Yasujirō Ozu, Keisuke Kinoshita, Heinosuke Gosho and Hiroshi Shimizu.
Selected filmography
1936: The New Road (Part one) (新道前篇, Shindo: Zenpen) – dir. Heinosuke Gosho
1937: What Did the Lady Forget? (淑女は何を忘れたか, Shukujo wa nani o wasureta ka) – dir. Yasujirō Ozu
1937: Konjiki yasha (金色夜叉) – dir. Hiroshi Shimizu
1937: Forget Love for Now (恋も忘れて, Koi mo wasurete) – dir. Hiroshi Shimizu
1942: There Was a Father (父ありき, Chichi Ariki) – dir. Yasujirō Ozu
1944: Army (陸軍, Rikugun) – dir. Keisuke Kinoshita
1948: A Hen in the Wind (風の中の牝鶏, Kaze no naka no mendori) – dir. Yasujirō Ozu
1949: A Toast to the Young Miss (お嬢さん乾杯, Ojōsan kanpai) – dir. Keisuke Kinoshita
1951: Carmen Comes Home (カルメン故郷に帰る, Karumen kokyō ni kaeru) – dir. Keisuke Kinoshita
1951: Early Summer (麦秋, Bakushu) – dir. Yasujirō Ozu
1953: Mogura Yokochō (もぐら横丁) – dir. Hiroshi Shimizu
1954: An Inn at Osaka (大阪の宿, Osaka no yado) – dir. Heinosuke Gosho
1954: The Cock Crows Twice (鶏はふたゝび鳴く, Niwatori wa futatabi naku) – dir. Heinosuke Gosho
1955: The Moon Has Risen (月は昇りぬ, Tsuki wa noborinu) – dir. Kinuyo Tanaka
1955: The Maid's Kid (女中ッ子, Jochūkko) – dir. Tomotaka Tasaka
1956: Sudden Rain (驟雨, Shūu) – dir. Mikio Naruse
References
^ "佐野周二 (Shūji Sano)". Kinenote (in Japanese). Retrieved 8 January 2021.
^ a b c "佐野周二 (Shūji Sano)". Kotobank (in Japanese). Retrieved 22 February 2021.
^ "Shūji Sano". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on October 27, 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
^ Hirano, Kyoko (1992). Mr. Smith goes to Tokyo: the Japanese cinema under the American Occupation, 1945–1952. Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 171. ISBN 9781560981572.
External links
Shūji Sano at IMDb
Shūji Sano at the Japanese Movie Database (in Japanese)
Shūji Sano at worldcat.org
Shūji Sano at the Library of Congress
Bibliography
松竹 (Shōchiku), ed. (2002). 小津安二郎 新発見 (Ozu Yasujirō Shinhakken). Tokyo: Kodansha. ISBN 978-4-06-256680-3.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
Spain
France
BnF data
Catalonia
Germany
United States
Japan
Other
IdRef
This article about a Japanese actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor"},{"link_name":"Shōchiku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dchiku"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Yasujirō Ozu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasujir%C5%8D_Ozu"},{"link_name":"Keisuke Kinoshita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keisuke_Kinoshita"},{"link_name":"Heinosuke Gosho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinosuke_Gosho"},{"link_name":"Hiroshi Shimizu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi_Shimizu_(director)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotobank-2"}],"text":"Shūji Sano (佐野周二, Sano Shūji, October 10, 1912 – December 21, 1978) was a Japanese actor active from 1936 to 1977. A popular star of the Shōchiku film studios,[4] he is best known for his appearances in the films of Yasujirō Ozu, Keisuke Kinoshita, Heinosuke Gosho and Hiroshi Shimizu.[2]","title":"Shūji Sano"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heinosuke Gosho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinosuke_Gosho"},{"link_name":"What Did the Lady Forget?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Did_the_Lady_Forget%3F"},{"link_name":"Yasujirō Ozu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasujir%C5%8D_Ozu"},{"link_name":"Hiroshi Shimizu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi_Shimizu_(director)"},{"link_name":"There Was a Father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There_Was_a_Father"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_(1944_film)"},{"link_name":"Keisuke Kinoshita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keisuke_Kinoshita"},{"link_name":"A Hen in the Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Hen_in_the_Wind"},{"link_name":"Carmen Comes Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Comes_Home"},{"link_name":"Early Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Summer"},{"link_name":"An Inn at Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Inn_at_Osaka"},{"link_name":"Kinuyo Tanaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinuyo_Tanaka"},{"link_name":"The Maid's Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Maid%27s_Kid"},{"link_name":"Tomotaka Tasaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomotaka_Tasaka"},{"link_name":"Sudden Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%ABu"},{"link_name":"Mikio Naruse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikio_Naruse"}],"text":"1936: The New Road (Part one) (新道前篇, Shindo: Zenpen) – dir. Heinosuke Gosho\n1937: What Did the Lady Forget? (淑女は何を忘れたか, Shukujo wa nani o wasureta ka) – dir. Yasujirō Ozu\n1937: Konjiki yasha (金色夜叉) – dir. Hiroshi Shimizu\n1937: Forget Love for Now (恋も忘れて, Koi mo wasurete) – dir. Hiroshi Shimizu\n1942: There Was a Father (父ありき, Chichi Ariki) – dir. Yasujirō Ozu\n1944: Army (陸軍, Rikugun) – dir. Keisuke Kinoshita\n1948: A Hen in the Wind (風の中の牝鶏, Kaze no naka no mendori) – dir. Yasujirō Ozu\n1949: A Toast to the Young Miss (お嬢さん乾杯, Ojōsan kanpai) – dir. Keisuke Kinoshita\n1951: Carmen Comes Home (カルメン故郷に帰る, Karumen kokyō ni kaeru) – dir. Keisuke Kinoshita\n1951: Early Summer (麦秋, Bakushu) – dir. Yasujirō Ozu\n1953: Mogura Yokochō (もぐら横丁) – dir. Hiroshi Shimizu\n1954: An Inn at Osaka (大阪の宿, Osaka no yado) – dir. Heinosuke Gosho\n1954: The Cock Crows Twice (鶏はふたゝび鳴く, Niwatori wa futatabi naku) – dir. Heinosuke Gosho\n1955: The Moon Has Risen (月は昇りぬ, Tsuki wa noborinu) – dir. Kinuyo Tanaka\n1955: The Maid's Kid (女中ッ子, Jochūkko) – dir. Tomotaka Tasaka\n1956: Sudden Rain (驟雨, Shūu) – dir. Mikio Naruse","title":"Selected filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-4-06-256680-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-06-256680-3"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11384973#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000121626203"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/135284536"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbxGmbMtv9FVfRfyCyKh3"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/14014025"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4769787"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb179397294"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb179397294"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058514590106706"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/173682936"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no2010120967"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00363018"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/111117968"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japan_film_clapperboard.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sh%C5%ABji_Sano&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Japan-actor-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Japan-actor-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japan-actor-stub"}],"text":"松竹 (Shōchiku), ed. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_II_the_Good | John II of France | ["1 Early life","1.1 Search for a wife and first marriage","2 Duke of Normandy","2.1 Accession and rise of the English and the royalty","2.2 Meeting with the Avignon Papacy and the King of England","2.3 Relations with Normandy and rising tensions","2.4 Black Death and second marriage","3 King of France","3.1 Coronation","3.2 Negotiations and falling out with Navarre","3.3 Battle of Poitiers","3.4 Surrender and capture","3.5 Prisoner of the English","3.6 Treaty of Brétigny","3.7 Louis' escape and return to England","3.8 Death","4 Personality","4.1 Physical strength","4.2 Image","4.3 Personal relationships","5 Ancestry","6 Issue","6.1 Succession","7 References"] | King of France from 1350 to 1364
John IIPortrait on wood panel around 1350, Louvre MuseumKing of France (more...) Reign22 August 1350 – 8 April 1364Coronation26 September 1350PredecessorPhilip VISuccessorCharles VRegentCharles (1356–1360)Born26 April 1319Le Mans, FranceDied8 April 1364(1364-04-08) (aged 44)Savoy Palace, London, EnglandBurial7 May 1364Saint Denis BasilicaSpouses
Bonne of Bohemia
(m. 1332; died 1349)
Joan I, Countess of Auvergne
(m. 1350; died 1360)
Issue
Charles V, King of France
Louis I, Duke of Anjou
John, Duke of Berry
Philip II, Duke of Burgundy
Joan, Queen of Navarre
Marie, Duchess of Bar
Isabella, Countess of Vertus
HouseValoisFatherPhilip VI of FranceMotherJoan of BurgundySignature
John II (French: Jean II; 26 April 1319 – 8 April 1364), called John the Good (French: Jean le Bon), was King of France from 1350 until his death in 1364. When he came to power, France faced several disasters: the Black Death, which killed nearly one-third to one-half of its population; popular revolts known as Jacqueries; free companies (Grandes Compagnies) of routiers who plundered the country; and English aggression that resulted in catastrophic military losses, including the Battle of Poitiers of 1356, in which John was captured.
While John was a prisoner in London, his son Charles became regent and faced several rebellions, which he overcame. To liberate his father, he concluded the Treaty of Brétigny (1360), by which France lost many territories and paid an enormous ransom. In an exchange of hostages, which included his son Louis I, Duke of Anjou, John was released from captivity to raise funds for his ransom. Upon his return to France, he created the franc to stabilize the currency and tried to get rid of the free companies by sending them to a crusade, but Pope Innocent VI died shortly before their meeting in Avignon. When John was informed that Louis had escaped from captivity, he voluntarily returned to England, where he died in 1364. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Charles V.
Early life
John was nine years old when his father, Philip VI, was crowned king. Philip VI's ascent to the throne was unexpected: all three sons of Philip IV had died without sons and their daughters were passed over. Also passed over was King Edward III of England, Philip IV's grandson through his daughter, Isabella. Thus, as the new king of France, John's father Philip VI had to consolidate his power in order to protect his throne from rival claimants; therefore, he decided to marry off his son John quickly at the age of thirteen to form a strong matrimonial alliance.
Search for a wife and first marriage
Initially a marriage with Eleanor of Woodstock, sister of King Edward III of England, was considered, but instead Philip invited King John the Blind of Bohemia to Fontainebleau. Bohemia had aspirations to control Lombardy and needed French diplomatic support. A treaty was drawn up. The military clauses stipulated that, in the event of war, Bohemia would support the French army with four hundred infantrymen. The political clauses ensured that the Lombard crown would not be disputed if the king of Bohemia managed to obtain it. Philip selected Bonne of Bohemia as a wife for his son, as she was closer to child-bearing age (16 years), and the dowry was fixed at 120,000 florins.
John and his first wife Bonne
John reached the age of majority, 13 years and one day, on 27 April 1332, and received the Duchy of Normandy, as well as the counties of Anjou and Maine. The wedding was celebrated on 28 July at the church of Notre-Dame in Melun in the presence of six thousand guests. The festivities were prolonged by a further two months when the young groom was finally knighted at the cathedral of Notre-Dame in Paris. As the new duke of Normandy, John was solemnly granted the arms of a knight in front of a prestigious assembly bringing together the kings of Bohemia and Navarre, and the dukes of Burgundy, Lorraine and Brabant.
Duke of Normandy
Accession and rise of the English and the royalty
Upon his accession as Duke of Normandy in 1332, John had to deal with the reality that most of the Norman nobility was already allied with the English. Effectively, Normandy depended economically more on maritime trade across the English Channel than on river trade on the Seine. Although the duchy had not been in Angevin possession for 150 years, many landowners had holdings across the Channel. Consequently, to line up behind one or other sovereign risked confiscation. Therefore, Norman members of the nobility were governed as interdependent clans, which allowed them to obtain and maintain charters guaranteeing the duchy a measure of autonomy. It was split into two key camps, the counts of Tancarville and the counts of Harcourt, which had been in conflict for generations.
A denier d'or aux fleurs de lys from John's reign (1351)
Tension arose again in 1341. King Philip, worried about the richest area of the kingdom breaking into bloodshed, ordered the bailiffs of Bayeux and Cotentin to quell the dispute. Geoffroy d'Harcourt raised troops against the king, rallying a number of nobles protective of their autonomy and against royal interference. The rebels demanded that Geoffroy be made duke, thus guaranteeing the autonomy granted by the charter. Royal troops took the castle at Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte and Geoffroy was exiled to Brabant. Three of his companions were decapitated in Paris on 3 April 1344.
Meeting with the Avignon Papacy and the King of England
In 1342, John was in Avignon, then a part of the Papal States, at the coronation of Pope Clement VI, and in the latter part of 1343, he was a member of a peace parley with Edward III of England's chancery clerk. Clement VI was the fourth of seven Avignon Popes whose papacy was not contested, although the supreme pontiffs would ultimately return to Rome in 1378.
Relations with Normandy and rising tensions
By 1345, increasing numbers of Norman rebels had begun to pay homage to Edward III, constituting a major threat to the legitimacy of the Valois kings. The defeat at the Battle of Crécy on 26 August 1346, and the capitulation of Calais on 3 August 1347, after an eleven-month siege, further damaged royal prestige. Defections by the nobility, whose land fell within the broad economic influence of England, particularly in the north and west, increased. Consequently, King Philip VI decided to seek a truce. Duke John met Geoffroy d'Harcourt, to whom the king agreed to return all confiscated goods, even appointing him sovereign captain in Normandy. John then approached the Tancarville family, whose loyalty could ultimately ensure his authority in Normandy. The marriage of John, Viscount of Melun, to Jeanne, the only heiress of the county of Tancarville, ensured that the Melun-Tancarville party remained loyal to John, while Geoffroy d'Harcourt continued to act as defender for Norman freedoms and thus of the reforming party.
Black Death and second marriage
On 11 September 1349, John's wife, Bonne of Bohemia (Bonne de Luxembourg), died at the Maubuisson Abbey near Paris, of the Black Death, which was devastating Europe. To escape the pandemic, John, who was living in the Parisian royal residence, the Palais de la Cité, left Paris.
On 9 February 1350, five months after the death of his first wife, John married Joan I, Countess of Auvergne, in the royal Château de Sainte-Gemme (which no longer exists), at Feucherolles, near Saint-Germain-en-Laye.
King of France
Coronation
Philip VI, John's father, died on 22 August 1350, and John's coronation as John II, king of France, took place in Reims the following 26 September. Joanna, his second wife, was crowned queen of France at the same time.
John being crowned King of France with his second wife Joan
In November 1350, King John had Raoul II of Brienne, Count of Eu seized and summarily executed, for reasons that remain unclear, although it was rumoured that he had pledged the English the County of Guînes for his release.
Negotiations and falling out with Navarre
Arrest of Charles of Navarre at Rouen in 1356 (Chroniques de Froissart, Loyset Liedet, BnF, Manuscrit français 2 643 fº 197v).
In 1354, John's son-in-law and cousin, Charles II of Navarre, who, in addition to his Kingdom of Navarre in the Pyrenees mountains, bordering between France and Spain, also held extensive lands in Normandy, was implicated in the assassination of the Constable of France, Charles de la Cerda, who was the favorite of King John. Nevertheless, in order to have a strategic ally against the English in Gascony, John signed the Treaty of Mantes with Charles on 22 February 1354. The peace did not last between the two, and Charles eventually struck up an alliance with Henry of Grosmont, the first Duke of Lancaster.
The following year, on 10 September 1355 John and Charles signed the Treaty of Valognes, but this second peace lasted hardly any longer than the first, culminating in a highly dramatic event where, during a banquet on 5 April 1356 at the Royal Castle in Rouen attended by the King's son Charles, Charles II of Navarre, and a number of Norman magnates and notables of the French king burst through the door in full armor, swords in hand, along with his entourage, which included the king's brother Phillip, younger son Louis and cousins, as well as over a hundred fully armed knights waiting outside. John lunged over and grabbed Charles of Navarre shouting, "let no one move if he does not want to be dead with this sword." With John's son, Dauphin Charles, the banquet host, on his knees pleading for him to stop, the King grabbed Navarre by the throat and pulled him out of his chair yelling in his face, "Traitor, you are not worthy to sit at my son's table!" He then ordered the arrests of all the guests including Navarre and, in what many considered to be a rash move as well as a political mistake, he had John, the Count of Harcourt and several other Norman lords and notables summarily executed later that night in a yard nearby while he stood watching.
This act, which was largely driven by revenge for Charles of Navarre's and John of Harcourt's pre-meditated plot that killed John's favorite, Charles de La Cerda, would push much of what remaining support the King had from the lords in Normandy away to King Edward and the English camp, setting the stage for the English invasion and the resulting Battle of Poitiers in the months to come.
Battle of Poitiers
In 1355, the Hundred Years' War had flared up again, and in July 1356, Edward, the Black Prince, son of Edward III of England, took an army on a great chevauchée through France. John pursued him with an army of his own. In September the two forces met a few miles southeast of Poitiers.
John was confident of victory—his army was probably twice the size of his opponent's—but he did not immediately attack. While he waited, the papal legate went back and forth, trying to negotiate a truce between the leaders. There is some debate over whether the Black Prince wanted to fight at all. He offered his wagon train, which was heavily loaded with loot. He also promised not to fight against France for seven years. Some sources claim that he even offered to return Calais to the French crown. John countered by demanding that 100 of the Prince's best knights surrender themselves to him as hostages, along with the Prince himself. No agreement could be reached. Negotiations broke down, and both sides prepared for combat.
On the day of the battle, John and 17 knights from his personal guard dressed identically. This was done to confuse the enemy, who would do everything possible to capture the sovereign on the field. In spite of this precaution, following the destruction and routing of the massive force of French knights at the hands of the ceaseless English longbow volleys, John was captured as the English force charged to finish their victory. Though he fought with valor, wielding a large battle-axe, his helmet was knocked off. Surrounded, he fought on until Denis de Morbecque, a French exile who fought for England, approached him.
"Sire," Morbecque said. "I am a knight of Artois. Yield yourself to me and I will lead you to the Prince of Wales."
Surrender and capture
King John surrendered by handing him his glove. That night King John dined in the red silk tent of his enemy. The Black Prince attended to him personally. He was then taken to Bordeaux, and from there to England. The Battle of Poitiers would be one of the major military disasters not just for France, but at any time during the Middle Ages.
While negotiating a peace accord, John was at first held in the Savoy Palace, then at a variety of locations, including Windsor, Hertford, Somerton Castle in Lincolnshire, Berkhamsted Castle in Hertfordshire, and briefly at King John's Lodge, formerly known as Shortridges, in East Sussex. Eventually, John was taken to the Tower of London.
Prisoner of the English
Main article: Ransom of King John II of France
Letter of Jean le Bon during his captivity in Windsor, to his son Charles about Pierre de la Batut
The first franc ever minted, the "Franc à cheval", was minted upon Jean le Bon's return from captivity from 5 December 1360, and featured combative imagery. Gold, 24 karat, 3.73g. Its weight is the account value of one livre tournois.
As a prisoner of the English, John was granted royal privileges that permitted him to travel about and enjoy a regal lifestyle. At a time when law and order was breaking down in France and the government was having a hard time raising money for the defence of the realm, his account books during his captivity show that he was purchasing horses, pets, and clothes while maintaining an astrologer and a court band.
Treaty of Brétigny
The Treaty of Brétigny (drafted in May 1360) set his ransom at an astounding 3 million crowns, roughly two or three years worth of revenue for the French Crown, which was the largest national budget in Europe during that period. On 30 June 1360 John left the Tower of London and proceeded to Eltham Palace where Queen Philippa had prepared a great farewell entertainment. Passing the night at Dartford, he continued towards Dover, stopping at the Maison Dieu of St Mary at Ospringe, and paying homage at the shrine of St Thomas Becket at Canterbury on 4 July. He dined with the Black Prince—who had negotiated the Treaty of Brétigny—at Dover Castle, and reached English-held Calais on 8 July.
Leaving his son Louis of Anjou in Calais as a replacement hostage to guarantee payment, John was allowed to return to France to raise the funds. The Treaty of Brétigny was ratified in October 1360.
Louis' escape and return to England
On 1 July 1363, King John was informed that Louis had broken his parole and escaped from Calais. Troubled by the dishonour of this action, and the arrears in his ransom, John gathered his royal council to announce that he would voluntarily return to captivity in England and negotiate with Edward in person. When faced with the opposition of his advisors, the king famously replied that "if good faith were banned from the Earth,
she ought to find asylum in the hearts of kings". Immediately after he appointed his son Charles the Duke of Normandy to be regent and governor of France until his return.
Death
John landed in England in January 1364 where he was met by Sir Alan Buxhull, Sir Richard Pembridge and Lord Burghersh at Dover, to be conducted to Eltham and the Savoy Palace and was warmly welcomed in London in January 1364. He was received with great honor, and was a frequent guest of Edward at Westminster. A few months after his arrival, however, he fell ill with an unknown malady. He died at the Savoy Palace in April 1364. His body was returned to France, where he was interred in the royal chambers at Saint Denis Basilica.
Personality
Physical strength
John II ennobling his knights, BNF
John suffered from fragile health. He engaged little in physical activity, practised jousting rarely, preferring hunting. Contemporaries report that he was quick to get angry and resort to violence, leading to frequent political and diplomatic confrontations. He enjoyed literature and was patron to painters and musicians.
Image
The funeral procession of Jean II
The image of a "warrior king" probably emerged from the courage he displayed at the Battle of Poitiers, where he dismounted to fight in the forefront of his surrounded men with a poleaxe in his hands, as well as the creation of the Order of the Star. This was guided by political need, as John was determined to prove the legitimacy of his crown, particularly as his reign, like that of his father, was marked by continuing disputes over the Valois claim from both Charles II of Navarre and Edward III of England. From a young age, John was called to resist the decentralising forces affecting the cities and the nobility, each attracted either by English economic influence or the reforming party. He grew up among intrigue and treason, and in consequence he governed in secrecy only with a close circle of trusted advisers.
Personal relationships
He took as his wife Bonne of Bohemia and fathered 11 children in eleven years.
Due to his close relationship with his favourite Charles de la Cerda, partisans of Charles II of Navarre derided the king for "having no other God than him". La Cerda was given various honours and appointed to the high position of connetable when John became king; he accompanied the king on all his official journeys to the provinces. La Cerda's rise at court excited the jealousy of the French barons, several of whom stabbed him to death in 1354. La Cerda's fate paralleled that of Edward II of England's Piers Gaveston and John II of Castile's Álvaro de Luna; the position of a royal favourite was a dangerous one. John's grief on La Cerda's death was overt and public.
Ancestry
Ancestors of John II of France 8. Philip III of France 4. Charles I, Count of Valois 9. Isabella of Aragon 2. Philip VI of France 10. Charles II of Naples 5. Margaret, Countess of Anjou 11. Mary of Hungary 1. John II of France 12. Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy 6. Robert II, Duke of Burgundy 13. Yolande of Dreux 3. Joan of Burgundy 14. Louis IX of France 7. Agnes of France 15. Margaret of Provence
French monarchyCapetian dynasty(House of Valois)
Philip VI
Children
John II
Philip, Duke of Orléans
John II
Children
Charles V
Louis I of Anjou
John, Duke of Berry
Philip the Bold
Charles V
Children
Charles VI
Louis, Duke of Orléans
Charles VI
Children
Isabella of Valois
Michelle of Valois
Catherine of Valois
Charles VII
Charles VII
Children
Louis XI
Charles, Duke of Berry
Louis XI
Children
Charles VIII
Charles VIIIvte
Issue
On 28 July 1332, at the age of 13, John was married to Bonne of Luxembourg (d. 1349), daughter of John, King of Bohemia. Their children were:
Charles V of France (21 January 1338 – 16 September 1380)
Catherine (1338–1338) died young
Louis I, Duke of Anjou (23 July 1339 – 20 September 1384), married Marie of Blois
John, Duke of Berry (30 November 1340 – 15 June 1416), married Jeanne of Auvergne
Philip II, Duke of Burgundy (17 January 1342 – 27 April 1404), married Margaret of Flanders
Joan (24 June 1343 – 3 November 1373), married Charles II (the Bad) of Navarre
Marie (12 September 1344 – October 1404), married Robert I, Duke of Bar
Agnes (9 December 1345 – April 1350)
Margaret (20 September 1347 – 25 April 1352)
Isabelle (1 October 1348 – 11 September 1372), married Gian Galeazzo I, Duke of Milan
On 19 February 1350, at the royal Château de Sainte-Gemme, John married Joanna I of Auvergne (d. 1361), Countess of Auvergne and Boulogne. Joanna was the widow of Philip of Burgundy, the deceased heir of that duchy, and the mother of the young Philip I, Duke of Burgundy (1344–61) who became John's stepson and ward. John and Joanna had three children, all of whom died shortly after birth:
Blanche (b. November 1350)
Catherine (b. early 1352)
a son (b. early 1353)
Succession
John's family tree
John II was succeeded by his son, Charles, who reigned as Charles V of France, known as The Wise.
References
^ François Autrand (1994). Charles V le Sage. Paris: Fayard. p. 13.
^ Autrand, Françoise, Charles V, Fayard, Paris, 1994, 153.
^ Favier, Jean, La Guerre de Cent Ans, Fayard, Paris, 1980, p. 140
^ Papal Coronations in Avignon, Bernard Schimmelpfennig, Coronations: Medieval and Early Modern Monarchic Ritual, ed. János M. Bak, (University of California Press, 1990), pp. 191–192.
^ Sumption, Jonathan, Trial by Battle: The Hundred Years War I, Faber & Faber, 1990, p. 436.
^ Autrand, Françoise, Charles V, Fayard, Paris, 1994, p. 60
^ Anselme de Sainte-Marie, Père (1726). Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France (in French). Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Paris: La compagnie des libraires. p. 105.
^ Jones, Michael. "The last Capetians and early Valois Kings, 1314–1364", Michael Jones, The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 6, c. 1300 – c. 1415, (Cambridge University Press, 2000), 391.
^ Autrand, Françoise (1994). Charles V : le Sage. Paris: Fayard. p. 909. ISBN 2-213-02769-2.
^ Borel d’Hauterive, André. Notice Historique de la Noblesse (Tome 2 ed.). p. 391.
^ Hunt, William (1889). "Edward the Black Prince" . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 17. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 90–101. , citing Fœdera, iii, 486; Chandos, l. 1539
^ Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn (1906). Historical Memorials of Canterbury. London: J. M. Dent & Co. pp. 234, 276–279.
^ Autrand, Françoise, Charles V, Fayard, Paris, 1994, p. 446.
^ Kosto, Adam J. (2012). Hostages in the Middle Ages. Oxford University Press. p. 163. ISBN 9780199651702. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
^ Bouillet, Marie-Nicolas, Dictionnaire universel d'histoire et de géographie, Librairie Hachette, Paris, 1878, p. 954.
^ Jean Froissart, Chronicles, translator Geoffrey Brereton, Penguin Classics, Baltimore, 1968, p. 167.
^ Jean Froissart, Chronicles, translator Geoffrey Brereton, Penguin Classics, Baltimore, 1968, p. 168.
^ Autrand, Françoise, Charles V, Fayard, Paris, 1994, 18.
^ Jean Froissart, Chronicles, translator Geoffrey Brereton, Penguin Classics, Baltimore, 1968, p. 138.
^ Françoise Autrand, Charles V, Fayard 1994, p. 111
^ a b c d Anselme 1726, pp. 100–101.
^ a b Anselme 1726, p. 103.
^ a b Anselme 1726, pp. 87–88.
^ a b Anselme 1726, pp. 542–544
^ a b Anselme 1726, pp. 83–87.
^ Joni M. Hand, Women, Manuscripts and Identity in Northern Europe, 1350–1550, (Ashgate Publishing, 2013), 12.
^ a b c d e Marguerite Keane, Material Culture and Queenship in 14th-century France: The Testament of Blanche of Navarre (1331–1398), (Brill, 2016), 17.
^ Jean de Venette, The Chronicle of Jean de Venette, translator Jean Birdsall, editor Richard A. Newhall, (Columbia University Press, 1953), 312.
^ Gallo, F. Alberto (1995). Music in the Castle: Troubadours, Books, and Orators in Italian Courts of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Centuries. University of Chicago Press. p. 54.
John II of France House of ValoisCadet branch of the Capetian dynastyBorn: 16 April 1319 Died: 8 April 1364
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Preceded byPhilip VI
King of France 1350-1364
Succeeded byCharles V
French nobility
VacantTitle last held byHenry III
Duke of Normandy 1332-1350
Succeeded byCharles
VacantTitle last held byPhilip
Count of Anjou and Maine 1332-1350
VacantTitle next held byLouis I
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John I
Philip V
Charles IV
House of Valois (1328–1589)
Philip VI
John II
Charles V
Charles VI
Charles VII
Louis XI
Charles VIII
Louis XII
Francis I
Henry II
Francis II
Charles IX
Henry III
House of Lancaster (1422–1453)
Henry VI of England
House of Bourbon (1589–1792)
Henry IV
Louis XIII
Louis XIV
Louis XV
Louis XVI
Louis XVII
House of Bonaparte (1804–1814; 1815)
Napoleon I
Napoleon II
House of Bourbon (1814–1815; 1815–1830)
Louis XVIII
Charles X
Louis XIX
Henry V
House of Orléans (1830–1848)
Louis Philippe I
Louis Philippe II
House of Bonaparte (1852–1870)
Napoleon III
Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics.
vteCounts of Poitiers
Guerin
Hatton
Renaud
Bernard I
Emenon
Ranulf I
Ranulf II
Gauzbert
Robert I
Ebalus
Aymar
Ebalus
William I
William II
William III
William IV
Eudes
William V
William VI
William VII
William VIII
Eleanor
Louis*
Henry*
William IX
Otto
Richard
Alphonse
Philip
John I
John II
John III
Charles
François
* Count through marriage
vteDukes of NormandyHouse of Normandy 911–1135
Rollo*
William I*
Richard I*
Richard II
Richard III
Robert I
William II**
Robert II
Henry I**
William (III)
House of Blois 1135–1144Stephen**House of Plantagenet 1144–1259
Geoffrey
Henry II**
Henry the Young King
Richard IV**
John**
Henry III**
House of Valois (French appanage)
John (1332–1350)
Charles (1355–1364)
Charles (1465–1469)
* As count of Rouen • ** Also king of EnglandvteHundred Years' WarPhasesGeneral
Second War of Scottish Independence
Edwardian phase
War of the Breton Succession
War of the Two Peters
Castilian Civil War
Caroline phase
Despenser's Crusade
1383–1385 Crisis
Lancastrian phase
Armagnac–Burgundian conflict
LeadersEnglish
Edward III
Edward the Black Prince
Henry V
French
John II of France
Major eventsGeneral
Battles
Chevauchées
Armagnacs and Burgundians
Jacquerie
War of the Breton Succession
Castilian Civil War
Battles
Battle of Crécy
Lancaster's Normandy chevauchée of 1356
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Italy
Israel
United States
Sweden
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Poland
Vatican
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"King of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_France"},{"link_name":"Black Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death"},{"link_name":"Jacqueries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacquerie"},{"link_name":"free companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_company"},{"link_name":"routiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routiers"},{"link_name":"Battle of Poitiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Poitiers"},{"link_name":"Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V_of_France"},{"link_name":"regent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Brétigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Br%C3%A9tigny"},{"link_name":"Louis I, Duke of Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I,_Duke_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"his ransom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ransom_of_John_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"franc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_franc"},{"link_name":"crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade"},{"link_name":"Pope Innocent VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VI"},{"link_name":"Avignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comtat_Venaissin"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"}],"text":"John II (French: Jean II; 26 April 1319 – 8 April 1364), called John the Good (French: Jean le Bon), was King of France from 1350 until his death in 1364. When he came to power, France faced several disasters: the Black Death, which killed nearly one-third to one-half of its population; popular revolts known as Jacqueries; free companies (Grandes Compagnies) of routiers who plundered the country; and English aggression that resulted in catastrophic military losses, including the Battle of Poitiers of 1356, in which John was captured.While John was a prisoner in London, his son Charles became regent and faced several rebellions, which he overcame. To liberate his father, he concluded the Treaty of Brétigny (1360), by which France lost many territories and paid an enormous ransom. In an exchange of hostages, which included his son Louis I, Duke of Anjou, John was released from captivity to raise funds for his ransom. Upon his return to France, he created the franc to stabilize the currency and tried to get rid of the free companies by sending them to a crusade, but Pope Innocent VI died shortly before their meeting in Avignon. When John was informed that Louis had escaped from captivity, he voluntarily returned to England, where he died in 1364. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Charles V.","title":"John II of France"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philip IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Edward III of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"Isabella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_France"}],"text":"John was nine years old when his father, Philip VI, was crowned king. Philip VI's ascent to the throne was unexpected: all three sons of Philip IV had died without sons and their daughters were passed over. Also passed over was King Edward III of England, Philip IV's grandson through his daughter, Isabella. Thus, as the new king of France, John's father Philip VI had to consolidate his power in order to protect his throne from rival claimants; therefore, he decided to marry off his son John quickly at the age of thirteen to form a strong matrimonial alliance.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eleanor of Woodstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Woodstock"},{"link_name":"John the Blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Blind"},{"link_name":"Fontainebleau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Fontainebleau"},{"link_name":"Lombardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy"},{"link_name":"Bonne of Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonne_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"florins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_coin_florin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bonne_of_Luxembourg,_with_her_husband_Jean.jpg"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy"},{"link_name":"Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_(province)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Melun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melun"},{"link_name":"Notre-Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odo_IV,_Duke_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph,_Duke_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_III,_Duke_of_Brabant"}],"sub_title":"Search for a wife and first marriage","text":"Initially a marriage with Eleanor of Woodstock, sister of King Edward III of England, was considered, but instead Philip invited King John the Blind of Bohemia to Fontainebleau. Bohemia had aspirations to control Lombardy and needed French diplomatic support. A treaty was drawn up. The military clauses stipulated that, in the event of war, Bohemia would support the French army with four hundred infantrymen. The political clauses ensured that the Lombard crown would not be disputed if the king of Bohemia managed to obtain it. Philip selected Bonne of Bohemia as a wife for his son, as she was closer to child-bearing age (16 years), and the dowry was fixed at 120,000 florins.John and his first wife BonneJohn reached the age of majority, 13 years and one day, on 27 April 1332, and received the Duchy of Normandy, as well as the counties of Anjou and Maine.[1] The wedding was celebrated on 28 July at the church of Notre-Dame in Melun in the presence of six thousand guests. The festivities were prolonged by a further two months when the young groom was finally knighted at the cathedral of Notre-Dame in Paris. As the new duke of Normandy, John was solemnly granted the arms of a knight in front of a prestigious assembly bringing together the kings of Bohemia and Navarre, and the dukes of Burgundy, Lorraine and Brabant.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Duke of Normandy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy"},{"link_name":"English Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine"},{"link_name":"Angevin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angevin_Empire"},{"link_name":"150 years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Le_Goulet"},{"link_name":"Tancarville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tancarville"},{"link_name":"counts of Harcourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lords_and_Counts_of_Harcourt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jean_II_denier_d_Or_aux_fleurs_de_lys_1351.jpg"},{"link_name":"bailiffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailiff"},{"link_name":"Bayeux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayeux"},{"link_name":"Cotentin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotentin"},{"link_name":"Geoffroy d'Harcourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffroy_d%27Harcourt"},{"link_name":"Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte"},{"link_name":"Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Accession and rise of the English and the royalty","text":"Upon his accession as Duke of Normandy in 1332, John had to deal with the reality that most of the Norman nobility was already allied with the English. Effectively, Normandy depended economically more on maritime trade across the English Channel than on river trade on the Seine. Although the duchy had not been in Angevin possession for 150 years, many landowners had holdings across the Channel. Consequently, to line up behind one or other sovereign risked confiscation. Therefore, Norman members of the nobility were governed as interdependent clans, which allowed them to obtain and maintain charters guaranteeing the duchy a measure of autonomy. It was split into two key camps, the counts of Tancarville and the counts of Harcourt, which had been in conflict for generations.[2]A denier d'or aux fleurs de lys from John's reign (1351)Tension arose again in 1341. King Philip, worried about the richest area of the kingdom breaking into bloodshed, ordered the bailiffs of Bayeux and Cotentin to quell the dispute. Geoffroy d'Harcourt raised troops against the king, rallying a number of nobles protective of their autonomy and against royal interference. The rebels demanded that Geoffroy be made duke, thus guaranteeing the autonomy granted by the charter. Royal troops took the castle at Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte and Geoffroy was exiled to Brabant. Three of his companions were decapitated in Paris on 3 April 1344.[3]","title":"Duke of Normandy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Avignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignon"},{"link_name":"Papal States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Edward III of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Avignon Popes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignon_pope"},{"link_name":"supreme pontiffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope"}],"sub_title":"Meeting with the Avignon Papacy and the King of England","text":"In 1342, John was in Avignon, then a part of the Papal States, at the coronation of Pope Clement VI,[4] and in the latter part of 1343, he was a member of a peace parley with Edward III of England's chancery clerk.[5] Clement VI was the fourth of seven Avignon Popes whose papacy was not contested, although the supreme pontiffs would ultimately return to Rome in 1378.","title":"Duke of Normandy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Crécy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy"},{"link_name":"Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calais"},{"link_name":"an eleven-month siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1346)"},{"link_name":"Tancarville family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tancarville_family"},{"link_name":"Melun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melun"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Relations with Normandy and rising tensions","text":"By 1345, increasing numbers of Norman rebels had begun to pay homage to Edward III, constituting a major threat to the legitimacy of the Valois kings. The defeat at the Battle of Crécy on 26 August 1346, and the capitulation of Calais on 3 August 1347, after an eleven-month siege, further damaged royal prestige. Defections by the nobility, whose land fell within the broad economic influence of England, particularly in the north and west, increased. Consequently, King Philip VI decided to seek a truce. Duke John met Geoffroy d'Harcourt, to whom the king agreed to return all confiscated goods, even appointing him sovereign captain in Normandy. John then approached the Tancarville family, whose loyalty could ultimately ensure his authority in Normandy. The marriage of John, Viscount of Melun, to Jeanne, the only heiress of the county of Tancarville, ensured that the Melun-Tancarville party remained loyal to John, while Geoffroy d'Harcourt continued to act as defender for Norman freedoms and thus of the reforming party.[6]","title":"Duke of Normandy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maubuisson Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maubuisson_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Black Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic"},{"link_name":"Palais de la Cité","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_de_la_Cit%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Joan I, Countess of Auvergne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_I,_Countess_of_Auvergne"},{"link_name":"Feucherolles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feucherolles"},{"link_name":"Saint-Germain-en-Laye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Germain-en-Laye"}],"sub_title":"Black Death and second marriage","text":"On 11 September 1349, John's wife, Bonne of Bohemia (Bonne de Luxembourg), died at the Maubuisson Abbey near Paris, of the Black Death, which was devastating Europe. To escape the pandemic, John, who was living in the Parisian royal residence, the Palais de la Cité, left Paris.On 9 February 1350, five months after the death of his first wife, John married Joan I, Countess of Auvergne, in the royal Château de Sainte-Gemme (which no longer exists), at Feucherolles, near Saint-Germain-en-Laye.","title":"Duke of Normandy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"King of France"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jan_jana.jpg"},{"link_name":"Raoul II of Brienne, Count of Eu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_II_of_Brienne,_Count_of_Eu"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Guînes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%AEnes"}],"sub_title":"Coronation","text":"Philip VI, John's father, died on 22 August 1350, and John's coronation as John II, king of France, took place in Reims the following 26 September. Joanna, his second wife, was crowned queen of France at the same time.[7]John being crowned King of France with his second wife JoanIn November 1350, King John had Raoul II of Brienne, Count of Eu seized and summarily executed,[8] for reasons that remain unclear, although it was rumoured that he had pledged the English the County of Guînes for his release.","title":"King of France"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_the_Good_king_of_Fra_ordering_the_arrest_of_Charles_the_Bad_king_of_Navarre.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charles of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Chroniques de Froissart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Froissart%27s_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"BnF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France"},{"link_name":"Manuscrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuscrit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Charles II of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Pyrenees mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenees"},{"link_name":"Constable of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constable_of_France"},{"link_name":"Charles de la Cerda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_la_Cerda"},{"link_name":"Gascony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gascony"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Mantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Mantes"},{"link_name":"Henry of Grosmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_of_Grosmont,_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster"},{"link_name":"Duke of Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Lancaster"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Valognes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Valognes"},{"link_name":"Royal Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouen_Castle"},{"link_name":"Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouen"},{"link_name":"Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V_of_France"},{"link_name":"Phillip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_of_Valois,_Duke_of_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Dauphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauphin_of_France"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Count of Harcourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Harcourt"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Battle of Poitiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Poitiers"}],"sub_title":"Negotiations and falling out with Navarre","text":"Arrest of Charles of Navarre at Rouen in 1356 (Chroniques de Froissart, Loyset Liedet, BnF, Manuscrit français 2 643 fº 197v).In 1354, John's son-in-law and cousin, Charles II of Navarre, who, in addition to his Kingdom of Navarre in the Pyrenees mountains, bordering between France and Spain, also held extensive lands in Normandy, was implicated in the assassination of the Constable of France, Charles de la Cerda, who was the favorite of King John. Nevertheless, in order to have a strategic ally against the English in Gascony, John signed the Treaty of Mantes with Charles on 22 February 1354. The peace did not last between the two, and Charles eventually struck up an alliance with Henry of Grosmont, the first Duke of Lancaster.The following year, on 10 September 1355 John and Charles signed the Treaty of Valognes, but this second peace lasted hardly any longer than the first, culminating in a highly dramatic event where, during a banquet on 5 April 1356 at the Royal Castle in Rouen attended by the King's son Charles, Charles II of Navarre, and a number of Norman magnates and notables of the French king burst through the door in full armor, swords in hand, along with his entourage, which included the king's brother Phillip, younger son Louis and cousins, as well as over a hundred fully armed knights waiting outside. John lunged over and grabbed Charles of Navarre shouting, \"let no one move if he does not want to be dead with this sword.\" With John's son, Dauphin Charles, the banquet host, on his knees pleading for him to stop, the King grabbed Navarre by the throat and pulled him out of his chair yelling in his face, \"Traitor, you are not worthy to sit at my son's table!\"[9] He then ordered the arrests of all the guests including Navarre and, in what many considered to be a rash move as well as a political mistake, he had John, the Count of Harcourt and several other Norman lords and notables summarily executed later that night in a yard nearby while he stood watching.[10]This act, which was largely driven by revenge for Charles of Navarre's and John of Harcourt's pre-meditated plot that killed John's favorite, Charles de La Cerda, would push much of what remaining support the King had from the lords in Normandy away to King Edward and the English camp, setting the stage for the English invasion and the resulting Battle of Poitiers in the months to come.","title":"King of France"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hundred Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Edward, the Black Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward,_the_Black_Prince"},{"link_name":"Edward III of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"chevauchée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevauch%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Poitiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitiers"},{"link_name":"papal legate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_legate"},{"link_name":"Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calais"},{"link_name":"longbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longbow"},{"link_name":"Denis de Morbecque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Denis_de_Morbecque&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Artois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artois"}],"sub_title":"Battle of Poitiers","text":"In 1355, the Hundred Years' War had flared up again, and in July 1356, Edward, the Black Prince, son of Edward III of England, took an army on a great chevauchée through France. John pursued him with an army of his own. In September the two forces met a few miles southeast of Poitiers.John was confident of victory—his army was probably twice the size of his opponent's—but he did not immediately attack. While he waited, the papal legate went back and forth, trying to negotiate a truce between the leaders. There is some debate over whether the Black Prince wanted to fight at all. He offered his wagon train, which was heavily loaded with loot. He also promised not to fight against France for seven years. Some sources claim that he even offered to return Calais to the French crown. John countered by demanding that 100 of the Prince's best knights surrender themselves to him as hostages, along with the Prince himself. No agreement could be reached. Negotiations broke down, and both sides prepared for combat.On the day of the battle, John and 17 knights from his personal guard dressed identically. This was done to confuse the enemy, who would do everything possible to capture the sovereign on the field. In spite of this precaution, following the destruction and routing of the massive force of French knights at the hands of the ceaseless English longbow volleys, John was captured as the English force charged to finish their victory. Though he fought with valor, wielding a large battle-axe, his helmet was knocked off. Surrounded, he fought on until Denis de Morbecque, a French exile who fought for England, approached him.\"Sire,\" Morbecque said. \"I am a knight of Artois. Yield yourself to me and I will lead you to the Prince of Wales.\"","title":"King of France"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Savoy Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoy_Palace"},{"link_name":"Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Castle"},{"link_name":"Hertford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertford_Castle"},{"link_name":"Somerton Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerton_Castle"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"Berkhamsted Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkhamsted_Castle"},{"link_name":"Hertfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertfordshire"},{"link_name":"East Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"}],"sub_title":"Surrender and capture","text":"King John surrendered by handing him his glove. That night King John dined in the red silk tent of his enemy. The Black Prince attended to him personally. He was then taken to Bordeaux, and from there to England. The Battle of Poitiers would be one of the major military disasters not just for France, but at any time during the Middle Ages.While negotiating a peace accord, John was at first held in the Savoy Palace, then at a variety of locations, including Windsor, Hertford, Somerton Castle in Lincolnshire, Berkhamsted Castle in Hertfordshire, and briefly at King John's Lodge, formerly known as Shortridges, in East Sussex. Eventually, John was taken to the Tower of London.","title":"King of France"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jean_le_Bon_letter_from_Windsor_to_his_son_Charles_about_Pierre_de_la_Batut.jpg"},{"link_name":"Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V_of_France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Franc_a_cheval_de_Jean_le_Bon_5_decembre_1360_or_3730mg.jpg"},{"link_name":"franc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc"},{"link_name":"karat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carat_(purity)"},{"link_name":"livre tournois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livre_tournois"}],"sub_title":"Prisoner of the English","text":"Letter of Jean le Bon during his captivity in Windsor, to his son Charles about Pierre de la BatutThe first franc ever minted, the \"Franc à cheval\", was minted upon Jean le Bon's return from captivity from 5 December 1360, and featured combative imagery. Gold, 24 karat, 3.73g. Its weight is the account value of one livre tournois.As a prisoner of the English, John was granted royal privileges that permitted him to travel about and enjoy a regal lifestyle. At a time when law and order was breaking down in France and the government was having a hard time raising money for the defence of the realm, his account books during his captivity show that he was purchasing horses, pets, and clothes while maintaining an astrologer and a court band.","title":"King of France"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Treaty of Brétigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Br%C3%A9tigny"},{"link_name":"crowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cu"},{"link_name":"Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"},{"link_name":"Eltham Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eltham_Palace"},{"link_name":"Queen Philippa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippa_of_Hainault"},{"link_name":"Maison Dieu of St Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maison_Dieu,_Faversham"},{"link_name":"Ospringe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ospringe"},{"link_name":"shrine of St Thomas Becket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral#Trinity_Chapel_and_Shrine_of_Thomas_Becket"},{"link_name":"Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Black Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Black_Prince"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Dover Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Castle"},{"link_name":"Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calais"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Louis of Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I_of_Anjou"}],"sub_title":"Treaty of Brétigny","text":"The Treaty of Brétigny (drafted in May 1360) set his ransom at an astounding 3 million crowns, roughly two or three years worth of revenue for the French Crown, which was the largest national budget in Europe during that period. On 30 June 1360 John left the Tower of London and proceeded to Eltham Palace where Queen Philippa had prepared a great farewell entertainment. Passing the night at Dartford, he continued towards Dover, stopping at the Maison Dieu of St Mary at Ospringe, and paying homage at the shrine of St Thomas Becket at Canterbury on 4 July. He dined with the Black Prince—who had negotiated the Treaty of Brétigny[11]—at Dover Castle, and reached English-held Calais on 8 July.[12]Leaving his son Louis of Anjou in Calais as a replacement hostage to guarantee payment, John was allowed to return to France to raise the funds. The Treaty of Brétigny was ratified in October 1360.","title":"King of France"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V_of_France"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Louis' escape and return to England","text":"On 1 July 1363, King John was informed that Louis had broken his parole and escaped from Calais. Troubled by the dishonour of this action, and the arrears in his ransom, John gathered his royal council to announce that he would voluntarily return to captivity in England and negotiate with Edward in person.[13][14] When faced with the opposition of his advisors, the king famously replied that \"if good faith were banned from the Earth, \nshe ought to find asylum in the hearts of kings\".[15] Immediately after he appointed his son Charles the Duke of Normandy to be regent and governor of France until his return.[16]","title":"King of France"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alan Buxhull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Buxhull"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Savoy Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoy_Palace"},{"link_name":"Saint Denis Basilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Denis_Basilica"}],"sub_title":"Death","text":"John landed in England in January 1364 where he was met by Sir Alan Buxhull, Sir Richard Pembridge and Lord Burghersh at Dover, to be conducted to Eltham and the Savoy Palace and was warmly welcomed in London in January 1364. He was received with great honor, and was a frequent guest of Edward at Westminster.[17] A few months after his arrival, however, he fell ill with an unknown malady. He died at the Savoy Palace in April 1364. His body was returned to France, where he was interred in the royal chambers at Saint Denis Basilica.","title":"King of France"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Personality"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adoubement1.jpg"},{"link_name":"jousting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jousting"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Physical strength","text":"John II ennobling his knights, BNFJohn suffered from fragile health. He engaged little in physical activity, practised jousting rarely, preferring hunting.[18] Contemporaries report that he was quick to get angry and resort to violence, leading to frequent political and diplomatic confrontations. He enjoyed literature and was patron to painters and musicians.","title":"Personality"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_funeral_procession_of_Jean_II.jpg"},{"link_name":"poleaxe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poleaxe"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Order of the Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_(France)"},{"link_name":"Charles II of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Edward III of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England"}],"sub_title":"Image","text":"The funeral procession of Jean IIThe image of a \"warrior king\" probably emerged from the courage he displayed at the Battle of Poitiers, where he dismounted to fight in the forefront of his surrounded men with a poleaxe in his hands,[19] as well as the creation of the Order of the Star. This was guided by political need, as John was determined to prove the legitimacy of his crown, particularly as his reign, like that of his father, was marked by continuing disputes over the Valois claim from both Charles II of Navarre and Edward III of England. From a young age, John was called to resist the decentralising forces affecting the cities and the nobility, each attracted either by English economic influence or the reforming party. He grew up among intrigue and treason, and in consequence he governed in secrecy only with a close circle of trusted advisers.","title":"Personality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bonne of Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonne_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Charles de la Cerda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_la_Cerda"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"connetable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constable_of_France"},{"link_name":"Edward II of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Piers Gaveston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piers_Gaveston,_1st_Earl_of_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"John II of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Álvaro de Luna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Luna"},{"link_name":"favourite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favourite"}],"sub_title":"Personal relationships","text":"He took as his wife Bonne of Bohemia and fathered 11 children in eleven years. \nDue to his close relationship with his favourite Charles de la Cerda, partisans of Charles II of Navarre derided the king for \"having no other God than him\".[20] La Cerda was given various honours and appointed to the high position of connetable when John became king; he accompanied the king on all his official journeys to the provinces. La Cerda's rise at court excited the jealousy of the French barons, several of whom stabbed him to death in 1354. La Cerda's fate paralleled that of Edward II of England's Piers Gaveston and John II of Castile's Álvaro de Luna; the position of a royal favourite was a dangerous one. John's grief on La Cerda's death was overt and public.","title":"Personality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philip III of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_France"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anselme87-23"},{"link_name":"Charles I, Count of Valois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Count_of_Valois"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anselme100-21"},{"link_name":"Isabella of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_France"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anselme87-23"},{"link_name":"Philip VI of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France"},{"link_name":"Charles II of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anselme100-21"},{"link_name":"Margaret, Countess of Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret,_Countess_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anselme100-21"},{"link_name":"Mary of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_of_Hungary,_Queen_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anselme100-21"},{"link_name":"Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_IV,_Duke_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anselme542-24"},{"link_name":"Robert II, Duke of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_II,_Duke_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anselme103-22"},{"link_name":"Yolande of Dreux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolande_of_Dreux,_Duchess_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anselme542-24"},{"link_name":"Joan of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_the_Lame"},{"link_name":"Louis IX of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anselme83-25"},{"link_name":"Agnes of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_of_France,_Duchess_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anselme103-22"},{"link_name":"Margaret of Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Provence"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anselme83-25"}],"text":"Ancestors of John II of France 8. Philip III of France[23] 4. Charles I, Count of Valois[21] 9. Isabella of Aragon[23] 2. Philip VI of France 10. Charles II of Naples[21] 5. Margaret, Countess of Anjou[21] 11. Mary of Hungary[21] 1. John II of France 12. Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy[24] 6. Robert II, Duke of Burgundy[22] 13. Yolande of Dreux[24] 3. Joan of Burgundy 14. Louis IX of France[25] 7. Agnes of France[22] 15. Margaret of Provence[25]","title":"Ancestry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bonne of Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonne_of_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"John, King of Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_King_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Charles V of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V_of_France"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Keane17-27"},{"link_name":"Louis I, Duke of Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I,_Duke_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Marie of Blois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_of_Blois,_Duchess_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Keane17-27"},{"link_name":"John, Duke of Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_Duke_of_Berry"},{"link_name":"Jeanne of Auvergne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Armagnac"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Keane17-27"},{"link_name":"Philip II, Duke of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_the_Bold"},{"link_name":"Margaret of Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_III,_Countess_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Keane17-27"},{"link_name":"Joan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Valois,_Queen_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Charles II (the Bad) of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Keane17-27"},{"link_name":"Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_of_Valois_(1344-1404)"},{"link_name":"Robert I, Duke of Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I,_Duke_of_Bar"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Isabelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabelle_of_Valois_(1348-1372)"},{"link_name":"Gian Galeazzo I, Duke of Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giangaleazzo_Visconti"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Joanna I of Auvergne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_I_of_Auvergne"},{"link_name":"Countess of Auvergne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rulers_of_Auvergne"},{"link_name":"Boulogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Boulogne"},{"link_name":"Philip of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_of_Burgundy,_Count_of_Auvergne"},{"link_name":"Philip I, Duke of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_I,_Duke_of_Burgundy"}],"text":"On 28 July 1332, at the age of 13, John was married to Bonne of Luxembourg (d. 1349), daughter of John, King of Bohemia.[26] Their children were:Charles V of France (21 January 1338 – 16 September 1380)[27]\nCatherine (1338–1338) died young\nLouis I, Duke of Anjou (23 July 1339 – 20 September 1384), married Marie of Blois[27]\nJohn, Duke of Berry (30 November 1340 – 15 June 1416), married Jeanne of Auvergne[27]\nPhilip II, Duke of Burgundy (17 January 1342 – 27 April 1404), married Margaret of Flanders[27]\nJoan (24 June 1343 – 3 November 1373), married Charles II (the Bad) of Navarre[27]\nMarie (12 September 1344 – October 1404), married Robert I, Duke of Bar[28]\nAgnes (9 December 1345 – April 1350)\nMargaret (20 September 1347 – 25 April 1352)\nIsabelle (1 October 1348 – 11 September 1372), married Gian Galeazzo I, Duke of Milan[29]On 19 February 1350, at the royal Château de Sainte-Gemme, John married Joanna I of Auvergne (d. 1361), Countess of Auvergne and Boulogne. Joanna was the widow of Philip of Burgundy, the deceased heir of that duchy, and the mother of the young Philip I, Duke of Burgundy (1344–61) who became John's stepson and ward. John and Joanna had three children, all of whom died shortly after birth:Blanche (b. November 1350)\nCatherine (b. early 1352)\na son (b. early 1353)","title":"Issue"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jan_Jitka.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charles V of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V_of_France"}],"sub_title":"Succession","text":"John's family treeJohn II was succeeded by his son, Charles, who reigned as Charles V of France, known as The Wise.","title":"Issue"}] | [{"image_text":"John and his first wife Bonne","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bonne_of_Luxembourg%2C_with_her_husband_Jean.jpg/220px-Bonne_of_Luxembourg%2C_with_her_husband_Jean.jpg"},{"image_text":"A denier d'or aux fleurs de lys from John's reign (1351)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Jean_II_denier_d_Or_aux_fleurs_de_lys_1351.jpg/220px-Jean_II_denier_d_Or_aux_fleurs_de_lys_1351.jpg"},{"image_text":"John being crowned King of France with his second wife Joan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Jan_jana.jpg/220px-Jan_jana.jpg"},{"image_text":"Arrest of Charles of Navarre at Rouen in 1356 (Chroniques de Froissart, Loyset Liedet, BnF, Manuscrit français 2 643 fº 197v).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/John_the_Good_king_of_Fra_ordering_the_arrest_of_Charles_the_Bad_king_of_Navarre.jpg/220px-John_the_Good_king_of_Fra_ordering_the_arrest_of_Charles_the_Bad_king_of_Navarre.jpg"},{"image_text":"Letter of Jean le Bon during his captivity in Windsor, to his son Charles about Pierre de la Batut","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Jean_le_Bon_letter_from_Windsor_to_his_son_Charles_about_Pierre_de_la_Batut.jpg/220px-Jean_le_Bon_letter_from_Windsor_to_his_son_Charles_about_Pierre_de_la_Batut.jpg"},{"image_text":"The first franc ever minted, the \"Franc à cheval\", was minted upon Jean le Bon's return from captivity from 5 December 1360, and featured combative imagery. Gold, 24 karat, 3.73g. Its weight is the account value of one livre tournois.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Franc_a_cheval_de_Jean_le_Bon_5_decembre_1360_or_3730mg.jpg/220px-Franc_a_cheval_de_Jean_le_Bon_5_decembre_1360_or_3730mg.jpg"},{"image_text":"John II ennobling his knights, BNF","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Adoubement1.jpg/220px-Adoubement1.jpg"},{"image_text":"The funeral procession of Jean II","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/The_funeral_procession_of_Jean_II.jpg/220px-The_funeral_procession_of_Jean_II.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_France_%28Ancien%29.svg/90px-Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_France_%28Ancien%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"John's family tree","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Jan_Jitka.jpg/220px-Jan_Jitka.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"François Autrand (1994). Charles V le Sage. Paris: Fayard. p. 13.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Anselme de Sainte-Marie, Père (1726). Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France [Genealogical and chronological history of the royal house of France] (in French). Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Paris: La compagnie des libraires. p. 105.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=n9lEAAAAcAAJ","url_text":"Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France"}]},{"reference":"Autrand, Françoise (1994). Charles V : le Sage. Paris: Fayard. p. 909. ISBN 2-213-02769-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-213-02769-2","url_text":"2-213-02769-2"}]},{"reference":"Borel d’Hauterive, André. Notice Historique de la Noblesse (Tome 2 ed.). p. 391.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hunt, William (1889). \"Edward the Black Prince\" . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 17. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 90–101.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Edward_the_Black_Prince","url_text":"\"Edward the Black Prince\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Stephen","url_text":"Stephen, Leslie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn (1906). Historical Memorials of Canterbury. London: J. M. Dent & Co. pp. 234, 276–279.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Penrhyn_Stanley","url_text":"Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historicalcanterbur00stanuoft","url_text":"Historical Memorials of Canterbury"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historicalcanterbur00stanuoft/page/234","url_text":"234"}]},{"reference":"Kosto, Adam J. (2012). Hostages in the Middle Ages. Oxford University Press. p. 163. ISBN 9780199651702. Retrieved 11 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HbTTn3C3GtYC&pg=PA163","url_text":"Hostages in the Middle Ages"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199651702","url_text":"9780199651702"}]},{"reference":"Gallo, F. Alberto (1995). Music in the Castle: Troubadours, Books, and Orators in Italian Courts of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Centuries. University of Chicago Press. p. 54.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=n9lEAAAAcAAJ","external_links_name":"Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Edward_the_Black_Prince","external_links_name":"\"Edward the Black Prince\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historicalcanterbur00stanuoft","external_links_name":"Historical Memorials of Canterbury"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historicalcanterbur00stanuoft/page/234","external_links_name":"234"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HbTTn3C3GtYC&pg=PA163","external_links_name":"Hostages in the Middle Ages"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/74335/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000122827760","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/42632679","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbxG3Q9tq8yQWf6MpV9jC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119424399","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119424399","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/120193795","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBNV082069","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007263213905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81066878","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/64jlnrrq1lc88kq","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0076313&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p308136969","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810681314405606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/108616","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd120193795.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/027367347","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltham_Forest | London Borough of Waltham Forest | ["1 History","1.1 Toponymy","1.2 Early history","1.3 Preservation of Epping Forest","1.4 Urbanisation","1.5 Industrial firsts","1.6 Air Raids in World War One","1.7 Blitz - World War Two","1.8 Creation of the modern borough","2 Governance","2.1 Greater London representation","3 Settlement","3.1 Ethnicity","3.1.1 Religion","4 Open spaces","5 Arts, culture and leisure","6 Housing","7 Olympics","8 Education","9 Neighbouring authorities","10 Constituent districts and wards","10.1 Districts","10.2 Wards","11 Transport","12 Law enforcement","13 Notable residents","14 Sports teams","15 Twinned cities","16 Gallery","17 See also","18 References","19 External links"] | Coordinates: 51°34′N 0°02′W / 51.567°N 0.033°W / 51.567; -0.033"Waltham Forest" redirects here. For the historic royal forest, see Waltham Forest (legal forest).
London borough in United KingdomLondon Borough of Waltham ForestLondon borough
Coat of armsCouncil logoMotto: Fellowship is LifeWaltham Forest shown within Greater LondonSovereign stateUnited KingdomConstituent countryEnglandRegionLondonCeremonial countyGreater LondonCreated1 April 1965Admin HQWalthamstowGovernment • TypeLondon borough council • BodyWaltham Forest London Borough Council • London AssemblySem Moema (Labour) AM for North East • MPsJohn Cryer (Labour)Stella Creasy (Labour)Iain Duncan Smith (Con)Area • Total14.99 sq mi (38.82 km2) • Rank265th (of 296)Population (2022) • Total275,887 • Rank61st (of 296) • Density18,000/sq mi (7,100/km2)Time zoneUTC (GMT) • Summer (DST)UTC+1 (BST)PostcodesE, IGArea code020ONS code00BHGSS codeE09000031PoliceMetropolitan PoliceWebsitehttps://www.walthamforest.gov.uk/
The London Borough of Waltham Forest (/ˈwɔːlθəm/) is an outer London borough formed in 1965 from the merger of the municipal boroughs of Leyton, Walthamstow and Chingford.
The borough's administrative headquarters are at Waltham Forest Town Hall, which before the merger of the boroughs, was called Walthamstow Town Hall. The population was 278,428 at the 2021 census. Waltham Forest borders five other London boroughs: Enfield to the north-west, Haringey to the west, Hackney to the south-west, Newham to the south-east and Redbridge to the east, as well as the non-metropolitan county of Essex to the north.
The borough takes its name from the former Waltham Forest – an institution which managed deer in south-west Essex. Epping Forest is a remainder of the former Waltham Forest and forms the eastern and northern fringe of the borough. The River Lea lies to the west where its associated marshes and parkland form a green corridor which, along the reservoir-lined reaches, separates north and east London, and is the historic border between Middlesex and Essex.
Waltham Forest was one of the host boroughs of the London Olympics in 2012, with the Lee Valley Hockey and Tennis Centre and part of the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park providing an ongoing legacy in the UK and London.
History
Toponymy
The borough took its name from the former Waltham Forest, an institution that managed deer in an area of south-west Essex that stretched eastwards from the River Lea and included large areas of agricultural land as well as the wooded areas subsequently known as Epping Forest and Hainault Forest. The name Waltham Forest was used in parallel with local woodland names, some of which have persisted.
The first known use of the name Waltham Forest is 1205 (in Medieval Latin) as foresta nostra prope Waltham, and the use of the name persisted, until the end of the seventeenth century.
Early history
The area was in the territory of the Trinovantes tribe during the Iron Age and through the Roman period, when the tribal area was a unit of local government. It subsequently became part of the Kingdom of the East Saxons a unit which is likely to have its roots in the territory of the Trinovantes. After the Kingdom of Essex lost its independence, it evolved into the county of Essex.
The Domesday book of 1086 records four manors in the area, Chingford, Walthamstow, Higham and Leyton. At some point, before or after the Domesday survey these also became parishes, with Higham becoming part of the parish of Walthamstow. These parishes had largely stable borders from which those of the later Municipal Boroughs were derived, and these are the basis of our understanding of the extent of these local areas today.
Preservation of Epping Forest
The southern part of Epping Forest still extends into the north of the borough, 90% of it having been preserved by the Epping Forest Act of 1878. This not only assisted in preserving the forest, the attraction value also helped stimulate urbanisation of nearby areas.
Urbanisation
Until the late Victorian era, the area that became the modern borough was rural in nature with a small dispersed population and a primarily agricultural landscape. Leyton, in particular, grew quite rapidly between 1870 and 1910.
Industrial firsts
In 1892, a private citizen named Frederick Bremer built the first British motorcar in a workshop in his garden, at Connaught Road, Walthamstow. The vehicle is on display at the Vestry House Museum in Walthamstow.
In 1909, the aviation pioneer A V Roe successfully tested the first all-British aeroplane, the Roe I Triplane, on land at Walthamstow Marshes.
Air Raids in World War One
The area now known as Waltham Forest experienced at least two Zeppelin raids during World War I. On 17/18 August 1915, Airship L10 took a route roughly following the Gospel Oak to Barking railway line, dropping incendiary and high-explosive bombs. The first bomb, an incendiary, fell on Hoe St, Walthamstow, at the junction of Orford and Queens Road; the last was dropped in Aldersbrook area. Ten people were killed in Leyton and another 48 injured across the wider area. On 23/24 September 1916 the German Navy airship L 31 dropped around ten bombs along the line of Lea Bridge Road, Leyton, killing eight there. On both occasions the Germans believed they were bombing the City, and it is thought they mistook the Lee Valley Reservoir Chain for the Thames.
Blitz - World War Two
During the most intense period of the Blitz (October 1940 to June 1941), the area was hit by around 728 high explosive bombs, 17 parachute mines and an unknown, but much greater number of small incendiary bombs. Subsequent raids were lighter and less frequent, but 1944 saw a number of V-1 'flying bombs' and V-2 long-range ballistic missiles hit the area, including a V-1 which landed on central Walthamstow killing 22 and a V-2 which landed on Chingford Road, Walthamstow killing 8.
Creation of the modern borough
The London Borough of Waltham Forest was created in 1965 under the London Government Act 1963, covering the combined area of the former municipal boroughs of Chingford, Leyton and Walthamstow. The area was transferred from Essex to Greater London to become one of the 32 London Boroughs.
A petition opposed calling the new borough "Walthamstow", so perhaps for that reason the new borough took its name from the former Waltham Forest.
Governance
Main article: Waltham Forest London Borough Council
Waltham Forest Town Hall
The local authority is Waltham Forest Council, based at Waltham Forest Town Hall (formerly Walthamstow Town Hall).
Greater London representation
Since 2000, for elections to the London Assembly, the borough forms part of the North East constituency.
Settlement
Population pyramid of Waltham Forest in 2021
The main centres of population in the borough are Chingford in the north, Walthamstow in the centre (the administrative hub including the council offices) and Leyton and Leytonstone to the South. Waltham Forest has the fifth largest Muslim population in England and the third largest in London (coming after its neighbouring boroughs, Newham and Tower Hamlets).
Population censusYearPop.±% 1801 6,500— 1811 8,165+25.6% 1821 9,239+13.2% 1831 9,505+2.9% 1841 9,806+3.2% 1851 10,759+9.7% 1861 22,635+110.4% 1871 34,512+52.5% 1881 46,388+34.4% 1891 92,948+100.4% 1901 154,146+65.8% 1911 255,661+65.9% 1921 267,592+4.7% 1931 280,094+4.7% 1941 274,172−2.1% 1951 268,383−2.1% 1961 251,205−6.4% 1971 235,145−6.4% 1981 214,595−8.7% 1991 217,625+1.4% 2001 218,277+0.3% 2011 258,249+18.3% 2021 278,428+7.8%Note:
Ethnicity
Ethnic Group
Year
1971 estimations
1981 estimations
1991 census
2001 census
2011 census
2021 census
Number
%
Number
%
Number
%
Number
%
Number
%
Number
%
White: Total
–
92.2%
175,276
82.5%
157,824
74.4%
140,803
64.5%
134,799
52.1%
147,024
52.8%
White: British
–
–
–
–
–
–
121,694
55.7%
92,999
36.0%
94,766
34.0%
White: Irish
–
–
–
–
–
–
5,112
2.4%
3,959
1.5%
4,230
1.5%
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
369
<1%
198
0.1%
White: Roma
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1,397
0.5%
White: Other
–
–
–
–
–
–
13,997
6.4%
37,472
14.5%
46,433
16.7%
Asian or Asian British: Total
–
–
–
–
26,940
12.7%
33,659
15.4%
54,389
20.8%
55,545
19.9%
Asian or Asian British: Indian
–
–
–
–
7,042
7,671
3.5%
9,134
3.5%
9,134
3.3%
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani
–
–
–
–
13,298
6.3%
17,295
7.9%
26,347
10.2%
28,740
10.3%
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi
–
–
–
–
1,875
2,166
<1%
4,632
1.7%
5,166
1.9%
Asian or Asian British: Chinese
–
–
–
–
1,233
1,443
<1%
2,579
<1%
2,626
0.9%
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian
–
–
–
–
3,492
5,084
2.3%
11,697
4.5%
9,879
3.5%
Black or Black British: Total
–
–
–
–
23,921
11.3%
33,673
15.4%
44,791
17.3%
41,647
14.9%
Black or Black British: African
–
–
–
–
5,967
12,630
5.8%
18,815
7.3%
18,759
6.7%
Black or Black British: Caribbean
–
–
–
–
14,421
6.8%
17,797
8.2%
18,841
7.3%
17,587
6.3%
Black or Black British: Other Black
–
–
–
–
3,533
3,246
1.5%
7,135
2.7%
5,301
1.9%
Mixed or British Mixed: Total
–
–
–
–
–
–
7,749
3.6%
13,776
5.2%
17,983
6.4%
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean
–
–
–
–
–
–
3,007
1.4%
4,568
1.7%
5,135
1.8%
Mixed: White and Black African
–
–
–
–
–
–
1,195
<1%
2,403
<1%
2,777
1.0%
Mixed: White and Asian
–
–
–
–
–
–
1,580
<1%
2,602
1.0%
3,875
1.4%
Mixed: Other Mixed
–
–
–
–
–
–
1,967
<1%
4,193
1.6%
6,196
2.2%
Other: Total
–
–
–
–
3,348
1.6%
2,457
1.1%
10,504
4.0%
16,229
5.8%
Other: Arab
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
3,776
1.4%
2,884
1.0%
Other: Any other ethnic group
–
–
–
–
3,348
1.6%
2,457
1.1%
6,728
2.6%
13,345
4.8%
Non-White: Total
–
7.8%
37,122
17.5%
54,209
25.6%
77,538
35.5%
123,450
47.9%
131,404
47.2%
Total
–
100%
212,398
100%
212,033
100%
218,341
100.00%
258,249
100.00%
278,428
100%
Religion
Religion
1995 estimates
Number
%
Christian
–
–
No religion
–
–
Muslim
–
–
Religion not stated
–
–
Hindu
–
–
Jewish
2,700
1.3%
Sikh
–
–
Other religion
–
–
Buddhist
–
–
Total
–
100%
Open spaces
Epping Forest and the green corridor along the River Lea provide some of the borough's many open spaces, which include:
Epping Forest (part)
Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park (part)
Lee Valley Reservoir Chain (part)
Walthamstow Marshes
The Walthamstow Wetlands Reserve, opened in 2017, provides 211 ha (520 acres; 2.11 km2) of open space.
Leyton Jubilee Park
Lloyd Park
Ridgeway Park
Chingford Mount Cemetery
Mansfield Park
Highams Park Field
Arts, culture and leisure
Historically known as the seat of the Arts and Crafts Movement under the stewardship of William Morris, Waltham Forest has continued to succour many contemporary artists & art groups. These include the North East London Independent Artists (NELIA) group, based at the Changing Room Gallery in Lloyd Park, the 491 Gallery in Leytonstone, and a number of independent artists, also mainly in the Leytonstone area. The biennial E17 Art Trail, which includes open studios, exhibitions and events, is the biggest art event in the borough, and there is now a similar event in Leytonstone. Eamon Everall, founder member of the Stuckism art movement is a long-time resident in the borough where he also maintains a studio.
Waltham Forest was the first ever London Borough of Culture in 2019.
Waltham Forest is home to a number of musicians that have found success in the UK, including East 17, Blazin' Squad, and Indie band Hefner, who formed in Walthamstow. The borough is also a centre of the grime musical genre; grime acts hailing from the borough include More Fire Crew, Lethal Bizzle, and Jammer amongst others.
The borough had a key role in the history of rave music culture, whether it be clubs, artists, and DJs. Widely regarded as one of the seminal tracks of jungle music, the creator of "We Are I.E." Lennie de Ice grew up and lived in Walthamstow. Walthamstow was also home to DJ Rap and MC Navigator. The venue Dungeons was located on the Lea Bridge Road in Leyton, and a number of pirate radio stations including Friends FM, Dance FM, and Eruption FM broadcast from tower blocks such as the Cathall Estate in Leytonstone.
The only theatre in the borough, The Waltham Forest Theatre, was situated in Lloyd Park. Though a local campaign was launched to save it in 2008 the theatre was demolished in 2011.
Leyton Orient F.C. is the local professional football team, based at Brisbane Road, Leyton. In the 1962–63 season the club played in the top tier of English football, the Football League First Division, but currently are in League One, the third tier of the English football league system.
Housing
Waltham Forest was one of six local authorities to set up a Housing Action Trust under the Housing Act 1988. The Waltham Forest HAT covered various estates in need of regeneration: Cathall Road in Leytonstone, Oliver Close in Leyton, Boundary Road in Walthamstow and Chingford Hall in Chingford. The HAT transferred its redeveloped estates to Community-based Housing Association and shut down in April 2002. English Partnerships then demolished four empty tower blocks.
The remaining Council housing in the borough is now managed by an arms-length management organisation, Waltham Forest Housing (formerly Ascham Homes).
Olympics
Waltham Forest was one of four host boroughs in east London for the 2012 Olympics. The northern part of the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park is located in Eton Manor. The borough hosted events in its three Olympic-size swimming pools, one synchronised swimming pool and one water polo pool. These pools were used for athlete training.
During the Paralympic Games, Eton Manor hosted the Wheelchair Tennis events, with temporary seating for 10,500 spectators.
In April 2012, the Ministry of Defence identified the roof of Fred Wigg Tower as a potential location for surface-to-air missile defences during the Games.
Education
Main article: List of schools in Waltham Forest
Waltham Forest has a number of institutes, including 3 colleges of further education. Leyton Sixth Form College was the second sixth form college in Southern England to get a licence, and was awarded the title of best college in London for sport in 2013. Others include Waltham Forest College and Sir George Monoux College. Waltham Forest has a sixth form college reorganised system which it adopted in 1985.
Neighbouring authorities
Neighbouring authorities are Epping Forest (Essex) in the north, Redbridge in the east, with Newham and Hackney to the south. Haringey and Enfield lie to the west.
Places adjacent to London Borough of Waltham Forest
Enfield
Epping Forest (Essex)
Haringey
Waltham Forest
Redbridge
Hackney
Newham, Hackney
Newham
Constituent districts and wards
A map showing the wards of Waltham Forest since 2002
Districts
Bakers Arms
Cann Hall
Chingford
Chingford Hatch
Friday Hill
Hale End
Highams Park
Leyton
Leytonstone
Upper Walthamstow
Walthamstow
Whipps Cross
Wards
Cann Hall
Cathall
Chapel End
Chingford Green
Endlebury
Forest
Grove Green
Hale End and Highams Park South
Hatch Lane and Highams Park North
High Street
Higham Hill
Hoe Street
Larkswood
Lea Bridge
Leyton
Leytonstone
Markhouse
St James
Upper Walthamstow
Valley
William Morris
Wood Street
Transport
The Central line of the London Underground serves the south of the borough, running alongside the A12 road with stations at Leyton and Leytonstone. The Victoria line runs roughly through the middle of the borough with stations at Walthamstow Central and Blackhorse Road. The Gospel Oak to Barking line of London Overground has stations at Walthamstow Queen's Road, Blackhorse Road, Leyton Midland Road and Leytonstone High Road. London Overground also runs services on the Lea Valley lines from Liverpool Street station in the City of London and serves stations at St James Street, Walthamstow Central, Wood Street, Highams Park and Chingford. Greater Anglia serves the south-west of the borough with a station at Lea Bridge. A number of London Buses routes serve the borough, as well as six night bus routes. The Central line and the Victoria line are both part of the Night Tube, which provides overnight tube services on Friday and Saturday nights. The pioneering Mini Holland programme has begun to provide protected cycle lanes across the southern half of the borough, increasing the ability to use bicycles as a transport option.
In March 2011, the main forms of transport that residents used to travel to work were: underground, metro, light rail, tram, 21.0% of all residents aged 16–74; driving a car or van, 7.0%; bus, minibus or coach, 7.0%; train, 6.5%; on foot, 4.3%; work mainly at or from home, 2.1%; bicycle, 1.8%.
Law enforcement
Policing is covered by the Metropolitan Police. There is one police station which is based in Chingford and a number of additional patrol centres throughout the borough. Waltham Forest comes under the Met's North-East Basic Command Unit (BCU) following a merger of Waltham Forest's and Newham's policing in 2018
Notable residents
David Beckham
Main article: List of people from Waltham Forest
Waltham Forest is the birthplace of William Morris, best known as one of the principal founders of the British Arts and Crafts Movement. Morris was a designer of wallpaper and patterned fabrics, a writer of poetry and fiction, and a pioneer of the socialist movement in Britain.
Other notable people, such as footballer and former England Captain David Beckham, rapper, songwriter and actor Redzz, I, Claudius star Derek Jacobi, former Essex and England cricket Captain Graham Gooch, and the film director and producer Alfred Hitchcock, were also born in the borough. The heavy metal band Iron Maiden was formed in Leyton, and Eastenders actress Rita Simons was born in Leytonstone. Notable Eastenders Actor Adam Woodyatt is from Walthamstow. The poet Pascale Petit, shortlisted three times for the TS Eliot poetry prize, lives in Walthamstow. Notable rap/grime artist Lethal Bizzle is from Walthamstow, and Grayson Perry, the 2003 Turner Prize-winning artist, has his studio in Walthamstow. X Factor finalist Fleur East is also from Walthamstow as well as British Taekwondo Athlete Lutalo Muhammad.
Sports teams
Leyton Orient Football Club
Walthamstow F.C.
West Essex F.C.
Leyton Football Club
Lee Valley Lions
Twinned cities
The London Borough of Waltham Forest is twinned with
Saint-Mandé, France,
Wandsbek, Germany,
Antigua and Barbuda, and
Dominica.
Friendship links have also been established with
Mirpur, Pakistan.
Gallery
Waltham Forest Town Hall
Queen Elizabeth's Hunting Lodge
Walthamstow Stadium
Leyton Town Hall
Walthamstow Marshes
Leytonstone Station
All Saints and St Paul's Tower
The 'Ancient House' in Walthamstow Village
Chingford Town Hall (No longer in use)
Walthamstow Bus Station just off Selborne Walk
See also
London portal
Waltham Forest parks and open spaces
Waltham Forest Guardian
Whipps Cross Hospital
References
^ "Waltham Forest definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary". www.collinsdictionary.com. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
^ The Place Names of Essex, PH Reaney, English Place Name Society, Volume XII, Cambridge University Press, Reissued 1969
^ Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England, p46. Barbara Yorke. Yorke makes reference to research by Rodwell and Rodwell (1986) and Bassett (1989)
^ Powell, W R (1973). "'Leyton: Introduction', in A History of the County of Essex". London: British History Online. pp. 174–184. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
^ "Bremer". Britainbycar.co.uk. 14 April 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
^ "Alliott Verdon Roe - E17 (1) : London Remembers, Aiming to capture all memorials in London". Londonremembers.com. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
^ London 1914-17 The Zeppelin Menace, Ian Castle. Osprey Publishing 2008
^ University of Portsmouth, in collaboration with the National Archives and funded by JISC. "Bombs dropped in Waltham Forest - Bomb Sight - Mapping the World War 2 London Blitz Bomb Census". Bomb Sight. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
^ "Bomb Census London: An East End Raid Over Walthamstow And Leyton". Culture24. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
^ "London V2 Rocket Sites...Mapped". Londonist. 2 August 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
^ "V1 Bomb Damage Walthamstow - British Pathé". Britishpathe.com. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
^ "V2 Rocket incident at Chingford Road, Walthamstow. Remains of a Stock Photo: 81006133". Alamy. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
^ Youngs, Frederic (1979). Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England. Vol. I: Southern England. London: Royal Historical Society. ISBN 0-901050-67-9.
^ "Waltham Forest: Total Population". A Vision of Britain Through Time. Great Britain Historical GIS Project. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
^ Tim Butler, Chris Hamnett. "Ethnicity, class and aspiration". Policy Press. p. 66. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
^ "Ethnic minorities in Britain: statistical information on the pattern of settlement". Commission for Racial Equality: Table 2.2. 1985.
^ "1991 census – theme tables". NOMIS. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
^ "KS006 - Ethnic group". NOMIS. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
^ "Ethnic Group by measures". NOMIS. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
^ "Ethnic group - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
^ "A PROFILE OF BRITISH JEWRY - 1995" (PDF). p. 12.
^ "'The Gift', Eamon Everall", Walker Art Gallery, National Museums Liverpool. Retrieved 16 October 2008.
^ BBC: "Events mark Waltham Forest becoming Borough of Culture"
^ "Sound systems & House parties – Rendezvous Projects". Rendezvous CIC. 18 June 2020.
^ Victoria Munro (6 November 2021). "Thank you for the music". Waltham Echo.
^ Alice Clapperton (9 November 2019). "Crest of a rave". Waltham Echo.
^ Sarah Cosgrove, "Teenage twins in bid to take over theatre", The Waltham Forest Guardian
^ "English Partnerships: A residuary body for Housing Action Trusts". Archived from the original on 5 January 2008. Retrieved 3 March 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "Ascham Homes performance worsens". Waltham Forest Guardian. 24 May 2010. Archived from the original on 26 May 2010. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
^ "Missiles could be deployed at six sites during Olympics, MOD confirm". Daily Telegraph. 1 May 2012. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
^ Koscielak, Kasia. "News - Leyton Sixth Form achieves Investors in People Gold Award". www.londoncolleges.com. Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
^ "College named best in London for sport". East London and West Essex Guardian Series.
^ "Further Education (Hansard, 6 June 1991)".
^ "About Enjoy Waltham Forest | Enjoy Waltham Forest". enjoywalthamforest.co.uk. 16 January 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
^ "2011 Census: QS701EW Method of travel to work, local authorities in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 23 November 2013. Percentages are of all residents aged 16-74 including those not in employment. Respondents could only pick one mode, specified as the journey's longest part by distance.
^ "The Met to Merge Newham & Waltham Forest police forces".
^ a b "Town twinning". Waltham Forest Council. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
External links
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51°34′N 0°02′W / 51.567°N 0.033°W / 51.567; -0.033 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waltham Forest (legal forest)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltham_Forest_(legal_forest)"},{"link_name":"/ˈwɔːlθəm/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"outer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_London"},{"link_name":"London borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_boroughs"},{"link_name":"municipal boroughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_borough"},{"link_name":"Leyton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Borough_of_Leyton"},{"link_name":"Walthamstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Borough_of_Walthamstow"},{"link_name":"Chingford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Borough_of_Chingford"},{"link_name":"Waltham Forest Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltham_Forest_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"Enfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Enfield"},{"link_name":"Haringey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Haringey"},{"link_name":"Hackney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Hackney"},{"link_name":"Newham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Newham"},{"link_name":"Redbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Redbridge"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"},{"link_name":"Waltham Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltham_Forest_(Legal_Forest)"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"},{"link_name":"Epping Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epping_Forest"},{"link_name":"River Lea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Lea"},{"link_name":"reservoir-lined reaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Valley_Reservoir_Chain"},{"link_name":"north","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_London"},{"link_name":"east London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London"},{"link_name":"London Olympics in 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Lee Valley Hockey and Tennis Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_Manor"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Olympic_Park"}],"text":"\"Waltham Forest\" redirects here. For the historic royal forest, see Waltham Forest (legal forest).London borough in United KingdomThe London Borough of Waltham Forest (/ˈwɔːlθəm/)[1] is an outer London borough formed in 1965 from the merger of the municipal boroughs of Leyton, Walthamstow and Chingford.The borough's administrative headquarters are at Waltham Forest Town Hall, which before the merger of the boroughs, was called Walthamstow Town Hall. The population was 278,428 at the 2021 census. Waltham Forest borders five other London boroughs: Enfield to the north-west, Haringey to the west, Hackney to the south-west, Newham to the south-east and Redbridge to the east, as well as the non-metropolitan county of Essex to the north.The borough takes its name from the former Waltham Forest – an institution which managed deer in south-west Essex. Epping Forest is a remainder of the former Waltham Forest and forms the eastern and northern fringe of the borough. The River Lea lies to the west where its associated marshes and parkland form a green corridor which, along the reservoir-lined reaches, separates north and east London, and is the historic border between Middlesex and Essex.Waltham Forest was one of the host boroughs of the London Olympics in 2012, with the Lee Valley Hockey and Tennis Centre and part of the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park providing an ongoing legacy in the UK and London.","title":"London Borough of Waltham Forest"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waltham Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltham_Forest_(legal_forest)"},{"link_name":"River Lea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Lea"},{"link_name":"Epping Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epping_Forest"},{"link_name":"Hainault Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainault_Forest"},{"link_name":"Medieval Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin#Medieval_latin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Toponymy","text":"The borough took its name from the former Waltham Forest, an institution that managed deer in an area of south-west Essex that stretched eastwards from the River Lea and included large areas of agricultural land as well as the wooded areas subsequently known as Epping Forest and Hainault Forest. The name Waltham Forest was used in parallel with local woodland names, some of which have persisted.The first known use of the name Waltham Forest is 1205 (in Medieval Latin) as foresta nostra prope Waltham, and the use of the name persisted, until the end of the seventeenth century.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trinovantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinovantes"},{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"East Saxons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Essex"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"},{"link_name":"Chingford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chingford"},{"link_name":"Walthamstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walthamstow"},{"link_name":"Higham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highams_Park"},{"link_name":"Leyton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyton"},{"link_name":"Domesday survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book"},{"link_name":"parishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Parish#Ancient_Parishes"},{"link_name":"Higham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highams_Park"}],"sub_title":"Early history","text":"The area was in the territory of the Trinovantes tribe during the Iron Age and through the Roman period, when the tribal area was a unit of local government. It subsequently became part of the Kingdom of the East Saxons a unit which is likely to have its roots in the territory of the Trinovantes.[3] After the Kingdom of Essex lost its independence, it evolved into the county of Essex.The Domesday book of 1086 records four manors in the area, Chingford, Walthamstow, Higham and Leyton. At some point, before or after the Domesday survey these also became parishes, with Higham becoming part of the parish of Walthamstow. These parishes had largely stable borders from which those of the later Municipal Boroughs were derived, and these are the basis of our understanding of the extent of these local areas today.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Preservation of Epping Forest","text":"The southern part of Epping Forest still extends into the north of the borough, 90% of it having been preserved by the Epping Forest Act of 1878. This not only assisted in preserving the forest, the attraction value also helped stimulate urbanisation of nearby areas.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Urbanisation","text":"Until the late Victorian era, the area that became the modern borough was rural in nature with a small dispersed population and a primarily agricultural landscape. Leyton, in particular, grew quite rapidly between 1870 and 1910.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frederick Bremer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Bremer"},{"link_name":"Vestry House Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestry_House_Museum"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"A V Roe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliot_Verdon_Roe"},{"link_name":"Roe I Triplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe_I_Triplane"},{"link_name":"Walthamstow Marshes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walthamstow_Marshes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Industrial firsts","text":"In 1892, a private citizen named Frederick Bremer built the first British motorcar in a workshop in his garden, at Connaught Road, Walthamstow. The vehicle is on display at the Vestry House Museum in Walthamstow.[5]\nIn 1909, the aviation pioneer A V Roe successfully tested the first all-British aeroplane, the Roe I Triplane, on land at Walthamstow Marshes.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zeppelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeppelin"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"airship L 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeppelin_R_Class"},{"link_name":"City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London"},{"link_name":"Lee Valley Reservoir Chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Valley_Reservoir_Chain"},{"link_name":"Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thames"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Air Raids in World War One","text":"The area now known as Waltham Forest experienced at least two Zeppelin raids during World War I. On 17/18 August 1915, Airship L10 took a route roughly following the Gospel Oak to Barking railway line, dropping incendiary and high-explosive bombs. The first bomb, an incendiary, fell on Hoe St, Walthamstow, at the junction of Orford and Queens Road; the last was dropped in Aldersbrook area. Ten people were killed in Leyton and another 48 injured across the wider area. On 23/24 September 1916 the German Navy airship L 31 dropped around ten bombs along the line of Lea Bridge Road, Leyton, killing eight there. On both occasions the Germans believed they were bombing the City, and it is thought they mistook the Lee Valley Reservoir Chain for the Thames.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blitz"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"parachute mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parachute_mine"},{"link_name":"small incendiary bombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incendiary_device"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"V-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb"},{"link_name":"V-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-2_rocket"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"V-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-2_rocket"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Blitz - World War Two","text":"During the most intense period of the Blitz (October 1940 to June 1941), the area was hit[8] by around 728 high explosive bombs, 17 parachute mines and an unknown, but much greater number of small incendiary bombs. Subsequent raids were lighter and less frequent,[9] but 1944 saw a number of V-1 'flying bombs' and V-2 long-range ballistic missiles hit the area, including a V-1 which landed on central Walthamstow killing 22[10][11] and a V-2 which landed on Chingford Road, Walthamstow killing 8.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London Government Act 1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Government_Act_1963"},{"link_name":"municipal boroughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_borough"},{"link_name":"Chingford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Borough_of_Chingford"},{"link_name":"Leyton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Borough_of_Leyton"},{"link_name":"Walthamstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Borough_of_Walthamstow"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Waltham Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltham_Forest_(Legal_Forest)"}],"sub_title":"Creation of the modern borough","text":"The London Borough of Waltham Forest was created in 1965 under the London Government Act 1963, covering the combined area of the former municipal boroughs of Chingford, Leyton and Walthamstow. The area was transferred from Essex to Greater London to become one of the 32 London Boroughs.[13]A petition opposed calling the new borough \"Walthamstow\", so perhaps for that reason the new borough took its name from the former Waltham Forest.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Download2018_338.jpg"},{"link_name":"Waltham Forest Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltham_Forest_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"Waltham Forest Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltham_Forest_Town_Hall"}],"text":"Waltham Forest Town HallThe local authority is Waltham Forest Council, based at Waltham Forest Town Hall (formerly Walthamstow Town Hall).","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Assembly"},{"link_name":"North East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_(London_Assembly_constituency)"}],"sub_title":"Greater London representation","text":"Since 2000, for elections to the London Assembly, the borough forms part of the North East constituency.","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waltham_Forest_population_pyramid.svg"},{"link_name":"Chingford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chingford"},{"link_name":"Walthamstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walthamstow"},{"link_name":"Leyton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyton"},{"link_name":"Leytonstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leytonstone"},{"link_name":"Newham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Newham"},{"link_name":"Tower Hamlets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Tower_Hamlets"}],"text":"Population pyramid of Waltham Forest in 2021The main centres of population in the borough are Chingford in the north, Walthamstow in the centre (the administrative hub including the council offices) and Leyton and Leytonstone to the South. Waltham Forest has the fifth largest Muslim population in England and the third largest in London (coming after its neighbouring boroughs, Newham and Tower Hamlets).","title":"Settlement"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ethnicity","title":"Settlement"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ethnicity - Religion","title":"Settlement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Epping Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epping_Forest"},{"link_name":"River Lea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Lea"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Olympic_Park"},{"link_name":"Lee Valley Reservoir Chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Valley_Reservoir_Chain"},{"link_name":"Walthamstow Marshes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walthamstow_Marshes"},{"link_name":"Walthamstow Wetlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walthamstow_Wetlands"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Park_(Walthamstow)"}],"text":"Epping Forest and the green corridor along the River Lea provide some of the borough's many open spaces, which include:Epping Forest (part)\nQueen Elizabeth Olympic Park (part)\nLee Valley Reservoir Chain (part)\nWalthamstow Marshes\nThe Walthamstow Wetlands Reserve, opened in 2017, provides 211 ha (520 acres; 2.11 km2) of open space.\nLeyton Jubilee Park\nLloyd Park\nRidgeway Park\nChingford Mount Cemetery\nMansfield Park\nHighams Park Field","title":"Open spaces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arts and Crafts Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_Movement"},{"link_name":"William Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morris"},{"link_name":"491 Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/491_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Eamon Everall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eamon_Everall"},{"link_name":"Stuckism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuckism"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"East 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_17"},{"link_name":"Blazin' Squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blazin%27_Squad"},{"link_name":"Indie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_rock"},{"link_name":"Hefner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hefner_(band)"},{"link_name":"grime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grime_(music)"},{"link_name":"More Fire Crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_Fire_Crew"},{"link_name":"Lethal Bizzle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethal_Bizzle"},{"link_name":"Jammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammer_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"rave music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rave_music"},{"link_name":"jungle music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_music"},{"link_name":"We Are I.E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Are_I.E."},{"link_name":"Walthamstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walthamstow"},{"link_name":"DJ Rap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Rap"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Lea Bridge Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_Bridge_Road"},{"link_name":"Leyton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyton"},{"link_name":"pirate radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_pirate_radio"},{"link_name":"Eruption FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eruption_Radio"},{"link_name":"Cathall Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathall"},{"link_name":"Leytonstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leytonstone"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Leyton Orient F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyton_Orient_F.C."},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Football League First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_League_One"},{"link_name":"English football league system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_football_league_system"}],"text":"Historically known as the seat of the Arts and Crafts Movement under the stewardship of William Morris, Waltham Forest has continued to succour many contemporary artists & art groups. These include the North East London Independent Artists (NELIA) group, based at the Changing Room Gallery in Lloyd Park, the 491 Gallery in Leytonstone, and a number of independent artists, also mainly in the Leytonstone area. The biennial E17 Art Trail, which includes open studios, exhibitions and events, is the biggest art event in the borough, and there is now a similar event in Leytonstone. Eamon Everall, founder member of the Stuckism art movement is a long-time resident in the borough where he also maintains a studio.[22]Waltham Forest was the first ever London Borough of Culture in 2019.[23]Waltham Forest is home to a number of musicians that have found success in the UK, including East 17, Blazin' Squad, and Indie band Hefner, who formed in Walthamstow. The borough is also a centre of the grime musical genre; grime acts hailing from the borough include More Fire Crew, Lethal Bizzle, and Jammer amongst others.The borough had a key role in the history of rave music culture, whether it be clubs, artists, and DJs. Widely regarded as one of the seminal tracks of jungle music, the creator of \"We Are I.E.\" Lennie de Ice grew up and lived in Walthamstow. Walthamstow was also home to DJ Rap and MC Navigator.[24][25] The venue Dungeons was located on the Lea Bridge Road in Leyton, and a number of pirate radio stations including Friends FM, Dance FM, and Eruption FM broadcast from tower blocks such as the Cathall Estate in Leytonstone.[26]The only theatre in the borough, The Waltham Forest Theatre, was situated in Lloyd Park. Though a local campaign was launched to save it in 2008 [27] the theatre was demolished in 2011.Leyton Orient F.C. is the local professional football team, based at Brisbane Road, Leyton. In the 1962–63 season the club played in the top tier of English football, the Football League First Division, but currently are in League One, the third tier of the English football league system.","title":"Arts, culture and leisure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Housing Action Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_Action_Trust"},{"link_name":"regeneration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_renewal"},{"link_name":"Cathall Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathall_Road"},{"link_name":"Leytonstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leytonstone"},{"link_name":"Oliver Close","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Close"},{"link_name":"Leyton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyton"},{"link_name":"Walthamstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walthamstow"},{"link_name":"Chingford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chingford"},{"link_name":"Community-based Housing Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-based_Housing_Association"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep-28"},{"link_name":"Council housing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_housing"},{"link_name":"arms-length management organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms-length_management_organisation"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Waltham Forest was one of six local authorities to set up a Housing Action Trust under the Housing Act 1988. The Waltham Forest HAT covered various estates in need of regeneration: Cathall Road in Leytonstone, Oliver Close in Leyton, Boundary Road in Walthamstow and Chingford Hall in Chingford. The HAT transferred its redeveloped estates to Community-based Housing Association and shut down in April 2002. English Partnerships then demolished four empty tower blocks.[28]The remaining Council housing in the borough is now managed by an arms-length management organisation, Waltham Forest Housing (formerly Ascham Homes).[29]","title":"Housing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"east London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London"},{"link_name":"2012 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Park,_London"},{"link_name":"Eton Manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_Manor"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"surface-to-air missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Waltham Forest was one of four host boroughs in east London for the 2012 Olympics. The northern part of the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park is located in Eton Manor. The borough hosted events in its three Olympic-size swimming pools, one synchronised swimming pool and one water polo pool. These pools were used for athlete training.During the Paralympic Games, Eton Manor hosted the Wheelchair Tennis events, with temporary seating for 10,500 spectators.In April 2012, the Ministry of Defence identified the roof of Fred Wigg Tower as a potential location for surface-to-air missile defences during the Games.[30]","title":"Olympics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leyton Sixth Form College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyton_Sixth_Form_College"},{"link_name":"sixth form college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_form_college"},{"link_name":"Southern England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_England"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Waltham Forest College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltham_Forest_College"},{"link_name":"Sir George Monoux College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Monoux_College"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Waltham Forest has a number of institutes, including 3 colleges of further education. Leyton Sixth Form College was the second sixth form college in Southern England to get a licence,[31] and was awarded the title of best college in London for sport in 2013.[32] Others include Waltham Forest College and Sir George Monoux College. Waltham Forest has a sixth form college reorganised system which it adopted in 1985.[33]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Epping Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epping_Forest_District"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"},{"link_name":"Redbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Redbridge"},{"link_name":"Newham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Newham"},{"link_name":"Hackney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Hackney"},{"link_name":"Haringey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Haringey"},{"link_name":"Enfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Enfield"},{"link_name":"Enfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Enfield"},{"link_name":"Epping Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epping_Forest_District"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"},{"link_name":"Haringey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Haringey"},{"link_name":"Redbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Redbridge"},{"link_name":"Hackney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Hackney"},{"link_name":"Newham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Newham"},{"link_name":"Hackney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Hackney"},{"link_name":"Newham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Newham"}],"text":"Neighbouring authorities are Epping Forest (Essex) in the north, Redbridge in the east, with Newham and Hackney to the south. Haringey and Enfield lie to the west.Places adjacent to London Borough of Waltham Forest\nEnfield\nEpping Forest (Essex)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHaringey\n\nWaltham Forest\n\nRedbridge\n\n\n\n\n\nHackney\nNewham, Hackney\nNewham","title":"Neighbouring authorities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waltham_Forest_London_UK_labelled_ward_map_2002.svg"}],"text":"A map showing the wards of Waltham Forest since 2002","title":"Constituent districts and wards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bakers Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakers_Arms"},{"link_name":"Cann Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cann_Hall"},{"link_name":"Chingford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chingford"},{"link_name":"Chingford Hatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chingford_Hatch"},{"link_name":"Friday Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday_Hill,_London"},{"link_name":"Hale End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highams_Park#Hale_End"},{"link_name":"Highams Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highams_Park"},{"link_name":"Leyton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyton"},{"link_name":"Leytonstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leytonstone"},{"link_name":"Upper Walthamstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Walthamstow"},{"link_name":"Walthamstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walthamstow"},{"link_name":"Whipps Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whipps_Cross"}],"sub_title":"Districts","text":"Bakers Arms\nCann Hall\nChingford\nChingford Hatch\nFriday Hill\nHale End\nHighams Park\nLeyton\nLeytonstone\nUpper Walthamstow\nWalthamstow\nWhipps Cross","title":"Constituent districts and wards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cann Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cann_Hall"},{"link_name":"Cathall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathall_(ward)"},{"link_name":"Chapel End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chapel_End&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chingford Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chingford_Green"},{"link_name":"Endlebury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endlebury&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forest_(ward)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Grove Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grove_Green,_London&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hale End and Highams Park South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hale_End_and_Highams_Park_South&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hatch Lane and Highams Park North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hatch_Lane_and_Highams_Park_North&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"High Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Street_(ward)"},{"link_name":"Higham Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higham_Hill"},{"link_name":"Hoe Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hoe_Street&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Larkswood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Larkswood&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lea Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Leyton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyton_(ward)"},{"link_name":"Leytonstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leytonstone"},{"link_name":"Markhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Markhouse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"St James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_James_(ward)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Upper Walthamstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Walthamstow"},{"link_name":"Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valley_(ward)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Morris_(ward)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wood Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wood_Street_(ward)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Wards","text":"Cann Hall\nCathall\nChapel End\nChingford Green\nEndlebury\nForest\nGrove Green\nHale End and Highams Park South\nHatch Lane and Highams Park North\nHigh Street\nHigham Hill\nHoe Street\nLarkswood\nLea Bridge\nLeyton\nLeytonstone\nMarkhouse\nSt James\nUpper Walthamstow\nValley\nWilliam Morris\nWood Street","title":"Constituent districts and wards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_line_(London_Underground)"},{"link_name":"London Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"A12 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A12_road_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"Leyton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyton_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Leytonstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leytonstone_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Victoria line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_line"},{"link_name":"Walthamstow Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walthamstow_Central_station"},{"link_name":"Blackhorse Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackhorse_Road_station"},{"link_name":"Gospel Oak to Barking line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_Oak_to_Barking_line"},{"link_name":"London Overground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Walthamstow Queen's Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walthamstow_Queen%27s_Road_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Blackhorse Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackhorse_Road_station"},{"link_name":"Leyton Midland Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyton_Midland_Road_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Leytonstone High Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leytonstone_High_Road_railway_station"},{"link_name":"London Overground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Lea Valley lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_Valley_lines"},{"link_name":"Liverpool Street station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Street_station"},{"link_name":"City of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London"},{"link_name":"St James Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_James_Street_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Walthamstow Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walthamstow_Central_station"},{"link_name":"Wood Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_Street_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Highams Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highams_Park_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Chingford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chingford_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Greater Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Anglia_(train_operating_company)"},{"link_name":"Lea Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_Bridge_railway_station"},{"link_name":"London Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses"},{"link_name":"night bus routes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_buses_in_London"},{"link_name":"Night Tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Tube"},{"link_name":"Mini Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini-Hollands"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"The Central line of the London Underground serves the south of the borough, running alongside the A12 road with stations at Leyton and Leytonstone. The Victoria line runs roughly through the middle of the borough with stations at Walthamstow Central and Blackhorse Road. The Gospel Oak to Barking line of London Overground has stations at Walthamstow Queen's Road, Blackhorse Road, Leyton Midland Road and Leytonstone High Road. London Overground also runs services on the Lea Valley lines from Liverpool Street station in the City of London and serves stations at St James Street, Walthamstow Central, Wood Street, Highams Park and Chingford. Greater Anglia serves the south-west of the borough with a station at Lea Bridge. A number of London Buses routes serve the borough, as well as six night bus routes. The Central line and the Victoria line are both part of the Night Tube, which provides overnight tube services on Friday and Saturday nights. The pioneering Mini Holland programme has begun to provide protected cycle lanes across the southern half of the borough,[34] increasing the ability to use bicycles as a transport option.In March 2011, the main forms of transport that residents used to travel to work were: underground, metro, light rail, tram, 21.0% of all residents aged 16–74; driving a car or van, 7.0%; bus, minibus or coach, 7.0%; train, 6.5%; on foot, 4.3%; work mainly at or from home, 2.1%; bicycle, 1.8%.[35]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metropolitan Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Policing is covered by the Metropolitan Police. There is one police station which is based in Chingford and a number of additional patrol centres throughout the borough. Waltham Forest comes under the Met's North-East Basic Command Unit (BCU) following a merger of Waltham Forest's and Newham's policing in 2018[36]","title":"Law enforcement"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Beckham.jpg"},{"link_name":"William Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morris"},{"link_name":"David Beckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Beckham"},{"link_name":"Redzz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redzz"},{"link_name":"I, Claudius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I,_Claudius_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Derek Jacobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Jacobi"},{"link_name":"Graham Gooch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Gooch"},{"link_name":"Alfred Hitchcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock"},{"link_name":"Iron Maiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Maiden"},{"link_name":"Rita Simons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Simons"},{"link_name":"Adam Woodyatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Woodyatt"},{"link_name":"Pascale Petit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascale_Petit_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Lethal Bizzle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethal_Bizzle"},{"link_name":"Grayson Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayson_Perry"},{"link_name":"Turner Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Prize"},{"link_name":"Fleur East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleur_East"},{"link_name":"Lutalo Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutalo_Muhammad"}],"text":"David BeckhamWaltham Forest is the birthplace of William Morris, best known as one of the principal founders of the British Arts and Crafts Movement. Morris was a designer of wallpaper and patterned fabrics, a writer of poetry and fiction, and a pioneer of the socialist movement in Britain.Other notable people, such as footballer and former England Captain David Beckham, rapper, songwriter and actor Redzz, I, Claudius star Derek Jacobi, former Essex and England cricket Captain Graham Gooch, and the film director and producer Alfred Hitchcock, were also born in the borough. The heavy metal band Iron Maiden was formed in Leyton, and Eastenders actress Rita Simons was born in Leytonstone. Notable Eastenders Actor Adam Woodyatt is from Walthamstow. The poet Pascale Petit, shortlisted three times for the TS Eliot poetry prize, lives in Walthamstow. Notable rap/grime artist Lethal Bizzle is from Walthamstow, and Grayson Perry, the 2003 Turner Prize-winning artist, has his studio in Walthamstow. X Factor finalist Fleur East is also from Walthamstow as well as British Taekwondo Athlete Lutalo Muhammad.","title":"Notable residents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leyton Orient Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyton_Orient_F.C."},{"link_name":"Walthamstow F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walthamstow_F.C."},{"link_name":"West Essex F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Essex_F.C."},{"link_name":"Leyton Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyton_F.C."},{"link_name":"Lee Valley Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Valley_Lions"}],"text":"Leyton Orient Football Club\nWalthamstow F.C.\nWest Essex F.C.\nLeyton Football Club\nLee Valley Lions","title":"Sports teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_twinning"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twinning-37"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Saint-Mandé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Mand%C3%A9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Wandsbek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandsbek"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda"},{"link_name":"Antigua and Barbuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominica"},{"link_name":"Dominica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Mirpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirpur,_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twinning-37"}],"text":"The London Borough of Waltham Forest is twinned[37] withSaint-Mandé, France,\n Wandsbek, Germany,\n Antigua and Barbuda, and\n Dominica.Friendship links have also been established withMirpur, Pakistan.[37]","title":"Twinned cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walthamstow_Town_Hall_20_Apr_2006.jpg"},{"link_name":"Waltham Forest Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltham_Forest_Town_Hall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hunting_Lodge_Chingford.JPG"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth's Hunting Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth%27s_Hunting_Lodge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walthamstow_Stadium_1.JPG"},{"link_name":"Walthamstow Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walthamstow_Stadium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leytontownhall.jpg"},{"link_name":"Leyton Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyton_Town_Hall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walthamstow_Marshes.JPG"},{"link_name":"Walthamstow Marshes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walthamstow_Marshes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LU_Leytonstone_sign.jpg"},{"link_name":"Leytonstone Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leytonstone_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beaumont.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walthamstow,_The_Ancient_House.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Former_Chingford_Town_Hall_(geograph_4814495).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walthamstow_Bus_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1768510.jpg"}],"text":"Waltham Forest Town Hall\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tQueen Elizabeth's Hunting Lodge\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWalthamstow Stadium\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLeyton Town Hall\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWalthamstow Marshes\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLeytonstone Station\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAll Saints and St Paul's Tower\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe 'Ancient House' in Walthamstow Village\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChingford Town Hall (No longer in use)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWalthamstow Bus Station just off Selborne Walk","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"Waltham Forest Town Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Download2018_338.jpg/220px-Download2018_338.jpg"},{"image_text":"Population pyramid of Waltham Forest in 2021","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Waltham_Forest_population_pyramid.svg/220px-Waltham_Forest_population_pyramid.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A map showing the wards of Waltham Forest since 2002","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Waltham_Forest_London_UK_labelled_ward_map_2002.svg/220px-Waltham_Forest_London_UK_labelled_ward_map_2002.svg.png"},{"image_text":"David Beckham","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/David_Beckham.jpg/220px-David_Beckham.jpg"}] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster,_London_-_May_2007_icon.png"},{"title":"London portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:London"},{"title":"Waltham Forest parks and open spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltham_Forest_parks_and_open_spaces"},{"title":"Waltham Forest Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltham_Forest_Guardian"},{"title":"Whipps Cross Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whipps_Cross_Hospital"}] | [{"reference":"\"Waltham Forest definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary\". www.collinsdictionary.com. Retrieved 18 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/waltham-forest","url_text":"\"Waltham Forest definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary\""}]},{"reference":"Powell, W R (1973). \"'Leyton: Introduction', in A History of the County of Essex\". London: British History Online. pp. 174–184. Retrieved 11 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/essex/vol6/pp174-184","url_text":"\"'Leyton: Introduction', in A History of the County of Essex\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bremer\". Britainbycar.co.uk. 14 April 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britainbycar.co.uk/walthamstow/171-bremer","url_text":"\"Bremer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alliott Verdon Roe - E17 (1) : London Remembers, Aiming to capture all memorials in London\". Londonremembers.com. Retrieved 11 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.londonremembers.com/memorials/alliott-verdon-roe-e17-1","url_text":"\"Alliott Verdon Roe - E17 (1) : London Remembers, Aiming to capture all memorials in London\""}]},{"reference":"University of Portsmouth, in collaboration with the National Archives and funded by JISC. \"Bombs dropped in Waltham Forest - Bomb Sight - Mapping the World War 2 London Blitz Bomb Census\". Bomb Sight. Retrieved 11 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://bombsight.org/explore/greater-london/waltham-forest/","url_text":"\"Bombs dropped in Waltham Forest - Bomb Sight - Mapping the World War 2 London Blitz Bomb Census\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bomb Census London: An East End Raid Over Walthamstow And Leyton\". Culture24. Retrieved 11 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.culture24.org.uk/history-and-heritage/military-history/world-war-two/art28780","url_text":"\"Bomb Census London: An East End Raid Over Walthamstow And Leyton\""}]},{"reference":"\"London V2 Rocket Sites...Mapped\". Londonist. 2 August 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://londonist.com/2009/01/london_v2_rocket_sitesmapped","url_text":"\"London V2 Rocket Sites...Mapped\""}]},{"reference":"\"V1 Bomb Damage Walthamstow - British Pathé\". Britishpathe.com. Retrieved 11 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishpathe.com/video/v1-bomb-damage-walthamstow","url_text":"\"V1 Bomb Damage Walthamstow - British Pathé\""}]},{"reference":"\"V2 Rocket incident at Chingford Road, Walthamstow. Remains of a Stock Photo: 81006133\". Alamy. Retrieved 11 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-v2-rocket-incident-at-chingford-road-walthamstow-remains-of-a-surface-81006133.html","url_text":"\"V2 Rocket incident at Chingford Road, Walthamstow. Remains of a Stock Photo: 81006133\""}]},{"reference":"Youngs, Frederic (1979). Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England. Vol. I: Southern England. London: Royal Historical Society. ISBN 0-901050-67-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Historical_Society","url_text":"Royal Historical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-901050-67-9","url_text":"0-901050-67-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Waltham Forest: Total Population\". A Vision of Britain Through Time. Great Britain Historical GIS Project. Retrieved 3 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10056720/cube/TOT_POP","url_text":"\"Waltham Forest: Total Population\""}]},{"reference":"Tim Butler, Chris Hamnett. \"Ethnicity, class and aspiration\". Policy Press. p. 66. Retrieved 8 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://policy.bristoluniversitypress.co.uk/ethnicity-class-and-aspiration","url_text":"\"Ethnicity, class and aspiration\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ethnic minorities in Britain: statistical information on the pattern of settlement\". Commission for Racial Equality: Table 2.2. 1985.","urls":[{"url":"https://jstor.org/stable/community.28327806","url_text":"\"Ethnic minorities in Britain: statistical information on the pattern of settlement\""}]},{"reference":"\"1991 census – theme tables\". NOMIS. Retrieved 20 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/query/asv2htm.aspx","url_text":"\"1991 census – theme tables\""}]},{"reference":"\"KS006 - Ethnic group\". NOMIS. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Phra_Si_Sanphet | Wat Phra Si Sanphet | ["1 History","2 Use","3 Attractions","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 14°21′21″N 100°33′30″E / 14.3558°N 100.5583°E / 14.3558; 100.5583Ruins of Buddhist temple in Ayutthaya, Thailand
Wat Phra Si Sanphetวัดพระศรีสรรเพชญ์ReligionAffiliationTheravada BuddhismLocationLocationAyutthaya Historical Park,Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya,Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya provinceCountryThailandArchitectureFounderBorommatrailokkanatCompleted1448
Wat Phra Si Sanphet (Thai: วัดพระศรีสรรเพชญ์; "Temple of the Holy, Splendid Omniscient") was the holiest temple on the site of the old Royal Palace in Thailand's ancient capital of Ayutthaya until the city was completely destroyed by the Burmese in 1767, during the Burmese–Siamese War. It was the grandest and most beautiful temple in the capital and it served as a model for Wat Phra Kaew in Bangkok.Wat Phra Si Sanphet in december 2023
History
In 1350 U-thong, also known as King Ramathibodi I, ordered the construction of a royal palace in the same area that Wat Pra Si Sanphet stands today. The palace was completed in 1351 and King Ramathibodi established Ayutthaya as the capital of his Kingdom. The palace contained three wooden buildings named "Phaithun Maha Prasat", "Phaichayon Maha Prasat", and "Aisawan Maha Prasat". Upon finalization of the palace in 1351, he established Ayutthaya as his capital and was bestowed the title of King Ramathibodi I. In 1448 King Borommatrailokkanat built a new palace to the north and converted the old palace grounds to be a holy site. His son, King Ramathibodi II added two Stupa, which in Thailand are known as Chedis, built in 1492 where the ashes of his father, King Borommatrailokkanat, and his brother, King Borommaracha III were buried.
In 1499 a viharn, or hall of worship, called “Vihara Luang” (Royal Chapel) was built on the palace grounds. King Ramathibodi II gave orders for a gigantic image of Buddha to be cast, and installed in Wat Si Sanphet. This image of Buddha was 16 meters high, covered in gold, and the pedestal was 8 meters in length. The core of the statue was made of bronze and weighed approximately 64 tons. The surface was covered with approximately 343 kilograms of gold. The statue took more than three years to complete. This statue, called “Phra Si Sanphetdayan”, was the main object of veneration within the royal chapel.
Another Chedi was built under King Borommaracha IV in 1529 to enshrined his father's ashes, King Ramathibodi II. Later, more constructions were added by King Narai. It's not sure if the Mondops between each Chedis were added during that time. In 1630, King Narai added a cross-shaped vihara just west of the platform supporting the three chedis, this vihara is known now as Prasat Phra Narai. The architecture is inspired by a mix of European style for the shape while the pointed arches windows are influenced by Indo-persan architecture.
A multipoint panorama of three chedis of Wat Phra Si Sanphet, from left to right: (1) Chedi of King Ramathibodi II (2) Chedi of King Borommarachathirat III and (3) Chedi of King Borommatrailokkanat
In 1742, under King Borommakot, the temple was again renovated. Unfortunately, the city of Ayutthaya, including the temple compounds, were completely destroyed in the Burmese invasion in 1767, with the exception of the three Chedis that can be seen today.
In 1767, the Burmese conquered the capital of Ayutthaya and began the extensive destruction and looting of numerous temples and other buildings, including the Wat Phra Si Sanphet. They set the building on fire and melted the gold. Two Chedis were destroyed in the process, while the eastern Chedi was still standing. All were restored by the Fine Arts Department in 1956.
Use
Wat Phra Si Sanphet was the royal temple, it was exclusively used by members of the royal family. When Wat Phra Si Sanphet was used for royal ceremonies, monks had to be invited since no monks lived there.
Attractions
Wat Phra Si Sanphet at night
believed by some to be the head of the enormous standing Buddha Phra Si Sanphet which had been destroyed during the war
In its final stage before its destruction the temple was an impressive structure. Additional facilities were located on a raised platform, the three Chedis, which are today the only buildings which have been restored. All other the foundations are still preserved.
The Chedi is built in the classic, Ceylonese design that is reminiscent of a bell. In every direction small chapels are recognized, which lead to steep stairs. The roofs of the chapels are in turn topped with a miniature Chedi. Each of the three Chedis is on the eastern side assigned a Mondop where Buddha's footsteps are believed to be.
The terrace of the Chedi with Mondop was surrounded by a cloister (Phra Rabieng), in each case a hall was built in the west and in the east, an arrangement as can be seen in many temples in the country today. The building in the West actually consisted of four individual viharn, which were arranged in a cross shape to a Mondop around. The building to the east was the viharn Luang, the biggest building of the temple. In it stood the statue of Phra Si Sanphet Phuttha, which gave the name to the temple.
Symmetrically around the viharn Luang were grouped four other halls. North was a viharn which was a bit smaller than the viharn Luang, yet large enough to accommodate the more than 10 m high statue of Phra Phuttha Lokanat. East front was the Phra Chom Thong Tinang Throne Hall.
Symmetrically, stood south of the viharn of Luang viharn Pa Le Lei, in which probably was a seated Buddha statue.
Around the entire complex there drew a high perimeter wall, four gates passages in the four directions offered access to the temple. Inside along the wall were alternately small Chedis and low pavilions (Sala). Of these small Chedis, some have remained to this day.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wat Phra Si Sanphet.
^ a b c d e "Wat Phra Sri Sanphet (วัดพระศรีสรรเพชญ์)". Bangkok Site. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
^ Thailand Travel Trivia | Where in the World?
^ a b "Wat Phra Si Sanphet, Ayutthaya, Thailand". Oriental Architecture. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
^ a b c d e f g "WAT PHRA SRI SANPHET". History of Ayutthaya. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
^ "Indo-Persian Influence on Late Ayutthaya". Thai Jo. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
External links
Geographic data related to Wat Phra Si Sanphet at OpenStreetMap
14°21′21″N 100°33′30″E / 14.3558°N 100.5583°E / 14.3558; 100.5583 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"Ayutthaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Burmese–Siamese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1765%E2%80%931767)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bangkok-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Wat Phra Kaew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Phra_Kaew"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Three_Chedis_of_Wat_Phra_Si_Sanphet_20231230_(II).jpg"}],"text":"Ruins of Buddhist temple in Ayutthaya, ThailandWat Phra Si Sanphet (Thai: วัดพระศรีสรรเพชญ์; \"Temple of the Holy, Splendid Omniscient\") was the holiest temple on the site of the old Royal Palace in Thailand's ancient capital of Ayutthaya until the city was completely destroyed by the Burmese in 1767, during the Burmese–Siamese War.[1] It was the grandest[2] and most beautiful temple in the capital and it served as a model for Wat Phra Kaew in Bangkok.Wat Phra Si Sanphet in december 2023","title":"Wat Phra Si Sanphet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ramathibodi I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramathibodi_I"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bangkok-1"},{"link_name":"Borommatrailokkanat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borommatrailokkanat"},{"link_name":"holy site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture#Phutthawat"},{"link_name":"Ramathibodi II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramathibodi_II"},{"link_name":"Stupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa"},{"link_name":"Borommatrailokkanat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borommatrailokkanat"},{"link_name":"Borommaracha III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borommaracha_III"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oriental_Architechture-3"},{"link_name":"viharn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viharn"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bangkok-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bangkok-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bangkok-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-4"},{"link_name":"Chedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa"},{"link_name":"Borommaracha IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borommaracha_IV"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-4"},{"link_name":"Narai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narai"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thaijo-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Three_Chedis_of_Wat_Phra_Si_Sanphet_20231230.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Three_Chedis_of_Wat_Phra_Si_Sanphet_20231230.jpg"},{"link_name":"multipoint panorama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_panorama"},{"link_name":"Ramathibodi II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramathibodi_II"},{"link_name":"Borommarachathirat III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borommarachathirat_III"},{"link_name":"Borommatrailokkanat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borommatrailokkanat"},{"link_name":"Borommakot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borommakot"},{"link_name":"Burmese invasion in 1767","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1765%E2%80%9367)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-4"}],"text":"In 1350 U-thong, also known as King Ramathibodi I, ordered the construction of a royal palace in the same area that Wat Pra Si Sanphet stands today.[1] The palace was completed in 1351 and King Ramathibodi established Ayutthaya as the capital of his Kingdom. The palace contained three wooden buildings named \"Phaithun Maha Prasat\", \"Phaichayon Maha Prasat\", and \"Aisawan Maha Prasat\". Upon finalization of the palace in 1351, he established Ayutthaya as his capital and was bestowed the title of King Ramathibodi I. In 1448 King Borommatrailokkanat built a new palace to the north and converted the old palace grounds to be a holy site. His son, King Ramathibodi II added two Stupa, which in Thailand are known as Chedis, built in 1492 where the ashes of his father, King Borommatrailokkanat, and his brother, King Borommaracha III were buried.[3]In 1499 a viharn, or hall of worship, called “Vihara Luang” (Royal Chapel) was built on the palace grounds.[1] King Ramathibodi II gave orders for a gigantic image of Buddha to be cast, and installed in Wat Si Sanphet.[1] This image of Buddha was 16 meters high, covered in gold,[1] and the pedestal was 8 meters in length.[4] The core of the statue was made of bronze and weighed approximately 64 tons.[4] The surface was covered with approximately 343 kilograms of gold.[4] The statue took more than three years to complete.[4] This statue, called “Phra Si Sanphetdayan”, was the main object of veneration within the royal chapel.Another Chedi was built under King Borommaracha IV in 1529 to enshrined his father's ashes, King Ramathibodi II.[4] Later, more constructions were added by King Narai. It's not sure if the Mondops between each Chedis were added during that time. In 1630, King Narai added a cross-shaped vihara just west of the platform supporting the three chedis, this vihara is known now as Prasat Phra Narai.[4] The architecture is inspired by a mix of European style for the shape while the pointed arches windows are influenced by Indo-persan architecture.[5]A multipoint panorama of three chedis of Wat Phra Si Sanphet, from left to right: (1) Chedi of King Ramathibodi II (2) Chedi of King Borommarachathirat III and (3) Chedi of King BorommatrailokkanatIn 1742, under King Borommakot, the temple was again renovated. Unfortunately, the city of Ayutthaya, including the temple compounds, were completely destroyed in the Burmese invasion in 1767, with the exception of the three Chedis that can be seen today.In 1767, the Burmese conquered the capital of Ayutthaya and began the extensive destruction and looting of numerous temples and other buildings, including the Wat Phra Si Sanphet. They set the building on fire and melted the gold. Two Chedis were destroyed in the process, while the eastern Chedi was still standing.[4] All were restored by the Fine Arts Department in 1956.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oriental_Architechture-3"}],"text":"Wat Phra Si Sanphet was the royal temple, it was exclusively used by members of the royal family.[3] When Wat Phra Si Sanphet was used for royal ceremonies, monks had to be invited since no monks lived there.","title":"Use"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wat_Phra_Si_Sanphet_Ayutthaya_at_night.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bangkok_National_Museum_-_2017-04-22_(022).jpg"}],"text":"Wat Phra Si Sanphet at nightbelieved by some to be the head of the enormous standing Buddha Phra Si Sanphet which had been destroyed during the warIn its final stage before its destruction the temple was an impressive structure. Additional facilities were located on a raised platform, the three Chedis, which are today the only buildings which have been restored. All other the foundations are still preserved.The Chedi is built in the classic, Ceylonese design that is reminiscent of a bell. In every direction small chapels are recognized, which lead to steep stairs. The roofs of the chapels are in turn topped with a miniature Chedi. Each of the three Chedis is on the eastern side assigned a Mondop where Buddha's footsteps are believed to be.The terrace of the Chedi with Mondop was surrounded by a cloister (Phra Rabieng), in each case a hall was built in the west and in the east, an arrangement as can be seen in many temples in the country today. The building in the West actually consisted of four individual viharn, which were arranged in a cross shape to a Mondop around. The building to the east was the viharn Luang, the biggest building of the temple. In it stood the statue of Phra Si Sanphet Phuttha, which gave the name to the temple.Symmetrically around the viharn Luang were grouped four other halls. North was a viharn which was a bit smaller than the viharn Luang, yet large enough to accommodate the more than 10 m high statue of Phra Phuttha Lokanat. East front was the Phra Chom Thong Tinang Throne Hall.Symmetrically, stood south of the viharn of Luang viharn Pa Le Lei, in which probably was a seated Buddha statue.Around the entire complex there drew a high perimeter wall, four gates passages in the four directions offered access to the temple. Inside along the wall were alternately small Chedis and low pavilions (Sala). Of these small Chedis, some have remained to this day.","title":"Attractions"}] | [{"image_text":"Wat Phra Si Sanphet in december 2023","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Three_Chedis_of_Wat_Phra_Si_Sanphet_20231230_%28II%29.jpg/220px-Three_Chedis_of_Wat_Phra_Si_Sanphet_20231230_%28II%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wat Phra Si Sanphet at night","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Wat_Phra_Si_Sanphet_Ayutthaya_at_night.jpg/220px-Wat_Phra_Si_Sanphet_Ayutthaya_at_night.jpg"},{"image_text":"believed by some to be the head of the enormous standing Buddha Phra Si Sanphet which had been destroyed during the war","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bangkok_National_Museum_-_2017-04-22_%28022%29.jpg/220px-Bangkok_National_Museum_-_2017-04-22_%28022%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Wat Phra Sri Sanphet (วัดพระศรีสรรเพชญ์)\". Bangkok Site. Retrieved 19 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bangkoksite.com/AyutthayaPage/WatPhraSiSanphet.htm","url_text":"\"Wat Phra Sri Sanphet (วัดพระศรีสรรเพชญ์)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wat Phra Si Sanphet, Ayutthaya, Thailand\". Oriental Architecture. Retrieved 19 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/thailand/ayutthaya/wat-phra-si-sanphet.php","url_text":"\"Wat Phra Si Sanphet, Ayutthaya, Thailand\""}]},{"reference":"\"WAT PHRA SRI SANPHET\". History of Ayutthaya. Retrieved 19 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ayutthaya-history.com/Temples_Ruins_PhraSisanphet.html","url_text":"\"WAT PHRA SRI SANPHET\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indo-Persian Influence on Late Ayutthaya\". Thai Jo. Retrieved April 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://tci-thaijo.org/index.php/pub_jss/article/download/158009/114422/","url_text":"\"Indo-Persian Influence on Late Ayutthaya\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wat_Phra_Si_Sanphet¶ms=14.3558_N_100.5583_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"14°21′21″N 100°33′30″E / 14.3558°N 100.5583°E / 14.3558; 100.5583"},{"Link":"http://www.bangkoksite.com/AyutthayaPage/WatPhraSiSanphet.htm","external_links_name":"\"Wat Phra Sri Sanphet (วัดพระศรีสรรเพชญ์)\""},{"Link":"https://www.oattravel.com/community/the-inside-scoop/travel-trivia/witw-phra-si-sanphet","external_links_name":"Thailand Travel Trivia | Where in the World?"},{"Link":"http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/thailand/ayutthaya/wat-phra-si-sanphet.php","external_links_name":"\"Wat Phra Si Sanphet, Ayutthaya, Thailand\""},{"Link":"http://www.ayutthaya-history.com/Temples_Ruins_PhraSisanphet.html","external_links_name":"\"WAT PHRA SRI SANPHET\""},{"Link":"https://tci-thaijo.org/index.php/pub_jss/article/download/158009/114422/","external_links_name":"\"Indo-Persian Influence on Late Ayutthaya\""},{"Link":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/37447698","external_links_name":"Wat Phra Si Sanphet"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wat_Phra_Si_Sanphet¶ms=14.3558_N_100.5583_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"14°21′21″N 100°33′30″E / 14.3558°N 100.5583°E / 14.3558; 100.5583"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_S._(%22Sam%22)_Johnson | Sam Johnson (Oregon politician) | ["1 Early life","2 Businessman","3 Public service","4 Legacy","5 Personal","6 References"] | American politician
Sam JohnsonMember of the Oregon House ofRepresentativesIn office1965–1978Succeeded byTom ThroopConstituencyCrook, Deschutes, and Jefferson counties 1965-72; Deschutes and Klamath counties 1973-78Mayor of Redmond, OregonIn office1979–June 24, 1984Succeeded byChris Himes
Personal detailsBornSeptember 1, 1911Berkeley, California, U.S.DiedJune 20, 1984(1984-06-20) (aged 72)Newport, Rhode Island, U.S.Political partyRepublicanSpouseElizabeth ("Becky") JohnsonChildrenBetsy Johnson, Patti JohnsonProfessionPlywood manufacturer
Samuel Spencer Johnson (September 1, 1911 – June 20, 1984) was an American businessman, legislator, and philanthropist in the state of Oregon. He owned saw mills and large tracts of timber land near the Metolius River, Black Butte, and Sisters, Oregon. He served seven terms in the Oregon House of Representatives; and along with his wife, founded the Samuel S. Johnson Foundation. He also served as mayor of Redmond, Oregon, from 1979 to 1984.
Early life
Johnson was born on September 1, 1911, in Berkeley, California. He was named after his grandfather, a sawmill owner from Minnesota. His father, Samuel Orie Johnson was a timber broker in California. Around 1903, his father moved to Central Oregon and began acquiring timber land in the area. His father bought what is now Black Butte Ranch, the Indian Ford area near Sisters, most of Green Ridge north of Black Butte, and the Wurzweiller Ranch, which included Camp Sherman and the headwaters of the Metolius River.
After graduating from the University of California at Berkeley's School of Forestry in 1934, Johnson returned to Central Oregon to act as his father's agent, buying and selling timber and land. During that time, Johnson lived in the old Sisters Hotel. In 1935, his father sold the 160 acres (0.65 km2) that included the Metolius headwaters to him for one dollar. In the early 1930s, the Johnsons opened a saw mill in Sisters in partnership with Bert Peterson, the first of six Central Oregon mills the Johnson family owned over the years.
During World War II, Johnson served in the Army Corps of Engineers. As an Army Captain, Johnson ran the Corps of Engineers' procurement office in Portland, Oregon, that bought lumber and wood products from around Oregon and shipped them from the Port of Astoria to Army engineer and Navy Seabee units in the Pacific. While serving in Portland, Captain Johnson met his future wife Elizabeth (known as Becky). She was a Navy recruiter for the Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (commonly known as WAVES). They married in 1944.
Businessman
After the war, the Johnsons opened a new saw mill in Redmond, Oregon. The mill had direct access to the railroad so the operation could be greatly expanded. In 1948, Johnson bought his father's Oregon timber holdings and mills, and opened his own office in Sisters. Johnson was successful at negotiating timber sale contracts with the United States Forest Service. As a result, his operations continued uninterrupted while many of Central Oregon's saw mills were closing.
In 1967, Johnson sold his Jefferson Plywood Company mill at Warm Springs to the Warm Springs tribal council for $1.34 million and provided additional plywood and veneer-making equipment to help the tribe establish Warm Springs Forest Products Industries. This new tribal business improved the economic conditions on the Warm Springs Reservation.
Public service
In 1965, Johnson was elected to a seat in the Oregon House of Representatives, and was re-elected six more times, serving continuously through the 1977 legislative session. He represented Crook, Deschutes and Jefferson counties from 1965 to 1972, and after re-districting in 1973, he represented Deschutes and Klamath counties. While he was a conservative Republican, he was also a well known champion of progressive government and a mentor to legislators of both parties. He retired from the legislature undefeated in 1978, and ran for mayor of Redmond. He was elected for a two-year term in 1979, and was re-elected in 1981 and 1983, serving in that position until his death in June 1984.
Legacy
Mt Jefferson and the Metolius River from the Metolius Springs viewing area
Johnson died in 1984 from a heart attack, in Newport, Rhode Island, where he had been attending a seminar.
He and his wife, Becky, established the Samuel S. Johnson Foundation in 1948. Over the years, the Johnson charitable foundation funded numerous projects that fostered respect for nature, history and education. After Sam Johnson's death, his wife continued as the president of the foundation until her death in January 2007. Among the many institutions that have benefited from the foundation are the High Desert Museum, Oregon Historical Society, the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry, and Lewis and Clark College.
Perhaps Sam Johnson's greatest legacy was preserving the headwaters of the Metolius River, also known as Metolius Springs. The headwaters are just north of Black Butte, and are unusual because the Metolius River emerges from an underground volcanic lava tubes as a full flowing river. For many years, the Johnsons allowed public access to the scenic headwaters viewing area. The Johnsons gave the Metolius Springs viewing site to the United States Forest Service in 1965. Today, the area is managed as a Forest Service park.
Personal
The Johnsons had two daughters, Betsy and Patti. Betsy Johnson has served in the Oregon House of Representatives and the Oregon State Senate - as a Democrat representing Columbia County.
References
^ a b Church, Foster (June 21, 1984). "Former legislative leader dies". The Oregonian, p. B1.
^ a b c d e Interview with Elizabeth H. Johnson Archived August 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine (transcribed from tape by Maret Pajutee), Sisters Watershed History Fest, Sisters Country Historical Society, 2006.
^ a b c d e f History of Deschutes County in Oregon, Deschutes County Historical Society, Bend, Oregon: 1985, pp. 300-2.
^ a b c d "Former Faculty, Staff, Friends of College Mourned" Archived December 6, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Chronicle, Lewis and Clark College, Portland, Oregon, Summer 2007.
^ Binus, Joshus, "Warm Springs Reservation Mill", The Oregon History project, Oregon Historical Society, 2003.
^ "Oregon Legislative Assembly Legislators and Staff 1841-2005", Oregon State Archives (Tim Backer, Reference Archivist), Oregon Secretary of State, February 2006.
^ a b "Showcasing the Faces of Oregon Leadership – Sam Johnson" Archived July 4, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Earl Blumenauer for Oregon web-site, 2007.
^ Clark, Keith, Redmond Where the Desert Blooms, Oregon Historical Society Press, Redmond, Oregon: 1985.
^ Nkrumah, Wade (January 3, 2007). "Elizabeth Johnson, foundation president, dies". The Oregonian, p. B6.
^ Stern, Henry (January 20, 2005). "Scappoose legislator fills Senate seat". The Oregonian, p. B8. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"Metolius River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metolius_River"},{"link_name":"Black Butte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Butte_(Oregon)"},{"link_name":"Sisters, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Oregon House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor"},{"link_name":"Redmond, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redmond,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oreg-obit-1"}],"text":"Samuel Spencer Johnson (September 1, 1911 – June 20, 1984) was an American businessman, legislator, and philanthropist in the state of Oregon. He owned saw mills and large tracts of timber land near the Metolius River, Black Butte, and Sisters, Oregon. He served seven terms in the Oregon House of Representatives; and along with his wife, founded the Samuel S. Johnson Foundation. He also served as mayor of Redmond, Oregon, from 1979 to 1984.[1]","title":"Sam Johnson (Oregon politician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berkeley, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Central Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Black Butte Ranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Butte_Ranch"},{"link_name":"Camp Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Sherman,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EHJ-2"},{"link_name":"University of California at Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_at_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EHJ-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDC-3"},{"link_name":"Army Corps of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Port of Astoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Port_of_Astoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Seabee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabee_(US_Navy)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EHJ-2"},{"link_name":"Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_Accepted_for_Volunteer_Emergency_Service"},{"link_name":"WAVES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAVES"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDC-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LCC-4"}],"text":"Johnson was born on September 1, 1911, in Berkeley, California. He was named after his grandfather, a sawmill owner from Minnesota. His father, Samuel Orie Johnson was a timber broker in California. Around 1903, his father moved to Central Oregon and began acquiring timber land in the area. His father bought what is now Black Butte Ranch, the Indian Ford area near Sisters, most of Green Ridge north of Black Butte, and the Wurzweiller Ranch, which included Camp Sherman and the headwaters of the Metolius River.[2]After graduating from the University of California at Berkeley's School of Forestry in 1934, Johnson returned to Central Oregon to act as his father's agent, buying and selling timber and land. During that time, Johnson lived in the old Sisters Hotel. In 1935, his father sold the 160 acres (0.65 km2) that included the Metolius headwaters to him for one dollar. In the early 1930s, the Johnsons opened a saw mill in Sisters in partnership with Bert Peterson,[2] the first of six Central Oregon mills the Johnson family owned over the years.[3]During World War II, Johnson served in the Army Corps of Engineers. As an Army Captain, Johnson ran the Corps of Engineers' procurement office in Portland, Oregon, that bought lumber and wood products from around Oregon and shipped them from the Port of Astoria to Army engineer and Navy Seabee units in the Pacific.[2] While serving in Portland, Captain Johnson met his future wife Elizabeth (known as Becky). She was a Navy recruiter for the Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (commonly known as WAVES). They married in 1944.[3][4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Redmond, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redmond,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDC-3"},{"link_name":"United States Forest Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EHJ-2"},{"link_name":"Warm Springs tribal council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederated_Tribes_of_Warm_Springs"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"After the war, the Johnsons opened a new saw mill in Redmond, Oregon. The mill had direct access to the railroad so the operation could be greatly expanded. In 1948, Johnson bought his father's Oregon timber holdings and mills, and opened his own office in Sisters.[3] Johnson was successful at negotiating timber sale contracts with the United States Forest Service. As a result, his operations continued uninterrupted while many of Central Oregon's saw mills were closing.[2]In 1967, Johnson sold his Jefferson Plywood Company mill at Warm Springs to the Warm Springs tribal council for $1.34 million and provided additional plywood and veneer-making equipment to help the tribe establish Warm Springs Forest Products Industries. This new tribal business improved the economic conditions on the Warm Springs Reservation.[5]","title":"Businessman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDC-3"},{"link_name":"Crook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crook_County,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Deschutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deschutes_County"},{"link_name":"Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Klamath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klamath_County,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOL-7"},{"link_name":"mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor"},{"link_name":"Redmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redmond,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDC-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LCC-4"}],"text":"In 1965, Johnson was elected to a seat in the Oregon House of Representatives, and was re-elected six more times, serving continuously through the 1977 legislative session.[3] He represented Crook, Deschutes and Jefferson counties from 1965 to 1972, and after re-districting in 1973, he represented Deschutes and Klamath counties.[6] While he was a conservative Republican, he was also a well known champion of progressive government and a mentor to legislators of both parties.[7] He retired from the legislature undefeated in 1978, and ran for mayor of Redmond. He was elected for a two-year term in 1979, and was re-elected in 1981 and 1983,[8] serving in that position until his death in June 1984.[3][4]","title":"Public service"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Head_of_the_Metolius.JPG"},{"link_name":"heart attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_attack"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oreg-obit-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EHJ-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LCC-4"},{"link_name":"High Desert Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Desert_Museum"},{"link_name":"Oregon Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"Oregon Museum of Science and Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Museum_of_Science_and_Industry"},{"link_name":"Lewis and Clark College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_College"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDC-3"},{"link_name":"Metolius Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metolius_Springs"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LCC-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOL-7"}],"text":"Mt Jefferson and the Metolius River from the Metolius Springs viewing areaJohnson died in 1984 from a heart attack, in Newport, Rhode Island, where he had been attending a seminar.[1]He and his wife, Becky, established the Samuel S. Johnson Foundation in 1948. Over the years, the Johnson charitable foundation funded numerous projects that fostered respect for nature, history and education. After Sam Johnson's death, his wife continued as the president of the foundation until her death in January 2007.[2][4] Among the many institutions that have benefited from the foundation are the High Desert Museum, Oregon Historical Society, the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry, and Lewis and Clark College.[3]Perhaps Sam Johnson's greatest legacy was preserving the headwaters of the Metolius River, also known as Metolius Springs. The headwaters are just north of Black Butte, and are unusual because the Metolius River emerges from an underground volcanic lava tubes as a full flowing river. For many years, the Johnsons allowed public access to the scenic headwaters viewing area.[4] The Johnsons gave the Metolius Springs viewing site to the United States Forest Service in 1965. Today, the area is managed as a Forest Service park.[7]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oreg-2007jan3-9"},{"link_name":"Betsy Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy_Johnson_(Oregon_politician)"},{"link_name":"Oregon House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Oregon State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oreg-2005jan-10"}],"text":"The Johnsons had two daughters, Betsy and Patti.[9] Betsy Johnson has served in the Oregon House of Representatives and the Oregon State Senate - as a Democrat representing Columbia County.[10]","title":"Personal"}] | [{"image_text":"Mt Jefferson and the Metolius River from the Metolius Springs viewing area","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Head_of_the_Metolius.JPG/200px-Head_of_the_Metolius.JPG"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.sisterscountryhistoricalsociety.org/People/SamJohnson.htm","external_links_name":"Interview with Elizabeth H. Johnson"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080820232952/http://www.sisterscountryhistoricalsociety.org/People/SamJohnson.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.lclark.edu/dept/chron/facmourneds07.html","external_links_name":"\"Former Faculty, Staff, Friends of College Mourned\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071206023731/http://www.lclark.edu/dept/chron/facmourneds07.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ohs.org/education/oregonhistory/historical_records/dspDocument.cfm?doc_ID=D3EC54FF-F85F-F35B-CBE8C55C8BC8F6EB","external_links_name":"\"Warm Springs Reservation Mill\""},{"Link":"https://sos.oregon.gov/archives/Pages/records/legislators_guide.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Oregon Legislative Assembly Legislators and Staff 1841-2005\""},{"Link":"http://www.earlblumenauer.com/cgi-bin/display.cgi?page=ORleaders","external_links_name":"\"Showcasing the Faces of Oregon Leadership – Sam Johnson\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070704140834/http://www.earlblumenauer.com/cgi-bin/display.cgi?page=ORleaders","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vappu_Heinonen | Vappu Heinonen | ["1 References"] | Finnish politician
Vappu Heinonen, seated (May, 1961)
Vappu Linnea Heinonen (1 May 1905, Turku – 10 January 1999) was a Finnish social worker and politician. She was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1951 to 1962 and from 1966 to 1970, representing first the Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP), later the Social Democratic Union of Workers and Smallholders (TPSL).
References
^ "Home". eduskunta.fi.
This Finnish biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vappu-Heinonen-1961.jpg"},{"link_name":"Turku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"Social Democratic Party of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"Social Democratic Union of Workers and Smallholders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Union_of_Workers_and_Smallholders"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Vappu Heinonen, seated (May, 1961)Vappu Linnea Heinonen (1 May 1905, Turku – 10 January 1999) was a Finnish social worker and politician. She was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1951 to 1962 and from 1966 to 1970, representing first the Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP), later the Social Democratic Union of Workers and Smallholders (TPSL).[1]","title":"Vappu Heinonen"}] | [{"image_text":"Vappu Heinonen, seated (May, 1961)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Vappu-Heinonen-1961.jpg/220px-Vappu-Heinonen-1961.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Home\". eduskunta.fi.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eduskunta.fi/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.eduskunta.fi/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vappu_Heinonen&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16x9 | 16:9 aspect ratio | ["1 History","2 Properties","3 Common resolutions","4 Countries","4.1 Europe","4.2 Oceania","4.3 Asia","4.4 Americas","4.5 Africa","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Aspect ratio with a width of 16 units and height of 9 units
"16x9" redirects here. For the TV series, see 16x9 (TV series).
A 16:9 rectangle in which rectangles visualize the ratio. The groupings are not square.
A television set with the 16:9 image ratio
16:9 is a widescreen aspect ratio with a width of 16 units and height of 9 units.
Once seen as exotic, since 2009, it has become the most common aspect ratio for televisions and computer monitors, and is also the universal standard image format for the universal 1080p, 2160p and 4320p formats.
16:9 or "sixteen-nine" is the universal widescreen standard format and Wide-aspect Clear-vision. Japan's Hi-Vision originally started with a 15:9 ratio but converted when the international standards group introduced the wider ratio 16:9. Many digital video cameras have the capability to record in 16:9, and this is the only widescreen aspect ratio natively supported by Blu-ray Disc. It is also the native aspect ratio of the Blu-ray Disc, but Blu-ray Disc producers can also choose to show even a wider ratio such as 2.40:1 within the 16:9 frame adding Letterbox black bars within the image itself.
History
Derivation of the 16:9 aspect ratioThe main figure shows 4:3 and 2.40:1 rectangles with the same area A, and 16:9 rectangles that covers (black) or is common to (grey) them. The calculation considers the extreme rectangles, where m and n are multipliers to maintain their respective aspect ratios and areas.
Kerns H. Powers, a member of the SMPTE Working Group on High-Definition Electronic Production, first proposed the 16:9 (1.77:1) aspect ratio in 1984. The popular choices in 1980 were 4:3 (based on TV standard's ratio at the time), 15:9 (5:3) (the European "flat" 1.66:1 ratio), 1.85:1 (the American "flat" ratio) and 2.35:1 (the CinemaScope/Panavision) ratio for anamorphic widescreen.
Powers cut out rectangles with equal areas, shaped to match each of the popular aspect ratios. When overlapped with their center points aligned, he found that all of those aspect ratio rectangles fit within an outer rectangle with an aspect ratio of 1.77:1 and all of them also covered a smaller common inner rectangle with the same aspect ratio 1.78:1. The value found by Powers is exactly the geometric mean of the extreme aspect ratios, 4:3 and 2.40:1,
47
15
{\displaystyle \textstyle {\sqrt {\frac {47}{15}}}}
≈ 1.77 which is coincidentally close to 16:9. Applying the same geometric mean technique to 16:9 and 4:3 yields an aspect ratio of around 1.54:1, sometimes approximated as 14:9 (1.55:1), which is likewise used as a compromise between these ratios.
While 16:9 (1.77:1) was initially selected as a compromise format, the subsequent popularity of HD broadcast has solidified 16:9 as perhaps the most common video aspect ratio in use. Most 4:3 (1.33:1) and 21:9 video is now recorded using a "shoot and protect" technique that keeps the main action within a 16:9 (1.77:1) inner rectangle to facilitate 16:9 conversion and viewing. Conversely it is quite common to use a technique known as center-cutting, to approach the challenge of presenting material shot (typically 16:9) to both an HD and legacy 4:3 audience simultaneously without having to compromise image size for either audience. Content creators frame critical content or graphics to fit within the 1.33:1 raster space. This has similarities to a filming technique called open matte.
In 1993, the European Union instituted the 16:9 Action Plan, to accelerate the development of the advanced television services in 16:9 aspect ratio, both in PALplus (compatible with regular PAL broadcasts) and also in HD-MAC (an early HD format). The Community fund for the 16:9 Action Plan amounted to €228,000,000.
Over a long period in the late 2000s and early 2010s, the computer industry switched from 4:3 to 16:10 (1.60:1) and then to 16:9 as the most common aspect ratio for monitors and laptops. A 2008 report by DisplaySearch cited a number of reasons for this shift, including the ability for PC and monitor manufacturers to expand their product ranges by offering products with wider screens and higher resolutions, helping consumers to more easily adopt such products and "stimulating the growth of the notebook PC and LCD monitor market". By using the same aspect ratio for both TVs and monitors, manufacturing can be streamlined and research costs reduced by not requiring two separate sets of equipment, and since a 16:9 is narrower than a 16:10 panel of the same length, more panels can be created per sheet of glass.
In 2011, Bennie Budler, product manager of IT products at Samsung South Africa, confirmed that monitors with a native resolution of 1920 × 1200 were not being manufactured anymore. "It is all about reducing manufacturing costs. The new 16:9 aspect ratio panels are more cost-effective to manufacture locally than the previous 16:10 panels".
In March 2011, the 16:9 resolution 1920 × 1080 became the most common used resolution among Steam's users. The previous most common resolution was 1680 × 1050 (16:10). By July 2022, 16:9 resolutions are preferred by 77% of users (1920 × 1080 with 67%; 2560 × 1440 with 10%).
Properties
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
16:9 is the only widescreen aspect ratio natively supported by the DVD format. An anamorphic PAL region DVD video frame has a maximum resolution of 720 × 576p, but a video player software will stretch this to 1024 × 576p.
Producers can also choose to show even wider ratios such as 1.85:1 and 2.4:1 within the 16:9 DVD frame by hard matting or adding black bars within the image itself. Some films which were made in a 1.85:1 aspect ratio, such as the U.S.-Italian co-production Man of La Mancha and Kenneth Branagh's Much Ado About Nothing, fit quite comfortably onto a 1.77:1 HDTV screen and have been issued as an enhanced version on DVD without the black bars. Many digital video cameras also have the capability to record in 16:9.
Common resolutions
Common resolutions for 16:9 are listed in the table below:
Width
Height
Name
640
360
nHD
854
480
FWVGA
960
540
qHD
1024
576
WSVGA
1280
720
HD
1366
768
FWXGA
1600
900
HD+
1920
1080
Full HD
2560
1440
QHD
3200
1800
QHD+
3840
2160
4K UHD
5120
2880
5K
7680
4320
8K UHD
Countries
Europe
Country
Channel
Albania
All channels.
Andorra
All channels.
Armenia
All channels.
Austria
All channels.
Azerbaijan
All channels.
Belarus
All channels.
Belgium
All channels.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
All channels.
Bulgaria
All channels.
Cyprus
All channels.
Croatia
All channels.
Czech Republic
All channels.
Denmark
All channels.
Estonia
All channels.
Finland
All channels.
France
All channels.
Germany
All channels.
Georgia
All channels.
Greece
All channels.
Hungary
All channels.
Iceland
All channels.
Ireland
All channels.
Italy
All channels.
Kazakhstan
All channels.
Latvia
All channels.
Lithuania
All channels.
Luxembourg
All channels.
Malta
All channels.
Moldova
All channels.
Monaco
All channels.
Montenegro
All channels.
Netherlands
All channels.
North Macedonia
All channels.
Norway
All channels.
Poland
All channels.
Portugal
All channels.
Romania
All channels.
Russia
All channels.
San Marino
All channels.
Serbia
All channels.
Slovakia
All channels.
Slovenia
All channels.
Spain
All channels.
Sweden
All channels.
Switzerland
All channels.
Ukraine
All channels.
United Kingdom
All channels.
Oceania
Country
Channel
American Samoa
All channels.
Australia
All channels.
Fiji
All channels.
French Polynesia
All channels.
Guam
All channels.
New Zealand
All channels.
Niue
All channels.
Palau
All channels.
Papua New Guinea
All channels.
Samoa
All channels.
Solomon Islands
All channels.
Asia
Country/Territory
Channel
Afghanistan
All channels.
Bahrain
All channels.
Bangladesh
RTV, SA TV, Somoy TV.
Brunei
All channels (Radio Television Brunei).
Cambodia
All channels.
China
CCTV channels 1–15, CCTV-5+, all CGTN channels. Older contents in 4:3 and news contents are stretched on SD variants of these channels as stretching on SD channels is common.
Hong Kong
All channels.
India
All HD channels. Most SD channels are still broadcasting in 4:3, either fullscreen or letterboxed.
Indonesia
All channels. Very few local TV channels still remain in 4:3, for example Ruai TV and Tepian TV .
Iran
All channels.
Iraq
All channels.
Israel
All channels.
Japan
All channels.Japan pioneered its analogue HDTV system (MUSE) in 16:9 format, which started in the 1980s. There were also analog NTSC-compatible widescreen broadcasts using the Clear-Vision system. Currently all main channels have digital terrestrial television channels in 16:9. Many satellite broadcast channels are being broadcast in 16:9 as well.
Jordan
All channels.
Kuwait
All channels.
Kyrgyzstan
All channels.
Laos
All channels.
Lebanon
All channels.
Malaysia
All channels.
Maldives
All channels.
Mongolia
MNB & MN2, TM Television, TV5, TV6, TV8, Channel 25, Эx Орон, SBN, ETV, MNC, Eagle News TV, Edutainment TV, Star TV, SPS, Sportbox, SHUUD TV.
Myanmar
All channels.
Nepal
Kantipur Television Network, AP1 TV, News 24 (Nepal), TV Filmy, Nepal Television.
North Korea
All channels.
Oman
All channels.
Pakistan
All HD channels. Most SD channels are still broadcasting in 4:3, either in fullscreen or letterboxed
Palestine
All channels.
Philippines
16:9 native: PTV, ANC (both SD and HD), Kapamilya Channel (HD), RPTV, One PH, One News, One Sports+, Hope Channel Philippines, CCTN, CLTV36, 3ABN, Cinema One, Hope International, INCTV, Net 25, Front Row Channel, Shop TV (both SD and HD), SolarFlix, DZRH News Television, TeleRadyo Serbisyo, Truth Channel, all TAP DMV channels (TAP TV, TAP Edge, TAP Movies, TAP Action Flix, TAP Sports, Premier Sports, Premier Tennis, and Premier Football), BuKo, NBA TV Philippines, PBA Rush, UAAP Varsity Channel, One Media Network, Metro Channel (both SD and HD), Myx, Prime TV, some of BEAM TV's subchannels, Sari-Sari Channel, SMNI, SMNI News Channel, IBC, All TV, GMA, GTV and its other subchannels, TV5 (both SD and HD), One Sports (both SD and HD), RJ DigiTV (possibly some programs), TV Maria.4:3 upscaled/stretched to 16:9: Light TV, UNTV, Kapamilya Channel (SD), A2Z, Celestial Movies Pinoy, Cine Mo!, Jeepney TV, Knowledge Channel, Pinoy Box Office, Solar All Access, Solar Learning, Solar Sports, RJ DigiTV, Tagalized Movie Channel, Viva Cinema.
Qatar
All beIN Sports channels, Al Jazeera Arabic, Al Jazeera English, Al Jazeera Mubasher, Qatar TV HD, all Alkass channels.
Saudi Arabia
All channels.
Singapore
All channels, however 16:9 contents is in 16:9 Stretched because in older 4:3 sets,16:9 looks vertically streched on a traditional 4:3 television. All 4:3 contents including news clips are stretched as stretching is common.
South Korea
All channels.
Sri Lanka
All channels
Syria
All channels.
Taiwan
All channels.
Tajikistan
All channels.
Thailand
All channels.
Turkey
All channels.
Turkmenistan
All channels.
United Arab Emirates
All channels.
Uzbekistan
All channels.
Vietnam
All of VTC's channels, VTV channels, HTV channels and K+'s channels (selected programmes), most of local channels.
Yemen
All channels.
^ Channels that are squeezed/letterboxed to 4:3 on analog terrestrial transmissions nor no letterbox on widescreen-produced programs
^ a b c d 16:9 versions available on pay-TV services only
^ channels that are originally broadcasting in 4:3 on analog terrestrial, but upscaled or stretched to 16:9 for digital terrestrial television, cable and satellite
^ Some programs are aired in true 16:9 formatting
Americas
Country
Channel
Antigua and Barbuda
All channels.
Argentina
All channels.
Bahamas
All channels.
Barbados
All channels.
Belize
All channels.
Bolivia
Always on 16:9: PAT, ATB. Often on 16:9: Bolivia TV.
Brazil
Channels change between 16:9 and 4:3 pillarbox depending on what's airing.
British Virgin Islands
All channels.
Canada
All channels.
Cayman Islands
All channels.
Chile
All channels. Expect Telecanal in 4.3 in ident 4:3 letterboxed in commercials.
Colombia
All channels.
Costa Rica
All channels.
Cuba
All channels.
Curaçao
All channels.
Dominican Republic
All channels.
Ecuador
All channels.
El Salvador
All channels.
Grenada
All channels.
Guatemala
All channels.
Guyana
All channels.
Honduras
All channels.
Jamaica
All channels.
Mexico
Free-to-air television: Las Estrellas, FOROtv, Canal 5, NU9VE, Televisa Regional, Azteca Uno, Azteca 7, a+, adn40, Imagen Televisión, Excélsior TV, Canal Once, Canal 22, Una Voz con Todos, Teveunam, Milenio Televisión, Multimedios Televisión, Teleritmo, and some local HD stations.Pay television: U, Golden, Golden Edge, TL Novelas, Bandamax, De Película, De Película Clásico, Ritmoson Latino, TDN, TeleHit, Distrito Comedia, Tiin, Az Noticias, Az Clic!, Az Mundo, Az Corazón, Az Cinema, 52MX, TVC, TVC Deportes, Pánico, Cinema Platino, Cine Mexicano.
Panama
All channels.
Paraguay
Almost all channels on free-to-air television, especially HD feeds (ex.: RPC, NPY, Unicanal, channel 7 HD). SD feeds (usually found on pay television) are usually letterboxed and downscaled to 4:3 (ex.: SNT & Paravisión).
Peru
All channels.
Saint Kitts and Nevis
All channels.
Saint Lucia
All channels.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
All channels.
Suriname
All channels.
Trinidad and Tobago
All channels.
United States
All HD channels. SD feeds are usually letterboxed and downscaled to 4:3.
Uruguay
All channels.
Venezuela
All channels.
Africa
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2015)
Country
Channel
Algeria
Algérie 3Echourouk TV
Angola
All channels.
Benin
All channels.
Botswana
All channels.
Burkina Faso
All channels.
Burundi
All channels.
Cameroon
All channels.
Cape Verde
All channels.
Central African Republic
All channels.
Chad
All channels.
Comoros
All channels.
Congo
All channels.
DRC
All channels.
Djibouti
All channels.
Egypt
All channels.
Equatorial Guinea
All channels.
Eswatini
All channels.
Ethiopia
All channels.
The Gambia
All channels.
Gabon
All channels.
Ghana
All channels.
Guinea-Bissau
All channels.
Ivory Coast
All channels.
Kenya
All channels.
Lesotho
All channels.
Liberia
All channels.
Libya
All channels.
Madagascar
All channels.
Malawi
All channels.
Mali
All channels.
Morocco
All channels.
Mozambique
All channels.
Mauritania
All channels.
Mauritius
All channels.
Namibia
All channels.
Niger
All channels.
Nigeria
All channels.
Rwanda
All channels.
Sao Tome and Principe
All channels.
Senegal
All channels.
Seychelles
All channels.
Sierra Leone
All channels.
Somalia
All channels.
South Africa
All channels.
South Sudan
All channels.
Sudan
All channels.
Tanzania
All channels.
Togo
All channels.
Tunisia
All channels.
Uganda
All channels.
Zambia
All channels.
Zimbabwe
All channels.
See also
Display aspect ratio
Videos with display aspect ratio 16:9 on Commons
Display resolution
1080p
2160p
4320p
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 16:9.
^ Hoehler, Dieter (2008-06-03). "A Brief Review on HDTV in Europe in the early 90's". LIVE-PRODUCTION.TV.
^ "RECOMMENDATION ITU-R BT.1197-1 Enhanced wide-screen PAL TV transmission system (the PALplus system)" (PDF). itu.int.
^ RECOMMENDATION ITU-R BT.1298 - Enhanced wide-screen NTSC TV transmission system (PDF). ITU. 1997.
^ Searching for the Perfect Aspect Ratio (PDF)
^ "Understanding Aspect Ratios" (Technical bulletin). CinemaSource. The CinemaSource Press. 2001. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
^ EN 5956091, "Method of showing 16:9 pictures on 4:3 displays", issued 1999-09-21
^ "Why 16:9 aspect ratio was chosen for HD?". Guruprasad's Portal. 2014-06-13. Archived from the original on 2021-11-16. Retrieved 2021-09-17.
^ Baker, I (1999-08-25). "Safe areas for widescreen transmission" (PDF). EBU. CH: BBC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-10-11. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
^ "Television in the 16:9 screen format" (legislation summary). EU: Europa. Retrieved 2011-09-08.
^ "Product Planners and Marketers Must Act Before 16:9 Panels Replace Mainstream 16:10 Notebook PC and Monitor LCD Panels, New DisplaySearch Topical Report Advises". DisplaySearch. 2008-07-01. Retrieved 2011-09-08.
^ "Display Ratio Change (again)". 2009-04-14. Archived from the original on 2020-03-02. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
^ "16:10 vs 16:9 - the monitor aspect ratio conundrum". 2012-10-22. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
^ "Resurgence of 16:10 Aspect Ratio Laptop Computers to Occupy 2% Share of Non-Apple Market in 2020, Says TrendForce". 2019-04-11. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
^ "Widescreen monitors: Where did 1920×1200 go? « Hardware « MyBroadband Tech and IT News". Mybroadband.co.za. 2011-01-10. Retrieved 2011-09-08.
^ "Steam Hardware & Software Survey". Steam. Retrieved 2011-09-08.
^ "Steam Hardware & Software Survey". store.steampowered.com.
External links
"NEC Monitor Technology Guide". NEC. Archived from the original on 2006-05-21. Retrieved 2006-07-24. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"16x9 (TV series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16x9_(TV_series)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:16x9_by_Pengo.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Samsung_LE26R41BD_and_Yamada_DVD_player_20030624.jpg"},{"link_name":"widescreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widescreen"},{"link_name":"aspect ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"televisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"},{"link_name":"computer monitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_monitor"},{"link_name":"1080p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1080p"},{"link_name":"2160p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2160p"},{"link_name":"4320p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4320p"},{"link_name":"widescreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widescreen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"Wide-aspect Clear-vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear-Vision"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-3"},{"link_name":"Hi-Vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding"},{"link_name":"15:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15:9"},{"link_name":"16:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:9"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray Disc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc"},{"link_name":"Letterbox black bars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letterboxing_(filming)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"\"16x9\" redirects here. For the TV series, see 16x9 (TV series).A 16:9 rectangle in which rectangles visualize the ratio. The groupings are not square.A television set with the 16:9 image ratio16:9 is a widescreen aspect ratio with a width of 16 units and height of 9 units.Once seen as exotic,[1] since 2009, it has become the most common aspect ratio for televisions and computer monitors, and is also the universal standard image format for the universal 1080p, 2160p and 4320p formats.16:9 or \"sixteen-nine\" is the universal widescreen standard format [2] and Wide-aspect Clear-vision.[3] Japan's Hi-Vision originally started with a 15:9 ratio but converted when the international standards group introduced the wider ratio 16:9. Many digital video cameras have the capability to record in 16:9, and this is the only widescreen aspect ratio natively supported by Blu-ray Disc. It is also the native aspect ratio of the Blu-ray Disc, but Blu-ray Disc producers can also choose to show even a wider ratio such as 2.40:1 within the 16:9 frame adding Letterbox black bars within the image itself.[citation needed]","title":"16:9 aspect ratio"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HDTV_aspect_ratio_derivation.svg"},{"link_name":"SMPTE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"4:3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullscreen_(aspect_ratio)"},{"link_name":"CinemaScope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CinemaScope"},{"link_name":"Panavision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panavision"},{"link_name":"anamorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anamorphic_format"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cinemasource-5"},{"link_name":"geometric mean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_mean"},{"link_name":"14:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14:9_aspect_ratio"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"shoot and protect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoot_and_protect"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"open matte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_matte"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-actionplan-9"},{"link_name":"PALplus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PALplus"},{"link_name":"PAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL"},{"link_name":"HD-MAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD-MAC"},{"link_name":"16:10 (1.60:1)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:10_aspect_ratio"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-display-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Samsung South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Steam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_(service)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Derivation of the 16:9 aspect ratioThe main figure shows 4:3 and 2.40:1 rectangles with the same area A, and 16:9 rectangles that covers (black) or is common to (grey) them. The calculation considers the extreme rectangles, where m and n are multipliers to maintain their respective aspect ratios and areas.Kerns H. Powers, a member of the SMPTE Working Group on High-Definition Electronic Production, first proposed the 16:9 (1.77:1) aspect ratio in 1984.[4] The popular choices in 1980 were 4:3 (based on TV standard's ratio at the time), 15:9 (5:3) (the European \"flat\" 1.66:1 ratio), 1.85:1 (the American \"flat\" ratio) and 2.35:1 (the CinemaScope/Panavision) ratio for anamorphic widescreen.Powers cut out rectangles with equal areas, shaped to match each of the popular aspect ratios. When overlapped with their center points aligned, he found that all of those aspect ratio rectangles fit within an outer rectangle with an aspect ratio of 1.77:1 and all of them also covered a smaller common inner rectangle with the same aspect ratio 1.78:1.[5] The value found by Powers is exactly the geometric mean of the extreme aspect ratios, 4:3 and 2.40:1, \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 47\n 15\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\textstyle {\\sqrt {\\frac {47}{15}}}}\n \n ≈ 1.77 which is coincidentally close to 16:9. Applying the same geometric mean technique to 16:9 and 4:3 yields an aspect ratio of around 1.54:1, sometimes approximated as 14:9 (1.55:1), which is likewise used as a compromise between these ratios.[6]While 16:9 (1.77:1) was initially selected as a compromise format, the subsequent popularity of HD broadcast has solidified 16:9 as perhaps the most common video aspect ratio in use.[7] Most 4:3 (1.33:1) and 21:9 video is now recorded using a \"shoot and protect\" technique that keeps the main action within a 16:9 (1.77:1) inner rectangle to facilitate 16:9 conversion and viewing.[8] Conversely it is quite common to use a technique known as center-cutting, to approach the challenge of presenting material shot (typically 16:9) to both an HD and legacy 4:3 audience simultaneously without having to compromise image size for either audience. Content creators frame critical content or graphics to fit within the 1.33:1 raster space. This has similarities to a filming technique called open matte.In 1993, the European Union instituted the 16:9 Action Plan,[9] to accelerate the development of the advanced television services in 16:9 aspect ratio, both in PALplus (compatible with regular PAL broadcasts) and also in HD-MAC (an early HD format). The Community fund for the 16:9 Action Plan amounted to €228,000,000.Over a long period in the late 2000s and early 2010s, the computer industry switched from 4:3 to 16:10 (1.60:1) and then to 16:9 as the most common aspect ratio for monitors and laptops. A 2008 report by DisplaySearch cited a number of reasons for this shift, including the ability for PC and monitor manufacturers to expand their product ranges by offering products with wider screens and higher resolutions, helping consumers to more easily adopt such products and \"stimulating the growth of the notebook PC and LCD monitor market\".[10] By using the same aspect ratio for both TVs and monitors, manufacturing can be streamlined and research costs reduced by not requiring two separate sets of equipment, and since a 16:9 is narrower than a 16:10 panel of the same length, more panels can be created per sheet of glass.[11][12][13]In 2011, Bennie Budler, product manager of IT products at Samsung South Africa, confirmed that monitors with a native resolution of 1920 × 1200 were not being manufactured anymore. \"It is all about reducing manufacturing costs. The new 16:9 aspect ratio panels are more cost-effective to manufacture locally than the previous 16:10 panels\".[14]In March 2011, the 16:9 resolution 1920 × 1080 became the most common used resolution among Steam's users. The previous most common resolution was 1680 × 1050 (16:10).[15] By July 2022, 16:9 resolutions are preferred by 77% of users (1920 × 1080 with 67%; 2560 × 1440 with 10%).[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-Video#Video_data"},{"link_name":"anamorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anamorphic_widescreen"},{"link_name":"PAL region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_region_code"},{"link_name":"video player software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_player_software"},{"link_name":"hard matting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matte_(filmmaking)#Mattes_and_widescreen_filming"},{"link_name":"Man of La Mancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_of_La_Mancha_(film)"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Branagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Branagh"},{"link_name":"Much Ado About Nothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Much_Ado_About_Nothing_(1993_film)"},{"link_name":"digital video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video"}],"text":"16:9 is the only widescreen aspect ratio natively supported by the DVD format. An anamorphic PAL region DVD video frame has a maximum resolution of 720 × 576p, but a video player software will stretch this to 1024 × 576p.Producers can also choose to show even wider ratios such as 1.85:1 and 2.4:1 within the 16:9 DVD frame by hard matting or adding black bars within the image itself. Some films which were made in a 1.85:1 aspect ratio, such as the U.S.-Italian co-production Man of La Mancha and Kenneth Branagh's Much Ado About Nothing, fit quite comfortably onto a 1.77:1 HDTV screen and have been issued as an enhanced version on DVD without the black bars. Many digital video cameras also have the capability to record in 16:9.","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Common resolutions for 16:9 are listed in the table below:","title":"Common resolutions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Countries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Europe","title":"Countries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Oceania","title":"Countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-payTV_18-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-payTV_18-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-payTV_18-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-payTV_18-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"}],"sub_title":"Asia","text":"^ Channels that are squeezed/letterboxed to 4:3 on analog terrestrial transmissions nor no letterbox on widescreen-produced programs\n\n^ a b c d 16:9 versions available on pay-TV services only\n\n^ channels that are originally broadcasting in 4:3 on analog terrestrial, but upscaled or stretched to 16:9 for digital terrestrial television, cable and satellite\n\n^ Some programs are aired in true 16:9 formatting","title":"Countries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Americas","title":"Countries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Africa","title":"Countries"}] | [{"image_text":"A 16:9 rectangle in which rectangles visualize the ratio. The groupings are not square.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/16x9_by_Pengo.svg/220px-16x9_by_Pengo.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A television set with the 16:9 image ratio","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Samsung_LE26R41BD_and_Yamada_DVD_player_20030624.jpg/220px-Samsung_LE26R41BD_and_Yamada_DVD_player_20030624.jpg"},{"image_text":"Derivation of the 16:9 aspect ratioThe main figure shows 4:3 and 2.40:1 rectangles with the same area A, and 16:9 rectangles that covers (black) or is common to (grey) them. The calculation considers the extreme rectangles, where m and n are multipliers to maintain their respective aspect ratios and areas.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/HDTV_aspect_ratio_derivation.svg/220px-HDTV_aspect_ratio_derivation.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Display aspect ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_aspect_ratio"},{"title":"Videos with display aspect ratio 16:9 on Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Videos_with_display_aspect_ratio_16:9"},{"title":"Display resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_resolution"},{"title":"1080p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1080p"},{"title":"2160p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2160p"},{"title":"4320p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4320p"}] | [{"reference":"Hoehler, Dieter (2008-06-03). \"A Brief Review on HDTV in Europe in the early 90's\". LIVE-PRODUCTION.TV.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.live-production.tv/case-studies/sports/brief-review-hdtv-europe-early-90%E2%80%99s.html","url_text":"\"A Brief Review on HDTV in Europe in the early 90's\""}]},{"reference":"\"RECOMMENDATION ITU-R BT.1197-1 Enhanced wide-screen PAL TV transmission system (the PALplus system)\" (PDF). itu.int.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bt/R-REC-BT.1197-1-199802-W!!PDF-E.pdf","url_text":"\"RECOMMENDATION ITU-R BT.1197-1 Enhanced wide-screen PAL TV transmission system (the PALplus system)\""}]},{"reference":"RECOMMENDATION ITU-R BT.1298 - Enhanced wide-screen NTSC TV transmission system (PDF). ITU. 1997.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bt/R-REC-BT.1298-0-199710-W!!PDF-E.pdf","url_text":"RECOMMENDATION ITU-R BT.1298 - Enhanced wide-screen NTSC TV transmission system"}]},{"reference":"Searching for the Perfect Aspect Ratio (PDF)","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sportsvideo.org/new/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Searching-for-the-Perfect-Aspect-Ratio.pdf","url_text":"Searching for the Perfect Aspect Ratio"}]},{"reference":"\"Understanding Aspect Ratios\" (Technical bulletin). CinemaSource. The CinemaSource Press. 2001. Retrieved 2009-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cinemasource.com/articles/aspect_ratios.pdf#page=8","url_text":"\"Understanding Aspect Ratios\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why 16:9 aspect ratio was chosen for HD?\". Guruprasad's Portal. 2014-06-13. Archived from the original on 2021-11-16. Retrieved 2021-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211116072240/http://guruprasad.net/posts/why-16-9-aspect-ratio-was-chosen-for-hd/","url_text":"\"Why 16:9 aspect ratio was chosen for HD?\""},{"url":"http://guruprasad.net/posts/why-16-9-aspect-ratio-was-chosen-for-hd/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Baker, I (1999-08-25). \"Safe areas for widescreen transmission\" (PDF). EBU. CH: BBC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-10-11. Retrieved 2009-10-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101011055023/http://www.ebu.ch/en/technical/trev/trev_280-baker.pdf","url_text":"\"Safe areas for widescreen transmission\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland","url_text":"CH"},{"url":"http://www.ebu.ch/en/technical/trev/trev_280-baker.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Television in the 16:9 screen format\" (legislation summary). EU: Europa. Retrieved 2011-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/other/l24103c_en.htm","url_text":"\"Television in the 16:9 screen format\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe","url_text":"EU"}]},{"reference":"\"Product Planners and Marketers Must Act Before 16:9 Panels Replace Mainstream 16:10 Notebook PC and Monitor LCD Panels, New DisplaySearch Topical Report Advises\". DisplaySearch. 2008-07-01. Retrieved 2011-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.displaysearch.com/cps/rde/xchg/SID-0A424DE8-28DF6E59/displaysearch/hs.xsl/070108_16by9_PR.asp","url_text":"\"Product Planners and Marketers Must Act Before 16:9 Panels Replace Mainstream 16:10 Notebook PC and Monitor LCD Panels, New DisplaySearch Topical Report Advises\""}]},{"reference":"\"Display Ratio Change (again)\". 2009-04-14. Archived from the original on 2020-03-02. Retrieved 2020-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200302211457/http://blog.lenovo.com/en/blog/display-ratio-change-again","url_text":"\"Display Ratio Change (again)\""},{"url":"http://blog.lenovo.com/en/blog/display-ratio-change-again","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"16:10 vs 16:9 - the monitor aspect ratio conundrum\". 2012-10-22. Retrieved 2020-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://bit-tech.net/blogs/tech/16-10-vs-16-9-the-monitor-aspect-ratio/1/","url_text":"\"16:10 vs 16:9 - the monitor aspect ratio conundrum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Resurgence of 16:10 Aspect Ratio Laptop Computers to Occupy 2% Share of Non-Apple Market in 2020, Says TrendForce\". 2019-04-11. Retrieved 2020-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://press.trendforce.com/node/view/3307.html","url_text":"\"Resurgence of 16:10 Aspect Ratio Laptop Computers to Occupy 2% Share of Non-Apple Market in 2020, Says TrendForce\""}]},{"reference":"\"Widescreen monitors: Where did 1920×1200 go? « Hardware « MyBroadband Tech and IT News\". Mybroadband.co.za. 2011-01-10. Retrieved 2011-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://mybroadband.co.za/news/hardware/17621-Widescreen-monitors-Where-did-1920x1200.html","url_text":"\"Widescreen monitors: Where did 1920×1200 go? « Hardware « MyBroadband Tech and IT News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steam Hardware & Software Survey\". Steam. Retrieved 2011-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://store.steampowered.com/hwsurvey","url_text":"\"Steam Hardware & Software Survey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steam Hardware & Software Survey\". store.steampowered.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://store.steampowered.com/hwsurvey","url_text":"\"Steam Hardware & Software Survey\""}]},{"reference":"\"NEC Monitor Technology Guide\". NEC. Archived from the original on 2006-05-21. Retrieved 2006-07-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060521000427/http://www.necdisplay.com/support/css/monitortechguide/index05.htm","url_text":"\"NEC Monitor Technology Guide\""},{"url":"http://www.necdisplay.com/support/css/monitortechguide/index05.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=16:9_aspect_ratio&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://www.live-production.tv/case-studies/sports/brief-review-hdtv-europe-early-90%E2%80%99s.html","external_links_name":"\"A Brief Review on HDTV in Europe in the early 90's\""},{"Link":"https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bt/R-REC-BT.1197-1-199802-W!!PDF-E.pdf","external_links_name":"\"RECOMMENDATION ITU-R BT.1197-1 Enhanced wide-screen PAL TV transmission system (the PALplus system)\""},{"Link":"https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bt/R-REC-BT.1298-0-199710-W!!PDF-E.pdf","external_links_name":"RECOMMENDATION ITU-R BT.1298 - Enhanced wide-screen NTSC TV transmission system"},{"Link":"http://www.sportsvideo.org/new/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Searching-for-the-Perfect-Aspect-Ratio.pdf","external_links_name":"Searching for the Perfect Aspect Ratio"},{"Link":"http://www.cinemasource.com/articles/aspect_ratios.pdf#page=8","external_links_name":"\"Understanding Aspect Ratios\""},{"Link":"https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=EN5956091","external_links_name":"EN 5956091"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211116072240/http://guruprasad.net/posts/why-16-9-aspect-ratio-was-chosen-for-hd/","external_links_name":"\"Why 16:9 aspect ratio was chosen for HD?\""},{"Link":"http://guruprasad.net/posts/why-16-9-aspect-ratio-was-chosen-for-hd/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101011055023/http://www.ebu.ch/en/technical/trev/trev_280-baker.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Safe areas for widescreen transmission\""},{"Link":"http://www.ebu.ch/en/technical/trev/trev_280-baker.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/other/l24103c_en.htm","external_links_name":"\"Television in the 16:9 screen format\""},{"Link":"http://www.displaysearch.com/cps/rde/xchg/SID-0A424DE8-28DF6E59/displaysearch/hs.xsl/070108_16by9_PR.asp","external_links_name":"\"Product Planners and Marketers Must Act Before 16:9 Panels Replace Mainstream 16:10 Notebook PC and Monitor LCD Panels, New DisplaySearch Topical Report Advises\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200302211457/http://blog.lenovo.com/en/blog/display-ratio-change-again","external_links_name":"\"Display Ratio Change (again)\""},{"Link":"http://blog.lenovo.com/en/blog/display-ratio-change-again","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://bit-tech.net/blogs/tech/16-10-vs-16-9-the-monitor-aspect-ratio/1/","external_links_name":"\"16:10 vs 16:9 - the monitor aspect ratio conundrum\""},{"Link":"https://press.trendforce.com/node/view/3307.html","external_links_name":"\"Resurgence of 16:10 Aspect Ratio Laptop Computers to Occupy 2% Share of Non-Apple Market in 2020, Says TrendForce\""},{"Link":"http://mybroadband.co.za/news/hardware/17621-Widescreen-monitors-Where-did-1920x1200.html","external_links_name":"\"Widescreen monitors: Where did 1920×1200 go? « Hardware « MyBroadband Tech and IT News\""},{"Link":"http://store.steampowered.com/hwsurvey","external_links_name":"\"Steam Hardware & Software Survey\""},{"Link":"https://store.steampowered.com/hwsurvey","external_links_name":"\"Steam Hardware & Software Survey\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060521000427/http://www.necdisplay.com/support/css/monitortechguide/index05.htm","external_links_name":"\"NEC Monitor Technology Guide\""},{"Link":"http://www.necdisplay.com/support/css/monitortechguide/index05.htm","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixer_(Download_album) | Fixer (Download album) | ["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","2.1 Guests","3 Design","4 References"] | 2007 album by Download
FiXeRStudio album by DownloadReleasedApril 20, 2007Re-released September 13, 2011Recorded2006–2007 (Subconscious Studios, Hollywood)GenreIDM, industrial, electronicLength59:04LabelSubconscious Communications, Metropolis RecordsProducercEvin Key & Phil WesternDownload chronology
III Steps Forward(2002)
FiXeR(2007)
HELicopTer(2009)
Alternate CoverCover of 2011 re-release
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingReGen Magazine linkReflections of Darkness Magazine
Fixer (Styled as FiXeR) is the sixth studio LP by the electronic group Download. It is the first full-length album featuring all new material since 2000's Effector. It is also notable for featuring an appearance from former band member, Mark Spybey, who left the band after touring in support of 1996's The Eyes of Stanley Pain.
Initially given a limited release of 1000 copies as part of Subconscious Communications' From The Vault II series, Fixer eventually sold out and, in 2011, was given a second pressing and a wider release through Metropolis Records. This new pressing is fundamentally the same as the first, with the exception of different album art.
During the production of this album, demos were posted on the group's MySpace account under various working titles including: "Gos", "Asspipe", "PE", "Heavy", "Pig & Turkey", "V Steak" and "Dirty".
Track listing
No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Bell Ringoor"Key, Western5:472."Zass Pie"Key, Western5:593."Uhm"Key, Western, Spybey8:074."Krakatoa Pt 1 2 And 3"Key, Western4:445."Neuron Proper"Key, Western6:156."Sorcear"Key, Western5:397."12 Yearsblows"Key, Western5:368."Starving"Key, Western4:009."Eruption"Key, Western, Schirach2:5710."Hoorse" (Guest Vocals by Mark Spybey, Additional percussion by Databomb)Key, Western, Robinson, Spybey6:19
Personnel
cEvin Key
Phil Western
Guests
Mark Spybey (3, 10)
Dre "Databomb" Robinson (10)
Otto Von Schirach (9)
Design
Allen Jaeger & Simon Paul - sleeve design, layout
References
^ "Subconscious Communications - DOWNLOAD- 'FiXeR'". www.subconsciousrecords.com.
^ "Innovative Pop, Rock and Electronic Music – Metropolis Records". www.metropolis-mailorder.com.
^ Goldberg, Corey. "Litany: Music News Covering Skinny Puppy, Download, ohGr and Related Projects". litany.net.
vteDownload
Cevin Key
Phil Western
Dwayne Goettel
Mark Spybey
Anthony Valcic
Studio Albums
Furnace
Charlie's Family
The Eyes of Stanley Pain
III
Effector
Fixer
HELicopTer
LingAM
EPs
Microscopic
Sidewinder
Wookie Wall
Compilations
Inception
III Steps Forward
Related articles
Skinny Puppy
PlatEAU
Subconscious Communications
Cyberaktif
Doubting Thomas
Hilt
The Tear Garden
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_temple | Temple of Confucius | ["1 Names","2 History","3 Structure","4 Worship","5 Outside mainland China","5.1 Hong Kong","5.2 Taiwan","5.3 Vietnam","5.4 Korea","5.5 Japan","5.6 Indonesia","5.7 Malaysia","6 List of temples","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | Temple to venerate Confucius and Confucian sages and philosophers
Not to be confused with Confucian church.
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Temple of ConfuciusThe Temple of Confucius in Qufu c. 1912Chinese nameTraditional Chinese孔廟Simplified Chinese孔庙Literal meaningTemple of KongTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinKǒngmiàoTemple of LiteratureTraditional Chinese文廟Simplified Chinese文庙TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinWénmiàoSouthern MinHokkien POJBûn-biōTemple of the SageTraditional Chinese聖廟Simplified Chinese圣庙TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinShèngmiàoSouthern MinHokkien POJSèng-biōTemple of the MasterTraditional Chinese夫子廟Simplified Chinese夫子庙TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinFūzi miàoTemple of StudyTraditional Chinese學廟Simplified Chinese学庙TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinXuémiàoPalace of StudyTraditional Chinese學宮Simplified Chinese学宫TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinXuégōngVietnamese nameVietnameseVăn (Thánh) MiếuHán-Nôm文廟文(聖)廟Literal meaningTemple of (the Sage of) LiteratureKorean nameHangul문묘공자묘Hanja文廟孔子廟Literal meaningTemple of LiteratureTemple of ConfuciusTranscriptionsRevised RomanizationMunmyoKongja myoJapanese nameKanji聖廟聖堂TranscriptionsRomanizationseibyōseidōIndonesian nameIndonesianBoen BioManchu nameManchu scriptᡴᡠᠩᡶᡠᡯ ᡳ ᠮᡠᡴᡨᡝᡥᡝᠨMöllendorffkungfudzi-i muktehen
A temple of Confucius or Confucian temple is a temple for the veneration of Confucius and the sages and philosophers of Confucianism in Chinese folk religion and other East Asian religions. They were formerly the site of the administration of the imperial examination in China, Korea, Japan and Vietnam and often housed schools and other studying facilities.
There is a 72-meter-tall statue of Confucius made of brass and reinforced with steel. The giant statue is located in Qufu, Shandong province, birthplace of the ancient Chinese educator and philosopher.
Names
The temples are known by a variety of names throughout East Asia. The two greatest temples in Qufu and Beijing are now known in Chinese as "Temples of Confucius" (Kǒngmiào, 孔廟). In some localities, they are known as "Temples of Literature" (文廟) (Chinese: wénmiào; Vietnamese: văn miếu; Korean: munmyo; Indonesian: boen bio) or "Temples of the Sage of Literature" (Vietnamese: văn thánh miếu). In Southern China, however, temples by that name generally honor Wenchang Wang, a separate deity associated with the scholar Zhang Yazi. In Japan, they are usually known as "Temples" or "Halls of the Sage" (Japanese: seibyō or seidō, respectively).
History
Hall of Great Perfection (Dacheng Hall) of the Confucius temple in Qufu
The development of state temples devoted to the cult of Confucius was an outcome of his gradual canonisation. In 195 BC, Han Gao Zu, founder of the Han dynasty (r. 206–195 BC), offered a sacrifice to the spirit of Confucius at his tomb in Qufu. Sacrifices to the spirit of Confucius and that of Yan Hui, his most prominent disciple, began in the Imperial University (Biyong) as early as 241.
In 454, the Liu Song dynasty of southern China built a prominent state Confucian temple. In 489, the Northern Wei constructed a Confucian temple in the capital, the first outside of Qufu in the north. In 630, the Tang dynasty decreed that schools in all provinces and counties should have a Confucian temple, as a result of which temples spread throughout China. Well-known Confucian shrines include the Confucian Temple in Jianshui, the Confucian Temple in Xi'an (now the Forest of Steles), the Fuzi Miao in Nanjing, and the Confucian Temple in Beijing, first built in 1302. The Confucian Temple of old Tianjin is located on Dongmennei Dajie, a short distance west of Traditional Culture Street (Gu Wenhua Jie). Occupying 32 acres of land, the Confucian Temple is the largest extant traditional architectural complex in Tianjin.
The largest and oldest Temple of Confucius is found in Confucius' hometown, present-day Qufu in Shandong Province. It was established in 479 BC, one year after Confucius's death, at the order of the Duke Ai of the State of Lu, who commanded that the Confucian residence should be used to worship and offer sacrifice to Confucius. The temple was expanded repeatedly over a period of more than 2,000 years until it became the huge complex currently standing. There is another temple in Quzhou.
In addition to Confucian temples associated with the state cult of Confucius, there were also ancestral temples belonging to the Kong lineage, buildings commemorating Confucius's deeds throughout China, and private temples within academies.
Structure
The gates of the Temple of Confucius in Datong, Shanxi.
Beginning in the Tang dynasty (618–907), Confucian temples were built in prefectural and county schools throughout the empire, either to the front of or on one side of the school. The front gate of the temple is called the Lingxing Gate (simplified Chinese: 棂星门; traditional Chinese: 欞星門). Inside there are normally three courtyards, although sometimes there are only two. However, the complex in Qufu has nine courtyards containing scores of steles commemorating visits by an emperor or imperial grants of noble titles upon descendants of Confucius. The main building, situated in the inner courtyard with entry via the Dachengmen (simplified Chinese: 大成门; traditional Chinese: 大成門), is called the Dachengdian (Chinese: 大成殿), variously translated as "Hall of Great Achievement", "Hall of Great Completion", or "Hall of Great Perfection". In imperial China, this hall housed the Spirit Tablets (Chinese: 神位) of Confucius and those of other important sages (simplified Chinese: 圣; traditional Chinese: 聖) and worthies (simplified Chinese: 贤; traditional Chinese: 賢). In front of the Dachengdian in Qufu is the Apricot Pavilion or Xingtan (simplified Chinese: 杏坛; traditional Chinese: 杏壇). Another important building behind the main building is the Shrine of Adoring the Sage (Chongshengci simplified Chinese: 崇圣祠; traditional Chinese: 崇聖祠), which honoured the ancestors of Confucius and the fathers of the Four Correlates and Twelve Philosophers.
Main hall of the Temple of Confucius in Ningbo, Zhejiang.
Unlike Taoist or Buddhist temples, Confucian temples do not normally have images. In the early years of the temple in Qufu, it appears that the spirits of Confucius and his disciples were represented with wall paintings and clay or wooden statues. Official temples also contained images of Confucius himself. However, there was opposition to this practice, which was seen as imitative of Buddhist temples. It was also argued that the point of the imperial temples was to honour Confucius's teachings, not the man himself.
The lack of unity in likenesses in statues of Confucius first led Emperor Taizu of the Ming dynasty to decree that all new Confucian temples should contain only spirit tablets and no images. In 1530, it was decided that all existing images of Confucius should be replaced with spirit tablets in imperial temples in the capital and other bureaucratic locations; nevertheless many modern Confucian temples do feature statues. Statues also remained in temples operated by Confucius's family descendants, such as that in Qufu.
Worship
The worship of Confucius centred upon offering sacrifices to Confucius's spirit in the Confucian temple.
A dance known as the Eight-Row Dance (八佾舞), consisting of eight columns of eight dancers each, was also performed. Originally this was a Six-Row Dance, as performed for the lesser aristocracy, but in 1477 Confucius was allowed the imperial honour of the eight-row dance since he posthumously received the title of king. Musicians who accompanied this dance played a form of music termed yayue.
In addition to worshipping Confucius, Confucian temples also honour the "Four Correlates", the "Twelve Philosophers", and other disciples and Confucian scholars through history. The composition and number of figures worshipped changed and grew through time. Since temples were a statement of Confucian orthodoxy, the issue of which Confucians to enshrine was a controversial one.
By the Republican period (20th century), there were a total of 162 figures worshipped. The Four Correlates are Yan Hui, Zeng Shen, Kong Ji (Zisi), and Mencius. The Twelve Philosophers are Min Sun (Ziqian), Ran Geng (Boniu), Ran Yong (Zhonggong), Zai Yu (Ziwo), Zi-gong, Ran You, Zi-Lu, Zi-You, Zi-Xia, Zi-Zhang, You Ruo, and Zhu Xi. A list of disciples of Confucius and their place in the Confucian temple can be found at Disciples of Confucius.
Prayer plaques in a temple of Confucius
Aak musicians at a Confucian ceremony in Munmyo Shrine, Korea
The Temple of Confucius in Jiading, now a suburb of Shanghai. The Jiading Temple of Confucius now operates a museum devoted to the imperial exam formerly administered at the temples.
The Hall of Great Achievement of the Temple of Confucius in Harbin, Heilongjiang.
Outside mainland China
With the spread of Confucian learning throughout East Asia, Confucian temples were also built in Vietnam, Korea, and Japan. Starting in the 18th century, some were even built in Europe and the Americas. At their height, there are estimated to have been over 3,000 Confucian temples in existence.
Hong Kong
Confucian Hall next to Wong Tai Sin Temple in Hong Kong
The bill allowing for the building of the very first Confucian temple in Hong Kong, proposed by the Confucian Academy, passed in September 2013. The location of the temple was decided to be near the famous Taoist temple, Wong Tai Sin Temple, in Wong Tai Sin District.
Taiwan
Taipei Confucius Temple
The first Confucian temple in Taiwan to be constructed was the Taiwan Confucian Temple, which was built during the period of the Tungning Kingdom in 1665 in Tainan. A more recent temple, the Taipei Confucius Temple, was built on Wenwu Street in Taipei in 1879, torn down by Japanese in 1907 to make place for the Taipei First Girls' High School, and re-erected on Dalong Street from 1925 to 1939. The new temple was designed by Wang Yi-Shun, who also oversaw its construction. The design is an example of typical Fujian temple style. Every year on September 28, the birthday of Confucius, city authorities hold the Shidian (Chinese: 釋奠) Ceremony here. In addition, there is a Confucian temple located in Zuoying District of Kaohsiung that was completed in 1974 in the Northern Song architectural style. Other Confucian temples are found in Chiayi City, Taipei, Taichung and Changhua County.
Vietnam
A Văn Miếu, or Temple of Literature, in Hanoi, Vietnam
A Confucian temple in Vietnam is called Văn Miếu. The earliest recorded Văn Miếu in Vietnam is the Văn Miếu, Hanoi, established in 1070 during the Lý dynasty. After 1397, with the construction of schools throughout Vietnam under the Tran, Confucian temples began to spread throughout the country. Another renowned Vietnamese Confucian temple is the Văn Miếu, Hưng Yên, located in Hưng Yên City. Well-known Confucian temples were built in Huế, Tam Kỳ, Hội An, Hưng Yên, Hải Dương, Biên Hòa, Vĩnh Long and Bắc Ninh.
Korea
Munmyo in Seoul, South Korea
Outside China, the largest number of Confucian temples is found in Korea. Temples as part of schools were first built during the Goryeo period (918–1392). From the time of Yi Seonggye (r. 1392–1398), Confucianism underpinned the new dynasty and its government. Thus government Confucian schools (Hyanggyo 항교) were built throughout Joseon to educate future government officials in Confucianism. These consisted of a building for teaching, together with a building (Daesongjeon 대성전) which housed the memorial tablets of Confucius. Although Chinese models were followed, variations in layout and construction were common, such as the building of schools in front of temples. Korea also added its own scholars (the eighteen scholars of the East) to the Confucian pantheon (the five sages).
Historically, Korea had a total of 362 temples devoted to Confucianism. After World War II and the division of the country, those in the North were converted to use as a center of traditional culture (see Gukjagam). However, some of the 232 temples in the South continued their activities (see Munmyo). In addition to temples devoted to Confucianism the Republic of Korea also has twelve Confucian family temples, two temples in private schools, and three libraries.
Japan
Entrance gate of reconstructed Yushima Seidō.
Confucian temples (孔子廟, kōshi-byō) were also widely built in Japan, often in conjunction with Confucian schools. The most famous is the Yushima Seidō, built in 1630 during the Edo period as a private school connected with the Neo-Confucianist scholar Hayashi Razan. Originally built in Shinobi-ga-oka in Ueno, it was moved at the end of the 18th century near present-day Ochanomizu by the Tokugawa Shogunate, and a major state-sponsored school, Shoheikō, was opened on its grounds.
Other well-known Confucian temples are found in Nagasaki, Bizen, Okayama prefecture; Taku, Saga prefecture; and Naha, Okinawa prefecture.
Indonesia
A Confucian church in Surabaya, Indonesia
Confucian temples are also found in Indonesia, where they are often known as "Churches of Confucius" as Confucianism is a recognised religion in that country. In Chinese, these establishments are known as litang (礼堂) or "halls of worship". The largest and oldest is the Boen Bio in Surabaya, originally built in the city's Chinatown in 1883 and moved to a new site in 1907. There are reportedly more than 100 Confucianist halls of worship throughout Indonesia.
Malaysia
The first Confucian temple in Malaysia was built within a primary school known as Chung Hwa Confucian School (which has since split into SJK(C) Chung Hwa Confucian A, B and SMJK Chung Hwa Confucian) in Penang, in the early 20th century. The building of the school was initiated by the Qing dynasty ambassador to the British Straits Settlement at that time. In those days parents in Penang brought their children to this temple for prayer before they began their schooling. The children prayed for excellence in their studies.
There are also two Confucian schools in Kuala Lumpur, namely SMJK Confucian and Confucian Private School, and a Confucian school in Malacca where ceremonies in honour of Confucius are held annually.
List of temples
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (June 2017)
The Temple of Confucius in Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
The Daizhou Confucian Temple in Dai County, Shanxi.
Temple of Confucius in Qufu, China (Confucius's home town)
Temple of Confucius in Beijing, China
Temple of the Master in Nanjing, China
Temple of Confucius in Shanghai, China
Temple of Confucius in Suzhou, China
Temple of Confucius in Jianshui, Yunnan, China (建水文庙)
Temple of Confucius in Daixian, Shanxi, China
Temple of Confucius in Taipei, Taiwan
Temple of Confucius in Taoyuan, Taiwan
Temple of Confucius in Taichung, Taiwan
Temple of Confucius in Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Temple of Confucius in Tainan, Taiwan ("Taiwan Confucian Temple")
Temple of Confucius in Changhua, Taiwan
Temple of Confucius in Chiayi, Taiwan
Temple of Confucius in Nagasaki, Japan
Shiseibyō, the Temple of Confucius in Naha, Okinawa, Japan
Seibyō, the Temple of Confucius in Taku, Japan
Yushima Seidō, the Temple of Confucius in Tokyo, Japan
Munmyo, the Temple of Confucius in Seoul, South Korea
Văn Miếu in Hanoi, Vietnam
Văn Miếu in Hưng Yên, Vietnam
Văn Miếu in Hải Dương, Vietnam
Văn Miếu in Bắc Ninh, Vietnam
Văn Miếu in Nghệ An, Vietnam
Văn Miếu in Khánh Hòa, Vietnam
Văn Miếu in Đồng Nai, Vietnam
Văn Miếu in Vĩnh Long, Vietnam
Boen Bio in Surabaya, Indonesia
See also
Confucian churches
Mansion and Cemetery of Confucius
Wenchang Dijun (文昌帝君)
Supreme Council for the Confucian Religion in Indonesia
Taoist temples
Buddhist temples
References
^ Liu, Xu. Tang shu 唐書. Beijing: Zhonghua shuji. p. 15.373.
^ Sommer, Deborah (2002). "Destroying Confucius: Iconoclasm in the Confucian Temple". On Sacred Grounds: Culture, Society, Politics and the Formation of the Cult of Confucius: 95–133.
^ "孔廟黃大仙新地標" . The Sun (in Chinese). Hong Kong. 11 September 2013. Archived from the original on 23 September 2013.
^ "Dịch hai chữ Văn Miếu ra tiếng Tây". Archived from the original on 2016-08-17.
^ "대성전(大成殿) Daeseongjeon". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Retrieved 2024-01-12.
^ Ahn, Myeong-ho. "대성전(大成殿) Daesongjeon". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Retrieved 2023-10-29.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Confucian temples.
Images of the Temple of Culture, with detailed history of Confucian temples
Full Virtual Walk & Info on Confucius Temple, Beijing
Asian Historical Architecture: Fuzimiao in Nanjing
Asian Historical Architecture: Confucian temple in Suzhou
The Confucian temple in Tainan
Surabaya, with description of Boen Bio
The Taipei Confucius Temple
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Mountain God | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Confucian church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_church"},{"link_name":"temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple"},{"link_name":"Confucius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius"},{"link_name":"Confucianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism"},{"link_name":"Chinese folk religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion"},{"link_name":"East Asian religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_religions"},{"link_name":"imperial examination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_examination"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_examination_system_in_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Qufu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qufu"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Confucian church.A temple of Confucius or Confucian temple is a temple for the veneration of Confucius and the sages and philosophers of Confucianism in Chinese folk religion and other East Asian religions. They were formerly the site of the administration of the imperial examination in China, Korea, Japan and Vietnam and often housed schools and other studying facilities.There is a 72-meter-tall statue of Confucius made of brass and reinforced with steel. The giant statue is located in Qufu, Shandong province, birthplace of the ancient Chinese educator and philosopher.","title":"Temple of Confucius"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia"},{"link_name":"Qufu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Confucius,_Qufu"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Temple_of_Confucius"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language"},{"link_name":"Wenchang Wang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenchang_Wang"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"}],"text":"The temples are known by a variety of names throughout East Asia. The two greatest temples in Qufu and Beijing are now known in Chinese as \"Temples of Confucius\" (Kǒngmiào, 孔廟). In some localities, they are known as \"Temples of Literature\" (文廟) (Chinese: wénmiào; Vietnamese: văn miếu; Korean: munmyo; Indonesian: boen bio) or \"Temples of the Sage of Literature\" (Vietnamese: văn thánh miếu). In Southern China, however, temples by that name generally honor Wenchang Wang, a separate deity associated with the scholar Zhang Yazi. In Japan, they are usually known as \"Temples\" or \"Halls of the Sage\" (Japanese: seibyō or seidō, respectively).","title":"Names"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E6%9B%B2%E9%98%9C%E5%AD%94%E5%BB%9F%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%90%E6%AE%BF.jpg"},{"link_name":"Qufu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qufu"},{"link_name":"Han Gao Zu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Gao_Zu"},{"link_name":"Han dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Yan Hui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_Hui_(disciple_of_Confucius)"},{"link_name":"Liu Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Song"},{"link_name":"Northern Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Wei"},{"link_name":"Tang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Jianshui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jianshui"},{"link_name":"Xi'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi%27an"},{"link_name":"Forest of Steles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_of_Steles"},{"link_name":"Fuzi Miao in Nanjing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing_Fuzimiao"},{"link_name":"Confucian Temple in Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_Temple_in_Beijing"},{"link_name":"The largest and oldest Temple of Confucius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Confucius,_Qufu"},{"link_name":"Qufu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qufu"},{"link_name":"Shandong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong"},{"link_name":"Lu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_(state)"},{"link_name":"Quzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quzhou"},{"link_name":"academies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academies_(China)"}],"text":"Hall of Great Perfection (Dacheng Hall) of the Confucius temple in QufuThe development of state temples devoted to the cult of Confucius was an outcome of his gradual canonisation. In 195 BC, Han Gao Zu, founder of the Han dynasty (r. 206–195 BC), offered a sacrifice to the spirit of Confucius at his tomb in Qufu. Sacrifices to the spirit of Confucius and that of Yan Hui, his most prominent disciple, began in the Imperial University (Biyong) as early as 241.In 454, the Liu Song dynasty of southern China built a prominent state Confucian temple. In 489, the Northern Wei constructed a Confucian temple in the capital, the first outside of Qufu in the north. In 630, the Tang dynasty decreed that schools in all provinces and counties should have a Confucian temple, as a result of which temples spread throughout China. Well-known Confucian shrines include the Confucian Temple in Jianshui, the Confucian Temple in Xi'an (now the Forest of Steles), the Fuzi Miao in Nanjing, and the Confucian Temple in Beijing, first built in 1302. The Confucian Temple of old Tianjin is located on Dongmennei Dajie, a short distance west of Traditional Culture Street (Gu Wenhua Jie). Occupying 32 acres of land, the Confucian Temple is the largest extant traditional architectural complex in Tianjin.The largest and oldest Temple of Confucius is found in Confucius' hometown, present-day Qufu in Shandong Province. It was established in 479 BC, one year after Confucius's death, at the order of the Duke Ai of the State of Lu, who commanded that the Confucian residence should be used to worship and offer sacrifice to Confucius. The temple was expanded repeatedly over a period of more than 2,000 years until it became the huge complex currently standing. There is another temple in Quzhou.\nIn addition to Confucian temples associated with the state cult of Confucius, there were also ancestral temples belonging to the Kong lineage, buildings commemorating Confucius's deeds throughout China, and private temples within academies.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Datong_Wenmiao_2013.08.29_11-33-25.jpg"},{"link_name":"Datong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datong"},{"link_name":"Shanxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanxi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Spirit Tablets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_Tablet"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cicheng_Kongmiao_2013.07.27_12-53-44.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ningbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningbo"},{"link_name":"Zhejiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang"},{"link_name":"Taoist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoist_temple"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_temple"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Taizu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Ming dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"}],"text":"The gates of the Temple of Confucius in Datong, Shanxi.Beginning in the Tang dynasty (618–907), Confucian temples were built in prefectural and county schools throughout the empire, either to the front of or on one side of the school.[1] The front gate of the temple is called the Lingxing Gate (simplified Chinese: 棂星门; traditional Chinese: 欞星門). Inside there are normally three courtyards, although sometimes there are only two. However, the complex in Qufu has nine courtyards containing scores of steles commemorating visits by an emperor or imperial grants of noble titles upon descendants of Confucius. The main building, situated in the inner courtyard with entry via the Dachengmen (simplified Chinese: 大成门; traditional Chinese: 大成門), is called the Dachengdian (Chinese: 大成殿), variously translated as \"Hall of Great Achievement\", \"Hall of Great Completion\", or \"Hall of Great Perfection\". In imperial China, this hall housed the Spirit Tablets (Chinese: 神位) of Confucius and those of other important sages (simplified Chinese: 圣; traditional Chinese: 聖) and worthies (simplified Chinese: 贤; traditional Chinese: 賢). In front of the Dachengdian in Qufu is the Apricot Pavilion or Xingtan (simplified Chinese: 杏坛; traditional Chinese: 杏壇). Another important building behind the main building is the Shrine of Adoring the Sage (Chongshengci simplified Chinese: 崇圣祠; traditional Chinese: 崇聖祠), which honoured the ancestors of Confucius and the fathers of the Four Correlates and Twelve Philosophers.Main hall of the Temple of Confucius in Ningbo, Zhejiang.Unlike Taoist or Buddhist temples, Confucian temples do not normally have images. In the early years of the temple in Qufu, it appears that the spirits of Confucius and his disciples were represented with wall paintings and clay or wooden statues. Official temples also contained images of Confucius himself. However, there was opposition to this practice, which was seen as imitative of Buddhist temples.[2] It was also argued that the point of the imperial temples was to honour Confucius's teachings, not the man himself.The lack of unity in likenesses in statues of Confucius first led Emperor Taizu of the Ming dynasty to decree that all new Confucian temples should contain only spirit tablets and no images. In 1530, it was decided that all existing images of Confucius should be replaced with spirit tablets in imperial temples in the capital and other bureaucratic locations; nevertheless many modern Confucian temples do feature statues. Statues also remained in temples operated by Confucius's family descendants, such as that in Qufu.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"yayue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yayue"},{"link_name":"Four Correlates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Correlates"},{"link_name":"Twelve Philosophers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Philosophers"},{"link_name":"Confucian orthodoxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_orthodoxy"},{"link_name":"Republican period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Yan Hui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_Hui_(disciple_of_Confucius)"},{"link_name":"Zeng Shen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zengzi"},{"link_name":"Kong Ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong_Ji"},{"link_name":"Mencius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mencius"},{"link_name":"Min Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_Sun"},{"link_name":"Ran Geng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ran_Geng"},{"link_name":"Ran Yong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ran_Yong"},{"link_name":"Zhu Xi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi"},{"link_name":"Disciples of Confucius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disciples_of_Confucius"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prayer_flairs_at_Temple_of_Confucius.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PyeonjongIMG_6163.JPG"},{"link_name":"Aak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aak"},{"link_name":"Confucian ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seokjeon_Daeje"},{"link_name":"Munmyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munmyo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20130918-%E5%98%89%E5%AE%9A%E5%AD%94%E5%BA%99-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jiading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiading_District"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"imperial exam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_exam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dacheng_Hall_of_the_Harbin_Confucian_Temple.JPG"},{"link_name":"Harbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin"},{"link_name":"Heilongjiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilongjiang"}],"text":"The worship of Confucius centred upon offering sacrifices to Confucius's spirit in the Confucian temple.A dance known as the Eight-Row Dance (八佾舞), consisting of eight columns of eight dancers each, was also performed. Originally this was a Six-Row Dance, as performed for the lesser aristocracy, but in 1477 Confucius was allowed the imperial honour of the eight-row dance since he posthumously received the title of king. Musicians who accompanied this dance played a form of music termed yayue.In addition to worshipping Confucius, Confucian temples also honour the \"Four Correlates\", the \"Twelve Philosophers\", and other disciples and Confucian scholars through history. The composition and number of figures worshipped changed and grew through time. Since temples were a statement of Confucian orthodoxy, the issue of which Confucians to enshrine was a controversial one.By the Republican period (20th century), there were a total of 162 figures worshipped. The Four Correlates are Yan Hui, Zeng Shen, Kong Ji (Zisi), and Mencius. The Twelve Philosophers are Min Sun (Ziqian), Ran Geng (Boniu), Ran Yong (Zhonggong), Zai Yu (Ziwo), Zi-gong, Ran You, Zi-Lu, Zi-You, Zi-Xia, Zi-Zhang, You Ruo, and Zhu Xi. A list of disciples of Confucius and their place in the Confucian temple can be found at Disciples of Confucius.Prayer plaques in a temple of Confucius\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAak musicians at a Confucian ceremony in Munmyo Shrine, Korea\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Temple of Confucius in Jiading, now a suburb of Shanghai. The Jiading Temple of Confucius now operates a museum devoted to the imperial exam formerly administered at the temples.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Hall of Great Achievement of the Temple of Confucius in Harbin, Heilongjiang.","title":"Worship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"}],"text":"With the spread of Confucian learning throughout East Asia, Confucian temples were also built in Vietnam, Korea, and Japan. Starting in the 18th century, some were even built in Europe and the Americas. At their height, there are estimated to have been over 3,000 Confucian temples in existence.","title":"Outside mainland China"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chuk_Un,_Hong_Kong_-_panoramio_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"Wong Tai Sin Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Tai_Sin_Temple_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"Confucian Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_Academy"},{"link_name":"Wong Tai Sin Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Tai_Sin_Temple_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"Wong Tai Sin District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Tai_Sin_District"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Hong Kong","text":"Confucian Hall next to Wong Tai Sin Temple in Hong KongThe bill allowing for the building of the very first Confucian temple in Hong Kong, proposed by the Confucian Academy, passed in September 2013. The location of the temple was decided to be near the famous Taoist temple, Wong Tai Sin Temple, in Wong Tai Sin District.[3]","title":"Outside mainland China"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taipei_Confucius_Temple,_Taiwan_20220618.jpg"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Taiwan Confucian Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Confucian_Temple"},{"link_name":"Tungning Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning"},{"link_name":"Tainan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tainan"},{"link_name":"Taipei Confucius Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_Confucius_Temple"},{"link_name":"Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei"},{"link_name":"Taipei First Girls' High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_First_Girls%27_High_School"},{"link_name":"Fujian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Confucian temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius_Temple_of_Kaohsiung"},{"link_name":"Zuoying District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuoying_District"},{"link_name":"Kaohsiung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung"},{"link_name":"Chiayi City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiayi_Confucian_Temple"},{"link_name":"Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_Confucius_Temple"},{"link_name":"Taichung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taichung_Confucian_Temple"},{"link_name":"Changhua County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Confucius,_Changhua"}],"sub_title":"Taiwan","text":"Taipei Confucius TempleThe first Confucian temple in Taiwan to be constructed was the Taiwan Confucian Temple, which was built during the period of the Tungning Kingdom in 1665 in Tainan. A more recent temple, the Taipei Confucius Temple, was built on Wenwu Street in Taipei in 1879, torn down by Japanese in 1907 to make place for the Taipei First Girls' High School, and re-erected on Dalong Street from 1925 to 1939. The new temple was designed by Wang Yi-Shun, who also oversaw its construction. The design is an example of typical Fujian temple style. Every year on September 28, the birthday of Confucius, city authorities hold the Shidian (Chinese: 釋奠) Ceremony here. In addition, there is a Confucian temple located in Zuoying District of Kaohsiung that was completed in 1974 in the Northern Song architectural style. Other Confucian temples are found in Chiayi City, Taipei, Taichung and Changhua County.","title":"Outside mainland China"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hanoi_Temple_of_Literature.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hanoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Văn Miếu, Hanoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Literature,_Hanoi"},{"link_name":"Lý dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Tran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Văn Miếu, Hưng Yên","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Literature,_Hung_Yen"},{"link_name":"Hưng Yên City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C6%B0ng_Y%C3%AAn_City"},{"link_name":"Huế","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF"},{"link_name":"Tam Kỳ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam_Ky"},{"link_name":"Hội An","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoi_An"},{"link_name":"Hưng Yên","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_Yen"},{"link_name":"Hải Dương","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hai_Duong"},{"link_name":"Biên Hòa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bien_Hoa"},{"link_name":"Vĩnh Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinh_Long"},{"link_name":"Bắc Ninh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bac_Ninh"}],"sub_title":"Vietnam","text":"A Văn Miếu, or Temple of Literature, in Hanoi, VietnamA Confucian temple in Vietnam is called Văn Miếu.[4] The earliest recorded Văn Miếu in Vietnam is the Văn Miếu, Hanoi, established in 1070 during the Lý dynasty. After 1397, with the construction of schools throughout Vietnam under the Tran, Confucian temples began to spread throughout the country. Another renowned Vietnamese Confucian temple is the Văn Miếu, Hưng Yên, located in Hưng Yên City. Well-known Confucian temples were built in Huế, Tam Kỳ, Hội An, Hưng Yên, Hải Dương, Biên Hòa, Vĩnh Long and Bắc Ninh.","title":"Outside mainland China"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sungkyunkwan_Daeseongjeon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Munmyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munmyo"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"Goryeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goryeo"},{"link_name":"Yi Seonggye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_Seonggye"},{"link_name":"Hyanggyo 항교","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyanggyo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Joseon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Gukjagam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gukjagam"},{"link_name":"Munmyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munmyo"},{"link_name":"Republic of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Korea"}],"sub_title":"Korea","text":"Munmyo in Seoul, South KoreaOutside China, the largest number of Confucian temples is found in Korea. Temples as part of schools were first built during the Goryeo period (918–1392). From the time of Yi Seonggye (r. 1392–1398), Confucianism underpinned the new dynasty and its government. Thus government Confucian schools (Hyanggyo 항교)[5] were built throughout Joseon to educate future government officials in Confucianism. These consisted of a building for teaching, together with a building (Daesongjeon 대성전) which housed the memorial tablets of Confucius.[6] Although Chinese models were followed, variations in layout and construction were common, such as the building of schools in front of temples. Korea also added its own scholars (the eighteen scholars of the East) to the Confucian pantheon (the five sages).Historically, Korea had a total of 362 temples devoted to Confucianism. After World War II and the division of the country, those in the North were converted to use as a center of traditional culture (see Gukjagam). However, some of the 232 temples in the South continued their activities (see Munmyo). In addition to temples devoted to Confucianism the Republic of Korea also has twelve Confucian family temples, two temples in private schools, and three libraries.","title":"Outside mainland China"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:YushimaSeidoL8644.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yushima Seidō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yushima_Seid%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Hayashi Razan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayashi_Razan"},{"link_name":"Ueno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ueno,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Ochanomizu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochanomizu"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa Shogunate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_Shogunate"},{"link_name":"Nagasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius_Shrine,_Nagasaki"},{"link_name":"Bizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizen,_Okayama"},{"link_name":"Okayama prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okayama_prefecture"},{"link_name":"Taku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taku,_Saga"},{"link_name":"Saga prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saga_prefecture"},{"link_name":"Naha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naha"},{"link_name":"Okinawa prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa_prefecture"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Japan","text":"Entrance gate of reconstructed Yushima Seidō.Confucian temples (孔子廟, kōshi-byō) were also widely built in Japan, often in conjunction with Confucian schools. The most famous is the Yushima Seidō, built in 1630 during the Edo period as a private school connected with the Neo-Confucianist scholar Hayashi Razan. Originally built in Shinobi-ga-oka in Ueno, it was moved at the end of the 18th century near present-day Ochanomizu by the Tokugawa Shogunate, and a major state-sponsored school, Shoheikō, was opened on its grounds.Other well-known Confucian temples are found in Nagasaki, Bizen, Okayama prefecture; Taku, Saga prefecture; and Naha, Okinawa prefecture.[citation needed]","title":"Outside mainland China"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boen_bio,_Surabaya.jpg"},{"link_name":"Confucian church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_church"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"litang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Tang_(hall_of_worship)"},{"link_name":"Boen Bio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boen_Bio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Surabaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya"},{"link_name":"Chinatown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown"}],"sub_title":"Indonesia","text":"A Confucian church in Surabaya, IndonesiaConfucian temples are also found in Indonesia, where they are often known as \"Churches of Confucius\" as Confucianism is a recognised religion in that country. In Chinese, these establishments are known as litang (礼堂) or \"halls of worship\". The largest and oldest is the Boen Bio in Surabaya, originally built in the city's Chinatown in 1883 and moved to a new site in 1907. There are reportedly more than 100 Confucianist halls of worship throughout Indonesia.","title":"Outside mainland China"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chung Hwa Confucian School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chung_Hwa_Confucian_School"},{"link_name":"SMJK Chung Hwa Confucian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chung_Hwa_Confucian_High_School"},{"link_name":"Penang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penang"},{"link_name":"Qing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing"},{"link_name":"Straits Settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_Settlement"},{"link_name":"Kuala Lumpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur"},{"link_name":"Malacca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca"}],"sub_title":"Malaysia","text":"The first Confucian temple in Malaysia was built within a primary school known as Chung Hwa Confucian School (which has since split into SJK(C) Chung Hwa Confucian A, B and SMJK Chung Hwa Confucian) in Penang, in the early 20th century. The building of the school was initiated by the Qing dynasty ambassador to the British Straits Settlement at that time. In those days parents in Penang brought their children to this temple for prayer before they began their schooling. The children prayed for excellence in their studies.There are also two Confucian schools in Kuala Lumpur, namely SMJK Confucian and Confucian Private School, and a Confucian school in Malacca where ceremonies in honour of Confucius are held annually.","title":"Outside mainland China"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zuoying_Confucian_Temple.jpg"},{"link_name":"Temple of Confucius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius_Temple_of_Kaohsiung"},{"link_name":"Kaohsiung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E4%BB%A3%E5%8E%BF%E6%96%87%E5%BA%99-5.jpg"},{"link_name":"Daizhou Confucian Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daizhou_Confucian_Temple&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dai County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dai_County"},{"link_name":"Shanxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanxi"},{"link_name":"Temple of Confucius in Qufu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Confucius,_Qufu"},{"link_name":"Temple of Confucius in Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Temple_of_Confucius"},{"link_name":"Temple of the Master in Nanjing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Confucius,_Nanjing"},{"link_name":"Temple of Confucius in Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Confucius,_Shanghai"},{"link_name":"Temple of Confucius in Suzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Confucius,_Suzhou"},{"link_name":"Temple of Confucius in Jianshui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Confucius,_Jianshui&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"建水文庙","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E6%B0%B4%E6%96%87%E5%BA%99"},{"link_name":"Temple of Confucius in Daixian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daizhou_Confucian_Temple&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Temple of Confucius in Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Confucius,_Taipei"},{"link_name":"Temple of Confucius in Taoyuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoyuan_Confucian_Temple"},{"link_name":"Temple of Confucius in Taichung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taichung_Confucian_Temple"},{"link_name":"Temple of Confucius in Kaohsiung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius_Temple_of_Kaohsiung"},{"link_name":"Temple of Confucius in Tainan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Confucian_Temple"},{"link_name":"Temple of Confucius in Changhua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Confucius,_Changhua"},{"link_name":"Temple of Confucius in Chiayi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiayi_Confucian_Temple"},{"link_name":"Temple of Confucius in Nagasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius_Shrine,_Nagasaki"},{"link_name":"Shiseibyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiseiby%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Naha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naha"},{"link_name":"Seibyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taku_Seiby%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Yushima Seidō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yushima_Seid%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Munmyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munmyo"},{"link_name":"Văn Miếu in Hanoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Literature,_Hanoi"},{"link_name":"Văn Miếu in Hưng Yên","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Literature,_H%C6%B0ng_Y%C3%AAn"},{"link_name":"Văn Miếu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Literature,_Mao_%C4%90i%E1%BB%81n"},{"link_name":"Bắc Ninh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_Ninh"},{"link_name":"Nghệ An","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87_An_Province"},{"link_name":"Khánh Hòa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A1nh_H%C3%B2a_Province"},{"link_name":"Văn Miếu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A5n_Bi%C3%AAn_Literature_Temple"},{"link_name":"Vĩnh Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%A9nh_Long"},{"link_name":"Boen Bio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boen_Bio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Surabaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya"}],"text":"The Temple of Confucius in Kaohsiung, Taiwan.The Daizhou Confucian Temple in Dai County, Shanxi.Temple of Confucius in Qufu, China (Confucius's home town)\nTemple of Confucius in Beijing, China\nTemple of the Master in Nanjing, China\nTemple of Confucius in Shanghai, China\nTemple of Confucius in Suzhou, China\nTemple of Confucius in Jianshui, Yunnan, China (建水文庙)\nTemple of Confucius in Daixian, Shanxi, China\nTemple of Confucius in Taipei, Taiwan\nTemple of Confucius in Taoyuan, Taiwan\nTemple of Confucius in Taichung, Taiwan\nTemple of Confucius in Kaohsiung, Taiwan\nTemple of Confucius in Tainan, Taiwan (\"Taiwan Confucian Temple\")\nTemple of Confucius in Changhua, Taiwan\nTemple of Confucius in Chiayi, Taiwan\nTemple of Confucius in Nagasaki, Japan\nShiseibyō, the Temple of Confucius in Naha, Okinawa, Japan\nSeibyō, the Temple of Confucius in Taku, Japan\nYushima Seidō, the Temple of Confucius in Tokyo, Japan\nMunmyo, the Temple of Confucius in Seoul, South Korea\nVăn Miếu in Hanoi, Vietnam\nVăn Miếu in Hưng Yên, Vietnam\nVăn Miếu in Hải Dương, Vietnam\nVăn Miếu in Bắc Ninh, Vietnam\nVăn Miếu in Nghệ An, Vietnam\nVăn Miếu in Khánh Hòa, Vietnam\nVăn Miếu in Đồng Nai, Vietnam\nVăn Miếu in Vĩnh Long, Vietnam\nBoen Bio in Surabaya, Indonesia","title":"List of temples"}] | [{"image_text":"Hall of Great Perfection (Dacheng Hall) of the Confucius temple in Qufu","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%E6%9B%B2%E9%98%9C%E5%AD%94%E5%BB%9F%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%90%E6%AE%BF.jpg/220px-%E6%9B%B2%E9%98%9C%E5%AD%94%E5%BB%9F%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%90%E6%AE%BF.jpg"},{"image_text":"The gates of the Temple of Confucius in Datong, Shanxi.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Datong_Wenmiao_2013.08.29_11-33-25.jpg/220px-Datong_Wenmiao_2013.08.29_11-33-25.jpg"},{"image_text":"Main hall of the Temple of Confucius in Ningbo, Zhejiang.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cicheng_Kongmiao_2013.07.27_12-53-44.jpg/220px-Cicheng_Kongmiao_2013.07.27_12-53-44.jpg"},{"image_text":"Confucian Hall next to Wong Tai Sin Temple in Hong Kong","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Chuk_Un%2C_Hong_Kong_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/220px-Chuk_Un%2C_Hong_Kong_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Taipei Confucius Temple","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Taipei_Confucius_Temple%2C_Taiwan_20220618.jpg/220px-Taipei_Confucius_Temple%2C_Taiwan_20220618.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Văn Miếu, or Temple of Literature, in Hanoi, Vietnam","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Hanoi_Temple_of_Literature.jpg/220px-Hanoi_Temple_of_Literature.jpg"},{"image_text":"Munmyo in Seoul, South Korea","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sungkyunkwan_Daeseongjeon.jpg/220px-Sungkyunkwan_Daeseongjeon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Entrance gate of reconstructed Yushima Seidō.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/YushimaSeidoL8644.jpg/220px-YushimaSeidoL8644.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Confucian church in Surabaya, Indonesia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Boen_bio%2C_Surabaya.jpg/220px-Boen_bio%2C_Surabaya.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Temple of Confucius in Kaohsiung, Taiwan.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Zuoying_Confucian_Temple.jpg/220px-Zuoying_Confucian_Temple.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Daizhou Confucian Temple in Dai County, Shanxi.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/%E4%BB%A3%E5%8E%BF%E6%96%87%E5%BA%99-5.jpg/220px-%E4%BB%A3%E5%8E%BF%E6%96%87%E5%BA%99-5.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Confucian churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_church"},{"title":"Mansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong_Family_Mansion"},{"title":"Cemetery of Confucius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemetery_of_Confucius"},{"title":"Wenchang Dijun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenchang_Dijun"},{"title":"Supreme Council for the Confucian Religion in Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Council_for_the_Confucian_Religion_in_Indonesia"},{"title":"Taoist temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoist_temples"},{"title":"Buddhist temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_temples"}] | [{"reference":"Liu, Xu. Tang shu 唐書. Beijing: Zhonghua shuji. p. 15.373.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sommer, Deborah (2002). \"Destroying Confucius: Iconoclasm in the Confucian Temple\". On Sacred Grounds: Culture, Society, Politics and the Formation of the Cult of Confucius: 95–133.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"孔廟黃大仙新地標\" [Wong Tai Sin Temple of Confucius landmark]. The Sun (in Chinese). Hong Kong. 11 September 2013. Archived from the original on 23 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130923090856/http://hk.news.yahoo.com/%E5%AD%94%E5%BB%9F%E9%BB%83%E5%A4%A7%E4%BB%99%E6%96%B0%E5%9C%B0%E6%A8%99-224032729.html","url_text":"\"孔廟黃大仙新地標\""},{"url":"http://hk.news.yahoo.com/%E5%AD%94%E5%BB%9F%E9%BB%83%E5%A4%A7%E4%BB%99%E6%96%B0%E5%9C%B0%E6%A8%99-224032729.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dịch hai chữ Văn Miếu ra tiếng Tây\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Francisco_de_Paula_National_Forest | São Francisco de Paula National Forest | ["1 Origins","2 Location","3 Conservation","4 References","5 Sources"] | Coordinates: 29°25′22″S 50°23′11″W / 29.4228°S 50.3864°W / -29.4228; -50.3864São Francisco de Paula National ForestFloresta Nacional de São Francisco de PaulaIUCN category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources)São Francisco de Paula National Forest in BrazilNearest citySão Francisco de PaulaCoordinates29°25′22″S 50°23′11″W / 29.4228°S 50.3864°W / -29.4228; -50.3864Area1,615.59 hectares (3,992.2 acres)DesignationNational forestEstablished1968Governing bodyChico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation
The São Francisco de Paula National Forest (Portuguese: Floresta Nacional de São Francisco de Paula) is a national forest in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Origins
Decree law 3.124 of 19 March 1941 created the National Pine Institute (Instituto Nacional do Pinho), a federal agency concerned with pine trees.
Among its duties it created what would become the national forests of the south and south east of Brazil.
By ordinance 561 of 25 October 1968 these became the forest parks of the National Pine Institute, and were classed as national forests under the Forest Code of 1965.
Location
The São Francisco de Paula National Forest is in the Atlantic Forest biome.
It has an area of 1,615.59 hectares (3,992.2 acres).
It is located in the municipality of São Francisco de Paula, Rio Grande do Sul.
Altitudes range from 630 to 922 metres (2,067 to 3,025 ft).
Average annual rainfall is 2,468 millimetres (97.2 in).
Average temperature is 15 °C (59 °F).
The National Pine Institute planted zones of reforestation with exotic species.
Half the area is native Atlantic forest.
More than 20 endangered species of wildlife have been recorded in or around the forest, as well as threatened species of shrubs and trees.
Besides Atlantic Forest species there are trees of Andean and Antarctic origin such as Drimys winteri and Araucaria angustifolia.
There are two nature trails where visitors may be given scheduled tours by a guide, and five hostels for students and researchers with 50 beds in all.
The forest preserves the sources of the Sinos River basin.
Conservation
Great Egret (Ardea alba) in Brazil
The forest is classed IUCN protected area category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources).
The objectives are to support multiple forms of sustainable use of forest resources and scientific research, with emphasis on sustainable exploitation of native forests.
The management plan allows for annual production of 10,000 mst of wood, and also for sustainable harvesting non-wood products such as pine nuts.
The forest is part of the core area of the Atlantic Forest Biosphere Reserve.
It is within the Sinos River ecological corridor between the Caí River and Tainhas River ecological corridors.
The various existing or planned protected areas form an important arc and biodiversity corridor along the slopes of the plateau.
Protected species in the forest include the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus), ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), cougar (Puma concolor), red myotis (Myotis ruber) bat, black-capped piprites (Piprites pileata), vinaceous-breasted amazon (Amazona vinacea), red-spectacled amazon (Amazona pretrei) and Chaco eagle (Buteogallus coronatus).
References
^ 1 mst – metro estéreo – of wood is a stack of logs that would fit in a 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) cube. Depending on the species, it corresponds to one half to two thirds of a cubic metre of solid wood.
^ a b c Flona de São Francisco de Paula – Chico Mendes.
^ a b c d e f Unidade de Conservação ... MMA.
Sources
Flona de São Francisco de Paula (in Portuguese), Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation, retrieved 2016-05-31
Unidade de Conservação: Floresta Nacional de São Francisco de Paula (in Portuguese), MMA: Ministério do Meio Ambiente, retrieved 2016-05-31
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
vteNational forests of BrazilAmazon
Altamira
Amaná
Amapá
Amazonas
Anauá
Aripuanã
Balata-Tufari
Bom Futuro
Carajás
Caxiuanã
Crepori
Humaitá
Iquiri
Itacaiunas
Itaituba I
Itaituba II
Jacundá
Jamanxim
Jamari
Jatuarana
Macauã
Mapiá-Inauini
Mulata
Pau-Rosa
Purus
Roraima
Santa Rosa do Purus
São Francisco
Saracá-Taquera
Tapajós
Tapirapé-Aquiri
Tefé
Trairão
Urupadi
Atlantic Forest
Açungui
Caçador
Canela
Capão Bonito
Chapecó
Goytacazes
Ibirama
Ibura
Ipanema
Irati
Lorena
Mário Xavier
Nísia Floresta
Pacotuba
Passa Quatro
Passo Fundo
Piraí do Sul
Restinga de Cabedelo
Rio Preto
Ritápolis
São Francisco de Paula
Três Barras
Caatinga
Açu
Araripe-Apodi
Contendas do Sincorá
Negreiros
Palmares
Sobral
Cerrado
Brasília
Cristópolis
Mata Grande
Paraopeba
Silvânia
This article related to a protected area in Brazil is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"national forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_forest_(Brazil)"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande do Sul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul"}],"text":"The São Francisco de Paula National Forest (Portuguese: Floresta Nacional de São Francisco de Paula) is a national forest in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.","title":"São Francisco de Paula National Forest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlona_de_S%C3%A3o_Francisco_de_Paula_%E2%80%93_Chico_Mendes-1"}],"text":"Decree law 3.124 of 19 March 1941 created the National Pine Institute (Instituto Nacional do Pinho), a federal agency concerned with pine trees. \nAmong its duties it created what would become the national forests of the south and south east of Brazil.\nBy ordinance 561 of 25 October 1968 these became the forest parks of the National Pine Institute, and were classed as national forests under the Forest Code of 1965.[1]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlantic Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Forest"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlona_de_S%C3%A3o_Francisco_de_Paula_%E2%80%93_Chico_Mendes-1"},{"link_name":"São Francisco de Paula, Rio Grande do Sul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Francisco_de_Paula,_Rio_Grande_do_Sul"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnidade_de_Conserva%C3%A7%C3%A3o_..._MMA-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnidade_de_Conserva%C3%A7%C3%A3o_..._MMA-2"},{"link_name":"reforestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reforestation"},{"link_name":"Atlantic forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Forest"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Drimys winteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drimys_winteri"},{"link_name":"Araucaria angustifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araucaria_angustifolia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnidade_de_Conserva%C3%A7%C3%A3o_..._MMA-2"}],"text":"The São Francisco de Paula National Forest is in the Atlantic Forest biome.\nIt has an area of 1,615.59 hectares (3,992.2 acres).[1]\nIt is located in the municipality of São Francisco de Paula, Rio Grande do Sul.[2]Altitudes range from 630 to 922 metres (2,067 to 3,025 ft).\nAverage annual rainfall is 2,468 millimetres (97.2 in).\nAverage temperature is 15 °C (59 °F).[2]The National Pine Institute planted zones of reforestation with exotic species. \nHalf the area is native Atlantic forest.[citation needed]More than 20 endangered species of wildlife have been recorded in or around the forest, as well as threatened species of shrubs and trees.\nBesides Atlantic Forest species there are trees of Andean and Antarctic origin such as Drimys winteri and Araucaria angustifolia.\nThere are two nature trails where visitors may be given scheduled tours by a guide, and five hostels for students and researchers with 50 beds in all.\nThe forest preserves the sources of the Sinos River basin.[2]","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Floresta_Nacional_de_S%C3%A3o_Francisco_de_Paula_Bernardo_Zoehler_(01).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ardea alba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardea_alba"},{"link_name":"IUCN protected area category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_protected_area_categories"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnidade_de_Conserva%C3%A7%C3%A3o_..._MMA-2"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnidade_de_Conserva%C3%A7%C3%A3o_..._MMA-2"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Forest Biosphere Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Forest_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Sinos River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinos_River"},{"link_name":"Caí River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%AD_River"},{"link_name":"Tainhas River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tainhas_River"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnidade_de_Conserva%C3%A7%C3%A3o_..._MMA-2"},{"link_name":"maned wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maned_wolf"},{"link_name":"oncilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncilla"},{"link_name":"ocelot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocelot"},{"link_name":"cougar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cougar"},{"link_name":"red myotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_myotis"},{"link_name":"black-capped piprites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-capped_piprites"},{"link_name":"vinaceous-breasted amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinaceous-breasted_amazon"},{"link_name":"red-spectacled amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-spectacled_amazon"},{"link_name":"Chaco eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaco_eagle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlona_de_S%C3%A3o_Francisco_de_Paula_%E2%80%93_Chico_Mendes-1"}],"text":"Great Egret (Ardea alba) in BrazilThe forest is classed IUCN protected area category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources).\nThe objectives are to support multiple forms of sustainable use of forest resources and scientific research, with emphasis on sustainable exploitation of native forests.[2]\nThe management plan allows for annual production of 10,000 mst[a] of wood, and also for sustainable harvesting non-wood products such as pine nuts.[2]The forest is part of the core area of the Atlantic Forest Biosphere Reserve.\nIt is within the Sinos River ecological corridor between the Caí River and Tainhas River ecological corridors.\nThe various existing or planned protected areas form an important arc and biodiversity corridor along the slopes of the plateau.[2]\nProtected species in the forest include the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus), ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), cougar (Puma concolor), red myotis (Myotis ruber) bat, black-capped piprites (Piprites pileata), vinaceous-breasted amazon (Amazona vinacea), red-spectacled amazon (Amazona pretrei) and Chaco eagle (Buteogallus coronatus).[1]","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flona de São Francisco de Paula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/unidadesdeconservacao/biomas-brasileiros/mata-atlantica/unidades-de-conservacao-mata-atlantica/2213-flona-de-sao-francisco-de-paula"},{"link_name":"Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chico_Mendes_Institute_for_Biodiversity_Conservation"},{"link_name":"Unidade de Conservação: Floresta Nacional de São Francisco de Paula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sistemas.mma.gov.br/cnuc/index.php?ido=relatorioparametrizado.exibeRelatorio&relatorioPadrao=true&idUc=133"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10282890#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/315129182"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007535913305171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85049212"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:National_forest_(Brazil)"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:National_forest_(Brazil)"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_forest_(Brazil)"},{"link_name":"National forests of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_National_Forests"},{"link_name":"Altamira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altamira_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Amaná","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aman%C3%A1_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Amapá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amap%C3%A1_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Amazonas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonas_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Anauá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anau%C3%A1_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Aripuanã","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aripuan%C3%A3_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Balata-Tufari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balata-Tufari_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Bom Futuro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bom_Futuro_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Carajás","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caraj%C3%A1s_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Caxiuanã","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caxiuan%C3%A3_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Crepori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crepori_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Humaitá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humait%C3%A1_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Iquiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquiri_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Itacaiunas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Itacaiunas_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Itaituba I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaituba_I_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Itaituba II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaituba_II_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Jacundá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacund%C3%A1_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Jamanxim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamanxim_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Jamari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamari_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jatuarana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jatuarana_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Macauã","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau%C3%A3_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Mapiá-Inauini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapi%C3%A1-Inauini_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Mulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulata_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Pau-Rosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pau-Rosa_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Purus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purus_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Roraima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roraima_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Santa Rosa do Purus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Rosa_do_Purus_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"São Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Francisco_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Saracá-Taquera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarac%C3%A1-Taquera_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Tapajós","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapaj%C3%B3s_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Tapirapé-Aquiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapirap%C3%A9-Aquiri_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Tefé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tef%C3%A9_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Trairão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trair%C3%A3o_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Urupadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urupadi_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Açungui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A%C3%A7ungui_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caçador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ca%C3%A7ador_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Canela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canela_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Capão Bonito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cap%C3%A3o_Bonito_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chapecó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chapec%C3%B3_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Goytacazes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goytacazes_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Ibirama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibirama_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ibura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibura_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ipanema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ipanema_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Irati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irati_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lorena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorena_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Mário Xavier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A1rio_Xavier_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nísia Floresta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADsia_Floresta_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Pacotuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacotuba_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Passa Quatro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passa_Quatro_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Passo Fundo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passo_Fundo_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Piraí do Sul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pira%C3%AD_do_Sul_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Restinga de Cabedelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restinga_de_Cabedelo_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Rio Preto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Preto_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Ritápolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rit%C3%A1polis_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"São Francisco de Paula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Três Barras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%AAs_Barras_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Açu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7u_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Araripe-Apodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Araripe-Apodi_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Contendas do Sincorá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Contendas_do_Sincor%C3%A1_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Negreiros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Negreiros_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palmares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palmares_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sobral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sobral_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brasília","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bras%C3%ADlia_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cristópolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B3polis_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mata Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mata_Grande_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paraopeba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paraopeba_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Silvânia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silv%C3%A2nia_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vira%C3%A7%C3%A3o_1994.jpg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A3o_Francisco_de_Paula_National_Forest&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Brazil-protected-area-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Brazil-protected-area-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brazil-protected-area-stub"}],"text":"Flona de São Francisco de Paula (in Portuguese), Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation, retrieved 2016-05-31\nUnidade de Conservação: Floresta Nacional de São Francisco de Paula (in Portuguese), MMA: Ministério do Meio Ambiente, retrieved 2016-05-31Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nIsrael\nUnited StatesvteNational forests of BrazilAmazon\nAltamira\nAmaná\nAmapá\nAmazonas\nAnauá\nAripuanã\nBalata-Tufari\nBom Futuro\nCarajás\nCaxiuanã\nCrepori\nHumaitá\nIquiri\nItacaiunas\nItaituba I\nItaituba II\nJacundá\nJamanxim\nJamari\nJatuarana\nMacauã\nMapiá-Inauini\nMulata\nPau-Rosa\nPurus\nRoraima\nSanta Rosa do Purus\nSão Francisco\nSaracá-Taquera\nTapajós\nTapirapé-Aquiri\nTefé\nTrairão\nUrupadi\nAtlantic Forest\nAçungui\nCaçador\nCanela\nCapão Bonito\nChapecó\nGoytacazes\nIbirama\nIbura\nIpanema\nIrati\nLorena\nMário Xavier\nNísia Floresta\nPacotuba\nPassa Quatro\nPasso Fundo\nPiraí do Sul\nRestinga de Cabedelo\nRio Preto\nRitápolis\nSão Francisco de Paula\nTrês Barras\nCaatinga\nAçu\nAraripe-Apodi\nContendas do Sincorá\nNegreiros\nPalmares\nSobral\nCerrado\nBrasília\nCristópolis\nMata Grande\nParaopeba\nSilvâniaThis article related to a protected area in Brazil is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Great Egret (Ardea alba) in Brazil","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Floresta_Nacional_de_S%C3%A3o_Francisco_de_Paula_Bernardo_Zoehler_%2801%29.jpg/220px-Floresta_Nacional_de_S%C3%A3o_Francisco_de_Paula_Bernardo_Zoehler_%2801%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Flona de São Francisco de Paula (in Portuguese), Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation, retrieved 2016-05-31","urls":[{"url":"http://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/unidadesdeconservacao/biomas-brasileiros/mata-atlantica/unidades-de-conservacao-mata-atlantica/2213-flona-de-sao-francisco-de-paula","url_text":"Flona de São Francisco de Paula"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chico_Mendes_Institute_for_Biodiversity_Conservation","url_text":"Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation"}]},{"reference":"Unidade de Conservação: Floresta Nacional de São Francisco de Paula (in Portuguese), MMA: Ministério do Meio Ambiente, retrieved 2016-05-31","urls":[{"url":"http://sistemas.mma.gov.br/cnuc/index.php?ido=relatorioparametrizado.exibeRelatorio&relatorioPadrao=true&idUc=133","url_text":"Unidade de Conservação: Floresta Nacional de São Francisco de Paula"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=S%C3%A3o_Francisco_de_Paula_National_Forest¶ms=29.4228_S_50.3864_W_region:BR_type:landmark","external_links_name":"29°25′22″S 50°23′11″W / 29.4228°S 50.3864°W / -29.4228; -50.3864"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=S%C3%A3o_Francisco_de_Paula_National_Forest¶ms=29.4228_S_50.3864_W_region:BR_type:landmark","external_links_name":"29°25′22″S 50°23′11″W / 29.4228°S 50.3864°W / -29.4228; -50.3864"},{"Link":"http://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/unidadesdeconservacao/biomas-brasileiros/mata-atlantica/unidades-de-conservacao-mata-atlantica/2213-flona-de-sao-francisco-de-paula","external_links_name":"Flona de São Francisco de Paula"},{"Link":"http://sistemas.mma.gov.br/cnuc/index.php?ido=relatorioparametrizado.exibeRelatorio&relatorioPadrao=true&idUc=133","external_links_name":"Unidade de Conservação: Floresta Nacional de São Francisco de Paula"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/315129182","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007535913305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85049212","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A3o_Francisco_de_Paula_National_Forest&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_Training_Corps_(World_War_I) | Volunteer Training Corps | ["1 Early development","2 Official recognition","3 Equipment, training and role","4 The Easter Rising in Dublin","5 Disbandment","6 See also","7 References","8 Bibliography","9 External links"] | Volunteer Training CorpsProficiency Badge of the Volunteer Training Corps, depicting the war goddess BellonaActiveSeptember 1914 – December 1918DisbandedJanuary 1920CountryUnited KingdomRoleDefence from invasionCommandersNotablecommandersPrince Arthur, Duke of ConnaughtMilitary unit
The Volunteer Training Corps was a voluntary home defence reserve force in the United Kingdom during World War I.
Early development
After war had been declared in August 1914, there was a popular demand for a means of service for those men who were over military age or those with business or family commitments which made it difficult for them to volunteer for the armed services. At this stage in the war, Britain relied entirely on a voluntary system of enlistment and many men still held to the Victorian principle that it was the task of professional troops to fight a war whilst the Militia, or Constitutional Force (which had converted from conscription to engaging volunteers for periods of service in the 1850s and was converted into the Special Reserve in 1908), Volunteer Force and Yeomanry (two volunteer forces, in which recruits did not engage for periods of service, that had amalgamated to form the Territorial Force in 1908, in which recruits voluntarily engaged for a period of service) provided for home defence, and civilian local defence groups began to spring up spontaneously as soon as war was declared.
The volunteer movement gained publicity from discourse in the press advocating civilian participation in home defence, with notable proponents being Arthur Conan Doyle and H. G. Wells. The first elements of central organisation were established by the formation of the London Volunteer Defence Force. Discussions about the nature and role of the movement ranged from simply drilling volunteers in preparation for their enlistment into the regular or home armies, through augmenting the home army's defence of vulnerable points, to providing a force that would actively oppose an invasion with guerrilla warfare. Concerned that such a body would undermine recruitment into the regular army and hinder more than help home defence, the War Office banned the movement.
Despite official antipathy, civilians continued to organise themselves, and Harold Tennant, Under-Secretary of State for War, realised that the government could do little to prevent them. Rather than allow the movement to grow unchecked, he decided in September to allow the Central Committee of the London Volunteer Defence Force to continue. Until the War Office had the time and resources to devote to the movement itself, the Central Committee, adopting the name Central Association of Volunteer Training Corps (VTC), became the body to which individual corps could affiliate, and was responsible for drawing up the rules and regulations on a national basis. Lord Desborough became the President of the Association and General Sir O'Moore Creagh VC was appointed the Military Advisor. In November, the association was officially recognised as the administrative body of the VTC and formally subjected to conditions which prevented interference with recruitment into the regular army, barred members from holding military rank or wearing uniforms other than an armband and denied any state funding.
Ex-military personnel of the National Reserve played a leading role in the growth of the VTC, providing many of its recruits and lending the nascent organisation an element of martial respectability. Among the many new corps formed were the United Arts Rifles – which numbered in its ranks the Poet Laureate, Robert Bridges – a unit of deaf mutes which drilled by sign language, and a unit that went by the name of the Ju Jitsu VTC. In May 1915, corps began to be organised into county regiments. Some 2,000 individual corps had appeared by June 1915, numbering 590,000 volunteers. Units raised finances for the purchase of weapons by charging membership fees. Amid concerns that they would compete with the established forces for the limited amount of rifles then available – in October 1915, there were 570,600 in the country for the 1.3 million men who needed them – the government prohibited volunteers from buying service rifles and required any purchase to be first cleared with the local military authority. Those corps which could not afford weapons begged or borrowed wherever they could, and dummy rifles, air guns and weapons loaned by the Church Lads' Brigade were among those pressed into service by various units.
Demand for the services of the VTC increased, and members were employed as guards by the Admiralty on the Scilly Isles, at the many new munitions works and on the rail network. Volunteers also dug trenches around London and assisted in bringing in the harvest. The movement grew out of the same spirit of volunteer service that gave birth to the Volunteer Force in the second half of the previous century, and a private member's bill introduced in the House of Lords in October 1915 sought to revive the Volunteer Act of 1863 as an attempt to place the VTC on a more official footing. It was supported by General Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien, commander of the Central Force First Army, who, in a letter to The Times, wrote of "the most valuable aid the VTC are giving me". The bill failed due to government fears that it would complicate the home rule issue in Ireland by recognising the Ulster Volunteers and the Irish Volunteers. The VTC officially remained unrecognised and outside of the nation's home defence scheme, thus depriving members of legal protection in the performance of their duties. There was some doubt that the armband would be recognised by the enemy as uniform, leaving members vulnerable to execution as francs-tireurs, and when it was suggested that the VTC might guard prisoners of war, it was pointed out that, technically, a volunteer could be hanged for murder if he shot an escapee.
Official recognition
A Volunteer of the City of London VTC or "National Guard" assists regular soldiers to find their way around Victoria Station in London, one of many auxiliary tasks undertaken by the VTC.
When it was discovered that the Volunteer Act 1863 (26 & 27 Vict. c. 65) had never been repealed, it was used in April 1916 to legitimise the movement. VTC Battalions legally became Volunteer Regiments of the new 'Volunteer Force'. Eventually, they were allowed to wear khaki uniforms and equipment began to be officially supplied. In July 1918, the War Office decided to include the VTC Battalions into the County Infantry Regiment system, and they became numbered "Volunteer" battalions of their local regiment. With the introduction of conscription in 1916, came the power of the Military Service Tribunals to order men to join the VTC; however, the clause in the 1863 act which allowed resignation after fourteen days' notice initially made this unenforceable, so a Volunteer Act 1916 was passed which obliged members to remain in the Corps until the end of the war. By February 1918, there were 285,000 Volunteers, 101,000 of whom had been directed to the Corps by the Tribunals.
Equipment, training and role
The Approved Volunteer Training Corps uniforms, published in February 1915
During 1917, P.14 Enfield Rifles began to be issued, followed by Hotchkiss Mk I machine guns. The Corps trained in drill and, if the equipment was available, use of the rifle. In case of a German invasion, battalions were tasked with roles such as line of communication defence and forming the garrison of major towns; 42 battalions were to defend London. Volunteers undertook a wide range of other tasks including; guarding vulnerable points, munitions handling, digging anti-invasion defence lines, assisting with harvesting, fire fighting and transport for wounded soldiers. In north Worcestershire some units helped to man anti-aircraft guns ringing Birmingham. In 1918, when there was an acute shortage of manpower because of the German spring offensive, c.7,000 Volunteers undertook three-month coast defence duties in East Anglia. The force was sometimes ridiculed by the public; there were jokes that the "GR" on their armbands stood for "George's Wrecks", "Grandpa's Regiment", "Genuine Relics", "Gorgeous Wrecks" or "Government Rejects".
The Easter Rising in Dublin
The only time that Volunteer Training Corps men were engaged in actual combat, was in the Easter Rising in Dublin starting on Easter Monday, 24 April 1916. Some 120 members of the 1st (Dublin) Battalion, Associated Volunteer Training Corps were returning from field exercises at Ticknock, when they heard the news of the uprising. The commanding officer, Major Harris, decided to march to Beggars Bush Barracks. They carried rifles but were without ammunition or bayonets. They were fired on by a party of Irish Volunteers from a railway bridge. Part of the VTC force entered the barracks by the front gate, others made their way to the rear and scaled the wall. About 40 men at the rear of the column were pinned down by fire from surrounding houses and four were killed, including the first-class cricketer, Francis Browning, who had been second-in-command. The VTC men then assisted the small garrison of regular soldiers to hold the barracks for eight days. In total, five members of the battalion were killed and seven wounded.
Disbandment
The Volunteer Training Corps was suspended in December 1918, and officially disbanded in January 1920, with the exception of the Volunteer Motor Corps which was retained until April 1921 in case of civil disorder.
See also
Home Guard (United Kingdom)
Women's Defence Relief Corps
References
^ Osborne, John (January 1988). "Defining their own patriotism: British Volunteer Training Corps in the First World War". Journal of Contemporary History. 23: 59–75. doi:10.1177/002200948802300104. S2CID 159912358.
^ Mitchinson 2005 pp. 68–71
^ Mitchinson 2005 pp. 72–75
^ Blake, J. P. (editor), The Official Regulations for Volunteer Training Corps and for County Volunteer Organisations (England and Wales) The Central Association Volunteer Training Corps 1916 (p. 10)
^ Beckett 2004 p. 15
^ Mitchinson 2005 pp. 82–84
^ Mitchinson 2005 pp. 108, 112, 115–116
^ Mitchinson 2005 pp. 113–115, 120–123
^ Kent War Memorials Transcription Project - Reports - West Kent Units
^ Beckett, A Nation in Arms, pp. 15–16.
^ King's Own Royal Regiment Museum - 1st & 2nd Volunteer Battalions, King’s Own Royal Lancaster Regiment (Volunteer Training Corps) by H. H. Owtram, April 1934
^ Atkin, Malcolm. "Introduction to the Worcestershire Volunteer Force". Worcestershire VTC & Volunteer Force.
^ Frederick William Beckett, The Amateur Military Tradition, 1558-1945, Manchester University Press 1991, (p. 240) ISBN 978-0-7190-2912-7.
^ A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English by Eric Partridge (8th edition, edited by Paul Beale), pp. 490–1.
^ Sinn Fein Rebellion handbook, Easter, 1916. The Irish Times, 1917 (p. 22)
^ Irish Times (p.58)
^ Beckett, A Nation in Arms, p. 16.
Bibliography
Beckett, Ian Frederick William (2004). A Nation in Arms. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 9781844680238.
Mitchinson, K. W. (2005). Defending Albion: Britain's Home Army 1908–1919. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781403938251.
External links
British Pathé newsreel of the Pharmacists' VTC being inspected by Brigadier General Bridgeman in a London park in 1916
British Pathé newsreel of the City of London VTC parading past the Lord Mayor at Mansion House in 1916
British Pathé newsreel: "The King Calls For Volunteers", showing VTC men digging trenches and rigging a barbed wire entanglement for home defence in 1917
A red VTC brassard bearing the letters "GR" in black, preserved at the Imperial War Museum, London | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reserve force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_reserve_force"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"}],"text":"Military unitThe Volunteer Training Corps was a voluntary home defence reserve force in the United Kingdom during World War I.","title":"Volunteer Training Corps"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Volunteer Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_Force"},{"link_name":"Yeomanry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeomanry"},{"link_name":"Territorial Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_Force"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Arthur Conan Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle"},{"link_name":"H. G. Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Wells"},{"link_name":"guerrilla warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Harold Tennant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Tennant"},{"link_name":"Lord Desborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Desborough"},{"link_name":"O'Moore Creagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Moore_Creagh"},{"link_name":"VC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"National Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Reserve_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Poet Laureate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet_Laureate_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Robert Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bridges"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"air guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_gun"},{"link_name":"Church Lads' Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Lads%27_Brigade"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Scilly Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scilly_Isles"},{"link_name":"private member's bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_member%27s_bill"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"Horace Smith-Dorrien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Smith-Dorrien"},{"link_name":"home rule issue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_movement"},{"link_name":"Ulster Volunteers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Volunteers"},{"link_name":"Irish Volunteers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Volunteers"},{"link_name":"francs-tireurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francs-tireurs"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"After war had been declared in August 1914, there was a popular demand for a means of service for those men who were over military age or those with business or family commitments which made it difficult for them to volunteer for the armed services. At this stage in the war, Britain relied entirely on a voluntary system of enlistment and many men still held to the Victorian principle that it was the task of professional troops to fight a war whilst the Militia, or Constitutional Force (which had converted from conscription to engaging volunteers for periods of service in the 1850s and was converted into the Special Reserve in 1908), Volunteer Force and Yeomanry (two volunteer forces, in which recruits did not engage for periods of service, that had amalgamated to form the Territorial Force in 1908, in which recruits voluntarily engaged for a period of service) provided for home defence, and civilian local defence groups began to spring up spontaneously as soon as war was declared.[1]The volunteer movement gained publicity from discourse in the press advocating civilian participation in home defence, with notable proponents being Arthur Conan Doyle and H. G. Wells. The first elements of central organisation were established by the formation of the London Volunteer Defence Force. Discussions about the nature and role of the movement ranged from simply drilling volunteers in preparation for their enlistment into the regular or home armies, through augmenting the home army's defence of vulnerable points, to providing a force that would actively oppose an invasion with guerrilla warfare. Concerned that such a body would undermine recruitment into the regular army and hinder more than help home defence, the War Office banned the movement.[2]Despite official antipathy, civilians continued to organise themselves, and Harold Tennant, Under-Secretary of State for War, realised that the government could do little to prevent them. Rather than allow the movement to grow unchecked, he decided in September to allow the Central Committee of the London Volunteer Defence Force to continue. Until the War Office had the time and resources to devote to the movement itself, the Central Committee, adopting the name Central Association of Volunteer Training Corps (VTC), became the body to which individual corps could affiliate, and was responsible for drawing up the rules and regulations on a national basis. Lord Desborough became the President of the Association and General Sir O'Moore Creagh VC was appointed the Military Advisor.[3][4] In November, the association was officially recognised as the administrative body of the VTC and formally subjected to conditions which prevented interference with recruitment into the regular army, barred members from holding military rank or wearing uniforms other than an armband and denied any state funding.[5]Ex-military personnel of the National Reserve played a leading role in the growth of the VTC, providing many of its recruits and lending the nascent organisation an element of martial respectability. Among the many new corps formed were the United Arts Rifles – which numbered in its ranks the Poet Laureate, Robert Bridges – a unit of deaf mutes which drilled by sign language, and a unit that went by the name of the Ju Jitsu VTC.[6] In May 1915, corps began to be organised into county regiments. Some 2,000 individual corps had appeared by June 1915, numbering 590,000 volunteers. Units raised finances for the purchase of weapons by charging membership fees. Amid concerns that they would compete with the established forces for the limited amount of rifles then available – in October 1915, there were 570,600 in the country for the 1.3 million men who needed them – the government prohibited volunteers from buying service rifles and required any purchase to be first cleared with the local military authority. Those corps which could not afford weapons begged or borrowed wherever they could, and dummy rifles, air guns and weapons loaned by the Church Lads' Brigade were among those pressed into service by various units.[7]Demand for the services of the VTC increased, and members were employed as guards by the Admiralty on the Scilly Isles, at the many new munitions works and on the rail network. Volunteers also dug trenches around London and assisted in bringing in the harvest. The movement grew out of the same spirit of volunteer service that gave birth to the Volunteer Force in the second half of the previous century, and a private member's bill introduced in the House of Lords in October 1915 sought to revive the Volunteer Act of 1863 as an attempt to place the VTC on a more official footing. It was supported by General Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien, commander of the Central Force First Army, who, in a letter to The Times, wrote of \"the most valuable aid the VTC are giving me\". The bill failed due to government fears that it would complicate the home rule issue in Ireland by recognising the Ulster Volunteers and the Irish Volunteers. The VTC officially remained unrecognised and outside of the nation's home defence scheme, thus depriving members of legal protection in the performance of their duties. There was some doubt that the armband would be recognised by the enemy as uniform, leaving members vulnerable to execution as francs-tireurs, and when it was suggested that the VTC might guard prisoners of war, it was pointed out that, technically, a volunteer could be hanged for murder if he shot an escapee.[8]","title":"Early development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_British_Army_on_the_Home_Front,_1914-1918_Q30517.jpg"},{"link_name":"City of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London"},{"link_name":"Victoria Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Victoria_Station"},{"link_name":"Volunteer Act 1863","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_Act_1863"},{"link_name":"26 & 27 Vict.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26_%26_27_Vict."},{"link_name":"County Infantry Regiment system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childers_Reforms"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"conscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Military Service Tribunals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Service_Tribunals"},{"link_name":"Volunteer Act 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volunteer_Act_1916&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"A Volunteer of the City of London VTC or \"National Guard\" assists regular soldiers to find their way around Victoria Station in London, one of many auxiliary tasks undertaken by the VTC.When it was discovered that the Volunteer Act 1863 (26 & 27 Vict. c. 65) had never been repealed, it was used in April 1916 to legitimise the movement. VTC Battalions legally became Volunteer Regiments of the new 'Volunteer Force'. Eventually, they were allowed to wear khaki uniforms and equipment began to be officially supplied. In July 1918, the War Office decided to include the VTC Battalions into the County Infantry Regiment system, and they became numbered \"Volunteer\" battalions of their local regiment.[9] With the introduction of conscription in 1916, came the power of the Military Service Tribunals to order men to join the VTC; however, the clause in the 1863 act which allowed resignation after fourteen days' notice initially made this unenforceable, so a Volunteer Act 1916 was passed which obliged members to remain in the Corps until the end of the war. By February 1918, there were 285,000 Volunteers, 101,000 of whom had been directed to the Corps by the Tribunals.[10]","title":"Official recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VolunteerTrainingCorps_Uniforms.jpg"},{"link_name":"P.14 Enfield Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_1914_Enfield"},{"link_name":"Hotchkiss Mk I machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotchkiss_M1909_Benet-Mercie_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-owtram-11"},{"link_name":"drill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_parade"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"the German spring offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Michael"},{"link_name":"East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The Approved Volunteer Training Corps uniforms, published in February 1915During 1917, P.14 Enfield Rifles began to be issued, followed by Hotchkiss Mk I machine guns.[11] The Corps trained in drill and, if the equipment was available, use of the rifle. In case of a German invasion, battalions were tasked with roles such as line of communication defence and forming the garrison of major towns; 42 battalions were to defend London. Volunteers undertook a wide range of other tasks including; guarding vulnerable points, munitions handling, digging anti-invasion defence lines, assisting with harvesting, fire fighting and transport for wounded soldiers. In north Worcestershire some units helped to man anti-aircraft guns ringing Birmingham.[12] In 1918, when there was an acute shortage of manpower because of the German spring offensive, c.7,000 Volunteers undertook three-month coast defence duties in East Anglia. The force was sometimes ridiculed by the public; there were jokes that the \"GR\" on their armbands stood for \"George's Wrecks\", \"Grandpa's Regiment\", \"Genuine Relics\",[13] \"Gorgeous Wrecks\" or \"Government Rejects\".[14]","title":"Equipment, training and role"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Easter Rising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Rising"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Ticknock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticknock"},{"link_name":"Beggars Bush Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beggars_Bush_Barracks"},{"link_name":"Irish Volunteers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Volunteers"},{"link_name":"cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"Francis Browning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Browning"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The only time that Volunteer Training Corps men were engaged in actual combat, was in the Easter Rising in Dublin starting on Easter Monday, 24 April 1916. Some 120 members of the 1st (Dublin) Battalion, Associated Volunteer Training Corps were returning from field exercises at Ticknock, when they heard the news of the uprising. The commanding officer, Major Harris, decided to march to Beggars Bush Barracks. They carried rifles but were without ammunition or bayonets. They were fired on by a party of Irish Volunteers from a railway bridge. Part of the VTC force entered the barracks by the front gate, others made their way to the rear and scaled the wall. About 40 men at the rear of the column were pinned down by fire from surrounding houses and four were killed, including the first-class cricketer, Francis Browning, who had been second-in-command. The VTC men then assisted the small garrison of regular soldiers to hold the barracks for eight days.[15] In total, five members of the battalion were killed and seven wounded.[16]","title":"The Easter Rising in Dublin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The Volunteer Training Corps was suspended in December 1918, and officially disbanded in January 1920, with the exception of the Volunteer Motor Corps which was retained until April 1921 in case of civil disorder.[17]","title":"Disbandment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781844680238","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781844680238"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781403938251","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781403938251"}],"text":"Beckett, Ian Frederick William (2004). A Nation in Arms. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 9781844680238.\nMitchinson, K. W. (2005). Defending Albion: Britain's Home Army 1908–1919. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781403938251.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"A Volunteer of the City of London VTC or \"National Guard\" assists regular soldiers to find their way around Victoria Station in London, one of many auxiliary tasks undertaken by the VTC.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/The_British_Army_on_the_Home_Front%2C_1914-1918_Q30517.jpg/220px-The_British_Army_on_the_Home_Front%2C_1914-1918_Q30517.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Approved Volunteer Training Corps uniforms, published in February 1915","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/VolunteerTrainingCorps_Uniforms.jpg/220px-VolunteerTrainingCorps_Uniforms.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Home Guard (United Kingdom)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Guard_(United_Kingdom)"},{"title":"Women's Defence Relief Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Defence_Relief_Corps"}] | [{"reference":"Osborne, John (January 1988). \"Defining their own patriotism: British Volunteer Training Corps in the First World War\". 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(editor), The Official Regulations for Volunteer Training Corps and for County Volunteer Organisations (England and Wales) The Central Association Volunteer Training Corps 1916 (p. 10)"},{"Link":"http://www.kentfallen.com/PDF%20REPORTS/WEST%20KENT%20UNITS.pdf","external_links_name":"Kent War Memorials Transcription Project - Reports - West Kent Units"},{"Link":"http://www.kingsownmuseum.plus.com/ww1-volbnskorlr.htm","external_links_name":"King's Own Royal Regiment Museum - 1st & 2nd Volunteer Battalions, King’s Own Royal Lancaster Regiment (Volunteer Training Corps) by H. H. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Married_Too_Young | Married Too Young | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Reception","4 References"] | 1962 film by George Moskov
Married Too YoungRelease poster, 1962Directed byGeorge MoskovRelease date
1962 (1962)
Married Too Young is an American film released in 1962. It was directed by George Moskov. The storyline involves two teenagers who elope and get in trouble.
The film was "long been believed to have been either written or co written by Edward D. Wood, Jr", although "screenwriter Nathaniel Tanchuck's daughter, Heather Tanchuck, has stated that Wood had absolutely nothing to do with the film". However, in 2013 documents were found showing that Wood had contracted to rewrite the film, and had gone so far as to sue for nonpayment on the contract.
The film was the first feature film to present Harold Lloyd Jr. in a leading role. In the film, the 31-year-old Lloyd played a 17-year-old high school student who marries his high school girlfriend. Lloyd complained that poster art for the film "show him with a voluptuous girl who has only a bit role", to which he said, "when people take a look at one of these still pictures they're going to think I'm some sort of sex fiend".
Plot
Tommy (Harold Lloyd Jr.) and Helen (Jana Lund), a 17-year old high school couple feeling guilt over their physical desires decide to marry. They cross the state line and have a ceremony performed by a justice of the peace. Their parents discover the marriage, and complain to the justice of the peace, who scolds the parents for the upbringing that led to this result. Tommy becomes involved in a car theft ring, and takes Helen with him to deliver a stolen car. Chased by the police, they drive off a cliff, but survive, and are taken before a judge who offers them probation if their parents will do a better job of raising them.
Cast
Harold Lloyd Jr. as Tommy Blaine
Jana Lund as Helen Newton
Anthony Dexter
Trudy Marshall
Brian O´Hara
Nita Loveless
Lincoln Demyan
Marianna Hill
Cedric Jordan
Jamie Forster
George Cisar as Miltie
Joel Mondeaux
David Bond as the Justice of the Peace
Richard Davies as the Judge
Irene Ross
Reception
TV Guide rated Married Too Young at 2/5 stars. One reviewer called it a drab potboiler. Another write up described the plot as a stretch as it relates to bad parenting.
References
^ "Married Too Young (1962)". rarefilmm | The Cave of Forgotten Films. Archived from the original on 2018-07-01.
^ a b c d e Rausch, Andrew J.; Pratt, Charles E. Jr. "The Cinematic Misadventures of Ed Wood". BearManor Media – via Google Books.
^ a b c Dave McIntyre, "Harold Lloyd Jr. Dislikes Posters on His 1st Movie", Monrovia Daily News-Post (February 27, 1962), p. 3.
^ "Married Too Young". TVGuide.com. Retrieved 2020-10-17.
^ Martin, Mick; Porter, Marsha (April 28, 1997). Video Movie Guide 1998. Ballantine Books. ISBN 9780345407931 – via Google Books. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Moskov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Moskov"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Misadventures-2"},{"link_name":"Edward D. Wood, Jr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Wood"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Misadventures-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Misadventures-2"},{"link_name":"Harold Lloyd Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Lloyd_Jr."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dislikes-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dislikes-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dislikes-3"}],"text":"Married Too Young is an American film released in 1962. It was directed by George Moskov.[1] The storyline involves two teenagers who elope and get in trouble.[2]The film was \"long been believed to have been either written or co written by Edward D. Wood, Jr\", although \"screenwriter Nathaniel Tanchuck's daughter, Heather Tanchuck, has stated that Wood had absolutely nothing to do with the film\".[2] However, in 2013 documents were found showing that Wood had contracted to rewrite the film, and had gone so far as to sue for nonpayment on the contract.[2]The film was the first feature film to present Harold Lloyd Jr. in a leading role.[3] In the film, the 31-year-old Lloyd played a 17-year-old high school student who marries his high school girlfriend.[3] Lloyd complained that poster art for the film \"show him with a voluptuous girl who has only a bit role\", to which he said, \"when people take a look at one of these still pictures they're going to think I'm some sort of sex fiend\".[3]","title":"Married Too Young"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harold Lloyd Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Lloyd_Jr."},{"link_name":"Jana Lund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jana_Lund"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Misadventures-2"}],"text":"Tommy (Harold Lloyd Jr.) and Helen (Jana Lund), a 17-year old high school couple feeling guilt over their physical desires decide to marry. They cross the state line and have a ceremony performed by a justice of the peace. Their parents discover the marriage, and complain to the justice of the peace, who scolds the parents for the upbringing that led to this result. Tommy becomes involved in a car theft ring, and takes Helen with him to deliver a stolen car. Chased by the police, they drive off a cliff, but survive, and are taken before a judge who offers them probation if their parents will do a better job of raising them.[2]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harold Lloyd Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Lloyd_Jr."},{"link_name":"Jana Lund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jana_Lund"},{"link_name":"Anthony Dexter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Dexter"},{"link_name":"Trudy Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trudy_Marshall"},{"link_name":"Brian O´Hara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brian_O%C2%B4Hara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nita Loveless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nita_Loveless&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Demyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lincoln_Demyan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marianna Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianna_Hill"},{"link_name":"Cedric Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cedric_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jamie Forster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamie_Forster&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"George Cisar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cisar_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Joel Mondeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joel_Mondeaux&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Richard Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Davies_(American_actor)"},{"link_name":"Irene Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irene_Ross&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Harold Lloyd Jr. as Tommy Blaine\nJana Lund as Helen Newton\nAnthony Dexter\nTrudy Marshall\nBrian O´Hara\nNita Loveless\nLincoln Demyan\nMarianna Hill\nCedric Jordan\nJamie Forster\nGeorge Cisar as Miltie\nJoel Mondeaux\nDavid Bond as the Justice of the Peace\nRichard Davies as the Judge\nIrene Ross","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TV Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Misadventures-2"}],"text":"TV Guide rated Married Too Young at 2/5 stars.[4] One reviewer called it a drab potboiler.[5] Another write up described the plot as a stretch as it relates to bad parenting.[2]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Married Too Young (1962)\". rarefilmm | The Cave of Forgotten Films. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:5.178.205.182 | User talk:5.178.205.182 | ["1 February 2023"] | February 2023
Hello, I'm Belbury. I noticed that you recently removed content from GE Appliances without adequately explaining why. In the future, it would be helpful to others if you described your changes to Wikipedia with an accurate edit summary. If this was a mistake, don't worry; the removed content has been restored. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. The national headquarters of a multinational is not "redundant". Belbury (talk) 16:10, 22 February 2023 (UTC)
If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits referred to above, consider creating an account for yourself or logging in with an existing account so that you can avoid further irrelevant notices.
Please do not remove content or templates from pages on Wikipedia, as you did to Glassdoor, without giving a valid reason for the removal in the edit summary. Your content removal does not appear to be constructive and has been reverted. If you only meant to make a test edit, please use the sandbox for that. That information about a company's headquarters exists on another Wikipedia page is not a reason to delete it from an article. It is certainly not a reason to remove it from a quoted headline. Belbury (talk) 10:23, 23 February 2023 (UTC)
If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits referred to above, consider creating an account for yourself or logging in with an existing account so that you can avoid further irrelevant notices.
This is the discussion page for an IP user, identified by the user's IP address. Many IP addresses change periodically, and are often shared by several users. If you are an IP user, you may create an account or log in to avoid future confusion with other IP users. Registering also hides your IP address.
(WHOIS (alt • old)
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(RIRs: Africa
America
Asia-Pacific
Europe
Latin America/Caribbean) | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Information.svg"},{"link_name":"Belbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Belbury"},{"link_name":"GE Appliances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GE_Appliances"},{"link_name":"edit summary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Edit_summary"},{"link_name":"sandbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sandbox"},{"link_name":"my talk page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Belbury"},{"link_name":"Belbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Belbury"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Belbury"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"shared IP address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translation"},{"link_name":"creating an account","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Why_create_an_account%3F"},{"link_name":"logging in with an existing account","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:UserLogin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Information_orange.svg"},{"link_name":"Glassdoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassdoor"},{"link_name":"edit summary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Edit_summary"},{"link_name":"reverted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Reverting"},{"link_name":"sandbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sandbox"},{"link_name":"Belbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Belbury"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Belbury"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"shared IP address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translation"},{"link_name":"creating an account","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Why_create_an_account%3F"},{"link_name":"logging in with an existing account","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:UserLogin"}],"text":"Hello, I'm Belbury. I noticed that you recently removed content from GE Appliances without adequately explaining why. In the future, it would be helpful to others if you described your changes to Wikipedia with an accurate edit summary. If this was a mistake, don't worry; the removed content has been restored. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. The national headquarters of a multinational is not \"redundant\". Belbury (talk) 16:10, 22 February 2023 (UTC)[reply]If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits referred to above, consider creating an account for yourself or logging in with an existing account so that you can avoid further irrelevant notices.Please do not remove content or templates from pages on Wikipedia, as you did to Glassdoor, without giving a valid reason for the removal in the edit summary. Your content removal does not appear to be constructive and has been reverted. If you only meant to make a test edit, please use the sandbox for that. That information about a company's headquarters exists on another Wikipedia page is not a reason to delete it from an article. It is certainly not a reason to remove it from a quoted headline. Belbury (talk) 10:23, 23 February 2023 (UTC)[reply]If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits referred to above, consider creating an account for yourself or logging in with an existing account so that you can avoid further irrelevant notices.","title":"User talk:5.178.205.182"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://whois-referral.toolforge.org/gateway.py?lookup=true&ip=5.178.205.182","external_links_name":"WHOIS"},{"Link":"https://www.robtex.com/ip-lookup/5.178.205.182","external_links_name":"alt"},{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/whois/gateway.py?lookup=true&ip=5.178.205.182","external_links_name":"old"},{"Link":"https://whatismyipaddress.com/ip/5.178.205.182","external_links_name":"Geolocate"},{"Link":"https://db-ip.com/5.178.205.182","external_links_name":"Alternate"},{"Link":"https://ipcheck.toolforge.org/index.php?ip=5.178.205.182","external_links_name":"Proxy Checker"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BlockList&ip=5.178.205.182","external_links_name":"Current blocks"},{"Link":"https://xtools.wmcloud.org/ec/en.wikipedia.org/5.178.205.182","external_links_name":"XTools"},{"Link":"https://guc.toolforge.org/index.php?user=5.178.205.182","external_links_name":"Global contributions"},{"Link":"https://rdap.afrinic.net/rdap/ip/5.178.205.182","external_links_name":"Africa"},{"Link":"https://whois.arin.net/rest/ip/5.178.205.182","external_links_name":"America"},{"Link":"https://wq.apnic.net/apnic-bin/whois.pl?searchtext=5.178.205.182","external_links_name":"Asia-Pacific"},{"Link":"https://apps.db.ripe.net/db-web-ui/query?searchtext=5.178.205.182","external_links_name":"Europe"},{"Link":"https://query.milacnic.lacnic.net/search?id=5.178.205.182","external_links_name":"Latin America/Caribbean"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caulinia_flexilis | Najas flexilis | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Species of aquatic plant
Najas flexilis
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Monocots
Order:
Alismatales
Family:
Hydrocharitaceae
Genus:
Najas
Species:
N. flexilis
Binomial name
Najas flexilis(Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt
Synonyms
Caulinia flexilis Willd.
Najas flexilis is an aquatic annual plant native to parts of North America and Europe. It is native to northern and central Europe from Norway to Ireland to Switzerland, and from there across Russia (including Siberia). It is also considered native throughout most of Canada, and the northern United States in disjunct populations in southern California, Arizona, Missouri, South Carolina and Utah. Its common names include slender naiad and nodding waternymph.
Najas flexilis inhabits shallow bodies of brackish and fresh water such as lakes and bays. It is also native to northern Europe, where its range includes Scotland, Poland and Sweden. It is rare in the European portion of its range and is strictly protected by Appendix I of the Berne Convention. The largest population is in Lake Sīveri in Latvia.
References
^ a b Maiz-Tome, L. (2016). "Najas flexilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T162310A78457107. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
^ Biota of North America Program, Najas flexilis Image
^ "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew". apps.kew.org. Retrieved 2017-01-31.
^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Najas flexilis". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
^ Friedrich Wilhelm Bottlieb Theophil Rostkovius & Wilhelm Ludwig Ewald Schmidt. 1824. Flora Sedinensis 382, Najas flexilis
^ Carl Ludwig von Willdenow. 1801. Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres depuis l'Avénement de Fréderic Guillaume II au Thrône 1798: 89, pl. 1, f. 19. 1798.
^ United States Department of Agriculture (1971), Common Weeds of the United States, New York: Dover Publications, ISBN 0-486-20504-5
^ Reed, Denise, Wildlife of the Lunan Lochs, retrieved 2007-05-10
^ Thiry, Emmanuel (coordination); van de Weyer, Klaus (17 Feb 2005), Re-Establishment Plan for the Natura 2000 Species Najas flexilis in Poland (PDF), retrieved 2007-05-10
^ Jacobsson, Anders (2005), Sjönajas återfunnen i Södra Kärrlången. (PDF), retrieved 2008-04-16
External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
vteNajas
N. affinis
N. ancistrocarpa
N. arguta
N. australis
N. baldwinii
N. brevistyla
N. browniana
N. chinensis
N. conferta
N. faveolata
N. filifolia
N. flexilis
N. gracillima
N. graminea
N. grossareolata
N. guadalupensis
N. hagerupii
N. halophila
N. heteromorpha
N. horrida
N. indica
N. kurziana
N. madagascariensis
N. malesiana
N. marina
N. minor
N. oguraensis
N. pectinata
N. pseudogracillima
N. rigida
N. schweinfurthii
N. tenuicaulis
N. tenuifolia
N. tenuis
N. tenuissima
N. testui
N. welwitschii
N. wrightiana
Hydrilloideae<Hydrocharitaceae<Alismatales<Monocots<Angiosperms<Tracheophytes<Plantae
Taxon identifiersNajas flexilis
Wikidata: Q164776
Wikispecies: Najas flexilis
ARKive: najas-flexilis
BOLD: 121689
Calflora: 5740
CoL: 45KZ3
EoL: 1088949
EPPO: NAIFL
EUNIS: 189421
FNA: 222000255
GBIF: 5329315
GRIN: 400099
iNaturalist: 78160
IPNI: 603003-1
IRMNG: 11093949
ISC: 115713
ITIS: 38996
IUCN: 162310
MichiganFlora: 1450
NatureServe: 2.148420
NBN: NHMSYS0000460842
NCBI: 29650
Observation.org: 125463
Open Tree of Life: 814195
PfaF: Najas flexilis
Plant List: kew-308239
PLANTS: NAFL
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30063340-2
Tropicos: 22200014
VASCAN: 6122
WisFlora: 4319
WFO: wfo-0000769481
WoRMS: 1435890
Caulinia flexilis
Wikidata: Q39028647
CoL: 69F8G
EUNIS: 189419
GBIF: 5329316
IPNI: 602903-1
IRMNG: 11440810
ITIS: 510480
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:602903-1
Tropicos: 22200001
WFO: wfo-0000763084
WoRMS: 1435891
Authority control databases: National
Israel | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aquatic annual plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_plant"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"disjunct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disjunct_distribution"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PLANTS-4"},{"link_name":"brackish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackish"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Berne Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_Conservation_of_European_Wildlife_and_Natural_Habitats"}],"text":"Najas flexilis is an aquatic annual plant native to parts of North America and Europe. It is native to northern and central Europe from Norway to Ireland to Switzerland, and from there across Russia (including Siberia). It is also considered native throughout most of Canada, and the northern United States in disjunct populations in southern California, Arizona, Missouri, South Carolina and Utah.[2][3] Its common names include slender naiad[1] and nodding waternymph.[4]Najas flexilis inhabits shallow bodies of brackish and fresh water such as lakes and bays.[5][6][7] It is also native to northern Europe, where its range includes Scotland,[8] Poland[9] and Sweden.[10] It is rare in the European portion of its range and is strictly protected by Appendix I of the Berne Convention. The largest population is in Lake Sīveri in Latvia.","title":"Najas flexilis"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Maiz-Tome, L. (2016). \"Najas flexilis\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T162310A78457107. 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Retrieved 20 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service","url_text":"USDA, NRCS"},{"url":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=NAFL","url_text":"\"Najas flexilis\""}]},{"reference":"United States Department of Agriculture (1971), Common Weeds of the United States, New York: Dover Publications, ISBN 0-486-20504-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture","url_text":"United States Department of Agriculture"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/commonweedsofuni00unit","url_text":"Common Weeds of the United States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-20504-5","url_text":"0-486-20504-5"}]},{"reference":"Reed, Denise, Wildlife of the Lunan Lochs, retrieved 2007-05-10","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snh.org.uk/scottish/taysclack/lunan_lochs/wildlifeofthelun.html","url_text":"Wildlife of the Lunan Lochs"}]},{"reference":"Thiry, Emmanuel (coordination); van de Weyer, Klaus (17 Feb 2005), Re-Establishment Plan for the Natura 2000 Species Najas flexilis in Poland (PDF), retrieved 2007-05-10","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lanaplan.de/download/Najas%20flexilis.pdf","url_text":"Re-Establishment Plan for the Natura 2000 Species Najas flexilis in Poland"}]},{"reference":"Jacobsson, Anders (2005), Sjönajas återfunnen i Södra Kärrlången. [Najas flexilis rediscovered in Södermanland, southeast Sweden.] (PDF), retrieved 2008-04-16","urls":[{"url":"http://sbf.c.se/www/pdf/99(6)/Jacobson.pdf","url_text":"Sjönajas återfunnen i Södra Kärrlången. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Center_(mall) | Liberty Center (mall) | ["1 History","2 See also","3 References"] | Coordinates: 39°22′17.73″N 84°22′23.21″W / 39.3715917°N 84.3731139°W / 39.3715917; -84.3731139Shopping mall in Ohio, U.S.Liberty CenterThe east end of Liberty Center in 2022.LocationLiberty Township, Butler County, Ohio, U.S.Address7100 Foundry RowOpening dateOctober 2015DeveloperSteiner & AssociatesOwnerJLLNo. of anchor tenants2Total retail floor area1,200,000 square feet (110,000 m2)No. of floors2Websitehttps://www.liberty-center.com/
Liberty Center is a mixed-use retail shopping mall, residential, and office complex in Liberty Township, Butler County, Ohio, United States. Opened in 2015, it features over 1,200,000 square feet (110,000 m2) of retail, entertainment, and offices. The center was built by Steiner Realty. Major tenants include Dillard's, Dick's Sporting Goods, Cobb Theatres, and AC Hotels.
History
Upon opening in October 2015, Liberty Center had over 94 retailers and restaurants, including a Cobb Theatres CineBistro dine-in theater. The center was built on 65 acres (26 ha) of land, with over 1,200,000 square feet (110,000 m2) of retail space. Also included in the original development were an AC Hotels and 249 apartments. Steiner & Associates chose the mall's site, on Liberty Way southwest of the junction of Interstate 75 and Ohio State Route 129, due to a lack of retail options between Cincinnati and Dayton. The retail portion of the complex consists of two portions: an outdoor lifestyle center with shops facing a street, and a two-story, enclosed mall known as the Foundry. The main anchor stores to The Foundry are Dick's Sporting Goods and Dillard's, the latter of which replaced a store at Tri-County Mall in Springdale.
In September 2018, developers Steiner + Associates transferred leasing and management duties of the mall to JLL. At the time of transfer, representatives noted that the mall had seen over 7 million visitors and a more than 10 percent increase in retail tenancy in the past year.
Gap Inc. closed its store at the mall in late 2018, while Claire's, a library, a local home decor store called Burlap & Birch, and an indoor skydiving center all opened.
See also
Bayshore
The Greene Town Center
Zona Rosa
Easton Town Center
References
^ "Liberty Center fact sheet". Steiner + Associates. Retrieved June 17, 2019.
^ "Liberty Center leasing sheet" (PDF). Liberty Center. Retrieved June 17, 2019.
^ a b c "Liberty Center: What restaurants, stores are new to Cincinnati?". The Cincinnati Enquirer. October 18, 2015. pp. 9G. Retrieved June 17, 2019.
^ Bowdeya Tweh (August 19, 2015). "Dillard's closing Tri-County clearance center". The Cincinnati Enquirer. Retrieved April 8, 2019.
^ Eric Schwartzberg (August 23, 2018). "Liberty Center change: New company in charge of bringing in stores, restaurants". The Journal-News. Retrieved June 17, 2019.
^ Eric Schwartzberg (December 28, 2018). "11 big things that happened at Liberty Center this year, from openings to closings to coming-soons". The Journal-News. Retrieved June 17, 2019.
vteShopping malls in metropolitan CincinnatiActive
Anderson Towne Center
Bridgewater Falls
Deerfield Towne Center
Eastgate Mall
Florence Mall
Fountain Place
The Kenwood Collection
Kenwood Towne Centre
Liberty Center
Newport on the Levee
Northgate Mall
Towne Mall
Defunct
Forest Fair Village
Swifton Center
Sycamore Plaza at Kenwood
Tower Place
Tri-County Mall
Western Woods Mall
vteShopping malls in OhioCincinnati area
Anderson Towne Center
Eastgate Mall
Kenwood Collection
Kenwood Towne Centre
Liberty Center
Northgate Mall
Cleveland area
5th Street Arcades
Ashtabula Towne Square
Beachcliff Market Square
Beachwood Place
Belden Village Mall
Canton Centre
Carnation City Mall
Cleveland Arcade
Crocker Park
Eton Chagrin Boulevard
Galleria at Erieview
Great Lakes Mall
Great Northern Mall
Legacy Village
Midway Mall
New Towne Mall
Sandusky Mall
Severance Center
Shoppes at Parma
SouthPark Mall
Summit Mall
Tower City Center
Westgate Mall
Columbus area
Colony Square Mall
Easton Town Center
Indian Mound Mall
Kingsdale Shopping Center
The Mall at Tuttle Crossing
Polaris Fashion Place
River Valley Mall
Dayton area
Dayton Mall
Mall at Fairfield Commons
Greene Town Center
Piqua Center
Town and Country Shopping Center
Toledo area
Franklin Park Mall
Shops at Fallen Timbers
Youngstown area
Eastwood Mall
Southern Park Mall
Elsewhere
Findlay Village Mall
Fort Steuben Mall
Lima Mall
Ohio Valley Mall
Richland Mall
Defunct
Chapel Hill Mall
Columbus City Center
Eastland Mall
Euclid Square Mall
Forest Fair Village
Northland Mall
North Towne Square
Randall Park Mall
Richmond Town Square
Rolling Acres Mall
Salem Mall
Southwyck Mall
Swifton Center
Tanglewood Square
Tri-County Mall
Upper Valley Mall
Westland Mall
Woodville Mall
39°22′17.73″N 84°22′23.21″W / 39.3715917°N 84.3731139°W / 39.3715917; -84.3731139 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shopping mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_mall"},{"link_name":"Liberty Township, Butler County, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Township,_Butler_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Dillard's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillard%27s"},{"link_name":"Dick's Sporting Goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick%27s_Sporting_Goods"},{"link_name":"Cobb Theatres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobb_Theatres"},{"link_name":"AC Hotels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Hotels"}],"text":"Shopping mall in Ohio, U.S.Liberty Center is a mixed-use retail shopping mall, residential, and office complex in Liberty Township, Butler County, Ohio, United States. Opened in 2015, it features over 1,200,000 square feet (110,000 m2) of retail, entertainment, and offices. The center was built by Steiner Realty. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Tree_House_series | Magic Tree House | ["1 Series background","2 Main characters","2.1 Jack","2.2 Annie","3 Legacy","4 Adaptations","4.1 Magic Tree House Children's Theatre","4.2 Film adaptation","5 List of Magic Tree House books","5.1 Main series","5.2 Merlin Missions subseries","5.3 Magic Tree House Super Edition book","5.4 Nonfiction books","5.5 Other Magic Tree House books","6 References","7 External links"] | Series of children's novels by Mary Pope Osborne
For the 2012 anime film, see Magic Tree House (film).
For the Ooberman album, see The Magic Treehouse.
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Magic Tree House AuthorMary Pope OsborneIllustratorSalvatore Murdocca (US) Ayana Amako (Japan)LanguageEnglishGenreChildren's historical fantasyPublisherRandom House (US)Media Factory (Japan)Publication placeUnited States
Magic Tree House is an American children's series written by American author Mary Pope Osborne. The original American series was illustrated by Salvatore Murdocca until 2016, after which AG Ford took over . Other illustrators have been used for foreign-language editions.
The series is divided into two groups. The first group consists of books 1–28, in which Morgan Le Fay sends Jack and Annie Smith, siblings from the fictional small town of Frog Creek, Pennsylvania, on adventures and missions through a magical tree house. The second group, called Magic Tree House: Merlin Missions, begins with book 29, Christmas in Camelot, and has ancient wizard Merlin the Magician giving Jack and Annie quests. These books are longer than others, and some take place in fantasy realms such as Camelot. Kathleen and Teddy are apprentices who befriend Jack and Annie and provide support, occasionally joining them on adventures. In Super Edition #1, Teddy sends them on a mission instead of Morgan or Merlin. The companion Magic Tree House Fact Trackers are co-written by Mary Pope Osborne with her husband Will Osborne or sister Natalie Pope Boyce.
Series background
After graduating from college, Osborne and a friend went traveling. Osborne spent time in Crete and traveled through Iraq, Iran, India, Afghanistan, Turkey, Lebanon, Syria, and Pakistan. The trip ended when Osborne experienced blood poisoning in Nepal and was hospitalized for several weeks, during which she read The Lord of the Rings. Remarking on her travels, Osborne said, "That journey irrevocably changed me. The experience gathered serves as a reference point every day of my life. I encountered worlds of light and worlds of darkness — and planted seeds of the imagination that led directly to my being an author of children's books."
Osborne's travels and experiences have largely factored into her writing, which has allowed her to experience the thrills of traveling. She has stated that, "Without even leaving my home, I’ve traveled around the globe, learning about the religions of the world."
Osborne's writing career began "one day, out of the blue" when she wrote Run, Run As Fast As You Can in 1982, which she has said is semi-autobiographical, as she stated: "The girl was a lot like me and many of the incidents in the story were similar to happenings in my childhood." The book served as the starting point for Osborne's writing career; her early work received mixed reviews. Her work includes young adult novels, picture books, retellings of mythology and fairy tales, biographies, mysteries, a six-part series of the Odyssey, a book of American Tall Tales, and a book for young readers about major world religions.
The idea for the series came when Penguin Random House asked Osborne to start writing a series of children's books. Osborne knew from the beginning that she wanted to include time travel, and the idea for the treehouse as the means of time travel came to her when she and her husband saw one while on a walk in the forest in Pennsylvania.
Osborne says that she can work on Magic Tree House up to 12 hours a day and seven days a week and has used space at shared office space, The Writer's Room. She has modeled her writing after Hemingway by trying to be simple and direct and is "noted for writing clear, lively, well-paced prose in both her stories and her informational books."
Main characters
When Osborne started writing the series, she wrote Jack as a main character and added Annie as a typical annoying younger sister. After writing her in, Osborne eventually decided to make her a main character. Osborne highlights Annie’s bravery as a characteristic that is the main difference between Annie and herself, as Osborne has noted she often wished she was braver.
Jack
Jack is the older brother, who is known for his love of books and learning, an attribute Osborne says connects her to him. He tends to be cautious. According to the original illustrations by Sal Murdocca, Jack has brown hair, wears red glasses, and is taller than Annie.
Annie
Annie is the younger sister, who is known for her bravery, impulsive decisions, and caring for the people and animals around her. According to the original illustrations by Sal Murdocca, Annie is depicted as having medium-length blonde hair, often worn in double braids, and bangs.
Legacy
Mary Pope Osborne's books have been featured in several Best Books of the Year Lists, including School Library Journal, Parents’ Magazine, The Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books, and Bank Street College of Education. She has received honors from organizations as the National Council of Teachers of English, The Children's Book Council, and the International Reading Association. She received the 1992 Diamond State Reading Association Award, 2005 Ludington Memorial Award from the Educational Paperback Association and the 2010 Heidelberger Leander Award. She has also received awards from the Carolina Alumni Association, the Virginia Library Association and in spring 2013, she was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Letters from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Osborne served two separate terms as president of the Authors Guild and also chaired its Children's Book Committee. She has since traveled extensively in the states and throughout the world, visiting schools and speaking on issues related to reading and books. In 2011, she attended the Tokyo International Film Festival for the premiere of the Magic Tree House anime film and visited schools in the tsunami-hit area of Japan. The film grossed 5.7 million dollars; Osborne donated all proceeds into her educational works.
She was profiled on NBC's Rock Center with Brian Williams for her continued efforts to give children books while on a Magic Tree House-themed tour bus. She spoke of the pressure she feels as an author that children look up to, "for a child to value someone who writes books is so extraordinary."
To celebrate the 20th anniversary of the Magic Tree House series in 2012, Osborne created a Magic Tree House Classroom Adventures Program, through which she aims to inspire children to read and love reading while helping them to read at grade level by the end of 3rd grade. The program is free of charge and provides a set of online educational resources for teachers and allows for Title 1 schools to apply for free Magic Tree House books. Under Classroom Adventures, Osborne, in partnership with the First Book organization in Washington, D.C., has donated hundreds of thousands of Magic Tree House books to underserved schools.
Adaptations
Magic Tree House Children's Theatre
The Magic Tree House brand has expanded into other forms. A musical adaptation, Magic Tree House: The Musical, was created by Will Osborne and Randy Court based on Christmas in Camelot and premiered in September 2007. Osborne hoped that it would have appeal to both kids and adults, like The Lion King or Mary Poppins. The musical has toured nationally and had a cast album.
A planetarium show, Magic Tree House: Space Mission, also created by Will Osborne, is produced and presented at the Morehead Planetarium in Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
In 2011, Will Osborne collaborated with New Orleans composer Allen Toussaint and Ain't Misbehavin' co-creator Murray Horwitz to write A Night in New Orleans, a musical adaptation of A Good Night for Ghosts about the life of Louis Armstrong which features an ensemble cast and live jazz band. It premiered in 2012 at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center and was shown free to Newark 4th grade students.
Magic Tree House Kids Shows are theatrical adaptations of select titles in the Magic Tree House series designed specifically for kids' performances. To date, children's shows have been created by husband and wife playwright and composer team Randy Courts and Jenny Laird in collaboration with Will Osborne based on Dinosaurs Before Dark, The Knight at Dawn, Pirates Past Noon, A Ghost Tale for Christmas Time, and A Night in New Orleans. Stage Fright on a Summer Night, based on the life of William Shakespeare, premiered at the Orlando Shakespeare Theatre in October 2017.
Film adaptation
The animated film Magic Tree House (マジック・ツリーハウス, Majikku Tsurī Hausu), produced by Media Factory, premiered in Japan in October 2011 and was released there on January 7, 2012.
List of Magic Tree House books
According to its official website, Magic Tree House books are for beginning chapter book readers.
Main series
Arc
Number
Title
First printed
Companion book
The Mystery of the Magic Tree House (#1)
#1
Dinosaurs Before Dark (UK Title: Valley of the Dinosaurs)
July 28, 1992
#1, Dinosaurs
Plot: Jack and Annie discover the tree house and, using the magical books there, unwittingly travel back to the late Cretaceous period, where they meet a Pteranodon that saves them from a Tyrannosaurus rex. Jack finds a gold medallion with the letter "M" on it.
The Mystery of the Magic Tree House (#2)
#2
The Knight at Dawn (UK title: Castle of Mystery)
February 16, 1993
#2, Knights and Castles
Plot: In medieval England during the Middle Ages, Jack and Annie explore a castle and meet a knight.
The Mystery of the Magic Tree House (#3)
#3
Mummies in the Morning (UK title: Secret of the Pyramid)
August 24, 1993
#3, Mummies and Pyramids
Plot: In Ancient Egypt, Jack and Annie help the ghost of Queen Hutepi find her missing Book of the Dead.
The Mystery of the Magic Tree House (#4)
#4
Pirates Past Noon (UK title: Pirates' Treasure!)
March 8, 1994
#4, Pirates
Plot: Jack and Annie encounter pirates in the Caribbean Sea and meet Morgan le Fay, who turns out to be the mysterious "M".
The Mystery of the Magic Spell (#1)
#5
Night of the Ninjas
March 21, 1995
#30, Ninjas and Samurai
Plot: Morgan le Fay is under a spell, and Jack and Annie must find four magical objects to reverse it with help from a mouse named Peanut. In ancient Japan, they encounter ninjas and samurai and get a moonstone.
The Mystery of the Magic Spell (#2)
#6
Afternoon on the Amazon (UK title: Adventure on the Amazon)
August 29, 1995
#5, Rain Forests
Plot: Jack and Annie search the Amazon rainforest for the second magical object, a mango.
The Mystery of the Magic Spell (#3)
#7
Sunset of the Sabertooth (UK title: Mammoth to the Rescue)
April 14, 1996
#12, Sabertooths and the Ice Age
Plot: In the last ice age, Jack and Annie encounter Cro-Magnons, wooly mammoths, and a saber-toothed cat while searching for the third object, a mammoth bone flute.
The Mystery of the Magic Spell (#4)
#8
Midnight on the Moon (UK title: Moon Mission)
October 29, 1996
#6, Space
Plot: Thirty-five years into the future (2031), Jack and Annie travel to a moon base on the moon to look for the fourth object, a moon rock.
The Mystery of the Ancient Riddles (#1)
#9
Dolphins at Daybreak (UK title: Diving with Dolphins)
April 29, 1997
#9, Dolphins and Sharks
Plot: Jack and Annie have to solve four ancient riddles, the first of which is at the Pacific Ocean with bottlenose dolphins.
The Mystery of the Ancient Riddles (#2)
#10
Ghost Town at Sundown (UK title: A Wild West Ride)
September 16, 1997
#38, Wild West
Plot: In the American Wild West, Jack and Annie meet the cowboy Slim to solve the second riddle.
The Mystery of the Ancient Riddles (#3)
#11
Lions at Lunchtime (UK title: Lions on the Loose)
February 12, 1998
N/A
Plot: At the African Savannah, Jack and Annie set out to solve the third riddle.
The Mystery of the Ancient Riddles (#4)
#12
Polar Bears Past Bedtime (UK title: Icy Escape)
April 24, 1998
#16, Polar Bears and the Arctic
Plot: At the North Pole, Jack and Annie meet an Inuk and solve the fourth and final riddle, as well as an extra riddle.
The Mystery of the Lost Stories (#1)
#13
Vacation Under the Volcano (UK title: Racing with Gladiators)
June 20, 1998
#14, Ancient Rome and Pompeii
Plot: Jack and Annie travel to Pompeii on the eve of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius.
The Mystery of the Lost Stories (#2)
#14
Day of the Dragon King (UK title: Palace of the Dragon King)
August 11, 1998
#31, China: Land of the Emperor's Great Wall
Plot: Jack and Annie travel to China 2,000 years in the past, when it was ruled by the Dragon King, Emperor Qin.
The Mystery of the Lost Stories (#3)
#15
Viking Ships at Sunrise (UK title: Voyage of the Vikings)
October 20, 1998
#33, Vikings
Plot: In medieval Ireland, Jack and Annie encounter Vikings.
The Mystery of the Lost Stories (#4)
#16
Hour of the Olympics (UK title: Olympic Challenge!)
December 17, 1998
#10, Ancient Greece and the Olympics
Plot: In Ancient Greece, Jack and Annie witness the first Olympic games.
The Mystery of the Enchanted Dog (#1)
#17
Tonight on the Titanic
March 23, 1999
#7, Titanic
Plot: Jack and Annie are assisted by the dog Teddy, who they must find gifts for so he can become human again. They travel back to 1912 on the RMS Titanic during its fateful voyage.
The Mystery of the Enchanted Dog (#2)
#18
Buffalo Before Breakfast
May 18, 1999
N/A
Plot: In the American Old West, Jack and Annie encounter a Lakota boy on the Great Plains.
The Mystery of the Enchanted Dog (#3)
#19
Tigers at Twilight
August 17, 1999
N/A
Plot: Jack and Annie explore the Indian jungle and save a tiger from a steel trap.
The Mystery of the Enchanted Dog (#4)
#20
Dingoes at Dinnertime
March 14, 2000
N/A
Plot: Jack and Annie explore the Australian Outback to find the gift from a kangaroo, and along the way help a joey and a koala bear escape a wildfire. After they receive the final gift and return home, Morgan removes the spell on the dog, who is revealed to be Teddy, a young magician who accidentally turned himself into a dog after casting a spell.
The Mystery of Morgan's Library (#1)
#21
Civil War on Sunday
May 23, 2000
N/A
Plot: During the American Civil War, Jack and Annie encounter Clara Barton.
The Mystery of Morgan's Library (#2)
#22
Revolutionary War on Wednesday
September 26, 2000
#11, American Revolution
Plot: During the American Revolution, Jack and Annie cross the Delaware River with George Washington.
The Mystery of Morgan's Library (#3)
#23
Twister on Tuesday
March 27, 2001
#8, Twisters and Other Terrible Storms
Plot: In the 1870s, Jack and Annie encounter a pioneer settlement on the Midwestern prairie and must save a teacher and kids before a tornado hits.
The Mystery of Morgan's Library (#4)
#24
Earthquake in the Early Morning
August 24, 2001
N/A
Plot: In 1906, Jack and Annie experience the San Francisco earthquake. They use what they have learned to inspire King Arthur to battle Mordred; later books show he survived and won the battle.
The Mystery of Morgan's Rhymes (#1)
#25
Stage Fright on a Summer Night
March 12, 2002
N/A
Plot: In Elizabethan England, Jack and Annie meet William Shakespeare.
The Mystery of Morgan's Rhymes (#2)
#26
Good Morning, Gorillas!
August 23, 2002
N/A
Plot: In the Congo rainforest, Jack and Annie encounter gorillas.
The Mystery of Morgan's Rhymes (#3)
#27
Thanksgiving on Thursday
October 24, 2002
#13, Pilgrims
Plot: In Plymouth in 1621, Jack and Annie share the first Thanksgiving with the Pilgrims and Wampanoag Indians.
The Mystery of Morgan's Rhymes (#4)
#28
High Tide in Hawaii
March 25, 2003
#15, Tsunamis and Other Natural Disasters
Plot: In Hawaii, Jack and Annie make two friends and almost get caught in a tsunami.
Learning from Heroes (#1)
#29
A Big Day for Baseball
August 1, 2017
#37, Baseball
Plot: On Brooklyn's Ebbets Field on April 15, 1947, Jack and Annie witness Jackie Robinson's Major League debut.
Learning from Heroes (#2)
#30
Hurricane Heroes in Texas
August 7, 2018
#39, Texas
Plot: In Galveston, Texas circa 1900, Jack and Annie learn a big storm is coming.
Learning from Heroes (#3)
#31
Warriors in Winter
January 8, 2019
#40, Warriors
Plot: In the early 100s AD, Jack and Annie find themselves in a Roman camp.
Learning from Heroes (#4)
#32
To the Future, Ben Franklin
July 9, 2019
#41, Benjamin Franklin.
Plot: Jack and Annie meet Benjamin Franklin, only to cause a time paradox when he returns to their time with them.
Animal Rescues (#1)
#33
Narwhal on a Sunny Night
January 7, 2020
#42, Narwhals and Other Whales
Plot: In Greenland, Jack and Annie learn their mission is to save a narwhal.
Animal Rescues (#2)
#34
Late Lunch with Llamas
July 7, 2020
#43, Llamas and the Andes
Plot: In South America, Jack and Annie must rescue llamas.
Animal Rescues (#3)
#35
Camp Time in California
March 2, 2021
#28, Heroes for All Times
Plot: In California, Jack and Annie must save the wilderness.
Animal Rescues (#4)
#36
Sunlight on the Snow Leopard
January 4, 2022
#44, Snow Leopards and Other Wild Cats
Plot: In the Himalayas in Nepal, Jack and Annie must find the Gray Ghost.
Animal Rescues (#5)
#37
Rhinos at Recess
January 3, 2023
N/A
Plot: In South Africa, Jack and Annie must rescue a rhino.
Animal Rescues (#6)
#38
Time of the Turtle King
September 5, 2023
N/A
Plot: In the Galapagos Islands, Jack and Annie must rescue a sea turtle from a volcanic eruption.
Animal Rescues (#7)
#39
Windy Night with Wild Horses
May 7, 2024
N/A
Plot: In Mongolia, Jack and Annie meet its little horses, who are recovering from near extinction, and the people who take care of them, and must protect them from wolves.
Merlin Missions subseries
Magic Tree House: Merlin Missions books 1-27 were written for more advanced readers ages 7–10. The Magic Tree House: Merlin Missions were originally ordered sequentially, starting at Book #29 (Christmas in Camelot). With the 25th anniversary re-prints, the books have been separated into their own distinct series and re-numbered starting at Merlin Mission #1.
Original #
Merlin Mission #
Title
Published
Story Arc
Plot Summary/Notes
Companion book
29
1
Christmas in Camelot
October 10, 2001
Quest to save Camelot arc #1
Jack and Annie go on a quest to save Camelot and prove to a beleaguered King Arthur that children and imagination can make a difference; along the way, they meet the Knights of the Round Table, most notably Sir Lancelot. This is the first story where Merlin the Magician sends Jack and Annie on an adventure instead of Morgan, having learned of their abilities from her.
N/A
30
2
Haunted Castle on Hallows Eve
June 18, 2003
Quest to save Camelot arc #2
Merlin tasks Jack, Annie, and Teddy with restoring order to a duke's castle on the outskirts of Camelot. This is the first book in which Jack and Annie use their own magic, as they harness the power of a magical hazel branch to turn back into humans after Teddy accidentally turns them into ravens. Jack is also able to use its power to defeat the evil Raven King by turning him into a baby raven. This ability is likely foreshadowing for when they start making their own magic.
N/A
31
3
Summer of the Sea Serpent
March 9, 2004
Quest to save Camelot arc #3
Merlin tasks Jack and Annie with retrieving the Sword of Light for Camelot; along the way, they meet the selkie Kathleen, who, along with Teddy, becomes a recurring character. They turn into seals to retrieve the Sword of Light and earn the right to wield it, later learning that it is Excalibur, which they retrieved from Camelot's past for King Arthur to one day have.
N/A
32
4
Winter of the Ice Wizard
September 28, 2004
Quest to save Camelot arc #4
Jack and Annie go on a mission for the evil Ice Wizard to retrieve his eye and free Merlin and Morgan.
N/A
33
5
Carnival at Candlelight
March 8, 2005
Using magic wisely arc #1
Merlin tasks Jack and Annie with completing missions to prove to him they can use magic wisely. The first mission is to save Venice, Italy from a flood, but Merlin's instructions are confusing.
N/A
34
6
Season of the Sandstorms
June 26, 2005
Using magic wisely arc #2
Jack and Annie must help the caliph of ancient Baghdad spread wisdom to the world.
N/A
35
7
Night of the New Magicians
March 14, 2006
Using magic wisely arc #3
During the Paris Exposition Universelle of 1889, Jack and Annie must save four magicians, Alexander Graham Bell, Louis Pasteur, Thomas Edison, and Gustave Eiffel, before an evil sorcerer kidnaps them and steals the secrets of their magic. It is revealed that there is no evil sorcerer, with Merlin wanting the two to meet them.
N/A
36
8
Blizzard of the Blue Moon
September 26, 2006
Using magic wisely arc #4
During the Great Depression in New York City, Jack and Annie must help a unicorn under a spell. However, two evil sorcerers in training, Balor and Grinda, are up to the same challenge. Jack and Annie also gain the power to make their own magic using a magic wand.
N/A
37
9
Dragon of the Red Dawn
February 27, 2007
Happiness arc #1
Merlin tasks Jack and Annie with finding the four secrets of happiness, as Morgan has noticed that he does not feel well, does not eat or sleep, and is tired. They travel to feudal Japan to spend the day with Japanese haiku poet Matsuo Bashō.
N/A
38
10
Monday with a Mad Genius
August 28, 2007
Happiness arc #2
In Florence, Italy, to find the second secret of happiness, Jack and Annie must help Leonardo da Vinci all day, "morning, noon, and afternoon, till the night bird sings its song." They unwittingly inspire him to try to fly his Ornithopter machine with their knowledge of the present day, but he is dejected when his efforts fail and he crashes. Annie uses magic to make them grow bird wings, allowing them to fly.
#19, Leonardo da Vinci
39
11
Dark Day in the Deep Sea
March 25, 2008
Happiness arc #3
In the 1870s, Jack and Annie look for the third secret of happiness. They are rescued by scientists on the HMS Challenger (1858) in the Atlantic Ocean, and end up helping them look for a sea monster. At 144 pages long, this book is the longest book in the series.
#17, Sea Monsters
40
12
Eve of the Emperor Penguin
September 23, 2008
Happiness arc #4
In Antarctica, Jack and Annie look for the fourth and final secret of happiness, but only find penguins, who know the answer. This is the only book where it is stated Jack and Annie did not travel through time, and is the only time they use the wand's power twice; once to find the penguins and once to teleport to Mount Erebus.
#18, Penguins and Antarctica
41
13
Moonlight on the Magic Flute
March 10, 2009
Inspiring arc #1
In 18th-century Austria, Jack and Annie must help the musician Mozart and encounter a mischievous boy who follows them around. When the boy lets the animals out of the palace zoo, Jack and Annie must use magic to resolve the situation in time for the party at the Summer Palace. When they use their magic flute, Mozart is inspired to make a song called The Magic Flute.
N/A
42
14
A Good Night for Ghosts
July 28, 2009
Inspiring arc #2
In New Orleans, Jack and Annie encounter real ghosts and discover the world of jazz when they meet a young Louis Armstrong.
#20, Ghosts
43
15
Leprechaun in Late Winter
January 12, 2010
Inspiring arc #3
In Ireland in 1862, Jack and Annie meet a young Lady Gregory, who is sad because she believes in leprechauns and faeries, but cannot find any. This is the first time that something that one of the kids has written has been used to travel through time, as they time travel using Jack's notes.
#21, Leprechauns and Irish Folklore
44
16
A Ghost Tale for Christmas Time
September 14, 2010
Inspiring arc #4
In Victorian England, Jack and Annie meet Charles Dickens after they are thrown in jail and he saves them. To find Charles' secret, they need help from three ghosts.
#22, Rags and Riches: Kids in the Time of Charles Dickens
45
17
A Crazy Day with Cobras
January 11, 2011
Penny's spell arc #1
When Teddy accidentally turns Merlin's penguin Penny to stone, Jack and Annie must find four ingredients for a spell to turn her back to normal before Merlin returns. To find the first ingredient, an emerald rose, they travel to an Indian desert, where they encounter a swarm of king cobras and meet the Great Mogul.
#23, Snakes and Other Reptiles
46
18
Dogs in the Dead of Night
August 9, 2011
Penny's spell arc #2
In the Swiss Alps, Jack and Annie search for the second object to break Penny's spell and become involved in a dog rescue.
#24, Dog Heroes
47
19
Abe Lincoln At Last!
December 27, 2011
Penny's spell arc #3
During the Civil War, Jack and Annie must help the orphan Sam, who is a friend of Lincoln, in order to find the third object to break Penny's spell.
#25, Abraham Lincoln
48
20
A Perfect Time for Pandas
July 24, 2012
Penny's spell arc #4
In China during the Great Sichuan Earthquake of 2008, Jack and Annie search for the fourth and final object to break Penny's spell and help to rescue pandas.
#26, Pandas and Other Endangered Species
49
21
Stallion by Starlight
March 26, 2013
Greatness arc #1
In Ancient Macedonia, Jack and Annie meet a young Alexander the Great and his stallion Bucephalus.
#27, Horse Heroes
50
22
Hurry Up Houdini!
August 23, 2013
Greatness arc #2
Jack and Annie meet magician Harry Houdini.
Magic Tricks from the Tree House
51
23
High Time for Heroes
January 7, 2014
Greatness arc #3
In Egypt, Jack and Annie meet Florence Nightingale.
#28, Heroes for All Times
52
24
Soccer on Sunday
May 27, 2014
Greatness arc #4
In Mexico during the 1970 FIFA World Cup, Jack and Annie seek out Pelé for him to tell them the "secret of greatness".
#29, Soccer
53
25
Shadow of the Shark
June 23, 2015
none
Morgan and Merlin allow Jack and Annie to go on vacation, but they accidentally travel to ancient Mayan times after pointing at the wrong illustration; there, they encounter sharks and Mayan warriors.
#32, Sharks and Other Predators
54
26
Balto of the Blue Dawn
January 5, 2016
none
In Alaska in 1925, Jack and Annie meet Balto.
#34, Dogsledding and Extreme Sports
55
27
Night of the Ninth Dragon
July 26, 2016
none
Jack and Annie must help save Merlin, Morgan, Teddy, and Kathleen, who are trapped in Avalon, and King Arthur, who has been injured, when invaders threaten Camelot.
#35, Dragons and Mythical Creatures
Magic Tree House Super Edition book
On January 6, 2015, the first and currently only Magic Tree House Super Edition book was released. At 183 pages long, it is longer than both the original Magic Tree House books and the Magic Tree House: Merlin Missions.
#
Title
Published
Story Arc
Plot Summary/Notes
Companion book
1
Danger in the Darkest Hour
January 6, 2015
none
The first Magic Tree House Super Edition is called Danger in the Darkest Hour. It was reprinted as World at War, 1944 in 2017.
During World War II, shortly before D-Day, Jack and Annie must rescue Kathleen from behind enemy lines. It features the first time they have had to deal with a situation using their own talents, without help from magic.
#36, World War II
Nonfiction books
The Magic Tree House Fact Trackers (formerly called Magic Tree House Research Guides) are non-fiction companions to the fiction books written by Mary Pope Osborne, Will Osborne, and Natalie Pope Boyce, which provide more in-depth information on topics featured in the series. They were first released in 2000 by Scholastic and Random House. As of January 2022, 44 have been published. The first two Fact Trackers were published in August 2000 as companions for the first two stories. In 2008, book #39, Dark Day in the Deep Sea, and its fact tracker, #17, Sea Monsters, were the first story and fact tracker to be published simultaneously.
No.
Title
Companion To:
Date Published:
1
Dinosaurs
Magic Tree House #1: Dinosaurs Before Dark
August 1, 2000
2
Knights and Castles
Magic Tree House #2: The Knight at Dawn
August 1, 2000
3
Mummies and Pyramids
Magic Tree House #3: Mummies in the Morning
February 27, 2001
4
Pirates
Magic Tree House #4: Pirates Past Noon
May 22, 2001
5
Rain Forests
Magic Tree House #6: Afternoon on the Amazon
September 25, 2001
6
Space
Magic Tree House #8: Midnight on the Moon
February 26, 2002
7
Titanic
Magic Tree House #17: Tonight on the Titanic
August 27, 2002
8
Twisters and Other Terrible Storms
Magic Tree House #23: Twister on Tuesday
February 5, 2003
9
Dolphins and Sharks
Magic Tree House #9: Dolphins at Daybreak
June 4, 2003
10
Ancient Greece and the Olympics
Magic Tree House #16: Hour of the Olympics
June 1, 2004
11
American Revolution
Magic Tree House #22: Revolutionary War on Wednesday
September 14, 2004
12
Sabertooths and the Ice Age
Magic Tree House #7: Sunset of the Sabertooth
February 1, 2005
13
Pilgrims
Magic Tree House #27: Thanksgiving on Thursday
September 1, 2005
14
Ancient Rome and Pompeii
Magic Tree House #13: Vacation Under a Volcano
April 25, 2006
15
Tsunamis and Other Natural Disasters
Magic Tree House #28: High Tide in Hawaii
February 27, 2007
16
Polar Bears and the Arctic
Magic Tree House #12: Polar Bears Past Bedtime
September 25, 2007
17
Sea Monsters
Magic Tree House: Merlin Missions #11: Dark Day in the Deep Sea
March 25, 2008
18
Penguins and Antarctica
Magic Tree House: Merlin Missions #12: Eve of the Emperor Penguin
September 23, 2008
19
Leonardo da Vinci
Magic Tree House: Merlin Missions #10: Monday with a Mad Genius
January 13, 2009
20
Ghosts
Magic Tree House: Merlin Missions #14: A Good Night for Ghosts
July 28, 2009
21
Leprechauns and Irish Folklore
Magic Tree House: Merlin Missions #15: Leprechaun in Late Winter
January 12, 2010
22
Rags and Riches: Kids in the Time of Charles Dickens
Magic Tree House: Merlin Missions #16: A Ghost Tale for Christmas Time
September 14, 2010
23
Snakes and Other Reptiles
Magic Tree House: Merlin Missions #17: A Crazy Day with Cobras
January 11, 2011
24
Dog Heroes
Magic Tree House: Merlin Missions #18: Dogs in the Dead of Night
August 9, 2011
25
Abraham Lincoln
Magic Tree House: Merlin Missions #19: Abe Lincoln At Last!
December 27, 2011
26
Pandas and Other Endangered Species
Magic Tree House: Merlin Missions #20: A Perfect Time for Pandas
July 24, 2012
27
Horse Heroes
Magic Tree House: Merlin Missions #21: Stallion by Starlight
March 26, 2013
28
Heroes for All Times
Magic Tree House: Merlin Missions #23: High Time for HeroesMagic Tree House #35: Camp Time in California
January 7, 2014
29
Soccer
Magic Tree House: Merlin Missions #24: Soccer on Sunday
May 27, 2014
30
Ninjas and Samurai
Magic Tree House #5: Night of the Ninjas
September 23, 2014
31
China: Land of the Emperor's Great Wall
Magic Tree House #14: Day of the Dragon King
December 23, 2014
32
Sharks and Other Predators
Magic Tree House: Merlin Missions #25: Shadow of the Shark
June 23, 2015
33
Vikings
Magic Tree House #15: Viking Ships at Sunrise
September 22, 2015
34
Dogsledding and Extreme Sports
Magic Tree House: Merlin Missions #26: Balto of the Blue Dawn
January 5, 2016
35
Dragons and Mythical Creatures
Magic Tree House: Merlin Missions #27: Night of the Ninth Dragon
July 26, 2016
36
World War II
Magic Tree House Super Edition: World at War, 1944
March 14, 2017
37
Baseball
Magic Tree House #29: A Big Day for Baseball
August 1, 2017
38
Wild West
Magic Tree House #10: Ghost Town at Sundown
January 2, 2018
39
Texas
Magic Tree House #30: Hurricane Heroes in Texas
August 7, 2018
40
Warriors
Magic Tree House #31: Warriors in Winter
January 8, 2019
41
Benjamin Franklin
Magic Tree House #32: To the Future, Ben Franklin
July 9, 2019
42
Narwhals and Other Whales
Magic Tree House #33: Narwhal on a Sunny Night
January 7, 2020
43
Llamas and the Andes
Magic Tree House #34: Late Lunch with Llamas
July 7, 2020
44
Snow Leopards and Other Wild Cats
Magic Tree House #36: Sunlight on the Snow Leopard
January 4, 2022
Other Magic Tree House books
#
Title
Published
Story Arc
Summary/Notes
1
Memories and Life Lessons from the Magic Tree House
September 6, 2022
none
This book serves as a celebration of the 30th anniversary of the Magic Tree House series, including quotes from the series and illustrations by the original artist, Sal Murdocca. Mary Pope Osborne fills this book with advice and with life lessons to share with readers of the series.
References
^ a b "EBSCOhost Login". search.ebscohost.com. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
^ a b c d e f g h "Mary Pope Osborne." Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2006. Accessed 15 Mar. 2018.
^ a b c "Random House Children's Books Presents Mary Pope Osborne" (PDF). Random House Children's Book. Random House. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
^ Cooper, Ilene (1 Oct 1996). "Love Always, Blue". Booklist: 750.
^ Sutherland, Zena (Jan 1984). "review of Love Always, Blue". Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books: 94.
^ a b c February 21, Madeline Raynor; EST, 2017 at 11:18 AM. "'Magic Tree House' Author Mary Pope Osborne on the Books' 25th Anniversary". EW.com. Retrieved 2022-03-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ a b La Gorge, Tammy (13 April 2008). "Taking Young Readers on a Magical History Tour". New York Times. p. CT6.
^ "For Writers, a Place to Work in Peace: The Room in the Village offers a haven from disturbance. 'There's a sense that you matter and that writing matters.'". New York Times. 30 January 1988. p. 17.
^ a b c "Transported to Another Time". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2022-03-01.
^ a b "Mary Pope Osborne Interview Transcript". Scholastic. Retrieved February 28, 2022.
^ Mary Pope Osborne Interview on The Magic Tree House, retrieved 2022-03-01
^ a b "Sal Murdocca | Penguin Random House". PenguinRandomhouse.com. Retrieved 2022-03-01.
^ "Mary Pope Osborne Ludington Award". Educational Book & Media Association. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
^ "Heidelberger Leander". leseleben (in German). Association for the promotion of language and reading culture in children. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
^ "Distinguished Alumnus/Alumna Award". UNC General Alumni Association.
^ "Steve Case, four others, to receive honorary degrees at Commencement". The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Archived from the original on 2019-08-24. Retrieved 2019-08-24.
^ Gallagher, Chris (23 October 2011). ""Magic Tree House" film premieres in Japan". Reuters. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
^ a b c d Vierra, Meredith (13 December 2012). "Magic of Mary: 'Magic Tree House' author rocks kids' socks off". Retrieved 19 March 2018.
^ a b Raynor, Madeline (21 February 2017). "Magic Tree House author Mary Pope Osborne on the books' 25th anniversary". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
^ Lodge, Sally (10 October 2013). "Magic Tree House Reading Buddies Week Rolls Out". Publishers Weekly. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
^ a b c Rizzo, Frank (14 September 2007). "'Tree House' Magic Shows". Hartford Courant. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
^ a b "Magic Treehouse Study Guide" (PDF). Orlando Shakespeare Theater. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
^ Jones, Kenneth (5 June 2007). "Cass Morgan, Donna Bullock Sing on Magic Tree House Studio Cast Album". Playbill. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
^ "100 Great Children's Books | 100 Years". The New York Public Library. Retrieved 2020-05-21.
^ Catton, Pia (15 Oct 2012). "Gateway to the Arts: Newark's Case for Crossing Over". Wall Street Journal (Eastern ed.). p. A.24.
^ Driscoll, Molly (27 July 2012). "'Magic Tree House': Author Mary Pope Osborne looks back". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
^ a b Meyers, Joe (17 December 2013). "Warner Theatre presents Dickens musical premiere". Connecticut Post. Hearst Media. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
^ "TIFF 上映作品: マジック・ツリーハウス (Films: The Magic Tree House)" (in Japanese). Tokyo International Film Festival. 2011-10-23. Retrieved 2013-03-06.
^ "Magic Tree House Books' 2012 Film Confirmed as Anime". Anime News Network. 2011-03-08. Retrieved 2013-03-06.
^ a b c "Celebrating 25 Years – Magic Tree House". www.magictreehouse.com.
^ https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/729718/windy-night-with-wild-horses-by-mary-pope-osborne/
^ "Tree Houses". Retrieved 18 November 2023.
^ Osborne, Mary Pope (2013). Hurry up, Houdini!. Random House Children's Books. ISBN 9780307980472. OCLC 816027002.
^ This book is first published on korea.
^ Osborne, Mary Pope (2014). High Time for Heroes. Random House Children's Books. ISBN 9780307980496. OCLC 840464294.
^ Osborne, Mary Pope (2014). Hurry up, Houdini!. Random House Children's Books. ISBN 9780307980533. OCLC 857879351.
^ "Magic Tree House Super Edition #1: Danger in the Darkest Hour".
^ "Magic Tree House The Mystery of the Ancient Riddles Boxed Set #3: Book 9-12 (Magic Treehouse Series): "Meet the writer: Biography"". Barnes & Noble. Archived from the original on May 10, 2008. Retrieved July 2, 2013.
^ Osborne, Mary Pope (2013). Horse Heroes. Paw Prints. ISBN 9781451786026. OCLC 81160106.
^ Osborne, Mary Pope (2014). Soccer. Random House. ISBN 9780385386296. OCLC 857879358.
^ "Memories and Life Lessons from the Magic Tree House by Mary Pope Osborne: 9780593484548 | PenguinRandomHouse.com: Books". PenguinRandomhouse.com. Retrieved 2022-03-01.
External links
Official website
Magic Tree House at Media Factory (in Japanese)
Mary Pope Osborne blog
Magic Tree House series listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Magic Tree House (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Tree_House_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Magic Treehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_Treehouse"},{"link_name":"children's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_literature"},{"link_name":"Mary Pope Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Pope_Osborne"},{"link_name":"Salvatore Murdocca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatore_Murdocca"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Morgan Le Fay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Le_Fay"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Merlin the Magician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlin_the_Magician"},{"link_name":"Camelot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelot"}],"text":"For the 2012 anime film, see Magic Tree House (film).For the Ooberman album, see The Magic Treehouse.Magic Tree House is an American children's series written by American author Mary Pope Osborne. The original American series was illustrated by Salvatore Murdocca until 2016, after which AG Ford took over [citation needed]. Other illustrators have been used for foreign-language editions.The series is divided into two groups. The first group consists of books 1–28, in which Morgan Le Fay sends Jack and Annie Smith, siblings from the fictional small town of Frog Creek, Pennsylvania, on adventures and missions through a magical tree house. The second group, called Magic Tree House: Merlin Missions, begins with book 29, Christmas in Camelot, and has ancient wizard Merlin the Magician giving Jack and Annie quests. These books are longer than others, and some take place in fantasy realms such as Camelot. Kathleen and Teddy are apprentices who befriend Jack and Annie and provide support, occasionally joining them on adventures. In Super Edition #1, Teddy sends them on a mission instead of Morgan or Merlin. The companion Magic Tree House Fact Trackers are co-written by Mary Pope Osborne with her husband Will Osborne or sister Natalie Pope Boyce.","title":"Magic Tree House"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAO-2"},{"link_name":"The Lord of the Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAO-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Random_House_PDF-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Random_House_PDF-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Random_House_PDF-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Penguin Random House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Random_House"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT2008-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Hemingway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT2008-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAO-2"}],"text":"After graduating from college, Osborne and a friend went traveling.[1] Osborne spent time in Crete and traveled through Iraq, Iran, India, Afghanistan, Turkey, Lebanon, Syria, and Pakistan.[2] The trip ended when Osborne experienced blood poisoning in Nepal and was hospitalized for several weeks, during which she read The Lord of the Rings.[1] Remarking on her travels, Osborne said, \"That journey irrevocably changed me. The experience gathered serves as a reference point every day of my life. I encountered worlds of light and worlds of darkness — and planted seeds of the imagination that led directly to my being an author of children's books.\"[2]Osborne's travels and experiences have largely factored into her writing, which has allowed her to experience the thrills of traveling. She has stated that, \"Without even leaving my home, I’ve traveled around the globe, learning about the religions of the world.\"[3]Osborne's writing career began \"one day, out of the blue\"[3] when she wrote Run, Run As Fast As You Can in 1982, which she has said is semi-autobiographical, as she stated: \"The girl was a lot like me and many of the incidents in the story were similar to happenings in my childhood.\"[3] The book served as the starting point for Osborne's writing career; her early work received mixed reviews.[4][5] Her work includes young adult novels, picture books, retellings of mythology and fairy tales, biographies, mysteries, a six-part series of the Odyssey, a book of American Tall Tales, and a book for young readers about major world religions.The idea for the series came when Penguin Random House asked Osborne to start writing a series of children's books.[6] Osborne knew from the beginning that she wanted to include time travel,[6] and the idea for the treehouse as the means of time travel came to her when she and her husband saw one while on a walk in the forest in Pennsylvania.[6]Osborne says that she can work on Magic Tree House up to 12 hours a day and seven days a week[7] and has used space at shared office space, The Writer's Room.[8] She has modeled her writing after Hemingway by trying to be simple and direct[7] and is \"noted for writing clear, lively, well-paced prose in both her stories and her informational books.\"[2]","title":"Series background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"}],"text":"When Osborne started writing the series, she wrote Jack as a main character and added Annie as a typical annoying younger sister.[9] After writing her in, Osborne eventually decided to make her a main character.[9] Osborne highlights Annie’s bravery as a characteristic that is the main difference between Annie and herself, as Osborne has noted she often wished she was braver.[9]","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-12"}],"sub_title":"Jack","text":"Jack is the older brother, who is known for his love of books and learning, an attribute Osborne says connects her to him.[10] He tends to be cautious.[11] According to the original illustrations by Sal Murdocca, Jack has brown hair, wears red glasses, and is taller than Annie.[12]","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-12"}],"sub_title":"Annie","text":"Annie is the younger sister, who is known for her bravery, impulsive decisions, and caring for the people and animals around her.[10] According to the original illustrations by Sal Murdocca, Annie is depicted as having medium-length blonde hair, often worn in double braids, and bangs.[12]","title":"Main characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"School Library Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_Library_Journal"},{"link_name":"Parents’ Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parents_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"The Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bulletin_of_the_Center_for_Children%27s_Books"},{"link_name":"Bank Street College of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Street_College_of_Education"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAO-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAO-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAO-2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAO-2"},{"link_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAO-2"},{"link_name":"Tokyo International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Magic Tree House anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Tree_House_(film)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rock_Center-18"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Rock Center with Brian Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Center_with_Brian_Williams"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rock_Center-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rock_Center-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rock_Center-18"},{"link_name":"Title 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PW-20"}],"text":"Mary Pope Osborne's books have been featured in several Best Books of the Year Lists, including School Library Journal, Parents’ Magazine, The Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books, and Bank Street College of Education.[2] She has received honors from organizations as the National Council of Teachers of English, The Children's Book Council, and the International Reading Association.[2] She received the 1992 Diamond State Reading Association Award,[2] 2005 Ludington Memorial Award from the Educational Paperback Association[13] and the 2010 Heidelberger Leander Award.[14] She has also received awards from the Carolina Alumni Association,[15] the Virginia Library Association[2] and in spring 2013, she was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Letters from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.[16]Osborne served two separate terms as president of the Authors Guild and also chaired its Children's Book Committee.[2] She has since traveled extensively in the states and throughout the world, visiting schools and speaking on issues related to reading and books. In 2011, she attended the Tokyo International Film Festival for the premiere of the Magic Tree House anime film and visited schools in the tsunami-hit area of Japan.[17] The film grossed 5.7 million dollars; Osborne donated all proceeds into her educational works.[18]She was profiled on NBC's Rock Center with Brian Williams for her continued efforts to give children books while on a Magic Tree House-themed tour bus.[18] She spoke of the pressure she feels as an author that children look up to, \"for a child to value someone who writes books is so extraordinary.\"[18]To celebrate the 20th anniversary of the Magic Tree House series in 2012, Osborne created a Magic Tree House Classroom Adventures Program, through which she aims to inspire children to read and love reading[19] while helping them to read at grade level by the end of 3rd grade.[18] The program is free of charge and provides a set of online educational resources for teachers and allows for Title 1 schools to apply for free Magic Tree House books.[19] Under Classroom Adventures, Osborne, in partnership with the First Book organization in Washington, D.C., has donated hundreds of thousands of Magic Tree House books to underserved schools.[20]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Courant-21"},{"link_name":"The Lion King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion_King_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Mary Poppins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Poppins_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Courant-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Courant-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orlando-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Playbill-23"},{"link_name":"Morehead Planetarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morehead_Planetarium"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Allen Toussaint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Toussaint"},{"link_name":"Murray Horwitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Horwitz"},{"link_name":"Louis Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"Newark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSM-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTPost-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTPost-27"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orlando-22"}],"sub_title":"Magic Tree House Children's Theatre","text":"The Magic Tree House brand has expanded into other forms. A musical adaptation, Magic Tree House: The Musical, was created by Will Osborne and Randy Court based on Christmas in Camelot and premiered in September 2007.[21] Osborne hoped that it would have appeal to both kids and adults, like The Lion King or Mary Poppins.[21] The musical has toured nationally[21][22] and had a cast album.[23]A planetarium show, Magic Tree House: Space Mission, also created by Will Osborne, is produced and presented at the Morehead Planetarium in Chapel Hill, North Carolina.[24]In 2011, Will Osborne collaborated with New Orleans composer Allen Toussaint and Ain't Misbehavin' co-creator Murray Horwitz to write A Night in New Orleans, a musical adaptation of A Good Night for Ghosts about the life of Louis Armstrong which features an ensemble cast and live jazz band. It premiered in 2012 at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center and was shown free to Newark 4th grade students.[25]Magic Tree House Kids Shows are theatrical adaptations of select titles in the Magic Tree House series designed specifically for kids' performances.[26] To date, children's shows have been created by husband and wife playwright and composer team Randy Courts and Jenny Laird[27] in collaboration with Will Osborne based on Dinosaurs Before Dark, The Knight at Dawn, Pirates Past Noon, A Ghost Tale for Christmas Time,[27] and A Night in New Orleans. Stage Fright on a Summer Night, based on the life of William Shakespeare, premiered at the Orlando Shakespeare Theatre in October 2017.[22]","title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Magic Tree House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Tree_House_(film)"},{"link_name":"Media Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Factory"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Film adaptation","text":"The animated film Magic Tree House (マジック・ツリーハウス, Majikku Tsurī Hausu), produced by Media Factory, premiered in Japan in October 2011[28] and was released there on January 7, 2012.[29]","title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-magictreehouse.com-30"}],"text":"According to its official website, Magic Tree House books are for beginning chapter book readers.[30]","title":"List of Magic Tree House books"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Main series","title":"List of Magic Tree House books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-magictreehouse.com-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-magictreehouse.com-30"}],"sub_title":"Merlin Missions subseries","text":"Magic Tree House: Merlin Missions books 1-27 were written for more advanced readers ages 7–10.[30] The Magic Tree House: Merlin Missions were originally ordered sequentially, starting at Book #29 (Christmas in Camelot). With the 25th anniversary re-prints, the books have been separated into their own distinct series and re-numbered starting at Merlin Mission #1.[30]","title":"List of Magic Tree House books"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Magic Tree House Super Edition book","text":"On January 6, 2015, the first and currently only Magic Tree House Super Edition book was released. At 183 pages long, it is longer than both the original Magic Tree House books and the Magic Tree House: Merlin Missions.","title":"List of Magic Tree House books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mary Pope Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Pope_Osborne"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Scholastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholastic_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Random House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magic_Tree_House&action=edit"}],"sub_title":"Nonfiction books","text":"The Magic Tree House Fact Trackers (formerly called Magic Tree House Research Guides) are non-fiction companions to the fiction books written by Mary Pope Osborne, Will Osborne, and Natalie Pope Boyce, which provide more in-depth information on topics featured in the series.[38] They were first released in 2000 by Scholastic and Random House. As of January 2022,[update] 44 have been published. The first two Fact Trackers were published in August 2000 as companions for the first two stories. In 2008, book #39, Dark Day in the Deep Sea, and its fact tracker, #17, Sea Monsters, were the first story and fact tracker to be published simultaneously.","title":"List of Magic Tree House books"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other Magic Tree House books","title":"List of Magic Tree House books"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"EBSCOhost Login\". search.ebscohost.com. Retrieved 2024-02-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lkh&AN=103331LM58509790305660&site=lrc-plus","url_text":"\"EBSCOhost Login\""}]},{"reference":"\"Random House Children's Books Presents Mary Pope Osborne\" (PDF). Random House Children's Book. Random House. Retrieved 16 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.randomhouse.com/kids/pdf/AuthorBioMPOsborne.pdf","url_text":"\"Random House Children's Books Presents Mary Pope Osborne\""}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Ilene (1 Oct 1996). \"Love Always, Blue\". Booklist: 750.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sutherland, Zena (Jan 1984). \"review of Love Always, Blue\". Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books: 94.","urls":[]},{"reference":"February 21, Madeline Raynor; EST, 2017 at 11:18 AM. \"'Magic Tree House' Author Mary Pope Osborne on the Books' 25th Anniversary\". EW.com. Retrieved 2022-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/books/2017/02/21/magic-tree-house-25th-anniversary/","url_text":"\"'Magic Tree House' Author Mary Pope Osborne on the Books' 25th Anniversary\""}]},{"reference":"La Gorge, Tammy (13 April 2008). \"Taking Young Readers on a Magical History Tour\". New York Times. p. CT6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"For Writers, a Place to Work in Peace: The Room in the Village offers a haven from disturbance. 'There's a sense that you matter and that writing matters.'\". New York Times. 30 January 1988. p. 17.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Transported to Another Time\". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2022-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2005/03/02/transported-to-another-time/7b11a387-43c5-462f-b3d2-dc77d17349ea/","url_text":"\"Transported to Another Time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","url_text":"0190-8286"}]},{"reference":"\"Mary Pope Osborne Interview Transcript\". Scholastic. Retrieved February 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scholastic.com/teachers/articles/teaching-content/mary-pope-osborne-interview-transcript/","url_text":"\"Mary Pope Osborne Interview Transcript\""}]},{"reference":"Mary Pope Osborne Interview on The Magic Tree House, retrieved 2022-03-01","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e7kFwGLLW9Q","url_text":"Mary Pope Osborne Interview on The Magic Tree House"}]},{"reference":"\"Sal Murdocca | Penguin Random House\". PenguinRandomhouse.com. Retrieved 2022-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/authors/21592/sal-murdocca","url_text":"\"Sal Murdocca | Penguin Random House\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mary Pope Osborne Ludington Award\". Educational Book & Media Association. Retrieved 15 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.edupaperback.org/page-864678","url_text":"\"Mary Pope Osborne Ludington Award\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heidelberger Leander\". leseleben (in German). Association for the promotion of language and reading culture in children. Retrieved 15 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leseleben.de/heidelberger-leander/","url_text":"\"Heidelberger Leander\""}]},{"reference":"\"Distinguished Alumnus/Alumna Award\". UNC General Alumni Association.","urls":[{"url":"https://alumni.unc.edu/awards-distinguished-alumnusalumna-award/","url_text":"\"Distinguished Alumnus/Alumna Award\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steve Case, four others, to receive honorary degrees at Commencement\". The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Archived from the original on 2019-08-24. Retrieved 2019-08-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190824203930/https://gazette.unc.edu/2013/04/24/steve-case-four-others-to-receive-honorary-degrees-at-commencement/","url_text":"\"Steve Case, four others, to receive honorary degrees at Commencement\""},{"url":"https://gazette.unc.edu/2013/04/24/steve-case-four-others-to-receive-honorary-degrees-at-commencement/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gallagher, Chris (23 October 2011). \"\"Magic Tree House\" film premieres in Japan\". Reuters. Retrieved 19 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/film-tokyo-magictreehouse/magic-tree-house-film-premieres-in-japan-idUSL3E7LO0ZD20111024","url_text":"\"\"Magic Tree House\" film premieres in Japan\""}]},{"reference":"Vierra, Meredith (13 December 2012). \"Magic of Mary: 'Magic Tree House' author rocks kids' socks off\". Retrieved 19 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbcnews.com/video/rock-center/50194212","url_text":"\"Magic of Mary: 'Magic Tree House' author rocks kids' socks off\""}]},{"reference":"Raynor, Madeline (21 February 2017). \"Magic Tree House author Mary Pope Osborne on the books' 25th anniversary\". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved 21 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://ew.com/books/2017/02/21/magic-tree-house-25th-anniversary/","url_text":"\"Magic Tree House author Mary Pope Osborne on the books' 25th anniversary\""}]},{"reference":"Lodge, Sally (10 October 2013). \"Magic Tree House Reading Buddies Week Rolls Out\". Publishers Weekly. Retrieved 21 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/childrens/childrens-industry-news/article/59485-magic-tree-house-reading-buddies-week-rolls-out.html","url_text":"\"Magic Tree House Reading Buddies Week Rolls Out\""}]},{"reference":"Rizzo, Frank (14 September 2007). \"'Tree House' Magic Shows\". Hartford Courant. Retrieved 29 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.courant.com/2007-09-14/features/0709140333_1_mary-pope-osborne-seller-list-magic-tree-house","url_text":"\"'Tree House' Magic Shows\""}]},{"reference":"\"Magic Treehouse Study Guide\" (PDF). Orlando Shakespeare Theater. Retrieved 29 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://orlandoshakes.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Magic-Treehouse-Study-Guide.pdf","url_text":"\"Magic Treehouse Study Guide\""}]},{"reference":"Jones, Kenneth (5 June 2007). \"Cass Morgan, Donna Bullock Sing on Magic Tree House Studio Cast Album\". Playbill. Retrieved 29 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/article/cass-morgan-donna-bullock-sing-on-magic-tree-house-studio-cast-album-com-141272","url_text":"\"Cass Morgan, Donna Bullock Sing on Magic Tree House Studio Cast Album\""}]},{"reference":"\"100 Great Children's Books | 100 Years\". The New York Public Library. Retrieved 2020-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nypl.org/childrens100","url_text":"\"100 Great Children's Books | 100 Years\""}]},{"reference":"Catton, Pia (15 Oct 2012). \"Gateway to the Arts: Newark's Case for Crossing Over\". Wall Street Journal (Eastern ed.). p. A.24.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Driscoll, Molly (27 July 2012). \"'Magic Tree House': Author Mary Pope Osborne looks back\". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 29 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.csmonitor.com/Books/chapter-and-verse/2012/0727/Magic-Tree-House-Author-Mary-Pope-Osborne-looks-back","url_text":"\"'Magic Tree House': Author Mary Pope Osborne looks back\""}]},{"reference":"Meyers, Joe (17 December 2013). \"Warner Theatre presents Dickens musical premiere\". Connecticut Post. Hearst Media. Retrieved 29 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ctpost.com/news/article/Warner-Theatre-presents-Dickens-musical-premiere-5072268.php","url_text":"\"Warner Theatre presents Dickens musical premiere\""}]},{"reference":"\"TIFF 上映作品: マジック・ツリーハウス (Films: The Magic Tree House)\" (in Japanese). Tokyo International Film Festival. 2011-10-23. Retrieved 2013-03-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://2011.tiff-jp.net/ja/lineup/works.php?id=75","url_text":"\"TIFF 上映作品: マジック・ツリーハウス (Films: The Magic Tree House)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Magic Tree House Books' 2012 Film Confirmed as Anime\". Anime News Network. 2011-03-08. Retrieved 2013-03-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-03-08/magic-tree-house-books-2012-film-confirmed-as-anime","url_text":"\"Magic Tree House Books' 2012 Film Confirmed as Anime\""}]},{"reference":"\"Celebrating 25 Years – Magic Tree House\". www.magictreehouse.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.magictreehouse.com/teachers/celebrating-25-years/","url_text":"\"Celebrating 25 Years – Magic Tree House\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tree Houses\". Retrieved 18 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://treehouselife.com/","url_text":"\"Tree Houses\""}]},{"reference":"Osborne, Mary Pope (2013). Hurry up, Houdini!. Random House Children's Books. ISBN 9780307980472. 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Retrieved July 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080510081352/http://search.barnesandnoble.com/Magic-Tree-House-The-Mystery-of-the-Ancient-Riddles-Boxed-Set-3/Mary-Pope-Osborne/e/9780375825538#TABS","url_text":"\"Magic Tree House The Mystery of the Ancient Riddles Boxed Set #3: Book 9-12 (Magic Treehouse Series): \"Meet the writer: Biography\"\""},{"url":"http://search.barnesandnoble.com/Magic-Tree-House-The-Mystery-of-the-Ancient-Riddles-Boxed-Set-3/Mary-Pope-Osborne/e/9780375825538#TABS","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Osborne, Mary Pope (2013). Horse Heroes. Paw Prints. ISBN 9781451786026. 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Retrieved 2022-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/700423/memories-and-life-lessons-from-the-magic-tree-house-by-mary-pope-osborne-illustrated-by-sal-murdocca/","url_text":"\"Memories and Life Lessons from the Magic Tree House by Mary Pope Osborne: 9780593484548 | PenguinRandomHouse.com: Books\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Magic+Tree+House%22","external_links_name":"\"Magic Tree 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Dugard_(speedway_rider) | Martin Dugard (speedway rider) | ["1 Career","2 Management","3 Family","4 World Final Appearances","4.1 Individual World Championship","4.2 World Pairs Championship","4.3 World Team Cup","5 Speedway Grand Prix results","6 References"] | British speedway rider
Martin DugardBorn (1969-05-18) 18 May 1969 (age 55)Worthing, EnglandNationalityBritish (English)Career historyGreat Britain1985–1987, 1993–2001Eastbourne Eagles1987Cradley Heathens1988–1992Oxford CheetahsSweden1990Dackarna
Individual honours1993Overseas Champion1989British Under-21 Champion1986Southern Riders' Championship
Team honours1989, 1994, 2000British Champions1986, 1987British League Division Two1985, 1986, 1987, 1994, 1997National League KO Cup Winner
Martin Robert Dugard (born 18 May 1969 in Worthing, West Sussex) is a former English international motorcycle speedway rider, who spent much of his career with the Eastbourne Eagles and Oxford Cheetahs.
Career
Dugard began riding for Eastbourne during the 1985 National League season as a 16-year-old and was one of the brightest prospects in the National league. He helped the Eagles win the Knockout Cup that year. In 1986, he averaged 9.75 and helped the Eagles win the league and cup double, in addition to winning the Southern Riders' Championship. Dugard considered the 1986 knockout cup as his favourite racing memory.
The following year in 1987, he averaged 10.40 and won the league and cup double for a second time.
In 1988, he moved into the British league to join one of Britain's top clubs at the time the Oxford Cheetahs, where he made an immediate impression with the fans and scored solidly. He soon became a heat leader for the Cheetahs and then an England international. He was British Under-21 Champion in 1989 and won the 1989 league title with Oxford. He made his world final debut a year later at Bradford's Odsal Stadium, scoring 6 points. During the 1990, 1991 and 1992 seasons, he was second in the Oxford averages behind Hans Nielsen.
He returned to Eastbourne in 1993 and won the 1993 Overseas final to reach the semi finals of the 1993 Individual Speedway World Championship. For eight years straight he was from 1994 to 2001, Dugard was Eastbourne's leading rider and won the league title in 1995 and 2000 and two more Knockout Cups.
His greatest triumph was winning the 2000 Speedway Grand Prix of Great Britain as a Wild Card rider.
At retirement he had earned 41 international caps for the England national speedway team.
Management
In 2015, Dugard become Chairman of Eastbourne Speedway club in the national league along with his older Son Connor Dugard who both ran the club on a day to day base.
Family
Martin's father Bob Dugard and his son Kelsey Dugard were both speedway riders. Martin's partner Sarah (who died on Boxing Day 2021) was the mother of Tom Brennan.
World Final Appearances
Individual World Championship
1990 – Bradford, Odsal Stadium – 11th – 6pts
1992 – Wrocław, Olympic Stadium – Reserve – did not ride
World Pairs Championship
1992 – Lonigo, Santa Marina Stadium (with Gary Havelock / Kelvin Tatum) – 2nd – 23+2pts (0 – Reserve)
1993 – Vojens, Speedway Center (with Joe Screen / Gary Havelock) – 4th – 17pts (8)
World Team Cup
1991 – Vojens, Speedway Center – 4th – 11pts (4)
1992 – Kumla, Kumla Speedway – 3rd – 31pts (12)
1993 – Coventry, Brandon Stadium – 4th – 14pts (1)
2000 – Coventry, Brandon Stadium – 2nd – 40+0pts (4)
Speedway Grand Prix results
Year
Position
Points
Best Finish
Notes
1998
32nd
2
21st
2000
19th
25
Winner
Won British Grand Prix
2001
31st
4
17th
References
^ Oakes, P & Rising, P (1986). 1986 Speedway Yearbook. ISBN 0-948882-00-X
^ Lawson,K (2018) “The Cheetahs 1976 – The Resurrection”. ISBN 978-0-244-69934-5
^ a b c "Brits No.4 Martin Dugard". Speedway Star. 31 December 2022. pp. 16–17.
^ a b c "ULTIMATE RIDER INDEX, 1929-2022" (PDF). British Speedway. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
^ "Mullett sixth in Southern event". Kentish Gazette. 29 August 1986. Retrieved 27 March 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive.
^ a b "Martin Dugard". WWOS Backup. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
^ Bamford/Shailes, Robert/Glynn (2007). The Story of Oxford Speedway. Tempus Publishing Ltd. pp. 139–140. ISBN 978-0-7524-4161-0.
^ "1993 World Championship". Speedway.org. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
^ "2000 World Championship". Speedway.org. Retrieved 8 June 2023. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Worthing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"West Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sussex"},{"link_name":"motorcycle speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle_speedway"},{"link_name":"Eastbourne Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastbourne_Eagles"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Oxford Cheetahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Cheetahs"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SS-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-URI-4"}],"text":"Martin Robert Dugard (born 18 May 1969 in Worthing,[1] West Sussex) is a former English international motorcycle speedway rider, who spent much of his career with the Eastbourne Eagles[2] and Oxford Cheetahs.[3][4]","title":"Martin Dugard (speedway rider)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1985 National League season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_National_League_season"},{"link_name":"Knockout Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockout_Cup_(speedway)"},{"link_name":"Southern Riders' Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Riders%27_Championship"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SS-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WWO-6"},{"link_name":"Oxford Cheetahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Cheetahs"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxstory-7"},{"link_name":"British Under-21 Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Speedway_Under_21_Championship"},{"link_name":"1989 league title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_British_League_season"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-URI-4"},{"link_name":"Odsal Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odsal_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Hans Nielsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Nielsen_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WWO-6"},{"link_name":"1993 Overseas final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Overseas_final"},{"link_name":"1993 Individual Speedway World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Individual_Speedway_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"2000 Speedway Grand Prix of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Speedway_Grand_Prix_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"England national speedway team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_speedway_team"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-URI-4"}],"text":"Dugard began riding for Eastbourne during the 1985 National League season as a 16-year-old and was one of the brightest prospects in the National league. He helped the Eagles win the Knockout Cup that year. In 1986, he averaged 9.75 and helped the Eagles win the league and cup double, in addition to winning the Southern Riders' Championship.[5] Dugard considered the 1986 knockout cup as his favourite racing memory.[3]The following year in 1987, he averaged 10.40 and won the league and cup double for a second time.[6]In 1988, he moved into the British league to join one of Britain's top clubs at the time the Oxford Cheetahs, where he made an immediate impression with the fans and scored solidly.[7] He soon became a heat leader for the Cheetahs and then an England international. He was British Under-21 Champion in 1989 and won the 1989 league title with Oxford.[4] He made his world final debut a year later at Bradford's Odsal Stadium, scoring 6 points. During the 1990, 1991 and 1992 seasons, he was second in the Oxford averages behind Hans Nielsen.[6]He returned to Eastbourne in 1993 and won the 1993 Overseas final to reach the semi finals of the 1993 Individual Speedway World Championship.[8] For eight years straight he was from 1994 to 2001, Dugard was Eastbourne's leading rider and won the league title in 1995 and 2000 and two more Knockout Cups.His greatest triumph was winning the 2000 Speedway Grand Prix of Great Britain as a Wild Card rider.[9]At retirement he had earned 41 international caps for the England national speedway team.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In 2015, Dugard become Chairman of Eastbourne Speedway club in the national league along with his older Son Connor Dugard who both ran the club on a day to day base.","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bob Dugard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dugard"},{"link_name":"Kelsey Dugard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kelsey_Dugard&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tom Brennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Brennan_(speedway_rider)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SS-3"}],"text":"Martin's father Bob Dugard and his son Kelsey Dugard were both speedway riders. Martin's partner Sarah (who died on Boxing Day 2021) was the mother of Tom Brennan.[3]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"World Final Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Individual_Speedway_World_Championship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Bradford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford"},{"link_name":"Odsal Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odsal_Stadium"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Individual_Speedway_World_Championship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Wrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"Olympic Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_(Wroclaw)"}],"sub_title":"Individual World Championship","text":"1990 – Bradford, Odsal Stadium – 11th – 6pts\n1992 – Wrocław, Olympic Stadium – Reserve – did not ride","title":"World Final Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Speedway_World_Pairs_Championship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Lonigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonigo"},{"link_name":"Santa Marina Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Marina_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Gary Havelock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Havelock"},{"link_name":"Kelvin Tatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin_Tatum"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Speedway_World_Pairs_Championship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Vojens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojens"},{"link_name":"Speedway Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojens_Speedway_Center"},{"link_name":"Joe Screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Screen"},{"link_name":"Gary Havelock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Havelock"}],"sub_title":"World Pairs Championship","text":"1992 – Lonigo, Santa Marina Stadium (with Gary Havelock / Kelvin Tatum) – 2nd – 23+2pts (0 – Reserve)\n1993 – Vojens, Speedway Center (with Joe Screen / Gary Havelock) – 4th – 17pts (8)","title":"World Final Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Speedway_World_Team_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Speedway_World_Team_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Kumla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumla"},{"link_name":"Kumla Speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumla_Speedway"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Speedway_World_Team_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry"},{"link_name":"Brandon Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Stadium"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Speedway_World_Team_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"}],"sub_title":"World Team Cup","text":"1991 – Vojens, Speedway Center – 4th – 11pts (4)\n1992 – Kumla, Kumla Speedway – 3rd – 31pts (12)\n1993 – Coventry, Brandon Stadium – 4th – 14pts (1)\n2000 – Coventry, Brandon Stadium – 2nd – 40+0pts (4)","title":"World Final Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Speedway Grand Prix results"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Brits No.4 Martin Dugard\". Speedway Star. 31 December 2022. pp. 16–17.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"ULTIMATE RIDER INDEX, 1929-2022\" (PDF). British Speedway. Retrieved 8 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://britishspeedway.co.uk/docs/Ultimate_Index_1929-2022.pdf","url_text":"\"ULTIMATE RIDER INDEX, 1929-2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mullett sixth in Southern event\". Kentish Gazette. 29 August 1986. Retrieved 27 March 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005421/19860829/412/0036","url_text":"\"Mullett sixth in Southern event\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive","url_text":"British Newspaper Archive"}]},{"reference":"\"Martin Dugard\". WWOS Backup. Retrieved 8 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://wwosbackup.proboards.com/thread/801/martin-dugard","url_text":"\"Martin Dugard\""}]},{"reference":"Bamford/Shailes, Robert/Glynn (2007). The Story of Oxford Speedway. Tempus Publishing Ltd. pp. 139–140. ISBN 978-0-7524-4161-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4161-0","url_text":"978-0-7524-4161-0"}]},{"reference":"\"1993 World Championship\". Speedway.org. Retrieved 8 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.speedway.org/history/93.htm#1993","url_text":"\"1993 World Championship\""}]},{"reference":"\"2000 World Championship\". Speedway.org. Retrieved 8 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.speedway.org/history/00.htm#2000","url_text":"\"2000 World Championship\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://britishspeedway.co.uk/docs/Ultimate_Index_1929-2022.pdf","external_links_name":"\"ULTIMATE RIDER INDEX, 1929-2022\""},{"Link":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005421/19860829/412/0036","external_links_name":"\"Mullett sixth in Southern event\""},{"Link":"https://wwosbackup.proboards.com/thread/801/martin-dugard","external_links_name":"\"Martin Dugard\""},{"Link":"http://www.speedway.org/history/93.htm#1993","external_links_name":"\"1993 World Championship\""},{"Link":"http://www.speedway.org/history/00.htm#2000","external_links_name":"\"2000 World Championship\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellini_and_the_Sphinx | Bellini and the Sphinx | ["1 Cast","2 References","3 External links"] | 2001 film by Roberto Santucci
Bellini and the SphinxTheatrical release posterDirected byRoberto SantucciWritten byAlexandre PloskBased onBellini e a Esfinge by Tony BellottoProduced byTheodoro FontesTony BellottoStarringFabio AssunçãoMalu MaderMaristane DreschCinematographyJacob SolitrenickEdited byRoberto SantucciMusic byAndreas KisserCharles GalvinEduardo QueirózTony BellotoProductioncompaniesAfrodísia FilmesBanco RuralDistributed byCopacabana FilmesRelease dates
2001 (2001) (Festival do Rio)
March 1, 2002 (2002-03-01) (theatrical release)
Running time120 minutesCountryBrazilLanguagePortugueseBudgetR$1.7–1.9 millionBox officeR$300,000
Bellini and the Sphinx (Portuguese: Bellini e a Esfinge) is 2001 Brazilian crime film directed by Roberto Santucci. Based on Tony Bellotto's homonymous novel, it stars Fabio Assunção as Remo Bellini, a São Paulo-based detective who investigates mysterious murders. It premiered at the 2001 Festival do Rio, where it won the award of Best Film.
It was followed by Bellini and the Devil, also starring Assunção, and directed by Marcelo Galvão.
Cast
Fábio Assunção as Remo Bellini
Malu Mader as Fátima
Maristane Dresch as Beatriz
Eliana Guttman as Dora Lobo
Paulo Hesse as dr. Rachid Rafidjian
Marcos Damigo as Samuel Rafidjian
Rosaly Papadopol as Sofia Rafidjian
Cláudio Gabriel as Stone
References
^ a b Arantes, Silvana (March 1, 2002). "Policial vai à tela como "filme de clima"". Folha de S.Paulo (in Portuguese). Grupo Folha. Retrieved March 4, 2014.
^ ""Bellini e a Esfinge" chega a São Paulo". O Estado de S. Paulo (in Portuguese). Grupo Estado. February 21, 2002. Retrieved March 4, 2014.
^ "Filmes Brasileiros Lançados - 1995 a 2013" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Ancine. p. 33. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 27, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2014.
^ "Bellini e a Esfinge" (in Portuguese). Cinemateca Brasileira. Archived from the original on March 5, 2014. Retrieved March 4, 2014.
^ Koehler, Robert (August 25, 2002). "Review: 'Bellini and the Sphinx'". Variety. PMC. Retrieved March 4, 2014.
^ ""Bellini e a Esfinge" vence Festival Rio BR 2001". O Estado de S. Paulo (in Portuguese). Grupo Estado. October 9, 2001. Retrieved March 4, 2014.
^ Miranda, Débora (August 12, 2008). "Fábio Assunção volta ao cinema como detetive perturbado". G1 (in Portuguese). Organizações Globo. Retrieved March 4, 2014.
^ "Bellini and the Devil". Brazilian Film & Tv Festival of Toronto. Retrieved March 4, 2014.
External links
Bellini and the Sphinx at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Roberto Santucci
Olé - Um Movie Cabra da Peste (2000)
Bellini and the Sphinx (2002)
Alucinados (2008)
De Pernas pro Ar (2010)
Até que a Sorte nos Separe (2012)
De Pernas pro Ar 2 (2012)
Odeio o Dia dos Namorados (2013)
Até que a Sorte nos Separe 2 (2013)
Just Another Christmas (2020)
This article related to a Brazilian film of the 2000s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This 2000s crime film-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"crime film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_film"},{"link_name":"Roberto Santucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Santucci"},{"link_name":"Tony Bellotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Bellotto"},{"link_name":"Fabio Assunção","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabio_Assun%C3%A7%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Festival do Rio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_do_Rio"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Bellini and the Devil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellini_and_the_Devil"},{"link_name":"Marcelo Galvão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_Galv%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Bellini and the Sphinx (Portuguese: Bellini e a Esfinge) is 2001 Brazilian crime film directed by Roberto Santucci. Based on Tony Bellotto's homonymous novel, it stars Fabio Assunção as Remo Bellini, a São Paulo-based detective who investigates mysterious murders.[4][5] It premiered at the 2001 Festival do Rio, where it won the award of Best Film.[6]It was followed by Bellini and the Devil, also starring Assunção, and directed by Marcelo Galvão.[7][8]","title":"Bellini and the Sphinx"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fábio Assunção","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1bio_Assun%C3%A7%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Malu Mader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malu_Mader"}],"text":"Fábio Assunção as Remo Bellini\nMalu Mader as Fátima\nMaristane Dresch as Beatriz\nEliana Guttman as Dora Lobo\nPaulo Hesse as dr. Rachid Rafidjian\nMarcos Damigo as Samuel Rafidjian\nRosaly Papadopol as Sofia Rafidjian\nCláudio Gabriel as Stone","title":"Cast"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Arantes, Silvana (March 1, 2002). \"Policial vai à tela como \"filme de clima\"\". Folha de S.Paulo (in Portuguese). Grupo Folha. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Toma%C5%A1evi%C4%87_of_Bosnia | Stephen Tomašević of Bosnia | ["1 Family","2 Marriage","3 Despotism","4 Kingship","4.1 Accession and coronation","4.2 Ottoman invasion","4.3 Capture and death","5 Assessment and legacy","6 Family tree","7 References","8 Bibliography","9 Further reading"] | King of Bosnia
Stephen TomaševićA detail of the painting of the King kneeling in front of Christ, painted by Lovro Dobričević in c. 1460King of BosniaReign10 July 1461 – 25 May 1463Coronation17 November 1461PredecessorThomasDespot of SerbiaReign1 April 1459 – 20 June 1459PredecessorStephenBornc. 1438Died25 May 1463(1463-05-25) (aged 24–25)Carevo Polje, Jajce, BosniaBurialFranciscan monastery of Saint Luke, Jajce (presumed)SpouseMaria of SerbiaHouseKotromanićFatherThomas, King of BosniaMotherVojačaReligionRoman Catholic
Stephen Tomašević or Stephen II (Serbo-Croatian: Stjepan/Stefan Tomašević, Стјепан/Стефан Томашевић; c. 1438 – 25 May 1463) was the last sovereign from the Bosnian Kotromanić dynasty, reigning as Despot of Serbia briefly in 1459 and as King of Bosnia from 1461 until 1463.
Stephen's father, King Thomas, had great ambitions for him. An attempt to expand into Croatia by marrying Stephen to a wealthy noblewoman failed, and negotiations for a marital alliance with the Sforzas of Milan were abandoned when a more prestigious opportunity presented itself: marriage to the heiress Maria of Serbia. Celebrated in April 1459, it made Stephen the ruler of the remnants of the neighbouring country. The intent was to unite the Kingdom of Bosnia and the Serbian Despotate under Stephen to combat the expanding Ottoman Empire. However, Stephen's Catholicism made him unpopular in Orthodox Serbia. After ruling it for merely two months, he surrendered it to the encroaching Ottoman forces and fled back to his father's court, which earned him the contempt of the Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus and other Christian rulers in Europe.
Stephen succeeded his father on the throne following the latter's death in July 1461 and became the first Bosnian king to receive a crown from the Holy See. The kingdom's existence, however, was increasingly threatened by the Ottomans. King Stephen had the unanimous support of his noblemen in resistance to the Ottomans, but not of the common people. He maintained an active correspondence with Pope Pius II, who forgave him for the loss of Serbia and worked with him to preserve Bosnia for Christendom. The Hungarian king was placated, but all Western monarchs contacted by Stephen refused to assist him. Confident that at least Matthias would come to his aid, Stephen refused to deliver the customary tribute to the Ottoman sultan Mehmed the Conqueror, which provoked an invasion. In May 1463, Mehmed marched into Bosnia, meeting little effective resistance, and captured Stephen, who was then beheaded. The execution marks the fall of the Kingdom of Bosnia to the Ottoman Empire.
Family
Born in 1438, Stephen hailed from the House of Kotromanić as one of the two known sons of the Bosnian prince Thomas by a commoner named Vojača. The other son died as an adolescent. Stephen's father was an adulterine son of King Ostoja and a younger brother of Radivoj, who contested the rule of their cousin King Tvrtko II. Thomas was politically inactive and did not take part in the struggle between his brother and cousin, enabling his family to lead a quiet life in a period when the Ottomans tried to weaken the Kingdom of Bosnia by encouraging internal divisions. This all changed when the ailing and childless King Tvrtko II decreed that Thomas should succeed him. The King died shortly after, in November 1443, and Stephen's father ascended the throne.
King Thomas, raised as a member of the Bosnian Church, converted to Roman Catholicism in c. 1445; Stephen Tomašević later stated that he had been baptized into the Roman Catholic Church as a child, and that he had been taught Latin letters. At about that time, likely in order to allow for a peaceful solution to his protracted war with the magnate Stjepan Vukčić Kosača, King Thomas requested from Pope Eugene IV an annulment of his union with Stephen's mother. Open warfare ended in 1446 with the marriage of Stephen's father to Kosača's daughter Catherine, by whom Stephen had a half-brother named Sigismund and a half-sister named Catherine.
Marriage
In the 1450s, King Thomas vigorously searched for suitable spouses for the children from his first union. Stephen's two sisters were married off in 1451, and in 1453 Stephen too entered his father's considerations. Wishing to gain control over the allodial land of Petar Talovac, who had governed Croatia proper as ban on behalf of the Hungarian king, Thomas attempted to have Stephen marry Talovac's widow, Hedwig Garai. Kosača too hastened to marry the wealthy widow, leading to an armed conflict, but neither prevailed due to an intervention by the Republic of Venice on behalf of Talovac's heirs.
The earliest source mentioning Stephen by name dates from 30 April 1455, when Pope Callixtus III put the King of Bosnia and his son under his protection. King Thomas's ambitions for Stephen grew as he strived to establish closer relations with the Western world. In 1456, he asked the Pope to procure a bride for his son, specifying that she should be a princess from a royal house. Negotiations soon commenced about Stephen's marriage to an illegitimate daughter of Francesco I Sforza, Duke of Milan, but Stephen's father had greater expectations.
When Lazar Branković, Despot of Serbia, died in 1458, an interregnum ensued. Having left three daughters and no sons, he had no clear heir, so the power was shared between his blinded brother Stephen and widow Helen Palaiologina. King Thomas took advantage of their weakness to recapture Eastern Bosnian towns he had lost to Serbia in 1445. Shortly afterwards, he entered peace negotiations with Lazar's widow, Helen Palaiologina. Abandoning the prospect of his son's marriage to a daughter of the Duke of Milan, Thomas came to an agreement with Helen: Stephen was to marry the eldest of her three daughters by Lazar, the c. 11-year-old Helen. The match was prestigious for Stephen not only because of the bride's descent from the Byzantine imperial family, but also because it brought the government of Serbia to the groom.
The Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus agreed to Stephen's engagement with Helen – it was in his interest to create a strong buffer zone between his realm and the Ottoman Empire by uniting the Kingdom of Bosnia and the Despotate of Serbia, which he considered Hungary's vassal states, under Stephen Tomašević. The Diet of Hungary confirmed Stephen Tomašević's right to Serbia in January 1459.
Despotism
The acquisition of the Smederevo Fortress in 1459 was an important but short-lived success.
Stephen, accompanied by his uncle Radivoj, duly set out for Serbia but narrowly escaped imprisonment during an Ottoman raid on the Bosnian royal residence of Bobovac. He arrived to Smederevo, capital of the Eastern Orthodox despotate, during the Holy Week of 1459, and ascended the Serbian throne on 21 March. Michael Szilágyi, regent for the underage King Matthias, arrived at the head of an army to ensure that command over the town's fortress would be assumed by Stephen without any difficulties.
Stephen's marriage to Helen took place on 1 April, the first Sunday following Easter. Following the presumably Catholic ceremony, the bride was known as Maria. He assumed the title of despot, despite the fact that the title was neither hereditary nor tied to a specific territory, but a grant from the Byzantine emperor. It is possible that his mother-in-law, a member of Byzantium's last imperial family, believed that she had the right to grant the title in the absence of an emperor. Within a week of the wedding, Stephen exiled his wife's uncle from Serbia. King Thomas boasted to the Duke of Milan that his son had been made despot "with the agreement and will of all the Rascians", but Stephen's regime was not particularly popular; chroniclers writing about his treatment of his wife's uncle cursed him as a schismatic.
It was clear from the onset that Stephen's reign in Serbia would be short-lived. The Ottoman sultan Mehmed the Conqueror considered Stephen's enthronement an unwarranted violation of his own rights, for the Ottomans too considered Serbia their vassal state. Mehmed promptly launched an attack on Smederevo in June, and there was no serious consideration of trying to defend it. King Thomas rushed to his son's aid, trying to divert the Turks by laying siege to their fortress of Hodidjed, in the middle of Bosnia. Aware that Smederevo could not withstand Mehmed's attack, Stephen surrendered the fortress on 20 June. The Ottoman proceeded to annex the rest of the Serbian state to their empire within a year.
Following the fall of the town which Pope Pius II lamentably termed "the gateway to Rascia", Stephen fled to Bosnia with his family and in-laws, seeking refuge at the court of his father. The King of Hungary accused Stephen and his family of selling Smederevo Fortress to the Ottomans "for a great weight of gold", and the Pope at first believed him. Pius's own investigation appears to have come to the conclusion that Stephen did not sell the fortress, as the Pope did not repeat the claim. Ottoman, Bosnian and Serbian sources say nothing about the supposed betrayal, so the allegation is unlikely to be based on fact. The Serbian-born janissary Konstantin Mihailović and the Byzantine Greek scholar Laonikos Chalkokondyles maintained Stephen's innocence and pointed out to the strength of the Ottoman army. Both state that the Serbs within Smederevo were so unhappy with Bosnian rule and convinced that the Ottomans would prevail (and grant them more religious tolerance than the Hungarians) that they went out to meet Mehmed and presented him with keys to the city.
Kingship
Accession and coronation
Pope Pius II's memoirs provide a major insight into Stephen Tomašević's reign.
King Thomas died in July 1461. According to later accounts, Thomas's death was plotted by Stephen and Radivoj, and even Matthias and Mehmed were implicated. Historians dismiss these allegations, however, pointing out that the King had been ill since June. Stephen ascended the throne without difficulty. He ensured that his uncle would not contest the succession by generously endowing him with land. The new monarch assumed the pompous title inherited from Tvrtko I, the first Bosnian king, styling himself as, "by the Grace of God, King of Serbia, Bosnia, the Maritime Lands, Zachlumia, Dalmatia, Croatia, and the Western lands" – regardless of the fact that Serbia had by then become an Ottoman pashaluk, that Croatia had been lost to Hungary in the 1390s, and that he had to beg the government of the Republic of Venice to allow him to take refuge in Dalmatia in case of an Ottoman attack.
Immediately upon his accession, Stephen set out to resolve all disagreements within the royal family in order to strengthen his own position. His relations with his stepmother, the 37-year-old Queen Catherine, had been strained during his father's lifetime, but he now guaranteed that she would retain her title and privileges. Her father, Stjepan Vukčić Kosača, wrote to Venetian officials that the King had "taken her as his mother", Vojača having already died by the time he ascended the throne. Kosača was the kingdom's most powerful nobleman, and had been engaged in a never-ending conflict with Stephen's father. Stephen Tomašević took the Venetians' advice to make peace with his stepgrandfather, thus finally ensuring the nobility's absolute support of their king. He then focused on improving Bosnia's economy, which became stronger than ever during his reign, and ensuring that the state would collect more profit from the flourishing metalworking trade.
Problems rose soon already in the summer of 1461, when Pavao Špirančić, who governed Croatia as ban on behalf of the Hungarian king and frequently clashed with King Thomas, seized a border town. By late summer, Stephen and Kosača were preparing to strike him jointly and divide his territory between themselves. Venice objected, fearing that the fortresses Klis and Ostrovica, paramount to the defense of Dalmatia, might fall to the Ottomans if first taken over by the Bosnians.
King Stephen wasted no time to solidify his relations with the Holy See. He sent a desperate plea to Pope Pius, asking him to send bishops, crusading weapons, and a coronation crown, as well as to be recommended to Matthias Corvinus. Stephen hoped that, with the Pope's urging, the Hungarian king would agree to provide him with military aid. On 17 November, the feast of Saint Gregory Thaumaturgus, who had been proclaimed "Defender of Bosnia" at royal request, the papal legate and newly appointed bishop Nicholas of Modruš crowned Stephen in the Church of Saint Mary in Jajce. It was the last coronation performed in Bosnia, as well as the only one performed with a crown sent from Rome. It exemplified how, with the religious persecution established by Thomas and with Stephen's active correspondence with the papacy, the Kingdom of Bosnia acquired the character of a true Catholic state only at its very end.
The belated attempt at sanctification of the Bosnian monarchy gravely offended the Hungarian king Matthias, who saw the Pope's involvement in the coronation as an infringement of the rights of Hungarian kings. Matthias went so far as to request that the Pope withdraw his support of Stephen. Pope Pius and Bishop John Vitéz mediated in the dispute between the kings of Bosnia and Hungary, but the negotiations did not proceed easily. The relations were finally repaired in the spring of 1462. Matthias was driven by the need to ransom the Crown of St Stephen from Emperor Frederick III, and Stephen was obliged to contribute. In return for the Hungarian king's good graces, Stephen was also required to cede certain towns, swear fealty and to refuse to pay tribute to the Ottomans.
Ottoman invasion
Portrait of Mehmed by Gentile Bellini, whose father painted the only known portrait of Stephen
By the spring of 1462, it was known that Mehmed had decided to conquer Bosnia. Stephen and Kosača desperately sought help from Christian rulers. The King maintained contact with the Pope, who had his legates stay permanently at the Bosnian royal court and who strived to concentrate as many soldiers and as much weapons as possible in the threatened kingdom. The authorities of the neighbouring Republic of Ragusa were enlisted to secure the support of the Albanian ruler Skanderbeg, who was subsequently allowed by the Venetians to pass with his army through Venetian Albania on their way to Bosnia. Venice itself promised no assistance, suggesting instead that Stephen and Kosača should trust in their own forces. Others, such as King Ferdinand I of Naples, cited domestic issues and offered nothing more than moral support.
While doing everything possible to secure foreign aid, King Stephen found that there was little will to resist within the country. He complained to Pope Pius that the local population leaned towards the Ottomans, which may have been due to increased exploitation and incessant warfare (as opposed to a stable Ottoman regime). The previously tacit discontent of forcefully converted elders of the Bosnian Church became prominent. According to a contemporary, Stephen generously bestowed gifts and honors in order to inspire loyalty, and awarded fortified towns to untrustworthy people, even including former "heretics". The greatest blow to the defense efforts, however, was the old conflict between Kosača and his son Vladislav Hercegović, which was resumed in the spring of 1462. Vladislav personally sought help from Mehmed later that year, and the Ottoman ruler eagerly accepted.
Encouraged by Matthias's commitment to help and possibly by the Bishop of Modruš, Stephen Tomašević made an imprudent and fatal decision in June 1462. Pope Pius wrote in his diary that, "relying on one knows what hope", the King "refused the tributes which his ancestors had long been used to pay the Ottomans and had stormed the town which the enemy had built at the confluence of Sava and Bosna to put fear into the Hungarians and Slavs." According to Chalkokondyles, Stephen invited the Ottoman ambassador to his treasure house and showed him the money set aside as tribute, but informed him that he would rather use it to fight off an Ottoman attack or to live off it in exile. Mehmed the Conqueror was enraged by Stephen's insubordinance and audacity. The Pope recounts how, hearing of the Sultan's vow to conquer his kingdom and destroy him, Stephen summoned the Bishop of Modruš and blamed him for infuriating the Sultan. He commanded Nicholas to go to Hungary and seek immediate action against the Ottomans, but no help ever arrived to Bosnia from Christendom. Matthias, Skenderbeg and the Ragusans all failed to carry out their promises.
"I am the first to expect the storm. My father predicted to your predecessor, Nicholas V, and the Venetians the fall of Constantinople. He was not believed. Now I prophesy about myself. If you trust and aid me I shall be saved; if not, I shall perish and many will be ruined with me."
Excerpts from King Stephen's letter to Pope Pius
In the spring of 1463, Mehmed gathered an army of 150,000 men in Adrianople and prepared to march towards Bosnia. In his despair, Stephen Tomašević turned to the Sultan himself and tried at the last moment to procure a 15-year-long truce with him. Konstantinović claimed that he was present when the Ottomans duped the Bosnian envoys into thinking that the King's request for truce was granted, and that he tried to warn them about the deceit. Mehmed's army set out right after the envoys. Fortresses fell rapidly, and King Stephen fled with his family and possessions from Bobovac to Jajce. The Ottoman army under the leadership of Mahmud Pasha Angelović laid siege to Bobovac on 19 May, with the Sultan joining them the following day. Angelović was tasked with capturing the King. Believing that Bobovac could withstand the siege for two years, Stephen planned to assemble an army in Jajce, still counting on foreign aid. He sent his wife with their possessions to Dalmatia, while his stepmother took the rest to Ragusa.
Capture and death
Main article: Battle of Kljuc (1463)
Contrary to Stephen Tomašević's expectations, Bobovac fell within days. The King had already realized that he had no choice but to take refuge in the neighbouring Croatia or Dalmatia. Angelović tirelessly pursued him, and caught up with him in Ključ. The Ottoman army was reportedly about to pass the city's fortress, not suspecting that the King was hiding within its walls, when a local man revealed his whereabouts in return for money. A four-day-long siege of the fortress ensued. Eager to capture him, Angelović had his messengers solemnly promise the King that he would be done no harm if he surrendered, and sent him a document guaranteeing him freedom. With food supplies and ammunition running short, Stephen decided to surrender himself and his garrison to Angelović. Angelović, in turn, brought him, his uncle Radivoj and 13-year-old cousin Tvrtko before Mehmed in Jajce.
Stephen sought to ingratiate himself with Mehmed by sending out orders to commanders and castellans to surrender, enabling his captor to take command of more than 70 towns in one week. Mehmed, however, had no intention of sparing Stephen's life and summoned him on 25 May. Stephen fearfully brought Angelović's document, but Mehmed's Persian-born mullah, Ali al-Bistami, issued a fatwah declaring that the Sultan was not bound to keep the promise made by his servant without his knowledge. As if to demonstrate the validity of his fatwah, the elderly mullah took out his sword and beheaded Stephen in front of Mehmed. The chronicler Benedetto Dei, who claimed to have been part of the Sultan's retinue, recorded that Mehmed himself decapitated Stephen. According to later accounts, Mehmed had Stephen flayed or used as a shooting target. The execution of the King, his uncle, cousin and two noblemen took place in a field next to Jajce, which has since been known as Carevo Polje ("the Emperor's Field").
Assessment and legacy
Stephen Tomašević was buried on a hill near Jajce. Europe was stunned to see the Bosnian state fall almost completely within weeks of his death. The country's quick submission is said to be the consequence of a poor cooperation between Stephen and his noblemen, but it is perhaps most accurate to attribute it to the people's low morale and general belief that the conquest was inevitable. Additionally, the religiously diverse Bosnians were aware, much like the neighbouring Serbians, that the country would be overrun by Hungary if not by the Ottomans, and that they would enjoy far less freedom of religion and far higher taxes in that case. Therefore, resistance was not as strong as it could have been. Pope Pius's claim that adherents of the Bosnian Church betrayed the kingdom is groundless.
Putative remains of King Stephen
Stephen Tomašević's half-siblings were taken to Constantinople and converted to Islam. Queen Catherine, his stepmother, left for the Papal States and unsuccessfully campaigned for the restoration of the kingdom; Bosnia only ceased to be part of the Ottoman Empire in 1908, 445 years after Stephen's death. His widow, Queen Maria, spent the rest of her life in the Empire.
In 1888, the Croatian archeologist Ćiro Truhelka excavated bones in a settlement close to Jajce known as Kraljev Grob (meaning King's Tomb) and found the skeleton of a decapitated adult male. The head was placed on the chest, with two coins in the mouth. Though by no means certain, it was assumed that the skeleton belonged to Stephen Tomašević. Despite objection from the friar Antun Knežević, who argued for leaving the bones where they had laid for centuries and constructing a small church at the site, the skeleton was placed in a glass coffin in the right aisle of the Franciscan monastery in Jajce.
Family tree
OstojaKosača
RadivojVojačaThomasCatherineVladislav
MariaStephenSigismundCatherine
References
^ Mühle 2023, p. 592.
^ a b c d e Ćošković 2009.
^ Ćirković 1964, p. 276.
^ a b c d Fine 2007, p. 339.
^ Fine 2007, p. 240.
^ Fine 1994, p. 578.
^ Ćirković 1964, p. 310.
^ a b Ćirković 1964, p. 317.
^ Fine 1994, p. 572.
^ a b c d Miller & Nesbitt 1995, p. 187.
^ a b Fine 1994, p. 574.
^ a b c d e Babinger 1992, p. 163.
^ Babinger 1992, p. 156.
^ a b c d e f Fine 1994, p. 575.
^ Ćirković 1964, p. 318.
^ Babinger 1992, p. 164.
^ Babinger 1992, p. 163-164.
^ a b Miller & Nesbitt 1995, p. 189.
^ Fine 1994, p. 575-576.
^ Ćirković 1964, p. 323.
^ a b c d e f g h Ljubez 2009, p. 149.
^ Bury et al. 1923, p. 149.
^ a b Mandić 1978, p. 277.
^ a b c d e Miller 1923, p. 578.
^ a b c d Ćirković 1964, p. 324.
^ a b c d Ćirković 1964, p. 325.
^ Ćirković 1964, p. 326.
^ Ćirković 1964, p. 326-327.
^ Ćirković 1964, p. 327.
^ a b c d Miller & Nesbitt 1995, p. 191.
^ a b c Babinger 1992, p. 220.
^ The Commentaries of Pius II, Smith College, 1955, pp. 740–741
^ Ćirković 1964, p. 329.
^ a b Babinger 1992, p. 221.
^ a b c Babinger 1992, p. 222.
^ a b Ljubez 2009, p. 150.
^ Ljubez 2009, p. 158.
Bibliography
Bury, John Bagnell; Tanner, Joseph Robson; Previté-Orton, Charles William; Brooke, Zachary Nugent, eds. (1923), The Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 4, Cambridge University Press
Ćirković, Sima (1964). Историја средњовековне босанске државе (in Serbo-Croatian). Srpska književna zadruga.
Ćošković, Pejo (2009), Kotromanići (in Serbo-Croatian), Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography
Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1994) . The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472082604.
Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (2007). The Bosnian Church: Its Place in State and Society from the Thirteenth to the Fifteenth Century. Saqi. ISBN 978-0-86356-503-8.
Mandić, Dominik (1978), Sabrana djela Dr. O. Dominika Mandića: Bosna i Hercegovina: povjesno kritička istraživanja, Zajednica izdanja ranjeni labud
Miller, William (1923), The Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 4, Cambridge University Press
Ljubez, Bruno (2009), Jajce Grad: prilog povijesti posljednje bosanske prijestolnice (in Serbo-Croatian), HKD Napredak
Miller, Timothy S.; Nesbitt, John W., eds. (1995), Peace and war in Byzantium: essays in honor of George T. Dennis, S.J, Catholic University of America Press, ISBN 081320805X
Babinger, Franz (1992). Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time. USA: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01078-1.
Mühle, Eduard (2023). Slavs in the Middle Ages Between Idea and Reality. Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-9-00453-674-6.
Further reading
Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9781405142915.
Regnal titles
Preceded byThomas
King of Bosnia 1461–1463
Ottoman conquest
Preceded byStephen
Despot of Serbia 1459
vteKotromanić dynastyBans of Bosnia(1254–1377)
Prijezda I
Prijezda II
Stephen I
Stephen II
Tvrtko I
Banesses of Bosnia
Elizabeth of Serbia
Elizabeth of Kuyavia
Dorothea of Bulgaria
Kings of Bosnia(1377–1463)
Stephen Tvrtko I
Stephen Dabiša
Stephen Ostoja
Stephen Ostojić
Stephen Tvrtko II
Stephen Thomas
Stephen Tomašević
Queens of Bosnia
Dorothea of Bulgaria
Helen of Bosnia
Vitača
Kujava Radinović
Jelena Nelipić
Dorothea Garai
Vojača
Katarina Kosača
Jelena Branković
Other significant members
Catherine, Baness of Croatia
Vladislav Kotromanić
Jelena Šubić
Elizabeth, Queen of Hungary and Poland
Catherine, Countess of Cilli
Helen, Duchess of Troppau
Maria, Countess of Helfenstein
Radivoj Ostojić
Catherine Tomašević
Matija Sabančić
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
People
Deutsche Biographie | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbo-Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"Kotromanić dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotromani%C4%87_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Despot of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despot_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"King of Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"King Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_in_union_with_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Sforzas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sforzas"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"Maria of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_of_Serbia,_Queen_of_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"Serbian Despotate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Despotate"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholicism"},{"link_name":"Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Orthodoxy"},{"link_name":"Matthias Corvinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_II"},{"link_name":"Christendom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christendom"},{"link_name":"Mehmed the Conqueror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror"},{"link_name":"fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_Bosnia"}],"text":"King of BosniaStephen Tomašević or Stephen II (Serbo-Croatian: Stjepan/Stefan Tomašević, Стјепан/Стефан Томашевић; c. 1438 – 25 May 1463) was the last sovereign from the Bosnian Kotromanić dynasty, reigning as Despot of Serbia briefly in 1459 and as King of Bosnia from 1461 until 1463.Stephen's father, King Thomas, had great ambitions for him. An attempt to expand into Croatia by marrying Stephen to a wealthy noblewoman failed, and negotiations for a marital alliance with the Sforzas of Milan were abandoned when a more prestigious opportunity presented itself: marriage to the heiress Maria of Serbia. Celebrated in April 1459, it made Stephen the ruler of the remnants of the neighbouring country. The intent was to unite the Kingdom of Bosnia and the Serbian Despotate under Stephen to combat the expanding Ottoman Empire. However, Stephen's Catholicism made him unpopular in Orthodox Serbia. After ruling it for merely two months, he surrendered it to the encroaching Ottoman forces and fled back to his father's court, which earned him the contempt of the Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus and other Christian rulers in Europe.Stephen succeeded his father on the throne following the latter's death in July 1461 and became the first Bosnian king to receive a crown from the Holy See. The kingdom's existence, however, was increasingly threatened by the Ottomans. King Stephen had the unanimous support of his noblemen in resistance to the Ottomans, but not of the common people. He maintained an active correspondence with Pope Pius II, who forgave him for the loss of Serbia and worked with him to preserve Bosnia for Christendom. The Hungarian king was placated, but all Western monarchs contacted by Stephen refused to assist him. Confident that at least Matthias would come to his aid, Stephen refused to deliver the customary tribute to the Ottoman sultan Mehmed the Conqueror, which provoked an invasion. In May 1463, Mehmed marched into Bosnia, meeting little effective resistance, and captured Stephen, who was then beheaded. The execution marks the fall of the Kingdom of Bosnia to the Ottoman Empire.","title":"Stephen Tomašević of Bosnia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM%C3%BChle2023592-1"},{"link_name":"House of Kotromanić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Kotromani%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_of_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"Vojača","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voja%C4%8Da"},{"link_name":"adulterine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adulterine"},{"link_name":"King Ostoja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Ostoja"},{"link_name":"Radivoj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radivoj_of_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"King Tvrtko II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Tvrtko_II"},{"link_name":"Ottomans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turks"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"encouraging internal divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divide_and_rule"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%86o%C5%A1kovi%C4%872009-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%86irkovi%C4%871964276-3"},{"link_name":"Bosnian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_Church"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine2007339-4"},{"link_name":"Stjepan Vukčić Kosača","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjepan_Vuk%C4%8Di%C4%87_Kosa%C4%8Da"},{"link_name":"Pope Eugene IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine2007240-5"},{"link_name":"Catherine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_St_Sava"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994578-6"},{"link_name":"Sigismund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishak-bey_Kraloglu"},{"link_name":"Catherine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Bosnia_(princess)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%86o%C5%A1kovi%C4%872009-2"}],"text":"Born in 1438,[1] Stephen hailed from the House of Kotromanić as one of the two known sons of the Bosnian prince Thomas by a commoner named Vojača. The other son died as an adolescent. Stephen's father was an adulterine son of King Ostoja and a younger brother of Radivoj, who contested the rule of their cousin King Tvrtko II. Thomas was politically inactive and did not take part in the struggle between his brother and cousin, enabling his family to lead a quiet life in a period when the Ottomans tried to weaken the Kingdom of Bosnia by encouraging internal divisions.[2] This all changed when the ailing and childless King Tvrtko II decreed that Thomas should succeed him. The King died shortly after, in November 1443, and Stephen's father ascended the throne.[3]King Thomas, raised as a member of the Bosnian Church, converted to Roman Catholicism in c. 1445; Stephen Tomašević later stated that he had been baptized into the Roman Catholic Church as a child, and that he had been taught Latin letters.[4] At about that time, likely in order to allow for a peaceful solution to his protracted war with the magnate Stjepan Vukčić Kosača, King Thomas requested from Pope Eugene IV an annulment of his union with Stephen's mother.[5] Open warfare ended in 1446 with the marriage of Stephen's father to Kosača's daughter Catherine,[6] by whom Stephen had a half-brother named Sigismund and a half-sister named Catherine.[2]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"allodial land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allodial_land"},{"link_name":"Petar Talovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_Talovac"},{"link_name":"Croatia proper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_proper"},{"link_name":"ban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Republic of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%86irkovi%C4%871964310-7"},{"link_name":"Pope Callixtus III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%86o%C5%A1kovi%C4%872009-2"},{"link_name":"Western world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world"},{"link_name":"Francesco I Sforza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_I_Sforza"},{"link_name":"Duke of Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%86irkovi%C4%871964317-8"},{"link_name":"Lazar Branković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Brankovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Despot of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despot_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"interregnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interregnum"},{"link_name":"blinded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blinding_(punishment)"},{"link_name":"Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Brankovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Helen Palaiologina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Palaiologina_of_Morea"},{"link_name":"Helen Palaiologina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Palaiologina_of_Morea"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994572-9"},{"link_name":"Helen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_of_Serbia,_Queen_of_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillerNesbitt1995187-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994574-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%86irkovi%C4%871964317-8"},{"link_name":"Matthias Corvinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus"},{"link_name":"buffer zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffer_zone"},{"link_name":"vassal states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassal_states"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994574-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992163-12"},{"link_name":"Diet of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992156-13"}],"text":"In the 1450s, King Thomas vigorously searched for suitable spouses for the children from his first union. Stephen's two sisters were married off in 1451, and in 1453 Stephen too entered his father's considerations. Wishing to gain control over the allodial land of Petar Talovac, who had governed Croatia proper as ban on behalf of the Hungarian king, Thomas attempted to have Stephen marry Talovac's widow, Hedwig Garai. Kosača too hastened to marry the wealthy widow, leading to an armed conflict, but neither prevailed due to an intervention by the Republic of Venice on behalf of Talovac's heirs.[7]The earliest source mentioning Stephen by name dates from 30 April 1455, when Pope Callixtus III put the King of Bosnia and his son under his protection.[2] King Thomas's ambitions for Stephen grew as he strived to establish closer relations with the Western world. In 1456, he asked the Pope to procure a bride for his son, specifying that she should be a princess from a royal house. Negotiations soon commenced about Stephen's marriage to an illegitimate daughter of Francesco I Sforza, Duke of Milan, but Stephen's father had greater expectations.[8]When Lazar Branković, Despot of Serbia, died in 1458, an interregnum ensued. Having left three daughters and no sons, he had no clear heir, so the power was shared between his blinded brother Stephen and widow Helen Palaiologina. King Thomas took advantage of their weakness to recapture Eastern Bosnian towns he had lost to Serbia in 1445. Shortly afterwards, he entered peace negotiations with Lazar's widow, Helen Palaiologina.[9] Abandoning the prospect of his son's marriage to a daughter of the Duke of Milan, Thomas came to an agreement with Helen: Stephen was to marry the eldest of her three daughters by Lazar, the c. 11-year-old Helen.[10] The match was prestigious for Stephen not only because of the bride's descent from the Byzantine imperial family, but also because it brought the government of Serbia to the groom.[11][8]The Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus agreed to Stephen's engagement with Helen – it was in his interest to create a strong buffer zone between his realm and the Ottoman Empire by uniting the Kingdom of Bosnia and the Despotate of Serbia, which he considered Hungary's vassal states, under Stephen Tomašević.[11][12] The Diet of Hungary confirmed Stephen Tomašević's right to Serbia in January 1459.[13]","title":"Marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Smederevska_tvr%C4%91ava_12.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bobovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobovac"},{"link_name":"Smederevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smederevo"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox"},{"link_name":"Holy Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Week"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992163-12"},{"link_name":"Michael Szilágyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Szil%C3%A1gyi"},{"link_name":"the town's fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smederevo_Fortress"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994575-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994575-14"},{"link_name":"first Sunday following Easter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_of_Easter"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992163-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillerNesbitt1995187-10"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994575-14"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillerNesbitt1995187-10"},{"link_name":"despot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despot_(court_title)"},{"link_name":"Byzantine emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_emperor"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994575-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992163-12"},{"link_name":"Rascians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C5%A1ka_(region)"},{"link_name":"schismatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schismatic_(religion)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%86irkovi%C4%871964318-15"},{"link_name":"Mehmed the Conqueror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror"},{"link_name":"Hodidjed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodidjed"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992163-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994575-14"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillerNesbitt1995187-10"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992164-16"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_II"},{"link_name":"Rascia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C5%A1ka_(region)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992163-164-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994575-14"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillerNesbitt1995189-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994575-576-19"},{"link_name":"janissary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janissary"},{"link_name":"Konstantin Mihailović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Mihailovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Laonikos Chalkokondyles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laonikos_Chalkokondyles"},{"link_name":"religious tolerance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_tolerance"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillerNesbitt1995189-18"}],"text":"The acquisition of the Smederevo Fortress in 1459 was an important but short-lived success.Stephen, accompanied by his uncle Radivoj, duly set out for Serbia but narrowly escaped imprisonment during an Ottoman raid on the Bosnian royal residence of Bobovac. He arrived to Smederevo, capital of the Eastern Orthodox despotate, during the Holy Week of 1459, and ascended the Serbian throne on 21 March.[12] Michael Szilágyi, regent for the underage King Matthias, arrived at the head of an army to ensure that command over the town's fortress would be assumed by Stephen without any difficulties.[14]Stephen's marriage to Helen took place on 1 April,[14] the first Sunday following Easter.[12] Following the presumably Catholic ceremony,[10] the bride was known as Maria.[14][10] He assumed the title of despot, despite the fact that the title was neither hereditary nor tied to a specific territory, but a grant from the Byzantine emperor. It is possible that his mother-in-law, a member of Byzantium's last imperial family, believed that she had the right to grant the title in the absence of an emperor.[14] Within a week of the wedding, Stephen exiled his wife's uncle from Serbia.[12] King Thomas boasted to the Duke of Milan that his son had been made despot \"with the agreement and will of all the Rascians\", but Stephen's regime was not particularly popular; chroniclers writing about his treatment of his wife's uncle cursed him as a schismatic.[15]It was clear from the onset that Stephen's reign in Serbia would be short-lived. The Ottoman sultan Mehmed the Conqueror considered Stephen's enthronement an unwarranted violation of his own rights, for the Ottomans too considered Serbia their vassal state. Mehmed promptly launched an attack on Smederevo in June, and there was no serious consideration of trying to defend it. King Thomas rushed to his son's aid, trying to divert the Turks by laying siege to their fortress of Hodidjed, in the middle of Bosnia.[12] Aware that Smederevo could not withstand Mehmed's attack, Stephen surrendered the fortress on 20 June.[14][10] The Ottoman proceeded to annex the rest of the Serbian state to their empire within a year.[16]Following the fall of the town which Pope Pius II lamentably termed \"the gateway to Rascia\", Stephen fled to Bosnia with his family and in-laws, seeking refuge at the court of his father.[17] The King of Hungary accused Stephen and his family of selling Smederevo Fortress to the Ottomans \"for a great weight of gold\", and the Pope at first believed him.[14] Pius's own investigation appears to have come to the conclusion that Stephen did not sell the fortress, as the Pope did not repeat the claim.[18] Ottoman, Bosnian and Serbian sources say nothing about the supposed betrayal, so the allegation is unlikely to be based on fact.[19] The Serbian-born janissary Konstantin Mihailović and the Byzantine Greek scholar Laonikos Chalkokondyles maintained Stephen's innocence and pointed out to the strength of the Ottoman army. Both state that the Serbs within Smederevo were so unhappy with Bosnian rule and convinced that the Ottomans would prevail (and grant them more religious tolerance than the Hungarians) that they went out to meet Mehmed and presented him with keys to the city.[18]","title":"Despotism"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Kingship"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pius_II_(Joos_van_Wassenhove).jpg"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%86irkovi%C4%871964323-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELjubez2009149-21"},{"link_name":"Tvrtko I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvrtko_I"},{"link_name":"by the Grace of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By_the_Grace_of_God"},{"link_name":"Maritime Lands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomorje"},{"link_name":"Zachlumia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachlumia"},{"link_name":"Dalmatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatia"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_in_union_with_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Western lands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donji_Kraji"},{"link_name":"Ottoman pashaluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashaluk_of_Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Republic of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuryTannerPrevit%C3%A9-OrtonBrooke1923149-22"},{"link_name":"Stjepan Vukčić Kosača","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjepan_Vuk%C4%8Di%C4%87_Kosa%C4%8Da"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandi%C4%871978277-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandi%C4%871978277-23"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELjubez2009149-21"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1923578-24"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELjubez2009149-21"},{"link_name":"Pavao Špirančić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavao_%C5%A0piran%C4%8Di%C4%87"},{"link_name":"ban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_(title)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%86irkovi%C4%871964324-25"},{"link_name":"Klis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klis_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Ostrovica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrovica_Fortress"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%86irkovi%C4%871964325-26"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"crusading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusading"},{"link_name":"coronation crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_crown"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%86irkovi%C4%871964324-25"},{"link_name":"feast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints"},{"link_name":"Saint Gregory Thaumaturgus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Gregory_Thaumaturgus"},{"link_name":"Defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_saint"},{"link_name":"papal legate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_legate"},{"link_name":"Nicholas of Modruš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_of_Modru%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Church of Saint Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Mary%27s_Church,_Jajce"},{"link_name":"Jajce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajce"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine2007339-4"},{"link_name":"coronation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%86irkovi%C4%871964324-25"},{"link_name":"religious persecution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_persecution"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine2007339-4"},{"link_name":"sanctification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctification"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%86irkovi%C4%871964324-25"},{"link_name":"John Vitéz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vit%C3%A9z"},{"link_name":"Crown of St Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_St_Stephen"},{"link_name":"Emperor Frederick III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%86irkovi%C4%871964325-26"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%86o%C5%A1kovi%C4%872009-2"}],"sub_title":"Accession and coronation","text":"Pope Pius II's memoirs provide a major insight into Stephen Tomašević's reign.King Thomas died in July 1461. According to later accounts, Thomas's death was plotted by Stephen and Radivoj, and even Matthias and Mehmed were implicated. Historians dismiss these allegations, however, pointing out that the King had been ill since June.[20] Stephen ascended the throne without difficulty. He ensured that his uncle would not contest the succession by generously endowing him with land.[21] The new monarch assumed the pompous title inherited from Tvrtko I, the first Bosnian king, styling himself as, \"by the Grace of God, King of Serbia, Bosnia, the Maritime Lands, Zachlumia, Dalmatia, Croatia, and the Western lands\" – regardless of the fact that Serbia had by then become an Ottoman pashaluk, that Croatia had been lost to Hungary in the 1390s, and that he had to beg the government of the Republic of Venice to allow him to take refuge in Dalmatia in case of an Ottoman attack.[22]Immediately upon his accession, Stephen set out to resolve all disagreements within the royal family in order to strengthen his own position. His relations with his stepmother, the 37-year-old Queen Catherine, had been strained during his father's lifetime, but he now guaranteed that she would retain her title and privileges. Her father, Stjepan Vukčić Kosača, wrote to Venetian officials that the King had \"taken her as his mother\",[23] Vojača having already died by the time he ascended the throne.[23] Kosača was the kingdom's most powerful nobleman, and had been engaged in a never-ending conflict with Stephen's father. Stephen Tomašević took the Venetians' advice to make peace with his stepgrandfather, thus finally ensuring the nobility's absolute support of their king.[21][24] He then focused on improving Bosnia's economy, which became stronger than ever during his reign, and ensuring that the state would collect more profit from the flourishing metalworking trade.[21]Problems rose soon already in the summer of 1461, when Pavao Špirančić, who governed Croatia as ban on behalf of the Hungarian king and frequently clashed with King Thomas, seized a border town. By late summer, Stephen and Kosača were preparing to strike him jointly and divide his territory between themselves.[25] Venice objected, fearing that the fortresses Klis and Ostrovica, paramount to the defense of Dalmatia, might fall to the Ottomans if first taken over by the Bosnians.[26]King Stephen wasted no time to solidify his relations with the Holy See. He sent a desperate plea to Pope Pius, asking him to send bishops, crusading weapons, and a coronation crown, as well as to be recommended to Matthias Corvinus. Stephen hoped that, with the Pope's urging, the Hungarian king would agree to provide him with military aid.[25] On 17 November, the feast of Saint Gregory Thaumaturgus, who had been proclaimed \"Defender of Bosnia\" at royal request, the papal legate and newly appointed bishop Nicholas of Modruš crowned Stephen in the Church of Saint Mary in Jajce.[4] It was the last coronation performed in Bosnia, as well as the only one performed with a crown sent from Rome.[25] It exemplified how, with the religious persecution established by Thomas and with Stephen's active correspondence with the papacy, the Kingdom of Bosnia acquired the character of a true Catholic state only at its very end.[4]The belated attempt at sanctification of the Bosnian monarchy gravely offended the Hungarian king Matthias, who saw the Pope's involvement in the coronation as an infringement of the rights of Hungarian kings. Matthias went so far as to request that the Pope withdraw his support of Stephen.[25] Pope Pius and Bishop John Vitéz mediated in the dispute between the kings of Bosnia and Hungary, but the negotiations did not proceed easily. The relations were finally repaired in the spring of 1462. Matthias was driven by the need to ransom the Crown of St Stephen from Emperor Frederick III, and Stephen was obliged to contribute.[26] In return for the Hungarian king's good graces, Stephen was also required to cede certain towns, swear fealty and to refuse to pay tribute to the Ottomans.[2]","title":"Kingship"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Mehmed_II_by_Gentile_Bellini_(Cropped).png"},{"link_name":"Gentile Bellini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentile_Bellini"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ragusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa"},{"link_name":"Skanderbeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg"},{"link_name":"Venetian Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_Albania"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand I of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"moral support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_support"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%86irkovi%C4%871964325-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%86irkovi%C4%871964326-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%86irkovi%C4%871964326-327-28"},{"link_name":"fortified towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortified_town"},{"link_name":"Vladislav Hercegović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislav_Hercegovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%86irkovi%C4%871964327-29"},{"link_name":"Sava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sava"},{"link_name":"Bosna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosna_(river)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillerNesbitt1995191-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992220-31"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1923578-24"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillerNesbitt1995191-30"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELjubez2009149-21"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillerNesbitt1995191-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillerNesbitt1995191-30"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELjubez2009149-21"},{"link_name":"Adrianople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrianople"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1923578-24"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELjubez2009149-21"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992220-31"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1923578-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1923578-24"},{"link_name":"Mahmud Pasha Angelović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Pasha_Angelovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELjubez2009149-21"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%86irkovi%C4%871964329-33"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992220-31"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELjubez2009149-21"}],"sub_title":"Ottoman invasion","text":"Portrait of Mehmed by Gentile Bellini, whose father painted the only known portrait of StephenBy the spring of 1462, it was known that Mehmed had decided to conquer Bosnia. Stephen and Kosača desperately sought help from Christian rulers. The King maintained contact with the Pope, who had his legates stay permanently at the Bosnian royal court and who strived to concentrate as many soldiers and as much weapons as possible in the threatened kingdom. The authorities of the neighbouring Republic of Ragusa were enlisted to secure the support of the Albanian ruler Skanderbeg, who was subsequently allowed by the Venetians to pass with his army through Venetian Albania on their way to Bosnia. Venice itself promised no assistance, suggesting instead that Stephen and Kosača should trust in their own forces. Others, such as King Ferdinand I of Naples, cited domestic issues and offered nothing more than moral support.[26]While doing everything possible to secure foreign aid, King Stephen found that there was little will to resist within the country.[27] He complained to Pope Pius that the local population leaned towards the Ottomans, which may have been due to increased exploitation and incessant warfare (as opposed to a stable Ottoman regime).[28] The previously tacit discontent of forcefully converted elders of the Bosnian Church became prominent. According to a contemporary, Stephen generously bestowed gifts and honors in order to inspire loyalty, and awarded fortified towns to untrustworthy people, even including former \"heretics\". The greatest blow to the defense efforts, however, was the old conflict between Kosača and his son Vladislav Hercegović, which was resumed in the spring of 1462. Vladislav personally sought help from Mehmed later that year, and the Ottoman ruler eagerly accepted.[29]Encouraged by Matthias's commitment to help and possibly by the Bishop of Modruš, Stephen Tomašević made an imprudent and fatal decision in June 1462. Pope Pius wrote in his diary that, \"relying on one knows what hope\", the King \"refused the tributes which his ancestors had long been used to pay the Ottomans and had stormed the town which the enemy had built at the confluence of Sava and Bosna to put fear into the Hungarians and Slavs.\"[30] According to Chalkokondyles, Stephen invited the Ottoman ambassador to his treasure house and showed him the money set aside as tribute, but informed him that he would rather use it to fight off an Ottoman attack or to live off it in exile.[31][24] Mehmed the Conqueror was enraged by Stephen's insubordinance and audacity. The Pope recounts how,[30] hearing of the Sultan's vow to conquer his kingdom and destroy him,[21][30] Stephen summoned the Bishop of Modruš and blamed him for infuriating the Sultan. He commanded Nicholas to go to Hungary and seek immediate action against the Ottomans, but no help ever arrived to Bosnia from Christendom.[30] Matthias, Skenderbeg and the Ragusans all failed to carry out their promises.[21]In the spring of 1463, Mehmed gathered an army of 150,000 men in Adrianople and prepared to march towards Bosnia.[24] In his despair, Stephen Tomašević turned to the Sultan himself and tried at the last moment to procure a 15-year-long truce with him. Konstantinović claimed that he was present when the Ottomans duped the Bosnian envoys into thinking that the King's request for truce was granted, and that he tried to warn them about the deceit.[21][31][24] Mehmed's army set out right after the envoys.[24] Fortresses fell rapidly, and King Stephen fled with his family and possessions from Bobovac to Jajce. The Ottoman army under the leadership of Mahmud Pasha Angelović laid siege to Bobovac on 19 May, with the Sultan joining them the following day.[21] Angelović was tasked with capturing the King.[33] Believing that Bobovac could withstand the siege for two years, Stephen planned to assemble an army in Jajce, still counting on foreign aid.[31] He sent his wife with their possessions to Dalmatia, while his stepmother took the rest to Ragusa.[21]","title":"Kingship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ključ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klju%C4%8D,_Una-Sana_Canton"},{"link_name":"four-day-long siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kljuc_(1463)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992221-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992221-34"},{"link_name":"mullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullah"},{"link_name":"Ali al-Bistami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Bistami"},{"link_name":"fatwah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatwa"},{"link_name":"Benedetto Dei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Dei"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992222-35"},{"link_name":"flayed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flayed"},{"link_name":"shooting target","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_target"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%86o%C5%A1kovi%C4%872009-2"},{"link_name":"Carevo Polje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carevo_Polje"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELjubez2009150-36"}],"sub_title":"Capture and death","text":"Contrary to Stephen Tomašević's expectations, Bobovac fell within days. The King had already realized that he had no choice but to take refuge in the neighbouring Croatia or Dalmatia. Angelović tirelessly pursued him, and caught up with him in Ključ. The Ottoman army was reportedly about to pass the city's fortress, not suspecting that the King was hiding within its walls, when a local man revealed his whereabouts in return for money. A four-day-long siege of the fortress ensued. Eager to capture him, Angelović had his messengers solemnly promise the King that he would be done no harm if he surrendered, and sent him a document guaranteeing him freedom. With food supplies and ammunition running short, Stephen decided to surrender himself and his garrison to Angelović. Angelović, in turn, brought him, his uncle Radivoj and 13-year-old cousin Tvrtko before Mehmed in Jajce.[34]Stephen sought to ingratiate himself with Mehmed by sending out orders to commanders and castellans to surrender, enabling his captor to take command of more than 70 towns in one week. Mehmed, however, had no intention of sparing Stephen's life and summoned him on 25 May. Stephen fearfully brought Angelović's document,[34] but Mehmed's Persian-born mullah, Ali al-Bistami, issued a fatwah declaring that the Sultan was not bound to keep the promise made by his servant without his knowledge. As if to demonstrate the validity of his fatwah, the elderly mullah took out his sword and beheaded Stephen in front of Mehmed. The chronicler Benedetto Dei, who claimed to have been part of the Sultan's retinue, recorded that Mehmed himself decapitated Stephen.[35] According to later accounts, Mehmed had Stephen flayed or used as a shooting target.[2] The execution of the King, his uncle, cousin and two noblemen took place in a field next to Jajce, which has since been known as Carevo Polje (\"the Emperor's Field\").[36]","title":"Kingship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"morale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morale"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%86irkovi%C4%871964325-26"},{"link_name":"religiously diverse Bosnians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"freedom of religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_religion"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine2007339-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Putative_remains_of_the_last_King_of_Bosnia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Papal States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States"},{"link_name":"ceased to be part of the Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_crisis"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELjubez2009150-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992222-35"},{"link_name":"Ćiro Truhelka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%86iro_Truhelka"},{"link_name":"two coins in the mouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charon%27s_obol"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELjubez2009158-37"},{"link_name":"Antun Knežević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antun_Kne%C5%BEevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Franciscan monastery in Jajce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan_monastery_in_Jajce"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992222-35"}],"text":"Stephen Tomašević was buried on a hill near Jajce. Europe was stunned to see the Bosnian state fall almost completely within weeks of his death. The country's quick submission is said to be the consequence of a poor cooperation between Stephen and his noblemen, but it is perhaps most accurate to attribute it to the people's low morale and general belief that the conquest was inevitable.[26] Additionally, the religiously diverse Bosnians were aware, much like the neighbouring Serbians, that the country would be overrun by Hungary if not by the Ottomans, and that they would enjoy far less freedom of religion and far higher taxes in that case. Therefore, resistance was not as strong as it could have been. Pope Pius's claim that adherents of the Bosnian Church betrayed the kingdom is groundless.[4]Putative remains of King StephenStephen Tomašević's half-siblings were taken to Constantinople and converted to Islam. Queen Catherine, his stepmother, left for the Papal States and unsuccessfully campaigned for the restoration of the kingdom; Bosnia only ceased to be part of the Ottoman Empire in 1908, 445 years after Stephen's death. His widow, Queen Maria, spent the rest of her life in the Empire.[36][35]In 1888, the Croatian archeologist Ćiro Truhelka excavated bones in a settlement close to Jajce known as Kraljev Grob (meaning King's Tomb) and found the skeleton of a decapitated adult male. The head was placed on the chest, with two coins in the mouth.[37] Though by no means certain, it was assumed that the skeleton belonged to Stephen Tomašević. Despite objection from the friar Antun Knežević, who argued for leaving the bones where they had laid for centuries and constructing a small church at the site, the skeleton was placed in a glass coffin in the right aisle of the Franciscan monastery in Jajce.[35]","title":"Assessment and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Family tree"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bury, John Bagnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bagnell_Bury"},{"link_name":"Tanner, Joseph Robson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Robson_Tanner"},{"link_name":"Previté-Orton, Charles William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_William_Previt%C3%A9-Orton"},{"link_name":"Brooke, Zachary Nugent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Nugent_Brooke"},{"link_name":"The Cambridge Medieval History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cambridge_Medieval_History"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"Ćirković, Sima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_%C4%86irkovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Kotromanići","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hbl.lzmk.hr/clanak.aspx?id=249#StjepanTomasevic"},{"link_name":"Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr."},{"link_name":"The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0472082604","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0472082604"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-86356-503-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86356-503-8"},{"link_name":"Mandić, Dominik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominik_Mandi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Miller, William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Miller_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Miller, Timothy S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_S._Miller"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"081320805X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/081320805X"},{"link_name":"Babinger, Franz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Babinger"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-691-01078-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01078-1"},{"link_name":"Mühle, Eduard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%BChle"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-9-00453-674-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-00453-674-6"}],"text":"Bury, John Bagnell; Tanner, Joseph Robson; Previté-Orton, Charles William; Brooke, Zachary Nugent, eds. (1923), The Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 4, Cambridge University Press\nĆirković, Sima (1964). Историја средњовековне босанске државе (in Serbo-Croatian). Srpska književna zadruga.\nĆošković, Pejo (2009), Kotromanići (in Serbo-Croatian), Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography\nFine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472082604.\nFine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (2007). The Bosnian Church: Its Place in State and Society from the Thirteenth to the Fifteenth Century. Saqi. ISBN 978-0-86356-503-8.\nMandić, Dominik (1978), Sabrana djela Dr. O. Dominika Mandića: Bosna i Hercegovina: povjesno kritička istraživanja, Zajednica izdanja ranjeni labud\nMiller, William (1923), The Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 4, Cambridge University Press\nLjubez, Bruno (2009), Jajce Grad: prilog povijesti posljednje bosanske prijestolnice (in Serbo-Croatian), HKD Napredak\nMiller, Timothy S.; Nesbitt, John W., eds. (1995), Peace and war in Byzantium: essays in honor of George T. Dennis, S.J, Catholic University of America Press, ISBN 081320805X\nBabinger, Franz (1992). Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time. USA: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01078-1.\nMühle, Eduard [in German] (2023). Slavs in the Middle Ages Between Idea and Reality. Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-9-00453-674-6.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ćirković, Sima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_%C4%86irkovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"The Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781405142915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405142915"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Kotromani%C4%87_dynasty"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Kotromani%C4%87_dynasty"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kotromani%C4%87_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Kotromanić dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotromani%C4%87_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Prijezda I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prijezda_I,_Ban_of_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"Prijezda II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prijezda_II,_Ban_of_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"Stephen I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_I,_Ban_of_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"Stephen II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_II,_Ban_of_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"Tvrtko I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvrtko_I_of_Bosnia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stephen_Thomas-cropped.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stjepan_Toma%C5%A1evi%C4%87_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth of Kuyavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Kuyavia"},{"link_name":"Dorothea of Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Stephen Tvrtko I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvrtko_I_of_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"Stephen Dabiša","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Dabi%C5%A1a_of_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"Stephen Ostoja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Ostoja_of_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"Stephen Ostojić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Ostoji%C4%87_of_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"Stephen Tvrtko II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvrtko_II_of_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"Stephen Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_of_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"Stephen Tomašević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Dorothea of Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Helen of Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_of_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"Vitača","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita%C4%8Da"},{"link_name":"Kujava Radinović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kujava_Radinovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Jelena Nelipić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelena_Nelipi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Dorothea Garai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_Garai"},{"link_name":"Vojača","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voja%C4%8Da"},{"link_name":"Katarina Kosača","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"Jelena Branković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_of_Serbia,_Queen_of_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"Catherine, Baness of Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Bosnia,_Baness_of_Slavonia"},{"link_name":"Vladislav Kotromanić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislaus_of_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"Jelena Šubić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelena_%C5%A0ubi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth, Queen of Hungary and Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"Catherine, Countess of Cilli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Bosnia,_Countess_of_Cilli"},{"link_name":"Maria, Countess of Helfenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_of_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"Radivoj Ostojić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radivoj_Ostoji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Catherine Tomašević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine,_Princess_of_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"Matija Sabančić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matija_Saban%C4%8Di%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q518086#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000444595050"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/30344789"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrCdHptdrkXjykP3DFMyd"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb169343270"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb169343270"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/119348780"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no2015131579"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119348780.html?language=en"}],"text":"Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. 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(1923), The Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 4, Cambridge University Press","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bagnell_Bury","url_text":"Bury, John Bagnell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Robson_Tanner","url_text":"Tanner, Joseph Robson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_William_Previt%C3%A9-Orton","url_text":"Previté-Orton, Charles William"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Nugent_Brooke","url_text":"Brooke, Zachary Nugent"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cambridge_Medieval_History","url_text":"The Cambridge Medieval History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"}]},{"reference":"Ćirković, Sima (1964). Историја средњовековне босанске државе (in Serbo-Croatian). Srpska književna zadruga.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_%C4%86irkovi%C4%87","url_text":"Ćirković, Sima"}]},{"reference":"Ćošković, Pejo (2009), Kotromanići (in Serbo-Croatian), Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography","urls":[{"url":"http://hbl.lzmk.hr/clanak.aspx?id=249#StjepanTomasevic","url_text":"Kotromanići"}]},{"reference":"Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472082604.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr.","url_text":"Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC","url_text":"The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0472082604","url_text":"0472082604"}]},{"reference":"Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (2007). The Bosnian Church: Its Place in State and Society from the Thirteenth to the Fifteenth Century. Saqi. ISBN 978-0-86356-503-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86356-503-8","url_text":"978-0-86356-503-8"}]},{"reference":"Mandić, Dominik (1978), Sabrana djela Dr. O. Dominika Mandića: Bosna i Hercegovina: povjesno kritička istraživanja, Zajednica izdanja ranjeni labud","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominik_Mandi%C4%87","url_text":"Mandić, Dominik"}]},{"reference":"Miller, William (1923), The Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 4, Cambridge University Press","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Miller_(historian)","url_text":"Miller, William"}]},{"reference":"Ljubez, Bruno (2009), Jajce Grad: prilog povijesti posljednje bosanske prijestolnice (in Serbo-Croatian), HKD Napredak","urls":[]},{"reference":"Miller, Timothy S.; Nesbitt, John W., eds. (1995), Peace and war in Byzantium: essays in honor of George T. Dennis, S.J, Catholic University of America Press, ISBN 081320805X","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_S._Miller","url_text":"Miller, Timothy S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/081320805X","url_text":"081320805X"}]},{"reference":"Babinger, Franz (1992). Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time. USA: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01078-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Babinger","url_text":"Babinger, Franz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01078-1","url_text":"0-691-01078-1"}]},{"reference":"Mühle, Eduard [in German] (2023). Slavs in the Middle Ages Between Idea and Reality. Brill Publishers. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Hour_(Kygo_album) | Golden Hour (Kygo album) | ["1 Background","2 Track listing","3 Charts","3.1 Weekly charts","3.2 Year-end charts","4 Certifications","5 References"] | 2020 studio album by Kygo
Golden HourStudio album by KygoReleased29 May 2020 (2020-05-29)GenreTropical houseLength60:47LabelSony MusicProducer
Kygo
Scott Harris
Lawrie Martin
Petey Martin
Narada Michael Walden
The Gifted
Nicholas Furlong
Kygo chronology
Kids in Love(2017)
Golden Hour(2020)
Thrill of the Chase(2022)
Singles from Golden Hour
"Higher Love"Released: 28 June 2019
"Like It Is"Released: 27 March 2020
"I'll Wait"Released: 3 April 2020
"Freedom"Released: 17 April 2020
"Lose Somebody"Released: 15 May 2020
"The Truth"Released: 22 May 2020
"Broken Glass"Released: 28 May 2020
Golden Hour is the third studio album by Norwegian tropical house DJ and record producer Kygo. It was released on 29 May 2020 by Sony Music.
Background
In June 2018, Kygo announced a collaboration with American rock band Imagine Dragons titled "Born to Be Yours". The single was released on 11 June. It streamed 362 million times on Spotify and 120 million times on YouTube, as of 2 January 2020. On 21 September, Kygo debuted his upcoming single, "Happy Now", during his set at the iHeartRadio Music Festival held at the T-Mobile Arena. The single is a collaboration with Sandro Cavazza. On 24 October, Kygo posted a clip from the single's music video on his social media account. The single was released on 26 October. It streamed 109 million times on YouTube and 330 million times on Spotify, as of 2 January 2020
In October 2018, Kygo and his manager, Myles Shear, partnered with Sony Music Entertainment and launched the Palm Tree Records label. Palm Tree Records aims to be a platform for up-and-coming artists.
"Think About You" featuring American singer Valerie Broussard. It was released as a single on 14 February 2019, and considered timed for Valentine's Day.
"Carry On" is a song with English singer Rita Ora, released as a standalone single for the 2019 film Detective Pikachu. The song was released on 19 April 2019 through RCA Records. It has streamed 174 million times on Spotify.
On 23 May 2019, Kygo released "Not OK" with American singer Chelsea Cutler. As of 2 January 2020 its YouTube video has 72 million views and on Spotify the song has been streamed over 69 million times.
On 14 June 2019, Kygo released his first Norwegian-language song, with Bergen rappers Store P and Lars Vaular called "Kem kan eg ringe".
On 28 June 2019, Kygo remixed Whitney Houston's cover version of Steve Winwood's song "Higher Love". On 21 August 2019, "Higher Love" reached No. 1 position on Billboard magazine's Dance Club Songs chart, making it Houston's highest-charting posthumous release to date. "Higher Love" has been streamed over 917 million times on Spotify as of 7 April 2024.
On 6 December 2019, Kygo collaborated with the Chainsmokers on a track, named "Family".
On 20 January Kygo, via his socials, teased an unreleased Avicii track known as "Forever Yours". This track was first played by Avicii at Ultra Music Festival 2016 but never completed during his lifetime, so Kygo gave his tropical touches to the song after Sandro Cavazza, his fellow collaborator, sent him the track, and with due consent from Avicii's family. The track was released on 24 January 2020.
On 23 March 2020, Kygo announced via his social media that he had completed his third album titled Golden Hour. He then released the single "Like It Is", with Zara Larsson and Tyga, on 27 March 2020.
On 2 April 2020, Kygo released "I'll Wait" with vocals by Sasha Sloan. The next day, a music video was released starring real-life American couple Rob Gronkowski and Camille Kostek containing personal footage of their life together. On 16 April 2020, Kygo collaborated with Moroccan-English singer Zak Abel on a track titled "Freedom".
On 11 May 2020, Kygo officially announced the track list for the Golden Hour album. On 15 May 2020, he released another track, with OneRepublic, titled "Lose Somebody", along with the pre-order for the album. Kygo released the sixth and final single from the album, "The Truth", featuring Valerie Broussard (with whom he previously collaborated on "Think About You"), on 22 May 2020.
Track listing
Golden Hour track listingNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."The Truth" (with Valerie Broussard)Kyrre Gørvell-DahllLena LeonValerie BroussardKygo3:132."Lose Somebody" (with OneRepublic)Gørvell-DahllPhilip PlestedRyan TedderJacob TorreyMorten Ristorp JensenAlexander DelicataAlysa VanderheymKygo3:193."Feels Like Forever" (with Jamie N Commons)Gørvell-DahllJamie N CommonsElias CaparisNicholas PetriccaKevin ReySean WaugamanEli MaimanBenjamin BergerRyan McMahonKygo3:374."Freedom" (with Zak Abel)Gørvell-DahllSandro CavazzaZak ZilesnikLawrie MartinKygoLawrie Martin3:205."Beautiful" (with Sandro Cavazza)Gørvell-DahllCavazzaJohan LindbrandtKygo3:376."To Die For" (with St. Lundi)Gørvell-DahllDermot KennedyTom MartinBrad MairArchie LangleyJamie ScottKygoTom Martin3:507."Broken Glass" (with Kim Petras)Gørvell-DahllChloe AngelidesKim PetrasFran HallLukasz GottwaldAaron JosephSam SumserSean SmallKygoChloe Angelides3:238."How Would I Know" (with Oh Wonder)Gørvell-DahllJaymes YoungLindsey StirlingPatrick MartinKygoPetey Martin3:009."Could You Love Me" (with Dreamlab)Gørvell-DahllDaniel JamesKygoDreamlab3:2210."Higher Love" (with Whitney Houston)Steve WinwoodWilliam JenningsKygoNarada Michael Walden3:5011."I'll Wait" (with Sasha Sloan)Gørvell-DahllSasha SloanScott HarrisKygoScott Harris3:3512."Don't Give Up on Love" (with Sam Tinnesz)Gørvell-DahllBroussardSamuel Anton TinneszJames BairianLouis CastleKygoThe Gifted3:0913."Say You Will" (with Patrick Droney and Petey)Gørvell-DahllPatrick DroneyNick FurlongPetey MartinKygoP. Martin3:2714."Follow" (with Joe Janiak)Gørvell-DahllJoe JaniakSean DouglasP. MartinKygoP. Martin2:5515."Like It Is" (with Zara Larsson and Tyga)Gørvell-DahllDua LipaNick HodgsonGez O'ConnellZara LarssonP. MartinMichael StevensonKygoP. Martin3:0116."Someday" (with Zac Brown)Gørvell-DahllPetriccaFurlongKygoFurlong3:4317."Hurting" (with Rhys Lewis)Gørvell-DahllRyan HennessyJimmy RainsfordJayson DeZuzioJonny PriceKygo3:0618."Only Us" (with Haux)Gørvell-DahllWoodson BlackP. MartinKygoP. Martin3:22Total length:60:47
Golden Hour – Japanese edition bonus tracksNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length19."Carry On" (with Rita Ora)Gorvell-DahllNatalie DunnIlan KidronAfshin SalmaniRita OraKygoAFSHeeNJosh Cumbee3:3920."Not OK" (with Chelsea Cutler)Gorvell-DahllChelsea CutlerLeah HaywoodJamesDavid BrookRobert EllmoreKygoDreamlabRuffian3:3021."Think About You" (featuring Valerie Broussard)Gorvell-DahllBroussardAaron EspeP. MartinKygoP. Martin3:29Total length:71:25
Notes
^ signifies a co-producer
^ signifies a vocal producer
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart performance for Golden Hour
Chart (2020)
Peakposition
Australian Albums (ARIA)
9
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)
20
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)
29
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)
52
Canadian Albums (Billboard)
2
Czech Albums (ČNS IFPI)
95
Danish Albums (Hitlisten)
15
Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)
8
Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)
7
French Albums (SNEP)
34
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)
42
Irish Albums (OCC)
7
Italian Albums (FIMI)
30
Japan Hot Albums (Billboard)
34
Japanese Albums (Oricon)
30
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)
11
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)
1
Scottish Albums (OCC)
18
Slovak Albums (ČNS IFPI)
46
Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)
5
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)
4
UK Albums (OCC)
6
UK Dance Albums (OCC)
2
US Billboard 200
18
US Top Dance/Electronic Albums (Billboard)
2
Year-end charts
2020 year-end chart performance for Golden Hour
Chart (2020)
Position
Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)
100
US Top Dance/Electronic Albums (Billboard)
5
2021 year-end chart performance for Golden Hour
Chart (2021)
Position
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)
19
US Top Dance/Electronic Albums (Billboard)
6
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Canada (Music Canada)
Platinum
80,000‡
Denmark (IFPI Danmark)
Gold
10,000‡
Poland (ZPAV)
Gold
10,000‡
United Kingdom (BPI)
Silver
60,000‡
United States (RIAA)
Gold
500,000‡
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
References
^ Meadow, Matthew (March 23, 2020). "Kygo Reveals New Album "Golden Hour" Is Finished, First Single Dropping Friday". YourEDM. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
^ a b Goldenberg, Ross (15 May 2020). "Kygo shares 'Golden Hour' due date alongside final single with OneRepublic". Dancing Astronaut. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
^ 11 June 2018. "Kygo & Imagine Dragons Tease 'Born To Be Yours' Collaboration". Billboard. Retrieved 13 June 2018.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Bein, Kat. "Kygo & Imagine Dragons Share 'Born To Be Yours': Listen". Billboard. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
^ Bein, Kat. "Kygo Teases 'Happy Now' With Sandro Cavazza: Watch". Billboard. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
^ Bein, Kat. "Kygo and Manager Myles Shear Launches Palm Tree Records In Partnership With Sony Music Entertainment". Billboard. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
^ Dexter, Robyn (12 February 2019). "Kygo previews new music dropping for Valentine's Day". Dancing Astronaut. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
^ Wass, Mike (19 April 2019). "Rita Ora & Kygo Team Up For 'Detective Pikachu' Bop "Carry On"". Idolator. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
^ Yopko, Nick (23 March 2020). "Kygo Announces New Album, Golden Hour". Edm.com - the Latest Electronic Dance Music News, Reviews & Artists. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
^ Stone, Katie. "Kygo and Sasha Sloan Warm Souls with "I'll Wait"". EDM.com - The Latest Electronic Dance Music News, Reviews & Artists. Retrieved 2020-04-04.
^ Goldenberg, Ross (22 May 2020). "Kygo shares 'Golden Hour' opener alongside Valerie Broussard, 'The Truth'". Dancing Astronaut. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
^ "Golden Hour Kygo CD Album". CDJapan.
^ "Australiancharts.com – Kygo – Golden Hour". Hung Medien. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
^ "Austriancharts.at – Kygo – Golden Hour" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
^ "Ultratop.be – Kygo – Golden Hour" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
^ "Ultratop.be – Kygo – Golden Hour" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
^ "Kygo Chart History (Canadian Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
^ "Czech Albums – Top 100". ČNS IFPI. Note: On the chart page, select 23.Týden 2020 on the field besides the words "CZ – ALBUMS – TOP 100" to retrieve the correct chart. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
^ "Danishcharts.dk – Kygo – Golden Hour". Hung Medien. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Kygo – Golden Hour" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
^ "Kygo: Golden Hour" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
^ "Lescharts.com – Kygo – Golden Hour". Hung Medien. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Kygo – Golden Hour" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
^ "Official Irish Albums Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
^ "Italiancharts.com – Kygo – Golden Hour". Hung Medien. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
^ "Japan Hot Albums". Billboard (in Japanese). July 20, 2020. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
^ "Oricon Top 50 albums:2020-7-20". Oricon. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
^ "Charts.nz – Kygo – Golden Hour". Hung Medien. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Kygo – Golden Hour". Hung Medien. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
^ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
^ "Slovak Albums – Top 100". ČNS IFPI. Retrieved June 10, 2024.
^ "Swedishcharts.com – Kygo – Golden Hour". Hung Medien. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
^ "Swisscharts.com – Kygo – Golden Hour". Hung Medien. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
^ "Official Dance Albums Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
^ "Kygo Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
^ "Kygo Chart History (Top Dance/Electronic Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
^ "Årslista Album, 2020". Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
^ "Top Dance/Electronic Albums – Year-End 2020". Billboard. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
^ "Topplista – årsliste – Album 2021" (in Norwegian). IFPI Norway. 3 December 2019. Archived from the original on 31 January 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
^ "Top Dance/Electronic Albums – Year-End 2021". Billboard. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
^ "Canadian album certifications – Kygo – Golden Hour". Music Canada. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
^ "Danish album certifications – Kygo – Golden Hour". IFPI Danmark. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
^ "OLiS - oficjalna lista wyróżnień" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 17 April 2024. Click "TYTUŁ" and enter Golden Hour in the search box.
^ "British album certifications – Kygo – Golden Hour". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
^ "American album certifications – Kygo – Golden Hour". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
vteKygoDiscographyStudio albums
Cloud Nine (2016)
Kids in Love (2017)
Golden Hour (2020)
Thrill of the Chase (2022)
Kygo (2024)
EPs
Stargazing (2017)
Singles
"Firestone"
"ID"
"Stole the Show"
"Sexual Healing (Kygo Remix)"
"Nothing Left"
"Here for You"
"Stay"
"Coming Over"
"Raging"
"Carry Me"
"It Ain't Me"
"First Time"
"Stargazing"
"Kids in Love"
"Stranger Things"
"Remind Me to Forget"
"Born to Be Yours"
"Happy Now"
"Think About You"
"Carry On"
"Not OK"
"Kem kan eg ringe"
"Higher Love"
"Family"
"Forever Yours (Tribute)"
"Like It Is"
"I'll Wait"
"Freedom"
"Lose Somebody"
"The Truth"
"What's Love Got to Do with It"
"Hot Stuff"
"Love Me Now"
"Undeniable"
"Dancing Feet"
"Freeze"
"Never Really Loved Me"
"Lost Without You"
"Woke Up in Love"
"Say Say Say"
"Whatever"
Promotional singles
"Fragile"
Other songs
"You're the Best Thing About Me"
"Broken Glass"
"Someday"
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tropical house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_house"},{"link_name":"record producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"Kygo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kygo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sony Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Release-2"}],"text":"Golden Hour is the third studio album by Norwegian tropical house DJ and record producer Kygo.[1] It was released on 29 May 2020 by Sony Music.[2]","title":"Golden Hour (Kygo album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Imagine Dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_Dragons"},{"link_name":"Born to Be Yours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_to_Be_Yours"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Happy Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Now_(Kygo_song)"},{"link_name":"iHeartRadio Music Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartRadio_Music_Festival"},{"link_name":"T-Mobile Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_Arena"},{"link_name":"Sandro Cavazza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Cavazza"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Think About You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_About_You_(Kygo_song)"},{"link_name":"Valerie Broussard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Broussard"},{"link_name":"Valentine's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Carry On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carry_On_(Kygo_and_Rita_Ora_song)"},{"link_name":"Rita Ora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Ora"},{"link_name":"Detective Pikachu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective_Pikachu_(film)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"RCA Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records"},{"link_name":"Not OK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_OK_(Kygo_and_Chelsea_Cutler_song)"},{"link_name":"Chelsea Cutler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Cutler"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Spotify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotify"},{"link_name":"Lars Vaular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Vaular"},{"link_name":"Kem kan eg ringe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kem_kan_eg_ringe"},{"link_name":"Whitney Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Houston"},{"link_name":"cover version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"},{"link_name":"Steve Winwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Winwood"},{"link_name":"Higher Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Love"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Spotify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotify"},{"link_name":"the Chainsmokers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chainsmokers"},{"link_name":"Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(The_Chainsmokers_and_Kygo_song)"},{"link_name":"Avicii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicii"},{"link_name":"Forever Yours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forever_Yours_(Tribute)"},{"link_name":"Ultra Music Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_Music_Festival"},{"link_name":"Like It Is","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Like_It_Is_(song)"},{"link_name":"Zara Larsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zara_Larsson"},{"link_name":"Tyga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyga"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"I'll Wait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ll_Wait_(Kygo_and_Sasha_Sloan_song)"},{"link_name":"Sasha Sloan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Sloan"},{"link_name":"Rob Gronkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Gronkowski"},{"link_name":"Camille Kostek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Kostek"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Zak Abel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zak_Abel"},{"link_name":"Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_(Kygo_song)"},{"link_name":"OneRepublic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OneRepublic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Release-2"},{"link_name":"The Truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Truth_(Kygo_song)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In June 2018, Kygo announced a collaboration with American rock band Imagine Dragons titled \"Born to Be Yours\".[3] The single was released on 11 June. It streamed 362 million times on Spotify and 120 million times on YouTube, as of 2 January 2020.[4] On 21 September, Kygo debuted his upcoming single, \"Happy Now\", during his set at the iHeartRadio Music Festival held at the T-Mobile Arena. The single is a collaboration with Sandro Cavazza. On 24 October, Kygo posted a clip from the single's music video on his social media account. The single was released on 26 October. It streamed 109 million times on YouTube and 330 million times on Spotify, as of 2 January 2020 [5]In October 2018, Kygo and his manager, Myles Shear, partnered with Sony Music Entertainment and launched the Palm Tree Records label. Palm Tree Records aims to be a platform for up-and-coming artists.[6]\"Think About You\" featuring American singer Valerie Broussard. It was released as a single on 14 February 2019, and considered timed for Valentine's Day.[7]\"Carry On\" is a song with English singer Rita Ora, released as a standalone single for the 2019 film Detective Pikachu.[8] The song was released on 19 April 2019 through RCA Records. It has streamed 174 million times on Spotify.On 23 May 2019, Kygo released \"Not OK\" with American singer Chelsea Cutler. As of 2 January 2020 its YouTube video has 72 million views and on Spotify the song has been streamed over 69 million times.On 14 June 2019, Kygo released his first Norwegian-language song, with Bergen rappers Store P and Lars Vaular called \"Kem kan eg ringe\".On 28 June 2019, Kygo remixed Whitney Houston's cover version of Steve Winwood's song \"Higher Love\". On 21 August 2019, \"Higher Love\" reached No. 1 position on Billboard magazine's Dance Club Songs chart, making it Houston's highest-charting posthumous release to date. \"Higher Love\" has been streamed over 917 million times on Spotify as of 7 April 2024.On 6 December 2019, Kygo collaborated with the Chainsmokers on a track, named \"Family\".On 20 January Kygo, via his socials, teased an unreleased Avicii track known as \"Forever Yours\". This track was first played by Avicii at Ultra Music Festival 2016 but never completed during his lifetime, so Kygo gave his tropical touches to the song after Sandro Cavazza, his fellow collaborator, sent him the track, and with due consent from Avicii's family. The track was released on 24 January 2020.On 23 March 2020, Kygo announced via his social media that he had completed his third album titled Golden Hour. He then released the single \"Like It Is\", with Zara Larsson and Tyga, on 27 March 2020.[9]On 2 April 2020, Kygo released \"I'll Wait\" with vocals by Sasha Sloan. The next day, a music video was released starring real-life American couple Rob Gronkowski and Camille Kostek containing personal footage of their life together.[10] On 16 April 2020, Kygo collaborated with Moroccan-English singer Zak Abel on a track titled \"Freedom\".On 11 May 2020, Kygo officially announced the track list for the Golden Hour album. On 15 May 2020, he released another track, with OneRepublic, titled \"Lose Somebody\", along with the pre-order for the album.[2] Kygo released the sixth and final single from the album, \"The Truth\", featuring Valerie Broussard (with whom he previously collaborated on \"Think About You\"), on 22 May 2020.[11]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Truth_(Kygo_song)"},{"link_name":"Valerie Broussard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Broussard"},{"link_name":"Kyrre Gørvell-Dahll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kygo"},{"link_name":"Valerie Broussard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Broussard"},{"link_name":"Kygo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kygo"},{"link_name":"Lose Somebody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lose_Somebody"},{"link_name":"OneRepublic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OneRepublic"},{"link_name":"Ryan Tedder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Tedder"},{"link_name":"Morten Ristorp Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morten_Ristorp"},{"link_name":"Alexander Delicata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Delicata"},{"link_name":"Jamie N Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_N_Commons"},{"link_name":"Jamie N Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_N_Commons"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Petricca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk_the_Moon"},{"link_name":"Kevin Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk_the_Moon"},{"link_name":"Sean Waugaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk_the_Moon"},{"link_name":"Eli Maiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk_the_Moon"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Berger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Cuts"},{"link_name":"Ryan McMahon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Cuts"},{"link_name":"Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_(Kygo_song)"},{"link_name":"Zak Abel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zak_Abel"},{"link_name":"Sandro Cavazza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Cavazza"},{"link_name":"Zak Zilesnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zak_Abel"},{"link_name":"Sandro Cavazza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Cavazza"},{"link_name":"St. Lundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Lundi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dermot Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermot_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Jamie Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Scott"},{"link_name":"Broken Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Glass_(Kygo_and_Kim_Petras_song)"},{"link_name":"Kim Petras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Petras"},{"link_name":"Chloe Angelides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloe_Angelides"},{"link_name":"Kim Petras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Petras"},{"link_name":"Fran Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransisca_Hall"},{"link_name":"Lukasz Gottwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Luke"},{"link_name":"Chloe Angelides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloe_Angelides"},{"link_name":"Oh Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh_Wonder"},{"link_name":"Jaymes Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaymes_Young"},{"link_name":"Lindsey Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsey_Stirling"},{"link_name":"Dreamlab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamlab_(production_team)"},{"link_name":"Daniel James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamlab_(production_team)"},{"link_name":"Dreamlab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamlab_(production_team)"},{"link_name":"[v]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_v"},{"link_name":"Higher Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Love#Kygo_and_Whitney_Houston_version"},{"link_name":"Whitney Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Houston"},{"link_name":"Steve Winwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Winwood"},{"link_name":"William Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Jennings"},{"link_name":"Narada Michael Walden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narada_Michael_Walden"},{"link_name":"I'll Wait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ll_Wait_(Kygo_and_Sasha_Sloan_song)"},{"link_name":"Sasha Sloan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Sloan"},{"link_name":"Sasha Sloan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Sloan"},{"link_name":"Scott Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Harris_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Scott Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Harris_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Sam Tinnesz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Tinnesz"},{"link_name":"Patrick Droney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Droney&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Petey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petey_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Nick Furlong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Furlong_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Joe Janiak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Janiak"},{"link_name":"Joe Janiak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Janiak"},{"link_name":"Sean Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Douglas_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Like It Is","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Like_It_Is_(song)"},{"link_name":"Zara Larsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zara_Larsson"},{"link_name":"Tyga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyga"},{"link_name":"Dua Lipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua_Lipa"},{"link_name":"Nick Hodgson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Hodgson"},{"link_name":"Gez O'Connell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual_(electronic_band)"},{"link_name":"Zara Larsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zara_Larsson"},{"link_name":"Michael Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyga"},{"link_name":"Someday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Someday_(Kygo_and_Zac_Brown_song)"},{"link_name":"Zac Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zac_Brown"},{"link_name":"Rhys Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_Lewis_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Ryan Hennessy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_This_(band)"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Rainsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_This_(band)"},{"link_name":"Haux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haux"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Carry On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carry_On_(Kygo_and_Rita_Ora_song)"},{"link_name":"Rita Ora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Ora"},{"link_name":"Natalie Dunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Dunn"},{"link_name":"Ilan Kidron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilan_Kidron"},{"link_name":"Rita Ora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Ora"},{"link_name":"Josh Cumbee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Cumbee"},{"link_name":"Not OK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_OK_(Kygo_and_Chelsea_Cutler_song)"},{"link_name":"Chelsea Cutler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Cutler"},{"link_name":"Chelsea Cutler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Cutler"},{"link_name":"Leah Haywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamlab_(production_team)"},{"link_name":"Think About You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_About_You_(Kygo_song)"},{"link_name":"^[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_c"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"^[v]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_v"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"}],"text":"Golden Hour track listingNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"The Truth\" (with Valerie Broussard)Kyrre Gørvell-DahllLena LeonValerie BroussardKygo3:132.\"Lose Somebody\" (with OneRepublic)Gørvell-DahllPhilip PlestedRyan TedderJacob TorreyMorten Ristorp JensenAlexander DelicataAlysa VanderheymKygo3:193.\"Feels Like Forever\" (with Jamie N Commons)Gørvell-DahllJamie N CommonsElias CaparisNicholas PetriccaKevin ReySean WaugamanEli MaimanBenjamin BergerRyan McMahonKygo3:374.\"Freedom\" (with Zak Abel)Gørvell-DahllSandro CavazzaZak ZilesnikLawrie MartinKygoLawrie Martin3:205.\"Beautiful\" (with Sandro Cavazza)Gørvell-DahllCavazzaJohan LindbrandtKygo3:376.\"To Die For\" (with St. Lundi)Gørvell-DahllDermot KennedyTom MartinBrad MairArchie LangleyJamie ScottKygoTom Martin3:507.\"Broken Glass\" (with Kim Petras)Gørvell-DahllChloe AngelidesKim PetrasFran HallLukasz GottwaldAaron JosephSam SumserSean SmallKygoChloe Angelides3:238.\"How Would I Know\" (with Oh Wonder)Gørvell-DahllJaymes YoungLindsey StirlingPatrick MartinKygoPetey Martin3:009.\"Could You Love Me\" (with Dreamlab)Gørvell-DahllDaniel JamesKygoDreamlab[v]3:2210.\"Higher Love\" (with Whitney Houston)Steve WinwoodWilliam JenningsKygoNarada Michael Walden3:5011.\"I'll Wait\" (with Sasha Sloan)Gørvell-DahllSasha SloanScott HarrisKygoScott Harris3:3512.\"Don't Give Up on Love\" (with Sam Tinnesz)Gørvell-DahllBroussardSamuel Anton TinneszJames BairianLouis CastleKygoThe Gifted3:0913.\"Say You Will\" (with Patrick Droney and Petey)Gørvell-DahllPatrick DroneyNick FurlongPetey MartinKygoP. Martin3:2714.\"Follow\" (with Joe Janiak)Gørvell-DahllJoe JaniakSean DouglasP. MartinKygoP. Martin2:5515.\"Like It Is\" (with Zara Larsson and Tyga)Gørvell-DahllDua LipaNick HodgsonGez O'ConnellZara LarssonP. MartinMichael StevensonKygoP. Martin3:0116.\"Someday\" (with Zac Brown)Gørvell-DahllPetriccaFurlongKygoFurlong3:4317.\"Hurting\" (with Rhys Lewis)Gørvell-DahllRyan HennessyJimmy RainsfordJayson DeZuzioJonny PriceKygo3:0618.\"Only Us\" (with Haux)Gørvell-DahllWoodson BlackP. MartinKygoP. Martin3:22Total length:60:47Golden Hour – Japanese edition bonus tracks[12]No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length19.\"Carry On\" (with Rita Ora)Gorvell-DahllNatalie DunnIlan KidronAfshin SalmaniRita OraKygoAFSHeeNJosh Cumbee3:3920.\"Not OK\" (with Chelsea Cutler)Gorvell-DahllChelsea CutlerLeah HaywoodJamesDavid BrookRobert EllmoreKygoDreamlabRuffian3:3021.\"Think About You\" (featuring Valerie Broussard)Gorvell-DahllBroussardAaron EspeP. MartinKygoP. Martin3:29Total length:71:25Notes^[c] signifies a co-producer\n^[v] signifies a vocal producer","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_Hour_(Kygo_album)&action=edit§ion=4"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Australia_Kygo-13"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Austria_Kygo-14"},{"link_name":"Ultratop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Flanders_Kygo-15"},{"link_name":"Ultratop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Wallonia_Kygo-16"},{"link_name":"Canadian Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardCanada_Kygo-17"},{"link_name":"ČNS IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Czech_-18"},{"link_name":"Hitlisten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitlisten"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Denmark_Kygo-19"},{"link_name":"Album Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Album_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Netherlands_Kygo-20"},{"link_name":"Suomen virallinen lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Finland_Kygo-21"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_France_Kygo-22"},{"link_name":"Offizielle Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Germany4_Kygo-23"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Ireland3_-24"},{"link_name":"FIMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Italy_Kygo-25"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Oricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"RMNZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_New_Zealand_Kygo-28"},{"link_name":"VG-lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG-lista"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Norway_Kygo-29"},{"link_name":"Scottish Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Scotland_-30"},{"link_name":"ČNS IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Sweden_Kygo-32"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Switzerland_Kygo-33"},{"link_name":"UK Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_UK2_-34"},{"link_name":"UK Dance Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Dance_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_UKDance_-35"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Billboard200_Kygo-36"},{"link_name":"Top Dance/Electronic Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance/Electronic_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardDanceElectronic_Kygo-37"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_Hour_(Kygo_album)&action=edit§ion=5"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\nChart performance for Golden Hour\n\n\nChart (2020)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (ARIA)[13]\n\n9\n\n\nAustrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[14]\n\n20\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[15]\n\n29\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[16]\n\n52\n\n\nCanadian Albums (Billboard)[17]\n\n2\n\n\nCzech Albums (ČNS IFPI)[18]\n\n95\n\n\nDanish Albums (Hitlisten)[19]\n\n15\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[20]\n\n8\n\n\nFinnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[21]\n\n7\n\n\nFrench Albums (SNEP)[22]\n\n34\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[23]\n\n42\n\n\nIrish Albums (OCC)[24]\n\n7\n\n\nItalian Albums (FIMI)[25]\n\n30\n\n\nJapan Hot Albums (Billboard)[26]\n\n34\n\n\nJapanese Albums (Oricon)[27]\n\n30\n\n\nNew Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[28]\n\n11\n\n\nNorwegian Albums (VG-lista)[29]\n\n1\n\n\nScottish Albums (OCC)[30]\n\n18\n\n\n\nSlovak Albums (ČNS IFPI)[31]\n\n46\n\n\n\nSwedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[32]\n\n5\n\n\nSwiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[33]\n\n4\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[34]\n\n6\n\n\nUK Dance Albums (OCC)[35]\n\n2\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[36]\n\n18\n\n\nUS Top Dance/Electronic Albums (Billboard)[37]\n\n2\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n2020 year-end chart performance for Golden Hour\n\n\nChart (2020)\n\nPosition\n\n\nSwedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[38]\n\n100\n\n\nUS Top Dance/Electronic Albums (Billboard)[39]\n\n5\n\n\n2021 year-end chart performance for Golden Hour\n\n\nChart (2021)\n\nPosition\n\n\nNorwegian Albums (VG-lista)[40]\n\n19\n\n\nUS Top Dance/Electronic Albums (Billboard)[41]\n\n6","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Meadow, Matthew (March 23, 2020). \"Kygo Reveals New Album \"Golden Hour\" Is Finished, First Single Dropping Friday\". 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Retrieved 20 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.idolator.com/7749352/rita-ora-kygo-carry-on-detective-pikachu-soundtrack","url_text":"\"Rita Ora & Kygo Team Up For 'Detective Pikachu' Bop \"Carry On\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolator_(website)","url_text":"Idolator"}]},{"reference":"Yopko, Nick (23 March 2020). \"Kygo Announces New Album, Golden Hour\". Edm.com - the Latest Electronic Dance Music News, Reviews & Artists. Retrieved 25 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://edm.com/music-releases/kygo-announces-golden-hour","url_text":"\"Kygo Announces New Album, Golden Hour\""}]},{"reference":"Stone, Katie. \"Kygo and Sasha Sloan Warm Souls with \"I'll Wait\"\". EDM.com - The Latest Electronic Dance Music News, Reviews & Artists. Retrieved 2020-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://edm.com/music-releases/kygo-sasha-slon-ill-wait","url_text":"\"Kygo and Sasha Sloan Warm Souls with \"I'll Wait\"\""}]},{"reference":"Goldenberg, Ross (22 May 2020). \"Kygo shares 'Golden Hour' opener alongside Valerie Broussard, 'The Truth'\". Dancing Astronaut. Retrieved 3 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://dancingastronaut.com/2020/05/kygo-shares-golden-hour-opener-alongside-valerie-broussard-the-truth/","url_text":"\"Kygo shares 'Golden Hour' opener alongside Valerie Broussard, 'The Truth'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_Astronaut","url_text":"Dancing Astronaut"}]},{"reference":"\"Golden Hour [Japan Bonus Track] Kygo CD Album\". CDJapan.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cdjapan.co.jp/product/SICP-6327","url_text":"\"Golden Hour [Japan Bonus Track] Kygo CD Album\""}]},{"reference":"\"Japan Hot Albums\". Billboard (in Japanese). July 20, 2020. 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Retrieved 20 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/83?dspy=2020&dspp=1","url_text":"\"Årslista Album, 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Dance/Electronic Albums – Year-End 2020\". Billboard. Retrieved 7 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2020/dance-electronic-albums","url_text":"\"Top Dance/Electronic Albums – Year-End 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Topplista – årsliste – Album 2021\" (in Norwegian). IFPI Norway. 3 December 2019. Archived from the original on 31 January 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220131175008/https://ifpi.no/topplista/","url_text":"\"Topplista – årsliste – Album 2021\""},{"url":"https://ifpi.no/topplista/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Dance/Electronic Albums – Year-End 2021\". Billboard. Retrieved 5 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2021/dance-electronic-albums/","url_text":"\"Top Dance/Electronic Albums – Year-End 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian album certifications – Kygo – Golden Hour\". Music Canada. Retrieved 11 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Golden+Hour%20Kygo","url_text":"\"Canadian album certifications – Kygo – Golden Hour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada","url_text":"Music Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Danish album certifications – Kygo – Golden Hour\". IFPI Danmark. Retrieved 29 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://ifpi.dk/node/12037","url_text":"\"Danish album certifications – Kygo – Golden Hour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Danmark","url_text":"IFPI Danmark"}]},{"reference":"\"OLiS - oficjalna lista wyróżnień\" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_Fence_(film) | Running Fence | ["1 Installation","2 Legacy","3 Documentary","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 38°19′4″N 122°55′28″W / 38.31778°N 122.92444°W / 38.31778; -122.924441976 art installation by Christo and Jeanne-Claude
Running FenceArtistChristo and Jeanne-ClaudeYearSeptember 10, 1976 (September 10, 1976)TypeInstallation artCoordinates38°19′4″N 122°55′28″W / 38.31778°N 122.92444°W / 38.31778; -122.92444
Running Fence was an installation art piece by Christo and Jeanne-Claude, which was completed on September 10, 1976. The art installation was first conceived in 1972, but the actual project took more than four years to plan and build. After it was installed, the builders removed it 14 days later, leaving no visible trace behind.
Installation
The art installation consisted of a veiled fence 24.5 miles (39.4 km) long extending across the hills of Sonoma and Marin counties in northern California, United States. The 18-foot (5.5 m) high fence was made of 200,000 square meters (2,222,222 square feet) of heavy woven white nylon fabric, which created 2,050 panels, and was hung from steel cables by means of 350,000 hooks. The cables were supported by 2,050 steel poles (each: 6.4 meters / 21 feet long or 9 centimeters / 3.5 inches in diameter) embedded 1 meter (3 feet) into the ground, braced by steel guy wires (145 kilometers / 90 miles of steel cable), 14,000 earth anchors, and without any concrete.
The route of the fence began near U.S. Highway 101 and crossed 14 roads and the private property of 59 ranchers to reach the Pacific Ocean south of Bodega Bay. The fence entered the Pacific Ocean at a point about midway between the Estero Americano and the Estero de San Antonio, in northwestern Marin County. The art project required 42 months of collaborative efforts, 18 public hearings, 3 sessions at the Superior Courts of California, and the drafting of an Environmental Impact Report (EIR); the required EIR for the piece was 450 pages long.
All expenses for the temporary work of art were paid by Christo and Jeanne-Claude through the sale of studies, preparatory drawings and collages, scale models and original lithographs.
Originally conceived in 1972 as Curtains for West Berlin to block the view of the Berlin Wall, the project relocated to rural Sonoma and Marin Counties just south of the historic Russian settlements of Fort Ross and Port Rumyantsev at Bodega Bay in the Mexican bulwark of Rancho Americano. It is also said to have been partly inspired by fences demarcating the Continental Divide in Colorado. Christo emphasized that he considered Running Fence to encompass its social, legal, and technical dimensions.
An alternative location at Harmony, California for a 24.5 mile fence installation was scouted by Jeanne-Claude and Christo in 1973.
Legacy
The piece is commemorated by historic markers at Watson School near Bodega, California and at State Route 1 in Valley Ford, California. In December 1976, the County Landmarks Commission, County of Sonoma designated the Valley Ford site (pole #7-33) as History Landmark #24.
The largest remaining intact and continuous section of the Running Fence hangs below the ceiling of the Rio Theater in Monte Rio, California.
Between April 1, 2010 through September 25, 2010, Christo and Jeanne-Claude: Remembering the Running Fence was on display at the Smithsonian American Art Museum. The exhibition comprised over 350 archival and related works and photographs, and visitors could touch the actual nylon fabric panels and steel poles from the original work of art.
The Charles M. Schulz Museum in Santa Rosa has a permanent exhibit on Christo featuring a portion of fabric from the Running Fence. Schulz's Peanuts comic strip featured Christo's art and the Running Fence in 1978.
Documentary
The piece was the subject of a 1978 documentary film Running Fence by Albert and David Maysles. The film includes scenes showing the local response to the project, which ranged from excitement to resentment and active protest. Several Californians including Expressionist painter Byron Randall protested the piece on the grounds of both land infringement and lack of artistic merit; however others appreciated the beauty of the work and in the end the project was completed.
Gallery
Sign at Watson School
One of two commemorative markers in Valley Ford, California
The Running Fence's 24.5 mile course with Russian, Mexican, and American historic features noted.
See also
Site-specific art
Land art
Public art
List of Sonoma County Regional Parks facilities
Sonoma County Historic Landmarks and Districts
References
^ a b "Christo and Jeanne-Claude". Archived from the original on 2008-03-06. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
^ a b c d "Running Fence". Archived from the original on 2009-01-26. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
^ Environmental Science Associates; Sonoma County (Calif.). Planning Dept (1975). Running fence : draft environmental impact report : prepared under contract to the Sonoma County Planning Department, Santa Rosa, California. Smithsonian Libraries. Foster City, Calif. : Environmental Science Associates.
^ "Christo". LIVES RETOLD. Retrieved 2023-10-21.
^ Chamberlain, Colby (2017-04-01). "THE POLITICS OF CHRISTO AND JEANNE-CLAUDE'S RUNNING FENCE". Artforum. Retrieved 2023-10-21.
^ "Running Fence, Sonoma and Marin Counties, California, 1972-76 | Smithsonian American Art Museum". americanart.si.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-27.
^ ""Watson School Historic Park"". Retrieved 2008-01-31.
^ "Over The River: Prizes and Awards". Retrieved 2010-10-11.
^ "Rio Theater owners optimistic about its Kickstarter campaign helping it stay alive". Retrieved 2013-05-04.
^ a b "Christo and Jeanne-Claude: Remembering the Running Fence". Smithsonian American Art Museum. Retrieved 2019-11-01.
^ Yazel, Faith (2020-07-01). "In Memory of the Artist, Christo". Charles M. Schulz Museum. Retrieved 2023-10-21.
^ "Running Fence (1978)". Retrieved 2008-01-31.
^ a b Malin, Janet "'Running Fence' Films Story of an Art Event:The Program". The New York Times. April 11, 1978. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
^ Chernow, Burt; Volz, Wolfgang (2002). Christo and Jeanne-Claude. p. 240. NY: St. Martin's Press.
^ Vogels, Jonathan B. (2010). The Direct Cinema of David and Albert Maysles. pp.111-123. SIU Press.
Further reading
Chamberlain, Colby (April 2017). "Colby Chamberlain on the politics of Christo and Jeanne-Claude's Running Fence". Artforum. Vol. 55, no. 8. ISSN 0004-3532.
Kaplan, Helaine (1977). "Wrapping the Coast with Christo's 'Running Fence'". Landscape Architecture. 67 (1): 56–61. ISSN 0023-8031. JSTOR 44666469.
Tomkins, Calvin (June 2, 2020). "A Tribute to Christo's Unforgettable Art Works". The New Yorker. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Running Fence.
Christo and Jeanne-Claude: Running Fence
Photo of Running Fence section in Rio Theater auditorium
Gallery of 24 historic photos from the Santa Rosa Press-Democrat newspaper archives
50th Anniversary of the 1972 beginning of Christo's Running Fence project - Panel Discussion
vteChristo and Jeanne-Claude
Wrapped Coast (1969)
Valley Curtain (1972)
Running Fence (1976)
Surrounded Islands (1983)
The Pont Neuf Wrapped (1985)
The Umbrellas (1991)
Wrapped Reichstag (1995)
The Gates (2005)
The Floating Piers (2016)
L'Arc de Triomphe, Wrapped (2021)
Over the River (unrealized)
vteAlbert and David MayslesFilms by Albert and David Maysles
What's Happening! The Beatles in the USA (1964)
Salesman (1969)
Gimme Shelter (1970)
Christo's Valley Curtain (1974)
Grey Gardens (1975)
Running Fence (1978)
Muhammad and Larry (1980)
The Beatles: The First U.S. Visit (1991)
The Beales of Grey Gardens (2006)
Films by Albert Maysles
LaLee's Kin: The Legacy of Cotton (2001)
The Gates (2007)
Milwaukee at Last!!! (2009)
The Love We Make (2011)
Iris (2014) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"installation art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Installation_art"},{"link_name":"Christo and Jeanne-Claude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christo_and_Jeanne-Claude"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nga-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-christo-2"}],"text":"1976 art installation by Christo and Jeanne-ClaudeRunning Fence was an installation art piece by Christo and Jeanne-Claude, which was completed on September 10, 1976. The art installation was first conceived in 1972, but the actual project took more than four years to plan and build.[1] After it was installed, the builders removed it 14 days later, leaving no visible trace behind.[2]","title":"Running Fence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sonoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoma_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Marin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_County,_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-christo-2"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_101"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Bodega Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodega_Bay"},{"link_name":"Estero Americano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americano_Creek"},{"link_name":"Estero de San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estero_de_San_Antonio"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"EIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-christo-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-christo-2"},{"link_name":"Berlin Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Fort Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Ross,_California"},{"link_name":"Rumyantsev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Rumyantsev"},{"link_name":"Bodega Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodega_Bay,_California"},{"link_name":"Rancho Americano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americano_Creek"},{"link_name":"Continental Divide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Divide"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nga-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The art installation consisted of a veiled fence 24.5 miles (39.4 km) long extending across the hills of Sonoma and Marin counties in northern California, United States. The 18-foot (5.5 m) high fence was made of 200,000 square meters (2,222,222 square feet) of heavy woven white nylon fabric, which created 2,050 panels, and was hung from steel cables by means of 350,000 hooks. The cables were supported by 2,050 steel poles (each: 6.4 meters / 21 feet long or 9 centimeters / 3.5 inches in diameter) embedded 1 meter (3 feet) into the ground, braced by steel guy wires (145 kilometers / 90 miles of steel cable), 14,000 earth anchors, and without any concrete.[2]The route of the fence began near U.S. Highway 101 and crossed 14 roads and the private property of 59 ranchers to reach the Pacific Ocean south of Bodega Bay. The fence entered the Pacific Ocean at a point about midway between the Estero Americano and the Estero de San Antonio, in northwestern Marin County.[3] The art project required 42 months of collaborative efforts, 18 public hearings, 3 sessions at the Superior Courts of California, and the drafting of an Environmental Impact Report (EIR); the required EIR for the piece was 450 pages long.[2]All expenses for the temporary work of art were paid by Christo and Jeanne-Claude through the sale of studies, preparatory drawings and collages, scale models and original lithographs.[2]Originally conceived in 1972 as Curtains for West Berlin to block the view of the Berlin Wall,[4] the project relocated to rural Sonoma and Marin Counties just south of the historic Russian settlements of Fort Ross and Port Rumyantsev at Bodega Bay in the Mexican bulwark of Rancho Americano. It is also said to have been partly inspired by fences demarcating the Continental Divide in Colorado.[1] Christo emphasized that he considered Running Fence to encompass its social, legal, and technical dimensions.[5]An alternative location at Harmony, California for a 24.5 mile fence installation was scouted by Jeanne-Claude and Christo in 1973.[6]","title":"Installation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Watson School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watson_School"},{"link_name":"Bodega, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodega,_California"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scrpd-7"},{"link_name":"State Route 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_1"},{"link_name":"Valley Ford, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Ford,_California"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Rio Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Theater_(Monte_Rio)"},{"link_name":"Monte Rio, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Rio,_California"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"Charles M. Schulz Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_M._Schulz_Museum_and_Research_Center"},{"link_name":"Santa Rosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Rosa,_California"},{"link_name":"Peanuts comic strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanuts"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The piece is commemorated by historic markers at Watson School near Bodega, California[7] and at State Route 1 in Valley Ford, California. In December 1976, the County Landmarks Commission, County of Sonoma designated the Valley Ford site (pole #7-33) as History Landmark #24.[8]The largest remaining intact and continuous section of the Running Fence hangs below the ceiling of the Rio Theater in Monte Rio, California.[9]Between April 1, 2010 through September 25, 2010, Christo and Jeanne-Claude: Remembering the Running Fence was on display at the Smithsonian American Art Museum.[10] The exhibition comprised over 350 archival and related works and photographs, and visitors could touch the actual nylon fabric panels and steel poles from the original work of art.[10]The Charles M. Schulz Museum in Santa Rosa has a permanent exhibit on Christo featuring a portion of fabric from the Running Fence. Schulz's Peanuts comic strip featured Christo's art and the Running Fence in 1978.[11]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albert and David Maysles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_and_David_Maysles"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imdb-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Story-13"},{"link_name":"Byron Randall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron_Randall"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Story-13"}],"text":"The piece was the subject of a 1978 documentary film Running Fence by Albert and David Maysles.[12][13] The film includes scenes showing the local response to the project, which ranged from excitement to resentment and active protest. Several Californians including Expressionist painter Byron Randall protested the piece on the grounds of both land infringement and lack of artistic merit; however others appreciated the beauty of the work and in the end the project was completed.[14][15][13]","title":"Documentary"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Running_Fence_Watson_School_sign.jpg"},{"link_name":"Watson School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watson_School"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ChristoMarker3185.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Running_Fence_map_with_notes.jpg"}],"text":"Sign at Watson School\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOne of two commemorative markers in Valley Ford, California\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Running Fence's 24.5 mile course with Russian, Mexican, and American historic features noted.","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Colby Chamberlain on the politics of Christo and Jeanne-Claude's Running Fence\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.artforum.com/print/201704/the-politics-of-christo-and-jeanne-claude-s-running-fence-67188"},{"link_name":"Artforum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artforum"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0004-3532","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-3532"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0023-8031","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0023-8031"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"44666469","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/44666469"},{"link_name":"\"A Tribute to Christo's Unforgettable Art Works\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newyorker.com/culture/postscript/a-tribute-to-christos-unforgettable-art-works"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"}],"text":"Chamberlain, Colby (April 2017). \"Colby Chamberlain on the politics of Christo and Jeanne-Claude's Running Fence\". Artforum. Vol. 55, no. 8. ISSN 0004-3532.\nKaplan, Helaine (1977). \"Wrapping the Coast with Christo's 'Running Fence'\". Landscape Architecture. 67 (1): 56–61. ISSN 0023-8031. JSTOR 44666469.\nTomkins, Calvin (June 2, 2020). \"A Tribute to Christo's Unforgettable Art Works\". The New Yorker. Retrieved June 3, 2020.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | [{"title":"Site-specific art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site-specific_art"},{"title":"Land art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_art"},{"title":"Public art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_art"},{"title":"List of Sonoma County Regional Parks facilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sonoma_County_Regional_Parks_facilities"},{"title":"Sonoma County Historic Landmarks and Districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoma_County_Historic_Landmarks_and_Districts"}] | [{"reference":"\"Christo and Jeanne-Claude\". Archived from the original on 2008-03-06. Retrieved 2008-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080306133606/http://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/2002/christo/fence.shtm","url_text":"\"Christo and Jeanne-Claude\""},{"url":"http://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/2002/christo/fence.shtm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Running Fence\". Archived from the original on 2009-01-26. Retrieved 2008-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090126044050/http://christojeanneclaude.net/rf.shtml","url_text":"\"Running Fence\""},{"url":"http://christojeanneclaude.net/rf.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Environmental Science Associates; Sonoma County (Calif.). Planning Dept (1975). Running fence : draft environmental impact report : prepared under contract to the Sonoma County Planning Department, Santa Rosa, California. Smithsonian Libraries. Foster City, Calif. : Environmental Science Associates.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/runningfencedraf00envi","url_text":"Running fence : draft environmental impact report : prepared under contract to the Sonoma County Planning Department, Santa Rosa, California"}]},{"reference":"\"Christo\". LIVES RETOLD. Retrieved 2023-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://livesretold.co.uk/christo","url_text":"\"Christo\""}]},{"reference":"Chamberlain, Colby (2017-04-01). \"THE POLITICS OF CHRISTO AND JEANNE-CLAUDE'S RUNNING FENCE\". Artforum. Retrieved 2023-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artforum.com/columns/the-politics-of-christo-and-jeanne-claudes-running-fence-233313/","url_text":"\"THE POLITICS OF CHRISTO AND JEANNE-CLAUDE'S RUNNING FENCE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Running Fence, Sonoma and Marin Counties, California, 1972-76 | Smithsonian American Art Museum\". americanart.si.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/running-fence-sonoma-and-marin-counties-california-1972-76-77978","url_text":"\"Running Fence, Sonoma and Marin Counties, California, 1972-76 | Smithsonian American Art Museum\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Watson School Historic Park\"\". Retrieved 2008-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sonoma-county.org/parks/pk_watsn.htm","url_text":"\"\"Watson School Historic Park\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Over The River: Prizes and Awards\". Retrieved 2010-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.overtheriverinfo.com/index.php/about-the-artists/prizes-awards/","url_text":"\"Over The River: Prizes and Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rio Theater owners optimistic about its Kickstarter campaign helping it stay alive\". Retrieved 2013-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://guerneville.towns.pressdemocrat.com/2013/05/02/over-the-top-the-rio-achieves-its-goal/","url_text":"\"Rio Theater owners optimistic about its Kickstarter campaign helping it stay alive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Christo and Jeanne-Claude: Remembering the Running Fence\". Smithsonian American Art Museum. Retrieved 2019-11-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://americanart.si.edu/exhibitions/christo","url_text":"\"Christo and Jeanne-Claude: Remembering the Running Fence\""}]},{"reference":"Yazel, Faith (2020-07-01). \"In Memory of the Artist, Christo\". Charles M. Schulz Museum. Retrieved 2023-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://schulzmuseum.org/in-memory-of-the-artist-christo/","url_text":"\"In Memory of the Artist, Christo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Running Fence (1978)\". Retrieved 2008-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0220741/","url_text":"\"Running Fence (1978)\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Running Fence' Films Story of an Art Event:The Program\". The New York Times. April 11, 1978. Retrieved September 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1978/04/11/archives/running-fence-films-story-of-an-art-eventthe-program.html","url_text":"\"'Running Fence' Films Story of an Art Event:The Program\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Chamberlain, Colby (April 2017). \"Colby Chamberlain on the politics of Christo and Jeanne-Claude's Running Fence\". Artforum. Vol. 55, no. 8. ISSN 0004-3532.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artforum.com/print/201704/the-politics-of-christo-and-jeanne-claude-s-running-fence-67188","url_text":"\"Colby Chamberlain on the politics of Christo and Jeanne-Claude's Running Fence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artforum","url_text":"Artforum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-3532","url_text":"0004-3532"}]},{"reference":"Kaplan, Helaine (1977). \"Wrapping the Coast with Christo's 'Running Fence'\". Landscape Architecture. 67 (1): 56–61. ISSN 0023-8031. JSTOR 44666469.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0023-8031","url_text":"0023-8031"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44666469","url_text":"44666469"}]},{"reference":"Tomkins, Calvin (June 2, 2020). \"A Tribute to Christo's Unforgettable Art Works\". The New Yorker. Retrieved June 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/culture/postscript/a-tribute-to-christos-unforgettable-art-works","url_text":"\"A Tribute to Christo's Unforgettable Art Works\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker","url_text":"The New Yorker"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Running_Fence¶ms=38_19_4_N_122_55_28_W_region:US-CA_type:landmark_dim:25km","external_links_name":"38°19′4″N 122°55′28″W / 38.31778°N 122.92444°W / 38.31778; -122.92444"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Running_Fence¶ms=38_19_4_N_122_55_28_W_region:US-CA_type:landmark_dim:25km","external_links_name":"38°19′4″N 122°55′28″W / 38.31778°N 122.92444°W / 38.31778; -122.92444"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080306133606/http://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/2002/christo/fence.shtm","external_links_name":"\"Christo and Jeanne-Claude\""},{"Link":"http://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/2002/christo/fence.shtm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090126044050/http://christojeanneclaude.net/rf.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Running Fence\""},{"Link":"http://christojeanneclaude.net/rf.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://archive.org/details/runningfencedraf00envi","external_links_name":"Running fence : draft environmental impact report : prepared under contract to the Sonoma County Planning Department, Santa Rosa, California"},{"Link":"https://livesretold.co.uk/christo","external_links_name":"\"Christo\""},{"Link":"https://www.artforum.com/columns/the-politics-of-christo-and-jeanne-claudes-running-fence-233313/","external_links_name":"\"THE POLITICS OF CHRISTO AND JEANNE-CLAUDE'S RUNNING FENCE\""},{"Link":"https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/running-fence-sonoma-and-marin-counties-california-1972-76-77978","external_links_name":"\"Running Fence, Sonoma and Marin Counties, California, 1972-76 | Smithsonian American Art Museum\""},{"Link":"http://www.sonoma-county.org/parks/pk_watsn.htm","external_links_name":"\"\"Watson School Historic Park\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.overtheriverinfo.com/index.php/about-the-artists/prizes-awards/","external_links_name":"\"Over The River: Prizes and Awards\""},{"Link":"http://guerneville.towns.pressdemocrat.com/2013/05/02/over-the-top-the-rio-achieves-its-goal/","external_links_name":"\"Rio Theater owners optimistic about its Kickstarter campaign helping it stay alive\""},{"Link":"https://americanart.si.edu/exhibitions/christo","external_links_name":"\"Christo and Jeanne-Claude: Remembering the Running Fence\""},{"Link":"https://schulzmuseum.org/in-memory-of-the-artist-christo/","external_links_name":"\"In Memory of the Artist, Christo\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0220741/","external_links_name":"\"Running Fence (1978)\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1978/04/11/archives/running-fence-films-story-of-an-art-eventthe-program.html","external_links_name":"\"'Running Fence' Films Story of an Art Event:The Program\""},{"Link":"https://www.artforum.com/print/201704/the-politics-of-christo-and-jeanne-claude-s-running-fence-67188","external_links_name":"\"Colby Chamberlain on the politics of Christo and Jeanne-Claude's Running Fence\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-3532","external_links_name":"0004-3532"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0023-8031","external_links_name":"0023-8031"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44666469","external_links_name":"44666469"},{"Link":"https://www.newyorker.com/culture/postscript/a-tribute-to-christos-unforgettable-art-works","external_links_name":"\"A Tribute to Christo's Unforgettable Art Works\""},{"Link":"http://www.christojeanneclaude.net/projects/running-fence","external_links_name":"Christo and Jeanne-Claude: Running Fence"},{"Link":"http://guerneville.towns.pressdemocrat.com/2013/01/19/rio-theater-attempts-to-kickstart-its-jump-into-the-21st-century/cristo_ceiling400/","external_links_name":"Photo of Running Fence section in Rio Theater auditorium"},{"Link":"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/gallery/4649655-181/christo-and-jean-claudes-running-fence","external_links_name":"Gallery of 24 historic photos from the Santa Rosa Press-Democrat newspaper archives"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NcEl0TSyj4","external_links_name":"50th Anniversary of the 1972 beginning of Christo's Running Fence project - Panel Discussion"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neunkart | Neunkart | ["1 History and description","2 Footnotes","3 References","4 Bibliography"] | German card game
Neunkart ("Nine Cards") or Fett und Mager ("Fat and Lean") was a traditional North German card game played with 36 French-suited cards.
History and description
The game is mentioned as early as 1800 by Johann Friedrich Schütze as Neegenkaart and Fett un Mager in his Holstein dictionary, where it is described as a favourite game of Holstein farmers and townsfolk. Players were dealt 9 cards each and there was a trump suit. The first, "higher paid" tricks were the "fat ones" and the last tricks, paid at half the value, were the "lean ones."
The game was also spelt Negenkaart. Around 1865 it is one of the many card games played by Eiderstedt farmers at Christmas alongside, Brausbart, Dreikart, Fünfkart, Fips, Karnüffel, Scherwenzel, Hahnrei and others.
But by around 1890, it was one of only two card games still being played by farmers in the Eiderstedt region alongside Dreekort.
As Nikort or Fedt og Magert it was played in Denmark in the 19th century alongside numerous other games.
Footnotes
^ Presumably played by four players with a (then) standard 36-card, French-suited pack, typical of the region.
^ If stakes were anted by all players each time, there were probably three fat tricks and six lean ones. Players anted 3 stakes each, making 12 in total. The first three tricks paid 2 each and the last six tricks 1 stake each, thus emptying the pot. If only the dealer anted, the stake had to be quite large e.g. with 13 stakes, the first four tricks would be worth 2 each and the last five 1 each.
References
^ Schütze (1800), p. 208.
^ Berghaus (1883), p. 89.
^ Die Grenzboten (1865), p. 983.
^ _ (1892), p. 93.
^ Feilberg (1864), p. 81.
Bibliography
_. (1865). "Weihnachten in Schleswig-Holstein" in Die Grenzboten, Vol. 4; Vol. 24, pp. 974–986.
_. (1892). Zeitschrift für deutsche Kulturgeschichte, Volume 3, Bauer & Raspe.
Berghaus, Dr. Heinrich Karl Wilhelm (1883). Der Sprachschatz der Sassen: ein Wörterbuch der Plattdeütschen Sprache. Vol. 2 (J–R). Berlin W.: R. Eisenschmidt.
Feilberg, Henning Frederik (1864). Fra Heden Hadersley.
Schütze , Johann Friedrich (1800). Holsteinisches Idiotikon. Part 1. Hamburg: Heinrich Ludgwig Villaume.
vteTrick-taking card games (list)French packs52 cards(except where stated)
3-2-5 (30)
3-5-8
400
500 (43)
1000 (24)
1001 (24)
All fours
Auction bridge
Barbu
Baśka (16)
Bid whist
Bisca (40)
Black lady
Black Maria
Bluke
Bonken
Boston
Bourré
Bridge
Call-ace whist
Cinch
Clabber (24)
Clag
Chlust (20)
Court piece
Cucumber
Femkort
Forty-fives
French whist
German whist
Gong Zhu
Hearts
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Kachufool
King
Knock-out whist
Konter a Matt (24)
Kop (16)
Köpknack
Knüffeln (48)
Lanterloo
Mizerka
Napoleon
Ninety-nine
Norseman's knock
Oh hell
Pedro
Pinochle (2x24)
Pitch
Phat
Polskpas (24)
Priffe
Put
Ristikontra
Rödskägg
Shelem
Sheng ji
Sixty-three
Sjavs (Danish) (20)
Skærvindsel (28)
Smear
Spades
Spoil Five
Stýrivolt (48)
Sueca (40)
Tarneeb
Thunee (24)
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Twenty-five (Spoil Five)
Two-ten-jack
Vira
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French packs36 cards
Agram
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Bräus
Brus
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Bura
Catch the ten
Dapp
Frog
Hindersche
Knack
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Rutersju
Scharwenzel
Six-bid solo
Svängknack
Tapp
Tarabish
Trekort
Viersche
Voormsi
French packs32 cards
304
Baloot
Bassadewitz
Bauerchen
Bauernheinrich
Belote
Bezique
Bierlachs
Brandeln
Bruus
Chouine
Coinche
Écarté
Enflé
Euchre
Fipsen
Fünf dazu
Herzblatt
Kaiser
Klaberjass/Bela
Klammern
Klaverjas
Letzter
Letzter Stich
Manille
Marjolet
Mistigri
Officers' Skat
Oma Skat
Pilotta
Piquet
Polignac
Preferans
Préférence
Rams
Schwimmen
Sheepshead
Siebenschräm
Sjavs
Skat
Slobberhannes
Solo 66
Tausendundeins
Tippen
Toepen
Tuppen
Twenty-eight
Zwanzig ab
Zwicken
German packs 36 cards
Bauerntarock
Bavarian Tarock
Bieten (33)
Brusbart
Dobbm
Haferltarock
Jaggln (33)
Kratzen (33)
Mulatschak
Perlaggen (33)
Schnalzen (33)
Württemberg Tarock
German packs32 cards(except where stated)
Bauernfangen (20)
Bauernschnapsen (20)
Bierkopf (20)
Binokel (2x24)
Blattla
Bohemian Schneider
Bohemian Watten
Bolachen
Doppelkopf (2x24)
Dreeg (24)
Dreierschnapsen (20)
Elfern
Gaigel (2x24)
German Schafkopf
German Solo
Gilten
Grasobern
Herzeln
Herzla
Kein Stich
Lampeln
Lorum
Lupfen (20)
Lusti-Kartl'n
Mariáš
Matzlfangen
Mauscheln
Mucken
Officers' Schafkopf
Quodlibet
Ramsch
Ramscheln
Ramsen
Rosbiratschka
Rumpel
Russian Schnapsen (24)
Schafkopf
Schnapsen (20)
Sedma
Sedmice
Sixty-six (24)
Sticheln
Trischettn
Wallachen
Watten
Wendish Schafkopf
Ulti
Unteransetzen
Zehnerlegen
Italian or Spanish packs
Aluette
Bestia
Botifarra
Brisca
Briscola
Calabresella
Gilé
Julepe
Tressette
Truc
Truc y Flou
Truco
Tute
Swiss German packs
Jass (Chratze, Schieberjass, Hindersi-Jass)
Kaiserspiel
Category {{Historical card games}} {{Non trick-taking card games}} {{Tarot and Tarock card games}}
This card game–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_German"},{"link_name":"French-suited cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French-suited_cards"}],"text":"Neunkart (\"Nine Cards\") or Fett und Mager (\"Fat and Lean\") was a traditional North German card game played with 36 French-suited cards.","title":"Neunkart"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johann Friedrich Schütze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Sch%C3%BCtze"},{"link_name":"Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"tricks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trick_(cards)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Eiderstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiderstedt"},{"link_name":"Brausbart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brausbart"},{"link_name":"Dreikart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreikart"},{"link_name":"Fünfkart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCnfkart"},{"link_name":"Fips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fips_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Karnüffel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karn%C3%BCffel"},{"link_name":"Scherwenzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scharwenzel"},{"link_name":"Hahnrei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hahnrei"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Eiderstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiderstedt"},{"link_name":"Dreekort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreekort"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The game is mentioned as early as 1800 by Johann Friedrich Schütze as Neegenkaart and Fett un Mager in his Holstein dictionary, where it is described as a favourite game of Holstein farmers and townsfolk. Players were dealt 9 cards each and there was a trump suit.[a] The first, \"higher paid\" tricks were the \"fat ones\" and the last tricks, paid at half the value, were the \"lean ones.\"[1][b]The game was also spelt Negenkaart.[2] Around 1865 it is one of the many card games played by Eiderstedt farmers at Christmas alongside, Brausbart, Dreikart, Fünfkart, Fips, Karnüffel, Scherwenzel, Hahnrei and others.[3]\nBut by around 1890, it was one of only two card games still being played by farmers in the Eiderstedt region alongside Dreekort.[4]As Nikort or Fedt og Magert it was played in Denmark in the 19th century alongside numerous other games.[5]","title":"History and description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"French-suited pack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French-suited_pack"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"}],"text":"^ Presumably played by four players with a (then) standard 36-card, French-suited pack, typical of the region.\n\n^ If stakes were anted by all players each time, there were probably three fat tricks and six lean ones. Players anted 3 stakes each, making 12 in total. The first three tricks paid 2 each and the last six tricks 1 stake each, thus emptying the pot. If only the dealer anted, the stake had to be quite large e.g. with 13 stakes, the first four tricks would be worth 2 each and the last five 1 each.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fra Heden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=CRJbAAAAcAAJ&dq=nikort&pg=PA81"},{"link_name":"Schütze , Johann Friedrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Sch%C3%BCtze"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Trick-taking_card_games"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Trick-taking_card_games"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Trick-taking_card_games"},{"link_name":"Trick-taking card games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trick-taking_game"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_trick-taking_games"},{"link_name":"French packs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French-suited_playing_cards"},{"link_name":"3-2-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-2-5"},{"link_name":"3-5-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-5-8"},{"link_name":"400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/400_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/500_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"1000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"1001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1001_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"All fours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_fours_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Auction bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auction_bridge"},{"link_name":"Barbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbu_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Baśka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%9Bka"},{"link_name":"Bid whist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bid_whist"},{"link_name":"Bisca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisca_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Black lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_lady"},{"link_name":"Black Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Maria_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Bluke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluke"},{"link_name":"Bonken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonken"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Bourré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_bridge"},{"link_name":"Call-ace whist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call-ace_whist"},{"link_name":"Cinch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinch_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Clabber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clabber"},{"link_name":"Clag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clag_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Chlust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlust"},{"link_name":"Court piece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_piece"},{"link_name":"Cucumber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucumber_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Femkort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femkort"},{"link_name":"Forty-fives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forty-fives"},{"link_name":"French whist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_whist"},{"link_name":"German whist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_whist"},{"link_name":"Gong Zhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong_Zhu"},{"link_name":"Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearts_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Hucklebuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hucklebuck"},{"link_name":"Kachufool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kachufool"},{"link_name":"King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Knock-out whist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knock-out_whist"},{"link_name":"Konter a Matt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konter_a_Matt"},{"link_name":"Kop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kop_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Köpknack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6pknack"},{"link_name":"Knüffeln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kn%C3%BCffeln"},{"link_name":"Lanterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanterloo"},{"link_name":"Mizerka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizerka_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Ninety-nine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninety-nine_(trick-taking_card_game)"},{"link_name":"Norseman's knock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norseman%27s_knock"},{"link_name":"Oh hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh_hell"},{"link_name":"Pedro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Pinochle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinochle"},{"link_name":"Pitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Phat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phat_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Polskpas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polskpas"},{"link_name":"Priffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priffe"},{"link_name":"Put","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Put_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Ristikontra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ristikontra"},{"link_name":"Rödskägg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6dsk%C3%A4gg"},{"link_name":"Shelem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelem"},{"link_name":"Sheng ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheng_ji"},{"link_name":"Sixty-three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixty-three_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Sjavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjavs"},{"link_name":"Skærvindsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%A6rvindsel"},{"link_name":"Smear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smear_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Spades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spades_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Spoil Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maw_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Stýrivolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%BDrivolt"},{"link_name":"Sueca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sueca_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Tarneeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarneeb"},{"link_name":"Thunee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunee"},{"link_name":"Turkish King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_King"},{"link_name":"Twenty-five (Spoil Five)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-five_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Two-ten-jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-ten-jack"},{"link_name":"Vira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vira_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Whist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whist"},{"link_name":"Zwikken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwikken"},{"link_name":"French packs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French-suited_playing_cards"},{"link_name":"Agram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agram_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Bête","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AAte"},{"link_name":"Bräus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A4us"},{"link_name":"Brus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brus_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Brús","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BAs"},{"link_name":"Bruus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruus"},{"link_name":"Bura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bura_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Catch the ten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_the_ten"},{"link_name":"Dapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapp_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Frog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog_(American_card_game)"},{"link_name":"Hindersche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindersche"},{"link_name":"Knack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knack_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Marjapussi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjapussi"},{"link_name":"Rutersju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutersju"},{"link_name":"Scharwenzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scharwenzel"},{"link_name":"Six-bid solo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-bid_solo"},{"link_name":"Svängknack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C3%A4ngknack"},{"link_name":"Tapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapp_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Tarabish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarabish"},{"link_name":"Trekort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trekort"},{"link_name":"Viersche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viersche"},{"link_name":"Voormsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voormsi"},{"link_name":"French packs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French-suited_playing_cards"},{"link_name":"304","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/304_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Baloot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloot"},{"link_name":"Bassadewitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassadewitz"},{"link_name":"Bauerchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauerchen"},{"link_name":"Bauernheinrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauernheinrich"},{"link_name":"Belote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belote"},{"link_name":"Bezique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezique"},{"link_name":"Bierlachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bierlachs"},{"link_name":"Brandeln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandeln"},{"link_name":"Bruus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruus"},{"link_name":"Chouine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chouine"},{"link_name":"Coinche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coinche"},{"link_name":"Écarté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cart%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Enflé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfl%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Euchre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euchre"},{"link_name":"Fipsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fipsen"},{"link_name":"Fünf dazu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwanzig_ab"},{"link_name":"Herzblatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzblatt"},{"link_name":"Kaiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Klaberjass/Bela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaberjass"},{"link_name":"Klammern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klammern"},{"link_name":"Klaverjas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaverjas"},{"link_name":"Letzter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letzter"},{"link_name":"Letzter Stich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letzter_Stich"},{"link_name":"Manille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manille"},{"link_name":"Marjolet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjolet"},{"link_name":"Mistigri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistigri_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Officers' Skat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officers%27_Skat"},{"link_name":"Oma Skat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oma_Skat"},{"link_name":"Pilotta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilotta"},{"link_name":"Piquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piquet"},{"link_name":"Polignac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polignac_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Preferans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preferans"},{"link_name":"Préférence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence"},{"link_name":"Rams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rams_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Schwimmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwimmen"},{"link_name":"Sheepshead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheepshead_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Siebenschräm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siebenschr%C3%A4m"},{"link_name":"Sjavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjavs"},{"link_name":"Skat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skat_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Slobberhannes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobberhannes"},{"link_name":"Solo 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solo_66"},{"link_name":"Tausendundeins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tausendundeins"},{"link_name":"Tippen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tippen"},{"link_name":"Toepen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toepen"},{"link_name":"Tuppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siebenschr%C3%A4m"},{"link_name":"Twenty-eight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-eight_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Zwanzig ab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwanzig_ab"},{"link_name":"Zwicken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwicken"},{"link_name":"German packs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-suited_playing_cards"},{"link_name":"Bauerntarock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauerntarock"},{"link_name":"Bavarian Tarock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Tarock"},{"link_name":"Bieten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bieten"},{"link_name":"Brusbart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruus"},{"link_name":"Dobbm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobbm"},{"link_name":"Haferltarock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Tarock"},{"link_name":"Jaggln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggln"},{"link_name":"Kratzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kratzen"},{"link_name":"Mulatschak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulatschak"},{"link_name":"Perlaggen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlaggen"},{"link_name":"Schnalzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schnalzen"},{"link_name":"Württemberg Tarock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapp_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"German packs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-suited_playing_cards"},{"link_name":"Bauernfangen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauernfangen"},{"link_name":"Bauernschnapsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauernschnapsen"},{"link_name":"Bierkopf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bierkopf"},{"link_name":"Binokel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binokel"},{"link_name":"Blattla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blattla"},{"link_name":"Bohemian Schneider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemian_Schneider"},{"link_name":"Bohemian Watten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemian_Watten"},{"link_name":"Bolachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolachen"},{"link_name":"Doppelkopf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppelkopf"},{"link_name":"Dreeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreeg"},{"link_name":"Dreierschnapsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreierschnapsen"},{"link_name":"Elfern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfern"},{"link_name":"Gaigel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaigel"},{"link_name":"German Schafkopf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Schafkopf"},{"link_name":"German Solo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Solo"},{"link_name":"Gilten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilten_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Grasobern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasobern"},{"link_name":"Herzeln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzeln"},{"link_name":"Herzla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzla"},{"link_name":"Kein Stich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kein_Stich"},{"link_name":"Lampeln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampeln"},{"link_name":"Lorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorum_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Lupfen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupfen_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Lusti-Kartl'n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusti-Kartl%27n"},{"link_name":"Mariáš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari%C3%A1%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Matzlfangen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matzlfangen"},{"link_name":"Mauscheln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauscheln"},{"link_name":"Mucken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucken"},{"link_name":"Officers' Schafkopf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officers%27_Schafkopf"},{"link_name":"Quodlibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quodlibet_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Ramsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsch"},{"link_name":"Ramscheln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramscheln"},{"link_name":"Ramsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsen_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Rosbiratschka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosbiratschka"},{"link_name":"Rumpel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpel"},{"link_name":"Russian Schnapsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Schnapsen"},{"link_name":"Schafkopf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schafkopf"},{"link_name":"Schnapsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schnapsen"},{"link_name":"Sedma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedma"},{"link_name":"Sedmice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedmice"},{"link_name":"Sixty-six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixty-six_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Sticheln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticheln"},{"link_name":"Trischettn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trischettn"},{"link_name":"Wallachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachen"},{"link_name":"Watten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watten_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Wendish Schafkopf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendish_Schafkopf"},{"link_name":"Ulti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulti"},{"link_name":"Unteransetzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unteransetzen"},{"link_name":"Zehnerlegen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zehnerlegen"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian-suited_playing_cards"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish-suited_playing_cards"},{"link_name":"Aluette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluette"},{"link_name":"Bestia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestia_(game)"},{"link_name":"Botifarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botifarra_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Brisca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisca"},{"link_name":"Briscola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briscola"},{"link_name":"Calabresella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabresella"},{"link_name":"Gilé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Julepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julepe"},{"link_name":"Tressette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tressette"},{"link_name":"Truc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truc"},{"link_name":"Truc y Flou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truc_y_Flou"},{"link_name":"Truco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truco"},{"link_name":"Tute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tute"},{"link_name":"Swiss German packs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss-suited_playing_cards"},{"link_name":"Jass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jass"},{"link_name":"Chratze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chratze"},{"link_name":"Schieberjass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schieberjass"},{"link_name":"Hindersi-Jass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindersi-Jass"},{"link_name":"Kaiserspiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiserspiel"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Trick-taking_card_games"},{"link_name":"Historical card games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Historical_card_games"},{"link_name":"Non trick-taking card games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Non_trick-taking_card_games"},{"link_name":"Tarot and Tarock card games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Tarot_and_Tarock_card_games"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quads_A.svg"},{"link_name":"card game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_game"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neunkart&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Card-game-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Card-game-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Card-game-stub"}],"text":"_. (1865). \"Weihnachten in Schleswig-Holstein\" in Die Grenzboten, Vol. 4; Vol. 24, pp. 974–986.\n_. (1892). Zeitschrift für deutsche Kulturgeschichte, Volume 3, Bauer & Raspe.\nBerghaus, Dr. Heinrich Karl Wilhelm (1883). Der Sprachschatz der Sassen: ein Wörterbuch der Plattdeütschen Sprache. Vol. 2 (J–R). Berlin W.: R. Eisenschmidt.\nFeilberg, Henning Frederik (1864). Fra Heden Hadersley.\nSchütze , Johann Friedrich (1800). Holsteinisches Idiotikon. Part 1. Hamburg: Heinrich Ludgwig Villaume.vteTrick-taking card games (list)French packs52 cards(except where stated)\n3-2-5 (30)\n3-5-8\n400\n500 (43)\n1000 (24)\n1001 (24)\nAll fours\nAuction bridge\nBarbu\nBaśka (16)\nBid whist\nBisca (40)\nBlack lady\nBlack Maria\nBluke\nBonken\nBoston\nBourré\nBridge\nCall-ace whist\nCinch\nClabber (24)\nClag\nChlust (20)\nCourt piece\nCucumber\nFemkort\nForty-fives\nFrench whist\nGerman whist\nGong Zhu\nHearts\nHucklebuck\nKachufool\nKing\nKnock-out whist\nKonter a Matt (24)\nKop (16)\nKöpknack\nKnüffeln (48)\nLanterloo\nMizerka\nNapoleon\nNinety-nine\nNorseman's knock\nOh hell\nPedro\nPinochle (2x24)\nPitch\nPhat\nPolskpas (24)\nPriffe\nPut\nRistikontra\nRödskägg\nShelem\nSheng ji\nSixty-three\nSjavs (Danish) (20)\nSkærvindsel (28)\nSmear\nSpades\nSpoil Five\nStýrivolt (48)\nSueca (40)\nTarneeb\nThunee (24)\nTurkish King\nTwenty-five (Spoil Five)\nTwo-ten-jack\nVira\nWhist\nZwikken (20)\nFrench packs36 cards\nAgram\nBête\nBräus\nBrus\nBrús\nBruus\nBura\nCatch the ten\nDapp\nFrog\nHindersche\nKnack\nMarjapussi\nRutersju\nScharwenzel\nSix-bid solo\nSvängknack\nTapp\nTarabish\nTrekort\nViersche\nVoormsi\nFrench packs32 cards\n304\nBaloot\nBassadewitz\nBauerchen\nBauernheinrich\nBelote\nBezique\nBierlachs\nBrandeln\nBruus\nChouine\nCoinche\nÉcarté\nEnflé\nEuchre\nFipsen\nFünf dazu\nHerzblatt\nKaiser\nKlaberjass/Bela\nKlammern\nKlaverjas\nLetzter\nLetzter Stich\nManille\nMarjolet\nMistigri\nOfficers' Skat\nOma Skat\nPilotta\nPiquet\nPolignac\nPreferans\nPréférence\nRams\nSchwimmen\nSheepshead\nSiebenschräm\nSjavs\nSkat\nSlobberhannes\nSolo 66\nTausendundeins\nTippen\nToepen\nTuppen\nTwenty-eight\nZwanzig ab\nZwicken\nGerman packs 36 cards\nBauerntarock\nBavarian Tarock\nBieten (33)\nBrusbart\nDobbm\nHaferltarock\nJaggln (33)\nKratzen (33)\nMulatschak\nPerlaggen (33)\nSchnalzen (33)\nWürttemberg Tarock\nGerman packs32 cards(except where stated)\nBauernfangen (20)\nBauernschnapsen (20)\nBierkopf (20)\nBinokel (2x24)\nBlattla\nBohemian Schneider\nBohemian Watten\nBolachen\nDoppelkopf (2x24)\nDreeg (24)\nDreierschnapsen (20)\nElfern\nGaigel (2x24)\nGerman Schafkopf\nGerman Solo\nGilten\nGrasobern\nHerzeln\nHerzla\nKein Stich\nLampeln\nLorum\nLupfen (20)\nLusti-Kartl'n\nMariáš\nMatzlfangen\nMauscheln\nMucken\nOfficers' Schafkopf\nQuodlibet\nRamsch\nRamscheln\nRamsen\nRosbiratschka\nRumpel\nRussian Schnapsen (24)\nSchafkopf\nSchnapsen (20)\nSedma\nSedmice\nSixty-six (24)\nSticheln\nTrischettn\nWallachen\nWatten\nWendish Schafkopf\nUlti\nUnteransetzen\nZehnerlegen\nItalian or Spanish packs\nAluette\nBestia\nBotifarra\nBrisca\nBriscola\nCalabresella\nGilé\nJulepe\nTressette\nTruc\nTruc y Flou\nTruco\nTute\nSwiss German packs\nJass (Chratze, Schieberjass, Hindersi-Jass)\nKaiserspiel\n\n Category {{Historical card games}} {{Non trick-taking card games}} {{Tarot and Tarock card games}}This card game–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CRJbAAAAcAAJ&dq=nikort&pg=PA81","external_links_name":"Fra Heden"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neunkart&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Smith_Twins | Fort Smith Twins | ["1 Notable Fort Smith alumni","2 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Fort Smith Twins" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Minor league baseball teamFort Smith Twins1887–1953(1887, 1897, 1905–1907, 1909, 1911, 1914–1917, 1920–1932, 1938–1942, 1946–1949, 1951–1953) Fort Smith, Arkansas Minor league affiliationsPrevious classes
Class C (1922–1932, 1938–1942, 1946–1949, 1951–1953)
Class D (1906–1907, 1909, 1911, 1914–1917, 1920–1921)
Class C (1905)
LeagueWestern Association (1911, 1914–1917, 1920–1932, 1938–1942, 1946–1953)Previous leagues
Arkansas State League (1909)
Oklahoma–Arkansas–Kansas League (1907)
South Central League (1906)
Missouri Valley League (1905)
Arkansas State League (1897)
Southwestern League (1887)
Major league affiliationsPrevious teams
Cleveland Indians (1951–1952)
New York Giants (1938–1942, 1946–1949)
St. Louis Browns (1932)
Detroit Tigers (1930)
St. Louis Cardinals (1926)
Minor league titlesLeague titles 1927, 1929, 1942Team dataPrevious names
Fort Smith-Van Buren Twins (1953)
Fort Smith Indians (1951–1952)
Fort Smith Giants (1938–1942, 1946–1949)
Fort Smith Twins (1914–1917, 1920–1932)
Fort Smith Scouts (1911)
Fort Smith Soldiers (1907, 1909)
Fort Smith Razorbacks (1906)
Fort Smith Giants (1905)
Fort Smith Indians (1887, 1897)
Previous parksAndrews Field
The Fort Smith Twins (later known as the Fort Smith Giants) were a minor league baseball team in Fort Smith, Arkansas that existed in various incarnations from 1887 through 1953, playing a total of 36 seasons. From 1911 onward, the teams played in the Western Association.
Beginning in 1921, the teams played most of their home games at Andrews Field in downtown Fort Smith on land now owned by the Fort Smith National Cemetery.
Baseball Hall of Fame inductee Chick Hafey played for Fort Smith in 1923. Hugo Bezdek managed the Fort Smith Soldiers for part of the 1909 season.
Notable Fort Smith alumni
Hall of Fame Alumni
Chick Hafey (1923) Inducted, 1971
Notable alumni
Mickey Doolin (1923)
Harry Feldman (1938)
Jake Flowers (1924)
Ival Goodman (1931) 2 x MLB All-Star
Luke Hamlin (1929)
Ducky Holmes (1922)
Buddy Kerr (1941) MLB All-Star
Pepper Martin (1925) 4 x MLB All-Star
Gus Mancuso (1926) 2 x MLB All-Star
Heinie Mueller (1920)
Flint Rhem (1924)
Earl Smith (1916)
Al Todd (1929)
Gee Walker (1928) MLB All-Star
Jo-Jo White (1929-1930)
References
^ "Human verification".
^ "1909 Fort Smith Soldiers Statistics".
Baseball Reference
This article about a baseball team in Arkansas is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Smith Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Smith_Giants"},{"link_name":"Fort Smith, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Smith,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Western Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Association"},{"link_name":"Fort Smith National Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Smith_National_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Baseball Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Chick Hafey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chick_Hafey"},{"link_name":"Hugo Bezdek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Bezdek"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Minor league baseball teamThe Fort Smith Twins (later known as the Fort Smith Giants) were a minor league baseball team in Fort Smith, Arkansas that existed in various incarnations from 1887 through 1953, playing a total of 36 seasons. From 1911 onward, the teams played in the Western Association.Beginning in 1921, the teams played most of their home games at Andrews Field in downtown Fort Smith on land now owned by the Fort Smith National Cemetery.[1]Baseball Hall of Fame inductee Chick Hafey played for Fort Smith in 1923. Hugo Bezdek managed the Fort Smith Soldiers for part of the 1909 season.[2]","title":"Fort Smith Twins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chick Hafey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chick_Hafey"},{"link_name":"Mickey Doolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Doolin"},{"link_name":"Harry Feldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Feldman"},{"link_name":"Jake Flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Flowers"},{"link_name":"Ival Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ival_Goodman"},{"link_name":"Luke Hamlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Hamlin"},{"link_name":"Ducky Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducky_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Buddy Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Kerr"},{"link_name":"Pepper Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepper_Martin"},{"link_name":"Gus Mancuso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Mancuso"},{"link_name":"Heinie Mueller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinie_Mueller_(outfielder)"},{"link_name":"Flint Rhem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_Rhem"},{"link_name":"Earl Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Smith_(catcher)"},{"link_name":"Al Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Todd"},{"link_name":"Gee Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gee_Walker"},{"link_name":"Jo-Jo White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo-Jo_White"}],"text":"Hall of Fame Alumni\n\nChick Hafey (1923) Inducted, 1971\nNotable alumni\n\nMickey Doolin (1923)\nHarry Feldman (1938)\nJake Flowers (1924)\nIval Goodman (1931) 2 x MLB All-Star\nLuke Hamlin (1929)\nDucky Holmes (1922)\nBuddy Kerr (1941) MLB All-Star\nPepper Martin (1925) 4 x MLB All-Star\nGus Mancuso (1926) 2 x MLB All-Star\nHeinie Mueller (1920)\nFlint Rhem (1924)\nEarl Smith (1916)\nAl Todd (1929)\nGee Walker (1928) MLB All-Star\nJo-Jo White (1929-1930)","title":"Notable Fort Smith alumni"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Human verification\".","urls":[{"url":"http://ballparks.baseballyakker.com/?page_id=112","url_text":"\"Human verification\""}]},{"reference":"\"1909 Fort Smith Soldiers Statistics\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?id=c02cc3b8","url_text":"\"1909 Fort Smith Soldiers Statistics\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Fort+Smith+Twins%22","external_links_name":"\"Fort Smith Twins\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Fort+Smith+Twins%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Fort+Smith+Twins%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Fort+Smith+Twins%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Fort+Smith+Twins%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Fort+Smith+Twins%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://ballparks.baseballyakker.com/?page_id=112","external_links_name":"\"Human verification\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?id=c02cc3b8","external_links_name":"\"1909 Fort Smith Soldiers Statistics\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/team.cgi?city=Fort%20Smith&state=AR&country=US&empty=0","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Smith_Twins&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60S_ribosomal_protein_L7 | 60S ribosomal protein L7 | ["1 Function","2 Interactions","3 References","4 Further reading"] | Protein found in humans
RPL7Available structuresPDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes4UG0, 4V6X, 5AJ0IdentifiersAliasesRPL7, L7, humL7-1, ribosomal protein L7, ribosomal protein uL30External IDsOMIM: 604166; MGI: 98073; HomoloGene: 87772; GeneCards: RPL7; OMA:RPL7 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 8 (human)Band8q21.11Start73,290,242 bpEnd73,295,789 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 1 (mouse)Band1|1 A3Start16,171,519 bpEnd16,174,886 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed inganglionic eminenceAchilles tendonventricular zoneleft ovarygastric mucosaright ovarycanal of the cervixmonocytesmooth muscle tissuebody of uterusTop expressed inepiblastventricular zoneganglionic eminenceblastocystuteruszone of skinlensmorulaesophagusthymusMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function
protein binding
protein homodimerization activity
DNA binding
mRNA binding
RNA binding
structural constituent of ribosome
Cellular component
ribosome
nucleolus
cytoplasm
cytosol
nucleus
membrane
focal adhesion
extracellular exosome
polysome
cytosolic large ribosomal subunit
postsynaptic density
ribonucleoprotein complex
Biological process
SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane
maturation of LSU-rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)
viral transcription
nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay
cytoplasmic translation
ribosomal large subunit biogenesis
translational initiation
protein biosynthesis
rRNA processing
Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez612919989EnsemblENSG00000147604ENSMUSG00000043716UniProtP18124P14148RefSeq (mRNA)NM_000971NM_001363737NM_011291RefSeq (protein)NP_000962NP_001350666NP_035421Location (UCSC)Chr 8: 73.29 – 73.3 MbChr 1: 16.17 – 16.17 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse
60S ribosomal protein L7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL7 gene.
Function
Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. This gene encodes a ribosomal protein that is a component of the 60S subunit. The protein belongs to the L30P family of ribosomal proteins. It contains an N-terminal basic region-leucine zipper (BZIP)-like domain and the RNP consensus sub-motif RNP2. In vitro the BZIP-like domain mediates homodimerization and stable binding to DNA and RNA, with a preference for 28S rRNA and mRNA. The protein can inhibit cell-free translation of mRNAs, suggesting that it plays a regulatory role in the translation apparatus. It is located in the cytoplasm. The protein has been shown to be an autoantigen in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus. As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed through the genome.
Interactions
RPL7 has been shown to interact with ZNF7. It interacts with HIV-1 Gag protein through Zinc Finger of HIV-1 Gag.
References
^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000147604 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000043716 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Seshadri T, Uzman JA, Oshima J, Campisi J (September 1993). "Identification of a transcript that is down-regulated in senescent human fibroblasts. Cloning, sequence analysis, and regulation of the human L7 ribosomal protein gene". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 268 (25): 18474–80. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)46650-6. PMID 8360149.
^ Hemmerich P, von Mikecz A, Neumann F, Sözeri O, Wolff-Vorbeck G, Zoebelein R, Krawinkel U (January 1993). "Structural and functional properties of ribosomal protein L7 from humans and rodents". Nucleic Acids Research. 21 (2): 223–31. doi:10.1093/nar/21.2.223. PMC 309096. PMID 8441630.
^ a b "Entrez Gene: RPL7 ribosomal protein L7".
^ Witte S, Krawinkel U (August 1997). "Specific interactions of the autoantigen L7 with multi-zinc finger protein ZNF7 and ribosomal protein S7". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (35): 22243–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.35.22243. PMID 9268371.
^ Mekdad HE, Boutant E, Karnib H, Biedma ME, Sharma KK, Malytska I, et al. (August 2016). "Characterization of the interaction between the HIV-1 Gag structural polyprotein and the cellular ribosomal protein L7 and its implication in viral nucleic acid remodeling". Retrovirology. 13 (1): 54. doi:10.1186/s12977-016-0287-4. PMC 4982112. PMID 27515235.
Further reading
Wool IG, Chan YL, Glück A (1996). "Structure and evolution of mammalian ribosomal proteins". Biochemistry and Cell Biology. 73 (11–12): 933–47. doi:10.1139/o95-101. PMID 8722009.
von Mikecz A, Hemmerich P, Peter HH, Krawinkel U (December 1994). "Characterization of eukaryotic protein L7 as a novel autoantigen which frequently elicits an immune response in patients suffering from systemic autoimmune disease". Immunobiology. 192 (1–2): 137–54. doi:10.1016/S0171-2985(11)80413-4. PMID 7750987.
Neumann F, Hemmerich P, von Mikecz A, Peter HH, Krawinkel U (January 1995). "Human ribosomal protein L7 inhibits cell-free translation in reticulocyte lysates and affects the expression of nuclear proteins upon stable transfection into Jurkat T-lymphoma cells". Nucleic Acids Research. 23 (2): 195–202. doi:10.1093/nar/23.2.195. PMC 306654. PMID 7862521.
Maruyama K, Sugano S (January 1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298.
Witte S, Krawinkel U (August 1997). "Specific interactions of the autoantigen L7 with multi-zinc finger protein ZNF7 and ribosomal protein S7". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (35): 22243–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.35.22243. PMID 9268371.
Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S (October 1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID 9373149.
Kenmochi N, Kawaguchi T, Rozen S, Davis E, Goodman N, Hudson TJ, Tanaka T, Page DC (May 1998). "A map of 75 human ribosomal protein genes". Genome Research. 8 (5): 509–23. doi:10.1101/gr.8.5.509. PMID 9582194.
Andersen JS, Lyon CE, Fox AH, Leung AK, Lam YW, Steen H, Mann M, Lamond AI (January 2002). "Directed proteomic analysis of the human nucleolus". Current Biology. 12 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00650-9. PMID 11790298. S2CID 14132033.
Brezillon S, Lannoy V, Franssen JD, Le Poul E, Dupriez V, Lucchetti J, Detheux M, Parmentier M (January 2003). "Identification of natural ligands for the orphan G protein-coupled receptors GPR7 and GPR8". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (2): 776–83. doi:10.1074/jbc.M206396200. PMID 12401809.
Kasai H, Nadano D, Hidaka E, Higuchi K, Kawakubo M, Sato TA, Nakayama J (May 2003). "Differential expression of ribosomal proteins in human normal and neoplastic colorectum". The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry. 51 (5): 567–74. doi:10.1177/002215540305100502. PMID 12704204. S2CID 25865715.
Odintsova TI, Müller EC, Ivanov AV, Egorov TA, Bienert R, Vladimirov SN, Kostka S, Otto A, Wittmann-Liebold B, Karpova GG (April 2003). "Characterization and analysis of posttranslational modifications of the human large cytoplasmic ribosomal subunit proteins by mass spectrometry and Edman sequencing". Journal of Protein Chemistry. 22 (3): 249–58. doi:10.1023/A:1025068419698. PMID 12962325. S2CID 10710245.
Rush J, Moritz A, Lee KA, Guo A, Goss VL, Spek EJ, Zhang H, Zha XM, Polakiewicz RD, Comb MJ (January 2005). "Immunoaffinity profiling of tyrosine phosphorylation in cancer cells". Nature Biotechnology. 23 (1): 94–101. doi:10.1038/nbt1046. PMID 15592455. S2CID 7200157.
Andersen JS, Lam YW, Leung AK, Ong SE, Lyon CE, Lamond AI, Mann M (January 2005). "Nucleolar proteome dynamics". Nature. 433 (7021): 77–83. Bibcode:2005Natur.433...77A. doi:10.1038/nature03207. PMID 15635413. S2CID 4344740.
Ko JR, Wu JY, Kirby R, Li IF, Lin A (July 2006). "Mapping the essential structures of human ribosomal protein L7 for nuclear entry, ribosome assembly and function". FEBS Letters. 580 (16): 3804–10. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2006.05.073. PMID 16797011. S2CID 25168455.
Wu WC, Liu HW, Lin A (February 2007). "Human ribosomal protein L7 displays an ER binding property and is involved in ribosome-ER association". FEBS Letters. 581 (4): 651–7. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2007.01.023. PMID 17258209. S2CID 30461645.
vteProtein biosynthesis: translation (bacterial, archaeal, eukaryotic)ProteinsInitiation factorBacterial
IF1
IF2
IF3
Mitochondrial
MTIF1
MTIF2
MTIF3
Archaeal
aIF1
aIF2
aIF5
aIF6
EukaryoticeIF1
eIF1
B
SUI1 family
eIF1A
Y
eIF2
α
kinase
β
γ
eIF2A
eIF2B
1
2
3
4
5
eIF2D
eIF3
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
eIF4
A
1
2
3
E1
2
3
G
1
2
3
B
H
eIF5
EIF5
EIF5A
2
5B
eIF6
EIF6
Elongation factorBacterial/Mitochondrial
EF-Tu
EF-Ts
EF-G
EF-4
EF-P
TSFM
GFM1
GFM2
Archaeal/Eukaryotic
a/eEF-1
A1
2
3
B
P1
P2
P3
D
E
G
a/eEF-2
Release factor
Class 1
eRF1
Class 2/RF3
GSPT1
GSPT2
Ribosomal ProteinsCytoplasmic60S subunit
RPL3
RPL4
RPL5
RPL6
RPL7
RPL7A
RPL8
RPL9
RPL10
RPL10A
RPL10-like
RPL11
RPL12
RPL13
RPL13A
RPL14
RPL15
RPL17
RPL18
RPL18A
RPL19
RPL21
RPL22
RPL23
RPL23A
RPL24
RPL26
RPL27
RPL27A
RPL28
RPL29
RPL30
RPL31
RPL32
RPL34
RPL35
RPL35A
RPL36
RPL36A
RPL37
RPL37A
RPL38
RPL39
RPL40
RPL41
RPLP0
RPLP1
RPLP2
RRP15-like
RSL24D1
40S subunit
RPSA
RPS2
RPS3
RPS3A
RPS4 (RPS4X, RPS4Y1, RPS4Y2)
RPS5
RPS6
RPS7
RPS8
RPS9
RPS10
RPS11
RPS12
RPS13
RPS14
RPS15
RPS15A
RPS16
RPS17
RPS18
RPS19
RPS20
RPS21
RPS23
RPS24
RPS25
RPS26
RPS27
RPS27A
RPS28
RPS29
RPS30
RACK1
Mitochondrial39S subunit
MRPL1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
28S subunit
MRPS1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Other concepts
Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
Reading frame
Start codon
Stop codon
Shine-Dalgarno sequence/Kozak consensus sequence
vteRibosomal RNA / ribosome subunitsArchaea(70S)Large (50S):
5S23SSmall (30S):
16SBacteria(70S)Large (50S):
5S23SSmall (30S):
16SEukaryotesCytoplasmic (80S)Large (60S):
5S5.8S28SSmall (40S):
18SMitochondrial (55S)Large (28S):
MT-RNR2, 16SMT-tRNAValSmall (39S):
MT-RNR1, 12SChloroplast (70S)Large (50S):
5S4.5S23SSmall (30S):
16SRibosomal proteins(See article table)
This article on a gene on human chromosome 8 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8360149-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8441630-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-7"}],"text":"60S ribosomal protein L7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL7 gene.[5][6][7]","title":"60S ribosomal protein L7"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ribosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome"},{"link_name":"organelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organelle"},{"link_name":"protein synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_synthesis"},{"link_name":"40S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40S"},{"link_name":"60S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60S"},{"link_name":"RNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA"},{"link_name":"ribosomal protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal_protein"},{"link_name":"leucine zipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucine_zipper"},{"link_name":"RNP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribonucleoprotein"},{"link_name":"homodimerization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homodimerization"},{"link_name":"28S rRNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28S_rRNA"},{"link_name":"mRNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA"},{"link_name":"cytoplasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasm"},{"link_name":"autoantigen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoantigen"},{"link_name":"systemic autoimmune diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_autoimmune_disease"},{"link_name":"systemic lupus erythematosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus"},{"link_name":"pseudogenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudogene"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-7"}],"text":"Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. This gene encodes a ribosomal protein that is a component of the 60S subunit. The protein belongs to the L30P family of ribosomal proteins. It contains an N-terminal basic region-leucine zipper (BZIP)-like domain and the RNP consensus sub-motif RNP2. In vitro the BZIP-like domain mediates homodimerization and stable binding to DNA and RNA, with a preference for 28S rRNA and mRNA. The protein can inhibit cell-free translation of mRNAs, suggesting that it plays a regulatory role in the translation apparatus. It is located in the cytoplasm. The protein has been shown to be an autoantigen in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus. As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed through the genome.[7]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein-protein_interaction"},{"link_name":"ZNF7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZNF7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9268371-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"RPL7 has been shown to interact with ZNF7.[8] It interacts with HIV-1 Gag protein through Zinc Finger of HIV-1 Gag.[9]","title":"Interactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1139/o95-101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1139%2Fo95-101"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8722009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8722009"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0171-2985(11)80413-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0171-2985%2811%2980413-4"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7750987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7750987"},{"link_name":"\"Human ribosomal protein L7 inhibits cell-free translation in reticulocyte lysates and affects the expression of nuclear proteins upon stable transfection into Jurkat T-lymphoma 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interactions of the autoantigen L7 with multi-zinc finger protein ZNF7 and ribosomal protein S7\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.35.22243"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1074/jbc.272.35.22243","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.35.22243"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9268371","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9268371"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0378-1119%2897%2900411-3"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9373149","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9373149"},{"link_name":"\"A map of 75 human ribosomal protein 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GPR8\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M206396200"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1074/jbc.M206396200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M206396200"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12401809","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12401809"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1177/002215540305100502","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1177%2F002215540305100502"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12704204","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12704204"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"25865715","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25865715"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1023/A:1025068419698","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1025068419698"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12962325","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12962325"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10710245","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10710245"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/nbt1046","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnbt1046"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15592455","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15592455"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7200157","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7200157"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2005Natur.433...77A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.433...77A"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/nature03207","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03207"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15635413","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15635413"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4344740","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4344740"},{"link_name":"\"Mapping the essential structures of human ribosomal protein L7 for nuclear entry, ribosome assembly and function\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.febslet.2006.05.073"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.febslet.2006.05.073","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.febslet.2006.05.073"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16797011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16797011"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"25168455","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25168455"},{"link_name":"\"Human ribosomal protein L7 displays an ER binding property and is involved in ribosome-ER association\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.febslet.2007.01.023"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.febslet.2007.01.023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.febslet.2007.01.023"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17258209","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17258209"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"30461645","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30461645"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Genetic_translation"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Genetic_translation"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Genetic_translation"},{"link_name":"Protein 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tRNA synthetase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoacyl_tRNA_synthetase"},{"link_name":"Reading frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_frame"},{"link_name":"Start codon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Start_codon"},{"link_name":"Stop codon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_codon"},{"link_name":"Shine-Dalgarno sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shine-Dalgarno_sequence"},{"link_name":"Kozak consensus sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozak_consensus_sequence"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ribosome_subunits"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ribosome_subunits"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ribosome_subunits"},{"link_name":"Ribosomal 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16S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT-RNR2"},{"link_name":"MT-tRNAVal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT-TV_(mitochondrial)"},{"link_name":"Small","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSU_rRNA"},{"link_name":"MT-RNR1, 12S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT-RNR1"},{"link_name":"Chloroplast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast#Chloroplast_ribosomes"},{"link_name":"Large","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSU_rRNA"},{"link_name":"50S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50S#Plastid"},{"link_name":"5S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5S_ribosomal_RNA#Plastid"},{"link_name":"4.5S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23S_ribosomal_RNA#Plastid"},{"link_name":"23S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23S_ribosomal_RNA#Plastid"},{"link_name":"Small","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSU_rRNA"},{"link_name":"30S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30S#Plastid"},{"link_name":"16S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16S_ribosomal_RNA#Plastid"},{"link_name":"Ribosomal proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal_protein"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_stub.png"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"chromosome 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_8"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=60S_ribosomal_protein_L7&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gene-8-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Gene-8-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gene-8-stub"}],"text":"Wool IG, Chan YL, Glück A (1996). \"Structure and evolution of mammalian ribosomal proteins\". 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Journal of Protein Chemistry. 22 (3): 249–58. doi:10.1023/A:1025068419698. PMID 12962325. S2CID 10710245.\nRush J, Moritz A, Lee KA, Guo A, Goss VL, Spek EJ, Zhang H, Zha XM, Polakiewicz RD, Comb MJ (January 2005). \"Immunoaffinity profiling of tyrosine phosphorylation in cancer cells\". Nature Biotechnology. 23 (1): 94–101. doi:10.1038/nbt1046. PMID 15592455. S2CID 7200157.\nAndersen JS, Lam YW, Leung AK, Ong SE, Lyon CE, Lamond AI, Mann M (January 2005). \"Nucleolar proteome dynamics\". Nature. 433 (7021): 77–83. Bibcode:2005Natur.433...77A. doi:10.1038/nature03207. PMID 15635413. S2CID 4344740.\nKo JR, Wu JY, Kirby R, Li IF, Lin A (July 2006). \"Mapping the essential structures of human ribosomal protein L7 for nuclear entry, ribosome assembly and function\". FEBS Letters. 580 (16): 3804–10. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2006.05.073. PMID 16797011. S2CID 25168455.\nWu WC, Liu HW, Lin A (February 2007). \"Human ribosomal protein L7 displays an ER binding property and is involved in ribosome-ER association\". FEBS Letters. 581 (4): 651–7. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2007.01.023. PMID 17258209. S2CID 30461645.vteProtein biosynthesis: translation (bacterial, archaeal, eukaryotic)ProteinsInitiation factorBacterial\nIF1\nIF2\nIF3\nMitochondrial\nMTIF1\nMTIF2\nMTIF3\nArchaeal\naIF1\naIF2\naIF5\naIF6\nEukaryoticeIF1\neIF1\nB\nSUI1 family\neIF1A\nY\neIF2\nα\nkinase\nβ\nγ\neIF2A\neIF2B\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\neIF2D\neIF3\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\neIF4\nA\n1\n2\n3\nE1\n2\n3\nG\n1\n2\n3\nB\nH\neIF5\nEIF5\nEIF5A\n2\n5B\neIF6\nEIF6\nElongation factorBacterial/Mitochondrial\nEF-Tu\nEF-Ts\nEF-G\nEF-4\nEF-P\nTSFM\nGFM1\nGFM2\nArchaeal/Eukaryotic\na/eEF-1\nA1\n2\n3\nB\nP1\nP2\nP3\nD\nE\nG\na/eEF-2\nRelease factor\nClass 1\neRF1\nClass 2/RF3\nGSPT1\nGSPT2\nRibosomal ProteinsCytoplasmic60S subunit\nRPL3\nRPL4\nRPL5\nRPL6\nRPL7\nRPL7A\nRPL8\nRPL9\nRPL10\nRPL10A\nRPL10-like\nRPL11\nRPL12\nRPL13\nRPL13A\nRPL14\nRPL15\nRPL17\nRPL18\nRPL18A\nRPL19\nRPL21\nRPL22\nRPL23\nRPL23A\nRPL24\nRPL26\nRPL27\nRPL27A\nRPL28\nRPL29\nRPL30\nRPL31\nRPL32\nRPL34\nRPL35\nRPL35A\nRPL36\nRPL36A\nRPL37\nRPL37A\nRPL38\nRPL39\nRPL40\nRPL41\nRPLP0\nRPLP1\nRPLP2\nRRP15-like\nRSL24D1\n40S subunit\nRPSA\nRPS2\nRPS3\nRPS3A\nRPS4 (RPS4X, RPS4Y1, RPS4Y2)\nRPS5\nRPS6\nRPS7\nRPS8\nRPS9\nRPS10\nRPS11\nRPS12\nRPS13\nRPS14\nRPS15\nRPS15A\nRPS16\nRPS17\nRPS18\nRPS19\nRPS20\nRPS21\nRPS23\nRPS24\nRPS25\nRPS26\nRPS27\nRPS27A\nRPS28\nRPS29\nRPS30\nRACK1\nMitochondrial39S subunit\nMRPL1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n13\n14\n15\n16\n17\n18\n19\n20\n21\n22\n23\n24\n25\n26\n27\n28\n29\n30\n31\n32\n33\n34\n35\n36\n37\n38\n39\n40\n41\n42\n28S subunit\nMRPS1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n13\n14\n15\n16\n17\n18\n19\n20\n21\n22\n23\n24\n25\n26\n27\n28\n29\n30\n31\n32\n33\n34\n35\nOther concepts\nAminoacyl tRNA synthetase\nReading frame\nStart codon\nStop codon\nShine-Dalgarno sequence/Kozak consensus sequencevteRibosomal RNA / ribosome subunitsArchaea(70S)Large (50S):\n5S23SSmall (30S):\n16SBacteria(70S)Large (50S):\n5S23SSmall (30S):\n16SEukaryotesCytoplasmic (80S)Large (60S): \n5S5.8S28SSmall (40S):\n18SMitochondrial (55S)Large (28S):\nMT-RNR2, 16SMT-tRNAValSmall (39S):\nMT-RNR1, 12SChloroplast (70S)Large (50S):\n5S4.5S23SSmall (30S):\n16SRibosomal proteins(See article table)This article on a gene on human chromosome 8 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=6129","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=19989","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"Seshadri T, Uzman JA, Oshima J, Campisi J (September 1993). \"Identification of a transcript that is down-regulated in senescent human fibroblasts. Cloning, sequence analysis, and regulation of the human L7 ribosomal protein gene\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 268 (25): 18474–80. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)46650-6. PMID 8360149.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2817%2946650-6","url_text":"\"Identification of a transcript that is down-regulated in senescent human fibroblasts. Cloning, sequence analysis, and regulation of the human L7 ribosomal protein gene\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2817%2946650-6","url_text":"10.1016/S0021-9258(17)46650-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8360149","url_text":"8360149"}]},{"reference":"Hemmerich P, von Mikecz A, Neumann F, Sözeri O, Wolff-Vorbeck G, Zoebelein R, Krawinkel U (January 1993). \"Structural and functional properties of ribosomal protein L7 from humans and rodents\". Nucleic Acids Research. 21 (2): 223–31. doi:10.1093/nar/21.2.223. PMC 309096. PMID 8441630.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC309096","url_text":"\"Structural and functional properties of ribosomal protein L7 from humans and rodents\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2F21.2.223","url_text":"10.1093/nar/21.2.223"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC309096","url_text":"309096"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8441630","url_text":"8441630"}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: RPL7 ribosomal protein L7\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6129","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: RPL7 ribosomal protein L7\""}]},{"reference":"Witte S, Krawinkel U (August 1997). \"Specific interactions of the autoantigen L7 with multi-zinc finger protein ZNF7 and ribosomal protein S7\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (35): 22243–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.35.22243. PMID 9268371.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.35.22243","url_text":"\"Specific interactions of the autoantigen L7 with multi-zinc finger protein ZNF7 and ribosomal protein S7\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.35.22243","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.272.35.22243"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9268371","url_text":"9268371"}]},{"reference":"Mekdad HE, Boutant E, Karnib H, Biedma ME, Sharma KK, Malytska I, et al. (August 2016). \"Characterization of the interaction between the HIV-1 Gag structural polyprotein and the cellular ribosomal protein L7 and its implication in viral nucleic acid remodeling\". Retrovirology. 13 (1): 54. doi:10.1186/s12977-016-0287-4. PMC 4982112. PMID 27515235.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4982112","url_text":"\"Characterization of the interaction between the HIV-1 Gag structural polyprotein and the cellular ribosomal protein L7 and its implication in viral nucleic acid remodeling\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12977-016-0287-4","url_text":"10.1186/s12977-016-0287-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4982112","url_text":"4982112"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27515235","url_text":"27515235"}]},{"reference":"Wool IG, Chan YL, Glück A (1996). \"Structure and evolution of mammalian ribosomal proteins\". Biochemistry and Cell Biology. 73 (11–12): 933–47. doi:10.1139/o95-101. PMID 8722009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fo95-101","url_text":"10.1139/o95-101"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8722009","url_text":"8722009"}]},{"reference":"von Mikecz A, Hemmerich P, Peter HH, Krawinkel U (December 1994). \"Characterization of eukaryotic protein L7 as a novel autoantigen which frequently elicits an immune response in patients suffering from systemic autoimmune disease\". Immunobiology. 192 (1–2): 137–54. doi:10.1016/S0171-2985(11)80413-4. PMID 7750987.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0171-2985%2811%2980413-4","url_text":"10.1016/S0171-2985(11)80413-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7750987","url_text":"7750987"}]},{"reference":"Neumann F, Hemmerich P, von Mikecz A, Peter HH, Krawinkel U (January 1995). \"Human ribosomal protein L7 inhibits cell-free translation in reticulocyte lysates and affects the expression of nuclear proteins upon stable transfection into Jurkat T-lymphoma cells\". Nucleic Acids Research. 23 (2): 195–202. doi:10.1093/nar/23.2.195. PMC 306654. PMID 7862521.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC306654","url_text":"\"Human ribosomal protein L7 inhibits cell-free translation in reticulocyte lysates and affects the expression of nuclear proteins upon stable transfection into Jurkat T-lymphoma cells\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2F23.2.195","url_text":"10.1093/nar/23.2.195"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC306654","url_text":"306654"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7862521","url_text":"7862521"}]},{"reference":"Maruyama K, Sugano S (January 1994). \"Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides\". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-1119%2894%2990802-8","url_text":"10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8125298","url_text":"8125298"}]},{"reference":"Witte S, Krawinkel U (August 1997). \"Specific interactions of the autoantigen L7 with multi-zinc finger protein ZNF7 and ribosomal protein S7\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (35): 22243–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.35.22243. PMID 9268371.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.35.22243","url_text":"\"Specific interactions of the autoantigen L7 with multi-zinc finger protein ZNF7 and ribosomal protein S7\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.35.22243","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.272.35.22243"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9268371","url_text":"9268371"}]},{"reference":"Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S (October 1997). \"Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library\". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID 9373149.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0378-1119%2897%2900411-3","url_text":"10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9373149","url_text":"9373149"}]},{"reference":"Kenmochi N, Kawaguchi T, Rozen S, Davis E, Goodman N, Hudson TJ, Tanaka T, Page DC (May 1998). \"A map of 75 human ribosomal protein genes\". Genome Research. 8 (5): 509–23. doi:10.1101/gr.8.5.509. PMID 9582194.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.8.5.509","url_text":"\"A map of 75 human ribosomal protein genes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.8.5.509","url_text":"10.1101/gr.8.5.509"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9582194","url_text":"9582194"}]},{"reference":"Andersen JS, Lyon CE, Fox AH, Leung AK, Lam YW, Steen H, Mann M, Lamond AI (January 2002). \"Directed proteomic analysis of the human nucleolus\". Current Biology. 12 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00650-9. PMID 11790298. S2CID 14132033.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0960-9822%2801%2900650-9","url_text":"\"Directed proteomic analysis of the human nucleolus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0960-9822%2801%2900650-9","url_text":"10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00650-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11790298","url_text":"11790298"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14132033","url_text":"14132033"}]},{"reference":"Brezillon S, Lannoy V, Franssen JD, Le Poul E, Dupriez V, Lucchetti J, Detheux M, Parmentier M (January 2003). \"Identification of natural ligands for the orphan G protein-coupled receptors GPR7 and GPR8\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (2): 776–83. doi:10.1074/jbc.M206396200. PMID 12401809.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M206396200","url_text":"\"Identification of natural ligands for the orphan G protein-coupled receptors GPR7 and GPR8\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M206396200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M206396200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12401809","url_text":"12401809"}]},{"reference":"Kasai H, Nadano D, Hidaka E, Higuchi K, Kawakubo M, Sato TA, Nakayama J (May 2003). \"Differential expression of ribosomal proteins in human normal and neoplastic colorectum\". The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry. 51 (5): 567–74. doi:10.1177/002215540305100502. PMID 12704204. S2CID 25865715.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002215540305100502","url_text":"10.1177/002215540305100502"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12704204","url_text":"12704204"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25865715","url_text":"25865715"}]},{"reference":"Odintsova TI, Müller EC, Ivanov AV, Egorov TA, Bienert R, Vladimirov SN, Kostka S, Otto A, Wittmann-Liebold B, Karpova GG (April 2003). \"Characterization and analysis of posttranslational modifications of the human large cytoplasmic ribosomal subunit proteins by mass spectrometry and Edman sequencing\". Journal of Protein Chemistry. 22 (3): 249–58. doi:10.1023/A:1025068419698. PMID 12962325. S2CID 10710245.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1025068419698","url_text":"10.1023/A:1025068419698"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12962325","url_text":"12962325"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10710245","url_text":"10710245"}]},{"reference":"Rush J, Moritz A, Lee KA, Guo A, Goss VL, Spek EJ, Zhang H, Zha XM, Polakiewicz RD, Comb MJ (January 2005). \"Immunoaffinity profiling of tyrosine phosphorylation in cancer cells\". Nature Biotechnology. 23 (1): 94–101. doi:10.1038/nbt1046. PMID 15592455. 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S2CID 25168455.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.febslet.2006.05.073","url_text":"\"Mapping the essential structures of human ribosomal protein L7 for nuclear entry, ribosome assembly and function\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.febslet.2006.05.073","url_text":"10.1016/j.febslet.2006.05.073"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16797011","url_text":"16797011"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25168455","url_text":"25168455"}]},{"reference":"Wu WC, Liu HW, Lin A (February 2007). \"Human ribosomal protein L7 displays an ER binding property and is involved in ribosome-ER association\". FEBS Letters. 581 (4): 651–7. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2007.01.023. PMID 17258209. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Smackdown_vs._Raw_2009 | WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009 | ["1 Road to WrestleMania","2 Gameplay","2.1 Match gameplay","2.2 Game modes","2.3 Create modes","2.4 Online features","3 Development","3.1 Soundtrack","4 Marketing and release","5 Reception","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | 2008 professional wrestling video game
2008 video gameWWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009Cover art featuring D-Generation X (Triple H and Shawn Michaels)Developer(s)Yuke'sTose (Nintendo DS)Publisher(s)THQSeriesSmackDown vs. RawPlatform(s)Nintendo DS, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable, Wii, Xbox 360ReleaseAU: 6 November 2008EU: 7 November 2008NA: 9 November 2008JP: 22 January 2009 (PS3)Genre(s)SportsMode(s)Single player, multiplayer, multiplayer online
WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009 (also known as WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009 featuring ECW) is a professional wrestling video game developed by Yuke's and published by THQ for the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, Wii, and Xbox 360 video game consoles, with TOSE overseeing development for the Nintendo DS version. The game was first released on November 9, 2008, in North America. It is the tenth overall installment in the video game series based on the World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) promotion, and the fifth game under the SmackDown vs. Raw name, named after the promotion's Raw and SmackDown brands. It is the sequel to 2007's SmackDown vs. Raw 2008 and the second game to feature the promotion's ECW brand.
2009 introduced the Inferno match, a revamped tag team match, and four new game modes: "Create-a-Finisher", "Road to WrestleMania", "Career", and multiplayer season.
The game was succeeded by 2009's WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2010.
Road to WrestleMania
The Road to WrestleMania mode debuted in this game, replacing the popular Season mode from previous games. It was then featured in every new game in the series, before it was removed for WWE '13. This mode allows the player to play through personalized storylines for John Cena, Triple H, The Undertaker, Chris Jericho, CM Punk, and a tag team storyline for Batista and Rey Mysterio.
Gameplay
Match gameplay
One of the game's most prominent features is the enhanced tag team match. Additions in the match include new ways of tagging the player's tag team partner such as the hot tag, which can help save the player in the match if they are in trouble, and the forced blind tag, where the illegal partner can tag his or herself into the ring. The legal player's tag team partner has more of a part to play in this match and will aid the player by holding an opponent on the ropes while on the apron (pictured), and pulling down the ropes for an opponent who is dashing towards them, sending them out of the ring. Teams will now share their own momentum meter, attributes and double team finishers.
Tag teams are a major focus in this game with a reworked tag team match and co-operative season mode.
SmackDown vs. Raw 2009 is the first WWE video game to include the Inferno match, a match where the player has to set their opponent on fire. It is similar to the real life match which takes place with the ring surrounded by fire coming from gas fed pipes. To win the player must increase the temperature of the ring by performing more devastating moves. As soon as the temperature reaches 500°F (or in the EU version 300°C), the player can then begin to set their opponent on fire. To set a person on fire, the player raises the temperature to the maximum and drags the person towards the ropes, provided that the opponent is badly injured. However, this match is not available for the Nintendo DS or Wii.
Several matches absent in previous games also returned to the series. The backstage brawl, where players can battle in either the locker room or the backstage "Gorilla position" with a variety of weapons at their disposal, returned and replaced the parking lot brawl match featured in the last game. The Gauntlet match is a newly featured match selection in the Smackdown vs. Raw 2009 series where one superstar takes on three others one immediately after the other. The General Manager mode and Create-A-Championship were removed from this version.
Both the Wii and DS versions now include new match types, such as the Steel Cage and Ladder match, with the DS version also featuring tables and TLC matches.
Fighting styles, a major feature from the previous version, were removed. Some abilities used there were kept and enhanced with each wrestler possessing six out of twenty different abilities that would aid the player in specific areas. New to the game is the inclusion of signature moves, moves secondary in importance next to their finishing moves. When in full momentum, the players can choose to store a signature move instead of performing a finishing move which they can perform later.
A new semi-auto targeting system was implemented into the game, which will generally automatically target a particular wrestler the player wants to attack but can also be controlled in-game by the player.
Japanese company TOSE took over from Amaze Entertainment in development for the Nintendo DS version. Unlike the previous year's game whose gameplay was focused exclusively on the handheld's stylus, this year's edition instead uses by default the D-pad for movement and the left shoulder button for finishing moves. The DS version's gameplay is now similar to that from the other consoles with full movement control around the ring for the wrestler and a stamina meter to build up for a finishing move. Grappling, attacks and submissions would still be controlled by the stylus.
Game modes
Road To Wrestlemania:
In this new mode, players can choose from five superstars to play as in single-player storylines: Triple H, CM Punk, The Undertaker, John Cena, or Chris Jericho. The storylines featured in the mode are tailor-made to fit the chosen wrestler's character with each cutscene made exclusively for the wrestler.
As part of the game's new emphasis on tag teams, a co-operative storyline was also included in the mode, in which players can take the parts of Rey Mysterio or Batista. For the first time the Wii version also includes the Road to WrestleMania mode, replacing their equivalent Main Event mode in the previous edition.
Career Mode:
Unlike the Road to WrestleMania mode, all superstars and divas featured in the game are eligible to play including wrestlers created by the player in Create-A-Superstar mode. The main aim of this mode is for the player to fight their way up the rankings for a particular title of their choice, in match types that they can also choose. After each match, the player's character is awarded attribute points based on the style of wrestling the player used.
Nintendo DS:
Fully inspired by the TOSE-developed game, Dragon Quest Heroes: Rocket Slime, the Nintendo DS version has an RPG element to their season mode. Players will be able to roam around the arena, improve their characters through the training room or WWE Shop and interact with superstars to start feuds. The player is given missions to complete in order to become a champion. Created wrestlers will be eligible to use this career mode.
Create modes
The series features a new Create Mode: The Create-A-Finisher feature. In it, the player has the ability to chain a selection of up to 10 out of over 500 animations to make unique finishing moves along with the choice to speed up or slow down the animations. Created finishers are limited to moves starting with both wrestlers standing face-to-face The Create-A-Finisher feature is not available on the Wii or DS versions of the game.
The other major new addition to the game's create modes is the "Highlight Reel", where players can record the last 30 seconds of an ongoing match, and edit the clips together afterwards with custom camera angles and added visual and sound effects. Players can save up to 20 files and can upload them for online users to see, and custom reels can be used as an entrance movie for a created superstar. The mode is featured only on PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. Both Create-A-Finisher and Highlight Reel have replaced the Create-A-Belt feature, which was taken out due to its lack of support from fans.
The Create-A-Superstar mode is in the major consoles, but now features physics-based clothing items that will sway around realistically such as loose clothing and necklaces. About 70% of the parts in the mode are now 3D with about 25 to 30% of the mode featuring new content. For the first time, the Nintendo DS version features a limited version of the Create-A-Superstar mode.
A roster editor has also been introduced to change the wrestler's brand, face/heel disposition and titles for exhibition matches. The game's Create-A-Stable mode has also been incorporated into the editor under the Team Management name.
The Create-An-Entrance mode has now been extended to feature created entrances for tag teams. The Wii version features a Create-An-Entrance mode like the other versions except a limited created entrance for tag teams. Instead, utilizing the Wii Remote and nunchuk, it features interactive entrances and victory celebrations, such as posing or beating down an opponent post-match. Successful poses during the player's entrance give them more momentum and bonuses at the start of the match.
Online features
The Wii version included online gameplay as well as rankings. Voice chat functionality is present in PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions. Also, if a tattoo is used on a created superstar, he/she will be prohibited from playing online. Online play is not available for the PlayStation 2 version.
Development
The in-game commentary in the major console versions feature three announcing teams like the previous version but is considered to have a more play-by-play aspect this time. According to THQ, loading times for the game have been reduced by 50%, affecting such areas as wrestler entrances.
Soundtrack
The soundtrack consists of a mixture of entrance theme songs used by the wrestlers (many of which are composed by WWE's music director Jim Johnston) and the following licensed songs.
Artist
Song
Bloodsimple
"Dead Man Walking"
Burn Halo
"Save Me"
Disturbed
"Perfect Insanity"
Egypt Central
"Taking You Down"
"You Make Me Sick"
The Exies
"Lay Your Money Down"
Murs
"SWC"
P.O.D.
"Addicted"
Steriogram
"Get Up"
SiX
"Better Than Mine"
The players can also give any wrestler their own entrance music from any audio file saved on console's hard drive, although this feature is restricted to the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions of the game, as the other consoles have no capability to save MP3s or other format sound files, and this is not the first game to include the feature on Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3, as the previous game, WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008 was the first game for both systems to allow the feature.
P.O.D. contributed with two of their songs, "Addicted" and "Booyaka 619", featured in the game's soundtrack.
Marketing and release
Production of the game was officially announced in March 2008 by IGN and THQ. IGN released their first video game trailer and screenshots for SmackDown vs. Raw 2009. The trailer featured The Hardys (Matt and Jeff) in a tag team match against Randy Orton and Mr. Kennedy at the SummerSlam pay-per-view and the new tag team match features were explained. A commercial for the game was released in October, starring Triple H along with John Cena, Batista, Big Show, Hornswoggle, Lilian Garcia and Kelly Kelly.
A demo for the game was released in October for the PlayStation 3 console, featuring the singles and tag team matches with Jeff Hardy, Matt Hardy, Shawn Michaels and Triple H as playable characters.
The contents of the Collector's Edition for the PlayStation 3 in North America
As with the previous game, a special collector's edition of SmackDown vs. Raw 2009 for the PlayStation 3 was released, which includes the game, special steel cage packaging, and a Blu-ray Disc featuring matches from Raw and SmackDown shows as well as a behind-the-scenes documentary on the making of the game. This release was exclusive to the North American region.
A similar collector's edition was released in European regions, which features a special plastic ring, which has the same dimensions as a Blu-ray case. It also has the same Blu-ray disc as the North American release included in this package.
Reception
ReceptionAggregate scoresAggregatorScoreDSPS2PS3PSPWiiXbox 360GameRankings56.76%77.44%78.14%72.90%78.28%79.38%Metacritic58/10078/10078/10072/10079/10079/100Review scoresPublicationScoreDSPS2PS3PSPWiiXbox 360DestructoidN/AN/A8/10N/AN/A8/10Game InformerN/AN/A8.5/10N/AN/A8.5/10GameProN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AGameRevolutionN/AN/ABN/AN/ABGameSpotN/A7.5/107.5/10N/A7.5/107.5/10GameSpyN/AN/AN/AN/AGameTrailersN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A8/10GameZone6.8/107/107.5/107.5/107.7/108.5/10Giant BombN/AN/AN/AN/AIGN7.5/107/107.8/106.5/107.8/107.9/10Nintendo Power4/10N/AN/AN/A8/10N/AOfficial Xbox Magazine (US)N/AN/AN/AN/AN/A8.5/10PlayStation: The Official MagazineN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A
The game has received generally mixed to positive reviews from gaming critics. GameRankings and Metacritic gave it a score of 79.38% and 79 out of 100 for the Xbox 360 version; 78.28% and 79 out of 100 for the Wii version; 78.14% and 78 out of 100 for the PlayStation 3 version; 77.44% and 78 out of 100 for the PlayStation 2 version; 72.90% and 72 out of 100 for the PSP version; 60% for the Mobile version; and 56.76% and 58 out of 100 for the DS version.
Critics generally praised the Road to WrestleMania. IGN was, however, more critical of the game, calling the gameplay "noticeably stale" from previous games and citing the Highlight Reel and Create-A-Finisher modes as limited. GameSpot gave the console versions 7.5 out of 10, lauding the game's graphics and the large number of moves, match types, single player modes and improved AI. Some aspects of the game's presentation were criticized, particularly movement animations, clipping issues and weak sound effects. While the reception for the Nintendo DS version was varied between critics, both IGN and GamesMaster criticized its touch-screen control scheme, suggesting that button-based control would have been more ideal.
During the 12th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated SmackDown vs. Raw 2009 for "Fighting Game of the Year".
See also
Video games portal
List of licensed wrestling video games
List of fighting games
List of video games in the WWE 2K Games series
WWE 2K
References
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^ a b c d e f g h i j k Miller, Greg (March 27, 2008). "First Interview: WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009". IGN. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
^ a b c d e f http://www.thq.com/news/?id=115 Retrieved February 16, 2015 Archived July 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
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^ Miller, Greg (August 27, 2008). "WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009: Backstage Brawl". IGN. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
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^ Regan, Mike (November 7, 2008). "THQ announces in-game music lineup for WWE Smackdown vs Raw 2009". Gaming Ring. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
^ Medalis, Kara A. (October 3, 2008). "Diva Dish: Beauty and brains". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved October 7, 2008.
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^ "WWE Smackdown vs Raw 09 Collector's Edition with Bonus!". GameStop. Archived from the original on December 19, 2009. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
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^ "WWE SmackDown! VS. RAW 2009 Review (X360)". GameTrailers. November 21, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2015.
^ Bedigian, Louis (November 20, 2008). "WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009 – NDS – Review". GameZone. Archived from the original on June 3, 2009. Retrieved June 3, 2009.
^ Bedigian, Louis (November 12, 2008). "WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009 – PS2 – Review". GameZone. Archived from the original on March 3, 2011. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
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^ Bozon, Mark (November 10, 2008). "Smackdown vs. Raw 2009 Review (Wii)". IGN. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
^ Miller, Greg (November 8, 2008). "WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009 Review (X360)". IGN. Archived from the original on February 16, 2015. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
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^ "Review: WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009 (PS3)". PlayStation: The Official Magazine. December 25, 2008. p. 64.
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^ a b "WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009 for Xbox 360 Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
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^ "D.I.C.E. Awards By Video Game Details WWE SmackDown vs Raw 2009". interactive.org. Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
External links
WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009 at MobyGames
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WWE 2K Battlegrounds | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling"},{"link_name":"developed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_developer"},{"link_name":"Yuke's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuke%27s"},{"link_name":"published","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_publisher"},{"link_name":"THQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THQ"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Portable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Portable"},{"link_name":"Wii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii"},{"link_name":"Xbox 360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360"},{"link_name":"video game consoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_console"},{"link_name":"TOSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOSE"},{"link_name":"Nintendo DS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_DS"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Announcement-3"},{"link_name":"World Wrestling Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE"},{"link_name":"promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_promotion"},{"link_name":"SmackDown vs. Raw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_2K"},{"link_name":"Raw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_(WWE_brand)"},{"link_name":"SmackDown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SmackDown_(WWE_brand)"},{"link_name":"brands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Brand_Extension"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Firstinterview-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Announcement2-5"},{"link_name":"SmackDown vs. Raw 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_SmackDown_vs._Raw_2008"},{"link_name":"ECW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECW_(WWE_brand)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Firstinterview-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Announcement-3"},{"link_name":"Inferno match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types#Inferno_match"},{"link_name":"tag team match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_team#Tag_team_match_rules"},{"link_name":"Finisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms#Finisher"},{"link_name":"WrestleMania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WrestleMania"},{"link_name":"WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_SmackDown_vs._Raw_2010"}],"text":"2008 video gameWWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009 (also known as WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009 featuring ECW) is a professional wrestling video game developed by Yuke's and published by THQ for the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, Wii, and Xbox 360 video game consoles, with TOSE overseeing development for the Nintendo DS version.[3] The game was first released on November 9, 2008, in North America. It is the tenth overall installment in the video game series based on the World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) promotion, and the fifth game under the SmackDown vs. Raw name, named after the promotion's Raw and SmackDown brands.[4][5] It is the sequel to 2007's SmackDown vs. Raw 2008 and the second game to feature the promotion's ECW brand.[4][3]2009 introduced the Inferno match, a revamped tag team match, and four new game modes: \"Create-a-Finisher\", \"Road to WrestleMania\", \"Career\", and multiplayer season.The game was succeeded by 2009's WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2010.","title":"WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WWE '13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_%2713"},{"link_name":"John Cena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cena"},{"link_name":"Triple H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_H"},{"link_name":"The Undertaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Undertaker"},{"link_name":"Chris Jericho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Jericho"},{"link_name":"CM Punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CM_Punk"},{"link_name":"Batista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Bautista"},{"link_name":"Rey Mysterio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rey_Mysterio"}],"text":"The Road to WrestleMania mode debuted in this game, replacing the popular Season mode from previous games. It was then featured in every new game in the series, before it was removed for WWE '13. This mode allows the player to play through personalized storylines for John Cena, Triple H, The Undertaker, Chris Jericho, CM Punk, and a tag team storyline for Batista and Rey Mysterio.","title":"Road to WrestleMania"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tag team match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_team#Tag_team_match_rules"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Announcement2-5"},{"link_name":"tagging the player's tag team partner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_team#Types_of_tags"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamespotFirst-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Firstinterview-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SmackDownvsRaw09_-_TagTeam.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tag teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_team"},{"link_name":"Inferno match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types#Inferno_match"},{"link_name":"°F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit"},{"link_name":"°C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-PS3-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR-Backstage-9"},{"link_name":"Gauntlet match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types#Gauntlet_match"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gauntlet-10"},{"link_name":"Steel Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types#Cages"},{"link_name":"Ladder match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladder_match"},{"link_name":"tables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types#Tables"},{"link_name":"TLC matches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tables,_Ladders,_and_Chairs_match"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Firstinterview-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-PS3-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNQ&A-12"},{"link_name":"TOSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOSE"},{"link_name":"Amaze Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaze_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Announcement-3"},{"link_name":"stylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylus_(computing)"},{"link_name":"D-pad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-pad"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-NDS-13"}],"sub_title":"Match gameplay","text":"One of the game's most prominent features is the enhanced tag team match.[5] Additions in the match include new ways of tagging the player's tag team partner such as the hot tag, which can help save the player in the match if they are in trouble, and the forced blind tag, where the illegal partner can tag his or herself into the ring. The legal player's tag team partner has more of a part to play in this match and will aid the player by holding an opponent on the ropes while on the apron (pictured), and pulling down the ropes for an opponent who is dashing towards them, sending them out of the ring.[6] Teams will now share their own momentum meter, attributes and double team finishers.[4]Tag teams are a major focus in this game with a reworked tag team match and co-operative season mode.SmackDown vs. Raw 2009 is the first WWE video game to include the Inferno match, a match where the player has to set their opponent on fire. It is similar to the real life match which takes place with the ring surrounded by fire coming from gas fed pipes. To win the player must increase the temperature of the ring by performing more devastating moves. As soon as the temperature reaches 500°F (or in the EU version 300°C), the player can then begin to set their opponent on fire. To set a person on fire, the player raises the temperature to the maximum and drags the person towards the ropes, provided that the opponent is badly injured.[7] However, this match is not available for the Nintendo DS or Wii.Several matches absent in previous games also returned to the series. The backstage brawl, where players can battle in either the locker room or the backstage \"Gorilla position\" with a variety of weapons at their disposal, returned and replaced the parking lot brawl match featured in the last game.[8][9] The Gauntlet match is a newly featured match selection in the Smackdown vs. Raw 2009 series where one superstar takes on three others one immediately after the other.[10] The General Manager mode and Create-A-Championship were removed from this version.Both the Wii and DS versions now include new match types, such as the Steel Cage and Ladder match, with the DS version also featuring tables and TLC matches.[4]Fighting styles, a major feature from the previous version, were removed. Some abilities used there were kept and enhanced with each wrestler possessing six out of twenty different abilities that would aid the player in specific areas.[7] New to the game is the inclusion of signature moves, moves secondary in importance next to their finishing moves. When in full momentum, the players can choose to store a signature move instead of performing a finishing move which they can perform later.[11]A new semi-auto targeting system was implemented into the game, which will generally automatically target a particular wrestler the player wants to attack but can also be controlled in-game by the player.[12]Japanese company TOSE took over from Amaze Entertainment in development for the Nintendo DS version.[3] Unlike the previous year's game whose gameplay was focused exclusively on the handheld's stylus, this year's edition instead uses by default the D-pad for movement and the left shoulder button for finishing moves. The DS version's gameplay is now similar to that from the other consoles with full movement control around the ring for the wrestler and a stamina meter to build up for a finishing move. Grappling, attacks and submissions would still be controlled by the stylus.[13]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"storylines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms#Angle"},{"link_name":"Triple H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_H"},{"link_name":"CM Punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CM_Punk"},{"link_name":"The Undertaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Undertaker"},{"link_name":"John Cena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cena"},{"link_name":"Chris Jericho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Jericho"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-RtWM-14"},{"link_name":"cutscene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutscene"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Firstinterview-4"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-15"},{"link_name":"Rey Mysterio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rey_Mysterio,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Batista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Bautista"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamespotFirst-6"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-RtWM-14"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Firstinterview-4"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-Career-16"},{"link_name":"Dragon Quest Heroes: Rocket Slime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Quest_Heroes:_Rocket_Slime"},{"link_name":"RPG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_game_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Announcement2-5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-NDS-13"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DS-SeasonMode-17"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Firstinterview-4"}],"sub_title":"Game modes","text":"Road To Wrestlemania:\nIn this new mode, players can choose from five superstars to play as in single-player storylines: Triple H, CM Punk, The Undertaker, John Cena, or Chris Jericho.[14] The storylines featured in the mode are tailor-made to fit the chosen wrestler's character with each cutscene made exclusively for the wrestler.[4][15]As part of the game's new emphasis on tag teams, a co-operative storyline was also included in the mode, in which players can take the parts of Rey Mysterio or Batista.[6][14] For the first time the Wii version also includes the Road to WrestleMania mode, replacing their equivalent Main Event mode in the previous edition.[4]Career Mode:\nUnlike the Road to WrestleMania mode, all superstars and divas featured in the game are eligible to play including wrestlers created by the player in Create-A-Superstar mode. The main aim of this mode is for the player to fight their way up the rankings for a particular title of their choice, in match types that they can also choose. After each match, the player's character is awarded attribute points based on the style of wrestling the player used.[16]Nintendo DS:\nFully inspired by the TOSE-developed game, Dragon Quest Heroes: Rocket Slime, the Nintendo DS version has an RPG element to their season mode. Players will be able to roam around the arena, improve their characters through the training room or WWE Shop and interact with superstars to start feuds. The player is given missions to complete in order to become a champion.[5][13][17] Created wrestlers will be eligible to use this career mode.[4]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Announcement2-5"},{"link_name":"finishing moves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms#Finisher"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamespotFirst-6"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameSpot-E3-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameSpot-E3-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HighlightReel-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gamingring-OctPreview-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XboxWorld360-21"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-15"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Announcement-3"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RosterEditor-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamingRing-Bryan-23"},{"link_name":"Wii Remote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii_Remote"},{"link_name":"nunchuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii_Remote#Nunchuk"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamespotFirst-6"}],"sub_title":"Create modes","text":"The series features a new Create Mode: The Create-A-Finisher feature.[5] In it, the player has the ability to chain a selection of up to 10 out of over 500 animations to make unique finishing moves along with the choice to speed up or slow down the animations.[6][18] Created finishers are limited to moves starting with both wrestlers standing face-to-face [18] The Create-A-Finisher feature is not available on the Wii or DS versions of the game.The other major new addition to the game's create modes is the \"Highlight Reel\", where players can record the last 30 seconds of an ongoing match, and edit the clips together afterwards with custom camera angles and added visual and sound effects. Players can save up to 20 files and can upload them for online users to see, and custom reels can be used as an entrance movie for a created superstar.[19] The mode is featured only on PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. Both Create-A-Finisher and Highlight Reel have replaced the Create-A-Belt feature, which was taken out due to its lack of support from fans.[20]The Create-A-Superstar mode is in the major consoles, but now features physics-based clothing items that will sway around realistically such as loose clothing and necklaces.[21] About 70% of the parts in the mode are now 3D with about 25 to 30% of the mode featuring new content.[15] For the first time, the Nintendo DS version features a limited version of the Create-A-Superstar mode.[3]A roster editor has also been introduced to change the wrestler's brand, face/heel disposition and titles for exhibition matches. The game's Create-A-Stable mode has also been incorporated into the editor under the Team Management name.[22]The Create-An-Entrance mode has now been extended to feature created entrances for tag teams.[23] The Wii version features a Create-An-Entrance mode like the other versions except a limited created entrance for tag teams. Instead, utilizing the Wii Remote and nunchuk, it features interactive entrances and victory celebrations, such as posing or beating down an opponent post-match.[6] Successful poses during the player's entrance give them more momentum and bonuses at the start of the match.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Announcement-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Announcement2-5"},{"link_name":"Voice chat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_chat"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Firstinterview-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNQ&A-12"}],"sub_title":"Online features","text":"The Wii version included online gameplay as well as rankings.[3][5] Voice chat functionality is present in PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions. Also, if a tattoo is used on a created superstar, he/she will be prohibited from playing online.[4] Online play is not available for the PlayStation 2 version.[12]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"play-by-play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_commentary"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Firstinterview-4"}],"text":"The in-game commentary in the major console versions feature three announcing teams like the previous version but is considered to have a more play-by-play aspect this time.[4] According to THQ, loading times for the game have been reduced by 50%, affecting such areas as wrestler entrances.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"entrance theme songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_in_professional_wrestling"},{"link_name":"Jim Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Johnston_(composer)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-PS3-7"}],"sub_title":"Soundtrack","text":"The soundtrack consists of a mixture of entrance theme songs used by the wrestlers (many of which are composed by WWE's music director Jim Johnston) and the following licensed songs.[24]The players can also give any wrestler their own entrance music from any audio file saved on console's hard drive, although this feature is restricted to the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions of the game, as the other consoles have no capability to save MP3s or other format sound files, and this is not the first game to include the feature on Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3, as the previous game, WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008 was the first game for both systems to allow the feature.[7]P.O.D. contributed with two of their songs, \"Addicted\" and \"Booyaka 619\", featured in the game's soundtrack.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Firstinterview-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Announcement2-5"},{"link_name":"screenshots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenshot"},{"link_name":"The Hardys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy_Boyz"},{"link_name":"Matt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Hardy"},{"link_name":"Jeff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Hardy"},{"link_name":"tag team match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_team#Tag_team_match_rules"},{"link_name":"Randy Orton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Orton"},{"link_name":"Mr. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Anderson_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"SummerSlam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SummerSlam_(2007)"},{"link_name":"pay-per-view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay-per-view"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Firstinterview-4"},{"link_name":"Triple H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_H"},{"link_name":"John Cena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cena"},{"link_name":"Batista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Bautista"},{"link_name":"Big Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Show"},{"link_name":"Hornswoggle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornswoggle"},{"link_name":"Lilian Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilian_Garcia"},{"link_name":"Kelly Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Kelly"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WWE_SvR_09_Collector%27s_Edition.jpg"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray Disc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc"},{"link_name":"Raw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Raw"},{"link_name":"SmackDown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Friday_Night_SmackDown"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameStop-27"}],"text":"Production of the game was officially announced in March 2008 by IGN and THQ.[4][5] IGN released their first video game trailer and screenshots for SmackDown vs. Raw 2009. The trailer featured The Hardys (Matt and Jeff) in a tag team match against Randy Orton and Mr. Kennedy at the SummerSlam pay-per-view and the new tag team match features were explained.[4] A commercial for the game was released in October, starring Triple H along with John Cena, Batista, Big Show, Hornswoggle, Lilian Garcia and Kelly Kelly.[25]A demo for the game was released in October for the PlayStation 3 console, featuring the singles and tag team matches with Jeff Hardy, Matt Hardy, Shawn Michaels and Triple H as playable characters.[26]The contents of the Collector's Edition for the PlayStation 3 in North AmericaAs with the previous game, a special collector's edition of SmackDown vs. Raw 2009 for the PlayStation 3 was released, which includes the game, special steel cage packaging, and a Blu-ray Disc featuring matches from Raw and SmackDown shows as well as a behind-the-scenes documentary on the making of the game.[27] This release was exclusive to the North American region.A similar collector's edition was released in European regions, which features a special plastic ring, which has the same dimensions as a Blu-ray case. It also has the same Blu-ray disc as the North American release included in this package.","title":"Marketing and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_DS"},{"link_name":"PS2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2"},{"link_name":"PS3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3"},{"link_name":"PSP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Portable"},{"link_name":"Wii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii"},{"link_name":"Xbox 360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360"},{"link_name":"GameRankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRDS-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRPS2-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRPS3-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRPSP-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRWII-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRX360-59"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCDS-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPS2-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPS3-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPSP-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCWII-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCX360-65"},{"link_name":"DS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_DS"},{"link_name":"PS2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2"},{"link_name":"PS3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3"},{"link_name":"PSP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Portable"},{"link_name":"Wii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii"},{"link_name":"Xbox 360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360"},{"link_name":"Destructoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructoid"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destruct-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destruct-28"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GI-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GI-29"},{"link_name":"GamePro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamePro-30"},{"link_name":"GameRevolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRevolution"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameRev-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameRev-31"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gsrevps2-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gsrev-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gsrevwii-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gsrev-33"},{"link_name":"GameSpy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSpy-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSpy-35"},{"link_name":"GameTrailers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameTrailers"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GT-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameZoneDS-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameZonePS2-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameZonePS3-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameZonePSP-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameZoneWii-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameZone360-42"},{"link_name":"Giant Bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_Bomb"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GB-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GB-43"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNDS-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNPS2-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNPS3-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNPSP-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNWii-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN360-49"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Power"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPDS-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPWII-51"},{"link_name":"Official Xbox Magazine (US)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Xbox_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OXM-52"},{"link_name":"PlayStation: The Official Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation:_The_Official_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSMPS3-53"},{"link_name":"gaming critics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_journalism"},{"link_name":"GameRankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRX360-59"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCX360-65"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRWII-58"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCWII-64"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRPS3-56"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPS3-62"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRPS2-55"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPS2-61"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRPSP-57"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPSP-63"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRMB-66"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRDS-54"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCDS-60"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNPS3-46"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gsrevps2-32"},{"link_name":"GamesMaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesMaster_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNDS-44"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"12th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Annual_Interactive_Achievement_Awards"},{"link_name":"Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Interactive_Arts_%26_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Fighting Game of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.I.C.E._Award_for_Fighting_Game_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoresAggregatorScoreDSPS2PS3PSPWiiXbox 360GameRankings56.76%[54]77.44%[55]78.14%[56]72.90%[57]78.28%[58]79.38%[59]Metacritic58/100[60]78/100[61]78/100[62]72/100[63]79/100[64]79/100[65]Review scoresPublicationScoreDSPS2PS3PSPWiiXbox 360DestructoidN/AN/A8/10[28]N/AN/A8/10[28]Game InformerN/AN/A8.5/10[29]N/AN/A8.5/10[29]GameProN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A[30]GameRevolutionN/AN/AB[31]N/AN/AB[31]GameSpotN/A7.5/10[32]7.5/10[33]N/A7.5/10[34]7.5/10[33]GameSpyN/AN/A[35]N/AN/A[35]GameTrailersN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A8/10[36]GameZone6.8/10[37]7/10[38]7.5/10[39]7.5/10[40]7.7/10[41]8.5/10[42]Giant BombN/AN/A[43]N/AN/A[43]IGN7.5/10[44]7/10[45]7.8/10[46]6.5/10[47]7.8/10[48]7.9/10[49]Nintendo Power4/10[50]N/AN/AN/A8/10[51]N/AOfficial Xbox Magazine (US)N/AN/AN/AN/AN/A8.5/10[52]PlayStation: The Official MagazineN/AN/A[53]N/AN/AN/AThe game has received generally mixed to positive reviews from gaming critics. GameRankings and Metacritic gave it a score of 79.38% and 79 out of 100 for the Xbox 360 version;[59][65] 78.28% and 79 out of 100 for the Wii version;[58][64] 78.14% and 78 out of 100 for the PlayStation 3 version;[56][62] 77.44% and 78 out of 100 for the PlayStation 2 version;[55][61] 72.90% and 72 out of 100 for the PSP version;[57][63] 60% for the Mobile version;[66] and 56.76% and 58 out of 100 for the DS version.[54][60]Critics generally praised the Road to WrestleMania. IGN was, however, more critical of the game, calling the gameplay \"noticeably stale\" from previous games and citing the Highlight Reel and Create-A-Finisher modes as limited.[46] GameSpot gave the console versions 7.5 out of 10, lauding the game's graphics and the large number of moves, match types, single player modes and improved AI. Some aspects of the game's presentation were criticized, particularly movement animations, clipping issues and weak sound effects.[32] While the reception for the Nintendo DS version was varied between critics, both IGN and GamesMaster criticized its touch-screen control scheme, suggesting that button-based control would have been more ideal.[44][67]During the 12th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated SmackDown vs. Raw 2009 for \"Fighting Game of the Year\".[68]","title":"Reception"}] | [{"image_text":"Tag teams are a major focus in this game with a reworked tag team match and co-operative season mode.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0d/SmackDownvsRaw09_-_TagTeam.jpg/250px-SmackDownvsRaw09_-_TagTeam.jpg"},{"image_text":"The contents of the Collector's Edition for the PlayStation 3 in North America","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/WWE_SvR_09_Collector%27s_Edition.jpg/200px-WWE_SvR_09_Collector%27s_Edition.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Video games portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Video_games"},{"title":"List of licensed wrestling video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_licensed_wrestling_video_games"},{"title":"List of fighting games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fighting_games"},{"title":"List of video games in the WWE 2K Games series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_video_games_in_the_WWE_2K_Games_series"},{"title":"WWE 2K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_2K"}] | [{"reference":"Mitchell, Luke (29 March 2008). \"WWE Smackdown vs. Raw made official\". PALGN. Archived from the original on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121010103221/http://palgn.com.au/playstation-3/10918/wwe-smackdown-vs-raw-2009-made-official/","url_text":"\"WWE Smackdown vs. Raw made official\""},{"url":"http://palgn.com.au/playstation-3/10918/wwe-smackdown-vs-raw-2009-made-official/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009 – PlayStation 3\". IGN. Retrieved 16 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/games/wwe-smackdown-vs-raw-2009/ps3-14242649","url_text":"\"WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009 – PlayStation 3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Greg (March 27, 2008). \"WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009 is Official\". IGN. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey_goby | Monkey goby | ["1 Characteristics","2 Range","3 Feeding","4 Parasites","5 Importance","6 References","7 Further reading"] | Species of fish
Monkey goby
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Order:
Gobiiformes
Family:
Gobiidae
Genus:
Neogobius
Species:
N. fluviatilis
Binomial name
Neogobius fluviatilis(Pallas, 1814)
The range of the Monkey goby
Synonyms
Gobius fluviatilis Pallas, 1814
Apollonia fluviatilis (Pallas, 1814)
Neogobius fluviatilis fluviatilis (Pallas, 1814)
Gobius sordidus E. T. Bennett, 1835
Gobius lacteus Nordmann, 1840
Gobius stevenii Nordmann, 1840
Gobius fluviatilis nigra Kessler, 1859
The monkey goby (Neogobius fluviatilis) is a species of goby native to the basins of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov.
Characteristics
The monkey goby is covered with cycloid scales on the head, nape, back, one third of the gill covers, bases of the pectoral fins, and the posterior half of the throat and belly. Its second dorsal fin is small in size compared to the posterior end of the body. The width of its head is equal to or a bit greater than the height of the head, and terminates in an acuminated, or leaf-shaped, snout. The jaws of Neogobius fluviatilis contain small, conical teeth and the mandibles are set forward in the skull. The abdomen of the monkey goby is lined with suckers that stretch from the collar to the anus. Its coloration is a brownish gray or a yellowish gray, usually with a very pale brown pattern of dark merged spots. Rows of dark spots are also found on the dorsal and caudal fins. The average adult monkey goby measures 7–10 centimeters, but has been known to grow to lengths of 18–20 centimeters. This species weighs around 50 grams.
Range
The natural habitat of the monkey goby is the fresh and brackish waters of basins in the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara. In the basin of the Sea of Marmara, it is a common sight in Manyas, Sapanca, and the Kazoli River in Bosporus Strait.
In the Black Sea and the surrounding areas, the monkey goby is common in all desalinated water including the Danube river and its tributaries, the lagoons and estuaries of the north-western part of the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov, and the rivers of Caucasus.
Recently, the monkey goby has been registered as an invasive species in some countries of Europe. In 1970, the species was first declared as a non-indigenous in Lake Balaton in Hungary. The monkey goby was discovered in the Middle Danube in Hungary in 1984. In 2001 it was found to have spread to the Slovak-Hungarian sector of the Danube River. In the basin of the Baltic Sea it was first registered as an invasive species in 1997. The species has also become a common sight in the Włocławek Reservoir and Zegrze Reservoir.
The monkey goby has been found in the German part of the river Rhine since March 2009. It has also been found in the Waal River, near Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
In August 2011 the monkey goby is registered for the first time in the Evros River (Greece), which is inflows to the Aegean Sea.
Feeding
The monkey goby belongs to the group known as malacophages, but molluscs have lower importance in its diet than in that of the round goby. However, in the Sea of Azov molluscs (mainly Abra segmentum) make up 85% of its diet. In the Gulf of Tendra its diet is dominated by polychaetes, the larvae of Chironomidae, molluscs, Cerastoderma, juvenile gobies, adult marbled gobies, and crustaceans such as amphipods and shrimp. In the Danube lakes Yalpug and Kugurluy, the diet of the monkey goby consists of amphipods, molluscs, and Oligochaeta.
In the Khadzhibey Estuary a dozen species of prey make up the diet of monkey goby. Polychaetes, larvae of insects, and shrimp are present in the diet year round. Seasonal dietary additions include crabs such as Rhithropanopeus harrisii, sea weed such as Zostera marina, and amphipods such as Marinogammarus olivii. Certain planktonic crustaceans are also present in the diet of adult gobies.
Parasites
Monkey goby infected with the larvae of nematodes Eustrongylides excisus, Dniester Estuary, Ukraine
In the northwestern Black Sea, twelve parasite species are known to infect the monkey goby. The core of the parasitic fauna are a trio metacercariae composed of Сryptocotyle concavum, Сryptocotyle lingua, and Рygidiopsis genata. Other common parasites include the nematode Dichelyne minutus and the cestoda Ligula pavlovskii. The trematode parasites C. lingua and P. genata can also infest humans. In the 1950s, along the coast of the Gulf of Taganrog in the Sea of Azov, the monkey goby was registered as a host of epizootic of nematodes Tetrameres fissispina and Streptocara crassicauda, which are fatal to ducklings.
Importance
In Ukraine the monkey goby is a crucial commercial fish, especially in the Sea of Azov and Dnieper-Bug Estuary. It plays an important role in the food chain by serving as prey for other predatory fish living in these areas.
References
^ Freyhof, J.; Kottelat, M. (2008). "Neogobius fluviatilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T14521A4441938. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T14521A4441938.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
^ Smirnov A.I. (1986) Perch-likes (gobiids), scorpionfishes, flatfishes,
clingfishes, anglerfishes Fauna of Ukraine, Vol. 8, No 5, Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 320 pp. (in Russian)
^ Bíro P. (1971) Neogobius fluviutilis in Lake Balaton - a Ponto-Caspian goby new to the fauna of central Europe. J. Fish Biol., 4: 249-255.
^ Pintér K. (1989) Fishes of Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 202 pp.
^ Stráňai I., Andeji J. (2001) Monkey goby – (so far) the last invasing species from the gobiids family. Polovnictvo a rybárstvo (Bratislava), 53: 44-45.
^ Danilkiewicz Z. (1998) Babka szczupła, Neogobius fluviatilis (Pallas, 1811), Perciformes, Gobiidae – nowy, pontyjski element w ichtiofaunie zlewiska Morza Bałtyckiego. Fragm. Faun., 41(21): 269–277.
^ Kostrzewa J., Grabowski M. (2002) Babka szczupła, Neogobius fluviatilis (Pallas, 1814), w Wiśle - fenomen inwazji pontokaspijskich Gobiidae. Przegl. Zool., 46(3-4): 235-242.
^ van Kessel N., Dorenbosch M., Spikmans F. (2009) First record of Pontian monkey goby, Neogobius fluviatilis (Pallas, 1814), in the Dutch Rhine. Aquatic Invasions, 4(2): 421-424.
^ Zogaris S., Apostolou A. (2011) First record of Pontian Monkey Goby, Neogobius fluviatilis (Pallas, 1814) in the Evros River (Greece); is it an alien species? Archived 2012-04-26 at the Wayback Machine Mediterranean Marine Science, 12(2): 454-461.
^ Andriyashev A.R., Arnoldi L.V. (1945) O biologiipitaniya nekotoryh donnyh ryb Chernogo morya. Zhurn. obshch. biol., 6(1): 53-61. (in Russian)
^ Lus V.Ya. (1963) Pitaniye bychkov (sem. Gobiidae) Azovskogo morya. Trudy Instituta okeanologii, 62: 96-127. (in Russian)
^ Borisenko A.M. (1946) Kolichestvennyj uchet donnoy fauny Tendrovskogo zaliva: Abstract of PhD Thesis, Karadag, 18 p. (in Russian)
^ Grinbart S.B. (1964) Zhivlennia bentosoyidnyh ryb i kormovi resursy zoobentosu lymaniv (Yalpuh, Kugurluy) Tezy dop. I resp. konf. VGBT, 9, Kiev, Naukova Dumka, pp. 68-69. (in Ukrainian)
^ Kudrenko S., Kvach Y. (2005) Diet composition of two gobiid species in the Khadzhibey Estuary (North-Western Black Sea, Ukraine). Acta Universitatis Nicolai Copernici, Limnological Papers, 24: 61-68.
^ Kvach Y. (2005) A comparative analysis of helminth faunas and infection of ten species of gobiid fishes (Actinopterigii: Gobiidae) from the North-Western Black Sea. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria, 35(2): 103–110.
^ Youssef M.M., Mansour N.S., Awadalla H.N., Hammouda N.A., Khalifa R., Boulos L.M. (1987) Heterophyid parasite of man from Idku, Maryat and Manzala Lakes areas in Egypt. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol., 17: 474–479.
^ Zimmerman M.R., Smith G.S. (1975) A probable case of occidental inhumation of 1600 years ago. Bull. N.Y. Acad. Med., 51(7): 828–837.
^ Kovalenko I.I. (1960) Izucenie cikla razvitiâ nekotoryh gel’mintov domasnih utok v hozâjstvah na Azovskom poberez’e. Doklady AN SSSR, 133(5): 1259–1261.(In Russian)
Further reading
Fishes of waters of Ukraine / Monkey goby (Neogobius fluviatilis (Pallas, 1814)) - in Russian
Digitaler Fischertenatles von Deutschland und Österreich / Neogobius fluviatilis Pallas, 1814 - Flussgrundel - in German
Taxon identifiersNeogobius fluviatilis
Wikidata: Q924985
Wikispecies: Neogobius fluviatilis
BioLib: 54940
BOLD: 393672
CoL: 46HS5
Fauna Europaea: 304925
Fauna Europaea (new): b2bbc69d-1728-4811-ad7c-3f8316a32d28
FishBase: 4720
GBIF: 2379105
iNaturalist: 106742
IRMNG: 10797636
ISC: 115759
ITIS: 172069
IUCN: 14521
NBN: NHMSYS0020771706
NCBI: 320562
Observation.org: 157618
OBIS: 126913
Open Tree of Life: 496698
Plazi: C0A8064A-9254-E001-7ED4-D29CF2A70A5F
WoRMS: 126913
Authority control databases: National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"goby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goby"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"},{"link_name":"Sea of Azov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Azov"}],"text":"The monkey goby (Neogobius fluviatilis) is a species of goby native to the basins of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov.","title":"Monkey goby"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cycloid scales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloid_scale"},{"link_name":"gill covers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operculum_(fish)"},{"link_name":"pectoral fins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectoral_fin"},{"link_name":"dorsal fin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_fin"},{"link_name":"mandibles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandible"},{"link_name":"dorsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsum_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"caudal fins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudal_fin"}],"text":"The monkey goby is covered with cycloid scales on the head, nape, back, one third of the gill covers, bases of the pectoral fins, and the posterior half of the throat and belly. Its second dorsal fin is small in size compared to the posterior end of the body. The width of its head is equal to or a bit greater than the height of the head, and terminates in an acuminated, or leaf-shaped, snout. The jaws of Neogobius fluviatilis contain small, conical teeth and the mandibles are set forward in the skull. The abdomen of the monkey goby is lined with suckers that stretch from the collar to the anus. Its coloration is a brownish gray or a yellowish gray, usually with a very pale brown pattern of dark merged spots. Rows of dark spots are also found on the dorsal and caudal fins. The average adult monkey goby measures 7–10 centimeters, but has been known to grow to lengths of 18–20 centimeters. This species weighs around 50 grams.","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"habitat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat"},{"link_name":"fresh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater"},{"link_name":"brackish waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackish_water"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"},{"link_name":"Sea of Marmara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sea of Marmara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara"},{"link_name":"Manyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Ku%C5%9F"},{"link_name":"Sapanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Sapanca"},{"link_name":"Kazoli River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kazoli_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bosporus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"tributaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributaries"},{"link_name":"lagoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoon"},{"link_name":"estuaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuaries"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"},{"link_name":"Sea of Azov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Azov"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"invasive species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_species"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"non-indigenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-indigenous_species"},{"link_name":"Lake Balaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Balaton"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Slovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Baltic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Włocławek Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82oc%C5%82awek_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Zegrze Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zegrze_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine"},{"link_name":"Waal River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waal_River"},{"link_name":"Nijmegen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijmegen"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Evros River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evros_River"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Aegean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Sea"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The natural habitat of the monkey goby is the fresh and brackish waters of basins in the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara.[2] In the basin of the Sea of Marmara, it is a common sight in Manyas, Sapanca, and the Kazoli River in Bosporus Strait.\nIn the Black Sea and the surrounding areas, the monkey goby is common in all desalinated water including the Danube river and its tributaries, the lagoons and estuaries of the north-western part of the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov, and the rivers of Caucasus.\nRecently, the monkey goby has been registered as an invasive species in some countries of Europe. In 1970, the species was first declared as a non-indigenous in Lake Balaton in Hungary.[3] The monkey goby was discovered in the Middle Danube in Hungary in 1984.[4] In 2001 it was found to have spread to the Slovak-Hungarian sector of the Danube River.[5] In the basin of the Baltic Sea it was first registered as an invasive species in 1997.[6] The species has also become a common sight in the Włocławek Reservoir and Zegrze Reservoir.[7]\nThe monkey goby has been found in the German part of the river Rhine since March 2009. It has also been found in the Waal River, near Nijmegen, the Netherlands.[8]In August 2011 the monkey goby is registered for the first time in the Evros River (Greece), which is inflows to the Aegean Sea.[9]","title":"Range"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"malacophages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malacophage&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"molluscs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molluscs"},{"link_name":"round goby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_goby"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Sea of Azov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Azov"},{"link_name":"molluscs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molluscs"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Tendra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Tendra"},{"link_name":"polychaetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychaetes"},{"link_name":"larvae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larvae"},{"link_name":"Chironomidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chironomidae"},{"link_name":"molluscs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molluscs"},{"link_name":"Cerastoderma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerastoderma"},{"link_name":"gobies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobies"},{"link_name":"marbled gobies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marbled_goby"},{"link_name":"crustaceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean"},{"link_name":"amphipods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphipoda"},{"link_name":"shrimp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube_Delta"},{"link_name":"Yalpug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalpug_Lake"},{"link_name":"Kugurluy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kugurluy"},{"link_name":"Oligochaeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligochaeta"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Khadzhibey Estuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadzhibey_Estuary"},{"link_name":"prey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prey"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Polychaetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychaetes"},{"link_name":"larvae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larvae"},{"link_name":"insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insects"},{"link_name":"crabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crabs"},{"link_name":"Rhithropanopeus harrisii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhithropanopeus_harrisii"},{"link_name":"sea weed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_weed"},{"link_name":"Zostera marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zostera_marina"},{"link_name":"Marinogammarus olivii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marinogammarus_olivii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"planktonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plankton"},{"link_name":"crustaceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean"}],"text":"The monkey goby belongs to the group known as malacophages, but molluscs have lower importance in its diet than in that of the round goby.[10] However, in the Sea of Azov molluscs (mainly Abra segmentum) make up 85% of its diet.[11] In the Gulf of Tendra its diet is dominated by polychaetes, the larvae of Chironomidae, molluscs, Cerastoderma, juvenile gobies, adult marbled gobies, and crustaceans such as amphipods and shrimp.[12] In the Danube lakes Yalpug and Kugurluy, the diet of the monkey goby consists of amphipods, molluscs, and Oligochaeta.[13]In the Khadzhibey Estuary a dozen species of prey make up the diet of monkey goby.[14] Polychaetes, larvae of insects, and shrimp are present in the diet year round. Seasonal dietary additions include crabs such as Rhithropanopeus harrisii, sea weed such as Zostera marina, and amphipods such as Marinogammarus olivii. Certain planktonic crustaceans are also present in the diet of adult gobies.","title":"Feeding"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Infected_goby.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eustrongylides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustrongylides"},{"link_name":"Dniester Estuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dniester_Estuary"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"metacercariae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacercariae"},{"link_name":"Сryptocotyle concavum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1ryptocotyle_concavum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Сryptocotyle lingua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1ryptocotyle_lingua&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Рygidiopsis genata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0ygidiopsis_genata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nematode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematode"},{"link_name":"Dichelyne minutus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dichelyne_minutus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"cestoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cestoda"},{"link_name":"Ligula pavlovskii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ligula_pavlovskii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. lingua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1ryptocotyle_lingua&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"P. genata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0ygidiopsis_genata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Taganrog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Taganrog"},{"link_name":"Sea of Azov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Azov"},{"link_name":"host","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_(biology)"},{"link_name":"epizootic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epizootic"},{"link_name":"nematodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematodes"},{"link_name":"Tetrameres fissispina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tetrameres_fissispina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Streptocara crassicauda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Streptocara_crassicauda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ducklings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducklings"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Monkey goby infected with the larvae of nematodes Eustrongylides excisus, Dniester Estuary, UkraineIn the northwestern Black Sea, twelve parasite species are known to infect the monkey goby.[15] The core of the parasitic fauna are a trio metacercariae composed of Сryptocotyle concavum, Сryptocotyle lingua, and Рygidiopsis genata. Other common parasites include the nematode Dichelyne minutus and the cestoda Ligula pavlovskii. The trematode parasites C. lingua and P. genata can also infest humans.[16][17] In the 1950s, along the coast of the Gulf of Taganrog in the Sea of Azov, the monkey goby was registered as a host of epizootic of nematodes Tetrameres fissispina and Streptocara crassicauda, which are fatal to ducklings.[18]","title":"Parasites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Sea of Azov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Azov"},{"link_name":"Dnieper-Bug Estuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnieper-Bug_Estuary"}],"text":"In Ukraine the monkey goby is a crucial commercial fish, especially in the Sea of Azov and Dnieper-Bug Estuary. It plays an important role in the food chain by serving as prey for other predatory fish living in these areas.","title":"Importance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monkey goby (Neogobius fluviatilis (Pallas, 1814))","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//fish.kiev.ua/pages/ukrfishm/ukrfishm70.htm"},{"link_name":"Neogobius fluviatilis Pallas, 1814 - Flussgrundel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110719013320/http://www.fischartenatlas.de/cms/atlas/fisch_uebersicht_wiss_40243_1.html"},{"link_name":"Taxon identifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata"},{"link_name":"Q924985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924985"},{"link_name":"Wikispecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies"},{"link_name":"Neogobius fluviatilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Neogobius_fluviatilis"},{"link_name":"54940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id54940"},{"link_name":"BOLD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System"},{"link_name":"393672","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=393672"},{"link_name":"CoL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life"},{"link_name":"46HS5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/46HS5"},{"link_name":"Fauna Europaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_Europaea"},{"link_name":"304925","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:304925"},{"link_name":"Fauna Europaea (new)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_Europaea"},{"link_name":"b2bbc69d-1728-4811-ad7c-3f8316a32d28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/b2bbc69d-1728-4811-ad7c-3f8316a32d28"},{"link_name":"FishBase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FishBase"},{"link_name":"4720","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fishbase.ca/summary/4720"},{"link_name":"GBIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility"},{"link_name":"2379105","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gbif.org/species/2379105"},{"link_name":"iNaturalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INaturalist"},{"link_name":"106742","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//inaturalist.org/taxa/106742"},{"link_name":"IRMNG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera"},{"link_name":"10797636","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10797636"},{"link_name":"ISC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_Species_Compendium"},{"link_name":"115759","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/115759"},{"link_name":"ITIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System"},{"link_name":"172069","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=172069"},{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List"},{"link_name":"14521","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/14521"},{"link_name":"NBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network"},{"link_name":"NHMSYS0020771706","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0020771706"},{"link_name":"NCBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information"},{"link_name":"320562","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=320562"},{"link_name":"Observation.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation.org"},{"link_name":"157618","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//observation.org/species/157618/"},{"link_name":"OBIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Biodiversity_Information_System"},{"link_name":"126913","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//obis.org/taxon/126913"},{"link_name":"Open Tree of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life"},{"link_name":"496698","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=496698"},{"link_name":"Plazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazi"},{"link_name":"C0A8064A-9254-E001-7ED4-D29CF2A70A5F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//treatment.plazi.org/id/C0A8064A-9254-E001-7ED4-D29CF2A70A5F"},{"link_name":"WoRMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species"},{"link_name":"126913","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=126913"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924985#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007595439505171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2012003760"}],"text":"Fishes of waters of Ukraine / Monkey goby (Neogobius fluviatilis (Pallas, 1814)) - in Russian\nDigitaler Fischertenatles von Deutschland und Österreich / Neogobius fluviatilis Pallas, 1814 - Flussgrundel - in GermanTaxon identifiersNeogobius fluviatilis\nWikidata: Q924985\nWikispecies: Neogobius fluviatilis\nBioLib: 54940\nBOLD: 393672\nCoL: 46HS5\nFauna Europaea: 304925\nFauna Europaea (new): b2bbc69d-1728-4811-ad7c-3f8316a32d28\nFishBase: 4720\nGBIF: 2379105\niNaturalist: 106742\nIRMNG: 10797636\nISC: 115759\nITIS: 172069\nIUCN: 14521\nNBN: NHMSYS0020771706\nNCBI: 320562\nObservation.org: 157618\nOBIS: 126913\nOpen Tree of Life: 496698\nPlazi: C0A8064A-9254-E001-7ED4-D29CF2A70A5F\nWoRMS: 126913Authority control databases: National \nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Monkey goby infected with the larvae of nematodes Eustrongylides excisus, Dniester Estuary, Ukraine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Infected_goby.jpg/220px-Infected_goby.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Freyhof, J.; Kottelat, M. (2008). \"Neogobius fluviatilis\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T14521A4441938. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T14521A4441938.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/14521/4441938","url_text":"\"Neogobius fluviatilis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T14521A4441938.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T14521A4441938.en"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/14521/4441938","external_links_name":"\"Neogobius fluviatilis\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T14521A4441938.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T14521A4441938.en"},{"Link":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1972.tb05671.x/abstract?systemMessage=Due+to+scheduled+maintenance+access+to+the+Wiley+Online+Library+may+be+disrupted+as+follows%3A+Saturday%2C+30+October+-+New+York+0500+EDT+to+0700+EDT%3B+London+1000+BST+to+1200+BST%3B+Singapore+1700+SGT+to+1900+SGT.","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.aquaticinvasions.net/2009/AI_2009_4_2_vanKessel_etal.pdf","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"http://www.medit-mar-sc.net/articleview2.php?id=619","external_links_name":"First record of Pontian Monkey Goby, Neogobius fluviatilis (Pallas, 1814) in the Evros River (Greece); is it an alien species?"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120426091450/http://www.medit-mar-sc.net/articleview2.php?id=619","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.aiep.pl/volumes/2000/5_2/pdf/ACTA_35(2)_paper_06.pdf","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"http://fish.kiev.ua/pages/ukrfishm/ukrfishm70.htm","external_links_name":"Monkey goby (Neogobius fluviatilis (Pallas, 1814))"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719013320/http://www.fischartenatlas.de/cms/atlas/fisch_uebersicht_wiss_40243_1.html","external_links_name":"Neogobius fluviatilis Pallas, 1814 - Flussgrundel"},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id54940","external_links_name":"54940"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=393672","external_links_name":"393672"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/46HS5","external_links_name":"46HS5"},{"Link":"http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:304925","external_links_name":"304925"},{"Link":"https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/b2bbc69d-1728-4811-ad7c-3f8316a32d28","external_links_name":"b2bbc69d-1728-4811-ad7c-3f8316a32d28"},{"Link":"https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/4720","external_links_name":"4720"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2379105","external_links_name":"2379105"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/106742","external_links_name":"106742"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10797636","external_links_name":"10797636"},{"Link":"https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/115759","external_links_name":"115759"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=172069","external_links_name":"172069"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/14521","external_links_name":"14521"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0020771706","external_links_name":"NHMSYS0020771706"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=320562","external_links_name":"320562"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/157618/","external_links_name":"157618"},{"Link":"https://obis.org/taxon/126913","external_links_name":"126913"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=496698","external_links_name":"496698"},{"Link":"https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C0A8064A-9254-E001-7ED4-D29CF2A70A5F","external_links_name":"C0A8064A-9254-E001-7ED4-D29CF2A70A5F"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=126913","external_links_name":"126913"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007595439505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2012003760","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivo_Sta%C5%A1 | Ivo Staš | ["1 References"] | Czech footballer
Ivo StašPersonal informationDate of birth
(1965-02-10) 10 February 1965 (age 59)Place of birth
Ostrava, CzechoslovakiaPosition(s)
defenderSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1982–1983
Baník Ostrava
1983–1985
Dukla Prague
1985–1990
Baník Ostrava
1991–1992
Aston Villa
0
(0)1992–1993
Baník Ostrava
1993–1995
Petra Drnovice
1996–1997
Vítkovice
International career
Czechoslovakia U21
1990
Czechoslovakia
1
(0)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Ivo Staš (born 10 February 1965) is a retired Czech football defender.
References
^ Ivo Staš at WorldFootball.net
^ "Ivo Staš". National Football Teams. Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann.
This biographical article related to association football in the Czech Republic, about a defender, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This biographical article relating to Czechoslovak football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"football defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_defender"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Ivo Staš (born 10 February 1965) is a retired Czech football defender.[1][2]","title":"Ivo Staš"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Ivo Staš\". National Football Teams. Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/28039.html","url_text":"\"Ivo Staš\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/ivo-stas/#wac_660x40_top","external_links_name":"Ivo Staš"},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/28039.html","external_links_name":"\"Ivo Staš\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivo_Sta%C5%A1&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivo_Sta%C5%A1&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wingfield_(MP) | William Wingfield | [] | William Wingfield may refer to:
William Wingfield (MP for Bodmin) (1772–1858), English lawyer and MP for Bodmin
William Wingfield (14th century MP), for Suffolk
William Wingfield (died 1639), MP for Lichfield
William Wingfield (MP for Stafford), see Stafford (UK Parliament constituency)
William Wingfield (cricketer, born 1834) (1834–1913), English cricketer and clergyman
William Wingfield (Surrey cricketer) (1857–1938), English cricketer
William Pete Wingfield (born 1948), English record producer, performer and singer
Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Wingfield (MP for Bodmin)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wingfield_(MP_for_Bodmin)"},{"link_name":"William Wingfield (14th century MP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wingfield_(14th_century_MP)"},{"link_name":"William Wingfield (died 1639)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wingfield_(died_1639)"},{"link_name":"William Wingfield (MP for Stafford)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Wingfield_(MP_for_Stafford)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stafford (UK Parliament constituency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"William Wingfield (cricketer, born 1834)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wingfield_(cricketer,_born_1834)"},{"link_name":"William Wingfield (Surrey cricketer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wingfield_(Surrey_cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Pete Wingfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Wingfield"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/William_Wingfield&namespace=0"}],"text":"William Wingfield (MP for Bodmin) (1772–1858), English lawyer and MP for Bodmin\nWilliam Wingfield (14th century MP), for Suffolk\nWilliam Wingfield (died 1639), MP for Lichfield\nWilliam Wingfield (MP for Stafford), see Stafford (UK Parliament constituency)\nWilliam Wingfield (cricketer, born 1834) (1834–1913), English cricketer and clergyman\nWilliam Wingfield (Surrey cricketer) (1857–1938), English cricketer\nWilliam Pete Wingfield (born 1948), English record producer, performer and singerTopics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"William Wingfield"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/William_Wingfield&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekkan | Sesshō and Kampaku | ["1 History","2 List","3 See also","4 Citations","5 General references"] | This article is about the regent of the Emperor. For the regent of a shōgun, see Shikken.
Imperial Standard of the Regent
In Japan, Sesshō (摂政) was a title given to a regent who was named to act on behalf of either a child emperor before his coming of age, or an empress regnant. The Kampaku (関白) was theoretically a sort of chief advisor for the Emperor, but was in practice the title of both first secretary and regent who assisted an adult Emperor. The duties of the Sesshō and Kampaku were to convey to the Emperor the policies formulated by the Sadaijin (左大臣, Minister of the Left) and other senior officials of the Daijō-kan (太政官, Council of State), and to convey the Emperor's decisions to them. As regents of the Emperor, the Sesshō and Kampaku sometimes made decisions on behalf of the Emperor, but their positions were not defined by law and they had no specific political authority. The two titles were collectively known as sekkan (摂関), and the families that exclusively held the titles were called sekkan-ke (sekkan family).
During the Heian period (794–1185), from the middle of the 9th century, the Fujiwara clan began to marry off their daughters to the Emperor and assume the positions of Sesshō and Kampaku, thereby excluding other clans from the political centre and increasing their political power. From the 10th century, the Fujiwara clan monopolized the Sesshō and Kampaku, and at the end of the 10th century, around the time of Fujiwara no Michinaga and Fujiwara no Yorimichi, the power of the Fujiwara clan reached its zenith. In the mid-11th century, Emperor Go-Sanjo ran his own government, and the next Emperor, Shirakawa, abdicated to become Cloistered Emperor, beginning the cloistered rule. From then on, the cloistered rule of Cloistered Emperor took root, and the de facto Fujiwara regime, which used the positions of Sesshō and Kampaku, was over, and the Sesshō and Kampaku lost their real political power and became mere names.
During the Kamakura period (1185–1333), when the warrior class seized power and the Kamakura shogunate was established, the Fujiwara were divided into Five regent houses (五摂家, Go-sekke): the Konoe, Kujō, Nijō, Ichijo, and Takatsukasa families. From then on, these five families served as Sesshō and Kampaku on a rotating basis.
Toyotomi Hideyoshi was the first person in history to become a Kanpaku who was not a noble by birth; his nephew Toyotomi Hidetsugu also became a Kampaku. Hideyoshi obtained this title, the highest position in the aristocracy, by being adopted into the Konoe family and formally becoming an aristocrat. A retired Kampaku was called Taikō (太閤), which came to commonly refer to Toyotomi Hideyoshi.
Both sesshō and kampaku were styled as denka (or tenga (殿下) in historical pronunciation; translated as "(Imperial) Highness"), as were Imperial princes and princesses.
History
In earlier times, only members of the Imperial Family could be appointed sesshō. The Kojiki reports that Emperor Ōjin was assisted by his mother, Empress Jingū, but it is doubtful if it is a historical fact. The first historical sesshō was Prince Shōtoku, who assisted Empress Suiko.
The Fujiwara clan was the primary holder of the kampaku and sesshō titles. More precisely, those titles were held by the Fujiwara Hokke (northern Fujiwara family) and its descendants, to which Fujiwara no Yoshifusa belonged.
In 858, Fujiwara no Yoshifusa became sesshō. He was the first sesshō not to be a member of the Imperial house. In 887, Fujiwara no Mototsune, the nephew and adopted son of Yoshifusa, was appointed to the newly created office of kampaku.
In the 12th century, there were five families among the descendants of Yorimichi called sekke: the Konoe family, Kujō family, Ichijō family, Takatsukasa family and Nijō family. Both the Konoe and Kujō families were descendants of Fujiwara no Yorimichi, through Fujiwara no Tadamichi. The other three families were derived from either the Konoe or Kujō families. Until the Meiji Restoration of 1868, those five families held those title exclusively with the two exceptions of Toyotomi Hideyoshi and his nephew Toyotomi Hidetsugu.
The offices and titles of sesshō and kampaku were abolished by the declaration of the Imperial Restoration in 1868 during the Meiji Restoration in order to reorganize the government structure. The office and title of sesshō was stipulated under the former Imperial Household Law in 1889 and also under the new Imperial Household Law in 1948. Under these laws, the officeholder of sesshō is restricted to a member of the Imperial family. Crown Prince Hirohito, before becoming Emperor Shōwa, was sesshō from 1921 to 1926 for the mentally disabled Emperor Taishō. He was called sesshō-no-miya (摂政宮, "the Prince-Regent").
The area of Taikō in Nagoya is named after the title, although it refers to Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The main street is Taikō-dōri, which is served by the subway Taiko-dori Station.
List
The following is a list of sesshō and kampaku in the order of succession. The list is not exhaustive:
Portrait
Name
Regent title
Tenure
Monarch
Prince Shōtoku(574–622)
Sesshō
593–622
Empress Suiko
Prince Naka no Ōe(626–672)
Sesshō
655–661
Empress Saimei
Prince Kusakabe(662–689)
Sesshō
681–686
Emperor Tenmu
Fujiwara no Yoshifusa(804–872)
Sesshō
858–872
Emperor Seiwa
Fujiwara no Mototsune(836–891)
Sesshō
872–880
Emperor Yōzei
Kampaku
887–890
Emperor Kōkō
Emperor Uda
Fujiwara no Tokihira(871–909)
Sesshō
909
Emperor Daigo
Fujiwara no Tadahira(880–949)
Sesshō
930–941
Emperor Suzaku
Kampaku
941–949
Emperor Murakami
Fujiwara no Saneyori(900–970)
Kampaku
967–969
Emperor Reizei
Sesshō
969–970
Emperor En'yū
Fujiwara no Koretada(924–972)
Sesshō
970–972
Fujiwara no Kanemichi(925–977)
Kampaku
972–977
Fujiwara no Yoritada(924–989)
Kampaku
977–986
Emperor Kazan
Fujiwara no Kaneie(929–990)
Sesshō
986–990
Emperor Ichijō
Kampaku
990
Fujiwara no Michitaka(953–995)
Kampaku
990
Sesshō
990–993
Kampaku
993–995
Fujiwara no Michikane(961–995)
Kampaku
995
Fujiwara no Michinaga(966–1028)
Sesshō
1016–1017
Emperor Go-Ichijō
Fujiwara no Yorimichi(992–1071)
Sesshō
1017–1019
Kampaku
1020–1068
Emperor Go-Suzaku
Emperor Go-Reizei
Fujiwara no Norimichi(996–1075)
Kampaku
1068–1075
Emperor Go-Sanjō
Emperor Shirakawa
Fujiwara no Morozane(1042–1101)
Kampaku
1075–1086
Sesshō
1086–1090
Emperor Horikawa
Kampaku
1090–1094
Fujiwara no Moromichi(1062–1099)
Kampaku
1094–1099
Fujiwara no Tadazane(1078–1162)
Kampaku
1105–1107
Sesshō
1107–1113
Emperor Toba
Kampaku
1113–1121
Fujiwara no Tadamichi(1097–1164)
Kampaku
1121–1123
Sesshō
1123–1129
Emperor Sutoku
Kampaku
1129–1141
Sesshō
1141–1150
Emperor Konoe
Kampaku
1150–1158
Emperor Go-Shirakawa
Konoe Motozane(1143–1166)
Kampaku
1158–1165
Emperor Nijō
Sesshō
1165–1166
Emperor Rokujō
Fujiwara no Motofusa(1144–1230)
Sesshō
1166–1172
Emperor Takakura
Kampaku
1172–1179
Konoe Motomichi(1160–1233)
Kampaku
1179–1180
Sesshō
1180–1183
Emperor Antoku
Matsudono Moroie(1172–1238)
Sesshō
1183–1184
Konoe Motomichi(1160–1233)
Sesshō
1184–1186
Emperor Go-Toba
Kujō Kanezane(1149–1207)
Sesshō
1186–1191
Kampaku
1191–1196
Konoe Motomichi(1160–1233)
Kampaku
1196–1198
Emperor Tsuchimikado
Sesshō
1198–1202
Kujō Yoshitsune(1169–1206)
Sesshō
1202–1206
Konoe Iezane(1179–1243)
Sesshō
1206
Kampaku
1206–1221
Emperor Juntoku
Kujō Michiie(1193–1252)
Sesshō
1221
Emperor Chūkyō
Konoe Iezane(1179–1243)
Sesshō
1221–1223
Emperor Go-Horikawa
Kampaku
1223–1228
Kujō Michiie(1193–1252)
Kampaku
1228–1231
Kujō Norizane(1210–1235)
Sesshō
1231–1235
Emperor Shijō
Kujō Michiie(1193–1252)
Sesshō
1235–1237
Konoe Kanetsune(1210–1259)
Sesshō
1237–1242
Kampaku
1242
Emperor Go-Saga
Nijō Yoshizane(1216–1273)
Kampaku
1242–1246
Ichijō Sanetsune(1223–1284)
Kampaku
1246
Sesshō
1246–1247
Emperor Go-Fukakusa
Konoe Kanetsune(1210–1259)
Sesshō
1247–1252
Takatsukasa Kanehira(1228–1294)
Sesshō
1252–1254
Kampaku
1254–1261
Emperor Kameyama
Nijō Yoshizane(1216–1273)
Kampaku
1261–1265
Ichijō Sanetsune(1223–1284)
Kampaku
1265–1267
Konoe Motohira(1246–1268)
Kampaku
1267–1268
Takatsukasa Mototada(1247–1313)
Kampaku
1268–1273
Kujō Tadaie(1229–1275)
Kampaku
1273–1274
Sesshō
1274
Emperor Go-Uda
Ichijō Ietsune(1248–1293)
Sesshō
1274–1275
Takatsukasa Kanehira(1228–1294)
Sesshō
1275–1278
Kampaku
1278–1287
Nijō Morotada(1254–1341)
Kampaku
1287–1289
Emperor Fushimi
Konoe Iemoto(1261–1296)
Kampaku
1289–1291
Kujō Tadanori(1248–1332)
Kampaku
1291–1293
Konoe Iemoto(1261–1296)
Kampaku
1293–1296
Takatsukasa Kanetada(1262–1301)
Kampaku
1296–1298
Sesshō
1298
Emperor Go-Fushimi
Nijō Kanemoto(1268–1334)
Sesshō
1298–1300
Kampaku
1300–1305
Emperor Go-Nijō
Kujō Moronori(1273–1320)
Kampaku
1305–1308
Sesshō
1308
Emperor Hanazono
Takatsukasa Fuyuhira(1275–1327)
Sesshō
1308–1311
Kampaku
1311–1313
Konoe Iehira(1282–1324)
Kampaku
1313–1315
Takatsukasa Fuyuhira(1275–1327)
Kampaku
1315–1316
Nijō Michihira(1288–1335)
Kampaku
1316–1318
Emperor Go-Daigo
Ichijō Uchitsune(1291–1325)
Kampaku
1318–1323
Kujō Fusazane(1290–1327)
Kampaku
1323–1324
Takatsukasa Fuyuhira(1275–1327)
Kampaku
1324–1327
Nijō Michihira(1288–1335)
Kampaku
1327–1330
Konoe Tsunetada(1302–1352)
Kampaku
1330
Takatsukasa Fuyunori(1295–1337)
Kampaku
1330–1333
Emperor Kōgon
Konoe Tsunetada(1302–1352)
Kampaku
1336–1337
Emperor Kōmyō
Konoe Mototsugu(1305–1354)
Kampaku
1337–1338
Ichijō Tsunemichi(1317–1365)
Kampaku
1338–1342
Kujō Michinori(1315–1349)
Kampaku
1342
Takatsukasa Morohira(1310–1353)
Kampaku
1342–1346
Nijō Yoshimoto(1320–1388)
Kampaku
1346–1358
Emperor Sukō
Emperor Go-Kōgon
Kujō Tsunenori(1331–1400)
Kampaku
1358–1361
Konoe Michitsugu(1333–1387)
Kampaku
1361–1363
Nijō Yoshimoto(1320–1388)
Kampaku
1363–1367
Takatsukasa Fuyumichi(1330–1386)
Kampaku
1367–1369
Nijō Moroyoshi(1345–1382)
Kampaku
1369–1375
Emperor Go-En'yū
Kujō Tadamoto(1345–1397)
Kampaku
1375–1379
Nijō Morotsugu(1356–1400)
Kampaku
1379–1382
Nijō Yoshimoto(1320–1388)
Sesshō
1382–1388
Emperor Go-Komatsu
Konoe Kanetsugu(1360–1388)
Sesshō
1388
Nijō Yoshimoto(1320–1388)
Sesshō
1388
Kampaku
1388
Nijō Morotsugu(1356–1400)
Kampaku
1388–1394
Ichijō Tsunetsugu(1358–1418)
Kampaku
1394–1398
Nijō Morotsugu(1356–1400)
Kampaku
1398–1399
Ichijō Tsunetsugu(1358–1418)
Kampaku
1399–1408
Konoe Tadatsugu(1383–1454)
Kampaku
1408–1409
Nijō Mitsumoto(1383–1410)
Kampaku
1409–1410
Ichijō Tsunetsugu(1358–1418)
Kampaku
1410–1418
Emperor Shōkō
Kujō Mitsuie(1394–1449)
Kampaku
1418–1424
Nijō Mochimoto(1390–1445)
Kampaku
1424–1428
Sesshō
1428–1432
Emperor Go-Hanazono
Ichijō Kaneyoshi(1402–1481)
Sesshō
1432
Nijō Mochimoto(1390–1445)
Sesshō
1432–1433
Kampaku
1433–1445
Konoe Fusatsugu(1402–1488)
Kampaku
1445–1447
Ichijō Kaneyoshi(1402–1481)
Kampaku
1447–1453
Takatsukasa Fusahira(1408–1472)
Kampaku
1454–1455
Nijō Mochimichi(1416–1493)
Kampaku
1455–1458
Ichijō Norifusa(1423–1480)
Kampaku
1458–1463
Nijō Mochimichi(1416–1493)
Kampaku
1463–1467
Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado
Ichijō Kaneyoshi(1402–1481)
Kampaku
1467–1470
Nijō Masatsugu(1443–1480)
Kampaku
1470–1476
Kujō Masamoto(1445–1516)
Kampaku
1476–1479
Konoe Masaie(1445–1505)
Kampaku
1479–1483
Takatsukasa Masahira(1445–1517)
Kampaku
1483–1487
Kujō Masatada(1439–1488)
Kampaku
1487–1488
Ichijō Fuyuyoshi(1465–1514)
Kampaku
1488–1493
Konoe Hisamichi(1472–1544)
Kampaku
1493–1497
Nijō Hisamoto(1471–1497)
Kampaku
1497
Ichijō Fuyuyoshi(1465–1514)
Kampaku
1497–1501
Emperor Go-Kashiwabara
Kujō Hisatsune(1469–1530)
Kampaku
1501–1513
Konoe Hisamichi(1472–1544)
Kampaku
1513–1514
Takatsukasa Kanesuke(1480–1552)
Kampaku
1514–1518
Nijō Korefusa(1496–1551)
Kampaku
1518–1525
Konoe Taneie(1503–1566)
Kampaku
1525–1533
Emperor Go-Nara
Kujō Tanemichi(1507–1594)
Kampaku
1533–1534
Nijō Korefusa(1496–1551)
Kampaku
1534–1536
Konoe Taneie(1503–1566)
Kampaku
1536–1542
Takatsukasa Tadafuyu(1509–1546)
Kampaku
1542–1545
Ichijō Fusamichi(1509–1556)
Kampaku
1545–1548
Nijō Haruyoshi(1526–1579)
Kampaku
1548–1553
Ichijō Kanefuyu(1529–1554)
Kampaku
1553–1554
Konoe Sakihisa(1536–1612)
Kampaku
1554–1568
Emperor Ōgimachi
Nijō Haruyoshi(1526–1579)
Kampaku
1568–1578
Kujō Kanetaka(1553–1636)
Kampaku
1578–1581
Ichijō Uchimoto(1548–1611)
Kampaku
1581–1585
Nijō Akizane(1556–1619)
Kampaku
1585
Toyotomi Hideyoshi(1538–1598)
Kampaku
1585–1591
Emperor Go-Yōzei
Toyotomi Hidetsugu(1568–1595)
Kampaku
1591–1595
Kujō Kanetaka(1553–1636)
Kampaku
1600–1604
Konoe Nobutada(1565–1614)
Kampaku
1605–1606
Takatsukasa Nobufusa(1565–1658)
Kampaku
1606–1608
Kujō Yukiie(1586–1665)
Kampaku
1608–1612
Emperor Go-Mizunoo
Takatsukasa Nobuhisa(1590–1621)
Kampaku
1612–1615
Nijō Akizane(1556–1619)
Kampaku
1615–1619
Kujō Yukiie(1586–1665)
Kampaku
1619–1623
Konoe Nobuhiro(1599–1649)
Kampaku
1623–1629
Ichijō Akiyoshi(1605–1672)
Kampaku
1629
Sesshō
1629–1635
Empress Meishō
Nijō Yasumichi(1607–1666)
Sesshō
1635–1647
Emperor Go-Kōmyō
Kujō Michifusa(1609–1647)
Sesshō
1647
Ichijō Akiyoshi(1605–1672)
Sesshō
1647
Kampaku
1647–1651
Konoe Hisatsugu(1622–1653)
Kampaku
1651–1653
Nijō Mitsuhira(1624–1682)
Kampaku
1653–1663
Emperor Go-Sai
Sesshō
1663–1664
Emperor Reigen
Takatsukasa Fusasuke(1637–1700)
Sesshō
1664–1668
Kampaku
1668–1682
Ichijō Kaneteru(1652–1705)
Kampaku
1682–1687
Sesshō
1687–1689
Emperor Higashiyama
Kampaku
1689–1690
Konoe Motohiro(1648–1722)
Kampaku
1690–1703
Takatsukasa Kanehiro(1659–1725)
Kampaku
1703–1707
Konoe Iehiro(1667–1736)
Kampaku
1707–1709
Sesshō
1709–1712
Emperor Nakamikado
Kujō Sukezane(1669–1729)
Sesshō
1712–1716
Kampaku
1716–1722
Nijō Tsunahira(1672–1732)
Kampaku
1722–1726
Konoe Iehisa(1687–1737)
Kampaku
1726–1736
Emperor Sakuramachi
Nijō Yoshitada(1689–1737)
Kampaku
1736–1737
Ichijō Kaneka(1692–1751)
Kampaku
1737–1746
Ichijō Michika(1722–1769)
Kampaku
1746–1747
Sesshō
1747–1755
Emperor Momozono
Kampaku
1755–1757
Konoe Uchisaki(1728–1785)
Kampaku
1757–1762
Sesshō
1762–1772
Empress Go-Sakuramachi
Emperor Go-Momozono
Kampaku
1772–1778
Kujō Naozane(1717–1787)
Kampaku
1778–1779
Sesshō
1779–1785
Emperor Kōkaku
Kampaku
1785–1787
Takatsukasa Sukehira(1738–1819)
Kampaku
1787–1791
Ichijō Teruyoshi(1756–1795)
Kampaku
1791–1795
Takatsukasa Masahiro(1761–1841)
Kampaku
1795–1814
Ichijō Tadayoshi(1774–1837)
Kampaku
1814–1823
Emperor Ninkō
Takatsukasa Masamichi(1789–1868)
Kampaku
1823–1856
Emperor Kōmei
Kujō Hisatada(1798–1871)
Kampaku
1856–1862
Konoe Tadahiro(1808–1898)
Kampaku
1862–1863
Takatsukasa Sukehiro(1807–1878)
Kampaku
1863
Nijō Nariyuki(1816–1878)
Kampaku
1863–1866
Sesshō
1867–1868
Emperor Meiji
Crown Prince Hirohito(1901–1989)
Sesshō
1921–1926
Emperor Taishō
See also
Daijō-kan
Sessei (written with the same characters as Sesshō)
Taikun
Citations
^ a b 【藤原道長はなぜ躍進？】摂関政治をわかりやすく説明する方法 (in Japanese). Tomonokai. 19 July 2015. Archived from the original on 11 May 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
^ 摂関政治で最盛期を築き上げた藤原氏とは、いかなる由緒を持つ氏族なのか (in Japanese). Yahoo News. 4 January 2024. Archived from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
^ 摂関政治 (in Japanese). Kotobank. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
^ 五摂家 (in Japanese). kotobank. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
^ 秀吉はなぜ征夷大将軍ではなく、関白を選んだか (in Japanese). Nikkei Business. 14 January 2017. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
^ 豊臣秀吉はなぜ「征夷大将軍」ではなく「関白」になったのか――秀吉をめぐる「三つのなぜ」 (in Japanese). The Asahi Shimbun. 24 September 2023. Archived from the original on 29 February 2024. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
^ ネケト. 摂政・関白 (in Japanese). JP. Archived from the original on 2004-08-27. Retrieved 2007-09-20.
^ 『藤氏家伝』上に「（斉明天皇）悉以庶務、委皇太子。皇太子毎事諮決、然後施行」とあることによる。
^ 『日本書紀』天武天皇10年2月25日条に「立草壁皇子尊、為皇太子。因以令摂万機」とあることによる。
^ Brown & Ishida 1979, p. 286.
^ Titsingh 1834, p. 132, https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA132,M1.
^ Titsingh 1834, p. 142, https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP142&dq=.
^ Titsingh 1834, p. 145, https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP145&dq=.
^ Titsingh 1834, p. 160, https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP160&dq=;.
^ Titsingh 1834, p. 229.
^ Titsingh 1834, pp. 229–36.
^ Titsingh 1834, p. 236.
^ Titsingh 1834, p. 238.
^ Titsingh 1834, p. 239.
^ Titsingh 1834, p. 297.
General references
Brown, Delmer M; Ishida, Ichirō, eds. (1979) , Gukanshō an interpretative history of Japan written in 1219], Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-03460-0
Titsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834) , Nipon o daï itsi ran (in French), Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland, OCLC 84067437.
vteSesshōAsuka period
Prince Umayado
Heian period
Fujiwara no Yoshifusa
Fujiwara no Mototsune
Fujiwara no Tokihira
Fujiwara no Tadahira
Fujiwara no Saneyori
Fujiwara no Koretada
Fujiwara no Kaneie
Fujiwara no Michitaka
Fujiwara no Michinaga
Fujiwara no Yorimichi
Fujiwara no Morozane
Fujiwara no Tadazane
Fujiwara no Tadamichi
Konoe Motozane
Fujiwara no Motofusa
Konoe Motomichi
Matsudono Moroie
Kamakura period
Kujō Kanezane
Konoe Motomichi
Kujō Yoshitsune
Konoe Iezane
Kujō Michiie
Kujō Norizane
Konoe Kanetsune
Ichijō Sanetsune
Konoe Kanetsune
Takatsukasa Kanehira
Kujō Tadaie
Ichijō Ietsune
Takatsukasa Kanetada
Nijō Kanemoto
Kujō Moronori
Muromachi period
Takatsukasa Fuyuhira
Nijō Yoshimoto
Konoe Kanetsugu
Nijō Yoshimoto
Nijō Mochimoto
Nijō Kaneyoshi
Edo period
Ichijō Akiyoshi
Nijō Yasumichi
Kujō Michifusa
Nijō Mitsuhira
Takatsukasa Fusasuke
Ichijō Kaneteru
Konoe Iehiro
Kujō Sukezane
Ichijō Michika
Konoe Uchisaki
Kujō Naozane
Nijō Nariyuki
Taishō eraCrown Prince Hirohito
vteKampakuHeian period
Fujiwara no Mototsune
Fujiwara no Tadahira
Fujiwara no Saneyori
Fujiwara no Kanemichi
Fujiwara no Yoritada
Fujiwara no Kaneie
Fujiwara no Michitaka
Fujiwara no Michikane
Fujiwara no Yorimichi
Fujiwara no Norimichi
Fujiwara no Morozane
Fujiwara no Moromichi
Fujiwara no Tadazane
Fujiwara no Tadamichi
Konoe Motozane
Fujiwara no Motofusa
Konoe Motomichi
Kamakura period
Kujō Kanezane
Konoe Motomichi
Konoe Iezane
Kujō Michiie
Konoe Kanetsune
Nijō Yoshizane
Ichijō Sanetsune
Takatsukasa Kanehira
Nijō Yoshizane
Ichijō Sanetsune
Konoe Motohira
Takatsukasa Mototada
Kujō Tadaie
Takatsukasa Kanehira
Nijō Morotada
Konoe Iemoto
Kujō Tadanori
Konoe Iemoto
Takatsukasa Kanetada
Nijō Kanemoto
Kujō Moronori
Takatsukasa Fuyuhira
Konoe Iehira
Nijō Michihira
Ichijō Uchitsune
Kujō Fusazane
Konoe Tsunetada
Takatsukasa Fuyunori
Nanboku-chō periodSouthern Court
Nijō Moromoto
Konoe Tsuneie
Nijō Norimoto
Nijō Noriyori
Nijō Fuyuzane
Konoe-tono (name unknown)
Northern Court
Konoe Tsunetada
Konoe Mototsugu
Ichijō Tsunemichi
Kujō Michinori
Takatsukasa Morohira
Nijō Yoshimoto
Kujō Tsunenori
Konoe Michitsugu
Nijō Yoshimoto
Takatsukasa Fuyumichi
Nijō Moroyoshi
Kujō Tadamoto
Nijō Morotsugu
Nijō Yoshimoto
Nijō Morotsugu
Muromachi period
Ichijō Tsunetsugu
Nijō Morotsugu
Konoe Tadatsugu
Nijō Mitsumoto
Kujō Mitsuie
Nijō Mochimoto
Konoe Fusatsugu
Ichijō Kaneyoshi
Takatsukasa Fusahira
Nijō Mochimichi
Ichijō Norifusa
Nijō Masatsugu
Kujō Masamoto
Konoe Masaie
Takatsukasa Masahira
Kujō Masatada
Ichijō Fuyuyoshi
Konoe Hisamichi
Sengoku period
Nijō Hisamoto
Ichijō Fuyuyoshi
Kujō Hisatsune
Konoe Hisamichi
Takatsukasa Kanesuke
Nijō Korefusa
Konoe Taneie
Kujō Tanemichi
Takatsukasa Tadafuyu
Ichijō Fusamichi
Nijō Haruyoshi
Ichijō Kanefuyu
Konoe Sakihisa
Azuchi–Momoyama period
Nijō Haruyoshi
Kujō Kanetaka
Ichijō Uchimoto
Nijō Akizane
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Toyotomi Hidetsugu
Edo period
Kujō Kanetaka
Konoe Nobutada
Takatsukasa Nobufusa
Kujō Yukiie
Takatsukasa Nobuhisa
Nijō Akizane
Kujō Yukiie
Konoe Nobuhiro
Ichijō Akiyoshi
Konoe Hisatsugu
Nijō Mitsuhira
Takatsukasa Fusasuke
Ichijō Kaneteru
Konoe Motohiro
Takatsukasa Kanehiro
Konoe Iehiro
Kujō Sukezane
Nijō Tsunahira
Konoe Iehisa
Nijō Yoshitada
Ichijō Kaneka
Ichijō Michika
Konoe Uchisaki
Kujō Naozane
Takatsukasa Sukehira
Ichijō Teruyoshi
Takatsukasa Masahiro
Ichijō Tadayoshi
Takatsukasa Masamichi
Kujō Hisatada
Konoe Tadahiro
Takatsukasa Sukehiro
Nijō Nariyuki | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shikken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikken"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japan_Sessyo_Flag.svg"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"regent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent"},{"link_name":"emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"coming of age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_of_age"},{"link_name":"empress regnant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"first secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Minister"},{"link_name":"regent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent"},{"link_name":"Minister of the Left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Left"},{"link_name":"Daijō-kan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daij%C5%8D-kan"},{"link_name":"Council of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_State"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tomonokai-1"},{"link_name":"Heian period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heian_period"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_clan"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Michinaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Michinaga"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Yorimichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Yorimichi"},{"link_name":"Emperor Go-Sanjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Go-Sanjo"},{"link_name":"Shirakawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Shirakawa"},{"link_name":"Cloistered Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloistered_Emperor"},{"link_name":"cloistered rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloistered_rule"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tomonokai-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yh040124-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotobasekk-3"},{"link_name":"Kamakura period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakura_period"},{"link_name":"Kamakura shogunate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate"},{"link_name":"Five regent houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_regent_houses"},{"link_name":"Konoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_family"},{"link_name":"Kujō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_family"},{"link_name":"Nijō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_family"},{"link_name":"Ichijo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichij%C5%8D_family"},{"link_name":"Takatsukasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takatsukasa_family"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotobagose-4"},{"link_name":"Toyotomi Hideyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi"},{"link_name":"Toyotomi Hidetsugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyotomi_Hidetsugu"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asahi240923-6"}],"text":"This article is about the regent of the Emperor. For the regent of a shōgun, see Shikken.Imperial Standard of the RegentIn Japan, Sesshō (摂政) was a title given to a regent who was named to act on behalf of either a child emperor before his coming of age, or an empress regnant. The Kampaku (関白) was theoretically a sort of chief advisor for the Emperor, but was in practice the title of both first secretary and regent who assisted an adult Emperor. The duties of the Sesshō and Kampaku were to convey to the Emperor the policies formulated by the Sadaijin (左大臣, Minister of the Left) and other senior officials of the Daijō-kan (太政官, Council of State), and to convey the Emperor's decisions to them. As regents of the Emperor, the Sesshō and Kampaku sometimes made decisions on behalf of the Emperor, but their positions were not defined by law and they had no specific political authority. The two titles were collectively known as sekkan (摂関), and the families that exclusively held the titles were called sekkan-ke (sekkan family).[1]During the Heian period (794–1185), from the middle of the 9th century, the Fujiwara clan began to marry off their daughters to the Emperor and assume the positions of Sesshō and Kampaku, thereby excluding other clans from the political centre and increasing their political power. From the 10th century, the Fujiwara clan monopolized the Sesshō and Kampaku, and at the end of the 10th century, around the time of Fujiwara no Michinaga and Fujiwara no Yorimichi, the power of the Fujiwara clan reached its zenith. In the mid-11th century, Emperor Go-Sanjo ran his own government, and the next Emperor, Shirakawa, abdicated to become Cloistered Emperor, beginning the cloistered rule. From then on, the cloistered rule of Cloistered Emperor took root, and the de facto Fujiwara regime, which used the positions of Sesshō and Kampaku, was over, and the Sesshō and Kampaku lost their real political power and became mere names.[1][2][3]During the Kamakura period (1185–1333), when the warrior class seized power and the Kamakura shogunate was established, the Fujiwara were divided into Five regent houses (五摂家, Go-sekke): the Konoe, Kujō, Nijō, Ichijo, and Takatsukasa families. From then on, these five families served as Sesshō and Kampaku on a rotating basis.[4]Toyotomi Hideyoshi was the first person in history to become a Kanpaku who was not a noble by birth; his nephew Toyotomi Hidetsugu also became a Kampaku. Hideyoshi obtained this title, the highest position in the aristocracy, by being adopted into the Konoe family and formally becoming an aristocrat. A retired Kampaku was called Taikō (太閤), which came to commonly refer to Toyotomi Hideyoshi.[5][6]Both sesshō and kampaku were styled as denka (or tenga (殿下) in historical pronunciation; translated as \"(Imperial) Highness\"), as were Imperial princes and princesses.","title":"Sesshō and Kampaku"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Imperial Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Kojiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kojiki"},{"link_name":"Emperor Ōjin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_%C5%8Cjin"},{"link_name":"Empress Jingū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Jing%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Prince Shōtoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Sh%C5%8Dtoku"},{"link_name":"Empress Suiko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Suiko"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_clan"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara Hokke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokke_(Fujiwara)"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Yoshifusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Yoshifusa"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Mototsune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Mototsune"},{"link_name":"five families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_regent_houses"},{"link_name":"Konoe family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_family"},{"link_name":"Kujō family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_family"},{"link_name":"Ichijō family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichij%C5%8D_family"},{"link_name":"Takatsukasa family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takatsukasa_family"},{"link_name":"Nijō family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_family"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Yorimichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Yorimichi"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Tadamichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Tadamichi"},{"link_name":"Meiji Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Restoration"},{"link_name":"Toyotomi Hideyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi"},{"link_name":"Toyotomi Hidetsugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyotomi_Hidetsugu"},{"link_name":"Imperial Household Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Household_Law"},{"link_name":"Crown Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Prince"},{"link_name":"Hirohito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito"},{"link_name":"Emperor Taishō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Taiko-dori Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiko-dori_Station"}],"text":"In earlier times, only members of the Imperial Family could be appointed sesshō. The Kojiki reports that Emperor Ōjin was assisted by his mother, Empress Jingū, but it is doubtful if it is a historical fact. The first historical sesshō was Prince Shōtoku, who assisted Empress Suiko.The Fujiwara clan was the primary holder of the kampaku and sesshō titles. More precisely, those titles were held by the Fujiwara Hokke (northern Fujiwara family) and its descendants, to which Fujiwara no Yoshifusa belonged.In 858, Fujiwara no Yoshifusa became sesshō. He was the first sesshō not to be a member of the Imperial house. In 887, Fujiwara no Mototsune, the nephew and adopted son of Yoshifusa, was appointed to the newly created office of kampaku.In the 12th century, there were five families among the descendants of Yorimichi called sekke: the Konoe family, Kujō family, Ichijō family, Takatsukasa family and Nijō family. Both the Konoe and Kujō families were descendants of Fujiwara no Yorimichi, through Fujiwara no Tadamichi. The other three families were derived from either the Konoe or Kujō families. Until the Meiji Restoration of 1868, those five families held those title exclusively with the two exceptions of Toyotomi Hideyoshi and his nephew Toyotomi Hidetsugu.The offices and titles of sesshō and kampaku were abolished by the declaration of the Imperial Restoration in 1868 during the Meiji Restoration in order to reorganize the government structure. The office and title of sesshō was stipulated under the former Imperial Household Law in 1889 and also under the new Imperial Household Law in 1948. Under these laws, the officeholder of sesshō is restricted to a member of the Imperial family. Crown Prince Hirohito, before becoming Emperor Shōwa, was sesshō from 1921 to 1926 for the mentally disabled Emperor Taishō. He was called sesshō-no-miya (摂政宮, \"the Prince-Regent\").The area of Taikō in Nagoya is named after the title, although it refers to Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The main street is Taikō-dōri, which is served by the subway Taiko-dori Station.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The following is a list of sesshō and kampaku in the order of succession.[7] The list is not exhaustive:","title":"List"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-tomonokai_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-tomonokai_1-1"},{"link_name":"【藤原道長はなぜ躍進？】摂関政治をわかりやすく説明する方法","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20220511095734/https://www.juku.st/info/entry/1349"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.juku.st/info/entry/1349"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-yh040124_2-0"},{"link_name":"摂関政治で最盛期を築き上げた藤原氏とは、いかなる由緒を持つ氏族なのか","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20240312002713/https://news.yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/d404674899919ce02e297e8f3a5117f8807b3341"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//news.yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/d404674899919ce02e297e8f3a5117f8807b3341"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-kotobasekk_3-0"},{"link_name":"摂関政治","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20231129224719/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%91%82%E9%96%A2%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB-87197"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//kotobank.jp/word/%E6%91%82%E9%96%A2%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB-87197"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-kotobagose_4-0"},{"link_name":"五摂家","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20231208093025/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E4%BA%94%E6%91%82%E5%AE%B6-64979"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//kotobank.jp/word/%E4%BA%94%E6%91%82%E5%AE%B6-64979"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"秀吉はなぜ征夷大将軍ではなく、関白を選んだか","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230905041529/https://business.nikkei.com/atcl/opinion/16/122600033/010800002/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//business.nikkei.com/atcl/opinion/16/122600033/010800002/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-asahi240923_6-0"},{"link_name":"豊臣秀吉はなぜ「征夷大将軍」ではなく「関白」になったのか――秀吉をめぐる「三つのなぜ」","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20240229075803/https://dot.asahi.com/articles/-/202017?page=3"},{"link_name":"The Asahi Shimbun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Asahi_Shimbun"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dot.asahi.com/articles/-/202017?page=3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"摂政・関白","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20040827224301/http://nekhet.ddo.jp/ruler/japan/sekkan.html"},{"link_name":"JP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nekhet.ddo.jp/ruler/japan/sekkan.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"藤氏家伝","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%A4%E6%B0%8F%E5%AE%B6%E4%BC%9D&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"日本書紀","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%9B%B8%E7%B4%80"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownIshida1979286_10-0"},{"link_name":"Brown & Ishida 1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBrownIshida1979"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETitsingh1834132https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA132,M1_11-0"},{"link_name":"Titsingh 1834","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTitsingh1834"},{"link_name":"https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA132,M1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA132,M1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETitsingh1834142https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP142&dq=_12-0"},{"link_name":"Titsingh 1834","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTitsingh1834"},{"link_name":"https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP142&dq=","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP142&dq="},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETitsingh1834145https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP145&dq=_13-0"},{"link_name":"Titsingh 1834","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTitsingh1834"},{"link_name":"https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP145&dq=","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP145&dq="},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETitsingh1834160https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP160&dq=;_14-0"},{"link_name":"Titsingh 1834","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTitsingh1834"},{"link_name":"https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP160&dq=","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP160&dq="},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETitsingh1834229_15-0"},{"link_name":"Titsingh 1834","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTitsingh1834"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETitsingh1834229%E2%80%9336_16-0"},{"link_name":"Titsingh 1834","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTitsingh1834"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETitsingh1834236_17-0"},{"link_name":"Titsingh 1834","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTitsingh1834"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETitsingh1834238_18-0"},{"link_name":"Titsingh 1834","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTitsingh1834"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETitsingh1834239_19-0"},{"link_name":"Titsingh 1834","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTitsingh1834"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETitsingh1834297_20-0"},{"link_name":"Titsingh 1834","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTitsingh1834"}],"text":"^ a b 【藤原道長はなぜ躍進？】摂関政治をわかりやすく説明する方法 (in Japanese). Tomonokai. 19 July 2015. Archived from the original on 11 May 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2024.\n\n^ 摂関政治で最盛期を築き上げた藤原氏とは、いかなる由緒を持つ氏族なのか (in Japanese). Yahoo News. 4 January 2024. Archived from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024.\n\n^ 摂関政治 (in Japanese). Kotobank. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2024.\n\n^ 五摂家 (in Japanese). kotobank. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2024.\n\n^ 秀吉はなぜ征夷大将軍ではなく、関白を選んだか (in Japanese). Nikkei Business. 14 January 2017. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 29 February 2024.\n\n^ 豊臣秀吉はなぜ「征夷大将軍」ではなく「関白」になったのか――秀吉をめぐる「三つのなぜ」 (in Japanese). The Asahi Shimbun. 24 September 2023. Archived from the original on 29 February 2024. Retrieved 29 February 2024.\n\n^ ネケト. 摂政・関白 (in Japanese). JP. Archived from the original on 2004-08-27. Retrieved 2007-09-20.\n\n^ 『藤氏家伝』上に「（斉明天皇）悉以庶務、委皇太子。皇太子毎事諮決、然後施行」とあることによる。\n\n^ 『日本書紀』天武天皇10年2月25日条に「立草壁皇子尊、為皇太子。因以令摂万機」とあることによる。\n\n^ Brown & Ishida 1979, p. 286.\n\n^ Titsingh 1834, p. 132, https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA132,M1.\n\n^ Titsingh 1834, p. 142, https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP142&dq=.\n\n^ Titsingh 1834, p. 145, https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP145&dq=.\n\n^ Titsingh 1834, p. 160, https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP160&dq=;.\n\n^ Titsingh 1834, p. 229.\n\n^ Titsingh 1834, pp. 229–36.\n\n^ Titsingh 1834, p. 236.\n\n^ Titsingh 1834, p. 238.\n\n^ Titsingh 1834, p. 239.\n\n^ Titsingh 1834, p. 297.","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gukanshō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gukansh%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"University of California Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-520-03460-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-03460-0"},{"link_name":"Titsingh, Isaac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh"},{"link_name":"Hayashi Gahō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayashi_Gah%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Nipon o daï itsi ran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&q=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran"},{"link_name":"Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Asiatic_Society"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"84067437","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/84067437"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sessh%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sessh%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sessh%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Sesshō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Asuka period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asuka_period"},{"link_name":"Prince Umayado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Sh%C5%8Dtoku"},{"link_name":"Heian period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heian_period"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Yoshifusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Yoshifusa"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Mototsune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Mototsune"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Tokihira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Tokihira"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Tadahira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Tadahira"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Saneyori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Saneyori"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Koretada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Koretada"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Kaneie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Kaneie"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Michitaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Michitaka"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Michinaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Michinaga"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Yorimichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Yorimichi"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Morozane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Morozane"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Tadazane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Tadazane"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Tadamichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Tadamichi"},{"link_name":"Konoe Motozane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_Motozane"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Motofusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Motofusa"},{"link_name":"Konoe Motomichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_Motomichi"},{"link_name":"Matsudono Moroie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsudono_Moroie"},{"link_name":"Kamakura period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakura_period"},{"link_name":"Kujō Kanezane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Kanezane"},{"link_name":"Konoe Motomichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_Motomichi"},{"link_name":"Kujō Yoshitsune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Yoshitsune"},{"link_name":"Konoe Iezane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_Iezane"},{"link_name":"Kujō Michiie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Michiie"},{"link_name":"Kujō Norizane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Norizane"},{"link_name":"Konoe Kanetsune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_Kanetsune"},{"link_name":"Ichijō Sanetsune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichij%C5%8D_Sanetsune"},{"link_name":"Konoe Kanetsune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_Kanetsune"},{"link_name":"Takatsukasa Kanehira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takatsukasa_Kanehira"},{"link_name":"Kujō Tadaie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Tadaie"},{"link_name":"Ichijō Ietsune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichij%C5%8D_Ietsune"},{"link_name":"Takatsukasa Kanetada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takatsukasa_Kanetada"},{"link_name":"Nijō Kanemoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Kanemoto"},{"link_name":"Kujō Moronori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Moronori"},{"link_name":"Muromachi period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muromachi_period"},{"link_name":"Takatsukasa Fuyuhira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takatsukasa_Fuyuhira"},{"link_name":"Nijō Yoshimoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Yoshimoto"},{"link_name":"Konoe Kanetsugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_Kanetsugu"},{"link_name":"Nijō Yoshimoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Yoshimoto"},{"link_name":"Nijō Mochimoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Mochimoto"},{"link_name":"Nijō Kaneyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nij%C5%8D_Kaneyoshi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Edo period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period"},{"link_name":"Ichijō Akiyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichij%C5%8D_Akiyoshi"},{"link_name":"Nijō Yasumichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Yasumichi"},{"link_name":"Kujō Michifusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Michifusa"},{"link_name":"Nijō Mitsuhira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Mitsuhira"},{"link_name":"Takatsukasa Fusasuke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takatsukasa_Fusasuke"},{"link_name":"Ichijō Kaneteru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichij%C5%8D_Kaneteru"},{"link_name":"Konoe Iehiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_Iehiro"},{"link_name":"Kujō Sukezane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Sukezane"},{"link_name":"Ichijō Michika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichij%C5%8D_Michika"},{"link_name":"Konoe Uchisaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_Uchisaki"},{"link_name":"Kujō Naozane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Naozane"},{"link_name":"Nijō Nariyuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Nariyuki"},{"link_name":"Taishō era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taish%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Crown Prince Hirohito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Kampaku"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Kampaku"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kampaku"},{"link_name":"Kampaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Heian period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heian_period"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Mototsune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Mototsune"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Tadahira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Tadahira"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Saneyori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Saneyori"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Kanemichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Kanemichi"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Yoritada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Yoritada"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Kaneie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Kaneie"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Michitaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Michitaka"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Michikane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Michikane"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Yorimichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Yorimichi"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Norimichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Norimichi"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Morozane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Morozane"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Moromichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Moromichi"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Tadazane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Tadazane"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Tadamichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Tadamichi"},{"link_name":"Konoe Motozane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_Motozane"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Motofusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Motofusa"},{"link_name":"Konoe Motomichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_Motomichi"},{"link_name":"Kamakura period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakura_period"},{"link_name":"Kujō Kanezane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Kanezane"},{"link_name":"Konoe Motomichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_Motomichi"},{"link_name":"Konoe Iezane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_Iezane"},{"link_name":"Kujō Michiie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Michiie"},{"link_name":"Konoe Kanetsune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_Kanetsune"},{"link_name":"Nijō Yoshizane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Yoshizane"},{"link_name":"Ichijō Sanetsune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichij%C5%8D_Sanetsune"},{"link_name":"Takatsukasa Kanehira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takatsukasa_Kanehira"},{"link_name":"Nijō Yoshizane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Yoshizane"},{"link_name":"Ichijō Sanetsune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichij%C5%8D_Sanetsune"},{"link_name":"Konoe Motohira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_Motohira"},{"link_name":"Takatsukasa Mototada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takatsukasa_Mototada"},{"link_name":"Kujō Tadaie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Tadaie"},{"link_name":"Takatsukasa Kanehira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takatsukasa_Kanehira"},{"link_name":"Nijō Morotada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Morotada"},{"link_name":"Konoe Iemoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_Iemoto"},{"link_name":"Kujō Tadanori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Tadanori"},{"link_name":"Konoe Iemoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_Iemoto"},{"link_name":"Takatsukasa Kanetada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takatsukasa_Kanetada"},{"link_name":"Nijō Kanemoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Kanemoto"},{"link_name":"Kujō Moronori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Moronori"},{"link_name":"Takatsukasa Fuyuhira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takatsukasa_Fuyuhira"},{"link_name":"Konoe Iehira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_Iehira"},{"link_name":"Nijō Michihira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Michihira"},{"link_name":"Ichijō Uchitsune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichij%C5%8D_Uchitsune"},{"link_name":"Kujō Fusazane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Fusazane"},{"link_name":"Konoe Tsunetada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_Tsunetada"},{"link_name":"Takatsukasa Fuyunori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takatsukasa_Fuyunori"},{"link_name":"Nanboku-chō period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanboku-ch%C5%8D_period"},{"link_name":"Nijō Moromoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nij%C5%8D_Moromoto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Konoe Tsuneie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konoe_Tsuneie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nijō Norimoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nij%C5%8D_Norimoto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nijō Noriyori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nij%C5%8D_Noriyori&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nijō Fuyuzane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nij%C5%8D_Fuyuzane&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Konoe Tsunetada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_Tsunetada"},{"link_name":"Konoe Mototsugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_Mototsugu"},{"link_name":"Ichijō Tsunemichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichij%C5%8D_Tsunemichi"},{"link_name":"Kujō Michinori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Michinori"},{"link_name":"Takatsukasa Morohira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takatsukasa_Morohira"},{"link_name":"Nijō Yoshimoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Yoshimoto"},{"link_name":"Kujō Tsunenori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Tsunenori"},{"link_name":"Konoe Michitsugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_Michitsugu"},{"link_name":"Nijō Yoshimoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Yoshimoto"},{"link_name":"Takatsukasa Fuyumichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takatsukasa_Fuyumichi"},{"link_name":"Nijō Moroyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Moroyoshi"},{"link_name":"Kujō Tadamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Tadamoto"},{"link_name":"Nijō Morotsugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Morotsugu"},{"link_name":"Nijō Yoshimoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Yoshimoto"},{"link_name":"Nijō Morotsugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Morotsugu"},{"link_name":"Muromachi period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muromachi_period"},{"link_name":"Ichijō Tsunetsugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichij%C5%8D_Tsunetsugu"},{"link_name":"Nijō Morotsugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Morotsugu"},{"link_name":"Konoe Tadatsugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_Tadatsugu"},{"link_name":"Nijō Mitsumoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Mitsumoto"},{"link_name":"Kujō Mitsuie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Mitsuie"},{"link_name":"Nijō Mochimoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Mochimoto"},{"link_name":"Konoe Fusatsugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_Fusatsugu"},{"link_name":"Ichijō Kaneyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichij%C5%8D_Kaneyoshi"},{"link_name":"Takatsukasa Fusahira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takatsukasa_Fusahira"},{"link_name":"Nijō Mochimichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Mochimichi"},{"link_name":"Ichijō Norifusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichij%C5%8D_Norifusa"},{"link_name":"Nijō Masatsugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Masatsugu"},{"link_name":"Kujō Masamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Masamoto"},{"link_name":"Konoe Masaie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_Masaie"},{"link_name":"Takatsukasa Masahira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takatsukasa_Masahira"},{"link_name":"Kujō Masatada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Masatada"},{"link_name":"Ichijō Fuyuyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichij%C5%8D_Fuyuyoshi"},{"link_name":"Konoe Hisamichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_Hisamichi"},{"link_name":"Sengoku period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sengoku_period"},{"link_name":"Nijō Hisamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Hisamoto"},{"link_name":"Ichijō Fuyuyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichij%C5%8D_Fuyuyoshi"},{"link_name":"Kujō Hisatsune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Hisatsune"},{"link_name":"Konoe Hisamichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_Hisamichi"},{"link_name":"Takatsukasa Kanesuke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takatsukasa_Kanesuke"},{"link_name":"Nijō Korefusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Korefusa"},{"link_name":"Konoe Taneie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_Taneie"},{"link_name":"Kujō Tanemichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Tanemichi"},{"link_name":"Takatsukasa Tadafuyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takatsukasa_Tadafuyu"},{"link_name":"Ichijō Fusamichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichij%C5%8D_Fusamichi"},{"link_name":"Nijō Haruyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Haruyoshi"},{"link_name":"Ichijō Kanefuyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichij%C5%8D_Kanefuyu"},{"link_name":"Konoe Sakihisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_Sakihisa"},{"link_name":"Azuchi–Momoyama period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azuchi%E2%80%93Momoyama_period"},{"link_name":"Nijō Haruyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Haruyoshi"},{"link_name":"Kujō Kanetaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Kanetaka"},{"link_name":"Ichijō Uchimoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichij%C5%8D_Uchimoto"},{"link_name":"Nijō Akizane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Akizane"},{"link_name":"Toyotomi Hideyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi"},{"link_name":"Toyotomi Hidetsugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyotomi_Hidetsugu"},{"link_name":"Edo period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period"},{"link_name":"Kujō Kanetaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Kanetaka"},{"link_name":"Konoe Nobutada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_Nobutada"},{"link_name":"Takatsukasa Nobufusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takatsukasa_Nobufusa"},{"link_name":"Kujō Yukiie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Yukiie"},{"link_name":"Takatsukasa Nobuhisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takatsukasa_Nobuhisa"},{"link_name":"Nijō Akizane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Akizane"},{"link_name":"Kujō Yukiie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Yukiie"},{"link_name":"Konoe Nobuhiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_Nobuhiro"},{"link_name":"Ichijō Akiyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichij%C5%8D_Akiyoshi"},{"link_name":"Konoe Hisatsugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_Hisatsugu"},{"link_name":"Nijō Mitsuhira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Mitsuhira"},{"link_name":"Takatsukasa Fusasuke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takatsukasa_Fusasuke"},{"link_name":"Ichijō Kaneteru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichij%C5%8D_Kaneteru"},{"link_name":"Konoe Motohiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_Motohiro"},{"link_name":"Takatsukasa Kanehiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takatsukasa_Kanehiro"},{"link_name":"Konoe Iehiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_Iehiro"},{"link_name":"Kujō Sukezane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Sukezane"},{"link_name":"Nijō Tsunahira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Tsunahira"},{"link_name":"Konoe Iehisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_Iehisa"},{"link_name":"Nijō Yoshitada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Yoshitada"},{"link_name":"Ichijō Kaneka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichij%C5%8D_Kaneka"},{"link_name":"Ichijō Michika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichij%C5%8D_Michika"},{"link_name":"Konoe Uchisaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_Uchisaki"},{"link_name":"Kujō Naozane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Naozane"},{"link_name":"Takatsukasa Sukehira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takatsukasa_Sukehira"},{"link_name":"Ichijō Teruyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichij%C5%8D_Teruyoshi"},{"link_name":"Takatsukasa Masahiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takatsukasa_Masahiro"},{"link_name":"Ichijō Tadayoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichij%C5%8D_Tadayoshi"},{"link_name":"Takatsukasa Masamichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takatsukasa_Masamichi"},{"link_name":"Kujō Hisatada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Hisatada"},{"link_name":"Konoe Tadahiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konoe_Tadahiro"},{"link_name":"Takatsukasa Sukehiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takatsukasa_Sukehiro"},{"link_name":"Nijō Nariyuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Nariyuki"}],"text":"Brown, Delmer M; Ishida, Ichirō, eds. (1979) [Jien, c. 1220], Gukanshō [The Future and the Past, a translation and study of […] an interpretative history of Japan written in 1219], Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-03460-0\nTitsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834) [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652], Nipon o daï itsi ran [Annales des empereurs du Japon] (in French), Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland, OCLC 84067437.vteSesshōAsuka period\nPrince Umayado\nHeian period\nFujiwara no Yoshifusa\nFujiwara no Mototsune\nFujiwara no Tokihira\nFujiwara no Tadahira\nFujiwara no Saneyori\nFujiwara no Koretada\nFujiwara no Kaneie\nFujiwara no Michitaka\nFujiwara no Michinaga\nFujiwara no Yorimichi\nFujiwara no Morozane\nFujiwara no Tadazane\nFujiwara no Tadamichi\nKonoe Motozane\nFujiwara no Motofusa\nKonoe Motomichi\nMatsudono Moroie\nKamakura period\nKujō Kanezane\nKonoe Motomichi\nKujō Yoshitsune\nKonoe Iezane\nKujō Michiie\nKujō Norizane\nKonoe Kanetsune\nIchijō Sanetsune\nKonoe Kanetsune\nTakatsukasa Kanehira\nKujō Tadaie\nIchijō Ietsune\nTakatsukasa Kanetada\nNijō Kanemoto\nKujō Moronori\nMuromachi period\nTakatsukasa Fuyuhira\nNijō Yoshimoto\nKonoe Kanetsugu\nNijō Yoshimoto\nNijō Mochimoto\nNijō Kaneyoshi\nEdo period\nIchijō Akiyoshi\nNijō Yasumichi\nKujō Michifusa\nNijō Mitsuhira\nTakatsukasa Fusasuke\nIchijō Kaneteru\nKonoe Iehiro\nKujō Sukezane\nIchijō Michika\nKonoe Uchisaki\nKujō Naozane\nNijō Nariyuki\nTaishō eraCrown Prince HirohitovteKampakuHeian period\nFujiwara no Mototsune\nFujiwara no Tadahira\nFujiwara no Saneyori\nFujiwara no Kanemichi\nFujiwara no Yoritada\nFujiwara no Kaneie\nFujiwara no Michitaka\nFujiwara no Michikane\nFujiwara no Yorimichi\nFujiwara no Norimichi\nFujiwara no Morozane\nFujiwara no Moromichi\nFujiwara no Tadazane\nFujiwara no Tadamichi\nKonoe Motozane\nFujiwara no Motofusa\nKonoe Motomichi\nKamakura period\nKujō Kanezane\nKonoe Motomichi\nKonoe Iezane\nKujō Michiie\nKonoe Kanetsune\nNijō Yoshizane\nIchijō Sanetsune\nTakatsukasa Kanehira\nNijō Yoshizane\nIchijō Sanetsune\nKonoe Motohira\nTakatsukasa Mototada\nKujō Tadaie\nTakatsukasa Kanehira\nNijō Morotada\nKonoe Iemoto\nKujō Tadanori\nKonoe Iemoto\nTakatsukasa Kanetada\nNijō Kanemoto\nKujō Moronori\nTakatsukasa Fuyuhira\nKonoe Iehira\nNijō Michihira\nIchijō Uchitsune\nKujō Fusazane\nKonoe Tsunetada\nTakatsukasa Fuyunori\nNanboku-chō periodSouthern Court\nNijō Moromoto\nKonoe Tsuneie\nNijō Norimoto\nNijō Noriyori\nNijō Fuyuzane\nKonoe-tono (name unknown)\nNorthern Court\nKonoe Tsunetada\nKonoe Mototsugu\nIchijō Tsunemichi\nKujō Michinori\nTakatsukasa Morohira\nNijō Yoshimoto\nKujō Tsunenori\nKonoe Michitsugu\nNijō Yoshimoto\nTakatsukasa Fuyumichi\nNijō Moroyoshi\nKujō Tadamoto\nNijō Morotsugu\nNijō Yoshimoto\nNijō Morotsugu\nMuromachi period\nIchijō Tsunetsugu\nNijō Morotsugu\nKonoe Tadatsugu\nNijō Mitsumoto\nKujō Mitsuie\nNijō Mochimoto\nKonoe Fusatsugu\nIchijō Kaneyoshi\nTakatsukasa Fusahira\nNijō Mochimichi\nIchijō Norifusa\nNijō Masatsugu\nKujō Masamoto\nKonoe Masaie\nTakatsukasa Masahira\nKujō Masatada\nIchijō Fuyuyoshi\nKonoe Hisamichi\nSengoku period\nNijō Hisamoto\nIchijō Fuyuyoshi\nKujō Hisatsune\nKonoe Hisamichi\nTakatsukasa Kanesuke\nNijō Korefusa\nKonoe Taneie\nKujō Tanemichi\nTakatsukasa Tadafuyu\nIchijō Fusamichi\nNijō Haruyoshi\nIchijō Kanefuyu\nKonoe Sakihisa\nAzuchi–Momoyama period\nNijō Haruyoshi\nKujō Kanetaka\nIchijō Uchimoto\nNijō Akizane\nToyotomi Hideyoshi\nToyotomi Hidetsugu\nEdo period\nKujō Kanetaka\nKonoe Nobutada\nTakatsukasa Nobufusa\nKujō Yukiie\nTakatsukasa Nobuhisa\nNijō Akizane\nKujō Yukiie\nKonoe Nobuhiro\nIchijō Akiyoshi\nKonoe Hisatsugu\nNijō Mitsuhira\nTakatsukasa Fusasuke\nIchijō Kaneteru\nKonoe Motohiro\nTakatsukasa Kanehiro\nKonoe Iehiro\nKujō Sukezane\nNijō Tsunahira\nKonoe Iehisa\nNijō Yoshitada\nIchijō Kaneka\nIchijō Michika\nKonoe Uchisaki\nKujō Naozane\nTakatsukasa Sukehira\nIchijō Teruyoshi\nTakatsukasa Masahiro\nIchijō Tadayoshi\nTakatsukasa Masamichi\nKujō Hisatada\nKonoe Tadahiro\nTakatsukasa Sukehiro\nNijō Nariyuki","title":"General references"}] | [{"image_text":"Imperial Standard of the Regent","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Japan_Sessyo_Flag.svg/250px-Japan_Sessyo_Flag.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Daijō-kan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daij%C5%8D-kan"},{"title":"Sessei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sessei"},{"title":"Taikun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taikun"}] | [{"reference":"【藤原道長はなぜ躍進？】摂関政治をわかりやすく説明する方法 (in Japanese). Tomonokai. 19 July 2015. Archived from the original on 11 May 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220511095734/https://www.juku.st/info/entry/1349","url_text":"【藤原道長はなぜ躍進？】摂関政治をわかりやすく説明する方法"},{"url":"https://www.juku.st/info/entry/1349","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"摂関政治で最盛期を築き上げた藤原氏とは、いかなる由緒を持つ氏族なのか (in Japanese). Yahoo News. 4 January 2024. Archived from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240312002713/https://news.yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/d404674899919ce02e297e8f3a5117f8807b3341","url_text":"摂関政治で最盛期を築き上げた藤原氏とは、いかなる由緒を持つ氏族なのか"},{"url":"https://news.yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/d404674899919ce02e297e8f3a5117f8807b3341","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"摂関政治 (in Japanese). Kotobank. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231129224719/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%91%82%E9%96%A2%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB-87197","url_text":"摂関政治"},{"url":"https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%91%82%E9%96%A2%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB-87197","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"五摂家 (in Japanese). kotobank. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231208093025/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E4%BA%94%E6%91%82%E5%AE%B6-64979","url_text":"五摂家"},{"url":"https://kotobank.jp/word/%E4%BA%94%E6%91%82%E5%AE%B6-64979","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"秀吉はなぜ征夷大将軍ではなく、関白を選んだか (in Japanese). Nikkei Business. 14 January 2017. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 29 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230905041529/https://business.nikkei.com/atcl/opinion/16/122600033/010800002/","url_text":"秀吉はなぜ征夷大将軍ではなく、関白を選んだか"},{"url":"https://business.nikkei.com/atcl/opinion/16/122600033/010800002/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"豊臣秀吉はなぜ「征夷大将軍」ではなく「関白」になったのか――秀吉をめぐる「三つのなぜ」 (in Japanese). The Asahi Shimbun. 24 September 2023. Archived from the original on 29 February 2024. Retrieved 29 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240229075803/https://dot.asahi.com/articles/-/202017?page=3","url_text":"豊臣秀吉はなぜ「征夷大将軍」ではなく「関白」になったのか――秀吉をめぐる「三つのなぜ」"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Asahi_Shimbun","url_text":"The Asahi Shimbun"},{"url":"https://dot.asahi.com/articles/-/202017?page=3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"ネケト. 摂政・関白 (in Japanese). JP. Archived from the original on 2004-08-27. Retrieved 2007-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040827224301/http://nekhet.ddo.jp/ruler/japan/sekkan.html","url_text":"摂政・関白"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan","url_text":"JP"},{"url":"http://nekhet.ddo.jp/ruler/japan/sekkan.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Delmer M; Ishida, Ichirō, eds. (1979) [Jien, c. 1220], Gukanshō [The Future and the Past, a translation and study of […] an interpretative history of Japan written in 1219], Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-03460-0","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gukansh%C5%8D","url_text":"Gukanshō"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press","url_text":"University of California Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-03460-0","url_text":"0-520-03460-0"}]},{"reference":"Titsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834) [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652], Nipon o daï itsi ran [Annales des empereurs du Japon] (in French), Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland, OCLC 84067437","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh","url_text":"Titsingh, Isaac"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayashi_Gah%C5%8D","url_text":"Hayashi Gahō"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&q=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran","url_text":"Nipon o daï itsi ran"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Asiatic_Society","url_text":"Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/84067437","url_text":"84067437"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220511095734/https://www.juku.st/info/entry/1349","external_links_name":"【藤原道長はなぜ躍進？】摂関政治をわかりやすく説明する方法"},{"Link":"https://www.juku.st/info/entry/1349","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240312002713/https://news.yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/d404674899919ce02e297e8f3a5117f8807b3341","external_links_name":"摂関政治で最盛期を築き上げた藤原氏とは、いかなる由緒を持つ氏族なのか"},{"Link":"https://news.yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/d404674899919ce02e297e8f3a5117f8807b3341","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231129224719/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%91%82%E9%96%A2%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB-87197","external_links_name":"摂関政治"},{"Link":"https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%91%82%E9%96%A2%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB-87197","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231208093025/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E4%BA%94%E6%91%82%E5%AE%B6-64979","external_links_name":"五摂家"},{"Link":"https://kotobank.jp/word/%E4%BA%94%E6%91%82%E5%AE%B6-64979","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230905041529/https://business.nikkei.com/atcl/opinion/16/122600033/010800002/","external_links_name":"秀吉はなぜ征夷大将軍ではなく、関白を選んだか"},{"Link":"https://business.nikkei.com/atcl/opinion/16/122600033/010800002/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240229075803/https://dot.asahi.com/articles/-/202017?page=3","external_links_name":"豊臣秀吉はなぜ「征夷大将軍」ではなく「関白」になったのか――秀吉をめぐる「三つのなぜ」"},{"Link":"https://dot.asahi.com/articles/-/202017?page=3","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040827224301/http://nekhet.ddo.jp/ruler/japan/sekkan.html","external_links_name":"摂政・関白"},{"Link":"http://nekhet.ddo.jp/ruler/japan/sekkan.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA132,M1","external_links_name":"https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA132,M1"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP142&dq=","external_links_name":"https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP142&dq="},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP145&dq=","external_links_name":"https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP145&dq="},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP160&dq=","external_links_name":"https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP160&dq="},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&q=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran","external_links_name":"Nipon o daï itsi ran"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/84067437","external_links_name":"84067437"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Lyons_Piacenza | Rugby Lyons Piacenza | ["1 Current squad","2 Chronicle","3 References","4 External links"] | Italian rugby union club
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Rugby Lyons Piacenza" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Rugby teamLyonsFull nameRugby Lyons PiacenzaUnionFederazione Italiana RugbyFounded1963LocationPiacenza, ItalyGround(s)Stadio Comunale Beltrametti (Capacity: 3,000)President Guido PattariniCoach(es) Gonzalo GarciaCaptain(s) Lorenzo Maria BrunoLeague(s)Serie A Elite
1st kit
2nd kit
Official websitewww.rugbylyons.it
Rugby Lyons Piacenza is an Italian rugby union club currently competing in Top12. It is based in Piacenza in Emilia Romagna.
Current squad
Lyons Piacenza squad for 2023–24 season:
Lyons Piacenza squad
Props
Romulo Acosta*
Antonio Aloè
Enrico Cafaro
Fabio Morosi
Francisco Minervino*
Sergio Pelliccioli
Matteo Salerno
Antonio Tripodo
Hookers
Alessio Cocchiaro
Robert Cristian
Diego De Rossi
Giovanni Quattrini
Locks
Lorenzo Cemicetti
Alessandro Filoni
Riccardo Pisicchio
Hannes Janse van Rensburg
Back row
Abdoul Nourou Bance*
Alberto Bottacci
Khadim Cissè*
Bradley Henderson*
Edoardo Mannelli
Alessandro Moretto
Luca Petillo
Jacopo Salvetti
Santiago Portillo
Scrum-halves
Andrea Cuoghi
Pietro Fontana
Alessandro Via
Fly-halves
Josè Ignacio Chico
Rocco Del Bono
Centres
Marco Conti
Joaquín Paz
Pietro Rodina
Sebastien Zaridze
Wings
Lorenzo Maria Bruno
Federico Cuminetti
Fullbacks
Giacomo Biffi
Giovanni Via
(c) denotes the team captain, Bold denotes internationally capped players. * denotes players qualified to play for Italy on residency or dual nationality. Players and their allocated positions from the Lyons website.
^ a b c d Additional player under contract with URC team Zebre Parma
Chronicle
Chronicle of the Rugby Lyons
1963 · 13 September, Foundation of Rugby Lyons
1963/64 · Youth Championship (Emilian round)
1964/65 · Youth Championship (Emilian round)
1965/66 · Serie C
1966/67 · Youth Championship (Emilian round)
1967/68 · Youth Championship (Emilian round)
1968/69 · Youth Championship (Emilian round)
1969/70 · Youth Championship (Emilian round)
1970/71 · Youth Championship (Emilian round)
1971/72 · Youth Championship (Emilian round)
1972/73 · Serie D(promotion in serie C)
1973/74 · Serie C
1974/75 · Serie C
1975/76 · Serie C
1976/77 · Serie C(promotion in serie B)
1977/78 · Serie B
1978/79 · Serie B
1979/80 · Serie B
1980/81 · Serie B
1981/82 · Serie B(promotion in serie A)
1982/83 · Serie A
1983/84 · Serie A
1984/85 · Serie A
1985/86 · Serie A(demotion in serie A2)
1986/87 · Serie A2(promotion in serie A1)
1987/88 · Serie A1
1988/89 · Serie A1(demotion in serie A2)
1989/90 · Serie A2
1990/91 · Serie A2(promotion in serie A1)
1991/92 · Serie A1
1992/93 · Serie A1(demotion in serie A2)
1993/94 · Serie A2
1994/95 · Serie A2(demotion in serie B)
1995/96 · Serie B(promotion in serie A2)
1996/97 · Serie A2(demotion in serie B)
1997/98 · Serie B
1998/99 · Serie B
1999/2000 · Serie B
2000/01 · Serie B
2001/02 · Serie B
2002/03 · Serie B(promotion in serie A)
2003/04 · Serie A
2004/05 · Serie A
2005/06 · Serie A
2006/07 · Serie A
2007/08 · Serie A2
2008/09 · Serie A2
2009/10 · Serie A2
2010/11 · Serie A2(promotion in serie A1)
2011/12 · Serie A1
2012/13 · Serie A1
2013/14 · Serie A1
References
^ "PRIMA SQUADRA".
External links
Official site
vteSerie A Elite2023–24 Teams
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Fiamme Oro
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Petrarca
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vteRugby union in ItalyFederazione Italiana Rugby (FIR)National teamsWomen's
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Related articles
World Cup
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Venues | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Top12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top12"},{"link_name":"Piacenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piacenza"},{"link_name":"Emilia Romagna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilia_Romagna"}],"text":"Rugby teamRugby Lyons Piacenza is an Italian rugby union club currently competing in Top12. It is based in Piacenza in Emilia Romagna.","title":"Rugby Lyons Piacenza"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Lyons Piacenza squad for 2023–24 season:","title":"Current squad"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Chronicle"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"PRIMA SQUADRA\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rugbylyons.it/prima-squadra/","url_text":"\"PRIMA SQUADRA\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Rugby+Lyons+Piacenza%22","external_links_name":"\"Rugby Lyons Piacenza\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Rugby+Lyons+Piacenza%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Rugby+Lyons+Piacenza%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Rugby+Lyons+Piacenza%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Rugby+Lyons+Piacenza%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Rugby+Lyons+Piacenza%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.rugbylyons.it/","external_links_name":"www.rugbylyons.it"},{"Link":"https://www.rugbylyons.it/prima-squadra/","external_links_name":"\"PRIMA SQUADRA\""},{"Link":"http://www.rugbylyons.it/","external_links_name":"Official site"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brushy_Fork_Coal_Impoundment | Brushy Fork Coal Impoundment | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 37°54′59.48″N 81°28′59.95″W / 37.9165222°N 81.4833194°W / 37.9165222; -81.4833194Dam in Raleigh County, West VirginiaBrushy Fork Coal ImpoundmentLocation of Brushy Fork Coal Impoundment in West VirginiaCountryUnited StatesLocationMarfork, Raleigh County, West VirginiaCoordinates37°54′59.48″N 81°28′59.95″W / 37.9165222°N 81.4833194°W / 37.9165222; -81.4833194PurposeTailings storageStatusOperational, steadily enlargedConstruction began1995Owner(s)Massey EnergyDam and spillwaysType of damEmbankmentImpoundsBrushy ForkHeightCurrent: 900 ft (270 m)Design: 954 ft (291 m)ReservoirTotal capacityCurrent: 25,100 acre⋅ft (31,000,000 m3)Design: 30,075 acre⋅ft (37,097,000 m3)
The Brushy Fork Coal Impoundment, also known as the Brushy Fork Coal Sludge Dam, is a large tailings dam on the Brushy Fork near Marfork in western Raleigh County of West Virginia, United States. It is located 18 mi (29 km) northwest of Beckley, the seat of Raleigh County. Brushy Fork flows into Little Marsh Fork, which then enters Marsh Fork, which is a tributary of the Coal River. The purpose of the dam is to store a sludge consisting of tailings and waste from a nearby coal mine. In 1995 Massey Energy received a permit to construct the dam. Over the years additional permits to increase the size and storage volume of the dam have been issued in the midst of local and regional opposition to its structural integrity. Currently at approximately 900 ft (270 m) in height, it is the tallest dam in the Western Hemisphere. When complete its designed height will be 954 ft (291 m). Wasted rock from the coal mining process is used as the dam filler. The dam currently withholds about 25,100 acre⋅ft (31,000,000 m3) of waste. This capacity will be increased to 30,075 acre⋅ft (37,097,000 m3) upon completion.
References
^ "Brushy Fork Coal Impoundment". Coal Impoundment LIS. Archived from the original on 14 May 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
^ "The Brushy Fork Sludge Dam". Marfork 5. Archived from the original on 14 May 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
^ "Virtual Flyover of Brushy Fork Coal Slurry Impoundment". Ohio Valley Environmental Coalition. Retrieved 13 May 2014. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tailings dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailings_dam"},{"link_name":"Marfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marfork,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Raleigh County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh_County,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Beckley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckley,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Coal River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_River_(West_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"tailings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailings"},{"link_name":"coal mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_mine"},{"link_name":"Massey Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massey_Energy"},{"link_name":"Western Hemisphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Hemisphere"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Dam in Raleigh County, West VirginiaThe Brushy Fork Coal Impoundment, also known as the Brushy Fork Coal Sludge Dam, is a large tailings dam on the Brushy Fork near Marfork in western Raleigh County of West Virginia, United States. It is located 18 mi (29 km) northwest of Beckley, the seat of Raleigh County. Brushy Fork flows into Little Marsh Fork, which then enters Marsh Fork, which is a tributary of the Coal River. The purpose of the dam is to store a sludge consisting of tailings and waste from a nearby coal mine. In 1995 Massey Energy received a permit to construct the dam. Over the years additional permits to increase the size and storage volume of the dam have been issued in the midst of local and regional opposition to its structural integrity. Currently at approximately 900 ft (270 m) in height, it is the tallest dam in the Western Hemisphere. When complete its designed height will be 954 ft (291 m). Wasted rock from the coal mining process is used as the dam filler. The dam currently withholds about 25,100 acre⋅ft (31,000,000 m3) of waste. This capacity will be increased to 30,075 acre⋅ft (37,097,000 m3) upon completion.[1][2][3]","title":"Brushy Fork Coal Impoundment"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Brushy Fork Coal Impoundment\". Coal Impoundment LIS. Archived from the original on 14 May 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140514052315/http://www.coalimpoundment.org/locate/impoundment.asp?impoundment_id=1211-WV04-40234-02","url_text":"\"Brushy Fork Coal Impoundment\""},{"url":"http://www.coalimpoundment.org/locate/impoundment.asp?impoundment_id=1211-WV04-40234-02","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Brushy Fork Sludge Dam\". Marfork 5. Archived from the original on 14 May 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140514090344/http://marfork5.org/about/brushy-fork/","url_text":"\"The Brushy Fork Sludge Dam\""},{"url":"http://marfork5.org/about/brushy-fork/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Virtual Flyover of Brushy Fork Coal Slurry Impoundment\". Ohio Valley Environmental Coalition. Retrieved 13 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://ohvec.org/galleries/mountaintop_removal/008/index.html","url_text":"\"Virtual Flyover of Brushy Fork Coal Slurry Impoundment\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brushy_Fork_Coal_Impoundment¶ms=37_54_59.48_N_81_28_59.95_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"37°54′59.48″N 81°28′59.95″W / 37.9165222°N 81.4833194°W / 37.9165222; -81.4833194"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brushy_Fork_Coal_Impoundment¶ms=37_54_59.48_N_81_28_59.95_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"37°54′59.48″N 81°28′59.95″W / 37.9165222°N 81.4833194°W / 37.9165222; -81.4833194"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140514052315/http://www.coalimpoundment.org/locate/impoundment.asp?impoundment_id=1211-WV04-40234-02","external_links_name":"\"Brushy Fork Coal Impoundment\""},{"Link":"http://www.coalimpoundment.org/locate/impoundment.asp?impoundment_id=1211-WV04-40234-02","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140514090344/http://marfork5.org/about/brushy-fork/","external_links_name":"\"The Brushy Fork Sludge Dam\""},{"Link":"http://marfork5.org/about/brushy-fork/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://ohvec.org/galleries/mountaintop_removal/008/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Virtual Flyover of Brushy Fork Coal Slurry Impoundment\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Have_Some_Questions_for_You | I Have Some Questions for You | ["1 Plot","2 Publication history","3 Reception","3.1 Reviews","3.2 Awards and honours","4 References","5 External links"] | 2023 novel by Rebecca Makkai
I Have Some Questions for You Hardcover First EditionAuthorRebecca MakkaiLanguageEnglishSubjectsMurder investigation, cold case, bias, truthiness, wrongful conviction, homicide, false confession, collective memoryGenreMystery, thrillerPublisherVikingPublication dateFebruary 21, 2023Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint, ebookPages448ISBN9780593490143 Hardcover First EditionOCLC1335121742LC ClassPS3613.A36 I33 2023
lccn.loc.gov/2022032713
I Have Some Questions for You is a literary mystery novel by Rebecca Makkai. The novel received positive critical reception upon release, and spent six weeks on the New York Times bestseller list.
Plot
Bodie Kane, a film professor and podcaster, is forced to confront a series of violent events in her past when she is invited to teach a class at the New Hampshire boarding school she graduated from.
Publication history
I Have Some Questions for You was published on February 21, 2023 by Viking Press.
Reception
Reviews
I Have Some Questions for You drew praise from critics upon its release.
The Associated Press praised the novel's plot but criticized the characters and their development. The Star Tribune and The Wall Street Journal both published positive reviews, with the former praising the novel's "nuance" and the latter positively describing the "expressive imagery" of Makkai's writing. Ron Charles, writing in The Washington Post, characterized the novel as standing apart from other "prep-school novels" by situating much of the novel's drama within the world outside the school. Positive reviews were also published in The New York Times, The New Yorker, The Boston Globe, The Atlantic, and NPR.
Publishers Weekly praised the book, drawing a positive comparison to Makkai's previous novel, The Great Believers, writing that "this is sure to be a hit." Kirkus Reviews, while positive overall, negatively compared the book to The Great Believers, noting that "this book does not have the profound impact of its predecessor." Booklist and Bookpage both published starred reviews, praising the novel's prose, Bodie's characterization, and what they felt was a subtle message about racism and misogyny.
Awards and honours
I Have Some Questions for You was longlisted for the 2024 Aspen Words Literary Prize.
References
^ a b "I Have Some Questions for You". BookMarks. Archived from the original on 2023-02-26. Retrieved 2023-02-25.
^ Levin, Ann (2023-02-21). "Review: A boarding school whodunit fueled by feminist rage". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2023-02-27. Retrieved 2023-02-27.
^ Akins, Ellen (2023-02-17). "Review: 'I Have Some Questions for You,' by Rebecca Makkai". The Star Tribune. Archived from the original on 2023-02-26. Retrieved 2023-02-27.
^ Nolan, Tom (2023-02-17). "Mysteries: Rebecca Makkai's 'I Have Some Questions for You'". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2023-02-27. Retrieved 2023-02-27.
^ Charles, Ron (2023-02-24). "'I Have Some Questions for You' is more than a murder mystery". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2023-02-26. Retrieved 2023-02-27.
^ Cain, Hamilton (2023-02-20). "A Podcaster Goes Back to School, Ready to Listen". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2023-02-24. Retrieved 2023-02-27.
^ Waldman, Katy (2023-02-20). "A Novel That Confronts Our True-Crime Obsession". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 2023-02-27. Retrieved 2023-02-27.
^ Gilman, Priscilla (2023-02-16). "Rebecca Makkai's 'I Have Some Questions for You' spotlights the power of storytelling in an age of true crime and #MeToo". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 2023-02-27. Retrieved 2023-02-27.
^ Hayes, Stephanie (2023-03-11). "A Novel That Probes the Line Between Justice and Revenge". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 2023-04-04. Retrieved 2023-04-04.
^ Iglesias, Gabino (2023-02-27). "'I Have Some Questions For You' is a dark, uncomfortable story that feels universal". NPR. Archived from the original on 2023-04-03. Retrieved 2023-04-04.
^ Corrigan, Maureen (2023-03-01). "Rebecca Makkai's smart, prep school murder novel is self-aware about the 'ick' factor". NPR. Archived from the original on 2023-04-03. Retrieved 2023-04-04.
^ "I Have Some Questions for You". Publishers Weekly. Archived from the original on 2023-02-26. Retrieved 2023-02-25.
^ "I Have Some Questions for You". Kirkus Reviews. 2022-11-16. Archived from the original on 2022-12-26. Retrieved 2023-02-25.
^ Bostrom, Annie (2022-12-01). "I Have Some Questions for You". Booklist. Archived from the original on 2023-02-26. Retrieved 2023-02-25.
^ Bufferd, Lauren (20 February 2023). "I Have Some Questions for You". BookPage. Archived from the original on 2023-02-26. Retrieved 2023-02-25.
^ Anderson, Porter (2023-11-08). "The Aspen Words Literary Prize Names Its 2024 Longlist". Publishing Perspectives. Archived from the original on 2023-11-29. Retrieved 2024-04-28.
External links
I Have Some Questions for You at BookMarks | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mystery novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_fiction"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Makkai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Makkai"}],"text":"I Have Some Questions for You is a literary mystery novel by Rebecca Makkai. The novel received positive critical reception upon release, and spent six weeks on the New York Times bestseller list.","title":"I Have Some Questions for You"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"}],"text":"Bodie Kane, a film professor and podcaster, is forced to confront a series of violent events in her past when she is invited to teach a class at the New Hampshire boarding school she graduated from.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Viking Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Press"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"I Have Some Questions for You was published on February 21, 2023 by Viking Press.[1]","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The Star Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star_Tribune"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ron Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Charles_(critic)"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"The Boston Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe"},{"link_name":"The Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"NPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Publishers Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishers_Weekly"},{"link_name":"The Great Believers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Believers"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Kirkus Reviews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkus_Reviews"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Booklist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booklist"},{"link_name":"starred reviews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starred_review"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Reviews","text":"I Have Some Questions for You drew praise from critics upon its release.[1]The Associated Press praised the novel's plot but criticized the characters and their development.[2] The Star Tribune and The Wall Street Journal both published positive reviews, with the former praising the novel's \"nuance\" and the latter positively describing the \"expressive imagery\" of Makkai's writing.[3][4] Ron Charles, writing in The Washington Post, characterized the novel as standing apart from other \"prep-school novels\" by situating much of the novel's drama within the world outside the school.[5] Positive reviews were also published in The New York Times, The New Yorker, The Boston Globe, The Atlantic, and NPR.[6][7][8][9][10][11]Publishers Weekly praised the book, drawing a positive comparison to Makkai's previous novel, The Great Believers, writing that \"this is sure to be a hit.\"[12] Kirkus Reviews, while positive overall, negatively compared the book to The Great Believers, noting that \"this book does not have the profound impact of its predecessor.\"[13] Booklist and Bookpage both published starred reviews, praising the novel's prose, Bodie's characterization, and what they felt was a subtle message about racism and misogyny.[14][15]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aspen Words Literary Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspen_Words_Literary_Prize"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Awards and honours","text":"I Have Some Questions for You was longlisted for the 2024 Aspen Words Literary Prize.[16]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"I Have Some Questions for You\". BookMarks. Archived from the original on 2023-02-26. Retrieved 2023-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://bookmarks.reviews/reviews/i-have-some-questions-for-you/","url_text":"\"I Have Some Questions for You\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230226030509/https://bookmarks.reviews/reviews/i-have-some-questions-for-you/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Levin, Ann (2023-02-21). \"Review: A boarding school whodunit fueled by feminist rage\". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2023-02-27. Retrieved 2023-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/i-have-some-questions-for-you-book-reviews-a67a2d76e456069e67b4b5a1d3698e72","url_text":"\"Review: A boarding school whodunit fueled by feminist rage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230227190626/https://apnews.com/article/i-have-some-questions-for-you-book-reviews-a67a2d76e456069e67b4b5a1d3698e72","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Akins, Ellen (2023-02-17). \"Review: 'I Have Some Questions for You,' by Rebecca Makkai\". The Star Tribune. Archived from the original on 2023-02-26. 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Retrieved 2023-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/mysteries-book-rebecca-makkais-i-have-some-questions-for-you-5377223b","url_text":"\"Mysteries: Rebecca Makkai's 'I Have Some Questions for You'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230227190621/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/mysteries-book-rebecca-makkais-i-have-some-questions-for-you-5377223b","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Charles, Ron (2023-02-24). \"'I Have Some Questions for You' is more than a murder mystery\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2023-02-26. Retrieved 2023-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Charles_(critic)","url_text":"Charles, Ron"},{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/books/2023/02/24/rebecca-makkai-murder-mystery-review/","url_text":"\"'I Have Some Questions for You' is more than a murder mystery\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230226065528/https://www.washingtonpost.com/books/2023/02/24/rebecca-makkai-murder-mystery-review/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cain, Hamilton (2023-02-20). \"A Podcaster Goes Back to School, Ready to Listen\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2023-02-24. Retrieved 2023-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/20/books/review/i-have-some-questions-for-you-rebecca-makkai.html","url_text":"\"A Podcaster Goes Back to School, Ready to Listen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230224010757/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/20/books/review/i-have-some-questions-for-you-rebecca-makkai.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Waldman, Katy (2023-02-20). \"A Novel That Confronts Our True-Crime Obsession\". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 2023-02-27. Retrieved 2023-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/02/27/i-have-some-questions-for-you-review-rebecca-makkai","url_text":"\"A Novel That Confronts Our True-Crime Obsession\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker","url_text":"The New Yorker"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230227190626/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/02/27/i-have-some-questions-for-you-review-rebecca-makkai","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gilman, Priscilla (2023-02-16). \"Rebecca Makkai's 'I Have Some Questions for You' spotlights the power of storytelling in an age of true crime and #MeToo\". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 2023-02-27. Retrieved 2023-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/02/16/arts/rebecca-makkais-i-have-some-questions-you-spotlights-power-storytelling-an-age-true-crime-metoo/","url_text":"\"Rebecca Makkai's 'I Have Some Questions for You' spotlights the power of storytelling in an age of true crime and #MeToo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230227190626/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/02/16/arts/rebecca-makkais-i-have-some-questions-you-spotlights-power-storytelling-an-age-true-crime-metoo/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hayes, Stephanie (2023-03-11). \"A Novel That Probes the Line Between Justice and Revenge\". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 2023-04-04. Retrieved 2023-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/books/archive/2023/03/i-have-some-questions-for-you-rebecca-makkai-book-review/673344/","url_text":"\"A Novel That Probes the Line Between Justice and Revenge\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230404163928/https://www.theatlantic.com/books/archive/2023/03/i-have-some-questions-for-you-rebecca-makkai-book-review/673344/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Iglesias, Gabino (2023-02-27). \"'I Have Some Questions For You' is a dark, uncomfortable story that feels universal\". NPR. Archived from the original on 2023-04-03. Retrieved 2023-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2023/02/27/1158940771/rebecca-makkai-i-have-some-questions-for-you-book-review","url_text":"\"'I Have Some Questions For You' is a dark, uncomfortable story that feels universal\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230403084649/https://www.npr.org/2023/02/27/1158940771/rebecca-makkai-i-have-some-questions-for-you-book-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Corrigan, Maureen (2023-03-01). \"Rebecca Makkai's smart, prep school murder novel is self-aware about the 'ick' factor\". NPR. Archived from the original on 2023-04-03. Retrieved 2023-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2023/03/02/1160051405/i-have-some-questions-for-you-rebecca-makkai-review","url_text":"\"Rebecca Makkai's smart, prep school murder novel is self-aware about the 'ick' factor\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230403084551/https://www.npr.org/2023/03/02/1160051405/i-have-some-questions-for-you-rebecca-makkai-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"I Have Some Questions for You\". Publishers Weekly. Archived from the original on 2023-02-26. Retrieved 2023-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780593490143","url_text":"\"I Have Some Questions for You\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishers_Weekly","url_text":"Publishers Weekly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230226030500/https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780593490143","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"I Have Some Questions for You\". Kirkus Reviews. 2022-11-16. Archived from the original on 2022-12-26. Retrieved 2023-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/rebecca-makkai/i-have-some-questions-for-you/","url_text":"\"I Have Some Questions for You\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkus_Reviews","url_text":"Kirkus Reviews"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221226104343/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/rebecca-makkai/i-have-some-questions-for-you/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bostrom, Annie (2022-12-01). \"I Have Some Questions for You\". Booklist. Archived from the original on 2023-02-26. Retrieved 2023-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.booklistonline.com/I-Have-Some-Questions-for-You/pid=9769660","url_text":"\"I Have Some Questions for You\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booklist","url_text":"Booklist"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230226030502/https://www.booklistonline.com/I-Have-Some-Questions-for-You/pid=9769660","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bufferd, Lauren (20 February 2023). \"I Have Some Questions for You\". BookPage. Archived from the original on 2023-02-26. Retrieved 2023-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bookpage.com/reviews/i-have-some-questions-for-you-rebecca-makkai-book-review/","url_text":"\"I Have Some Questions for You\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230226030459/https://www.bookpage.com/reviews/i-have-some-questions-for-you-rebecca-makkai-book-review/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Porter (2023-11-08). \"The Aspen Words Literary Prize Names Its 2024 Longlist\". Publishing Perspectives. Archived from the original on 2023-11-29. Retrieved 2024-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://publishingperspectives.com/2023/11/the-35000-aspen-words-literary-prize-names-its-2024-longlist/","url_text":"\"The Aspen Words Literary Prize Names Its 2024 Longlist\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231129044459/https://publishingperspectives.com/2023/11/the-35000-aspen-words-literary-prize-names-its-2024-longlist/","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1335121742","external_links_name":"1335121742"},{"Link":"https://bookmarks.reviews/reviews/i-have-some-questions-for-you/","external_links_name":"\"I Have Some Questions for You\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230226030509/https://bookmarks.reviews/reviews/i-have-some-questions-for-you/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/i-have-some-questions-for-you-book-reviews-a67a2d76e456069e67b4b5a1d3698e72","external_links_name":"\"Review: A boarding school whodunit fueled by feminist 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajiria_Madrasa | Ajiria Madrasa | ["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 Further reading"] | Coordinates: 22°58′23″N 90°13′41″E / 22.973°N 90.228°E / 22.973; 90.228Madrasa school in BangladeshAjiria Alia Madrasaআজিরিয়া আলিয়া মাদরাসাLocationFulbari, Ward 6, Golapganj, Sylhet DistrictBangladeshInformationTypeMadrasaReligious affiliation(s)IslamEstablishedBefore 1860; 164 years ago (1860)FounderMuhammad Ajiruddin AhmadSchool boardBangladesh Madrasah Education BoardLanguageBengali, Arabic
Ajiria Alia Madrasa (Bengali: আজিরিয়া আলিয়া মাদরাসা, Arabic: المدرسة العالية الأجيرية) is an alia madrasa, situated in Fulbari, Golapganj Upazila, Sylhet District, Bangladesh.
History
The descendants of Mughal statesman and zamindar Mir Hazara established a madrasa in the village of Fulbari. Among his descendants was the 19th-century mystic Shah Abdul Wahhab Choudhury, who headed up the madrasa immediately before it was transformed into its present form. His Sufi background turned the madrasa into a notable centre for the production of literary works in the Sylhet Nagri script, and among the erstwhile students were Sufi poets Shitalong Shah and Ibrahim Ali Tashna.
In 1860, Allama Muhammad Ajiruddin Ahmad Choudhury, a student of Abdul Wahhab Choudhury, used his family wealth to re-endow it and transform it into an Alia Madrasa, related to the style of the Alia Madrasa of Calcutta. From then on it came to be known as Ajiria Alia Madrasa. Ahmad was a renowned Persian-language author, and among his books are Guldasta-i-Aqaid and Aqaid-i-Ajiria (Creed of Ajiria). He also wrote books in Urdu. In the 20th century, Sufi Habibur Rahman Chowdhury became the headmaster. His son, Majd Uddin Chowdhury, was a prominent tea pioneer and former principal of Murari Chand College. He was also the father of Mohius Sunnah Chowdhury, who played a great role in the development of the madrasa.
The madrasa became an important centre for the Pakistan Movement, with key activities from its alumni Abdul Musabbir of Gohorpur, who founded the Sylhet District Muslim Student Association, and Sayad Naziruddin Ahmad of Balikandi. Other notable alumni include Ibrahim Chatuli and Ismail Alam. Notable teachers at the institute include the Deobandi cleric Maulana Abdul Jalil Choudhury, a leading opponent of Partition in the area who would eventually migrate to India in protest at the creation of Pakistan.
See also
Abdul Matin Chowdhury Shaikh-e-Fulbari
References
^ Mohanta, Rasamay (1990). সিলেট অঞ্চলের শিক্ষাঙ্গন: অতীত ও বর্তমান (in Bengali). Sarasvatī Mohānta. p. 3.
^ Jamil, SM, ed. (1948). The Muslim Year Book of India and Who's who: With Complete Information on Pakistan, 1948-49. Bombay Newspaper Company. p. 247.
^ a b c Rahman, Fazlur (1991). "ফুলবাড়ী আজিরিয়া মাদ্রাসা" . সিলেটের মাটি, সিলেটের মানুষ (in Bengali). p. 151.
^ Rahman, Fazlur (1993). সিলেটের কাব্য সাধনা (in Bengali). p. 101.
^ Sajjadi, Hasnain. "গোলাপগঞ্জের প্রথম লিখিত ইতিহাসগ্রন্থ এবং একজন আনোয়ার শাহজাহান". Anupom News 24 (in Bengali).
^ Chisti, Syed Hasan Imam Hussainy (1999). "Arabic and Persian in Sylhet". In Ahmed, Sharif Uddin (ed.). Sylhet: History and Heritage. Bangladesh Itihas Samiti. p. 610. ISBN 984-31-0478-1.
^ Husam, Shamshad. "বাংলা সাহিত্যে সিলেট". Thikana (in Bengali).
^ Biographical Encyclopedia of Pakistan. Pakistan: Biographical Research Institute. 1960. p. 375-376.
^ Siddiquee, Iqbal (7 Nov 2009). "Remembering Mohius Sunnah Chowdhury". The Daily Star (Bangladesh).
^ Choudhury.
^ Laskar, Mahbubur Rahman (2015), "Madrassas of Surma-Barak Valley in Partition" (PDF), Madrassas and Partition 1940-1947: a study of the Madrassas of Surma-Barak Valley and their Responses to the Partition and Anti-partition Movement, Assam University
Further reading
Choudhury, Mustansirur Rahman. আঞ্চলিক ইতিহাস: ফুলবাড়ী আজিরিয়া আলিয়া মাদ্রাসা (in Bengali).
Choudhury, Mustansirur Rahman; Choudhury, Fakhrul Islam (1992). ফুলবাড়ী, ইতিহাস খ্যাত একটি গ্রাম (in Bengali).
vteMadrasas in BangladeshAliaKamil
Government Madrasah-e-Alia
al-Jāmiʿah al-Aḥmadiyyah as-Sunniyyah
al-Madrasah Bayt ash-Sharaf
al-Madrasah al-Fūltaliyyah Baʿd-Dewrāil
al-Madrasah al-Muṣṭafāwiyyah
Satpur Kamil Madrasah
Shahchand Auliya Kamil Madrasa
Sylhet Government Alia Madrasah
Fazil
al-Madrasah al-Ajīriyyah Fūlbārī
al-Jāmiʿah al-Jumhūriyya Bārakhāin
al-Madrasah al-Islāmiyyah Dhīpūr
Sujaul Senior Fazil Madrasha
al-Madrasah al-Karāmatiyyah Buzurg Santoshpūr
al-Madrasah al-Karāmatiyyah Sayyidpūr
al-Madrasah al-Karāmatiyyah Pabitrajhār
Alim
al-Madrasah al-Islāmiyyah Muḥammadābād
Sagornal Senior Alim Madrasha
West Showra Alim Madrasha
Qawmi
al-Jāmiʿah al-ʿArabiyyah Hāildhar
al-Jāmiʿah al-Islāmiyyah al-Ibrāhīmiyyah
Bashundhara Islamic Research Centre
Sheikh Zakariyyah Islamic Research Center
al-Jāmiʿah al-Islāmiyyah ʿAzīz al-ʿUlūm Bābūnagar
al-Jāmiʿah al-Islāmiyyah al-Yūnusiyyah
al-Jāmiʿah al-Islāmiyyah Paṭiya
al-Jāmiʿah Dār al-Maʿārif al-Islāmiyyah
al-Jāmiʿah al-Qurʼāniyyah al-ʿArabiyyah Lālbāgh
al-Jāmiʿah al-Islāmiyyah al-ʿUbaydiyyah Nānūpūr
al-Jāmiʿah at-Tawakkuliyyah Renga
al-Jāmiʿah al-ʿUlūm al-Islāmiyyah Lālkhān Bāzār
al-Jāmiʿah al-Ahliyyah Dār al-ʿUlūm Muʿīn al-Islām Hāthazārī
al-Jāmiʿah ash-Sharʿiyyah Mālībāgh
Other
Al-Helal Islami Academy & College
Al-Markaz al-Islāmī as-Salafī
International Islamic University, Chittagong
Islamic Arabic University
Islamic University, Bangladesh
Kalshi Islamia High School
Boards
Bangladesh Madrasah Education Board
Al-Hayʼat al-ʿUlyā li al-Jāmiʿāt al-Qawmiyyah
Wifāq al-Madāris al-ʿArabiyyah
National Religious Madrasa Education Board of Bangladesh
vteSylhet DistrictCapital: SylhetUpazilas
Balaganj
Beanibazar
Bishwanath
Companiganj
Fenchuganj
Golapganj
Gowainghat
Jaintiapur
Kanaighat
Osmani Nagar
South Surma
Sylhet Sadar
Zakiganj
Constituencies
Sylhet-1
Sylhet-2
Sylhet-3
Sylhet-4
Sylhet-5
Sylhet-6
Attractions and sites
Ali Amjad's Clock
Bangladesh Last House
Citrus Research Center
Ghayebi Dighi Masjid
Hakaluki Haor
Khadim Nagar National Park
Madani Square
Malnicherra Tea Estate
Museum of Rajas'
Osmani Museum
Ratargul Swamp Forest
Shah Jalal Dargah
Sylhet Shahi Eidgah
Tilagor Eco Park
Rivers
Barak
Kushiyara
Makunda
Piyain
Surma
Sonai
Inhabited areas
Angura Muhammadpur
Baghprachanda Khan
Balaganj
Bhadeshwar
Bichnakandi
Bimanbandar Thana
Dayamir
Ghorua
Goalabazar
Jaflong
Karpara
Kumargaon
Lalakhal
Machimpur
Mathiura
Purush Pal
Nidhanpur
Naodhar
North Badepasha
Amkuna
Nurpur
Rampasha
Shahjalal Upashahar
Sunampur
Sripur
Tajpur
Tamabil
Umarpur
Schools and colleges
The Aided High School
Beani Bazar Government College
Blue Bird High School and College
Cambridge Grammar School & College
Dhakadakshin Multilateral High School and College
Kasim Ali Model High School
Madan Mohan College
Mathiura BL High School
Murari Chand College
Scholarshome
Sylhet Engineering College
Sylhet Government Pilot High School
Sylhet Government Women's College
Sylhet Polytechnic Institute
Madrasas
Ajiria Madrasa
Badedeorail Fultali Kamil Madrasa
Jamia Tawakkulia Renga Madrasah
Sylhet Government Alia Madrasah
Universities
Leading University
Metropolitan University, Sylhet
North East University
Shahjalal University of Science and Technology
Sylhet International University
Sylhet Agricultural University
Transport
Assam Bengal Railway
Akhaura–Kulaura–Chhatak line
Cherra Companyganj State Railways
Kalni Express
Keane Bridge
N2
Osmani International Airport
Parabat Express
Sylhet railway station
Organisations
Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education
Kendriya Muslim Sahitya Sangsad
Srihatta Literary Society
Sylhet City Corporation
Sylhet Gas Fields Limited
Sylhet Metropolitan Police
History
Hattanath
Nidhanpur copperplate inscription
Jaintia Kingdom
Conquest of Sylhet
Muharram Rebellion
Earthquake of 1869
Earthquake of 1897
Nankar Rebellion
Bangladesh Liberation War
Adityapur massacre
Battle of Sylhet
Burunga massacre
Galimpur massacre
Shah Jalal bombing
South Surma bombings
Military
Army Institute of Business Administration, Sylhet
Jalalabad Cantonment Public School and College
School of Infantry and Tactics
Sylhet Cadet College
Sylhet Light Infantry
Medicine
Jalalabad Ragib-Rabeya Medical College
North East Medical College
Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College
Sylhet Medical University
Sylhet Women's Medical College
Economy
Beanibazar Gas Field
Fenchuganj Combined Cycle Power Plant
Fenchuganj Gas Field
Jalalabad Gas Field
Kailashtilla Gas Field
Kumargaon Power Plant
Shahjalal Fertiliser Factory
Sylhet Gas Fields Limited
Sports
Beanibazar SC
Sylhet District Stadium
Sylhet International Cricket Stadium
Sylhet Thunder
22°58′23″N 90°13′41″E / 22.973°N 90.228°E / 22.973; 90.228 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Golapganj Upazila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golapganj_Upazila"},{"link_name":"Sylhet District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet_District"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Madrasa school in BangladeshAjiria Alia Madrasa (Bengali: আজিরিয়া আলিয়া মাদরাসা, Arabic: المدرسة العالية الأجيرية) is an alia madrasa, situated in Fulbari, Golapganj Upazila, Sylhet District, Bangladesh.[1][2]","title":"Ajiria Madrasa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"zamindar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamindar"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fazl-3"},{"link_name":"Sufi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi"},{"link_name":"Sylhet Nagri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Ali Tashna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Ali_Tashna"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fazl-3"},{"link_name":"Alia Madrasa of Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliah_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kabya-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Murari Chand College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murari_Chand_College"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Movement"},{"link_name":"Gohorpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaganj_Upazila"},{"link_name":"Balikandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moulvibazar_Sadar_Upazila"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoudhury-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Chatuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Chatuli"},{"link_name":"Ismail Alam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Alam"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fazl-3"},{"link_name":"Abdul Jalil Choudhury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Jalil_Choudhury"}],"text":"The descendants of Mughal statesman and zamindar Mir Hazara established a madrasa in the village of Fulbari.[3] Among his descendants was the 19th-century mystic Shah Abdul Wahhab Choudhury, who headed up the madrasa immediately before it was transformed into its present form. 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He was also the father of Mohius Sunnah Chowdhury, who played a great role in the development of the madrasa.[9]The madrasa became an important centre for the Pakistan Movement, with key activities from its alumni Abdul Musabbir of Gohorpur, who founded the Sylhet District Muslim Student Association, and Sayad Naziruddin Ahmad of Balikandi.[10][11] Other notable alumni include Ibrahim Chatuli and Ismail Alam.[3] Notable teachers at the institute include the Deobandi cleric Maulana Abdul Jalil Choudhury, a leading opponent of Partition in the area who would eventually migrate to India in protest at the creation of 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Surma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakshin_Surma_Upazila"},{"link_name":"Sylhet Sadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet_Sadar_Upazila"},{"link_name":"Zakiganj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakiganj_Upazila"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg"},{"link_name":"Sylhet-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet-1"},{"link_name":"Sylhet-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet-2"},{"link_name":"Sylhet-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet-3"},{"link_name":"Sylhet-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet-4"},{"link_name":"Sylhet-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet-5"},{"link_name":"Sylhet-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet-6"},{"link_name":"Ali Amjad's Clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Amjad%27s_Clock"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Last House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Last_House"},{"link_name":"Citrus Research Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus_Research_Center,_Jaintapur"},{"link_name":"Ghayebi Dighi Masjid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghayebi_Dighi_Masjid"},{"link_name":"Hakaluki Haor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakaluki_Haor"},{"link_name":"Khadim Nagar National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadim_Nagar_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Madani Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madani_Square"},{"link_name":"Malnicherra Tea Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malnicherra_Tea_Estate"},{"link_name":"Museum of Rajas'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Rajas%27"},{"link_name":"Osmani Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmani_Museum"},{"link_name":"Ratargul Swamp Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratargul_Swamp_Forest"},{"link_name":"Shah Jalal Dargah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jalal_Dargah"},{"link_name":"Sylhet Shahi Eidgah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet_Shahi_Eidgah"},{"link_name":"Tilagor Eco Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilagor_Eco_Park"},{"link_name":"Barak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_River"},{"link_name":"Kushiyara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushiyara_River"},{"link_name":"Makunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makunda_River"},{"link_name":"Piyain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyain_River"},{"link_name":"Surma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surma_River"},{"link_name":"Sonai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuirial"},{"link_name":"Angura Muhammadpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angura_Muhammadpur"},{"link_name":"Baghprachanda Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghprachanda_Khan"},{"link_name":"Balaganj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaganj_Union"},{"link_name":"Bhadeshwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhadeshwar"},{"link_name":"Bichnakandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bichnakandi"},{"link_name":"Bimanbandar Thana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimanbandar_Thana_(Sylhet)"},{"link_name":"Dayamir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayamir_Union"},{"link_name":"Ghorua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghorua"},{"link_name":"Goalabazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goula_Bazar_Union"},{"link_name":"Jaflong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaflong"},{"link_name":"Karpara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karpara"},{"link_name":"Kumargaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumargaon"},{"link_name":"Lalakhal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalakhal"},{"link_name":"Machimpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machimpur"},{"link_name":"Mathiura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathiura_Union"},{"link_name":"Purush Pal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purush_Pal"},{"link_name":"Nidhanpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidhanpur"},{"link_name":"Naodhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naodhar"},{"link_name":"North Badepasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Badepasha"},{"link_name":"Amkuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amkuna"},{"link_name":"Nurpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurpur,_Fenchuganj"},{"link_name":"Rampasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampasha_Union"},{"link_name":"Shahjalal Upashahar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahjalal_Uposhahar"},{"link_name":"Sunampur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunampur"},{"link_name":"Sripur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sripur,_Sylhet_Division"},{"link_name":"Tajpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajpur_Union"},{"link_name":"Tamabil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamabil,_Sylhet"},{"link_name":"Umarpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umarpur_Union"},{"link_name":"The Aided High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Aided_High_School"},{"link_name":"Beani Bazar Government College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beani_Bazar_Government_College"},{"link_name":"Blue Bird High School and College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Bird_High_School_and_College"},{"link_name":"Cambridge Grammar School & College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Grammar_School_%26_College"},{"link_name":"Dhakadakshin Multilateral High School and College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhakadakshin_Multilateral_High_School_and_College"},{"link_name":"Kasim Ali Model High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasim_Ali_Model_High_School"},{"link_name":"Madan Mohan College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madan_Mohan_College"},{"link_name":"Mathiura BL High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathiura_BL_High_School"},{"link_name":"Murari Chand College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murari_Chand_College"},{"link_name":"Sylhet Engineering College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet_Engineering_College"},{"link_name":"Sylhet Government Pilot High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet_Government_Pilot_High_School"},{"link_name":"Sylhet Government Women's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet_Government_Women%27s_College"},{"link_name":"Sylhet Polytechnic Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet_Polytechnic_Institute"},{"link_name":"Ajiria Madrasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Badedeorail Fultali Kamil Madrasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badedeorail_Fultali_Kamil_Madrasa"},{"link_name":"Jamia Tawakkulia Renga Madrasah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamia_Tawakkulia_Renga_Madrasah"},{"link_name":"Sylhet Government Alia Madrasah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet_Government_Alia_Madrasah"},{"link_name":"Leading University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_University"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan University, Sylhet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_University,_Sylhet"},{"link_name":"North East University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_University"},{"link_name":"Shahjalal University of Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahjalal_University_of_Science_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"Sylhet International University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet_International_University"},{"link_name":"Sylhet Agricultural University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet_Agricultural_University"},{"link_name":"Assam Bengal Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_Bengal_Railway"},{"link_name":"Akhaura–Kulaura–Chhatak line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhaura%E2%80%93Kulaura%E2%80%93Chhatak_line"},{"link_name":"Cherra Companyganj State Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherra_Companyganj_State_Railways"},{"link_name":"Kalni Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalni_Express"},{"link_name":"Keane Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keane_Bridge"},{"link_name":"N2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N2_(Bangladesh)"},{"link_name":"Osmani International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmani_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Parabat Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabat_Express"},{"link_name":"Sylhet railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Intermediate_and_Secondary_Education,_Sylhet"},{"link_name":"Kendriya Muslim Sahitya Sangsad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendriya_Muslim_Sahitya_Sangsad"},{"link_name":"Srihatta Literary Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srihatta_Literary_Society"},{"link_name":"Sylhet City Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet_City_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Sylhet Gas Fields Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet_Gas_Fields_Limited"},{"link_name":"Sylhet Metropolitan Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet_Metropolitan_Police"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sylhet"},{"link_name":"Hattanath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattanath"},{"link_name":"Nidhanpur copperplate inscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidhanpur_copperplate_inscription"},{"link_name":"Jaintia Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaintia_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Conquest of Sylhet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_Sylhet"},{"link_name":"Muharram Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muharram_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Earthquake of 1869","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_Cachar_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Earthquake of 1897","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1897_Assam_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Nankar Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nankar_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Liberation War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War"},{"link_name":"Adityapur massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adityapur_massacre"},{"link_name":"Battle of Sylhet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sylhet"},{"link_name":"Burunga massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burunga_massacre"},{"link_name":"Galimpur massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galimpur_massacre"},{"link_name":"Shah Jalal bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Shah_Jalal_bombing"},{"link_name":"South Surma bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_South_Surma_Upazila_bombings"},{"link_name":"Army Institute of Business Administration, Sylhet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Institute_of_Business_Administration,_Sylhet"},{"link_name":"Jalalabad Cantonment Public School and College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalalabad_Cantonment_Public_School_and_College"},{"link_name":"School of Infantry and Tactics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Infantry_and_Tactics"},{"link_name":"Sylhet Cadet College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet_Cadet_College"},{"link_name":"Sylhet Light Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet_Light_Infantry"},{"link_name":"Jalalabad Ragib-Rabeya Medical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalalabad_Ragib-Rabeya_Medical_College"},{"link_name":"North East Medical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_Medical_College"},{"link_name":"Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet_MAG_Osmani_Medical_College"},{"link_name":"Sylhet Medical University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet_Medical_University"},{"link_name":"Sylhet Women's Medical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet_Women%27s_Medical_College"},{"link_name":"Beanibazar Gas Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beanibazar_Gas_Field"},{"link_name":"Fenchuganj Combined Cycle Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenchuganj_Combined_Cycle_Power_Plant"},{"link_name":"Fenchuganj Gas Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenchuganj_Gas_Field"},{"link_name":"Jalalabad Gas Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalalabad_Gas_Field"},{"link_name":"Kailashtilla Gas Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kailashtilla_Gas_Field"},{"link_name":"Kumargaon Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumargaon_Power_Plant"},{"link_name":"Shahjalal Fertiliser Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahjalal_Fertiliser_Factory"},{"link_name":"Sylhet Gas Fields Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet_Gas_Fields_Limited"},{"link_name":"Beanibazar SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beanibazar_SC"},{"link_name":"Sylhet District Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet_District_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Sylhet International Cricket Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet_International_Cricket_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Sylhet Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet_Thunder"},{"link_name":"22°58′23″N 90°13′41″E / 22.973°N 90.228°E / 22.973; 90.228","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ajiria_Madrasa¶ms=22.973_N_90.228_E_region:BD_type:edu"}],"text":"Choudhury, Mustansirur Rahman. আঞ্চলিক ইতিহাস: ফুলবাড়ী আজিরিয়া আলিয়া মাদ্রাসা [Regional history: Fulbari Ajiriya Aliya Madrasha] (in Bengali).\nChoudhury, Mustansirur Rahman; Choudhury, Fakhrul Islam (1992). ফুলবাড়ী, ইতিহাস খ্যাত একটি গ্রাম (in Bengali).vteMadrasas in BangladeshAliaKamil\nGovernment Madrasah-e-Alia\nal-Jāmiʿah al-Aḥmadiyyah as-Sunniyyah\nal-Madrasah Bayt ash-Sharaf\nal-Madrasah al-Fūltaliyyah Baʿd-Dewrāil\nal-Madrasah al-Muṣṭafāwiyyah\nSatpur Kamil Madrasah\nShahchand Auliya Kamil Madrasa\nSylhet Government Alia Madrasah\nFazil\nal-Madrasah al-Ajīriyyah Fūlbārī\nal-Jāmiʿah al-Jumhūriyya Bārakhāin\nal-Madrasah al-Islāmiyyah Dhīpūr\nSujaul Senior Fazil Madrasha\nal-Madrasah al-Karāmatiyyah Buzurg Santoshpūr\nal-Madrasah al-Karāmatiyyah Sayyidpūr\nal-Madrasah al-Karāmatiyyah Pabitrajhār\nAlim\nal-Madrasah al-Islāmiyyah Muḥammadābād\nSagornal Senior Alim Madrasha\nWest Showra Alim Madrasha\nQawmi\nal-Jāmiʿah al-ʿArabiyyah Hāildhar\nal-Jāmiʿah al-Islāmiyyah al-Ibrāhīmiyyah\nBashundhara Islamic Research Centre\nSheikh Zakariyyah Islamic Research Center\nal-Jāmiʿah al-Islāmiyyah ʿAzīz al-ʿUlūm Bābūnagar\nal-Jāmiʿah al-Islāmiyyah al-Yūnusiyyah\nal-Jāmiʿah al-Islāmiyyah Paṭiya\nal-Jāmiʿah Dār al-Maʿārif al-Islāmiyyah\nal-Jāmiʿah al-Qurʼāniyyah al-ʿArabiyyah Lālbāgh\nal-Jāmiʿah al-Islāmiyyah al-ʿUbaydiyyah Nānūpūr\nal-Jāmiʿah at-Tawakkuliyyah Renga\nal-Jāmiʿah al-ʿUlūm al-Islāmiyyah Lālkhān Bāzār\nal-Jāmiʿah al-Ahliyyah Dār al-ʿUlūm Muʿīn al-Islām Hāthazārī\nal-Jāmiʿah ash-Sharʿiyyah Mālībāgh\nOther\nAl-Helal Islami Academy & College\nAl-Markaz al-Islāmī as-Salafī\nInternational Islamic University, Chittagong\nIslamic Arabic University\nIslamic University, Bangladesh\nKalshi Islamia High School\nBoards\nBangladesh Madrasah Education Board\nAl-Hayʼat al-ʿUlyā li al-Jāmiʿāt al-Qawmiyyah\nWifāq al-Madāris al-ʿArabiyyah\nNational Religious Madrasa Education Board of BangladeshvteSylhet DistrictCapital: SylhetUpazilas\nBalaganj\nBeanibazar\nBishwanath\nCompaniganj\nFenchuganj\nGolapganj\nGowainghat\nJaintiapur\nKanaighat\nOsmani Nagar\nSouth Surma\nSylhet Sadar\nZakiganj\nConstituencies\nSylhet-1\nSylhet-2\nSylhet-3\nSylhet-4\nSylhet-5\nSylhet-6\nAttractions and sites\nAli Amjad's Clock\nBangladesh Last House\nCitrus Research Center\nGhayebi Dighi Masjid\nHakaluki Haor\nKhadim Nagar National Park\nMadani Square\nMalnicherra Tea Estate\nMuseum of Rajas'\nOsmani Museum\nRatargul Swamp Forest\nShah Jalal Dargah\nSylhet Shahi Eidgah\nTilagor Eco Park\nRivers\nBarak\nKushiyara\nMakunda\nPiyain\nSurma\nSonai\nInhabited areas\nAngura Muhammadpur\nBaghprachanda Khan\nBalaganj\nBhadeshwar\nBichnakandi\nBimanbandar Thana\nDayamir\nGhorua\nGoalabazar\nJaflong\nKarpara\nKumargaon\nLalakhal\nMachimpur\nMathiura\nPurush Pal\nNidhanpur\nNaodhar\nNorth Badepasha\nAmkuna\nNurpur\nRampasha\nShahjalal Upashahar\nSunampur\nSripur\nTajpur\nTamabil\nUmarpur\nSchools and colleges\nThe Aided High School\nBeani Bazar Government College\nBlue Bird High School and College\nCambridge Grammar School & College\nDhakadakshin Multilateral High School and College\nKasim Ali Model High School\nMadan Mohan College\nMathiura BL High School\nMurari Chand College\nScholarshome\nSylhet Engineering College\nSylhet Government Pilot High School\nSylhet Government Women's College\nSylhet Polytechnic Institute\nMadrasas\nAjiria Madrasa\nBadedeorail Fultali Kamil Madrasa\nJamia Tawakkulia Renga Madrasah\nSylhet Government Alia Madrasah\nUniversities\nLeading University\nMetropolitan University, Sylhet\nNorth East University\nShahjalal University of Science and Technology\nSylhet International University\nSylhet Agricultural University\nTransport\nAssam Bengal Railway\nAkhaura–Kulaura–Chhatak line\nCherra Companyganj State Railways\nKalni Express\nKeane Bridge\nN2\nOsmani International Airport\nParabat Express\nSylhet railway station\nOrganisations\nBoard of Intermediate and Secondary Education\nKendriya Muslim Sahitya Sangsad\nSrihatta Literary Society\nSylhet City Corporation\nSylhet Gas Fields Limited\nSylhet Metropolitan Police\nHistory\nHattanath\nNidhanpur copperplate inscription\nJaintia Kingdom\nConquest of Sylhet\nMuharram Rebellion\nEarthquake of 1869\nEarthquake of 1897\nNankar Rebellion\nBangladesh Liberation War\nAdityapur massacre\nBattle of Sylhet\nBurunga massacre\nGalimpur massacre\nShah Jalal bombing\nSouth Surma bombings\nMilitary\nArmy Institute of Business Administration, Sylhet\nJalalabad Cantonment Public School and College\nSchool of Infantry and Tactics\nSylhet Cadet College\nSylhet Light Infantry\nMedicine\nJalalabad Ragib-Rabeya Medical College\nNorth East Medical College\nSylhet MAG Osmani Medical College\nSylhet Medical University\nSylhet Women's Medical College\nEconomy\nBeanibazar Gas Field\nFenchuganj Combined Cycle Power Plant\nFenchuganj Gas Field\nJalalabad Gas Field\nKailashtilla Gas Field\nKumargaon Power Plant\nShahjalal Fertiliser Factory\nSylhet Gas Fields Limited\nSports\nBeanibazar SC\nSylhet District Stadium\nSylhet International Cricket Stadium\nSylhet Thunder22°58′23″N 90°13′41″E / 22.973°N 90.228°E / 22.973; 90.228","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | [{"title":"Abdul Matin Chowdhury Shaikh-e-Fulbari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Matin_Chowdhury_(scholar)"}] | [{"reference":"Mohanta, Rasamay (1990). সিলেট অঞ্চলের শিক্ষাঙ্গন: অতীত ও বর্তমান (in Bengali). Sarasvatī Mohānta. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jamil, SM, ed. (1948). The Muslim Year Book of India and Who's who: With Complete Information on Pakistan, 1948-49. Bombay Newspaper Company. p. 247.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rahman, Fazlur (1991). \"ফুলবাড়ী আজিরিয়া মাদ্রাসা\" [Phulbari Ajiriya Madrasah]. সিলেটের মাটি, সিলেটের মানুষ [Sylhet's soil, Sylhet's people] (in Bengali). p. 151.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rahman, Fazlur (1993). সিলেটের কাব্য সাধনা (in Bengali). p. 101.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sajjadi, Hasnain. \"গোলাপগঞ্জের প্রথম লিখিত ইতিহাসগ্রন্থ এবং একজন আনোয়ার শাহজাহান\". Anupom News 24 (in Bengali).","urls":[{"url":"https://anupomnews24.com/2021/02/19777/","url_text":"\"গোলাপগঞ্জের প্রথম লিখিত ইতিহাসগ্রন্থ এবং একজন আনোয়ার শাহজাহান\""}]},{"reference":"Chisti, Syed Hasan Imam Hussainy (1999). \"Arabic and Persian in Sylhet\". In Ahmed, Sharif Uddin (ed.). Sylhet: History and Heritage. Bangladesh Itihas Samiti. p. 610. ISBN 984-31-0478-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Itihas_Samiti","url_text":"Bangladesh Itihas Samiti"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/984-31-0478-1","url_text":"984-31-0478-1"}]},{"reference":"Husam, Shamshad. \"বাংলা সাহিত্যে সিলেট\". Thikana (in Bengali).","urls":[{"url":"https://thikana.us/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F/","url_text":"\"বাংলা সাহিত্যে সিলেট\""}]},{"reference":"Biographical Encyclopedia of Pakistan. Pakistan: Biographical Research Institute. 1960. p. 375-376.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan","url_text":"Pakistan"}]},{"reference":"Siddiquee, Iqbal (7 Nov 2009). \"Remembering Mohius Sunnah Chowdhury\". The Daily Star (Bangladesh).","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.thedailystar.net/starinsight/2009/11/01/scene.htm","url_text":"\"Remembering Mohius Sunnah Chowdhury\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Star_(Bangladesh)","url_text":"The Daily Star (Bangladesh)"}]},{"reference":"Laskar, Mahbubur Rahman (2015), \"Madrassas of Surma-Barak Valley in Partition\" (PDF), Madrassas and Partition 1940-1947: a study of the Madrassas of Surma-Barak Valley and their Responses to the Partition and Anti-partition Movement, Assam University","urls":[{"url":"https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/292527/7/07_chapter5.pdf","url_text":"\"Madrassas of Surma-Barak Valley in Partition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_University","url_text":"Assam University"}]},{"reference":"Choudhury, Mustansirur Rahman. আঞ্চলিক ইতিহাস: ফুলবাড়ী আজিরিয়া আলিয়া মাদ্রাসা [Regional history: Fulbari Ajiriya Aliya Madrasha] (in Bengali).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Choudhury, Mustansirur Rahman; Choudhury, Fakhrul Islam (1992). ফুলবাড়ী, ইতিহাস খ্যাত একটি গ্রাম (in Bengali).","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ajiria_Madrasa¶ms=22.973_N_90.228_E_region:BD_type:edu","external_links_name":"22°58′23″N 90°13′41″E / 22.973°N 90.228°E / 22.973; 90.228"},{"Link":"https://anupomnews24.com/2021/02/19777/","external_links_name":"\"গোলাপগঞ্জের প্রথম লিখিত ইতিহাসগ্রন্থ এবং একজন আনোয়ার শাহজাহান\""},{"Link":"https://thikana.us/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F/","external_links_name":"\"বাংলা সাহিত্যে সিলেট\""},{"Link":"https://archive.thedailystar.net/starinsight/2009/11/01/scene.htm","external_links_name":"\"Remembering Mohius Sunnah Chowdhury\""},{"Link":"https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/292527/7/07_chapter5.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Madrassas of Surma-Barak Valley in Partition\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ajiria_Madrasa¶ms=22.973_N_90.228_E_region:BD_type:edu","external_links_name":"22°58′23″N 90°13′41″E / 22.973°N 90.228°E / 22.973; 90.228"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vazhappally | Vazhappally | ["1 The origin of the name","2 History","3 Vazhappally Inscription","4 References"] | Coordinates: 9°27′22″N 76°31′27″E / 9.4562461°N 76.5241115°E / 9.4562461; 76.5241115
Village in Kerala, IndiaVazhappally
വാഴപ്പള്ളിVillageVazhappally TempleNickname: The way Malayalam came to beCoordinates: 9°27′22″N 76°31′27″E / 9.4562461°N 76.5241115°E / 9.4562461; 76.5241115Country IndiaStateKeralaDistrictKottayamPopulation (2001) • Total51,960Languages • OfficialMalayalam, EnglishTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)PIN686103Telephone code0481Coastline0 kilometres (0 mi)ClimateTropical monsoon (Köppen)Avg. summer temperature35 °C (95 °F)Avg. winter temperature20 °C (68 °F)
Vazhappally is a suburb of Changanasserry Municipality, Kottayam District, in central Kerala. The famous Vazhappally Shiva Temple is situated in Vazhappally. Vazhappally is a part of Changanacherry Taluk in Kottayam District. It is located in the city of Changanacherry and Vazhappally Panchayath. The ancient Vazhappally gramam (village) was shifted to the Changanassery Municipality, so small portions of the village were reunited in the Municipal Town of Changanassery, while the rest were reconstructed in the Vazhappally Gram Panchayat.
The origin of the name
Vazhappally is "Vazhkai Pally" (Malayalam: വാഴ്കൈ പള്ളി) means let the temple win. There are various theories as to the origin of the word 'Pally'. Pally is a word in the Pali language.
History
The temple was very popular in the second Chera dynasty. After the fall of the Cheras, the place came under several rulers, the Thekkumkur and Travancore kings were prominent, witnessed many brutal wars, treachery, murder and annihilation. However, in all these cases, the temple was saved from destruction. The Vazhappally Maha Siva Temple is located in the heart of the ancient Vazhappally village. In the Chera dynasty, Changanacherry was part of Vazhappally Gramam. The old highway passes (Thiruvananthapuram - Tripunithura Road) through the eastern boundary of Vazhappally. During the rule of the Chera kings, the rulers of the state were in the Vazhappally Mahadeva temple.
Many of the commands issued are examples of this (eg:- Vazhappally copper plates. Ancient Vazhappally was also an area where caste system, feudalism and untouchability were strong.
Vazhappally Inscription
Main article: Vazhappally copper plates
Vazhappally Copper Plate
Vazhappally copper plate, dated to around 830 AD, is the earliest available inscription in Malayalam language. It is a temple committee resolution in the presence of the Chera king of Kodungallur Rama "Rajasekhara" (9th century AD). The copper plate (incomplete) is engraved in an old form of Malayalam in Vattezhuthu and Grantha scripts. Rajasekhara is usually identified by scholars with Cheraman Perumal Nayanar, the venerated Shaiva (Nayanar) poet-musician. The inscription of Vazhappally who contributed immensely to the historical writing tradition of Kerala was written by AD 830. According to historians, Raja Rajasekhara Deva ruled from 820 to 844 AD.
References
^ Title District Census Handbook: Series 9: Kerala: Kottayam Volume 4, Parts 1-2 of District Census Handbook: Series 9: Kerala, India. Director of Census Operations, Kerala Authors India. Director of Census Operations, Kerala, Krishnaswamy Narayanan Published 1973 Original from the University of Michigan Digitized 8 Aug 2007
^ "വാടാനപ്പള്ളി ഗ്രാമപഞ്ചായത്ത് (Vatanapally Grama Panchayat) » ചരിത്രം". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
^ കേരള ചരിത്രത്തിന്റെ അടിസ്ഥാന രേഖകൾ -- പുതുശ്ശേരി രാമചന്ദ്രൻ -- കേരള ഭാഷാ ഇൻസ്റ്റിറ്റൂട്ട്, തിരുവനന്തപുരം
^ SN Sadasivan - A Social History of India പുറം 94
^ a b Noburu Karashmia (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 143.
^ a b Veluthat, Kesavan. “The Temple and the State in Medieval South India.” Studies in People’s History, vol. 4, no. 1, June 2017, pp. 15–23.
^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 64-66, 88-95, 107.
vteCities and towns in Kottayam districtKottayam
Changanassery
Karukachal
Kangazha
Vazhoor
Pampady
Puthupally
Manarkadu
Kottayam
Perumbaikad
Peruva
Kumarakam
Ettumanoor
Kuravilangad
Palai
Erattupetta
Poonjar
Ponkunnam
Kanjirappally
Erumeli
Mundakayam
Kaduthuruthy
Vaikom
Vazhappally
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vazhappally.
This article related to a location in Kottayam district, Kerala, India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Changanasserry Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changanasserry"},{"link_name":"Kottayam District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kottayam_district"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Vazhappally Shiva Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vazhappally_Maha_Siva_Temple"}],"text":"Village in Kerala, IndiaVazhappally is a suburb of Changanasserry Municipality, Kottayam District, in central Kerala.[1] The famous Vazhappally Shiva Temple is situated in Vazhappally. Vazhappally is a part of Changanacherry Taluk in Kottayam District. It is located in the city of Changanacherry and Vazhappally Panchayath. 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Pally is a word in the Pali language.[2] [3] [4]","title":"The origin of the name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chera dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chera_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Vazhappally Maha Siva Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vazhappally_Maha_Siva_Temple"},{"link_name":"Tripunithura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripunithura"},{"link_name":"Vazhappally copper plates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vazhappally_copper_plates"}],"text":"The temple was very popular in the second Chera dynasty. After the fall of the Cheras, the place came under several rulers, the Thekkumkur and Travancore kings were prominent, witnessed many brutal wars, treachery, murder and annihilation. However, in all these cases, the temple was saved from destruction. The Vazhappally Maha Siva Temple is located in the heart of the ancient Vazhappally village. In the Chera dynasty, Changanacherry was part of Vazhappally Gramam. The old highway passes (Thiruvananthapuram - Tripunithura Road) through the eastern boundary of Vazhappally. During the rule of the Chera kings, the rulers of the state were in the Vazhappally Mahadeva temple. \nMany of the commands issued are examples of this (eg:- Vazhappally copper plates. Ancient Vazhappally was also an area where caste system, feudalism and untouchability were strong.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vazhappally_copper_plate_(9th_century_AD).jpg"},{"link_name":"Malayalam language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_language"},{"link_name":"Chera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chera_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Kodungallur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodungallur"},{"link_name":"Rama \"Rajasekhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajashekhara_(Chera_king)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:222-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-6"},{"link_name":"Malayalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam"},{"link_name":"Vattezhuthu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatteluttu_script"},{"link_name":"Grantha scripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grantha_script"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"Shaiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivism"},{"link_name":"Nayanar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayanars"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:222-5"}],"text":"Vazhappally Copper PlateVazhappally copper plate, dated to around 830 AD, is the earliest available inscription in Malayalam language. It is a temple committee resolution in the presence of the Chera king of Kodungallur Rama \"Rajasekhara\" (9th century AD[5])[6]. The copper plate (incomplete) is engraved in an old form of Malayalam in Vattezhuthu and Grantha scripts.[7] Rajasekhara is usually identified by scholars with Cheraman Perumal Nayanar, the venerated Shaiva (Nayanar) poet-musician.[6][5] The inscription of Vazhappally who contributed immensely to the historical writing tradition of Kerala was written by AD 830. According to historians, Raja Rajasekhara Deva ruled from 820 to 844 AD.","title":"Vazhappally Inscription"}] | [{"image_text":"Vazhappally Copper Plate","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Vazhappally_copper_plate_%289th_century_AD%29.jpg/250px-Vazhappally_copper_plate_%289th_century_AD%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"വാടാനപ്പള്ളി ഗ്രാമപഞ്ചായത്ത് (Vatanapally Grama Panchayat) » ചരിത്രം\". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193619/http://lsgkerala.in/vatanapallypanchayat/history/","url_text":"\"വാടാനപ്പള്ളി ഗ്രാമപഞ്ചായത്ത് (Vatanapally Grama Panchayat) » ചരിത്രം\""},{"url":"http://lsgkerala.in/vatanapallypanchayat/history/","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vazhappally¶ms=9.4562461_N_76.5241115_E_type:city(51960)_region:IN-KL","external_links_name":"9°27′22″N 76°31′27″E / 9.4562461°N 76.5241115°E / 9.4562461; 76.5241115"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vazhappally¶ms=9.4562461_N_76.5241115_E_type:city(51960)_region:IN-KL","external_links_name":"9°27′22″N 76°31′27″E / 9.4562461°N 76.5241115°E / 9.4562461; 76.5241115"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193619/http://lsgkerala.in/vatanapallypanchayat/history/","external_links_name":"\"വാടാനപ്പള്ളി ഗ്രാമപഞ്ചായത്ത് (Vatanapally Grama Panchayat) » ചരിത്രം\""},{"Link":"http://lsgkerala.in/vatanapallypanchayat/history/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Be3PCvzf-BYC&dq=Pali+words+in+Malayalam&pg=PA94","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vazhappally&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ges%C3%B9_Buon_Pastore_alla_Montagnola | Gesù Buon Pastore alla Montagnola | ["1 Cardinal-deacons","2 References"] | Coordinates: 41°50′45″N 12°28′56″E / 41.84583°N 12.48222°E / 41.84583; 12.48222Church in Rome, ItalyGesù Buon Pastore alla MontagnolaChurch of Jesus the Good Shepherd at MontagnolaChiesa di Gesù Buon Pastore alla MontagnolaStreet-level photograph; the church is visible at leftGesù Buon Pastore alla Montagnola41°50′45″N 12°28′56″E / 41.84583°N 12.48222°E / 41.84583; 12.48222LocationVia Luigi Perna, RomeCountryItalyLanguage(s)ItalianDenominationCatholicTraditionRoman RiteReligious orderOrder of Saint Paul the First HermitWebsitegesubuonpastore.itHistoryStatustitular churchDedicationJesus (as the Good Shepherd)Dedicated18 March 1959ArchitectureArchitect(s)Carlo BondiniGroundbreaking1950Completed1957AdministrationDioceseRome
Gesù Buon Pastore alla Montagnola is a titular church in Rome. It is located in via Luigi Perna.
Its parish was established by Pope Pius XI in 1937 and placed in the care of the Fathers of the Missionary Institute of the Pious Society of St Paul (known as the Paulini, not to be confused with the Paulists at Santa Susanna). The church itself was designed by Carlo Bondini and consecrated much later, on 18 March 1959 by Msgr. Luigi Traglia, and declared to be the "National church of victims of peace, of the fallen and of the victims of war". It is especially dedicated to the memory of the fallen in the Battle of Montagnola and Battle of Cecchignola, two battles against German forces in the Defence of Rome of 9–10 September 1943.
The interior has a canvas of The Good Shepherd, attributed by some to Carlo Dolci, and by others to Carlo Maratta.
Cardinal-deacons
Jozef Tomko (1985–1996)
James Stafford (1998–2008)
Velasio de Paolis (2010–2017)
Lazarus You Heung-sik (2022–present)
References
^ "L'Attività della Santa Sede". Tipografia poliglotta vaticana. May 12, 2008 – via Google Books.
^ Nicosia, Alessandro; Pizzo, Marco (May 12, 2005). Giovanni Paolo II e Roma. Gangemi. ISBN 9788849208955 – via Google Books.
^ Colombo, Giancarlo (May 12, 2002). Who's who in Italy 2002. Who's Who in Italy. ISBN 9788885246492 – via Google Books.
^ "The Official Catholic Directory for the Year of Our Lord ..." P.J. Kenedy. May 12, 2008 – via Google Books.
^ "DE PAOLIS Card. Velasio, C.S." press.vatican.va.
^ "Gesù Buon Pastore alla Montagnola (Cardinal Titular Church) ". www.catholic-hierarchy.org.
This article about a church building or other Christian place of worship in Italy is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a Roman Catholic church building in Europe is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"titular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_church"},{"link_name":"church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churches_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI"},{"link_name":"Paulini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Paul_the_First_Hermit"},{"link_name":"Santa Susanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Susanna"},{"link_name":"Msgr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsignor"},{"link_name":"Luigi Traglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Traglia"},{"link_name":"Carlo Dolci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Dolci"},{"link_name":"Carlo Maratta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Maratta"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Church in Rome, ItalyGesù Buon Pastore alla Montagnola is a titular church in Rome. It is located in via Luigi Perna.[1]Its parish was established by Pope Pius XI in 1937 and placed in the care of the Fathers of the Missionary Institute of the Pious Society of St Paul (known as the Paulini, not to be confused with the Paulists at Santa Susanna). The church itself was designed by Carlo Bondini and consecrated much later, on 18 March 1959 by Msgr. Luigi Traglia, and declared to be the \"National church of victims of peace, of the fallen and of the victims of war\". It is especially dedicated to the memory of the fallen in the Battle of Montagnola and Battle of Cecchignola, two battles against German forces in the Defence of Rome of 9–10 September 1943.The interior has a canvas of The Good Shepherd, attributed by some to Carlo Dolci, and by others to Carlo Maratta.[2]","title":"Gesù Buon Pastore alla Montagnola"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jozef Tomko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozef_Tomko"},{"link_name":"James Stafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Stafford"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Velasio de Paolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velasio_de_Paolis"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lazarus You Heung-sik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazarus_You_Heung-sik"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Jozef Tomko (1985–1996)\nJames Stafford (1998–2008)[3][4]\nVelasio de Paolis (2010–2017)[5]\nLazarus You Heung-sik (2022–present)[6]","title":"Cardinal-deacons"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"L'Attività della Santa Sede\". Tipografia poliglotta vaticana. May 12, 2008 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GcdAAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Ges%C3%B9+Buon+Pastore+alla+Montagnola%22","url_text":"\"L'Attività della Santa Sede\""}]},{"reference":"Nicosia, Alessandro; Pizzo, Marco (May 12, 2005). Giovanni Paolo II e Roma. Gangemi. ISBN 9788849208955 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6zpAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Ges%C3%B9+Buon+Pastore+alla+Montagnola%22","url_text":"Giovanni Paolo II e Roma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788849208955","url_text":"9788849208955"}]},{"reference":"Colombo, Giancarlo (May 12, 2002). Who's who in Italy 2002. Who's Who in Italy. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogor%C5%8D_Akechi | Kogoro Akechi | ["1 Overview","2 Bibliography","2.1 Short stories","2.2 Novels","2.3 The Boy Detectives Club series (a.k.a. Fiend with Twenty Faces series)","3 In popular culture","4 List of film adaptations","5 See also","6 References"] | Fictional character created by Edogawa Ranpo
In this Japanese name, the surname is Akechi.
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Fictional character
Kogoro AkechiKogoro Akechi characterFirst appearance"The Case of the Murder on D. Hill"Created byEdogawa RanpoIn-universe informationGenderMaleOccupationPrivate investigatorFamilyFumiyo Akechi (wife)NationalityJapanese
Kogoro Akechi (明智 小五郎, Akechi Kogorō) is a fictional private detective created by Japanese mystery writer Edogawa Ranpo.
Overview
Akechi first appeared in the story "The Case of the Murder on D. Hill" (D坂の殺人事件, D-zaka no satsujin jiken) in January 1925 and continued to appear in stories for a quarter of a century. Edogawa Ranpo (a pseudonym for Tarō Hirai) is considered the father of the Japanese detective story and was a great admirer of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Akechi is the first recurring detective character in Japanese fiction and is clearly inspired by Doyle's Sherlock Holmes.
Like Holmes, Akechi is a brilliant but eccentric detective who consults with the police on especially difficult cases. He is a master of disguise and an expert at judo whose genius lets him solve seemingly impossible cases. Also like Holmes, Akechi makes use of a group of young boys to gather information. His version of the Baker Street Irregulars is known as the "Boy Detectives Club" (少年探偵団, Shōnen tantei dan). Akechi smokes Egyptian cigarettes when he is thinking about a case.
Kogoro Akechi is a tall, handsome man with heavy eyebrows who dresses well. He is married to a woman named Fumiyo (文代) and lives with Kobayashi Yoshio (小林芳雄), the leader of the Boy Detectives Club. Kobayashi often plays an important part in solving cases. Like his mentor, he is an expert at disguise and is especially adept at posing as a young woman. Aside from these relationships little is known of the detective's personal life, which always takes a back seat to the mystery in his adventures.
Detective Akechi's most frequent foe is the infamous "Fiend with Twenty Faces" (怪人二十面相, Kaijin ni-jū mensō). The fiend is a master criminal whose infallible gift for disguise may have been inspired by Hamilton Cleek, Thomas W. Hanshew's heroic but amoral "Man of Forty Faces." The Fiend is a non-violent criminal who steals to demonstrate his brilliance rather than out of need for money. He and Akechi have a mutual respect in the stories.
The Akechi stories are based mainly in the detective's home city of Tokyo, though some move the action to the Japanese countryside. The stories often feature supernatural and erotic overtones, though not so much as Ranpo's other fiction.
Bibliography
Short stories
"The Case of the Murder on D. Hill" (D坂の殺人事件, D-zaka no satsujin jiken, January 1925) Published in English in The Early Cases of Akechi Kogoro.
"The Psychological Test" (心理試験, Shinri Shiken, February 1925) Published in English in Japanese Tales of Mystery and Imagination.
"The Black Hand Gang" (黒手組, Kurote-gumi, March 1925) Published in English in The Early Cases of Akechi Kogoro.
"The Ghost" (幽霊, Yūrei, May 1925) Published in English in The Early Cases of Akechi Kogoro.
"The Stalker in the Attic" (屋根裏の散歩者, Yaneura no Sanposha, August 1925) Published in English in The Edogawa Rampo Reader.
"Who" (何者, Nanimono, November 1929)
"The Murder Weapon" (兇器, Kyōki, June 1954)
"Moon and Gloves" (月と手袋, Tsuki to Tebukuro, April 1955)
Novels
The Dwarf (一寸法師, Issun-bōshi, 1926) Published in English in The Early Cases of Akechi Kogoro.
The Spider-Man (蜘蛛男, Kumo-Otoko, 1929)
The Edge of Curiosity-Hunting (猟奇の果, Ryōki no Hate, 1930)
The Conjurer (魔術師, Majutsu-shi, 1930) First appearance of Fumiyo
The Vampire (吸血鬼, Kyūketsuki, 1930) First appearance of Kobayashi
The Golden Mask (黄金仮面, Ōgon-kamen, 1930) English edition was published by Kurodahan Press in 2019.
The Black Lizard (黒蜥蜴, Kuro-tokage, 1934) Published in English in The Black Lizard and Beast in the Shadows.
The Human Leopard (人間豹, Ningen-Hyō, 1934)
The Devil's Crest (悪魔の紋章, Akuma no Monshō, 1937)
Dark Star (暗黒星, Ankoku-sei, 1939)
Hell's Clown (地獄の道化師, Jigoku no Dōkeshi, 1939)
Monster's Trick (化人幻戯, Kenin Gengi, 1954)
Shadow-Man (影男, Kage-otoko, 1955)
The Boy Detectives Club series (a.k.a. Fiend with Twenty Faces series)
This is a juvenile mystery series.
Novels
The Fiend with Twenty Faces (怪人二十面相, Kaijin ni-jū Mensō, 1936) English edition was published by Kurodahan Press in 2012.
The Boy Detectives Club (少年探偵団, Shōnen Tantei-dan, 1937) English edition was published by Kodansha in 1988.
Doctor Phantom (妖怪博士, Yōkai Hakase, 1938)
Large Gold Bullion (大金塊, Dai Kinkai, 1939)
Bronze Monster (青銅の魔人, Seidō no Majin, 1949)
Conjurer under the Ground (地底の魔術王, Chitei no Majutsuō, 1950)
Invisible Fiend (透明怪人, Tōmei Kaijin, 1951)
The Fiend with Forty Faces (怪奇四十面相, Kaiki shijū mensō, 1952)
Fiend from Space (宇宙怪人, Uchū Kaijin, 1953)
Terror of the Iron Tower Kingdom (鉄塔王国の恐怖, Tettō Ōkoku no Kyōfu, 1954)
Gray Giant (灰色の巨人, Haiiro no Kyojin, 1955)
Conjurer under the Sea (海底の魔術師, Kaitei no Majutsu-shi, 1955)
Golden Leopard (黄金豹, Ōgon Hyō, 1956)
Doctor Magic (魔法博士, Mahō Hakase, 1956)
Fiend of the Circus (サーカスの怪人, Sākasu no Kaijin, 1957)
Gong the Monster (魔人ゴング, Majin Gongu, 1957) originally titled "Yōjin Gong" (妖人ゴング)
Magic Doll (魔法人形, Mahō Ningyō, 1957)
Secret of the Bizarre Mask Castle (奇面城の秘密, Ki-men-jō no Himitsu, 1958)
Glow-in-the-dark Monster (夜光人間, Yakō Ningen, 1958)
Conjurer on the Tower (塔上の奇術師, Tō-jō no Kijutsu-shi, 1958)
Q the Iron Man (鉄人Q, Tetsujin Q, 1958)
Horrible Masked King (仮面の恐怖王, Kamen no Kyōfu-ō, 1959)
M the Electric Man (電人M, Denjin M, 1960)
Curse of the Fiend with Twenty Faces (二十面相の呪い, Nijūmensō no Noroi, 1960) originally titled "Ore wa Nijūmensōda!!" (おれは二十面相だ!!)
The Fiend with Twenty Faces in the Sky (空飛ぶ二十面相, Soratobu Nijūmensō, 1961) originally titled "Yōseijin R" (妖星人R)
Golden Monster (黄金の怪獣, Ōgon no Kaijū, 1962) originally titled "Superhuman Nicola" (超人ニコラ, Chōjin Nikora)
Novellas and short stories
Golden Tiger (黄金の虎, Ōgon no Tora, 1955)
Monster in the Sky (天空の魔人, Tenkū no Majin, 1956)
Magic House (まほうやしき, Mahō Yashiki, 1957)
Red Beetle (赤いカブトムシ, Akai Kabuto-mushi, 1957)
Enigmatic Man (ふしぎな人, Fushigi na Hito, 1958)
The Fiend with Twenty Faces (かいじん二十めんそう, Kaijin ni-jū Mensō, 1959) serialized in the magazine Tanoshii Ni-nensei
The Fiend with Twenty Faces (かいじん二十めんそう, Kaijin ni-jū Mensō, 1959) serialized in the magazine Tanoshii Ichi-nensei
The Fiend and the Boy Detectives (怪人と少年探偵, Kaijin to Shōnen Tantei, 1960)
In popular culture
Akechi has become a fixture in Japanese pop-culture. There have been a number of movies made based on his adventures, some of which pit him against other fictional characters such as Arsène Lupin. The actor best known for playing the detective is Eiji Okada. Akechi has been featured as a character in the manga Lupin III (and its anime pilot) and references to him are common in Japanese fiction. He is probably best known in the west through the 1994 movie, Rampo.
Another notable movie featuring Akechi is the 1968 film Black Lizard, directed by Kinji Fukasaku. The movie was adapted from Ranpo's novel of the same name by noted author Yukio Mishima, who also appears briefly in the film. The story pits the detective against a female mastermind, known as the Black Lizard, who is played by cross-dressing actor Akihiro Miwa. The film is considered high camp with its bizarre conventions and over-the-top performances but has a loyal following among fans and critics alike.
Modern references to him can also be found in Gosho Aoyama's popular and long-running manga series, Detective Conan. One of the characters, Detective Kogoro Mori is a persistent and courageous yet highly flawed and lecherous private detective—almost a parody of Kogoro Akechi. He has his cases solved for him by the youthful main character, Conan Edogawa. The name of young Conan's elementary school detective club is the "Detective Boys". Akechi himself is highlighted in volume 2 of the manga, in "Gosho Aoyama's Mystery Library", a section of the graphic novels (usually the last page) where the author introduces a different detective (or occasionally, a villain) from literature. Further Akechi references can be seen in Aoyama's other series, Magic Kaito, where a master thief steals high profile items for recognition.
Both Akechi and the Black Lizard are referenced in the Sakura Wars series of video games and anime. One of the musicals performed by the Teikoku Kagekidan is Benitokage ("Crimson Lizard") and features the title character, a criminal femme fatale, along with a handsome young detective named Akechi Kojiro. The manga and anime Nijū Mensō no Musume, or the Daughter of Twenty Faces, focuses heavily on Akechi's arch-rival. Akechi himself is featured as well, but as a much more minor character. Akechi is also referenced in the character of Police Superintendent Akechi Kengo in Kindaichi Case Files, a popular detective manga series. In the media franchise, Tantei Opera Milky Holmes, Akechi is represented by a girl police detective named Kokoro Akechi.
In 2015, a new Anime series entitled Rampo Kitan: Game of Laplace has been created, based on the Mystery novels of Edogawa Ranpo, and in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of his death. The story follows Kobayashi (a reference to the leader of the Boy Detectives) who becomes assistant to eccentric 17 year old Akechi. In this Anime Twenty Faces also makes an appearance as a vigilante serial killer.
In October 2016, an Anime titled, Trickster: From Edogawa Ranpo's "The Boy Detectives Club" was made, based on the stories of the 'Boy's Detective Club'. The plot follows Kogorou Akechi who meets mysterious Yoshio Kobayashi. Kobayashi, who has an undying body because of an "unidentified fog," wishes his own death, but together they both make their way after a mysterious criminal, nicknamed the "Fiend with Twenty Faces". The Anime takes place in the future period of the 2030s.
Goro Akechi, a character in the 2016 video game Persona 5, is a deliberate homage to this character, even down to the name. His early role in the game, as a celebrity detective who opposes the Phantom Thieves (especially their leader, whose Persona takes the name of the original Lupin), mirrors especially the original Akechi's role in Edogawa's works. Also of note his role in the overall story of the game, combined with the protagonist's ability to change Personas serves as an homage to the rivalry between Akechi and the Fiend with Twenty Faces.
In 2013 and 2014 a pair of films were made pairing Akechi with another famous fictional Japanese detective Kosuke Kindaichi. Hideaki Itô was Akechi, whilst Tomohisa Yamashita played Kindaichi.
List of film adaptations
Hyôchû no Bijo (1950) (starring Jōji Oka)
Shonen tanteidan: Nijumenso no akuma (1956) (starring Eiji Okada)
Shonen tanteidan: Tetto no kaijin (1957) (starring Eiji Okada)
Shonen tanteidan: Yako no majin (1957) (starring Susumu Namishima)
Shonen tanteidan: Nijumenso no fukushu (1957) (starring Susumu Namishima)
Shonen tanteidan: Kubinashi-otoko (1958) (starring Susumu Namishima)
Kumo-otoko no gyakushū (1958) (starring Susumu Fujita)
Shonen tanteidan: Tomei kaijin (1958) (starring Susumu Namishima)
Satsujinki: Kumo-otoko (1958) (starring Susumu Fujita)
Kurotokage (1962) (starring Minoru Ōki)
Black Lizard (1968) (starring Isao Kimura)
Horrors of Malformed Men (1969) (starring Minoru Ōki)
A Watcher in the Attic (1993) (starring Kyūsaku Shimada)
Rampo (1994) (starring Masahiro Motoki)
Murder on D Street (1998) (starring Kyūsaku Shimada)
Blind Beast vs. Dwarf (2001) (starring Shinya Tsukamoto)
Rampo Noir (2005) (starring Tadanobu Asano)
K-20: Legend of the Mask (2008) (starring Tōru Nakamura)
Yaneura no sanposha (2016) (starring Kouta Kusano)
See also
Kosuke Kindaichi
References
^ "Kindaichi Kôsuke vs. Akechi Kogorô". IMDb. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
^ "Kindaichi Kôsuke vs. Akechi Kogorô Again". IMDb. Retrieved 2 March 2022. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"private detective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_detective"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"mystery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_fiction"},{"link_name":"Edogawa Ranpo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edogawa_Ranpo"}],"text":"In this Japanese name, the surname is Akechi.Fictional characterKogoro Akechi (明智 小五郎, Akechi Kogorō) is a fictional private detective created by Japanese mystery writer Edogawa Ranpo.","title":"Kogoro Akechi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"detective story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective_story"},{"link_name":"Sir Arthur Conan Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Conan_Doyle"},{"link_name":"detective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective"},{"link_name":"Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes"},{"link_name":"disguise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disguise"},{"link_name":"judo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo"},{"link_name":"genius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius"},{"link_name":"Baker Street Irregulars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_Street_Irregulars"},{"link_name":"Boy Detectives Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boy_Detectives_Club&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fiend with Twenty Faces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiend_with_Twenty_Faces"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Cleek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Cleek"},{"link_name":"Thomas W. 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Also like Holmes, Akechi makes use of a group of young boys to gather information. His version of the Baker Street Irregulars is known as the \"Boy Detectives Club\" (少年探偵団, Shōnen tantei dan). Akechi smokes Egyptian cigarettes when he is thinking about a case.Kogoro Akechi is a tall, handsome man with heavy eyebrows who dresses well. He is married to a woman named Fumiyo (文代) and lives with Kobayashi Yoshio (小林芳雄), the leader of the Boy Detectives Club. Kobayashi often plays an important part in solving cases. Like his mentor, he is an expert at disguise and is especially adept at posing as a young woman. Aside from these relationships little is known of the detective's personal life, which always takes a back seat to the mystery in his adventures.Detective Akechi's most frequent foe is the infamous \"Fiend with Twenty Faces\" (怪人二十面相, Kaijin ni-jū mensō). The fiend is a master criminal whose infallible gift for disguise may have been inspired by Hamilton Cleek, Thomas W. Hanshew's heroic but amoral \"Man of Forty Faces.\" The Fiend is a non-violent criminal who steals to demonstrate his brilliance rather than out of need for money. He and Akechi have a mutual respect in the stories.The Akechi stories are based mainly in the detective's home city of Tokyo, though some move the action to the Japanese countryside. The stories often feature supernatural and erotic overtones, though not so much as Ranpo's other fiction.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Short stories","text":"\"The Case of the Murder on D. Hill\" (D坂の殺人事件, D-zaka no satsujin jiken, January 1925) Published in English in The Early Cases of Akechi Kogoro.\n\"The Psychological Test\" (心理試験, Shinri Shiken, February 1925) Published in English in Japanese Tales of Mystery and Imagination.\n\"The Black Hand Gang\" (黒手組, Kurote-gumi, March 1925) Published in English in The Early Cases of Akechi Kogoro.\n\"The Ghost\" (幽霊, Yūrei, May 1925) Published in English in The Early Cases of Akechi Kogoro.\n\"The Stalker in the Attic\" (屋根裏の散歩者, Yaneura no Sanposha, August 1925) Published in English in The Edogawa Rampo Reader.\n\"Who\" (何者, Nanimono, November 1929)\n\"The Murder Weapon\" (兇器, Kyōki, June 1954)\n\"Moon and Gloves\" (月と手袋, Tsuki to Tebukuro, April 1955)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Novels","text":"The Dwarf (一寸法師, Issun-bōshi, 1926) Published in English in The Early Cases of Akechi Kogoro.\nThe Spider-Man (蜘蛛男, Kumo-Otoko, 1929)\nThe Edge of Curiosity-Hunting (猟奇の果, Ryōki no Hate, 1930)\nThe Conjurer (魔術師, Majutsu-shi, 1930) First appearance of Fumiyo\nThe Vampire (吸血鬼, Kyūketsuki, 1930) First appearance of Kobayashi\nThe Golden Mask (黄金仮面, Ōgon-kamen, 1930) English edition was published by Kurodahan Press in 2019.\nThe Black Lizard (黒蜥蜴, Kuro-tokage, 1934) Published in English in The Black Lizard and Beast in the Shadows.\nThe Human Leopard (人間豹, Ningen-Hyō, 1934)\nThe Devil's Crest (悪魔の紋章, Akuma no Monshō, 1937)\nDark Star (暗黒星, Ankoku-sei, 1939)\nHell's Clown (地獄の道化師, Jigoku no Dōkeshi, 1939)\nMonster's Trick (化人幻戯, Kenin Gengi, 1954)\nShadow-Man (影男, Kage-otoko, 1955)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The Boy Detectives Club series (a.k.a. Fiend with Twenty Faces series)","text":"This is a juvenile mystery series.NovelsThe Fiend with Twenty Faces (怪人二十面相, Kaijin ni-jū Mensō, 1936) English edition was published by Kurodahan Press in 2012.\nThe Boy Detectives Club (少年探偵団, Shōnen Tantei-dan, 1937) English edition was published by Kodansha in 1988.\nDoctor Phantom (妖怪博士, Yōkai Hakase, 1938)\nLarge Gold Bullion (大金塊, Dai Kinkai, 1939)\nBronze Monster (青銅の魔人, Seidō no Majin, 1949)\nConjurer under the Ground (地底の魔術王, Chitei no Majutsuō, 1950)\nInvisible Fiend (透明怪人, Tōmei Kaijin, 1951)\nThe Fiend with Forty Faces (怪奇四十面相, Kaiki shijū mensō, 1952)\nFiend from Space (宇宙怪人, Uchū Kaijin, 1953)\nTerror of the Iron Tower Kingdom (鉄塔王国の恐怖, Tettō Ōkoku no Kyōfu, 1954)\nGray Giant (灰色の巨人, Haiiro no Kyojin, 1955)\nConjurer under the Sea (海底の魔術師, Kaitei no Majutsu-shi, 1955)\nGolden Leopard (黄金豹, Ōgon Hyō, 1956)\nDoctor Magic (魔法博士, Mahō Hakase, 1956)\nFiend of the Circus (サーカスの怪人, Sākasu no Kaijin, 1957)\nGong the Monster (魔人ゴング, Majin Gongu, 1957) originally titled \"Yōjin Gong\" (妖人ゴング)\nMagic Doll (魔法人形, Mahō Ningyō, 1957)\nSecret of the Bizarre Mask Castle (奇面城の秘密, Ki-men-jō no Himitsu, 1958)\nGlow-in-the-dark Monster (夜光人間, Yakō Ningen, 1958)\nConjurer on the Tower (塔上の奇術師, Tō-jō no Kijutsu-shi, 1958)\nQ the Iron Man (鉄人Q, Tetsujin Q, 1958)\nHorrible Masked King (仮面の恐怖王, Kamen no Kyōfu-ō, 1959)\nM the Electric Man (電人M, Denjin M, 1960)\nCurse of the Fiend with Twenty Faces (二十面相の呪い, Nijūmensō no Noroi, 1960) originally titled \"Ore wa Nijūmensōda!!\" (おれは二十面相だ!!)\nThe Fiend with Twenty Faces in the Sky (空飛ぶ二十面相, Soratobu Nijūmensō, 1961) originally titled \"Yōseijin R\" (妖星人R)\nGolden Monster (黄金の怪獣, Ōgon no Kaijū, 1962) originally titled \"Superhuman Nicola\" (超人ニコラ, Chōjin Nikora)Novellas and short storiesGolden Tiger (黄金の虎, Ōgon no Tora, 1955)\nMonster in the Sky (天空の魔人, Tenkū no Majin, 1956)\nMagic House (まほうやしき, Mahō Yashiki, 1957)\nRed Beetle (赤いカブトムシ, Akai Kabuto-mushi, 1957)\nEnigmatic Man (ふしぎな人, Fushigi na Hito, 1958)\nThe Fiend with Twenty Faces (かいじん二十めんそう, Kaijin ni-jū Mensō, 1959) serialized in the magazine Tanoshii Ni-nensei\nThe Fiend with Twenty Faces (かいじん二十めんそう, Kaijin ni-jū Mensō, 1959) serialized in the magazine Tanoshii Ichi-nensei\nThe Fiend and the Boy Detectives (怪人と少年探偵, Kaijin to Shōnen Tantei, 1960)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pop-culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop-culture"},{"link_name":"Arsène Lupin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars%C3%A8ne_Lupin"},{"link_name":"Eiji Okada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiji_Okada"},{"link_name":"manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"Lupin III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupin_III"},{"link_name":"its anime pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupin_the_Third:_Pilot_Film"},{"link_name":"Japanese fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_fiction"},{"link_name":"Rampo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampo_(film)"},{"link_name":"Black Lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lizard_(film)"},{"link_name":"Kinji Fukasaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinji_Fukasaku"},{"link_name":"Yukio Mishima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukio_Mishima"},{"link_name":"cross-dressing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-dressing"},{"link_name":"Akihiro Miwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akihiro_Miwa"},{"link_name":"camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_(style)"},{"link_name":"Gosho Aoyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosho_Aoyama"},{"link_name":"manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"Detective Conan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective_Conan"},{"link_name":"Magic Kaito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Kaito"},{"link_name":"Sakura Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakura_Wars"},{"link_name":"Nijū Mensō no Musume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij%C5%AB_Mens%C5%8D_no_Musume"},{"link_name":"Kindaichi Case Files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindaichi_Case_Files"},{"link_name":"Tantei Opera Milky Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantei_Opera_Milky_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Rampo Kitan: Game of Laplace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampo_Kitan:_Game_of_Laplace"},{"link_name":"Trickster: From Edogawa Ranpo's \"The Boy Detectives Club\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trickster_(Japanese_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Goro Akechi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goro_Akechi"},{"link_name":"Persona 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona_5"},{"link_name":"leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joker_(Persona)"},{"link_name":"Kosuke Kindaichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosuke_Kindaichi"},{"link_name":"Hideaki Itô","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideaki_It%C3%B4"},{"link_name":"Tomohisa Yamashita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomohisa_Yamashita"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Akechi has become a fixture in Japanese pop-culture. There have been a number of movies made based on his adventures, some of which pit him against other fictional characters such as Arsène Lupin. The actor best known for playing the detective is Eiji Okada. Akechi has been featured as a character in the manga Lupin III (and its anime pilot) and references to him are common in Japanese fiction. He is probably best known in the west through the 1994 movie, Rampo.Another notable movie featuring Akechi is the 1968 film Black Lizard, directed by Kinji Fukasaku. The movie was adapted from Ranpo's novel of the same name by noted author Yukio Mishima, who also appears briefly in the film. The story pits the detective against a female mastermind, known as the Black Lizard, who is played by cross-dressing actor Akihiro Miwa. The film is considered high camp with its bizarre conventions and over-the-top performances but has a loyal following among fans and critics alike.Modern references to him can also be found in Gosho Aoyama's popular and long-running manga series, Detective Conan. One of the characters, Detective Kogoro Mori is a persistent and courageous yet highly flawed and lecherous private detective—almost a parody of Kogoro Akechi. He has his cases solved for him by the youthful main character, Conan Edogawa. The name of young Conan's elementary school detective club is the \"Detective Boys\". Akechi himself is highlighted in volume 2 of the manga, in \"Gosho Aoyama's Mystery Library\", a section of the graphic novels (usually the last page) where the author introduces a different detective (or occasionally, a villain) from literature. Further Akechi references can be seen in Aoyama's other series, Magic Kaito, where a master thief steals high profile items for recognition.Both Akechi and the Black Lizard are referenced in the Sakura Wars series of video games and anime. One of the musicals performed by the Teikoku Kagekidan is Benitokage (\"Crimson Lizard\") and features the title character, a criminal femme fatale, along with a handsome young detective named Akechi Kojiro. The manga and anime Nijū Mensō no Musume, or the Daughter of Twenty Faces, focuses heavily on Akechi's arch-rival. Akechi himself is featured as well, but as a much more minor character. Akechi is also referenced in the character of Police Superintendent Akechi Kengo in Kindaichi Case Files, a popular detective manga series. In the media franchise, Tantei Opera Milky Holmes, Akechi is represented by a girl police detective named Kokoro Akechi.In 2015, a new Anime series entitled Rampo Kitan: Game of Laplace has been created, based on the Mystery novels of Edogawa Ranpo, and in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of his death. The story follows Kobayashi (a reference to the leader of the Boy Detectives) who becomes assistant to eccentric 17 year old Akechi. In this Anime Twenty Faces also makes an appearance as a vigilante serial killer.In October 2016, an Anime titled, Trickster: From Edogawa Ranpo's \"The Boy Detectives Club\" was made, based on the stories of the 'Boy's Detective Club'. The plot follows Kogorou Akechi who meets mysterious Yoshio Kobayashi. Kobayashi, who has an undying body because of an \"unidentified fog,\" wishes his own death, but together they both make their way after a mysterious criminal, nicknamed the \"Fiend with Twenty Faces\". The Anime takes place in the future period of the 2030s.Goro Akechi, a character in the 2016 video game Persona 5, is a deliberate homage to this character, even down to the name. His early role in the game, as a celebrity detective who opposes the Phantom Thieves (especially their leader, whose Persona takes the name of the original Lupin), mirrors especially the original Akechi's role in Edogawa's works. Also of note his role in the overall story of the game, combined with the protagonist's ability to change Personas serves as an homage to the rivalry between Akechi and the Fiend with Twenty Faces.In 2013 and 2014 a pair of films were made pairing Akechi with another famous fictional Japanese detective Kosuke Kindaichi. Hideaki Itô was Akechi, whilst Tomohisa Yamashita played Kindaichi.[1][2]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eiji Okada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiji_Okada"},{"link_name":"Susumu Fujita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumu_Fujita"},{"link_name":"Susumu Fujita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susumu_Fujita"},{"link_name":"Black Lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lizard_(film)"},{"link_name":"Isao Kimura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isao_Kimura"},{"link_name":"Horrors of Malformed Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horrors_of_Malformed_Men"},{"link_name":"Kyūsaku Shimada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsaku_Shimada"},{"link_name":"Rampo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampo_(film)"},{"link_name":"Masahiro Motoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masahiro_Motoki"},{"link_name":"Murder on D Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_on_D_Street"},{"link_name":"Kyūsaku Shimada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsaku_Shimada"},{"link_name":"Blind Beast vs. Dwarf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Beast_vs._Dwarf"},{"link_name":"Shinya Tsukamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinya_Tsukamoto"},{"link_name":"Rampo Noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampo_Noir"},{"link_name":"Tadanobu Asano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadanobu_Asano"},{"link_name":"K-20: Legend of the Mask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-20:_Legend_of_the_Mask"},{"link_name":"Tōru Nakamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dru_Nakamura_(actor)"}],"text":"Hyôchû no Bijo (1950) (starring Jōji Oka)\nShonen tanteidan: Nijumenso no akuma (1956) (starring Eiji Okada)\nShonen tanteidan: Tetto no kaijin (1957) (starring Eiji Okada)\nShonen tanteidan: Yako no majin (1957) (starring Susumu Namishima)\nShonen tanteidan: Nijumenso no fukushu (1957) (starring Susumu Namishima)\nShonen tanteidan: Kubinashi-otoko (1958) (starring Susumu Namishima)\nKumo-otoko no gyakushū (1958) (starring Susumu Fujita)\nShonen tanteidan: Tomei kaijin (1958) (starring Susumu Namishima)\nSatsujinki: Kumo-otoko (1958) (starring Susumu Fujita)\nKurotokage (1962) (starring Minoru Ōki)\nBlack Lizard (1968) (starring Isao Kimura)\nHorrors of Malformed Men (1969) (starring Minoru Ōki)\nA Watcher in the Attic (1993) (starring Kyūsaku Shimada)\nRampo (1994) (starring Masahiro Motoki)\nMurder on D Street (1998) (starring Kyūsaku Shimada)\nBlind Beast vs. Dwarf (2001) (starring Shinya Tsukamoto)\nRampo Noir (2005) (starring Tadanobu Asano)\nK-20: Legend of the Mask (2008) (starring Tōru Nakamura)\nYaneura no sanposha (2016) (starring Kouta Kusano)","title":"List of film adaptations"}] | [] | [{"title":"Kosuke Kindaichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosuke_Kindaichi"}] | [{"reference":"\"Kindaichi Kôsuke vs. Akechi Kogorô\". IMDb. Retrieved 2 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2729286/","url_text":"\"Kindaichi Kôsuke vs. Akechi Kogorô\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"Kindaichi Kôsuke vs. Akechi Kogorô Again\". IMDb. Retrieved 2 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4054674/?ref_=tt_sims_tt_t_2","url_text":"\"Kindaichi Kôsuke vs. Akechi Kogorô Again\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kogoro+Akechi%22","external_links_name":"\"Kogoro Akechi\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kogoro+Akechi%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kogoro+Akechi%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kogoro+Akechi%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kogoro+Akechi%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kogoro+Akechi%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2729286/","external_links_name":"\"Kindaichi Kôsuke vs. Akechi Kogorô\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4054674/?ref_=tt_sims_tt_t_2","external_links_name":"\"Kindaichi Kôsuke vs. Akechi Kogorô Again\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballycuirke_Lough | Ballycuirke Lough | ["1 Geography and natural history","2 See also","3 References"] | Coordinates: 53°19′39″N 9°9′28″W / 53.32750°N 9.15778°W / 53.32750; -9.15778Lake near Galway city, Ireland
Ballycuirke LoughLoch Bhaile Uí Chuirc (Irish)Location in IrelandLocationCounty GalwayCoordinates53°19′39″N 9°9′28″W / 53.32750°N 9.15778°W / 53.32750; -9.15778Primary inflowsLoughkip RiverCatchment area33.45 km2 (12.9 sq mi)Basin countriesIrelandMax. length1.8 km (1.1 mi)Max. width0.7 km (0.4 mi)Surface area0.74 km2 (0.29 sq mi)Surface elevation6 m (20 ft)Islands3References
Ballycuirke Lough (Irish: Loch Bhaile Uí Chuirc), also known as Ballyquirke Lough, is a freshwater lake in the west of Ireland. It is part of the Lough Corrib catchment in County Galway.
Geography and natural history
Ballycuirke Lough is located about 11 km (7 mi) northwest of Galway city, on the N59 road, near the village of Moycullen. The lake is a pike fishing destination.
See also
List of loughs in Ireland
References
^ a b "Loch Bhaile Uí Chuirc/Ballycuirke Lough". Placenames Database of Ireland. Government of Ireland - Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht and Dublin City University. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
^ a b Google (29 March 2016). "Ballycuirke Lough" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
^ Free, Gary; Little, Ruth; Tierney, Deirdre; Donnelly, Karol & Caroni, Rossana (2006). A Reference Based Typology and Ecological Assessment System for Irish Lakes (PDF) (Report). Environmental Protection Agency (Ireland). p. 10. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
^ "Moycullen". Inland Fisheries Ireland. Retrieved 29 March 2016. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-logainm-1"},{"link_name":"freshwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater"},{"link_name":"Lough Corrib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lough_Corrib"},{"link_name":"County Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Galway"}],"text":"Lake near Galway city, IrelandBallycuirke Lough (Irish: Loch Bhaile Uí Chuirc),[1] also known as Ballyquirke Lough, is a freshwater lake in the west of Ireland. It is part of the Lough Corrib catchment in County Galway.","title":"Ballycuirke Lough"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galway"},{"link_name":"N59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N59_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Moycullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moycullen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GoogleMaps-2"},{"link_name":"pike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_pike"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFI-4"}],"text":"Ballycuirke Lough is located about 11 km (7 mi) northwest of Galway city, on the N59 road, near the village of Moycullen.[2] The lake is a pike fishing destination.[4]","title":"Geography and natural history"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of loughs in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_loughs_in_Ireland"}] | [{"reference":"\"Loch Bhaile Uí Chuirc/Ballycuirke Lough\". Placenames Database of Ireland. Government of Ireland - Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht and Dublin City University. Retrieved 29 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.logainm.ie/en/1397453","url_text":"\"Loch Bhaile Uí Chuirc/Ballycuirke Lough\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placenames_Database_of_Ireland","url_text":"Placenames Database of Ireland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Arts,_Heritage_and_the_Gaeltacht","url_text":"Government of Ireland - Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_City_University","url_text":"Dublin City University"}]},{"reference":"Google (29 March 2016). \"Ballycuirke Lough\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 29 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/place/Ballycuirke+Lough/@53.3327898,-9.1618104,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x485bbe28b9a13701:0x5384c1e425036472?hl=en","url_text":"\"Ballycuirke Lough\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Free, Gary; Little, Ruth; Tierney, Deirdre; Donnelly, Karol & Caroni, Rossana (2006). A Reference Based Typology and Ecological Assessment System for Irish Lakes (PDF) (Report). Environmental Protection Agency (Ireland). p. 10. Retrieved 11 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.epa.ie/publications/research/water/Final-Report-(2000-FS1-M1).pdf#page=16","url_text":"A Reference Based Typology and Ecological Assessment System for Irish Lakes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency_(Ireland)","url_text":"Environmental Protection Agency (Ireland)"}]},{"reference":"\"Moycullen\". Inland Fisheries Ireland. Retrieved 29 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fishinginireland.info/coarse/west/moycullen.htm","url_text":"\"Moycullen\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ballycuirke_Lough¶ms=53_19_39_N_9_9_28_W_region:IE_type:waterbody_scale:20000","external_links_name":"53°19′39″N 9°9′28″W / 53.32750°N 9.15778°W / 53.32750; -9.15778"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ballycuirke_Lough¶ms=53_19_39_N_9_9_28_W_region:IE_type:waterbody_scale:20000","external_links_name":"53°19′39″N 9°9′28″W / 53.32750°N 9.15778°W / 53.32750; -9.15778"},{"Link":"http://www.logainm.ie/en/1397453","external_links_name":"\"Loch Bhaile Uí Chuirc/Ballycuirke Lough\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/place/Ballycuirke+Lough/@53.3327898,-9.1618104,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x485bbe28b9a13701:0x5384c1e425036472?hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Ballycuirke Lough\""},{"Link":"https://www.epa.ie/publications/research/water/Final-Report-(2000-FS1-M1).pdf#page=16","external_links_name":"A Reference Based Typology and Ecological Assessment System for Irish Lakes"},{"Link":"http://www.fishinginireland.info/coarse/west/moycullen.htm","external_links_name":"\"Moycullen\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Daumas | Emma Daumas | ["1 Career","1.1 Star Academy","2 Discography","2.1 Albums","2.2 Singles","3 References","4 External links"] | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
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Emma Daumas and her musicians at Saint-Martin-de-Crau in France.
Manuelle "Emma" Daumas (born 23 November 1983, in Avignon) is a French singer-songwriter and performer, particularly well known for her participation in Star Academy.
Career
Daumas grew up in a family of music lovers. Her passion for music led her to write several songs by the age of 12. Her parents then allowed her to record her first song Stupid boy. After the piano, she took lessons in guitar, and enrolled at the academy of Villeuneuve-lès-Avignon at the age of 15. She frequently entered contests, in particular Mon Dieu of Édith Piaf. She came in 8th in the Laudun song contest playing one of her own compositions, Dis-moi pourquoi ("Tell me why").
From this point on, her potential not only as a singer but as a songwriter started to become noticed. At this time, she began to enter the scene by taking part at the galas of Pascal Fallais, her professor at the time, with songs like I'm sorry or Vivre from the musical Notre-Dame de Paris. Three years later, she eventually took first place at the song contest at Laudun.
In 2000, Daumas participated in Graines de stars, a live show hosted by Laurent Boyer. Her performance of Barbra Streisand's "Memory" allowed her to take fourth place. She waited to complete her literary Baccalauréat before pursuing music full time. Thus Emma continued her vocal training in 2001 and 2002 by taking singing lessons from vocal coach Maguy Vilette, and took guitar courses again for two months, because the musical style of pop rock attracted her. She learned more about the music scene by opening for acts such as Carlos, Éric Colado (comic of southern France), the groups Gold and Émile et Image, Noëlle Perna (a comedian from Nice), at the casino of Juan-les-Pins, but especially Michael Jones with the cabaret Le Rouge-Gorge at Avignon in November 2001, while doing odd jobs to make money. The publicity from the casting for Star Academy 2 will mark the end of a year of rich experiences.
Star Academy
In August 2002, she endeared herself with the public, but not in sufficient measure to defeat the eventual winner Nolwenn Leroy. Nevertheless, she reached the semi-final in the contest, and had the opportunity to sing duets with Bruno Pelletier, Serge Lama, Patrick Bruel, Youssou N'Dour and Ray Charles.
Discography
Albums
Le saut de l'Ange – her 2004 debut album received a mixed reception but the relatively hard-edged rock riffs in certain songs helped distance her from the pure commercial-pop image that tended to become a stigma for some singers who rose to prominence through Star Academy
Effet secondaire – well-received 2006 follow-up album
Le Chemin de la Maison – 2008 CD album.
Singles
Au jour le jour (2003)
Si tu savais (2003)
Tu seras (2004) – Gold disk
Figurine humaine (2004)
J'attends (2004)
Someone (Laissons nous une chance) – song recorded with Hanson and released as a limited single plus as a track on the French version of Hanson's 2005 album Underneath
You got me, Eskobar feat. Emma Daumas (2005)
S'il te plaît (October 2005) – the first extract from her second album Effets secondaires, only available on download
Regarde nous (April 2006)
Club Addict
Mon tombeur
J'suis conne (June 2008) – first single from Chemin de la maison
Secret défense (2009)
References
^ Amazon reviews
^ Amazon reviews
External links
Official website (in French)
vteStar Academy FranceWinners
Jenifer Bartoli (2001)
Nolwenn Leroy (2002)
Élodie Frégé (2003)
Grégory Lemarchal (2004)
Magalie Vaé (2005)
Cyril Cinélu (2006)
Quentin Mosimann (2007)
Mickels Réa (2008)
Laurène Bourvon (2013)
Anisha Jo (2022)
Other notable contestants
Mario Barravecchia (2001)
Jean-Pascal Lacoste (2001)
Patrice Maktav (2001)
Olivia Ruiz (2001)
Houcine (2002)
Georges-Alain Jones (2002)
Jérémy Chatelain (2002)
Emma Daumas (2002)
Morganne Matis (2003)
Michał Kwiatkowski (2003)
Sofia Essaïdi (2003)
Sofiane Tadjine-Lambert (2004)
Jérémy Amelin (2005)
Dominique Fidanza (2006)
Cynthia Brown (2006)
Singles
"La Musique (Angelica)" (2001)
"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)" (2002)
"Paris Latino" (2002)
"La Bamba" (2003)
"Saturday Night's Alright for Fighting" (2003)
"L'Orange" (2003)
"Laissez-moi danser" (2004)
"Adieu monsieur le professeur" (2004)
"Santiano" (2005)
"Parce qu'on vient de loin" (2012)
"Ne partez pas sans moi" (2022)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Artists
MusicBrainz
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emma_Daumas_and_her_musicians_by_Mikani.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saint-Martin-de-Crau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Martin-de-Crau"},{"link_name":"Avignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignon"},{"link_name":"performer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performer"},{"link_name":"Star Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Academy_France"}],"text":"Emma Daumas and her musicians at Saint-Martin-de-Crau in France.Manuelle \"Emma\" Daumas (born 23 November 1983, in Avignon) is a French singer-songwriter and performer, particularly well known for her participation in Star Academy.","title":"Emma Daumas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Édith Piaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89dith_Piaf"},{"link_name":"Laudun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laudun"},{"link_name":"Laurent Boyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Boyer"},{"link_name":"Barbra Streisand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbra_Streisand"},{"link_name":"Memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_(Cats_song)"},{"link_name":"Baccalauréat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccalaur%C3%A9at"},{"link_name":"pop rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_rock"},{"link_name":"Éric Colado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89ric_Colado&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Émile et Image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89mile_et_Image&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Noëlle Perna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No%C3%ABlle_Perna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice,_France"},{"link_name":"Juan-les-Pins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan-les-Pins"},{"link_name":"Michael Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Jones_(French_musician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Le Rouge-Gorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_Rouge-Gorge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Avignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignon"}],"text":"Daumas grew up in a family of music lovers. Her passion for music led her to write several songs by the age of 12. Her parents then allowed her to record her first song Stupid boy. After the piano, she took lessons in guitar, and enrolled at the academy of Villeuneuve-lès-Avignon at the age of 15. She frequently entered contests, in particular Mon Dieu of Édith Piaf. She came in 8th in the Laudun song contest playing one of her own compositions, Dis-moi pourquoi (\"Tell me why\").From this point on, her potential not only as a singer but as a songwriter started to become noticed. At this time, she began to enter the scene by taking part at the galas of Pascal Fallais, her professor at the time, with songs like I'm sorry or Vivre from the musical Notre-Dame de Paris. Three years later, she eventually took first place at the song contest at Laudun.In 2000, Daumas participated in Graines de stars, a live show hosted by Laurent Boyer. Her performance of Barbra Streisand's \"Memory\" allowed her to take fourth place. She waited to complete her literary Baccalauréat before pursuing music full time. Thus Emma continued her vocal training in 2001 and 2002 by taking singing lessons from vocal coach Maguy Vilette, and took guitar courses again for two months, because the musical style of pop rock attracted her. She learned more about the music scene by opening for acts such as Carlos, Éric Colado (comic of southern France), the groups Gold and Émile et Image, Noëlle Perna (a comedian from Nice), at the casino of Juan-les-Pins, but especially Michael Jones with the cabaret Le Rouge-Gorge at Avignon in November 2001, while doing odd jobs to make money. 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Nevertheless, she reached the semi-final in the contest, and had the opportunity to sing duets with Bruno Pelletier, Serge Lama, Patrick Bruel, Youssou N'Dour and Ray Charles.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"Le saut de l'Ange – her 2004 debut album received a mixed reception but the relatively hard-edged rock riffs in certain songs helped distance her from the pure commercial-pop image that tended to become a stigma for some singers who rose to prominence through Star Academy\nEffet secondaire – well-received 2006 follow-up album[1]\nLe Chemin de la Maison – 2008 CD album.[2]","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Someone (Laissons nous une chance)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Someone_(Laissons_nous_une_chance)"},{"link_name":"Hanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanson_(band)"},{"link_name":"Underneath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underneath_(Hanson_album)"},{"link_name":"Eskobar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskobar"}],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"Au jour le jour (2003)\nSi tu savais (2003)\nTu seras (2004) – Gold disk\nFigurine humaine (2004)\nJ'attends (2004)\nSomeone (Laissons nous une chance) – song recorded with Hanson and released as a limited single plus as a track on the French version of Hanson's 2005 album Underneath\nYou got me, Eskobar feat. Emma Daumas (2005)\nS'il te plaît (October 2005) – the first extract from her second album Effets secondaires, only available on download\nRegarde nous (April 2006)\nClub Addict\nMon tombeur\nJ'suis conne (June 2008) – first single from Chemin de la maison\nSecret défense (2009)","title":"Discography"}] | [{"image_text":"Emma Daumas and her musicians at Saint-Martin-de-Crau in France.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Emma_Daumas_and_her_musicians_by_Mikani.jpg/220px-Emma_Daumas_and_her_musicians_by_Mikani.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Emma+Daumas%22","external_links_name":"\"Emma Daumas\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Emma+Daumas%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Emma+Daumas%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Emma+Daumas%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Emma+Daumas%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Emma+Daumas%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.fr/Effets-Secondaires-Emma-Daumas/dp/B000E6TYK2/ref=pd_sim_m_1","external_links_name":"Amazon reviews"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.fr/product-reviews/B001HBW2EI/ref=cm_cr_dp_synop?ie=UTF8&showViewpoints=0&sortBy=bySubmissionDateDescending#R387YW70GSAL04","external_links_name":"Amazon reviews"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090212165936/http://emmadaumas.artistes.universalmusic.fr/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000371959270","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/49452824","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14495069f","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14495069f","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/81baedf0-74e2-4ef9-89ca-f9c334718dc5","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/078062462","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shu_(surname) | Shu (surname) | ["1 Notable people","1.1 Stagenames","2 References"] | Shu (Chinese: 舒; pinyin: Shū) is a Chinese surname. It is 43rd in the Hundred Family Surnames, contained in the verse 熊紀舒屈 (Xiong, Ji, Shu, Qu). Šumuru sinicized their clan name to the Chinese surnames Shu (舒), Xu (徐) or Xiao (蕭) after the demise of the Qing dynasty.
According to the a 2013 study, it is the 143rd most common surname, being shared by 1.09 million people, or 0.082% of the population, with Hunan being the province with the most people sharing the name.
In ancient usage, the characters of meng (孟) (bo 伯 bearing the same notion), zhong (仲), shu (叔) and ji (季) were used to denote the first, second, third and fourth (or last) eldest sons in a family.
The Vietnamese version of the name is Thư, but it is extremely rare.
"Shu" can also be a romanization for Xú (徐) or Xǔ (许).
Notable people
Consort Shu (1728 – 1777), of the Manchu Plain Yellow Banner Yehe Nara clan, was a consort of the Qianlong Emperor
Quan-Sheng Shu (simplified Chinese: 舒全胜) an American physicist and a naturalized American citizen who was convicted of intellectual property crimes and bribery
Shu Hongbing (Chinese: 舒红兵; born 1967) is a Chinese cytologist and immunologist
Shu Chang (actress) (Chinese: 舒畅, born 1987) is a Chinese actress, singer, and television host
Shu Chang (footballer) (舒畅; born 1977) is a former Chinese football defender who played his entire career with Shandong Luneng
Stagenames
Lin Li-hui (Chinese: 林立慧; pinyin: Lín Lìhuì, born 16 April 1976), better known by her stage name Shu Qi (Chinese: 舒淇; pinyin: Shū Qí), is a Taiwanese-Hong Kong actress and model
References
^ Zhao, Erxun (1928). Draft History of Qing (Qing Shi Gao) (in Chinese).
^ 中国四百大姓 Front Cover, 袁义达, 邱家儒, Beijing Book Co. Inc., 1 January 2013
vte101–200 Most Common Family Names in Mainland China (2013, Fuxi Culture Association)#101–125Tāng 汤/湯Xiàng 向Cháng 常Wēn 温/溫Kāng 康Shī 施Wén 文Niú 牛Fán 樊Gě 葛Xíng 邢Ān 安Qí 齐/齊Yì 易Qiáo 乔/喬Wǔ 伍Pāng 庞/龐Yán 颜/顏Ní 倪Zhuāng 庄/莊Niè 聂/聶Zhāng 章Lǔ 鲁/魯Yùe 岳Zhāi 翟#126–150Yīn 殷Zhān 詹Shēn 申Ōu 欧/歐Gěng 耿Guān 关/關Lán 兰/蘭Jiāo 焦Yú 俞Zuǒ 左Liǔ 柳Gān 甘Zhù 祝Bāo 包Níng 宁/寧Shàng 尚Fú 符Shū 舒Ruǎn 阮Kē 柯Jǐ/Jì 纪/紀Méi 梅Tong 童Líng 凌Huá/Huà 华/華#151–175Shàn 单/單Jì 季Péi 裴Huò 霍Tú 涂Chéng 成Miáo 苗Gǔ 谷Shèng 盛Qǔ 曲Wēng 翁Rán 冉Luò 骆/駱Lán 蓝/藍Lù 路Yóu 游Xīn 辛Jìn 靳Ōuyáng 欧阳/歐陽Guǎn 管Chái 柴Méng 蒙Baò 鲍/鮑Bì 毕/畢Yù 喻#176–200Qí 祁Pú 蒲Fáng 房Téng 滕Qū 屈Ráo 饶/饒Xiè/Jiě 解Móu 牟Ài 艾Yóu 尤Yáng 阳/陽
Shí 时/時Mù 穆Nóng 农/農Sī 司Zhuó 卓Gǔ 古Jí 吉Miào 缪Jiǎn 简/簡Chē 车/車Xiàng 项/項Lián 连/連Lú 芦/蘆Mài 麦/麥RelatedHundred Family SurnamesList of common Chinese surnames100 Most Common Family Names in Mainland China
Surname listThis page lists people with the surname Shu. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hunan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"meng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meng_(surname)"},{"link_name":"孟","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9F"},{"link_name":"伯","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BC%AF"},{"link_name":"仲","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BB%B2"},{"link_name":"叔","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8F%94"},{"link_name":"ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji_(surname_%E5%AD%A3)"},{"link_name":"季","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AD%A3"},{"link_name":"Xú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"Xǔ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C7%94"}],"text":"According to the a 2013 study, it is the 143rd most common surname, being shared by 1.09 million people, or 0.082% of the population, with Hunan being the province with the most people sharing the name.[2]In ancient usage, the characters of meng (孟) (bo 伯 bearing the same notion), zhong (仲), shu (叔) and ji (季) were used to denote the first, second, third and fourth (or last) eldest sons in a family.The Vietnamese version of the name is Thư, but it is extremely rare.\"Shu\" can also be a romanization for Xú (徐) or Xǔ (许).","title":"Shu (surname)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Consort Shu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consort_Shu_(Qianlong)"},{"link_name":"Quan-Sheng Shu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quan-Sheng_Shu"},{"link_name":"Shu Hongbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shu_Hongbing"},{"link_name":"Shu Chang (actress)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shu_Chang_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Shu Chang (footballer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shu_Chang_(footballer)"}],"text":"Consort Shu (1728 – 1777), of the Manchu Plain Yellow Banner Yehe Nara clan, was a consort of the Qianlong Emperor\nQuan-Sheng Shu (simplified Chinese: 舒全胜) an American physicist and a naturalized American citizen who was convicted of intellectual property crimes and bribery\nShu Hongbing (Chinese: 舒红兵; born 1967) is a Chinese cytologist and immunologist\nShu Chang (actress) (Chinese: 舒畅, born 1987) is a Chinese actress, singer, and television host\nShu Chang (footballer) (舒畅; born 1977) is a former Chinese football defender who played his entire career with Shandong Luneng","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shu Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shu_Qi"}],"sub_title":"Stagenames","text":"Lin Li-hui (Chinese: 林立慧; pinyin: Lín Lìhuì, born 16 April 1976), better known by her stage name Shu Qi (Chinese: 舒淇; pinyin: Shū Qí), is a Taiwanese-Hong Kong actress and model","title":"Notable people"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Zhao, Erxun (1928). Draft History of Qing (Qing Shi Gao) (in Chinese).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Erxun","url_text":"Zhao, Erxun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_History_of_Qing","url_text":"Draft History of Qing"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Shu_(surname)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seh_Panjeh | Seh Panjeh | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 36°33′02″N 60°18′46″E / 36.55056°N 60.31278°E / 36.55056; 60.31278Village in Razavi Khorasan, IranSeh Panjeh
سه پنجهvillageSeh PanjehCoordinates: 36°33′02″N 60°18′46″E / 36.55056°N 60.31278°E / 36.55056; 60.31278Country IranProvinceRazavi KhorasanCountyKalatBakhshZavinRural DistrictPasakuhPopulation (2006) • Total33Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Seh Panjeh (Persian: سه پنجه; also known as Sipanja) is a village in Pasakuh Rural District, Zavin District, Kalat County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 33, in 10 families.
References
^ Seh Panjeh can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3083425" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
vte Kalat CountyCapital
Kalat
DistrictsCentralCities
Kalat
Rural Districts and villagesHezarmasjed
Ahmadabad
Asadabad
Azizabad
Baba Ramazan
Chahar Rah
Hajjiabad
Hasanabad-e Layen-e Now
Kalu
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Karnaveh-ye Shirin
Layen-e Kohneh
Robat
Sang Divar
Zow-e Bala
Kabud Gonbad
Aqdash
Archangan
Charam-e Kohneh
Charam-e Now
Garu
Hammam Qaleh
Hesar-e Hajji Esmail
Idah Lik
Jalilabad
Khalaj-e Sofla
Khesht-e Nadari
Nafteh
Qabakh
Qarah Su
Qolleh Zu
Sini
Sini-ye Now
Sirzar
Soltanabad
Zharf
ZavinCities
Shahr-e Zow
Rural Districts and villagesPasakuh
Abgarm
Alang-e Olya
Alang-e Sofla
Amirabad
Asyab Qashqa
Baghgah
Bamchenar
Chahchaheh
Khvajeh Rowshanai
Mowmenabad
Neyshaburak
Robat
Sanganeh
Sar Jangal
Seh Panjeh
Sir Zar
Taherabad-e Barbaryeha
Taherabad-e Mian
Taherabad-e Torkha
Taherabad-e Torkha Jadid
Taqiabad
Zavin
Ab Kameh
Babafaraji
Bagh Kand
Bardeh
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Ortakand
Qaleh Now
Qarah Tikan
Qelichabad
Sar Rud
Shurestan
Tarqetey
Iran portal
This Kalat County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Pasakuh Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasakuh_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Zavin District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavin_District"},{"link_name":"Kalat County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalat_County"},{"link_name":"Razavi Khorasan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razavi_Khorasan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Razavi Khorasan, IranSeh Panjeh (Persian: سه پنجه; also known as Sipanja)[1] is a village in Pasakuh Rural District, Zavin District, Kalat County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 33, in 10 families.[2]","title":"Seh Panjeh"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/09.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/09.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Seh_Panjeh¶ms=36_33_02_N_60_18_46_E_region:IR_type:city(33)","external_links_name":"36°33′02″N 60°18′46″E / 36.55056°N 60.31278°E / 36.55056; 60.31278"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Seh_Panjeh¶ms=36_33_02_N_60_18_46_E_region:IR_type:city(33)","external_links_name":"36°33′02″N 60°18′46″E / 36.55056°N 60.31278°E / 36.55056; 60.31278"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/09.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/09.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seh_Panjeh&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Belief:_Islamic_Excursions_Among_the_Converted_Peoples | Beyond Belief: Islamic Excursions Among the Converted Peoples | ["1 Summary","2 Reception","3 References"] | 1998 book by V. S. Naipaul
Beyond Belief: Islamic Excursions among the Converted Peoples First edition (UK)AuthorV. S. NaipaulLanguageEnglishPublisherLittle, Brown (UK)Random House (US)Publication date1998Publication placeUnited KingdomMedia typePrint (Hardback & Paperback)Pages408 pp (first edition, hardback)
Beyond Belief: Islamic Excursions among the Converted Peoples is a non-fiction book by V. S. Naipaul published by Vintage Books in 1998. It was written as a sequel to Naipaul's Among the Believers: An Islamic Journey (1979).
Summary
Naipaul draws a distinction between Arab countries and the countries of "converted peoples" where the adoption of Islam involves to some extent the adoption of Arabic culture. The book describes his five-month journey in 1995 revisiting four Muslim countries: Indonesia, Iran, Pakistan and Malaysia. Naipaul also documents the ongoing Islamization of native cultures: central to the stories of Indonesia and Malaysia is the presence of Islamic radicals trying to purge what remained of the native cultures, such as their rituals, faith in spirit, and taboos.
Naipaul takes the view that "The British period--two hundred years in some places, less than a hundred years in others--was a time of Hindu regeneration."
Reception
Beyond Belief has been criticized notably by Eqbal Ahmad, who regarded its view of Islam as erroneous. Ahmed Rashid, a personal friend of Eqbal's, appears in the book as the character "Shabaz".
Reviewing it in The Sunday Times Patrick French wrote that "The human encounters are described minutely, superbly, picking up inconsistencies in people’s tales, catching the uncertainties and the nuances...". Later, in his authorised biography of Naipul he adds that "Most of the converts in question changed faith somewhere between the seventh and eleventh century, yet Naipaul’s sense of the past is so intense, so profound, that he sees them as rejectors of their indigenous belief, engaged in “a dreadful mangling of history”, and suffering from resultant “neurosis”. Conversion to Islam and the ensuing emphasis on foreign holy places is for him 'the most uncompromising kind of imperialism'. He does not consider the possibility that Islam might, over the centuries, have become an indigenous religion, while his claim that, “Everyone not an Arab who is a Muslim is a convert” might just as well be made about Christianity."
References
^ Beyond Belief
^ p.247
^ "Beyond Belief – V.S. Naipaul Interviewed by David Barsamian"
^ French, Patrick (2009). The World Is What It Is: The Authorized Biography of V.S. Naipaul (Reprint ed.). Picador. p. 480. ISBN 978-0330440097. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
vteWorks by V. S. NaipaulNovels
The Mystic Masseur
The Suffrage of Elvira
Miguel Street
A House for Mr Biswas
Mr Stone and the Knights Companion
A Flag on the Island
The Mimic Men
In a Free State
Guerrillas
A Bend in the River
The Enigma of Arrival
A Way in the World
Half a Life
Magic Seeds
Non-fiction
The Middle Passage
An Area of Darkness
The Loss of El Dorado
The Overcrowded Barracoon and Other Articles
India: A Wounded Civilization
A Congo Diary
The Return of Eva Peron and the Killings in Trinidad
Among the Believers
Finding the Centre
Reading and Writing
A Turn in the South
India: A Million Mutinies Now
Bombay
Beyond Belief
Between Father and Son
The Writer and the World
Literary Occasions
A Writer's People
This article about an Islamic studies book is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about postcolonialism is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"V. S. Naipaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._S._Naipaul"},{"link_name":"Vintage Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage_Books"},{"link_name":"Among the Believers: An Islamic Journey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Among_the_Believers:_An_Islamic_Journey"}],"text":"Beyond Belief: Islamic Excursions among the Converted Peoples is a non-fiction book by V. S. Naipaul published by Vintage Books in 1998. It was written as a sequel to Naipaul's Among the Believers: An Islamic Journey (1979).","title":"Beyond Belief: Islamic Excursions Among the Converted Peoples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arab countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_countries"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Arabic culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_culture"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Naipaul draws a distinction between Arab countries and the countries of \"converted peoples\" where the adoption of Islam involves to some extent the adoption of Arabic culture. The book describes his five-month journey in 1995 revisiting four Muslim countries: Indonesia, Iran, Pakistan and Malaysia.[1] Naipaul also documents the ongoing Islamization of native cultures: central to the stories of Indonesia and Malaysia is the presence of Islamic radicals trying to purge what remained of the native cultures, such as their rituals, faith in spirit, and taboos.Naipaul takes the view that \"The British period--two hundred years in some places, less than a hundred years in others--was a time of Hindu regeneration.\"[2]","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eqbal Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eqbal_Ahmad"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Rashid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Rashid"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The Sunday Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times"},{"link_name":"Patrick French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_French"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Beyond Belief has been criticized notably by Eqbal Ahmad, who regarded its view of Islam as erroneous. Ahmed Rashid, a personal friend of Eqbal's, appears in the book as the character \"Shabaz\".[3]Reviewing it in The Sunday Times Patrick French wrote that \"The human encounters are described minutely, superbly, picking up inconsistencies in people’s tales, catching the uncertainties and the nuances...\". Later, in his authorised biography of Naipul he adds that \"Most of the converts in question changed faith somewhere between the seventh and eleventh century, yet Naipaul’s sense of the past is so intense, so profound, that he sees them as rejectors of their indigenous belief, engaged in “a dreadful mangling of history”, and suffering from resultant “neurosis”. Conversion to Islam and the ensuing emphasis on foreign holy places is for him 'the most uncompromising kind of imperialism'. He does not consider the possibility that Islam might, over the centuries, have become an indigenous religion, while his claim that, “Everyone not an Arab who is a Muslim is a convert” might just as well be made about Christianity.\"[4]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"French, Patrick (2009). The World Is What It Is: The Authorized Biography of V.S. Naipaul (Reprint ed.). Picador. p. 480. ISBN 978-0330440097. Retrieved 3 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a5Bcrbhd3TEC&dq=%22the+human+encounters+are+described+minutely%2C+superbly%2C+picking+up+inconsistencies+in+people%E2%80%99s+tales%2C+catching+the+uncertainties+and+the+nuances%22&pg=PA480","url_text":"The World Is What It Is: The Authorized Biography of V.S. Naipaul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0330440097","url_text":"978-0330440097"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/biblio?isbn=0375706488","external_links_name":"Beyond Belief"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a5Bcrbhd3TEC&dq=%22the+human+encounters+are+described+minutely%2C+superbly%2C+picking+up+inconsistencies+in+people%E2%80%99s+tales%2C+catching+the+uncertainties+and+the+nuances%22&pg=PA480","external_links_name":"The World Is What It Is: The Authorized Biography of V.S. Naipaul"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beyond_Belief:_Islamic_Excursions_Among_the_Converted_Peoples&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beyond_Belief:_Islamic_Excursions_Among_the_Converted_Peoples&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_cerebral_artery | Middle cerebral artery | ["1 Structure","1.1 Frontal lobe","1.2 Parietal lobe","1.3 Temporal lobe","2 Function","3 Clinical significance","3.1 Occlusion","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Paired artery that supplies blood to the cerebrum
Middle cerebral arteryOuter surface of cerebral hemisphere, showing areas supplied by cerebral arteries (Pink is region supplied by middle cerebral artery.)The arterial circle and arteries of the brain (inferior view). The middle cerebral arteries (top of figure) arise from the internal carotid arteries.DetailsSourceInternal carotid arteriesBranchesAnterolateral central arteriesVeinMiddle cerebral veinSuppliesCerebrumIdentifiersLatinarteria cerebri mediaMeSHD020768TA98A12.2.07.046TA24509FMA50079Anatomical terminology
The middle cerebral artery (MCA) is one of the three major paired cerebral arteries that supply blood to the cerebrum. The MCA arises from the internal carotid artery and continues into the lateral sulcus where it then branches and projects to many parts of the lateral cerebral cortex. It also supplies blood to the anterior temporal lobes and the insular cortices.
The left and right MCAs rise from trifurcations of the internal carotid arteries and thus are connected to the anterior cerebral arteries and the posterior communicating arteries, which connect to the posterior cerebral arteries. The MCAs are not considered a part of the Circle of Willis.
Structure
Middle cerebral artery
Middle cerebral artery and its branches (patient has a hypoplastic A1 segment and an absent PCOM, resulting in a purely MCA angio from internal carotid artery injection)
The middle cerebral artery divides into four segments, named by the region they supply as opposed to order of branching as the latter can be somewhat variable:
M1: The sphenoidal segment (stem), receiving its name due to its course along the adjacent sphenoid bone. It is also referred to as the horizontal segment, though this may be misleading since the segment may descend, remain flat, or extend posteriorly the anterior (dorsad) in different individuals. The M1 segment perforates the brain with numerous anterolateral central (lateral lenticulostriate) arteries, which supply the basal ganglia.
M2: Extending anteriorly on the insula, this segment is known as the insular segment. It is also known as the Sylvian segment when the opercular segments are included. The MCA branches may bifurcate or sometimes trifurcate into trunks in this segment which then extend into branches that terminate towards the cortex.
M3: The opercular segment, extending laterally and exteriorly from the insula towards the cortex. This segment is sometimes grouped with M2.
M4: These finer terminal or cortical segments irrigate the cortex. They begin at the external margins of the Sylvian fissure and extend distally away on the cortex of the brain.
The M2 and M3 segments may each split into 2 or 3 main trunks (terminal branches) with an upper trunk, lower trunk and occasionally a middle trunk. Bifurcations and trifurcations occurs in 50% and 25% of the cases respectively. Other cases include duplication of the MCA at the internal carotid artery (ICA) or an accessory MCA (AccMCA) which arise not from the ICA but as a branch from the anterior cerebral artery. The middle trunk that exist in parts of the population, when present provides the pre-Rolandic, Rolandic, anterior parietal, posterior parietal and the angular artery for irrigation instead of the upper and lower trunks.
The branches of the MCA can be described by the areas that they irrigate.
Frontal lobe
Lateral frontobasal (orbitiofrontal): This artery branches out anteriorly, superiorly and laterally to vascularize the inferior frontal gyrus. It "competes" in size with the frontal polar branch of the anterior cerebral artery
Prefrontal arteries: These arteries fan out over the insula and exit to the cortex via the medial surface of the frontal operculum. The arteries fan superiorly over the pars triangularis and vascularize the inferior and middle frontal gyrus. Near the superior frontal gyrus these arteries anastomose with branches from the pericallosal artery of the anterior cerebral artery.
Pre-Rolandic artery (precentral): The artery extends out on the medial surface of the operculum and supplies the posterior parts of the middle and inferior frontal gyri as well as the lower parts of the pre-central gyrus. This artery branches once or twice and is relatively invariant across anatomies.
Rolandic arteries (central): The artery extends out and exits from the central portion of the operculum then passes inside the central sulcus. This artery bifurcates in 72% of individuals and irrigates the posterior pre-central gyrus and the inferior portion of the post-central gyrus.
Parietal lobe
Anterior parietal: This artery usually originates from a distal MCA branch. In some cases it branches from the rolandic artery or from the posterior parietal artery. It extends the length of interparietal sulcus and descends slightly posteriorly.
Posterior parietal: Emerges from the posterior end of the Sylvian fissure and extends first posteriorly, and then anteriorly along the posterior of the parietal lobe. It also branches to the supramarginal gyrus.
Angular: The angular artery is a significant terminal branch of the anterior or middle trunk of the MCA. It emerges from the Sylvian fissure and passes over the anterior transverse temporal gyrus and usually divides into two branches. One of the branches supplies the angular gyrus while the other supplies the supramarginal gyrus, posterior superior temporal gyrus, and the parietooccipital arcus (sulcus).
Temporooccipital: The longest cortical artery, it runs posteriorly opposite to the center of the operculum. Upon its exit from the Sylvian fissure, it runs parallel to the superior temporal sulcus and supplies the superior and inferior occipital gyri. This vessel anastamoses with the posterior cerebral artery and may exist as one or two arteries, 67% or 33% of the time, respectively.
Temporal lobe
Temporopolar: The artery extends from the sphenoidal segment of the MCA via the inferior surface of the operculum and supplies the polar and anterior lateral portions of the temporal lobe. The vessel can be identified in 52% of normal angiograms
Anterior temporal: This artery typically arises from the proximal MCA trunk and extends in the similar fashion as the temporopolar artery and vascularizes the same regions.
Middle temporal: This artery extends from the Sylvian fissure opposite to the inferior frontal gyrus and supplies superior and middle portions of the middle temporal lobe. It can be identified in 79% of angiograms.
Posterior temporal: This artery extends out and away from the operculum and turns in a step-wise manner first inferiorly then posteriorly into the superior temporal sulcus then to the middle temporal sulcus. This vessel supplies posterior portion of the temporal lobe and is the origin of several perforating arteries that irrigate the insula. It is readily identifiable in most radiograms.
Function
Areas supplied by the middle cerebral artery include:
The bulk of the lateral surface of the hemisphere; except for the superior inch of the frontal and parietal lobe (anterior cerebral artery), and the inferior part of the temporal lobe.
Superior division supplies lateroinferior frontal lobe (location of Broca's area i.e. language expression)
Inferior division supplies lateral temporal lobe (location of Wernicke's area i.e. language comprehension)
Deep branches supply the basal ganglia as well as the internal capsule
MCA occlusion site and resulting Aphasia
Global – trunk of MCA
Broca – anterior branch of MCA
Wernicke – posterior branch of MCA
Clinical significance
Occlusion
Main article: Middle cerebral artery syndrome
Occlusion of the middle cerebral artery results in Middle cerebral artery syndrome, potentially showing the following defects:
Paralysis (-plegia) or weakness (-paresis) of the contralateral face and arm (faciobrachial)
Sensory loss of the contralateral face and arm.
Damage to the dominant hemisphere (usually the left hemisphere) results in aphasia (i.e. Broca's area or Wernicke's)
Damage to the non-dominant hemisphere (usually the right hemisphere) results in contralateral neglect syndrome, inaccurate localization in the half field, impaired ability to judge distance (nondominant parietal lobe).
Large MCA infarcts often have déviation conjuguée, a gaze preference towards the side of the lesion, especially during the acute period. Contralateral homonymous hemianopsia is often present.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arteria cerebri media.
This article uses anatomical terminology.
Leptomeningeal collateral circulation
References
^ Moore KL, Dalley AR. Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 4th Ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Toronto. Copyright 1999. ISBN 0-683-06141-0.
^ Krayenbühl, Hugo; Yaşargil, Mahmut Gazi; Huber, Peter; Bosse, George (1982), Cerebral Angiography, Thieme, pp. 105–123, ISBN 978-0-86577-067-6
^ "Middle Cerebral Artery".
^ Osborn, Anne G.; Jacobs, John M. (1999), Diagnostic Cerebral Angiography, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, pp. 143–144, ISBN 978-0-397-58404-8
External links
MedEd at Loyola Neuro/neurovasc/navigation/mca.htm
Anatomy photo:28:09-0215 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center
"Anatomy diagram: 13048.000-1". Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator. Elsevier. Archived from the original on 2014-11-07.
Blood supply at neuropat.dote.hu
vteArteries of the head and neckCCAECAsup. thyroid
superior laryngeal
sternocleidomastoid branch
infrahyoid branch
cricothyroid branch
glandular branches
asc. pharyngeal
posterior meningeal
pharyngeal branches
inferior tympanic
lingual
suprahyoid
dorsal lingual
deep lingual
sublingual
facial
cervical branches (ascending palatine, tonsillar, submental, glandular)
facial branches (inferior labial
superior labial / nasal septum
lateral nasal
angular)
occipital
sternocleidomastoid
meningeal
occipital
auricular
descending
post. auricular
stylomastoid
stapedial
auricular
occipital
supf. temporal
transverse facial
middle temporal (zygomatico-orbital)
anterior auricular
frontal
parietal
maxillary1st part / mandibular
anterior tympanic
deep auricular
middle meningeal (superior tympanic, petrosal)
accessory meningeal
inferior alveolar
2nd part / pterygoid
to muscles of mastication (deep temporal, pterygoid, masseteric)
buccal
3rd part / pterygopalatine
posterior superior alveolar
infraorbital (anterior superior alveolar)
descending palatine (greater palatine, lesser palatine)
artery of the pterygoid canal
sphenopalatine (posterior septal branches, posterior lateral nasal)
pharyngeal
ICAcervical
carotid sinus
petrous
Vidian
caroticotympanic
cavernous/ophthalmic
orbital group:anterior ethmoidal
posterior ethmoidal
lacrimal (lateral palpebral)
medial palpebral
terminal (supraorbital, supratrochlear, dorsal nasal)
ocular group: central retinal
ciliary (short posterior, long posterior, anterior)
Circulus arteriosus major
hypophysial (superior, inferior)
brain
Circle of Willis
ACA (anterior communicating, Recurrent artery of Heubner, Orbitofrontal artery)
MCA (anterolateral central, Prefrontal artery, Superior terminal branch, Inferior terminal branch, Anterior temporal branch)
posterior communicating
anterior choroidal
ScAvertebral artery
meningeal
spinal (posterior, anterior)
basilar: pontine
labyrinthine
cerebellar (AICA, SCA, PICA)
cerebral (PCA)
thyrocervical trunkinferior thyroid
inferior laryngeal
tracheal
esophageal
ascending cervical
pharyngeal
glandular branches
transverse cervical
superficial branch
deep branch / dorsal scapular
scapular anastomosis
suprascapular
acromial branch
scapular anastomosis
costocervical trunk
deep cervical
Supreme Intercostal artery
Authority control databases
Terminologia Anatomica | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cerebral arteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_artery"},{"link_name":"blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood"},{"link_name":"cerebrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrum"},{"link_name":"internal carotid artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_carotid_artery"},{"link_name":"lateral sulcus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_sulcus"},{"link_name":"cerebral cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_cortex"},{"link_name":"temporal lobes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_lobe"},{"link_name":"insular cortices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_cortex"},{"link_name":"internal carotid arteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_carotid_artery"},{"link_name":"anterior cerebral arteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_cerebral_artery"},{"link_name":"posterior communicating arteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_communicating_artery"},{"link_name":"posterior cerebral arteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_cerebral_artery"},{"link_name":"Circle of Willis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_Willis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The middle cerebral artery (MCA) is one of the three major paired cerebral arteries that supply blood to the cerebrum. The MCA arises from the internal carotid artery and continues into the lateral sulcus where it then branches and projects to many parts of the lateral cerebral cortex. It also supplies blood to the anterior temporal lobes and the insular cortices.The left and right MCAs rise from trifurcations of the internal carotid arteries and thus are connected to the anterior cerebral arteries and the posterior communicating arteries, which connect to the posterior cerebral arteries. The MCAs are not considered a part of the Circle of Willis.[1]","title":"Middle cerebral artery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Circle_of_Willis_6.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MCA_angio_lateral.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"sphenoid bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenoid_bone"},{"link_name":"anterolateral central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterolateral_central_arteries"},{"link_name":"basal ganglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_ganglia"},{"link_name":"insula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_cortex"},{"link_name":"opercular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operculum_(brain)"},{"link_name":"internal carotid artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_carotid_artery"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Middle cerebral arteryMiddle cerebral artery and its branches (patient has a hypoplastic A1 segment and an absent PCOM, resulting in a purely MCA angio from internal carotid artery injection)The middle cerebral artery divides into four segments, named by the region they supply as opposed to order of branching as the latter can be somewhat variable:[2]M1: The sphenoidal segment (stem),[3] receiving its name due to its course along the adjacent sphenoid bone. It is also referred to as the horizontal segment, though this may be misleading since the segment may descend, remain flat, or extend posteriorly the anterior (dorsad) in different individuals. The M1 segment perforates the brain with numerous anterolateral central (lateral lenticulostriate) arteries, which supply the basal ganglia.\nM2: Extending anteriorly on the insula, this segment is known as the insular segment. It is also known as the Sylvian segment when the opercular segments are included. The MCA branches may bifurcate or sometimes trifurcate into trunks in this segment which then extend into branches that terminate towards the cortex.\nM3: The opercular segment, extending laterally and exteriorly from the insula towards the cortex. This segment is sometimes grouped with M2.\nM4: These finer terminal or cortical segments irrigate the cortex. They begin at the external margins of the Sylvian fissure and extend distally away on the cortex of the brain.The M2 and M3 segments may each split into 2 or 3 main trunks (terminal branches) with an upper trunk, lower trunk and occasionally a middle trunk. Bifurcations and trifurcations occurs in 50% and 25% of the cases respectively. Other cases include duplication of the MCA at the internal carotid artery (ICA) or an accessory MCA (AccMCA) which arise not from the ICA but as a branch from the anterior cerebral artery.[4] The middle trunk that exist in parts of the population, when present provides the pre-Rolandic, Rolandic, anterior parietal, posterior parietal and the angular artery for irrigation instead of the upper and lower trunks.The branches of the MCA can be described by the areas that they irrigate.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anterior cerebral artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_cerebral_artery"},{"link_name":"operculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operculum_(brain)"},{"link_name":"pars triangularis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pars_triangularis"},{"link_name":"anastomose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastomosis"}],"sub_title":"Frontal lobe","text":"Lateral frontobasal (orbitiofrontal): This artery branches out anteriorly, superiorly and laterally to vascularize the inferior frontal gyrus. It \"competes\" in size with the frontal polar branch of the anterior cerebral artery\nPrefrontal arteries: These arteries fan out over the insula and exit to the cortex via the medial surface of the frontal operculum. The arteries fan superiorly over the pars triangularis and vascularize the inferior and middle frontal gyrus. Near the superior frontal gyrus these arteries anastomose with branches from the pericallosal artery of the anterior cerebral artery.\nPre-Rolandic artery (precentral): The artery extends out on the medial surface of the operculum and supplies the posterior parts of the middle and inferior frontal gyri as well as the lower parts of the pre-central gyrus. This artery branches once or twice and is relatively invariant across anatomies.\nRolandic arteries (central): The artery extends out and exits from the central portion of the operculum then passes inside the central sulcus. This artery bifurcates in 72% of individuals and irrigates the posterior pre-central gyrus and the inferior portion of the post-central gyrus.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"angular gyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_gyrus"}],"sub_title":"Parietal lobe","text":"Anterior parietal: This artery usually originates from a distal MCA branch. In some cases it branches from the rolandic artery or from the posterior parietal artery. It extends the length of interparietal sulcus and descends slightly posteriorly.\nPosterior parietal: Emerges from the posterior end of the Sylvian fissure and extends first posteriorly, and then anteriorly along the posterior of the parietal lobe. It also branches to the supramarginal gyrus.\nAngular: The angular artery is a significant terminal branch of the anterior or middle trunk of the MCA. It emerges from the Sylvian fissure and passes over the anterior transverse temporal gyrus and usually divides into two branches. One of the branches supplies the angular gyrus while the other supplies the supramarginal gyrus, posterior superior temporal gyrus, and the parietooccipital arcus (sulcus).\nTemporooccipital: The longest cortical artery, it runs posteriorly opposite to the center of the operculum. Upon its exit from the Sylvian fissure, it runs parallel to the superior temporal sulcus and supplies the superior and inferior occipital gyri. This vessel anastamoses with the posterior cerebral artery and may exist as one or two arteries, 67% or 33% of the time, respectively.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Temporal lobe","text":"Temporopolar: The artery extends from the sphenoidal segment of the MCA via the inferior surface of the operculum and supplies the polar and anterior lateral portions of the temporal lobe. The vessel can be identified in 52% of normal angiograms\nAnterior temporal: This artery typically arises from the proximal MCA trunk and extends in the similar fashion as the temporopolar artery and vascularizes the same regions.\nMiddle temporal: This artery extends from the Sylvian fissure opposite to the inferior frontal gyrus and supplies superior and middle portions of the middle temporal lobe. It can be identified in 79% of angiograms.\nPosterior temporal: This artery extends out and away from the operculum and turns in a step-wise manner first inferiorly then posteriorly into the superior temporal sulcus then to the middle temporal sulcus. This vessel supplies posterior portion of the temporal lobe and is the origin of several perforating arteries that irrigate the insula. It is readily identifiable in most radiograms.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parietal lobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parietal_lobe"},{"link_name":"anterior cerebral artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_cerebral_artery"},{"link_name":"temporal lobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_lobe"},{"link_name":"Broca's area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broca%27s_area"},{"link_name":"Wernicke's area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernicke%27s_area"},{"link_name":"basal ganglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_ganglia"},{"link_name":"internal capsule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_capsule"}],"text":"Areas supplied by the middle cerebral artery include:The bulk of the lateral surface of the hemisphere; except for the superior inch of the frontal and parietal lobe (anterior cerebral artery), and the inferior part of the temporal lobe.\nSuperior division supplies lateroinferior frontal lobe (location of Broca's area i.e. language expression)\nInferior division supplies lateral temporal lobe (location of Wernicke's area i.e. language comprehension)\nDeep branches supply the basal ganglia as well as the internal capsuleMCA occlusion site and resulting AphasiaGlobal – trunk of MCA\nBroca – anterior branch of MCA\nWernicke – posterior branch of MCA","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Occlusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_occlusion"},{"link_name":"Middle cerebral artery syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_cerebral_artery_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Paralysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralysis"},{"link_name":"Broca's area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broca%27s_area"},{"link_name":"Wernicke's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptive_aphasia"},{"link_name":"neglect syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neglect_syndrome"},{"link_name":"déviation conjuguée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9viation_conjugu%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"homonymous hemianopsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonymous_hemianopsia"}],"sub_title":"Occlusion","text":"Occlusion of the middle cerebral artery results in Middle cerebral artery syndrome, potentially showing the following defects:Paralysis (-plegia) or weakness (-paresis) of the contralateral face and arm (faciobrachial)\nSensory loss of the contralateral face and arm.\nDamage to the dominant hemisphere (usually the left hemisphere) results in aphasia (i.e. Broca's area or Wernicke's)\nDamage to the non-dominant hemisphere (usually the right hemisphere) results in contralateral neglect syndrome, inaccurate localization in the half field, impaired ability to judge distance (nondominant parietal lobe).\nLarge MCA infarcts often have déviation conjuguée, a gaze preference towards the side of the lesion, especially during the acute period. Contralateral homonymous hemianopsia is often present.","title":"Clinical significance"}] | [{"image_text":"Middle cerebral artery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Circle_of_Willis_6.jpg/300px-Circle_of_Willis_6.jpg"},{"image_text":"Middle cerebral artery and its branches (patient has a hypoplastic A1 segment and an absent PCOM, resulting in a purely MCA angio from internal carotid artery injection)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/MCA_angio_lateral.jpg/220px-MCA_angio_lateral.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Arteria cerebri media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Arteria_cerebri_media"},{"title":"anatomical terminology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terminology"},{"title":"Leptomeningeal collateral circulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptomeningeal_collateral_circulation"}] | [{"reference":"Krayenbühl, Hugo; Yaşargil, Mahmut Gazi; Huber, Peter; Bosse, George (1982), Cerebral Angiography, Thieme, pp. 105–123, ISBN 978-0-86577-067-6","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0e6YO3IEbt0C","url_text":"Cerebral Angiography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86577-067-6","url_text":"978-0-86577-067-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Middle Cerebral Artery\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/Neuro/neurovasc/navigation/mca.htm","url_text":"\"Middle Cerebral Artery\""}]},{"reference":"Osborn, Anne G.; Jacobs, John M. (1999), Diagnostic Cerebral Angiography, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, pp. 143–144, ISBN 978-0-397-58404-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-397-58404-8","url_text":"978-0-397-58404-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Anatomy diagram: 13048.000-1\". Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator. Elsevier. Archived from the original on 2014-11-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141107120933/http://www.tk.de/rochelexikon/pics/s13048.000-1.html","url_text":"\"Anatomy diagram: 13048.000-1\""},{"url":"http://www.tk.de/rochelexikon/pics/s13048.000-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D020768","external_links_name":"D020768"},{"Link":"https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/12.2.07.046%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm","external_links_name":"A12.2.07.046"},{"Link":"https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=4509","external_links_name":"4509"},{"Link":"https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma50079","external_links_name":"50079"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0e6YO3IEbt0C","external_links_name":"Cerebral Angiography"},{"Link":"http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/Neuro/neurovasc/navigation/mca.htm","external_links_name":"\"Middle Cerebral Artery\""},{"Link":"http://www.meddean.luc.edu/Lumen/MedEd/Neuro/neurovasc/navigation/mca.htm","external_links_name":"Neuro/neurovasc/navigation/mca.htm"},{"Link":"http://ect.downstate.edu/courseware/haonline/labs/l28/090215.htm","external_links_name":"Anatomy photo:28:09-0215"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141107120933/http://www.tk.de/rochelexikon/pics/s13048.000-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Anatomy diagram: 13048.000-1\""},{"Link":"http://www.tk.de/rochelexikon/pics/s13048.000-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061215071918/http://www.neuropat.dote.hu/table/erell.htm","external_links_name":"Blood supply at neuropat.dote.hu"},{"Link":"http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A12.2.07.046","external_links_name":"Terminologia Anatomica"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Mackenzie_(bishop) | Henry Mackenzie (bishop) | ["1 Life","2 Family","3 References","4 Sources"] | Christianity portal
Henry MackenzieBishop of NottinghamMackenzie consecration in St Mary's Church, NottinghamDioceseDiocese of LincolnIn office1870–1877SuccessorEdward TrollopeOther post(s)Archdeacon of Nottingham (1865–?)OrdersOrdination1834Consecration2 February 1870Personal detailsBorn(1808-05-16)16 May 1808Coleman Street, LondonDied15 October 1878(1878-10-15) (aged 70)Settlement, County, CountryBuriedSouth CollinghamNationalityBritishDenominationAnglicanEducationMerchant Taylors' School
Henry Mackenzie (16 May 1808 – 15 October 1878) was Bishop of Nottingham (a suffragan bishop in the Diocese of Lincoln) from 1870 until 1877. He became the first suffragan bishop in the Church of England since 1608.
Life
Mackenzie was born — the fourth and youngest son of John Mackenzie, merchant, descended from the Mackenzie clan of Torridon in Ross-shire — in King's Arms Yard, Coleman Street, London, on 16 May 1808. He was educated at the Merchant Taylors' School under Thomas Cherry.
Owing to the death of his father he left school early, and engaged for some years in commercial pursuits; but in 1830 he entered Pembroke College, Oxford, where he had Francis Jeune, subsequently Bishop of Peterborough, as his tutor, and formed a lifelong friendship with John Jackson, afterwards Bishop of Lincoln and then of London. He took an honorary fourth class in 1884, graduating Oxford Master of Arts (MA Oxon) in 1838 and Doctor of Divinity (DD) in 1869.
In 1834, he was ordained to the curacy of Wool and Lulworth, on the south coast of Dorset, and in the next year accepted a temporary engagement as chaplain to the English residents at Rotterdam. Charles James Blomfield, Bishop of London, came to Rotterdam to confirm, and at once discerned his high gifts and promise. Returning to England, Mackenzie in 1836 became curate of St Peter's Church, Walworth, whence he removed in 1837 to the mastership of Bancroft's Hospital, Mile End, and becoming secretary to the committee for the erection of ten new churches in Bethnal Green contributed largely to the success of that enterprise. In 1840, he was made incumbent of the densely populated riverside parish of St James's, Bermondsey. While at Bermondsey he gained the friendship of Frederick Denison Maurice, then chaplain of Guy's Hospital. Maurice recommended him to George Pellew, Dean of Norwich, for the important cure of Great Yarmouth, to which he was appointed in 1844. Mackenzie was recalled to London, to the rectory of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, by Blomfield in 1848. In 1865, he was appointed by Robert Rolfe, 1st Baron Cranworth, Lord Chancellor to the well-endowed living of Tydd St. Mary, in the Fens of Lincolnshire, near Wisbech. His college friend, John Jackson, who in 1853 had succeeded John Kaye as Bishop of Lincoln, made him one of his examining chaplains in 1855, and in 1858 collated him to the prebendal stall of Leighton Ecclesia at Lincoln Cathedral, once held by George Herbert. As bishop's chaplain he delivered courses of lectures on pastoral work to the candidates for holy orders, which were published in 1863.
On the appointment of James Jeremie as Dean of Lincoln in 1864, Mackenzie succeeded him as subdean and canon residentiary, and on the death of George Wilkins in 1866 was appointed to succeed him as Archdeacon of Nottingham, exchanging the lucrative living of Tydd for the poorly endowed rectory of St John the Baptist's Church, Collingham, near Newark, in order that he might become resident within his archdeaconry. In 1870, the long-dormant office of bishop suffragan was revived in him on the nomination of Christopher Wordsworth, Jackson's successor as Bishop of Lincoln, and he was consecrated as Bishop of Nottingham at St Mary's Church, Nottingham, by Jackson on the feast of the Purification, 2 February 1870. The revival of the office of bishop suffragan, after more than three centuries' suspension, was not at first popular (Mackenzie was the first so consecrated, although Edward Parry's appointment as Bishop of Dover was almost contemporaneous). The county of Nottingham especially was disposed to regard itself slighted on being made over to the care of a 'curate-bishop.' But, careful never to overstep his subordinate relations to his diocesan, Mackenzie maintained the office with true dignity, and secured for it general respect. In 1871, he exchanged Collingham for the perpetual curacy of Scofton, near Worksop, which he also resigned in 1873 to devote himself exclusively to his episcopal duties. These he continued to fulfil till growing years and infirmities led to his resignation at the beginning of 1878.
He died, almost suddenly, on 15 October 1878, and was buried at South Collingham.
Family
Mackenzie was twice married: first, to Elizabeth, daughter of Robert Ridley, esq., of Essequibo, by whom he had one daughter; and, secondly, to Antoinette, daughter of James H. Turing, sometime her majesty's consul at Rotterdam, by whom he left six sons and five daughters.
References
^ Consecration of the Bishop Suffragan Of Nottingham The Times Thursday, February 3, 1870; pg. 8; Issue 26664; col A
^ a b c d Venables 1893.
^ Pembroke alumni
^ "The Clergy List 1847": London, Cox & Co, 1846
^ Details of Post
^ The Times, Monday, January 24, 1870; pg. 9; Issue 26655; col E New Suffragan Bishop announced
^ Consecration details (version archived 17 November 2009) (Accessed 25 June 2016)
^ Place of burial
^ "In Memoriam Bishop Mackenzie". Lincolnshire Chronicle. England. 18 October 1878. Retrieved 25 June 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive.
Sources
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Venables, Edmund (1893). "Mackenzie, Henry (1808-1878)". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 35. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
Church of England titles
Preceded byin abeyance
Bishop of Nottingham 1870–1877
Succeeded byEdward Trollope
vteAnglican Bishops of Nottingham
Richard Barnes
Henry Mackenzie
Edward Trollope
vteArchdeacons of NottinghamLate modern
John Eyre
William Barrow
George Wilkins
Henry Mackenzie
Brough Maltby
John Richardson
Herbert Wild
William Conybeare
Herbert Turner
Roger Wilson
John Phillips
Michael Brown
Robert Williamson
Clive Handford
Tom Walker
Gordon Ogilvie
Peter Hill
Sarah Clark
Phil Williams
Authority control databases International
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National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg"},{"link_name":"Christianity portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Bishop_of_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"suffragan bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragan_bishop"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"suffragan bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragan_bishop"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"}],"text":"Christianity portalHenry Mackenzie (16 May 1808 – 15 October 1878) was Bishop of Nottingham (a suffragan bishop in the Diocese of Lincoln) from 1870 until 1877.[1] He became the first suffragan bishop in the Church of England since 1608.","title":"Henry Mackenzie (bishop)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Merchant Taylors' School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_Taylors%27_School,_Northwood"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cherry_(headmaster)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVenables1893-2"},{"link_name":"Pembroke College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembroke_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Francis Jeune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Jeune"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Peterborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Peterborough"},{"link_name":"John Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jackson_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"of Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_London"},{"link_name":"Oxford Master of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxbridge_and_Dublin)"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Divinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Charles James Blomfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_James_Blomfield"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"St Peter's Church, Walworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church,_Walworth"},{"link_name":"Bethnal Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethnal_Green"},{"link_name":"Bermondsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermondsey_(parish)"},{"link_name":"Frederick Denison Maurice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Denison_Maurice"},{"link_name":"George Pellew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Pellew"},{"link_name":"Dean of Norwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Norwich"},{"link_name":"cure of Great Yarmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Yarmouth_Minster"},{"link_name":"St. Martin's-in-the-Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martin%27s-in-the-Fields"},{"link_name":"Robert Rolfe, 1st Baron Cranworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Rolfe,_1st_Baron_Cranworth"},{"link_name":"Lord Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor"},{"link_name":"John Kaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kaye_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"George Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herbert"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVenables1893-2"},{"link_name":"James Jeremie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jeremie"},{"link_name":"Dean of Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"George 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suffragan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_suffragan"},{"link_name":"Edward Parry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Parry_(Bishop_of_Dover)"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Dover"},{"link_name":"Scofton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scofton"},{"link_name":"Worksop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worksop"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVenables1893-2"},{"link_name":"South Collingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Collingham"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Mackenzie was born — the fourth and youngest son of John Mackenzie, merchant, descended from the Mackenzie clan of Torridon in Ross-shire — in King's Arms Yard, Coleman Street, London, on 16 May 1808. He was educated at the Merchant Taylors' School under Thomas Cherry.[2]Owing to the death of his father he left school early, and engaged for some years in commercial pursuits; but in 1830 he entered Pembroke College, Oxford, where he had Francis Jeune, subsequently Bishop of Peterborough, as his tutor, and formed a lifelong friendship with John Jackson, afterwards Bishop of Lincoln and then of London. He took an honorary fourth class in 1884, graduating Oxford Master of Arts (MA Oxon) in 1838 and Doctor of Divinity (DD) in 1869.[3]In 1834, he was ordained to the curacy of Wool and Lulworth, on the south coast of Dorset, and in the next year accepted a temporary engagement as chaplain to the English residents at Rotterdam. Charles James Blomfield, Bishop of London, came to Rotterdam to confirm, and at once discerned his high gifts and promise.[4] Returning to England, Mackenzie in 1836 became curate of St Peter's Church, Walworth, whence he removed in 1837 to the mastership of Bancroft's Hospital, Mile End, and becoming secretary to the committee for the erection of ten new churches in Bethnal Green contributed largely to the success of that enterprise. In 1840, he was made incumbent of the densely populated riverside parish of St James's, Bermondsey. While at Bermondsey he gained the friendship of Frederick Denison Maurice, then chaplain of Guy's Hospital. Maurice recommended him to George Pellew, Dean of Norwich, for the important cure of Great Yarmouth, to which he was appointed in 1844. Mackenzie was recalled to London, to the rectory of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, by Blomfield in 1848. In 1865, he was appointed by Robert Rolfe, 1st Baron Cranworth, Lord Chancellor to the well-endowed living of Tydd St. Mary, in the Fens of Lincolnshire, near Wisbech. His college friend, John Jackson, who in 1853 had succeeded John Kaye as Bishop of Lincoln, made him one of his examining chaplains in 1855, and in 1858 collated him to the prebendal stall of Leighton Ecclesia at Lincoln Cathedral, once held by George Herbert. As bishop's chaplain he delivered courses of lectures on pastoral work to the candidates for holy orders, which were published in 1863.[2]On the appointment of James Jeremie as Dean of Lincoln in 1864, Mackenzie succeeded him as subdean and canon residentiary, and on the death of George Wilkins in 1866 was appointed to succeed him as Archdeacon of Nottingham,[5] exchanging the lucrative living of Tydd for the poorly endowed rectory of St John the Baptist's Church, Collingham, near Newark, in order that he might become resident within his archdeaconry. In 1870, the long-dormant office of bishop suffragan was revived in him on the nomination of Christopher Wordsworth, Jackson's successor as Bishop of Lincoln,[6] and he was consecrated as Bishop of Nottingham at St Mary's Church, Nottingham, by Jackson on the feast of the Purification, 2 February 1870.[7] The revival of the office of bishop suffragan, after more than three centuries' suspension, was not at first popular (Mackenzie was the first so consecrated, although Edward Parry's appointment as Bishop of Dover was almost contemporaneous). The county of Nottingham especially was disposed to regard itself slighted on being made over to the care of a 'curate-bishop.' But, careful never to overstep his subordinate relations to his diocesan, Mackenzie maintained the office with true dignity, and secured for it general respect. In 1871, he exchanged Collingham for the perpetual curacy of Scofton, near Worksop, which he also resigned in 1873 to devote himself exclusively to his episcopal duties. These he continued to fulfil till growing years and infirmities led to his resignation at the beginning of 1878.[2]He died, almost suddenly, on 15 October 1878, and was buried at South Collingham.[8][9]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James H. Turing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_H._Turing&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVenables1893-2"}],"text":"Mackenzie was twice married: first, to Elizabeth, daughter of Robert Ridley, esq., of Essequibo, by whom he had one daughter; and, secondly, to Antoinette, daughter of James H. Turing, sometime her majesty's consul at Rotterdam, by whom he left six sons and five daughters.[2]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Venables, Edmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Venables"},{"link_name":"Mackenzie, Henry (1808-1878)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Mackenzie,_Henry_(1808-1878)"},{"link_name":"Lee, Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Anglican_Bishops_of_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Anglican_Bishops_of_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anglican_Bishops_of_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Anglican Bishops of Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Bishop_of_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Richard Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Barnes_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Henry Mackenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Edward Trollope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Trollope"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Archdeacons_of_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Archdeacons_of_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Archdeacons_of_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Archdeacons of Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeacon_of_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"John Eyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Eyre_(Archdeacon_of_Nottingham)"},{"link_name":"William Barrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Barrow_(priest)"},{"link_name":"George Wilkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wilkins_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Henry Mackenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Brough Maltby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brough_Maltby"},{"link_name":"John Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Richardson_(Archdeacon_of_Nottingham)"},{"link_name":"Herbert Wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Wild"},{"link_name":"William Conybeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Conybeare_(Provost_of_Southwell)"},{"link_name":"Herbert Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Turner_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Roger Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Wilson_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"John Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Phillips_(bishop_of_Portsmouth)"},{"link_name":"Michael Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Brown_(English_priest)"},{"link_name":"Robert Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Williamson_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Clive Handford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Handford"},{"link_name":"Tom Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Walker_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Gordon Ogilvie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Ogilvie_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Peter Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hill_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Sarah Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Clark_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Phil Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Williams_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5725360#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/68486988"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhxrJ6wv7PmXmxTYJdCwC"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no89018368"}],"text":"This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Venables, Edmund (1893). \"Mackenzie, Henry (1808-1878)\". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 35. London: Smith, Elder & Co.vteAnglican Bishops of Nottingham\nRichard Barnes\nHenry Mackenzie\nEdward TrollopevteArchdeacons of NottinghamLate modern\nJohn Eyre\nWilliam Barrow\nGeorge Wilkins\nHenry Mackenzie\nBrough Maltby\nJohn Richardson\nHerbert Wild\nWilliam Conybeare\nHerbert Turner\nRoger Wilson\nJohn Phillips\nMichael Brown\nRobert Williamson\nClive Handford\nTom Walker\nGordon Ogilvie\nPeter Hill\nSarah Clark\nPhil WilliamsAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nUnited States","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"In Memoriam Bishop Mackenzie\". Lincolnshire Chronicle. England. 18 October 1878. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasui_house | Four Go houses | ["1 The houses","1.1 Hon'inbō","1.2 Hayashi","1.3 Inoue","1.4 Yasui","2 History","3 Buddhist connections","4 Official status","5 Teaching","6 Dissolution","7 See also","8 Notes"] | Traditional Japanese go schools
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In the history of Go in Japan, the four Go houses were four major schools of Go instituted, supported, and controlled by the state, at the beginning of the Tokugawa shogunate. (There were also many minor houses.) At roughly the same time shogi was organised into three houses. Here "house" implies an institution run on the recognised lines of the iemoto system common in all Japanese traditional arts. In particular, the house head had, in three of the four cases, a name handed down: Inoue Inseki, Yasui Senkaku, Hayashi Monnyu. References to these names, therefore, mean to the contemporary head of the house.
The four houses were the Honinbo, Hayashi, Inoue, and Yasui. They were originally designed to be on a par with each other, and competed in the official castle games called oshirogo.
The houses
Hon'inbō
The Hon'inbō house (本因坊家) was easily the strongest school of Go for most of its existence. It was established in 1612 and survived until 1940.
Upon the closure of the school, the title Hon'inbō came to be used for the winner of the Honinbo Tournament, which is now an annual professional Go event in Japan. It is run under the titleholder system, meaning that at any given time there is a player who can use the title Hon'inbō. It is customary for Japanese players to take a special personal name as Hon'inbō, a unique feature of this title; for example Takagawa Kaku held the title for nine years, and during this time was referred to as Hon'inbō Shukaku. Players of other nationalities by custom do not adopt a special name but do use the Hon'inbō title.
Hon'inbō Shūsai sold his title to the Japan Go Association before retiring in 1936, effectively ending the Hon'inbō line.
All three of the "Go saints" (or Kisei) came from this school— Dosaku, Shusaku, and Jowa (although Jowa is frequently reviled because of his machinations while trying to become Meijin). Most of the holders of the Meijin title (awarded to a player recognised by all as strongest) were also from this house. Another prominent member was Hon'inbō Shūsaku (秀策, 1829–1862), who was heir to become head of the school, but died of cholera before officially becoming Hon'inbō.
Hayashi
The Hayashi house (林家) was one of the four Go houses of Edo period Japan. It was in effect the junior partner in the system of Go schools, never producing a Meijin player. Always an ally of the Honinbo school, for traditional reasons, it didn't survive to the end of the period as truly independent. Its headship went to Honinbo Shuei, and when he became also Honinbo head, it was de facto merged into the Honinbos.
From the second head onwards, the head of the house when playing was known as Hayashi Monnyū.
Inoue
The Inoue house (井上家) was one of the four Go houses, the state-supported schools for the game of Go in Japan during the Edo period.
The numbering of the heads of the house is that introduced by Inoue Genan Inseki, at the start of the nineteenth century, and including Nakamura Doseki for reasons of prestige. During their playing careers all the heads, apart from Doseki, were called Inoue Inseki. For reasons of convenience the retirement or posthumous names are used, in the style Inoue Genkaku Inseki with the personal part of the name interposed. Variant names abound.
Yasui
The Yasui house (安井家) was one of the four Schools (or Houses) of Go which were officially recognized during the Edo period of Japanese history.
Each of the four schools were founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu in 1612.
The house had one Meijin, in Yasui Sanchi. It has been commented that the general style of play tended to the pragmatic, rather than the artistic way.
From 1737 to the present, the current head of the Yasui house has been known as Senkaku. The retirement or posthumous names are listed here.
History
This maki-e Go board is at the temple named Ryōgen'in 龍源院 at Daitoku-ji, Kyoto, Japan. It was said to be used by Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu. The bowls to the left and right of the board bear their family crests.
The first of the four houses was the house Honinbo, founded by Honinbo Sansa. Honinbo Sansa was a Buddhist monk and had been appointed Godokoro (minister of Go) by Tokugawa Ieyasu after the unification of Japan in 1603.
Buddhist connections
They were also nominally Buddhist institutions, with the Honinbo and Hayashi aligned with the Nichiren sect, and the Inoue and Yasui with the Jodo Shu. All players were therefore male. Some outward forms only persisted of that connection, with the oshirogo games being played in Buddhist dress and with shaven heads; the stylish Ota Yuzo was given a waiver of the obligation since he was proud of his hair. After Honinbo Doetsu made a representation that long sleeves were troublesome for the players, a dispensation for shorter sleeves was allowed to them. At least, in theory, matters on succession in the houses were subject to the authority of the jisha bugyo, an official regulating religious establishment. Nominations as heir, typically within the iemoto system of the best disciple, who might not be a natural son but in effect adopted, were supposed to be made official. Deaths at an early age particularly affected the Honinbo house, and irregular succession could occur with the potential for scandal.
Official status
The official posts of Meijin and godokoro were awarded, somewhat sporadically, and brought great prestige to the house. In practice, backstairs intrigue was often brought to bear on the appointments. More creditably, since the Meijin title could only be awarded to the undisputed master player of the time, there were occasions when it was withheld from two candidates whose merit was very close (an example was Genjo and Chitoku, around 1810–1820).
Teaching
The mode of teaching, by apprenticeship, brought a consistent and high level of play (though some say the standard sagged in the eighteenth century). Esoteric teaching was normal, with collections of very difficult tsumego being compiled, one of which, the Igo Hatsuyōron, is still used for professional training. Prepared variations were used in top games (notably in the blood-vomiting game of Jowa and Akaboshi). Go secrets were state secrets, in effect; since the country was closed to foreigners, in the main, the only international competition was against players from the Ryukyu Islands, but those games are still cited as examples of the difference between strong amateurs and extremely strong players.
Dissolution
After a while, the Honinbo house (of Dosaku) emerged as the most prestigious, and the Hayashi house ran into difficulties, eventually being taken over by the Honinbo. The Meiji Restoration threw the system into disarray, but three houses survived some hard times to 1900. Honinbo Shusai arranged that the Honinbo title should become a tournament of the Nihon Kiin after his death (1939). The Yasui house died out; it is not certain as of 2004 whether the Inoue house theoretically continues or not, though it dropped out of the mainstream from the 1920s.
See also
Iemoto § Go
Notes
^ "An exploration of the game at the heart of 'The Master of Go'". 3 December 2016.
^ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric et al. (2005). "Go" in Japan encyclopedia, pp. 249-250., p. 249, at Google Books; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, see Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File Archived 24 May 2012 at archive.today.
^ a b c d Go Monthly Review 1963/4 p.41
Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 48943301
Shuzō Ōhira and John Fairbairn. (1977). Appreciating Famous Games. Tokyo: Ishi. OCLC 252292851
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Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(board_game)"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa shogunate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate"},{"link_name":"shogi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shogi"},{"link_name":"iemoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iemoto"},{"link_name":"Inoue Inseki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inoue_Inseki"},{"link_name":"Yasui Senkaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yasui_Senkaku&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hayashi Monnyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hayashi_Monnyu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"oshirogo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshirogo"}],"text":"Traditional Japanese go schoolsIn the history of Go in Japan, the four Go houses were four major schools of Go instituted, supported, and controlled by the state, at the beginning of the Tokugawa shogunate. (There were also many minor houses.) 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Variant names abound.","title":"The houses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edo period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa Ieyasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Meijin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meijin_(go)"},{"link_name":"Yasui Sanchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasui_Sanchi"}],"sub_title":"Yasui","text":"The Yasui house (安井家) was one of the four Schools (or Houses) of Go which were officially recognized during the Edo period of Japanese history.\nEach of the four schools were founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu in 1612.[2]The house had one Meijin, in Yasui Sanchi. It has been commented that the general style of play tended to the pragmatic, rather than the artistic way.From 1737 to the present, the current head of the Yasui house has been known as Senkaku. The retirement or posthumous names are listed here.","title":"The houses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Go_board_Hideyoshi_Ieyasu_Ryogenin_M1868.jpg"},{"link_name":"maki-e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maki-e"},{"link_name":"Toyotomi Hideyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa Ieyasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu"},{"link_name":"family crests.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon_(badge)"}],"text":"This maki-e Go board is at the temple named Ryōgen'in 龍源院 at Daitoku-ji, Kyoto, Japan. It was said to be used by Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu. The bowls to the left and right of the board bear their family crests.The first of the four houses was the house Honinbo, founded by Honinbo Sansa. Honinbo Sansa was a Buddhist monk and had been appointed Godokoro (minister of Go) by Tokugawa Ieyasu after the unification of Japan in 1603.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nichiren sect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichiren_sect"},{"link_name":"Jodo Shu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodo_Shu"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-review-3"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Ota Yuzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ota_Yuzo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-review-3"},{"link_name":"Honinbo Doetsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honinbo_Doetsu"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-review-3"},{"link_name":"jisha bugyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jisha_bugyo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-review-3"}],"text":"They were also nominally Buddhist institutions, with the Honinbo and Hayashi aligned with the Nichiren sect, and the Inoue and Yasui with the Jodo Shu.[3] All players were therefore male.[clarification needed] Some outward forms only persisted of that connection, with the oshirogo games being played in Buddhist dress and with shaven heads; the stylish Ota Yuzo was given a waiver of the obligation since he was proud of his hair.[3] After Honinbo Doetsu made a representation that long sleeves were troublesome for the players, a dispensation for shorter sleeves was allowed to them.[3] At least, in theory, matters on succession in the houses were subject to the authority of the jisha bugyo, an official regulating religious establishment. Nominations as heir, typically within the iemoto system of the best disciple, who might not be a natural son but in effect adopted, were supposed to be made official.[3] Deaths at an early age particularly affected the Honinbo house, and irregular succession could occur with the potential for scandal.","title":"Buddhist connections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meijin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meijin_(go)"},{"link_name":"godokoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godokoro"},{"link_name":"Genjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genjo"},{"link_name":"Chitoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chitoku&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The official posts of Meijin and godokoro were awarded, somewhat sporadically, and brought great prestige to the house. In practice, backstairs intrigue was often brought to bear on the appointments. More creditably, since the Meijin title could only be awarded to the undisputed master player of the time, there were occasions when it was withheld from two candidates whose merit was very close (an example was Genjo and Chitoku, around 1810–1820).","title":"Official status"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Esoteric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoteric"},{"link_name":"tsumego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsumego"},{"link_name":"Igo Hatsuyōron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igo_Hatsuy%C5%8Dron"},{"link_name":"Prepared variations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prepared_variation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"blood-vomiting game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood-vomiting_game"},{"link_name":"Jowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hon%27inb%C5%8D_J%C5%8Dwa"},{"link_name":"Akaboshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akaboshi"},{"link_name":"Ryukyu Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands"}],"text":"The mode of teaching, by apprenticeship, brought a consistent and high level of play (though some say the standard sagged in the eighteenth century). Esoteric teaching was normal, with collections of very difficult tsumego being compiled, one of which, the Igo Hatsuyōron, is still used for professional training. Prepared variations were used in top games (notably in the blood-vomiting game of Jowa and Akaboshi). Go secrets were state secrets, in effect; since the country was closed to foreigners, in the main, the only international competition was against players from the Ryukyu Islands, but those games are still cited as examples of the difference between strong amateurs and extremely strong players.","title":"Teaching"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dosaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosaku"},{"link_name":"Meiji Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Restoration"},{"link_name":"Honinbo Shusai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honinbo_Shusai"},{"link_name":"Honinbo title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honinbo_title"},{"link_name":"Nihon Kiin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihon_Kiin"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Four_Go_houses&action=edit"}],"text":"After a while, the Honinbo house (of Dosaku) emerged as the most prestigious, and the Hayashi house ran into difficulties, eventually being taken over by the Honinbo. The Meiji Restoration threw the system into disarray, but three houses survived some hard times to 1900. Honinbo Shusai arranged that the Honinbo title should become a tournament of the Nihon Kiin after his death (1939). The Yasui house died out; it is not certain as of 2004[update] whether the Inoue house theoretically continues or not, though it dropped out of the mainstream from the 1920s.","title":"Dissolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"An exploration of the game at the heart of 'The Master of Go'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2016/12/03/books/book-reviews/exploration-game-heart-master-go/#.WzoxDNVKjIU"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA249"},{"link_name":"Japan encyclopedia, pp. 249-250.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA249"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dispatch.opac.ddb.de/DB=4.1/PPN?PPN=128842709"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20120524174828/http://dispatch.opac.ddb.de/DB=4.1/PPN?PPN=128842709"},{"link_name":"archive.today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive.today"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-review_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-review_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-review_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-review_3-3"},{"link_name":"Harvard University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-674-01753-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01753-5"},{"link_name":"OCLC 48943301","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.worldcat.org/oclc/48943301/editions?editionsView=true&referer=br"},{"link_name":"OCLC 252292851","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/252292851"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Go_(game)"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Go_(game)"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Go_(game)"},{"link_name":"Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(game)"},{"link_name":"Overview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(game)"},{"link_name":"Handicaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_handicaps"},{"link_name":"Komi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi_(go)"},{"link_name":"Rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_of_Go"},{"link_name":"Equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_equipment"},{"link_name":"Bowls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_equipment#Bowls"},{"link_name":"Goban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goban_(go_game)"},{"link_name":"Katsura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsura_(tree)#Uses"},{"link_name":"Kaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaya_(tree)#Uses"},{"link_name":"Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_stones"},{"link_name":"Clamshell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivalve_shell#Uses"},{"link_name":"Slate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate#Other_uses"},{"link_name":"Yunzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunzi"},{"link_name":"Terms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms"},{"link_name":"Aji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Aji"},{"link_name":"Atari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Atari"},{"link_name":"Board positions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Board_positions"},{"link_name":"Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Dame"},{"link_name":"Divine move","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Divine_move"},{"link_name":"Double hane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Double_hane"},{"link_name":"Eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Eyes"},{"link_name":"Gote, sente and tenuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Gote,_sente_and_tenuki"},{"link_name":"Hane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Hane"},{"link_name":"Hayago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Hayago"},{"link_name":"Jigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Jigo"},{"link_name":"Joseki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Joseki"},{"link_name":"Kakari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Kakari"},{"link_name":"Keima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Keima"},{"link_name":"Kiai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Kiai"},{"link_name":"Kikashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Kikashi"},{"link_name":"Ko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Ko"},{"link_name":"Komi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Komi"},{"link_name":"Korigatachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Korigatachi"},{"link_name":"Kosumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Kosumi"},{"link_name":"Ladder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Ladder"},{"link_name":"Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Liberty"},{"link_name":"Miai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Miai"},{"link_name":"Monkey jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Monkey_jump"},{"link_name":"Moyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Moyo"},{"link_name":"Myoushu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Myoushu"},{"link_name":"Nakade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Nakade"},{"link_name":"Nerai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Nerai"},{"link_name":"Myoushu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Myoushu"},{"link_name":"Peep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Peep"},{"link_name":"Pincer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Pincer"},{"link_name":"Probe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Probe"},{"link_name":"Sabaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Sabaki"},{"link_name":"Seki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Seki"},{"link_name":"Sente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Sente"},{"link_name":"Shape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Shape"},{"link_name":"Shoulder hit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Shoulder_hit"},{"link_name":"Tesuji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Tesuji"},{"link_name":"Thickness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Thickness"},{"link_name":"Yose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#Yose"},{"link_name":"Strategy and tactics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_strategy_and_tactics"},{"link_name":"Capturing race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capturing_race"},{"link_name":"Fuseki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuseki"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_fuseki"},{"link_name":"Kobayashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobayashi_fuseki"},{"link_name":"Shinfuseki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinfuseki"},{"link_name":"Shusaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shusaku_fuseki"},{"link_name":"Jōseki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%8Dseki"},{"link_name":"Nadare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadare_j%C5%8Dseki"},{"link_name":"Taisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taisha_j%C5%8Dseki"},{"link_name":"Ko fight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko_fight"},{"link_name":"Ladder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladder_(Go)"},{"link_name":"Life and death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_and_death"},{"link_name":"Mirror Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_Go"},{"link_name":"Opening theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_opening"},{"link_name":"Proverbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_proverbs"},{"link_name":"Shape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_(Go)"},{"link_name":"Empty triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_triangle"},{"link_name":"Ponnuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponnuki"},{"link_name":"Tenuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenuki"},{"link_name":"Tsumego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsumego"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Go"},{"link_name":"Classic of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Dunhuang Go Manual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunhuang_Go_Manual"},{"link_name":"Emperor Yao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Yao"},{"link_name":"Four Go houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Four arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_arts#Qi_(%E6%A3%8B)"},{"link_name":"Hoensha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoensha"},{"link_name":"9 Pin Zhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_Pin_Zhi"},{"link_name":"Oskar Korschelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Korschelt"},{"link_name":"Oshirogo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshirogo"},{"link_name":"Players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_players"},{"link_name":"European players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Go_players"},{"link_name":"Female players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_Go_players"},{"link_name":"Nihon Ki-in Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihon_Ki-in_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Professional handicaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Go_handicaps"},{"link_name":"Go professional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_professional"},{"link_name":"Ranks and ratings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_ranks_and_ratings"},{"link_name":"Dan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_(rank)"},{"link_name":"Kyū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Honorary titles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_Go_titles"},{"link_name":"Jubango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubango"},{"link_name":"Title holders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_top_title_holders_in_Go"},{"link_name":"Tournaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_professional_Go_tournaments"},{"link_name":"Games and matches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_games"},{"link_name":"AlphaGo vs. Fan Hui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo_versus_Fan_Hui"},{"link_name":"AlphaGo vs. Ke Jie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo_versus_Ke_Jie"},{"link_name":"AlphaGo vs. Lee Sedol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo_versus_Lee_Sedol"},{"link_name":"Atomic bomb game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_games#Atomic_bomb_game"},{"link_name":"Blood-vomiting game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood-vomiting_game"},{"link_name":"Ear-reddening game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ear-reddening_game"},{"link_name":"The Game of the Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_games#The_Game_of_the_Century"},{"link_name":"Kamakura jubango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakura_jubango"},{"link_name":"Lee's broken ladder game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_games#Lee's_broken_ladder_game"},{"link_name":"AlphaGo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Divine Move","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Divine_Move"},{"link_name":"The Girl Who Played Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_Who_Played_Go"},{"link_name":"The Go Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Go_Master"},{"link_name":"The Go Player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_Player_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Go World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_World"},{"link_name":"Hikaru no Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikaru_no_Go"},{"link_name":"Igo Hatsuyōron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igo_Hatsuy%C5%8Dron"},{"link_name":"Long Ode to Watching Weiqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Ode_to_Watching_Weiqi"},{"link_name":"The MANIAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_MANIAC"},{"link_name":"The Master of Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Master_of_Go"},{"link_name":"Ranka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranka_(legend)"},{"link_name":"Sensei's Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensei%27s_Library"},{"link_name":"Shibumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibumi_(novel)"},{"link_name":"The Surrounding Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Surrounding_Game"},{"link_name":"The Weiqi Devil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weiqi_Devil"},{"link_name":"Computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_software"},{"link_name":"Computer Go UEC Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Go_UEC_Cup"},{"link_name":"Engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Go"},{"link_name":"AlphaGo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo"},{"link_name":"AlphaGo Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo_Master"},{"link_name":"AlphaGo Zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo_Zero"},{"link_name":"AlphaZero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaZero"},{"link_name":"Crazy Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy_Stone_(software)"},{"link_name":"Darkforest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkforest"},{"link_name":"Fine Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_Art_(software)"},{"link_name":"GNU Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Go"},{"link_name":"KataGo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KataGo"},{"link_name":"Leela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leela_(software)"},{"link_name":"Leela Zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leela_Zero"},{"link_name":"Zen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen_(software)"},{"link_name":"Future of Go Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_of_Go_Summit"},{"link_name":"Monte Carlo tree search","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_tree_search"},{"link_name":"Smart Game Format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Game_Format"},{"link_name":"Servers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Go_server"},{"link_name":"KGS Go Server","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGS_Go_Server"},{"link_name":"Pandanet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandanet"},{"link_name":"Tygem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tygem"},{"link_name":"Organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_organizations"},{"link_name":"American Go Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Go_Association"},{"link_name":"Australian Go Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Go_Association"},{"link_name":"British Go Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Go_Association"},{"link_name":"China Qiyuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Qiyuan"},{"link_name":"Chinese Weiqi Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Weiqi_Association"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Go Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Go_Association"},{"link_name":"European Go Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Go_Federation"},{"link_name":"French Federation of Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Federation_of_Go"},{"link_name":"International Go Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Go_Federation"},{"link_name":"Irish Go Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Go_Association"},{"link_name":"All Japan Student Go Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Japan_Student_Go_Federation"},{"link_name":"Kansai Ki-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansai_Ki-in"},{"link_name":"Nihon Ki-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihon_Ki-in"},{"link_name":"Korea Baduk Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Baduk_Association"},{"link_name":"Myongji University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myongji_University"},{"link_name":"Mind Sports Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_Sports_Organisation"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Go Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Go_Society"},{"link_name":"Singapore Weiqi Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Weiqi_Association"},{"link_name":"Taiwan Chi Yuan Culture Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Chi_Yuan_Culture_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Benson's algorithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benson%27s_algorithm_(Go)"},{"link_name":"Game record (kifu)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_game_record"},{"link_name":"Games played with Go equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_played_with_Go_equipment"},{"link_name":"Go and mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_and_mathematics"},{"link_name":"Variants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_variants"},{"link_name":"Batoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batoo"},{"link_name":"Capture go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_go"},{"link_name":"Sygo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sygo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GO_game.png"},{"link_name":"Go portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Go"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Go_(game)"}],"text":"^ \"An exploration of the game at the heart of 'The Master of Go'\". 3 December 2016.\n\n^ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric et al. (2005). \"Go\" in Japan encyclopedia, pp. 249-250., p. 249, at Google Books; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, see Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File Archived 24 May 2012 at archive.today.\n\n^ a b c d Go Monthly Review 1963/4 p.41Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 48943301\nShuzō Ōhira and John Fairbairn. (1977). Appreciating Famous Games. Tokyo: Ishi. OCLC 252292851vteGoOverview\nHandicaps\nKomi\nRules\nEquipment\nBowls\nGoban\nKatsura\nKaya\nStones\nClamshell\nSlate\nYunzi\nTerms\nAji\nAtari\nBoard positions\nDame\nDivine move\nDouble hane\nEyes\nGote, sente and tenuki\nHane\nHayago\nJigo\nJoseki\nKakari\nKeima\nKiai\nKikashi\nKo\nKomi\nKorigatachi\nKosumi\nLadder\nLiberty\nMiai\nMonkey jump\nMoyo\nMyoushu\nNakade\nNerai\nMyoushu\nPeep\nPincer\nProbe\nSabaki\nSeki\nSente\nShape\nShoulder hit\nTesuji\nThickness\nYose\nStrategy and tactics\nCapturing race\nFuseki\nChinese\nKobayashi\nShinfuseki\nShusaku\nJōseki\nNadare\nTaisha\nKo fight\nLadder\nLife and death\nMirror Go\nOpening theory\nProverbs\nShape\nEmpty triangle\nPonnuki\nTenuki\nTsumego\nHistory\nClassic of Arts\nDunhuang Go Manual\nEmperor Yao\nFour Go houses\nFour arts\nHoensha\n9 Pin Zhi\nOskar Korschelt\nOshirogo\nPlayers\nEuropean players\nFemale players\nNihon Ki-in Hall of Fame\nProfessional handicaps\nCompetition\nGo professional\nRanks and ratings\nDan\nKyū\nHonorary titles\nJubango\nTitle holders\nTournaments\nGames and matches\nAlphaGo vs. Fan Hui\nAlphaGo vs. Ke Jie\nAlphaGo vs. Lee Sedol\nAtomic bomb game\nBlood-vomiting game\nEar-reddening game\nThe Game of the Century\nKamakura jubango\nLee's broken ladder game\nArt and media\nAlphaGo\nThe Divine Move\nThe Girl Who Played Go\nThe Go Master\nThe Go Player\nGo World\nHikaru no Go\nIgo Hatsuyōron\nLong Ode to Watching Weiqi\nThe MANIAC\nThe Master of Go\nRanka\nSensei's Library\nShibumi\nThe Surrounding Game\nThe Weiqi Devil\nComputers\nComputer Go UEC Cup\nEngines\nAlphaGo\nAlphaGo Master\nAlphaGo Zero\nAlphaZero\nCrazy Stone\nDarkforest\nFine Art\nGNU Go\nKataGo\nLeela\nLeela Zero\nZen\nFuture of Go Summit\nMonte Carlo tree search\nSmart Game Format\nServers\nKGS Go Server\nPandanet\nTygem\nOrganizations\nAmerican Go Association\nAustralian Go Association\nBritish Go Association\nChina\nChina Qiyuan\nChinese Weiqi Association\nHong Kong Go Association\nEuropean Go Federation\nFrench Federation of Go\nInternational Go Federation\nIrish Go Association\nJapan\nAll Japan Student Go Federation\nKansai Ki-in\nNihon Ki-in\nKorea\nKorea Baduk Association\nMyongji University\nMind Sports Organisation\nNew Zealand Go Society\nSingapore Weiqi Association\nTaiwan Chi Yuan Culture Foundation\nOther\nBenson's algorithm\nGame record (kifu)\nGames played with Go equipment\nGo and mathematics\nVariants\nBatoo\nCapture go\nSygo\n\n Go portal\nCategory","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"This maki-e Go board is at the temple named Ryōgen'in 龍源院 at Daitoku-ji, Kyoto, Japan. It was said to be used by Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu. The bowls to the left and right of the board bear their family crests.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Go_board_Hideyoshi_Ieyasu_Ryogenin_M1868.jpg/350px-Go_board_Hideyoshi_Ieyasu_Ryogenin_M1868.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Iemoto § Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iemoto#Go"}] | [{"reference":"\"An exploration of the game at the heart of 'The Master of Go'\". 3 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2016/12/03/books/book-reviews/exploration-game-heart-master-go/#.WzoxDNVKjIU","url_text":"\"An exploration of the game at the heart of 'The Master of Go'\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Four_Go_houses&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2016/12/03/books/book-reviews/exploration-game-heart-master-go/#.WzoxDNVKjIU","external_links_name":"\"An exploration of the game at the heart of 'The Master of Go'\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA249"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA249","external_links_name":"Japan encyclopedia, pp. 249-250."},{"Link":"http://dispatch.opac.ddb.de/DB=4.1/PPN?PPN=128842709","external_links_name":"Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120524174828/http://dispatch.opac.ddb.de/DB=4.1/PPN?PPN=128842709","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48943301/editions?editionsView=true&referer=br","external_links_name":"OCLC 48943301"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/252292851","external_links_name":"OCLC 252292851"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_deal | Growth deal | ["1 History","2 List","3 See also","4 References"] | Economic agreement between local and national governments
Growth deals provide funds from the Government of the United Kingdom to local enterprise partnerships, for projects that benefit the local area and economy. They are promoted by the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government, Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, Cabinet Office, and Department for Transport. They are collaboratively funded by local government.
Regional growth deals in Scotland are administered by the Scottish Government. Whereas in Wales, they are administered by regional economic boards.
History
For growth deals in Wales, see Regional economy in Wales § Growth deals.
In 2020, a growth deal for North Wales was signed.
They are also active in the Black Country.
In March 2021, a £450 million Growth Deal for the Borderlands was signed; affecting border counties of Cumbria and Northumberland.
List
Area
Cost
Argyll and Bute
£70 million
Ayrshire
£148.5 million
Borderlands
£450 million
Falkirk
£90 million
North Wales
£240 million
Mid Wales
£110 million
Scottish Islands
£335 million
See also
City Deal
Regional economy in Wales
Devolution in the United Kingdom
Economy of the United Kingdom
Levelling up policy of the Boris Johnson government
Local government in the United Kingdom
Localism Act 2011
Northern Powerhouse
References
^ "Local Growth Deals". GOV.UK. 9 March 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
^ "Cities and regions: Regional Growth Deals". Scottish Government. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
^ Hughes, Owen (17 December 2020). "Fourteen transformation projects could be unlocked as North Wales Growth Deal signed". Business Live. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
^ George, Allan (28 December 2020). "Morlais marine energy project gets boost from North Wales Growth Deal". North Wales Chronicle. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
^ a b "£16m boost for North Wales Growth Deal as first tranche of funding is released". Denbighshire Free Press. 18 March 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
^ "Apply for Growth Deal Funding". Black Country LEP. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
^ "Boost for Northumberland as multi-million pound Borderlands Inclusive Growth Deal signed". www.berwick-advertiser.co.uk. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
^ "Rishi Sunak's Argyll and Bute 'growth deal' pledge hailed by Helensburgh MSP". Helensburgh Advertiser. 4 March 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
^ "Ayrshire Growth Deal website launched". InYourArea.co.uk. 26 February 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
^ "Chancellor to announce earlier delivery of Growth Deal money". Cumnock Chronicle. March 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
^ "£450 million Borderlands Growth Deal now underway". GOV.UK. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
^ "Scotland and England sign first ever Borderlands growth deal". HeraldScotland. 18 March 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
^ "£90m Growth Deal could lead to faster infrastructure improvements across Falkirk". www.falkirkherald.co.uk. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
^ Hughes, Owen (18 March 2021). "North Wales Growth Deal work officially starts as first tranche of the £240m fund lands". Business Live. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
^ "Mid Wales Growth Deal: Jobs boost but warning over progress". BBC News. 13 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
^ Walker, Peter A. (17 March 2021). "Scottish Islands Growth Deal worth £335 million signed". businessInsider. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
^ "Islands Growth Deal worth £335 million signed". GOV.UK. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
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Commons | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Government of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"local enterprise partnerships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_enterprise_partnership"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Housing,_Communities_and_Local_Government"},{"link_name":"Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Business,_Energy_and_Industrial_Strategy"},{"link_name":"Cabinet Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_Office"},{"link_name":"Department for Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Transport"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"local government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Scottish Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Government"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"regional economic boards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_economic_board"}],"text":"Growth deals provide funds from the Government of the United Kingdom to local enterprise partnerships, for projects that benefit the local area and economy. They are promoted by the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government, Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, Cabinet Office, and Department for Transport.[1] They are collaboratively funded by local government.Regional growth deals in Scotland are administered by the Scottish Government.[2] Whereas in Wales, they are administered by regional economic boards.","title":"Growth deal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Regional economy in Wales § Growth deals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_economy_in_Wales#Growth_deals"},{"link_name":"North Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Wales"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Black Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Country"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Borderlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borderlands_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Cumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbria"},{"link_name":"Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberland"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"For growth deals in Wales, see Regional economy in Wales § Growth deals.In 2020, a growth deal for North Wales was signed.[3][4][5] \nThey are also active in the Black Country.[6]\nIn March 2021, a £450 million Growth Deal for the Borderlands was signed; affecting border counties of Cumbria and Northumberland.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List"}] | [] | [{"title":"City Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Deal"},{"title":"Regional economy in Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_economy_in_Wales"},{"title":"Devolution in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"Economy of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"Levelling up policy of the Boris Johnson government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levelling_up_policy_of_the_Boris_Johnson_government"},{"title":"Local government in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"Localism Act 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localism_Act_2011"},{"title":"Northern Powerhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Powerhouse"}] | [{"reference":"\"Local Growth Deals\". GOV.UK. 9 March 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/local-growth-deals","url_text":"\"Local Growth Deals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cities and regions: Regional Growth Deals\". Scottish Government. Retrieved 1 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.scot/policies/cities-regions/regional-growth-deals/","url_text":"\"Cities and regions: Regional Growth Deals\""}]},{"reference":"Hughes, Owen (17 December 2020). \"Fourteen transformation projects could be unlocked as North Wales Growth Deal signed\". Business Live. Retrieved 1 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.business-live.co.uk/economic-development/fourteen-transformation-projects-could-unlocked-19474936","url_text":"\"Fourteen transformation projects could be unlocked as North Wales Growth Deal signed\""}]},{"reference":"George, Allan (28 December 2020). \"Morlais marine energy project gets boost from North Wales Growth Deal\". North Wales Chronicle. Retrieved 1 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.northwaleschronicle.co.uk/news/18972552.major-step-forward-north-wales-growth-deal/","url_text":"\"Morlais marine energy project gets boost from North Wales Growth Deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"£16m boost for North Wales Growth Deal as first tranche of funding is released\". Denbighshire Free Press. 18 March 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.denbighshirefreepress.co.uk/news/19169588.16m-boost-north-wales-growth-deal-first-tranche-funding-released/","url_text":"\"£16m boost for North Wales Growth Deal as first tranche of funding is released\""}]},{"reference":"\"Apply for Growth Deal Funding\". Black Country LEP. Retrieved 1 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blackcountrylep.co.uk/business-growth/funding-opportunities/apply-for-growth-deal-funding","url_text":"\"Apply for Growth Deal Funding\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boost for Northumberland as multi-million pound Borderlands Inclusive Growth Deal signed\". www.berwick-advertiser.co.uk. Retrieved 18 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.berwick-advertiser.co.uk/news/politics/council/boost-for-northumberland-as-multi-million-pound-borderlands-inclusive-growth-deal-signed-3170570","url_text":"\"Boost for Northumberland as multi-million pound Borderlands Inclusive Growth Deal signed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rishi Sunak's Argyll and Bute 'growth deal' pledge hailed by Helensburgh MSP\". Helensburgh Advertiser. 4 March 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.helensburghadvertiser.co.uk/news/19137150.maurice-corry-msp-praises-rishi-sunaks-argyll-bute-growth-deal-pledge/","url_text":"\"Rishi Sunak's Argyll and Bute 'growth deal' pledge hailed by Helensburgh MSP\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ayrshire Growth Deal website launched\". InYourArea.co.uk. 26 February 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inyourarea.co.uk/news/ayrshire-growth-deal-website-lau/","url_text":"\"Ayrshire Growth Deal website launched\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chancellor to announce earlier delivery of Growth Deal money\". Cumnock Chronicle. March 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cumnockchronicle.com/news/19127222.budget-ayrshire-get-extra-34million-across-ten-years-says-sunak/","url_text":"\"Chancellor to announce earlier delivery of Growth Deal money\""}]},{"reference":"\"£450 million Borderlands Growth Deal now underway\". GOV.UK. Retrieved 18 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/450-million-borderlands-growth-deal-now-underway","url_text":"\"£450 million Borderlands Growth Deal now underway\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scotland and England sign first ever Borderlands growth deal\". HeraldScotland. 18 March 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/19169293.scotland-england-sign-first-ever-borderlands-growth-deal/","url_text":"\"Scotland and England sign first ever Borderlands growth deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"£90m Growth Deal could lead to faster infrastructure improvements across Falkirk\". www.falkirkherald.co.uk. Retrieved 18 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.falkirkherald.co.uk/news/politics/council/ps90m-growth-deal-could-lead-to-faster-infrastructure-improvements-across-falkirk-3153060","url_text":"\"£90m Growth Deal could lead to faster infrastructure improvements across Falkirk\""}]},{"reference":"Hughes, Owen (18 March 2021). \"North Wales Growth Deal work officially starts as first tranche of the £240m fund lands\". Business Live. Retrieved 18 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.business-live.co.uk/economic-development/north-wales-growth-deal-work-20200962","url_text":"\"North Wales Growth Deal work officially starts as first tranche of the £240m fund lands\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mid Wales Growth Deal: Jobs boost but warning over progress\". BBC News. 13 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-politics-59971629","url_text":"\"Mid Wales Growth Deal: Jobs boost but warning over progress\""}]},{"reference":"Walker, Peter A. (17 March 2021). \"Scottish Islands Growth Deal worth £335 million signed\". businessInsider. Retrieved 18 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insider.co.uk/news/scottish-islands-growth-deal-worth-23745899","url_text":"\"Scottish Islands Growth Deal worth £335 million signed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Islands Growth Deal worth £335 million signed\". GOV.UK. Retrieved 18 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/islands-growth-deal-worth-335-million-signed","url_text":"\"Islands Growth Deal worth £335 million signed\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/local-growth-deals","external_links_name":"\"Local Growth Deals\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.scot/policies/cities-regions/regional-growth-deals/","external_links_name":"\"Cities and regions: Regional Growth Deals\""},{"Link":"https://www.business-live.co.uk/economic-development/fourteen-transformation-projects-could-unlocked-19474936","external_links_name":"\"Fourteen transformation projects could be unlocked as North Wales Growth Deal signed\""},{"Link":"https://www.northwaleschronicle.co.uk/news/18972552.major-step-forward-north-wales-growth-deal/","external_links_name":"\"Morlais marine energy project gets boost from North Wales Growth Deal\""},{"Link":"https://www.denbighshirefreepress.co.uk/news/19169588.16m-boost-north-wales-growth-deal-first-tranche-funding-released/","external_links_name":"\"£16m boost for North Wales Growth Deal as first tranche of funding is released\""},{"Link":"https://www.blackcountrylep.co.uk/business-growth/funding-opportunities/apply-for-growth-deal-funding","external_links_name":"\"Apply for Growth Deal Funding\""},{"Link":"https://www.berwick-advertiser.co.uk/news/politics/council/boost-for-northumberland-as-multi-million-pound-borderlands-inclusive-growth-deal-signed-3170570","external_links_name":"\"Boost for Northumberland as multi-million pound Borderlands Inclusive Growth Deal signed\""},{"Link":"https://www.helensburghadvertiser.co.uk/news/19137150.maurice-corry-msp-praises-rishi-sunaks-argyll-bute-growth-deal-pledge/","external_links_name":"\"Rishi Sunak's Argyll and Bute 'growth deal' pledge hailed by Helensburgh MSP\""},{"Link":"https://www.inyourarea.co.uk/news/ayrshire-growth-deal-website-lau/","external_links_name":"\"Ayrshire Growth Deal website launched\""},{"Link":"https://www.cumnockchronicle.com/news/19127222.budget-ayrshire-get-extra-34million-across-ten-years-says-sunak/","external_links_name":"\"Chancellor to announce earlier delivery of Growth Deal money\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/450-million-borderlands-growth-deal-now-underway","external_links_name":"\"£450 million Borderlands Growth Deal now underway\""},{"Link":"https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/19169293.scotland-england-sign-first-ever-borderlands-growth-deal/","external_links_name":"\"Scotland and England sign first ever Borderlands growth deal\""},{"Link":"https://www.falkirkherald.co.uk/news/politics/council/ps90m-growth-deal-could-lead-to-faster-infrastructure-improvements-across-falkirk-3153060","external_links_name":"\"£90m Growth Deal could lead to faster infrastructure improvements across Falkirk\""},{"Link":"https://www.business-live.co.uk/economic-development/north-wales-growth-deal-work-20200962","external_links_name":"\"North Wales Growth Deal work officially starts as first tranche of the £240m fund lands\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-politics-59971629","external_links_name":"\"Mid Wales Growth Deal: Jobs boost but warning over progress\""},{"Link":"https://www.insider.co.uk/news/scottish-islands-growth-deal-worth-23745899","external_links_name":"\"Scottish Islands Growth Deal worth £335 million signed\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/islands-growth-deal-worth-335-million-signed","external_links_name":"\"Islands Growth Deal worth £335 million signed\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Growth_deal&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huili_County | Huili | ["1 Administrative divisions","2 Geography and climate","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 26°38′N 102°15′E / 26.633°N 102.250°E / 26.633; 102.250For other uses, see Huili (disambiguation).
County-level city in Sichuan, ChinaHuili
会理市 · ꑌꄷꏃCounty-level cityLocation of Huili County (pink) and Liangshan Prefecture (yellow) within SichuanHuiliLocation in SichuanShow map of SichuanHuiliHuili (China)Show map of ChinaCoordinates: 26°38′N 102°15′E / 26.633°N 102.250°E / 26.633; 102.250CountryChinaProvinceSichuanAutonomous prefectureLiangshanMunicipal seatGucheng SubdistrictArea • Total4,527 km2 (1,748 sq mi)Elevation1,802 m (5,912 ft)Population (2020) • Total390,531 • Density86/km2 (220/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)Area code0834Websitewww.huili.gov.cn
HuiliChinese nameSimplified Chinese会理市Traditional Chinese會理市TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinHuìlǐ ShìYi nameYiꑌꄷꏃ or ꉼꆹꏃRomanisation: nyi ddix shyp or hop li shyp
Huili (Chinese: 会理市; pinyin: Huìlǐ Shì; Yi: ꑌꄷꏃ or ꉼꆹꏃ nyi ddix shyp or hop li shyp) is a county-level city of far southern Sichuan province, China. It is under the administration of the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture.
Formerly Huili County (会理县, ꑌꄷꑤ), it was upgraded to a county-level city in May 2022.
Huili was severely affected by the 2008 Panzhihua earthquake.
Administrative divisions
Huili comprises 7 subdistricts, 11 towns, 6 townships and 2 ethnic townships.
Name
Simplified Chinese
Hanyu Pinyin
Yi
Romanized Yi
Administrative division code
Subdistricts
Chengbei Subdistrict
城北街道
Chéngběi Jiēdào
ꍰꀙꏦꈜ
chep bip jie gga
513402001
Chengnan Subdistrict
城南街道
Chéngnán Jiēdào
ꀙꇨꏦꈜ
bip guo jie gga
513402002
Gucheng Subdistrict
古城街道
Gǔchéng Jiēdào
ꀊꆨꇓꈓꏦꈜ
a hlex lur kur jie gga
513402003
Towns
Luchang Town
鹿厂镇
Lùchǎng Zhèn
ꇑꍣꍔ
lup cha zhep
513402101
Lixi Town
黎溪镇
Líxī Zhèn
ꆀꑭꍔ
nip xy zhep
513402102
Tong'an Town
通安镇
Tōng'ān Zhèn
ꄫꉢꍔ
to nga zhep
513402103
Taiping Town
太平镇
Tàipíng Zhèn
ꄠꀻꍔ
tiep pip zhep
513402104
Yimen Town
益门镇
Yìmén Zhèn
ꒊꂿꍔ
yyp mo zhep
513402105
Lüshui Town
绿水镇
Lǜshuǐ Zhèn
ꇑꎴꍔ
lup sho zhep
513402106
Yundian Town
云甸镇
Yúndiàn Zhèn
ꑴꄆꍔ
yip diep zhep
513402107
Xinfa Town
新发镇
Xīnfā Zhèn
ꑭꃔꍔ
xy fap zhep
513402108
Guanhe Town
关河镇
Guānhé Zhèn
ꇨꉼꍔ
guo hop zhep
513402109
Zhangguan Town
彰冠镇
Zhāngguàn Zhèn
ꍈꇨꍔ
zha guo zhep
513402110
Mugu Town
木古镇
Mùgǔ Zhèn
ꃆꇴꍔ
mup gu zhep
513402111
Liuhua Town
六华镇
Liùhuá Zhèn
ꇑꉸꍔ
lup huop zhep
513402112
Xiaoheiqing Town
小黑箐镇
Xiǎohēiqìng Zhèn
ꑦꉿꏿꍔ
xuo hep qip zhep
513402113
Townships
Neidong Township
内东乡
Nèidōng Xiāng
ꇊꄏꑣ
lop do xie
513402201
Shubao Township
树堡乡
Shùbǎo Xiāng
ꎽꀦꑣ
shup box xie
513402202
Caoyuan Township
槽元乡
Cáoyuán Xiāng
ꊼꑼꑣ
cuop yuop xie
513402204
Ethnic township
Xin'an Dai Ethnic Township
新安傣族乡
Xīn'ān Dǎizú Xiāng
ꑭꉢꄅꊥꑣ
xy nga die zup xie
513402203
Geography and climate
Huili is situated in southern Sichuan and is the southernmost division of the Liangshan Prefecture, bordering Sichuan's Panzhihua City and Yunnan. The county-level city seat has an elevation of about 1,800 m (5,900 ft), although elevations range from 839 m (2,753 ft) along the Jinsha River to 3,920 m (12,860 ft) at Mount Beimu (贝母山).
Due to its southerly location in Sichuan and high elevation, Huili has a subtropical highland climate (Köppen Cwb), with mild, very sunny and dry winters, and very warm, rainy summers. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from 7.3 °C (45.1 °F) in January to 21.1 °C (70.0 °F) in June, and the annual mean is 15.23 °C (59.4 °F). Over 60% of the 1,162 mm (45.7 in) annual precipitation occurs from June to August. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 34% in July to 72% in February, the county-level city seat receives 2,348 hours of bright sunshine annually.
Climate data for Huili, elevation 1,787 m (5,863 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
23.2(73.8)
25.2(77.4)
28.5(83.3)
31.6(88.9)
34.0(93.2)
33.8(92.8)
32.7(90.9)
30.8(87.4)
31.2(88.2)
27.9(82.2)
25.1(77.2)
22.5(72.5)
34.0(93.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
16.4(61.5)
18.9(66.0)
22.3(72.1)
25.1(77.2)
26.6(79.9)
26.7(80.1)
26.1(79.0)
26.3(79.3)
24.4(75.9)
22.0(71.6)
19.1(66.4)
16.2(61.2)
22.5(72.5)
Daily mean °C (°F)
7.6(45.7)
10.2(50.4)
13.9(57.0)
17.2(63.0)
20.2(68.4)
21.5(70.7)
21.0(69.8)
20.7(69.3)
18.9(66.0)
16.2(61.2)
11.6(52.9)
8.0(46.4)
15.6(60.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1.1(34.0)
3.0(37.4)
6.5(43.7)
10.1(50.2)
14.5(58.1)
17.6(63.7)
17.8(64.0)
17.1(62.8)
15.7(60.3)
12.6(54.7)
6.5(43.7)
2.2(36.0)
10.4(50.7)
Record low °C (°F)
−4.2(24.4)
−3.9(25.0)
−3.6(25.5)
3.1(37.6)
4.9(40.8)
11.2(52.2)
11.9(53.4)
9.5(49.1)
7.0(44.6)
4.0(39.2)
−2.0(28.4)
−5.7(21.7)
−5.7(21.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
11.2(0.44)
7.6(0.30)
13.7(0.54)
23.8(0.94)
83.5(3.29)
201.7(7.94)
277.2(10.91)
215.4(8.48)
191.8(7.55)
89.4(3.52)
20.7(0.81)
4.4(0.17)
1,140.4(44.89)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)
2.3
3.0
4.6
6.3
11.8
17.7
20.5
18.7
18.1
12.3
5.6
2.5
123.4
Average relative humidity (%)
63
56
51
53
59
72
80
79
80
77
73
70
68
Mean monthly sunshine hours
233.4
226.5
256.7
252.5
231.9
157.0
143.6
170.3
127.4
152.1
186.4
210.1
2,347.9
Percent possible sunshine
71
72
69
66
56
38
34
42
35
43
57
65
53
Source: China Meteorological Administration
References
^ "凉山州第七次全国人口普查公报（第二号）——县（市）人口情况" (in Chinese). Government of Liangshan Prefecture. 2021-06-02.
^ "China: Earthquake in Sichuan and Yunnan" (PDF). International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. 2 September 2008. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
^
中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
^
中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年）. China Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on 2013-09-21. Retrieved 2010-05-25.
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This Sichuan location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huili (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huili_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Yi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_language"},{"link_name":"county-level city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County-level_city"},{"link_name":"Sichuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan"},{"link_name":"Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liangshan_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"2008 Panzhihua earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Panzhihua_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Panzhihua_earthquake-2"}],"text":"For other uses, see Huili (disambiguation).County-level city in Sichuan, ChinaHuili (Chinese: 会理市; pinyin: Huìlǐ Shì; Yi: ꑌꄷꏃ or ꉼꆹꏃ nyi ddix shyp or hop li shyp) is a county-level city of far southern Sichuan province, China. It is under the administration of the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture.Formerly Huili County (会理县, ꑌꄷꑤ), it was upgraded to a county-level city in May 2022.Huili was severely affected by the 2008 Panzhihua earthquake.[2]","title":"Huili"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subdistricts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdistricts_of_China"},{"link_name":"towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towns_of_China"},{"link_name":"townships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townships_of_China"},{"link_name":"ethnic townships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_townships,_towns,_and_sums"}],"text":"Huili comprises 7 subdistricts, 11 towns, 6 townships and 2 ethnic townships.","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panzhihua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzhihua"},{"link_name":"Yunnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan"},{"link_name":"Jinsha River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinsha_River"},{"link_name":"Mount Beimu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Beimu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"subtropical highland climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical_highland_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"possible sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"China Meteorological Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cma_graphical-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMA_old-5"}],"text":"Huili is situated in southern Sichuan and is the southernmost division of the Liangshan Prefecture, bordering Sichuan's Panzhihua City and Yunnan. The county-level city seat has an elevation of about 1,800 m (5,900 ft), although elevations range from 839 m (2,753 ft) along the Jinsha River to 3,920 m (12,860 ft) at Mount Beimu (贝母山).Due to its southerly location in Sichuan and high elevation, Huili has a subtropical highland climate (Köppen Cwb), with mild, very sunny and dry winters, and very warm, rainy summers. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from 7.3 °C (45.1 °F) in January to 21.1 °C (70.0 °F) in June, and the annual mean is 15.23 °C (59.4 °F). Over 60% of the 1,162 mm (45.7 in) annual precipitation occurs from June to August. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 34% in July to 72% in February, the county-level city seat receives 2,348 hours of bright sunshine annually.Climate data for Huili, elevation 1,787 m (5,863 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n23.2(73.8)\n\n25.2(77.4)\n\n28.5(83.3)\n\n31.6(88.9)\n\n34.0(93.2)\n\n33.8(92.8)\n\n32.7(90.9)\n\n30.8(87.4)\n\n31.2(88.2)\n\n27.9(82.2)\n\n25.1(77.2)\n\n22.5(72.5)\n\n34.0(93.2)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n16.4(61.5)\n\n18.9(66.0)\n\n22.3(72.1)\n\n25.1(77.2)\n\n26.6(79.9)\n\n26.7(80.1)\n\n26.1(79.0)\n\n26.3(79.3)\n\n24.4(75.9)\n\n22.0(71.6)\n\n19.1(66.4)\n\n16.2(61.2)\n\n22.5(72.5)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n7.6(45.7)\n\n10.2(50.4)\n\n13.9(57.0)\n\n17.2(63.0)\n\n20.2(68.4)\n\n21.5(70.7)\n\n21.0(69.8)\n\n20.7(69.3)\n\n18.9(66.0)\n\n16.2(61.2)\n\n11.6(52.9)\n\n8.0(46.4)\n\n15.6(60.1)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n1.1(34.0)\n\n3.0(37.4)\n\n6.5(43.7)\n\n10.1(50.2)\n\n14.5(58.1)\n\n17.6(63.7)\n\n17.8(64.0)\n\n17.1(62.8)\n\n15.7(60.3)\n\n12.6(54.7)\n\n6.5(43.7)\n\n2.2(36.0)\n\n10.4(50.7)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−4.2(24.4)\n\n−3.9(25.0)\n\n−3.6(25.5)\n\n3.1(37.6)\n\n4.9(40.8)\n\n11.2(52.2)\n\n11.9(53.4)\n\n9.5(49.1)\n\n7.0(44.6)\n\n4.0(39.2)\n\n−2.0(28.4)\n\n−5.7(21.7)\n\n−5.7(21.7)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n11.2(0.44)\n\n7.6(0.30)\n\n13.7(0.54)\n\n23.8(0.94)\n\n83.5(3.29)\n\n201.7(7.94)\n\n277.2(10.91)\n\n215.4(8.48)\n\n191.8(7.55)\n\n89.4(3.52)\n\n20.7(0.81)\n\n4.4(0.17)\n\n1,140.4(44.89)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)\n\n2.3\n\n3.0\n\n4.6\n\n6.3\n\n11.8\n\n17.7\n\n20.5\n\n18.7\n\n18.1\n\n12.3\n\n5.6\n\n2.5\n\n123.4\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n63\n\n56\n\n51\n\n53\n\n59\n\n72\n\n80\n\n79\n\n80\n\n77\n\n73\n\n70\n\n68\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n233.4\n\n226.5\n\n256.7\n\n252.5\n\n231.9\n\n157.0\n\n143.6\n\n170.3\n\n127.4\n\n152.1\n\n186.4\n\n210.1\n\n2,347.9\n\n\nPercent possible sunshine\n\n71\n\n72\n\n69\n\n66\n\n56\n\n38\n\n34\n\n42\n\n35\n\n43\n\n57\n\n65\n\n53\n\n\nSource: China Meteorological Administration[3][4][5]","title":"Geography and climate"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"凉山州第七次全国人口普查公报（第二号）——县（市）人口情况\" (in Chinese). Government of Liangshan Prefecture. 2021-06-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://tjj.lsz.gov.cn/sjfb/lstjgb/202106/t20210602_1924541.html","url_text":"\"凉山州第七次全国人口普查公报（第二号）——县（市）人口情况\""}]},{"reference":"\"China: Earthquake in Sichuan and Yunnan\" (PDF). International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. 2 September 2008. Retrieved 30 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ifrc.org/docs/appeals/rpts08/CNeq02090801.pdf","url_text":"\"China: Earthquake in Sichuan and Yunnan\""}]},{"reference":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 17 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html","url_text":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration","url_text":"China Meteorological Administration"}]},{"reference":"中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 17 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps","url_text":"中国气象数据网"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration","url_text":"China Meteorological Administration"}]},{"reference":"中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年）. China Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on 2013-09-21. Retrieved 2010-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055035/http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3","url_text":"中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年）"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration","url_text":"China Meteorological Administration"},{"url":"http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Huili¶ms=26_38_N_102_15_E_type:adm3rd_region:CN-51_source:kolossus-dewiki","external_links_name":"26°38′N 102°15′E / 26.633°N 102.250°E / 26.633; 102.250"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Huili¶ms=26_38_N_102_15_E_type:adm3rd_region:CN-51_source:kolossus-dewiki","external_links_name":"26°38′N 102°15′E / 26.633°N 102.250°E / 26.633; 102.250"},{"Link":"http://www.huili.gov.cn/","external_links_name":"www.huili.gov.cn"},{"Link":"http://tjj.lsz.gov.cn/sjfb/lstjgb/202106/t20210602_1924541.html","external_links_name":"\"凉山州第七次全国人口普查公报（第二号）——县（市）人口情况\""},{"Link":"http://www.ifrc.org/docs/appeals/rpts08/CNeq02090801.pdf","external_links_name":"\"China: Earthquake in Sichuan and Yunnan\""},{"Link":"http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html","external_links_name":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data"},{"Link":"https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps","external_links_name":"中国气象数据网"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055035/http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3","external_links_name":"中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年）"},{"Link":"http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huili&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Mongr%C3%A9dien | Jean Mongrédien | ["1 Biography","2 Bibliography","3 References","4 External links"] | French musicologist
Jean Mongrédien, the son of Georges Mongrédien , specializing in the seventeenth century, is a French musicologist.
Biography
A specialist of music of France of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and especially opera and religious music, since 2001 Mongrédien has been professor emeritus at Paris-Sorbonne University where he held the chair of history of music and was dean of the Department of Musicology.
Bibliography
1986: La Musique en France : des Lumières au Romantisme (1789–1830), Paris, Flammarion, 370 p., ISBN 2-08-064651-6
2008: Le Théâtre-Italien de Paris 1801-1831 : Chronologie et documents, Marie-Hélène Coudroy-Saghai (collab.), Lyon, Symétrie, Venice, Palazzetto Bru Zane, series Perpetuum mobile, 8 volumes, 5384 p., ISBN 978-2-914373-30-2
References
^ La Musique en France : des Lumières au Romantisme (1789–1830)
^ Le Théâtre-Italien de Paris 1801-1831 : Chronologie et documents
External links
Jean Mongrédien on Encyclopédie Larousse
Publications de Jean Mongrédien on CAIRN
Jean Mongrédien on Symétrie
La Musique en France des Lumières au Romantisme (compte rendu) on Persée
Jean Mongrédien's discography on Discogs
Direction of thesis by Jean Mongrédien on Thèses.fr
Bibliographie des travaux de Jean Mongrédien in D'un opéra l'autre: hommage à Jean Mongrédien
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
Belgium
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Poland
Other
RISM
IdRef
Portals: classical music France | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georges Mongrédien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georges_Mongr%C3%A9dien&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q55771123#sitelinks-wikipedia"},{"link_name":"musicologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musicologist"}],"text":"Jean Mongrédien, the son of Georges Mongrédien [Wikidata], specializing in the seventeenth century, is a French musicologist.","title":"Jean Mongrédien"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"music of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_France"},{"link_name":"opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera"},{"link_name":"religious music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_music"},{"link_name":"Paris-Sorbonne University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris-Sorbonne_University"},{"link_name":"history of 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipapam | Adipapam | ["1 Cast","2 Soundtrack","3 Reception","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | This article needs a plot summary. Please add one in your own words. (May 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
1988 Indian filmAdipapamVCD coverDirected byP. ChandrakumarBased onOld TestamentProduced byR. B. ChoudaryStarringVimal RajaAbhilashaCinematographyP. ChandrakumarEdited byK. RajagopalMusic byJerry AmaldevUsha KhannaProductioncompanySuper Film InternationalRelease date
10 September 1988 (1988-09-10)
Running time87 minutesCountryIndiaLanguageMalayalamBudget₹ 7 lakhBox office₹ 2.5 crore
Adipapam (transl. Original sin) is a 1988 Indian Malayalam-language erotic film directed and filmed by P. Chandrakumar and produced by R. B. Choudary. It is based on the Old Testament and features Vimal Raja and Abhilasha as Adam and Eve, respectively. Upon release, the film grossed ₹2.5 crore against a budget of ₹7.5 lakh. The film was released in Tamil as Muthal Paavam. It is regarded as the first successful Malayalam softcore film with nudity.
Cast
Vimal Raja as Adam
Abhilasha as Eve
Soundtrack
The music was composed by Jerry Amaldev and Usha Khanna, with lyrics written by Devadas.
Song
Singers
"Daivathin Srishtiyil"
P Jayachandran
"Maanavan Mannil"
K. J. Yesudas
"Snehamithallo Bhoovileeshan"
Chorus, Krishnachandran
Reception
The film, made at a budget of ₹ 750,000, grossed ₹ 25 million. It is regarded as the first successful Malayalam film with softcore nudity. The success of the film inspired a series of similar productions in the next few years. Chandrakumar himself went on to direct eight more adult films and Abhilasha became the most sought B-grade actress.
See also
Malayalam softcore pornography
References
^ a b c R. Rins (9 July 2011). "ഞാന് ഏകനായിരുന്നു". Metrovaartha (in Malayalam). Archived from the original on 20 April 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2011.
^ "Mudhal Paavam". The Indian Express. 9 December 1988. p. 5. Retrieved 4 December 2018 – via Google News Archive.
^ Ayyappan, R. (1 January 2000). "Sleaze time, folks". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 4 December 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
External links
Adipapam at IMDb
Adipapam at Spicevienna.org
vteAdam and EveSource
Genesis creation narrative in the Book of Genesis
Adam
Eve
Offspring
Cain and Abel
Cain
Abel
Aclima
Luluwa
Seth
Awan
Azura
Jumella
Related theology
Fall of man
Original sin
Garden of Eden
Tree of the knowledge of good and evil
Serpents in the Bible
Forbidden fruit
Apple
Fig leaf
Figs in the Bible
Adam's ale
Adamic language
Camael
Protevangelium
Rosh Hashanah
Seed of the woman
Shamsiel
Lilith
Tree of life
Allegorical interpretations of Genesis
Other cultures
Adam–God doctrine
Adam and Eve in Mormonism
Adam in Islam
Adam in rabbinic literature
Al-A'raf
Book of Moses
Endowment
Manu (Hinduism)
Mashya and Mashyana
Serpent seed
Tree of Jiva and Atman
Tree of life (Quran)
Our Lady of Endor Coven
Film
Mama's Affair (1921)
Good Morning, Eve! (1934)
The Broken Jug (1937)
The Original Sin (1948)
The Private Lives of Adam and Eve (1960)
El pecado de Adán y Eva (1969)
La Biblia en pasta (1984)
The Annunciation (1984)
Second Time Lucky (1984)
Adipapam (1988)
Adam (1992)
Babs (2000)
The Last Eve (2005)
Year One (2009)
The Tragedy of Man (2011)
Adam and Dog (2011)
Tropico (2013)
Plays
Le Jeu d'Adam (12th century)
The Broken Jug (1808)
The Tragedy of Man (1861)
The Creation of the World and Other Business (1972)
Musicals
The Apple Tree (1966)
Dude (1972)
Up from Paradise (1973)
Children of Eden (1991)
Compositions
The Creation (1798)
structure
La mort d'Adam (1809)
Ève (1875)
Genesis Suite (1945)
Lilith (2001)
Literature
Apocalypse of Adam
Book of Moses
Book of Abraham
Books of Adam
Book of the Penitence of Adam
Cave of Treasures
"El amigo de Él y Ella"
Genesis A and Genesis B
Harrowing of Hell
Life of Adam and Eve
Testament of Adam
Testimony of Truth (3rd century)
Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan (6th century)
"Old Saxon Genesis" (9th century)
"Adam lay ybounden" (15th century)
Paradise Lost (1667)
Le Dernier Homme (1805)
Extracts from Adam's Diary (1904)
Eve's Diary (1905)
The Book of Genesis (2009)
The Rise and Fall of Adam and Eve (2017)
Art
Bernward Doors (1015)
Tapestry of Creation (11th century)
Expulsion from the Garden of Eden (1425)
Vienna Diptych (15th century)
The Last Judgment (1482)
The Garden of Earthly Delights (1504)
Adam and Eve (1507)
Paradise and Hell (1510)
The Creation of Adam (1512)
The Haywain Triptych (1516)
Eve, the Serpent and Death (1510s or 1520s)
Adam and Eve (1528)
Adam and Eve (1550)
The Fall of Man (1550)
Adam and Eve (c. 1550)
The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man (1617)
The Fall of Man (1628)
The Four Seasons (1660s)
The Koren Picture-Bible (1692–1696)
Paradise Lost (19th century)
Expulsion from the Garden of Eden (1828)
The First Mourning (1888)
Adam and Eve (1905)
Adam and Eve (1909)
Eve (1931)
Adam and Eve (1932)
The Serpent Chooses Adam and Eve (1958)
Songs
"Dese Bones G'wine Rise Again"
"Adam-ondi-Ahman" (1835)
"Forbidden Fruit" (1915)
"The Garden of Eden" (1956)
"In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida" (1968)
"Let's Give Adam and Eve Another Chance" (1970)
"Man Gave Names to All the Animals" (1979)
Albums
The Cainian Chronicle (1996)
Visions of Eden (2006)
Snakes for the Divine (2010)
Geography
Adam-ondi-Ahman
Tomb of Eve
Biology
Mitochondrial Eve
Y-chromosomal Adam
The Real Eve
Story within a story
Doraemon: Nobita's Diary on the Creation of the World
Island of Love
The Visitors
Television
"Adam & Eve" (1992)
"Probe 7, Over and Out" (1963)
"Simpsons Bible Stories"
"In-A-Gadda-Da-Leela"
"Daesong Heavy Industries II: Return to Innocence"
"Holly Bibble"
Games
Demon: The Fallen (2002)
Other
Pre-Adamite
Generations of Adam
Cave of the Patriarchs
Adam and Eve cylinder seal
Genealogies of Genesis
Carnal knowledge
Legend of the Rood
Ystorya Adaf
Ransom theory of atonement | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Original sin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_sin"},{"link_name":"Malayalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam"},{"link_name":"erotic film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erotic_film"},{"link_name":"P. Chandrakumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._Chandrakumar"},{"link_name":"R. B. Choudary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._B._Choudary"},{"link_name":"Old Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament"},{"link_name":"Abhilasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhilasha_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam"},{"link_name":"Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve"},{"link_name":"crore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crore"},{"link_name":"lakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakh"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Malayalam softcore film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_softcore_pornography"}],"text":"1988 Indian filmAdipapam (transl. Original sin) is a 1988 Indian Malayalam-language erotic film directed and filmed by P. Chandrakumar and produced by R. B. Choudary. It is based on the Old Testament and features Vimal Raja and Abhilasha as Adam and Eve, respectively. Upon release, the film grossed ₹2.5 crore against a budget of ₹7.5 lakh. The film was released in Tamil as Muthal Paavam.[2] It is regarded as the first successful Malayalam softcore film with nudity.","title":"Adipapam"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam"},{"link_name":"Abhilasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhilasha_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve"}],"text":"Vimal Raja as Adam\nAbhilasha as Eve","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jerry Amaldev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Amaldev"},{"link_name":"Usha Khanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usha_Khanna"}],"text":"The music was composed by Jerry Amaldev and Usha Khanna, with lyrics written by Devadas.","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Metrovaartha-1"},{"link_name":"B-grade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_movies"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adipapam-3"}],"text":"The film, made at a budget of ₹ 750,000, grossed ₹ 25 million.[1] It is regarded as the first successful Malayalam film with softcore nudity. The success of the film inspired a series of similar productions in the next few years. Chandrakumar himself went on to direct eight more adult films and Abhilasha became the most sought B-grade actress.[3]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | [{"title":"Malayalam softcore pornography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_softcore_pornography"}] | [{"reference":"R. Rins (9 July 2011). \"ഞാന് ഏകനായിരുന്നു\". Metrovaartha (in Malayalam). Archived from the original on 20 April 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120420235343/http://www.metrovaartha.com/2011/07/09042427/p-chandrakumar20110709.html","url_text":"\"ഞാന് ഏകനായിരുന്നു\""},{"url":"http://www.metrovaartha.com/2011/07/09042427/p-chandrakumar20110709.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mudhal Paavam\". The Indian Express. 9 December 1988. p. 5. 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Retrieved 14 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/jan/24mallu.htm","url_text":"\"Sleaze time, folks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rediff.com","url_text":"Rediff.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161204191304/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/jan/24mallu.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adipapam&action=edit","external_links_name":"add one"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120420235343/http://www.metrovaartha.com/2011/07/09042427/p-chandrakumar20110709.html","external_links_name":"\"ഞാന് ഏകനായിരുന്നു\""},{"Link":"http://www.metrovaartha.com/2011/07/09042427/p-chandrakumar20110709.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19881209&printsec=frontpage&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Mudhal Paavam\""},{"Link":"http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/jan/24mallu.htm","external_links_name":"\"Sleaze time, folks\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161204191304/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/jan/24mallu.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0352132/","external_links_name":"Adipapam"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110928105510/http://www.spicevienna.org/showMovie.php?m=11755","external_links_name":"Adipapam"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Gransart | Roland Gransart | ["1 External links and references"] | French footballer and coach
Roland GransartPersonal informationDate of birth
(1954-01-01) 1 January 1954 (age 70)Place of birth
Marseille, FrancePosition(s)
DefenderYouth career1965–1967
Volontane Saint Pierre1967–1974
MarseilleSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1974–1981
Marseille
78
(2)Managerial career1981–1984
Marseille1986–1991
Bastia1991–1998
FC Gueugnon1998–2001
Cannes2003
FC Martigues
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Roland Gransart (born 1 January 1954 in Marseille, France) is a French former footballer and coach.
He played for Olympique de Marseille.
After his playing career, he became a coach with Olympique de Marseille, SC Bastia, FC Gueugnon, AS Cannes and FC Martigues.
His father was Maurice Gransart.
External links and references
^ "France - Trainers of First and Second Division Clubs". RSSSF. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
^ "Maurice Gransart nous a quittés" (in French). Olympique de Marseille. 27 April 2013.
Player profile
Manager profile
vteOlympique de Marseille – managers
Mc Lalhan (1923)
Gascard (1924–26)
Gibson (1926–27)
Scheibenstock (1927–28)
Seitz (1928–30)
Farmer (1930)
Bell (1930–33)
Dittrich (1933–35)
Eisenhoffer (1935–38)
Kohut & Gascard (1938–39)
Eisenhoffer (1939–41)
Gascard (1941)
Seitz (1942)
Blanc & Gonzales (1942–43)
Henric (1943–44)
Gonzales (1944)
Wartel (1944–46)
Dewaquez (1946–47)
Zilisy (1947–49)
Jordan (1949–50)
Roessler (1950–54)
Rolhion (1954–56)
Robin (1956–58)
Zilisy (1958)
Maurer (1958–59)
Troupel (1959–62)
Glória (1962)
Penverne (1962)
Miró (1962–63)
Robin (1963–64)
Zatelli (1964–66)
Domergue (1966–68)
Zatelli (1968–70)
Leduc (1971–72)
Zatelli (1972)
Linder (1972–73)
Zatelli (1973)
Bonnel (1973)
Riera (1973–74)
Zvunka (1974–76)
Arribas (1976–77)
Zvunka (1977)
Marković (1977–78)
Zvunka (1978–80)
Robin (1980)
Batteux (1980–81)
Gransart (1981–84)
Cahuzac (1984–85)
Olarević (1985–86)
Banide (1986–88)
Gili (1988–90)
Beckenbauer (1990–91)
Goethals (1991)
Ivić (1991)
Goethals (1991–92)
Fernandez (1992)
Goethals (1992–93)
Bourrier (1993–94)
Gili (1994)
Stambouli & Peruzović (1995)
Stambouli (1995)
Gili (1995–97)
Courbis (1997–99)
Casoni (1999–2000)
Abel Braga (2000)
Emon & Galtier (2000)
Clemente (2000–01)
Ivić (2001)
Anigo (2001)
Lévy & Skoblar (2001)
Vujović (2001)
Emon (2001–02)
Perrin (2002–04)
Anigo (2004)
Emon (2004)
Troussier (2004–05)
Fernandez (2005–06)
Emon (2006–07)
Gerets (2007–09)
Deschamps (2009–12)
Baup (2012–13)
Anigo (2013–14)
Bielsa (2014–15)
Passic (2015)
Míchel (2015–16)
Passic (2016)
Garcia (2016–19)
Villas-Boas (2019–21)
Larguetc (2021)
Sampaoli (2021–22)
Tudor (2022–23)
Marcelino (2023)
Abardonadoc (2023)
Gattuso (2023–24)
Gasset (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteSC Bastia – managers
Abderhamane (1957–61)
Fassone (1961–63)
Nagy (1963–64)
Strappe (1964–65)
Nagy (1965–66)
Jasseron (1966–69)
Mekhloufi (1969)
Delfour & Mekhloufi (1969–70)
Delfour (1970)
Nagy (1970)
Vincent (1970–71)
Cahuzac (1971–79)
Destrumelle (1979–80)
Redin (1980–85)
Moizan (1985–86)
Redin (1986)
Gransart (1986–91)
Exbrayat (1991–93)
Lavagne (1993–94)
Antonetti (1994–98)
Kasperczak (1998)
Fournier (1998–99)
Pasqualetti (1999)
Antonetti (1999–2001)
Nouzaret (2001–02)
Gili (2002–04)
Ciccolini (2004–05)
Padovani & Durand (2005)
Casoni (2005–09)
Anziani (2009)
Padovani (2009)
Hadžibegić (2009–10)
Hantz (2010–14)
Makélélé (2014)
Printant (2014–16)
Ciccolini (2016–17)
Almeida (2017)
Ray (2017)
Rossi (2017–19)
Née (2019)
Chabert (2019–21)
Jeunechamp & Zago (2021)
Brouard (2021–24)
Moretti (2024–)
This biographical article related to association football in France, about a defender born in the 1950s, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Olympique de Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympique_de_Marseille"},{"link_name":"Olympique de Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympique_de_Marseille"},{"link_name":"SC Bastia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC_Bastia"},{"link_name":"FC Gueugnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Gueugnon"},{"link_name":"AS Cannes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Cannes"},{"link_name":"FC Martigues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Martigues"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Maurice Gransart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Gransart"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Roland Gransart (born 1 January 1954 in Marseille, France) is a French former footballer and coach.He played for Olympique de Marseille.After his playing career, he became a coach with Olympique de Marseille, SC Bastia, FC Gueugnon, AS Cannes and FC Martigues.[1]His father was Maurice Gransart.[2]","title":"Roland Gransart"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"France - Trainers of First and Second Division Clubs\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rsssf.org/players/trainers-fran-clubs.html"},{"link_name":"RSSSF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSSSF"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Maurice Gransart nous a quittés\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.om.net/fr/Saison/101005/Actualites/66691/Maurice_Gransart_nous_a_quittes"},{"link_name":"Player profile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.om1899.com/joueurs/dossierjoueur/gransartrolland.htm"},{"link_name":"Manager 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Lalhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Mc_Lalhan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gascard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gascard"},{"link_name":"Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Gibson"},{"link_name":"Scheibenstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Scheibenstock&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Seitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Seitz"},{"link_name":"Farmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Farmer_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Bell_(footballer,_born_1894)"},{"link_name":"Dittrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinzenz_Dittrich"},{"link_name":"Eisenhoffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Eisenhoffer"},{"link_name":"Kohut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilmos_Kohut"},{"link_name":"Gascard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gascard"},{"link_name":"Eisenhoffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Eisenhoffer"},{"link_name":"Gascard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gascard"},{"link_name":"Seitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Seitz_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Blanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Blanc"},{"link_name":"Gonzales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Gonzales_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Henric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Henric"},{"link_name":"Gonzales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Gonzales_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Wartel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wartel"},{"link_name":"Dewaquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Dewaquez"},{"link_name":"Zilisy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Zilisy"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Roessler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Roessler"},{"link_name":"Rolhion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Rolhion"},{"link_name":"Robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Robin_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Zilisy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Zilisy"},{"link_name":"Maurer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Maurer_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Troupel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Troupel"},{"link_name":"Glória","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Gl%C3%B3ria"},{"link_name":"Penverne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Penverne"},{"link_name":"Miró","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Mir%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Robin_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Zatelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Zatelli"},{"link_name":"Domergue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Domergue"},{"link_name":"Zatelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Zatelli"},{"link_name":"Leduc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Leduc"},{"link_name":"Zatelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Zatelli"},{"link_name":"Linder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Linder"},{"link_name":"Zatelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Zatelli"},{"link_name":"Bonnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bonnel"},{"link_name":"Riera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Riera"},{"link_name":"Zvunka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Zvunka"},{"link_name":"Arribas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Arribas"},{"link_name":"Zvunka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Zvunka"},{"link_name":"Marković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Markovi%C4%87_(footballer,_born_1928)"},{"link_name":"Zvunka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Zvunka"},{"link_name":"Robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Robin_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Batteux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Batteux"},{"link_name":"Gransart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Cahuzac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Cahuzac"},{"link_name":"Olarević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDarko_Olarevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Banide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Banide"},{"link_name":"Gili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Gili"},{"link_name":"Beckenbauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Beckenbauer"},{"link_name":"Goethals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Goethals"},{"link_name":"Ivić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomislav_Ivi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Goethals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Goethals"},{"link_name":"Fernandez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Fernandez"},{"link_name":"Goethals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Goethals"},{"link_name":"Bourrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Bourrier"},{"link_name":"Gili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Gili"},{"link_name":"Stambouli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Stambouli"},{"link_name":"Peruzović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luka_Peruzovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Stambouli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Stambouli"},{"link_name":"Gili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Gili"},{"link_name":"Courbis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolland_Courbis"},{"link_name":"Casoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Casoni"},{"link_name":"Abel 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RSSSF. Retrieved 2008-04-13.\n\n^ \"Maurice Gransart nous a quittés\" (in French). Olympique de Marseille. 27 April 2013.Player profile\nManager profilevteOlympique de Marseille – managers\nMc Lalhan (1923)\nGascard (1924–26)\nGibson (1926–27)\nScheibenstock (1927–28)\nSeitz (1928–30)\nFarmer (1930)\nBell (1930–33)\nDittrich (1933–35)\nEisenhoffer (1935–38)\nKohut & Gascard (1938–39)\nEisenhoffer (1939–41)\nGascard (1941)\nSeitz (1942)\nBlanc & Gonzales (1942–43)\nHenric (1943–44)\nGonzales (1944)\nWartel (1944–46)\nDewaquez (1946–47)\nZilisy (1947–49)\nJordan (1949–50)\nRoessler (1950–54)\nRolhion (1954–56)\nRobin (1956–58)\nZilisy (1958)\nMaurer (1958–59)\nTroupel (1959–62)\nGlória (1962)\nPenverne (1962)\nMiró (1962–63)\nRobin (1963–64)\nZatelli (1964–66)\nDomergue (1966–68)\nZatelli (1968–70)\nLeduc (1971–72)\nZatelli (1972)\nLinder (1972–73)\nZatelli (1973)\nBonnel (1973)\nRiera (1973–74)\nZvunka (1974–76)\nArribas (1976–77)\nZvunka (1977)\nMarković (1977–78)\nZvunka (1978–80)\nRobin (1980)\nBatteux (1980–81)\nGransart (1981–84)\nCahuzac (1984–85)\nOlarević (1985–86)\nBanide (1986–88)\nGili (1988–90)\nBeckenbauer (1990–91)\nGoethals (1991)\nIvić (1991)\nGoethals (1991–92)\nFernandez (1992)\nGoethals (1992–93)\nBourrier (1993–94)\nGili (1994)\nStambouli & Peruzović (1995)\nStambouli (1995)\nGili (1995–97)\nCourbis (1997–99)\nCasoni (1999–2000)\nAbel Braga (2000)\nEmon & Galtier (2000)\nClemente (2000–01)\nIvić (2001)\nAnigo (2001)\nLévy & Skoblar (2001)\nVujović (2001)\nEmon (2001–02)\nPerrin (2002–04)\nAnigo (2004)\nEmon (2004)\nTroussier (2004–05)\nFernandez (2005–06)\nEmon (2006–07)\nGerets (2007–09)\nDeschamps (2009–12)\nBaup (2012–13)\nAnigo (2013–14)\nBielsa (2014–15)\nPassic (2015)\nMíchel (2015–16)\nPassic (2016)\nGarcia (2016–19)\nVillas-Boas (2019–21)\nLarguetc (2021)\nSampaoli (2021–22)\nTudor (2022–23)\nMarcelino (2023)\nAbardonadoc (2023)\nGattuso (2023–24)\nGasset (2024–)\n\n(c) = caretaker managervteSC Bastia – managers\nAbderhamane (1957–61)\nFassone (1961–63)\nNagy (1963–64)\nStrappe (1964–65)\nNagy (1965–66)\nJasseron (1966–69)\nMekhloufi (1969)\nDelfour & Mekhloufi (1969–70)\nDelfour (1970)\nNagy (1970)\nVincent (1970–71)\nCahuzac (1971–79)\nDestrumelle (1979–80)\nRedin (1980–85)\nMoizan (1985–86)\nRedin (1986)\nGransart (1986–91)\nExbrayat (1991–93)\nLavagne (1993–94)\nAntonetti (1994–98)\nKasperczak (1998)\nFournier (1998–99)\nPasqualetti (1999)\nAntonetti (1999–2001)\nNouzaret (2001–02)\nGili (2002–04)\nCiccolini (2004–05)\nPadovani & Durand (2005)\nCasoni (2005–09)\nAnziani (2009)\nPadovani (2009)\nHadžibegić (2009–10)\nHantz (2010–14)\nMakélélé (2014)\nPrintant (2014–16)\nCiccolini (2016–17)\nAlmeida (2017)\nRay (2017)\nRossi (2017–19)\nNée (2019)\nChabert (2019–21)\nJeunechamp & Zago (2021)\nBrouard (2021–24)\nMoretti (2024–)This biographical article related to association football in France, about a defender born in the 1950s, is a stub. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coed | Mixed-sex education | ["1 History","2 Australia","3 China","4 France","5 Hong Kong","6 Mongolia","7 Pakistan","8 United Kingdom","8.1 Schools","8.2 Higher-education institutions","9 United States","9.1 Primary and secondary schools","9.2 Colleges","9.3 Co-education fraternities","9.4 \"Coed\" as slang","10 Effects","11 See also","12 References","13 Further reading","13.1 England","13.2 United States","14 External links"] | System of education where males and females are educated together
"Coed" redirects here. For other uses, see Coed (disambiguation).
Co-Education by Charles Allan Winter, c. 1915
Mixed-sex education, also known as mixed-gender education, co-education, or coeducation (abbreviated to co-ed or coed), is a system of education where males and females are educated together. Whereas single-sex education was more common up to the 19th century, mixed-sex education has since become standard in many cultures, particularly in western countries. Single-sex education remains prevalent in many Muslim countries. The relative merits of both systems have been the subject of debate.
The world's oldest co-educational school is thought to be Archbishop Tenison's Church of England High School, Croydon, established in 1714 in the United Kingdom, which admitted boys and girls from its opening onwards. This has always been a day school only.
The world's oldest co-educational both day and boarding school is Dollar Academy, a junior and senior school for males and females from ages 5 to 18 in Scotland, United Kingdom. From its opening in 1818, the school admitted both boys and girls of the parish of Dollar and the surrounding area. The school continues in existence to the present day with around 1,250 pupils.
The first co-educational college to be founded was Oberlin Collegiate Institute in Oberlin, Ohio. It opened on 3 December 1833, with 44 students, including 29 men and 15 women. Fully equal status for women did not arrive until 1837, and the first three women to graduate with bachelor's degrees did so in 1840. By the late 20th century, many institutions of higher learning that had been exclusively for men or women had become coeducational.
History
In early civilizations, people were typically educated informally: primarily within the household. As time progressed, education became more structured and formal. Women often had very few rights when education started to become a more important aspect of civilization. Efforts of the ancient Greek and Chinese societies focused primarily on the education of males. In ancient Rome, the availability of education was gradually extended to women, but they were taught separately from men. The early Christians and medieval Europeans continued this trend, and single-sex schools for the privileged classes prevailed through the Reformation period. The early periods of this century included many religious schools and the first major public schools in the country had been established for males and females.
In the 16th century, at the Council of Trent, the Roman Catholic church reinforced the establishment of free elementary schools for children of all classes. The concept of universal elementary education, regardless of sex, had been created. After the Reformation, coeducation was introduced in Western Europe, when certain Protestant groups urged that boys and girls should be taught to read the Bible. The practice became very popular in northern England, Scotland, and colonial New England, where young children, both male and female, attended dame schools. In the late 18th century, girls gradually were admitted to town schools. The Society of Friends in England, as well as in the United States, pioneered coeducation as they did universal education, and in Quaker settlements in the British colonies, boys and girls commonly attended school together. The new free public elementary, or common schools, which after the American Revolution supplanted church institutions, were almost always coeducational, and by 1900 most public high schools were coeducational as well. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, coeducation grew much more widely accepted. In Great Britain, Germany, and the Soviet Union, the education of girls and boys in the same classes became an approved practice.
Australia
In Australia, there is a trend towards increased coeducational schooling with new coeducational schools opening, few new single-sex schools opening and existing single-sex schools combining or opening their doors to the opposite gender.
China
The first mixed-sex institution of higher learning in China was the Nanjing Higher Normal Institute, which was renamed National Central University and Nanjing University. For millennia in China, public schools, especially public higher learning schools, were for men. Generally, only schools established by zōng zú (宗族, gens) were for both male and female students. Some schools, such as Li Zhi's school during the Ming dynasty and Yuan Mei's school during the Qing Dynasty, enrolled both male and female students. In the 1910s, women's universities were established, such as Ginling Women's University and Peking Girls' Higher Normal School, but there was no coeducation in higher learning schools.
Tao Xingzhi, the Chinese advocator of mixed-sex education, proposed The Audit Law for Women Students (規定女子旁聽法案, Guī Dìng Nǚ Zi Páng Tīng Fǎ Àn) at the meeting of Nanjing Higher Normal School held on December seventh, 1919. He also proposed that the university recruit female students. The idea was supported by the president Kuo Ping-Wen, academic director Liu Boming, and such famous professors as Lu Zhiwei and Yang Xingfo, but opposed by many famous men of the time. The meeting passed the law and decided to recruit women students next year. Nanjing Higher Normal School enrolled eight Chinese female students in 1920. In the same year Peking University also began to allow women students to audit classes. One of the most notable female students of that time was Chien-Shiung Wu.
In 1949, the People's Republic of China was founded. The Chinese government pursued a policy of moving towards co-education and nearly all schools and universities have become mixed-sex. In recent years, some female or single-sex schools have again emerged for special vocational training needs, but equal rights for education still applies to all citizens.
Indigenous Muslim populations in China, the Hui and Salars, find coeducation to be controversial, owing to Islamic ideas on gender roles. On the other hand, the Muslim Uyghurs have not historically objected to coeducation.
France
Admission to the Sorbonne was opened to girls in 1860. The baccalauréat became gender-blind in 1924, giving equal chances to all girls in applying to any universities. Mixed-sex education became mandatory for primary schools in 1957 and for all universities in 1975.
Hong Kong
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2008)
St. Paul's Co-educational College was the first mixed-sex secondary school in Hong Kong. It was founded in 1915 as St. Paul's Girls' College. At the end of World War II, it was temporarily merged with St. Paul's College, which is a boys' school. When classes at the campus of St. Paul's College were resumed, it continued to be mixed and changed to its present name. Some other renowned mixed-sex secondary schools in town include Hong Kong Pui Ching Middle School, Queen Elizabeth School, and Tsuen Wan Government Secondary School. Most Hong Kong primary and secondary schools are mixed-sex, including government public schools, charter schools, and private schools.
Mongolia
Mongolia's first co-educational school, named Third School, opened in Ulaanbaatar on November 2, 1921. Subsequent schools have been co-educational and there are no longer any single-sex schools in Mongolia.
Pakistan
Further information: Education in Pakistan, List of colleges in Pakistan, and List of universities in Pakistan
Pakistan is one of the many Muslim countries where most schools and colleges are single-gender although some schools and colleges, and most universities are coeducational. In schools that offer O levels and A levels, co-education is quite prevalent. After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, most universities were coeducational but the proportion of women was less than 5%. After the Islamization policies in the early 1980s, the government established Women's colleges and Women's universities to promote education among women who were hesitant to study in mixed-sex environment. Today, however, most universities and a large number of schools in urban areas are co-educational.
United Kingdom
Further information: Education in the United Kingdom
Schools
In the United Kingdom the official term is mixed, and today most schools are mixed. A number of Quaker co-educational boarding schools were established before the 19th century.
The world's oldest co-educational school is thought to be Archbishop Tenison's Church of England High School, Croydon, established in 1714 in the United Kingdom, which admitted 10 boys and 10 girls from its opening, and remained co-educational thereafter. This is a day school only and still in existence.
The Scottish Dollar Academy was the first mixed-sex both day and boarding school in the UK. Founded in 1818, it is the oldest both boarding and day mixed-sex educational institution in the world still in existence. In England, the first non-Quaker mixed-sex public boarding school was Bedales School, founded in 1893 by John Haden Badley and becoming mixed in 1898. Ruckleigh School in Solihull was founded by Cathleen Cartland in 1909 as a non-denominational co-educational preparatory school many decades before others followed. Many previously single-sex schools have begun to accept both sexes in the past few decades: for example, Clifton College began to accept girls in 1987.
Higher-education institutions
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2008)
Further information: University of Oxford § Women's education, and University of Cambridge § Women's education
The first higher-education institution in the United Kingdom to allow women and men to enter on equal terms, and hence be admitted to academic degrees, was the University of Bristol (then established as University College, Bristol) in 1876.
Given their dual role as both boarding house and educational establishment, individual colleges at Oxford and Cambridge remained segregated for much longer. The first Oxford college to house both men and women was the graduate-only Nuffield College in 1937; the first five undergraduate colleges (Brasenose, Hertford, Jesus, St Catherine's, and Wadham) became mixed in 1974. The first mixed Cambridge college was the graduate-only Darwin from its foundation in 1964. Churchill, Clare, and King's Colleges were the first previously all-male colleges of the University of Cambridge to admit female undergraduates in 1972. Magdalene was the last all-male college to become mixed in 1988.
The last women's college in Oxford, St Hilda's, became mixed as of Michaelmas term 2008. Two colleges remain single-sex (women-only) at Cambridge: Murray Edwards (New Hall) and Newnham.
United States
Further information: List of earliest coeducational colleges and universities in the United States and Women's colleges in the United States
Oberlin College, the oldest extant mixed-sex institute of higher education in the United States
The oldest extant mixed-sex institute of higher education in the United States is Oberlin College in Oberlin, Ohio, which was established in 1833. Mixed-sex classes were admitted to the preparatory department at Oberlin in 1833 and the college department in 1837. The first four women to receive bachelor's degrees in the United States earned them at Oberlin in 1841. Later, in 1862, the first black woman to receive a bachelor's degree (Mary Jane Patterson) also earned it from Oberlin College. Beginning in 1844, Hillsdale College became the next college to admit mixed-sex classes to four-year degree programs.
The University of Iowa became the first coeducational public or state university in the United States in 1855, and for much of the next century, public universities, and land grant universities in particular, would lead the way in mixed-sex higher education. There were also many private coeducational universities founded in the 19th century, especially west of the Mississippi River. East of the Mississippi, Wheaton College (Illinois) graduated its first female student in 1862. Bates College in Maine was open to women from its founding in 1855, and graduated its first female student in 1869. Cornell University and the University of Michigan each admitted their first female students in 1870.
Around the same time, single-sex women's colleges were also appearing. According to Irene Harwarth, Mindi Maline, and Elizabeth DeBra: "women's colleges were founded during the mid- and late-19th century in response to a need for advanced education for women at a time when they were not admitted to most institutions of higher education." Notable examples include the Seven Sisters colleges, of which Vassar College is now coeducational and Radcliffe College has merged with Harvard University. Other notable women's colleges that have become coeducational include Wheaton College in Massachusetts, Ohio Wesleyan Female College in Ohio, Skidmore College, Wells College, and Sarah Lawrence College in New York state, Pitzer College in California, Goucher College in Maryland and Connecticut College.
By 1900 the Briton Frederic Harrison said after visiting the United States that "The whole educational machinery of America ... open to women must be at least twentyfold greater than with us, and it is rapidly advancing to meet that of men both in numbers and quality". Where most of the history of coeducation in this period is a list of those moving toward the accommodation of both men and women at one campus, the state of Florida was an exception. In 1905, the Buckman Act was one of consolidation in governance and funding but separation in race and gender, with Florida State College for Women (since 1947, Florida State University) established to serve white females during this era, the campus that became what is now the University of Florida serving white males, and coeducation stipulated only for the campus serving black students at the site of what is now Florida A&M University. Florida did not return to coeducation at UF and FSU until after World War II, prompted by the drastically increased demands placed on the higher education system by veterans studying via GI Bill programs following World War II. The Buckman arrangements officially ended with new legislation guidelines passed in 1947.
Primary and secondary schools
Several early primary and secondary schools in the United States were single-sex. Examples include Collegiate School, a boys' school operating in New York by 1638 (which remains a single-sex institution); and Boston Latin School, founded in 1635 (which did not become coeducational until 1972).
Nonetheless, mixed-sex education existed at the lower levels in the U.S. long before it extended to colleges. For example, in 1787, the predecessor to Franklin & Marshall College in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, opened as a mixed-sex secondary school. Its first enrollment class consisted of 78 male and 36 female students. Among the latter was Rebecca Gratz who would become an educator and philanthropist. However, the school soon began having financial problems and it reopened as an all-male institution. Westford Academy in Westford, Massachusetts has operated as mixed-sex secondary school since its founding in 1792, making it the oldest continuously operating coed school in America. The oldest continuously operating coed boarding school in the United States is Westtown School, founded in 1799.
Colleges
See also: Oberlin College § History
A minister and a missionary founded Oberlin in 1833. Rev. John Jay Shipherd (minister) and Philo P. Stewart (missionary) became friends while spending the summer of 1832 together in nearby Elyria. They discovered a mutual disenchantment with what they saw as the lack of strong Christian principles among the settlers of the American West. They decided to establish a college and a colony based on their religious beliefs, "where they would train teachers and other Christian leaders for the boundless most desolate fields in the West".
Oberlin College and the surrounding community were dedicated to progressive causes and social justice. Though it did reluctantly what every other college refused to do at all, it was the first college to admit both women and African Americans as students. Women were not admitted to the baccalaureate program, which granted bachelor's degrees, until 1837; prior to that, they received diplomas from what was called the Ladies' Course. The initial 1837 students were Caroline Mary Rudd, Elizabeth Prall, Mary Hosford, and Mary Fletcher Kellogg.
The early success and achievement of women at Oberlin College persuaded many early women's rights leaders that coeducation would soon be accepted throughout the country. However, for quite a while, women sometimes were treated rudely by their male classmates. The prejudice of some male professors proved more unsettling. Many professors disapproved of the admission of women into their classes, citing studies that claimed that women were mentally unsuited for higher education, and because most would "just get married", they were using resources that, they believed, male students would use better. Some professors simply ignored the women students.
By the end of the 19th century 70% of American colleges were coeducational, although the state of Florida was a notable exception; the Buckman Act of 1905 imposed gender-separated white higher education at the University of Florida (men) and Florida State College for Women. (As there was only one state college for blacks, the future Florida A&M University, it admitted both men and women.) The white Florida campuses returned to coeducation in 1947, when the women's college became Florida State University and the University of Florida became coeducational. In the late 20th century, many institutions of higher learning that had been exclusively for people of one sex became coeducational.
Co-education fraternities
Main article: List of social fraternities and sororities § Coeducational fraternities
A number of Greek-letter student societies have either been established (locally or nationally) or expanded as co-ed fraternities.
"Coed" as slang
In American colloquial language, "coed" or "co-ed" is used to refer to a mixed school.
The word is also often used to describe a situation in which both sexes are integrated in any form (e.g., "The team is coed"). As a noun, the word "coed" is used to refer to a female student in a mixed gender school. The noun use is considered sexist and unprofessional by those who argue that it implies that including women somehow transforms what is "normal" (male-only "education") into something different ("coeducation"): technically both male and female students at a coeducational institution should be considered "coeds". Numerous professional organizations require that the gender-neutral term "student" be used instead of "coed" or, when gender is relevant to the context, that the term "female student" be substituted. Usage guides make no exception for any use of the noun to distinguish a female student at a coeducational institution from a student at a women-only institution: they do not even mention such use, possibly because such uses are comparatively rare and because the term cannot be distanced from its unacceptable uses.
Effects
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2017)
If the sexes were educated together, we should have the healthy, moral and intellectual stimulus of sex ever quickening and refining all the faculties, without the undue excitement of senses that results from novelty in the present system of isolation.— Elizabeth Cady Stanton
For years, a question many educators, parents, and researchers have been asking is whether it is academically beneficial to teach boys and girls together or separately at school. Some argue that coeducation has primarily social benefits by allowing males and females of all ages to become more prepared for real-world situations and that students familiar with a single-sex setting could be less prepared, nervous, or uneasy.
However, some argue that at certain ages, students may be more distracted by the opposite sex in a coeducational setting, but others point to this being based on an assumption that all students are heterosexual. There is evidence that girls may perform less well in traditionally male-dominated subjects such as the sciences when in a class with boys, but other research suggests that when the previous attainment is taken into account, that difference falls away. According to advocates of coeducation, without classmates of the opposite sex, students have social issues that may impact adolescent development. They argue that the absence of the opposite sex creates an unrealistic environment not duplicated in the real world. Some studies show that in classes that are separated by gender, male and female students work and learn on the same level as their peers, the stereotypical mentality of the teacher is removed, and girls are likely to have more confidence in the classroom than they would in a coeducational class.
See also
Education portal
Co-educational boarding schools
Heterosociality
List of women's colleges
Men's colleges
Mixed-sex sports
Single-sex education
Unisex public toilet
Women's colleges
References
^ a b "Archbishop's school, 300 years later". The Church Times. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
^ "About Dollar". Dollar Academy. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
^ a b "History | About Oberlin | Oberlin College". Oberlin College and Conservatory. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
^ "Coeducation." (n.d.): Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia. Web. 23 October 2012.
^ "coeducation". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 23 October 2012.
^ Guest, Murray (2014). "The Single Sex v Coeducation Debate and the Experience of Schools that Change Status" (PDF). Armidale, NSW: The Armidale School. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
^ "Single-sex Schools in China". Harrison, Clark, Rickerby's Solicitors. 28 January 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
^ Ruth Hayhoe (1996). China's universities, 1895-1995: a century of cultural conflict. Taylor & Francis. p. 202. ISBN 0-8153-1859-6. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
^ Rogers (Dir.), Rebecca; Cacouault, Marlaine (30 January 2019). La mixité dans l'éducation: Enjeux passés et présents. ENS Editions. ISBN 9782847880618 – via Google Books.
^ "Réflexions sur la mixité scolaire en France" (in French). Ettajdid.org. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
^ "Хүйсээр үл ялгаварлан боловсрол олгож эхэлсэн Ази тивийн анхны сургуулийн 100 жилийн ой". Ikon. 2 November 2021.
^ Statutory Instrument 2007 No. 2324 The Education (School Performance Information) (England) Regulations 2007 , Schedule 6, regulation 11, clause 5(b).
^ Christine Skelton, ed. Whatever happens to little women?: gender and primary schooling (London:. Open University Press, 1989)
^ "History of the University - About the University - University of Bristol". www.bristol.ac.uk. University of Bristol.
^ "Obituary – Professor Sir Bernard Williams". The Guardian. 13 June 2003. Retrieved 8 May 2009.
^ "One Hundred Years Toward Suffrage". Retrieved 26 January 2010.
^ Jones, Christine. "Indiana University: The Transition to Coeduation" (PDF). Retrieved 11 January 2010.
^ "Hillsdale College – History & Misson". Retrieved 15 January 2010.
^ May, A.J. "University of Rochester History".
^ "University of Iowa Firsts". Archived from the original on 15 May 2006.
^ "Wheaton "Firsts" - Wheaton History A to Z". a2z.my.wheaton.edu. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
^ "Mary W. Mitchell Class of 1869 – First Female Graduate". Bates College. 22 March 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
^ "Our History". Retrieved 21 February 2010.
^ Dangerous Experiment.
^ "Women's Colleges in the United States: History, Issues, and Challenges". Archived from the original on 28 April 2006. Retrieved 14 October 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ Stead, W. T. (1901). The Americanization of the World. Horace Markley. pp. 385–386.
^ "Milestones Achieved by the Women of F&M". Archived from the original on 6 November 2009. Retrieved 27 January 2010.
^ "F&M: 40 Years of Coeducation". Archived from the original on 5 November 2009. Retrieved 27 January 2010.
^ Simmons, Carrie (7 September 2007). "History of Westford Academy". Westford Eagle. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2009.
^ "History - Westtown School".
^ Boukranaa, Ahmed. "Single-Sex Education VS Co-Education". www.academia.edu. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
^ a b Rosenberg, Rosalind. "The History of Coeducation in America". Archived from the original on 22 December 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
^ Kerber, Stephen (January 1979). "William Edwards and the Historic University of Florida Campus: A Photographic Essay". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 57 (3): 327–336. JSTOR 30148527.
^ "Coed - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Merriam-webster.com. 31 August 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
^ Lowe, Margaret A. (2003). Looking Good: College Women and Body Image, 1875-1930. Johns Hopkins UP. p. 63. ISBN 9780801882746. Retrieved 3 November 2013. cornell.
^ "Don't Ever Call My Daughter a Coed". Writing as Jo(e). 30 September 2006. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
^ Miller, Casey, and Kate Smith. (2000). The Handbook of Nonsexist Writing. Lippincott & Crowell. ISBN 9780595159215. Retrieved 14 April 2017.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Guidelines for Non-Sexist Use of Language". Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association (Vol. 59, Number 3, pp. 471-482). February 1986. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
^ "Guidelines for Non-Sexist Language" (PDF). Canadian Association of Broadcasters. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
^ "Guidelines for Gender-Fair Use of Language". National Council of Teachers of English. June 2008. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
^ Wilson, Kevin & Jennifer Wauson (2010). Table 2.32: Biased Words and Their Alternatives. American Management Association. p. 407. ISBN 9780814415894. Retrieved 3 November 2013. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ Guest, Murray (2014). "Analysis and Research into Co-education in Australia and the UK" (PDF). Armidale, NSW: The Armidale School. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
^ "Do our views about co-ed versus single-sex schools hold up?". The Sydney Morning Herald. 18 March 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
^ Palmar, Belinda (30 October 2013). "Co-educational schools are bad for girls". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
^ Garner, Richard (1 December 2009). "Why single-sex schools are bad for your health (if you're a boy)". The Independent. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
^ Mael, F. (1998). Single-sex and coeducational schooling: Relationships to socioemotional and academic development. Review of Educational Research, 68(2), 101-129. American Educational Research Association.
Further reading
Fennell, Shailaja, and Madeleine Arnot. Gender Education and Equality in a Global Context: Conceptual frameworks and policy perspectives (Routledge, 2007)
Goodman, Joyce, James C. Albisetti, and Rebecca Rogers, eds. Girls' Secondary Education in the Western World: From the 18th to the 20th Century (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010)
Karnaouch, Denise. "Féminisme et coéducation en Europe avant 1914." Clio. Femmes, genre, histoire 18 (2003): 21–41.
England
Albisetti, James C. "Un-learned lessons from the New World? English views of American coeducation and women's colleges, c. 1865–1910." History of Education 29.5 (2000): 473–489.
Jackson, Carolyn, and Ian David Smith. "Poles apart? An exploration of single-sex and mixed-sex educational environments in Australia and England." Educational Studies 26.4 (2000): 409–422.
United States
Hansot, Elisabeth, and David Tyack. "Gender in American public schools: Thinking institutionally." Signs (1988): 741–760. in JSTOR
Lasser, Carol, ed. Educating men and women together: Coeducation in a changing world (1987), colleges
Tyack, David, and Elizabeth Hansot. Learning together: A history of coeducation in American public schools (Russell Sage Foundation, 1992) on K-12 schools
External links
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Co-education".
Rosenberg: Coeducation History
American Council for CoEducational Schooling
Authority control databases: National
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coed (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coed_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Co-Education,_by_Charles_Allan_Winter,_c._1915,_oil_on_canvas_-_Cape_Ann_Museum_-_Gloucester,_MA_-_DSC01341.jpg"},{"link_name":"education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education"},{"link_name":"single-sex education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-sex_education"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"Archbishop Tenison's Church of England High School, Croydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_Tenison%27s_Church_of_England_High_School,_Croydon"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-churchtimes.co.uk-1"},{"link_name":"Dollar Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar_Academy"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Dollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar,_Clackmannanshire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Oberlin Collegiate Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberlin_Collegiate_Institute"},{"link_name":"Oberlin, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberlin,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-new.oberlin.edu-3"}],"text":"\"Coed\" redirects here. For other uses, see Coed (disambiguation).Co-Education by Charles Allan Winter, c. 1915Mixed-sex education, also known as mixed-gender education, co-education, or coeducation (abbreviated to co-ed or coed), is a system of education where males and females are educated together. Whereas single-sex education was more common up to the 19th century, mixed-sex education has since become standard in many cultures, particularly in western countries. Single-sex education remains prevalent in many Muslim countries. The relative merits of both systems have been the subject of debate.The world's oldest co-educational school is thought to be Archbishop Tenison's Church of England High School, Croydon, established in 1714 in the United Kingdom, which admitted boys and girls from its opening onwards.[1] This has always been a day school only.The world's oldest co-educational both day and boarding school is Dollar Academy, a junior and senior school for males and females from ages 5 to 18 in Scotland, United Kingdom. From its opening in 1818, the school admitted both boys and girls of the parish of Dollar and the surrounding area. The school continues in existence to the present day with around 1,250 pupils.[2]The first co-educational college to be founded was Oberlin Collegiate Institute in Oberlin, Ohio. It opened on 3 December 1833, with 44 students, including 29 men and 15 women. Fully equal status for women did not arrive until 1837, and the first three women to graduate with bachelor's degrees did so in 1840.[3] By the late 20th century, many institutions of higher learning that had been exclusively for men or women had become coeducational.","title":"Mixed-sex education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Council of Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Trent"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"dame schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dame_school"},{"link_name":"Society of Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Friends"},{"link_name":"common schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_schools"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In early civilizations, people were typically educated informally: primarily within the household. As time progressed, education became more structured and formal. Women often had very few rights when education started to become a more important aspect of civilization. Efforts of the ancient Greek and Chinese societies focused primarily on the education of males. In ancient Rome, the availability of education was gradually extended to women, but they were taught separately from men. The early Christians and medieval Europeans continued this trend, and single-sex schools for the privileged classes prevailed through the Reformation period. The early periods of this century included many religious schools and the first major public schools in the country had been established for males and females.In the 16th century, at the Council of Trent, the Roman Catholic church reinforced the establishment of free elementary schools for children of all classes. The concept of universal elementary education, regardless of sex, had been created.[4] After the Reformation, coeducation was introduced in Western Europe, when certain Protestant groups urged that boys and girls should be taught to read the Bible. The practice became very popular in northern England, Scotland, and colonial New England, where young children, both male and female, attended dame schools. In the late 18th century, girls gradually were admitted to town schools. The Society of Friends in England, as well as in the United States, pioneered coeducation as they did universal education, and in Quaker settlements in the British colonies, boys and girls commonly attended school together. The new free public elementary, or common schools, which after the American Revolution supplanted church institutions, were almost always coeducational, and by 1900 most public high schools were coeducational as well.[5] In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, coeducation grew much more widely accepted. In Great Britain, Germany, and the Soviet Union, the education of girls and boys in the same classes became an approved practice.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In Australia, there is a trend towards increased coeducational schooling with new coeducational schools opening, few new single-sex schools opening and existing single-sex schools combining or opening their doors to the opposite gender.[6]","title":"Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Nanjing Higher Normal Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing_University"},{"link_name":"National Central University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Central_University"},{"link_name":"Nanjing University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing_University"},{"link_name":"Li Zhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Zhi_(philosopher)"},{"link_name":"Ming dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Yuan Mei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Mei"},{"link_name":"Qing Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Ginling Women's University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginling_College"},{"link_name":"Tao Xingzhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_Xingzhi"},{"link_name":"Kuo Ping-Wen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuo_Ping-Wen"},{"link_name":"Liu Boming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Boming_(philosopher)"},{"link_name":"Lu Zhiwei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Zhiwei"},{"link_name":"Peking University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peking_University"},{"link_name":"Chien-Shiung Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Hui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hui_people"},{"link_name":"Salars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salar_people"},{"link_name":"Uyghurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_people"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The first mixed-sex institution of higher learning in China was the Nanjing Higher Normal Institute, which was renamed National Central University and Nanjing University. For millennia in China, public schools, especially public higher learning schools, were for men. Generally, only schools established by zōng zú (宗族, gens) were for both male and female students. Some schools, such as Li Zhi's school during the Ming dynasty and Yuan Mei's school during the Qing Dynasty, enrolled both male and female students. In the 1910s, women's universities were established, such as Ginling Women's University and Peking Girls' Higher Normal School, but there was no coeducation in higher learning schools.Tao Xingzhi, the Chinese advocator of mixed-sex education, proposed The Audit Law for Women Students (規定女子旁聽法案, Guī Dìng Nǚ Zi Páng Tīng Fǎ Àn) at the meeting of Nanjing Higher Normal School held on December seventh, 1919. He also proposed that the university recruit female students. The idea was supported by the president Kuo Ping-Wen, academic director Liu Boming, and such famous professors as Lu Zhiwei and Yang Xingfo, but opposed by many famous men of the time. The meeting passed the law and decided to recruit women students next year. Nanjing Higher Normal School enrolled eight Chinese female students in 1920. In the same year Peking University also began to allow women students to audit classes. One of the most notable female students of that time was Chien-Shiung Wu.In 1949, the People's Republic of China was founded. The Chinese government pursued a policy of moving towards co-education and nearly all schools and universities have become mixed-sex.[7] In recent years, some female or single-sex schools have again emerged for special vocational training needs, but equal rights for education still applies to all citizens.Indigenous Muslim populations in China, the Hui and Salars, find coeducation to be controversial, owing to Islamic ideas on gender roles. On the other hand, the Muslim Uyghurs have not historically objected to coeducation.[8]","title":"China"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sorbonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"baccalauréat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccalaur%C3%A9at"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Admission to the Sorbonne was opened to girls in 1860.[9] The baccalauréat became gender-blind in 1924, giving equal chances to all girls in applying to any universities. Mixed-sex education became mandatory for primary schools in 1957 and for all universities in 1975.[10]","title":"France"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Paul's Co-educational College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Co-educational_College"},{"link_name":"secondary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"St. Paul's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul%27s_College,_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_School,_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Tsuen Wan Government Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuen_Wan_Government_Secondary_School"}],"text":"St. Paul's Co-educational College was the first mixed-sex secondary school in Hong Kong. It was founded in 1915 as St. Paul's Girls' College. At the end of World War II, it was temporarily merged with St. Paul's College, which is a boys' school. When classes at the campus of St. Paul's College were resumed, it continued to be mixed and changed to its present name. Some other renowned mixed-sex secondary schools in town include Hong Kong Pui Ching Middle School, Queen Elizabeth School, and Tsuen Wan Government Secondary School. Most Hong Kong primary and secondary schools are mixed-sex, including government public schools, charter schools, and private schools.","title":"Hong Kong"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Mongolia's first co-educational school, named Third School, opened in Ulaanbaatar on November 2, 1921.[11] Subsequent schools have been co-educational and there are no longer any single-sex schools in Mongolia.","title":"Mongolia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Education in Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"List of colleges in Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colleges_in_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"List of universities in Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School"},{"link_name":"colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College"},{"link_name":"independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Islamization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamization_in_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Women's colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_college"},{"link_name":"Women's universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_women%27s_colleges"}],"text":"Further information: Education in Pakistan, List of colleges in Pakistan, and List of universities in PakistanPakistan is one of the many Muslim countries where most schools and colleges are single-gender although some schools and colleges, and most universities are coeducational. In schools that offer O levels and A levels, co-education is quite prevalent. After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, most universities were coeducational but the proportion of women was less than 5%. After the Islamization policies in the early 1980s, the government established Women's colleges and Women's universities to promote education among women who were hesitant to study in mixed-sex environment. Today, however, most universities and a large number of schools in urban areas are co-educational.","title":"Pakistan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Education in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom"}],"text":"Further information: Education in the United Kingdom","title":"United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School"},{"link_name":"Archbishop Tenison's Church of England High School, Croydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_Tenison%27s_Church_of_England_High_School,_Croydon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-churchtimes.co.uk-1"},{"link_name":"Dollar Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar_Academy"},{"link_name":"Bedales School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedales_School"},{"link_name":"John Haden Badley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Haden_Badley"},{"link_name":"single-sex schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-sex_school"},{"link_name":"Clifton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_College"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Schools","text":"In the United Kingdom the official term is mixed,[12] and today most schools are mixed. A number of Quaker co-educational boarding schools were established before the 19th century.The world's oldest co-educational school is thought to be Archbishop Tenison's Church of England High School, Croydon, established in 1714 in the United Kingdom, which admitted 10 boys and 10 girls from its opening, and remained co-educational thereafter.[1] This is a day school only and still in existence.The Scottish Dollar Academy was the first mixed-sex both day and boarding school in the UK. Founded in 1818, it is the oldest both boarding and day mixed-sex educational institution in the world still in existence. In England, the first non-Quaker mixed-sex public boarding school was Bedales School, founded in 1893 by John Haden Badley and becoming mixed in 1898. Ruckleigh School in Solihull was founded by Cathleen Cartland in 1909 as a non-denominational co-educational preparatory school many decades before others followed. Many previously single-sex schools have begun to accept both sexes in the past few decades: for example, Clifton College began to accept girls in 1987.[13]","title":"United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Oxford § Women's education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford#Women's_education"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge § Women's education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge#Women's_education"},{"link_name":"University of Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bristol"},{"link_name":"University College, Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College,_Bristol"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Nuffield College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuffield_College"},{"link_name":"Brasenose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasenose_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Hertford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertford_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"St Catherine's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Catherine%27s_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Wadham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadham_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Clare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"King's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"undergraduates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergraduate"},{"link_name":"Magdalene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalene_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"St Hilda's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Hilda%27s_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Michaelmas term","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michaelmas_term"},{"link_name":"Murray Edwards (New Hall)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Edwards_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Newnham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newnham_College,_Cambridge"}],"sub_title":"Higher-education institutions","text":"Further information: University of Oxford § Women's education, and University of Cambridge § Women's educationThe first higher-education institution in the United Kingdom to allow women and men to enter on equal terms, and hence be admitted to academic degrees, was the University of Bristol (then established as University College, Bristol) in 1876.[14]Given their dual role as both boarding house and educational establishment, individual colleges at Oxford and Cambridge remained segregated for much longer. The first Oxford college to house both men and women was the graduate-only Nuffield College in 1937; the first five undergraduate colleges (Brasenose, Hertford, Jesus, St Catherine's, and Wadham) became mixed in 1974. The first mixed Cambridge college was the graduate-only Darwin from its foundation in 1964. Churchill, Clare, and King's Colleges were the first previously all-male colleges of the University of Cambridge to admit female undergraduates in 1972. Magdalene was the last all-male college to become mixed in 1988.[15]The last women's college in Oxford, St Hilda's, became mixed as of Michaelmas term 2008. Two colleges remain single-sex (women-only) at Cambridge: Murray Edwards (New Hall) and Newnham.","title":"United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of earliest coeducational colleges and universities in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earliest_coeducational_colleges_and_universities_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Women's colleges in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_colleges_in_the_United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oberlin_College_-_Bosworth_Hall.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oberlin College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberlin_College"},{"link_name":"Oberlin College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberlin_College"},{"link_name":"Oberlin, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberlin,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indiana-17"},{"link_name":"Mary Jane Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Jane_Patterson"},{"link_name":"Hillsdale College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsdale_College"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"University of Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Iowa"},{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_university"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roch-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-University_of_Iowa_Firsts-20"},{"link_name":"land grant universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land-grant_university"},{"link_name":"Wheaton College (Illinois)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheaton_College_(Illinois)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Bates College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bates_College"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"single-sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-sex_education"},{"link_name":"women's colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_colleges_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Seven Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Sisters_(colleges)"},{"link_name":"Vassar College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassar_College"},{"link_name":"Radcliffe College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_College"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Wheaton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheaton_College_(Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"Ohio Wesleyan Female College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Wesleyan_Female_College"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Skidmore College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skidmore_College"},{"link_name":"Wells College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wells_College"},{"link_name":"Sarah Lawrence College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Lawrence_College"},{"link_name":"Pitzer College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitzer_College"},{"link_name":"Goucher College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goucher_College"},{"link_name":"Connecticut College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_College"},{"link_name":"Frederic Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Harrison"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stead1901-26"},{"link_name":"Buckman Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckman_Act"},{"link_name":"Florida State College for Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_College_for_Women"},{"link_name":"Florida State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_University"},{"link_name":"University of Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"Florida A&M University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_A%26M_University"}],"text":"Further information: List of earliest coeducational colleges and universities in the United States and Women's colleges in the United StatesOberlin College, the oldest extant mixed-sex institute of higher education in the United StatesThe oldest extant mixed-sex institute of higher education in the United States is Oberlin College in Oberlin, Ohio, which was established in 1833. Mixed-sex classes were admitted to the preparatory department at Oberlin in 1833 and the college department in 1837.[16][17] The first four women to receive bachelor's degrees in the United States earned them at Oberlin in 1841. Later, in 1862, the first black woman to receive a bachelor's degree (Mary Jane Patterson) also earned it from Oberlin College. Beginning in 1844, Hillsdale College became the next college to admit mixed-sex classes to four-year degree programs.[18]The University of Iowa became the first coeducational public or state university in the United States in 1855,[19][20] and for much of the next century, public universities, and land grant universities in particular, would lead the way in mixed-sex higher education. There were also many private coeducational universities founded in the 19th century, especially west of the Mississippi River. East of the Mississippi, Wheaton College (Illinois) graduated its first female student in 1862.[21] Bates College in Maine was open to women from its founding in 1855, and graduated its first female student in 1869.[22] Cornell University[23] and the University of Michigan[24] each admitted their first female students in 1870.Around the same time, single-sex women's colleges were also appearing. According to Irene Harwarth, Mindi Maline, and Elizabeth DeBra: \"women's colleges were founded during the mid- and late-19th century in response to a need for advanced education for women at a time when they were not admitted to most institutions of higher education.\"[25] Notable examples include the Seven Sisters colleges, of which Vassar College is now coeducational and Radcliffe College has merged with Harvard University. Other notable women's colleges that have become coeducational include Wheaton College in Massachusetts, Ohio Wesleyan Female College in Ohio, Skidmore College, Wells College, and Sarah Lawrence College in New York state, Pitzer College in California, Goucher College in Maryland and Connecticut College.By 1900 the Briton Frederic Harrison said after visiting the United States that \"The whole educational machinery of America ... open to women must be at least twentyfold greater than with us, and it is rapidly advancing to meet that of men both in numbers and quality\".[26] Where most of the history of coeducation in this period is a list of those moving toward the accommodation of both men and women at one campus, the state of Florida was an exception. In 1905, the Buckman Act was one of consolidation in governance and funding but separation in race and gender, with Florida State College for Women (since 1947, Florida State University) established to serve white females during this era, the campus that became what is now the University of Florida serving white males, and coeducation stipulated only for the campus serving black students at the site of what is now Florida A&M University. Florida did not return to coeducation at UF and FSU until after World War II, prompted by the drastically increased demands placed on the higher education system by veterans studying via GI Bill programs following World War II. The Buckman arrangements officially ended with new legislation guidelines passed in 1947.","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"primary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_school"},{"link_name":"secondary schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school"},{"link_name":"Collegiate School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_School_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"Boston Latin School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Latin_School"},{"link_name":"Franklin & Marshall College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_%26_Marshall_College"},{"link_name":"Lancaster, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Gratz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Gratz"},{"link_name":"Westford Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westford_Academy"},{"link_name":"Westford, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westford,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Westtown School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westtown_School"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Primary and secondary schools","text":"Several early primary and secondary schools in the United States were single-sex. Examples include Collegiate School, a boys' school operating in New York by 1638 (which remains a single-sex institution); and Boston Latin School, founded in 1635 (which did not become coeducational until 1972).Nonetheless, mixed-sex education existed at the lower levels in the U.S. long before it extended to colleges. For example, in 1787, the predecessor to Franklin & Marshall College in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, opened as a mixed-sex secondary school.[27][28] Its first enrollment class consisted of 78 male and 36 female students. Among the latter was Rebecca Gratz who would become an educator and philanthropist. However, the school soon began having financial problems and it reopened as an all-male institution. Westford Academy in Westford, Massachusetts has operated as mixed-sex secondary school since its founding in 1792, making it the oldest continuously operating coed school in America.[29] The oldest continuously operating coed boarding school in the United States is Westtown School, founded in 1799.[30]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oberlin College § History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberlin_College#History"},{"link_name":"John Jay Shipherd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay_Shipherd"},{"link_name":"Elyria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elyria,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-new.oberlin.edu-3"},{"link_name":"Oberlin College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberlin_College"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Oberlin College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberlin_College"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beatl.barnard.columbia-32"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Buckman Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckman_Act"},{"link_name":"University of Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"Florida State College for Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_College_for_Women"},{"link_name":"Florida A&M University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_A%26M_University"},{"link_name":"Florida State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_University"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Colleges","text":"See also: Oberlin College § HistoryA minister and a missionary founded Oberlin in 1833. Rev. John Jay Shipherd (minister) and Philo P. Stewart (missionary) became friends while spending the summer of 1832 together in nearby Elyria. They discovered a mutual disenchantment with what they saw as the lack of strong Christian principles among the settlers of the American West. They decided to establish a college and a colony based on their religious beliefs, \"where they would train teachers and other Christian leaders for the boundless most desolate fields in the West\".[3]Oberlin College and the surrounding community were dedicated to progressive causes and social justice. Though it did reluctantly what every other college refused to do at all, it was the first college to admit both women and African Americans as students. Women were not admitted to the baccalaureate program, which granted bachelor's degrees, until 1837; prior to that, they received diplomas from what was called the Ladies' Course. The initial 1837 students were Caroline Mary Rudd, Elizabeth Prall, Mary Hosford, and Mary Fletcher Kellogg.[31]The early success and achievement of women at Oberlin College persuaded many early women's rights leaders that coeducation would soon be accepted throughout the country. However, for quite a while, women sometimes were treated rudely by their male classmates. The prejudice of some male professors proved more unsettling. Many professors disapproved of the admission of women into their classes, citing studies that claimed that women were mentally unsuited for higher education, and because most would \"just get married\", they were using resources that, they believed, male students would use better. Some professors simply ignored the women students.[32]By the end of the 19th century 70% of American colleges were coeducational,[citation needed] although the state of Florida was a notable exception; the Buckman Act of 1905 imposed gender-separated white higher education at the University of Florida (men) and Florida State College for Women. (As there was only one state college for blacks, the future Florida A&M University, it admitted both men and women.) The white Florida campuses returned to coeducation in 1947, when the women's college became Florida State University and the University of Florida became coeducational.[33] In the late 20th century, many institutions of higher learning that had been exclusively for people of one sex became coeducational.","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Co-education fraternities","text":"A number of Greek-letter student societies have either been established (locally or nationally) or expanded as co-ed fraternities.","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"original research?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research"}],"sub_title":"\"Coed\" as slang","text":"In American colloquial language, \"coed\" or \"co-ed\" is used to refer to a mixed school.\nThe word is also often used to describe a situation in which both sexes are integrated in any form (e.g., \"The team is coed\"). As a noun, the word \"coed\" is used to refer to a female student in a mixed gender school.[34] The noun use is considered sexist and unprofessional by those who argue that it implies that including women somehow transforms what is \"normal\" (male-only \"education\") into something different (\"coeducation\"):[35][36] technically both male and female students at a coeducational institution should be considered \"coeds\".[37] Numerous professional organizations require that the gender-neutral term \"student\" be used instead of \"coed\" or, when gender is relevant to the context, that the term \"female student\" be substituted.[38][39][40][41] Usage guides make no exception for any use of the noun to distinguish a female student at a coeducational institution from a student at a women-only institution: they do not even mention such use, possibly because such uses are comparatively rare and because the term cannot be distanced from its unacceptable uses.[original research?]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elizabeth Cady Stanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beatl.barnard.columbia-32"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"text":"If the sexes were educated together, we should have the healthy, moral and intellectual stimulus of sex ever quickening and refining all the faculties, without the undue excitement of senses that results from novelty in the present system of isolation.— Elizabeth Cady Stanton[32]For years, a question many educators, parents, and researchers have been asking is whether it is academically beneficial to teach boys and girls together or separately at school.[42] Some argue that coeducation has primarily social benefits by allowing males and females of all ages to become more prepared for real-world situations and that students familiar with a single-sex setting could be less prepared, nervous, or uneasy.However, some argue that at certain ages, students may be more distracted by the opposite sex in a coeducational setting, but others point to this being based on an assumption that all students are heterosexual. There is evidence that girls may perform less well in traditionally male-dominated subjects such as the sciences when in a class with boys, but other research suggests that when the previous attainment is taken into account, that difference falls away.[43][44] According to advocates of coeducation, without classmates of the opposite sex, students have social issues that may impact adolescent development. They argue that the absence of the opposite sex creates an unrealistic environment not duplicated in the real world.[45] Some studies show that in classes that are separated by gender, male and female students work and learn on the same level as their peers, the stereotypical mentality of the teacher is removed, and girls are likely to have more confidence in the classroom than they would in a coeducational class.[46]","title":"Effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madeleine Arnot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Arnot"},{"link_name":"Clio. Femmes, genre, histoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clio._Femmes,_genre,_histoire"}],"text":"Fennell, Shailaja, and Madeleine Arnot. Gender Education and Equality in a Global Context: Conceptual frameworks and policy perspectives (Routledge, 2007)\nGoodman, Joyce, James C. Albisetti, and Rebecca Rogers, eds. Girls' Secondary Education in the Western World: From the 18th to the 20th Century (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010)\nKarnaouch, Denise. \"Féminisme et coéducation en Europe avant 1914.\" Clio. Femmes, genre, histoire 18 (2003): 21–41.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"England","text":"Albisetti, James C. \"Un-learned lessons from the New World? English views of American coeducation and women's colleges, c. 1865–1910.\" History of Education 29.5 (2000): 473–489.\nJackson, Carolyn, and Ian David Smith. \"Poles apart? An exploration of single-sex and mixed-sex educational environments in Australia and England.\" Educational Studies 26.4 (2000): 409–422.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"in JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3174110"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"Hansot, Elisabeth, and David Tyack. \"Gender in American public schools: Thinking institutionally.\" Signs (1988): 741–760. in JSTOR\nLasser, Carol, ed. Educating men and women together: Coeducation in a changing world (1987), colleges\nTyack, David, and Elizabeth Hansot. Learning together: A history of coeducation in American public schools (Russell Sage Foundation, 1992) on K-12 schools","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Co-Education by Charles Allan Winter, c. 1915","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Co-Education%2C_by_Charles_Allan_Winter%2C_c._1915%2C_oil_on_canvas_-_Cape_Ann_Museum_-_Gloucester%2C_MA_-_DSC01341.jpg/220px-Co-Education%2C_by_Charles_Allan_Winter%2C_c._1915%2C_oil_on_canvas_-_Cape_Ann_Museum_-_Gloucester%2C_MA_-_DSC01341.jpg"},{"image_text":"Oberlin College, the oldest extant mixed-sex institute of higher education in the United States","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Oberlin_College_-_Bosworth_Hall.jpg/220px-Oberlin_College_-_Bosworth_Hall.jpg"}] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diploma_icon.png"},{"title":"Education portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Education"},{"title":"Co-educational boarding schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Co-educational_boarding_schools"},{"title":"Heterosociality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterosociality"},{"title":"List of women's colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_women%27s_colleges"},{"title":"Men's colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%27s_colleges"},{"title":"Mixed-sex sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-sex_sports"},{"title":"Single-sex education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-sex_education"},{"title":"Unisex public toilet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unisex_public_toilet"},{"title":"Women's colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_college"}] | [{"reference":"\"Archbishop's school, 300 years later\". The Church Times. Retrieved 27 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2014/9-may/news/uk/archbishop-s-school-300-years-later","url_text":"\"Archbishop's school, 300 years later\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Dollar\". Dollar Academy. Retrieved 10 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dollaracademy.org.uk/about-dollar","url_text":"\"About Dollar\""}]},{"reference":"\"History | About Oberlin | Oberlin College\". Oberlin College and Conservatory. Retrieved 17 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://new.oberlin.edu/about/history.dot","url_text":"\"History | About Oberlin | Oberlin College\""}]},{"reference":"Guest, Murray (2014). \"The Single Sex v Coeducation Debate and the Experience of Schools that Change Status\" (PDF). Armidale, NSW: The Armidale School. Retrieved 2 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.as.edu.au/content/uploads/2015/02/Final-Coeducation_Research_Paper_Feb_2015.pdf","url_text":"\"The Single Sex v Coeducation Debate and the Experience of Schools that Change Status\""}]},{"reference":"\"Single-sex Schools in China\". Harrison, Clark, Rickerby's Solicitors. 28 January 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hcrlaw.com/blog/single-sex-schools-in-china/","url_text":"\"Single-sex Schools in China\""}]},{"reference":"Ruth Hayhoe (1996). China's universities, 1895-1995: a century of cultural conflict. Taylor & Francis. p. 202. ISBN 0-8153-1859-6. 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Horace Markley. pp. 385–386.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/americanizationo01stea#page/384/mode/2up","url_text":"The Americanization of the World"}]},{"reference":"\"Milestones Achieved by the Women of F&M\". Archived from the original on 6 November 2009. Retrieved 27 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091106111903/http://www.fandm.edu/x22560","url_text":"\"Milestones Achieved by the Women of F&M\""},{"url":"http://www.fandm.edu/x22560","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"F&M: 40 Years of Coeducation\". Archived from the original on 5 November 2009. Retrieved 27 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091105040810/http://www.fandm.edu/40yearsofcoed","url_text":"\"F&M: 40 Years of Coeducation\""},{"url":"http://www.fandm.edu/40yearsofcoed","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Simmons, Carrie (7 September 2007). \"History of Westford Academy\". Westford Eagle. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110520013124/http://www.wickedlocal.com/westford/archive/x2136193253","url_text":"\"History of Westford Academy\""},{"url":"http://www.wickedlocal.com/westford/archive/x2136193253","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"History - Westtown School\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.westtown.edu/our-purpose/history","url_text":"\"History - Westtown School\""}]},{"reference":"Boukranaa, Ahmed. \"Single-Sex Education VS Co-Education\". www.academia.edu. Retrieved 17 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/4860900","url_text":"\"Single-Sex Education VS Co-Education\""}]},{"reference":"Rosenberg, Rosalind. \"The History of Coeducation in America\". Archived from the original on 22 December 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121222003458/http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/learn/documents/coeducation.htm","url_text":"\"The History of Coeducation in America\""},{"url":"http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/learn/documents/coeducation.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kerber, Stephen (January 1979). \"William Edwards and the Historic University of Florida Campus: A Photographic Essay\". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 57 (3): 327–336. JSTOR 30148527.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/30148527","url_text":"30148527"}]},{"reference":"\"Coed - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary\". Merriam-webster.com. 31 August 2012. 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Retrieved 3 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g0cnr5SaMm8C&q=coed+sexist+language&pg=PA407","url_text":"Table 2.32: Biased Words and Their Alternatives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814415894","url_text":"9780814415894"}]},{"reference":"Guest, Murray (2014). \"Analysis and Research into Co-education in Australia and the UK\" (PDF). Armidale, NSW: The Armidale School. Retrieved 2 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.as.edu.au/content/uploads/2015/02/Final-Coeducation_Research_Paper_Feb_2015.pdf","url_text":"\"Analysis and Research into Co-education in Australia and the UK\""}]},{"reference":"\"Do our views about co-ed versus single-sex schools hold up?\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 18 March 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/life-and-relationships/do-our-views-about-co-ed-versus-single-sex-schools-hold-up-20180318-p4z4zq.html","url_text":"\"Do our views about co-ed versus single-sex schools hold up?\""}]},{"reference":"Palmar, Belinda (30 October 2013). \"Co-educational schools are bad for girls\". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/women-in-leadership/2013/oct/30/co-educational-schools-bad-for-girls","url_text":"\"Co-educational schools are bad for girls\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Garner, Richard (1 December 2009). \"Why single-sex schools are bad for your health (if you're a boy)\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/why-single-sex-schools-are-bad-for-your-health-if-youre-a-boy-1831636.html","url_text":"\"Why single-sex schools are bad for your health (if you're a boy)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220515/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/why-single-sex-schools-are-bad-for-your-health-if-youre-a-boy-1831636.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mixed-sex_education&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mixed-sex_education&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mixed-sex_education&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2014/9-may/news/uk/archbishop-s-school-300-years-later","external_links_name":"\"Archbishop's school, 300 years later\""},{"Link":"http://www.dollaracademy.org.uk/about-dollar","external_links_name":"\"About Dollar\""},{"Link":"https://new.oberlin.edu/about/history.dot","external_links_name":"\"History | About Oberlin | Oberlin College\""},{"Link":"http://www.as.edu.au/content/uploads/2015/02/Final-Coeducation_Research_Paper_Feb_2015.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Single Sex v Coeducation Debate and the Experience of Schools that Change Status\""},{"Link":"https://www.hcrlaw.com/blog/single-sex-schools-in-china/","external_links_name":"\"Single-sex Schools in China\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qRSOAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA202","external_links_name":"China's universities, 1895-1995: a century of cultural conflict"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vUql-4-eW6QC&pg=PA35","external_links_name":"La mixité dans l'éducation: Enjeux passés et présents"},{"Link":"http://ettajdid.org/spip.php?article138","external_links_name":"\"Réflexions sur la mixité scolaire en France\""},{"Link":"https://ikon.mn/n/2dde","external_links_name":"\"Хүйсээр үл ялгаварлан боловсрол олгож эхэлсэн Ази тивийн анхны сургуулийн 100 жилийн ой\""},{"Link":"http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&searchDay=15&searchMonth=9&searchYear=2007&searchEnacted=0&text=mixed+sex&extent=E%2bW%2bS%2bN.I.&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&PageNumber=1&NavFrom=0&parentActiveTextDocId=3399271&ActiveTextDocId=3399271&filesize=51744","external_links_name":"Statutory Instrument 2007 No. 2324"},{"Link":"http://www.bristol.ac.uk/university/history/","external_links_name":"\"History of the University - About the University - University of Bristol\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/obituaries/story/0,3604,976477,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Obituary – Professor Sir Bernard Williams\""},{"Link":"http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/naw/nawstime.html","external_links_name":"\"One Hundred Years Toward Suffrage\""},{"Link":"http://www.indiana.edu/~iuspa/journal/editions/2002/Jones.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Indiana University: The Transition to Coeduation\""},{"Link":"http://www.hillsdale.edu/about/history.asp","external_links_name":"\"Hillsdale College – History & Misson\""},{"Link":"http://www.lib.rochester.edu/index.cfm?PAGE=2319","external_links_name":"\"University of Rochester History\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060515022742/http://www.uiowa.edu/facts/UI-firsts/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"University of Iowa Firsts\""},{"Link":"http://www.uiowa.edu/facts/UI-firsts/index.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://a2z.my.wheaton.edu/wheaton-firsts","external_links_name":"\"Wheaton \"Firsts\" - Wheaton History A to Z\""},{"Link":"https://www.bates.edu/150-years/bates-greats/mary-w-mitchell/","external_links_name":"\"Mary W. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Raqta | Bayt Raqtah | ["1 References"] | Village in Syria
Bayt Raqtah (Arabic: بيت رقطة) is a Syrian village located in Wadi al-Uyun Nahiyah in Masyaf District, Hama. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Bayt Raqtah had a population of was around 400 in the 2020 census , Considering that more than 1,000 of them are outside the village.
Daniel Muhammed .
References
^ "General Census of Population 2004". Retrieved 2014-07-10.
Asia portal
vte Hama GovernorateHama DistrictHamaSubdistrict
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Huways Ibn Hadib
Haymaniyah
al-Hazim
Janat al-Sawarnah
Jubb al-Uthman
Jubb al-Safa
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Jadduah Shamaliyah
Kharsan
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Maar Shamali
Qanater
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Qasr Ibn Wardan
Rabda
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Rasm al-Daheriyah
Rasm al-Ward
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al-Samaqiyah al-Qibliyah
Suruj
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Tuwal Dabaghin
Umm Habes
Umm Turaykat al-Qibliyah
Umm Zahmak
al-Zughbah
Al-Suqaylabiyah DistrictAl-SuqaylabiyahSubdistrict
Al-Suqaylabiyah
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Ammurin
Anab
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Ayn Waridah
Ballunah
Breij
al-Hurra
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Hayalin
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Karamah
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al-Khandaq al-Sharqiyah
Khansaa
Maksar
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al-Rihana
Saidiyah
Salba
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Shahta
al-Shajar
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Tell al-Titeen
Uwaynah
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Farikah
Haydariyah
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Jurin
Mashta Mahfuz
Maradash
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Nubl al-Khatib
Qatrat al-Rihan
Rihana
Tell SalhabSubdistrict
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Abu Faraj
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Ayn al-Jurn
Hawayeq
Hawr al-Mawsil
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al-Kashati
Khareb
al-Latma
Mazhal
Nahr al-Bared
Ras al-Jurn
Tamaza
Tubah
ZiyarahSubdistrict
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al-Amara
al-Amqiyah Tahta
al-Ankawi
Awja al-Tuba
al-Bahsa
Barakah
Duqmaq
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Ayn al-Hamaam
Fawru
Khirbet al-Naqus
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Maarana
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Qarqur
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Qastun
Qulaydin
al-Safsafa
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al-Sindiyana
Tell Wasit
Zayzun
al-Zaqum
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Ashrafiyah
al-Bani
al-Aziziyah
Bab al-Taqa
al-Barid
Deir Sunbul
al-Huwayz
al-Huwayz al-Shamali
al-Hamra
al-Hawash
al-Humayrat
al-Hurriyah
Hawijah Fauqa
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Hawijat al-Sallah
Jamasat Udayat
al-Jayyid
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al-Karim
Kawri
al-Kurkat
Mastarihat Afamiyah
Midan Ghazal
Qabr Fidda
al-Qahirah
Qiratah
al-Ramlah
al-Rasif
Salihiyah
Sahariyah
Shahranaz
al-Sha'irah
Tell Huwash
Tamana al-Ghab
al-Thuwarah
al-Tuwayni
al-Zitiyah
Masyaf DistrictMasyafSubdistrict
Masyaf
Anbura
al-Bayda
al-Bayyadiyah
Biqraqa
al-Bustan
Biqasqas
Deir Huwayt
Deir Mama
Deir al-Salib
al-Findara
Hayalin
al-Haylunah
al-Hurayf
Jobet Kalakh
Kafr Aqid
al-Laqbah
Mashta Deir Mama
Matna
al-Nahda
Qabu Shamsiyah
Qayrun
Qurtuman
Rabu
al-Rusafa
al-Shamsiyah
al-Shiha
Sighata
al-Suwaydah
Tayr Jamlah
Tayr Jubbah
Tell Afar
al-Zamaliyah
al-Zaynah
AwjSubdistrict
Awj
Akakir
Baarin
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Huwayr al-Turukman
Kafr Kamra
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Khanazir
Nisaf
Qarmas
Qasraya
Ta'unah
Zor Baarin
Ayn HalaqimSubdistrict
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Ayn al-Shams
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Asheq Omar
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Bayt Natar
al-Dulaybah
Hermel
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Kahf al-Habash
Khirbet Hazur
al-Majawi
al-Mashrafah
Qasr al-Ayan
Tin al-Sabil
Jubb RamlahSubdistrict
Jubb Ramlah
Alamiyah
Asilah
Deir Shamil
Dimu
Hanjur
Hizanu
Julaymadun
Jarajis
Kanafu
Khan Jalaymadun
Maarin
Mahrusah
Mushashin
Qurayyat
Qurin
Sarmiyah
Sulukiyah
Uqayrabah
Zahraa
Zawi
Wadi al-UyunSubdistrict
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Ammuriyah
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Ayn Farraj
Ayn al-Karam
Bashawi
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Barayzah
Bir al-Wadi
Birat al-Jurd
Duwayr al-Mashayekh
Jabita
Kafr Laha
Kamaliyah
Marha
Maysara
Naqir
Qussiyah
al-Sindiyana
Tamarqiyah
Zaytuna
Mahardah DistrictMahardahSubdistrict
Mahardah
Abu Ubaydah
Abu Rubays
al-Arid
Halfaya
Huwat
al-Judaydah
Kafr Hud
Khirbet Subin
Khunayzir
Maarzaf (al-Qubeir)
al-Majdal
Shaizar
Shir
Safsafiyah
Tell Malah
Tell Sikkin
Tremseh
Zilaqiat
Zawr al-Qaadah
Kafr ZitaSubdistrict
Kafr Zita
Arba'in
Hamamiyat
Latmin
al-Sayyad
al-Zakah
KarnazSubdistrict
Karnaz
al-Asman
al-Jalamah
Jubbayn
al-Lataminah
al-Mughayr
Shaykh Hadid
Salamiyah DistrictSalamiyahSubdistrict
Salamiyah
Ali Kasun
Bardunah
Buwaydah
Dunaybah
Danin
Duwaybah
Fan Qibli
Fan Wastani
al-Ghawi
Halban
Jamala
al-Kafat
Karim
Khafiyah
Khunayfis
Kaytalun
al-Malih
Marj Mattar
Nawa
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Sibaa
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Tell Dahab
Tell Hasan Basha
Tell Khaznah
Tell Sinan
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Tuba
Tulul al-Humur
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al-Uwayr
Zighrin
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Furaytan
al-Hardanah
al-Khurayjah
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Mafkar Sharqi
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Fawrah
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Khunayfis al-Dawsa
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Tell Abd al-Aziz
Tell al-Ghir
Tell al-Shih
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UqayribatSubdistrict
Uqayribat
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Abu Hakfa
Abu al-Fashafish
Bustan al-Subeih
Dakhilah
Hamada al-Omar
Hanutah
Haddaj
Jani al-Albawi
Jubb Abyad
Jubb Dakhilah
Jayruh
Makhbuta
Masud
Mashrafah
Na'imiyah
Makaymin Shamali
Qastal
Rasm al-Abid
Rasm Elahmar
Rasm al-Bardakana
Ruwaydah
Suha
Tabara al-Hamra
Tahmaz
SaanSubdistrict
Al-Saan
Abu Hurayk
Abu al-Ghor
Abu al-Qusur
Amya
Aniq Bajra
al-Ayah
Baghadid
Harat al-Sharqiyah
Hasu al-Qiblawi
Ithriya
Jakuziyah
Jubb Khasara
Makharib
Mawilah
Qabasin al-Arab
Rahjan
Rasm al-Ahmar
Rasm Amun
Sarha
Shaykh Hilal
al-Suwayah
Umm Mayal
This article about a location in Hama Governorate, Syria is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Syrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"Wadi al-Uyun Nahiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_al-Uyun_Nahiyah"},{"link_name":"Masyaf District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masyaf_District"},{"link_name":"Hama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Syria Central Bureau of Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_(Syria)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Bayt Raqtah (Arabic: بيت رقطة) is a Syrian village located in Wadi al-Uyun Nahiyah in Masyaf District, Hama. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Bayt Raqtah had a population of was around 400 in the 2020 census , Considering that more than 1,000 of them are outside the village.[1]Daniel Muhammed .","title":"Bayt Raqtah"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"General Census of Population 2004\". Retrieved 2014-07-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/syr_pop_2004_sycensus_0.xls","url_text":"\"General Census of Population 2004\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/syr_pop_2004_sycensus_0.xls","external_links_name":"\"General Census of Population 2004\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bayt_Raqtah&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Sanderson | Clifford Sanderson | ["1 RAF career","2 References"] | Royal Air Force air marshals (1898–1976)
Sir Clifford SandersonBorn(1898-02-19)19 February 1898Wandsworth, London, EnglandDied28 January 1976(1976-01-28) (aged 77)Hove, Sussex, EnglandAllegianceUnited KingdomService/branchBritish Army (1916–18)Royal Air Force (1918–55)Years of service1916–1955RankAir MarshalCommands heldFar East Air Force (1952–54)AHQ Malaya (1948–49)AHQ Burma (1946–47)RAF Ramlah (1938–40)No. 19 Squadron (1931–34)Battles/warsFirst World WarSecond World WarMalayan EmergencyAwardsKnight Commander of the Order of the British EmpireCompanion of the Order of the BathDistinguished Flying CrossMentioned in Despatches (2)
Air Marshal Sir (Alfred) Clifford Sanderson, KBE, CB, DFC (19 February 1898 – 28 January 1976) was a British Royal Air Force officer who served as Air Officer Commanding Far East Air Force from 1952 to 1954.
RAF career
Educated at Dulwich College, Sanderson joined the Royal Flying Corps in 1916 during the First World War. He transferred to the newly formed Royal Air Force in 1918 and was made Officer Commanding No. 19 Squadron in 1931. He was appointed Station Commander at RAF Ramlah in 1938 and served in the Second World War as Senior Air Staff Officer at Headquarters RAF Palestine and Transjordan and then at RAF Mediterranean before becoming Air Officer Administration at Air Headquarters Egypt. He continued his war service as Director of War Organisation and then as Director of Administrative Plans at the Air Ministry. He was seriously injured in an air crash in February 1945.
In 1946 Sanderson was appointed Air Officer Commanding Air Headquarters Burma and then Air Officer Administration at Headquarters Air Command Far East. He went on to be Air Officer Commanding Air Headquarters Malaya in 1948 and Director-General of Personnel at the Air Ministry in 1949. He became Air Officer Commanding Far East Air Force in 1952 before retiring in 1955.
References
^ a b c d e f g Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation – Air Marshal Sir Clifford Sanderson
^ Sir Clifford Sanderson retires Flight International, 4 March 1955
Military offices
Preceded bySir Francis Fogarty
Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Far East Air Force 1952–1954
Succeeded bySir Francis Fressanges | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Marshal"},{"link_name":"KBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"DFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Air Officer Commanding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Officer_Commanding"},{"link_name":"Far East Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_East_Air_Force_(Royal_Air_Force)"}],"text":"Air Marshal Sir (Alfred) Clifford Sanderson, KBE, CB, DFC (19 February 1898 – 28 January 1976) was a British Royal Air Force officer who served as Air Officer Commanding Far East Air Force from 1952 to 1954.","title":"Clifford Sanderson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dulwich College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulwich_College"},{"link_name":"Royal Flying Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-air-1"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"No. 19 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._19_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-air-1"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-air-1"},{"link_name":"Air Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Ministry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-air-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-air-1"},{"link_name":"Air Headquarters Malaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Headquarters_Malaya"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-air-1"},{"link_name":"Far East Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_East_Air_Force_(Royal_Air_Force)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-air-1"}],"text":"Educated at Dulwich College, Sanderson joined the Royal Flying Corps in 1916 during the First World War.[1] He transferred to the newly formed Royal Air Force in 1918 and was made Officer Commanding No. 19 Squadron in 1931.[1] He was appointed Station Commander at RAF Ramlah in 1938 and served in the Second World War as Senior Air Staff Officer at Headquarters RAF Palestine and Transjordan and then at RAF Mediterranean before becoming Air Officer Administration at Air Headquarters Egypt.[1] He continued his war service as Director of War Organisation and then as Director of Administrative Plans at the Air Ministry.[1] He was seriously injured in an air crash in February 1945.[2]In 1946 Sanderson was appointed Air Officer Commanding Air Headquarters Burma and then Air Officer Administration at Headquarters Air Command Far East.[1] He went on to be Air Officer Commanding Air Headquarters Malaya in 1948 and Director-General of Personnel at the Air Ministry in 1949.[1] He became Air Officer Commanding Far East Air Force in 1952 before retiring in 1955.[1]","title":"RAF career"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.rafweb.org/Biographies/Sanderson_AC.htm","external_links_name":"Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation – Air Marshal Sir Clifford Sanderson"},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1955/1955%20-%200286.html","external_links_name":"Sir Clifford Sanderson retires"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Dare_Aderholdt | Virginia Dare Aderholdt | ["1 Early years","2 Cryptanalyst","3 Later years","4 See also","5 References"] | Virginia Dare AderholdtVirginia Aderholdt, 1927BornJuly 24, 1910Shenandoah, Virginia, USDiedJuly 16, 1997Charlotte, North Carolina, USOther namesVirginia Dare LarsenOccupationCryptanalystKnown forDecrypting Japanese surrender message, August 14, 1945Spouses
Paul Wehrmeister McDole
(m. 1957; died 1969)
Aksel Christian Larsen
Virginia Dare Aderholdt was an Arlington Hall cryptanalyst and Japanese translator. She decrypted the intercepted Japanese surrender message at the close of World War II on August 14, 1945.
Early years
Virginia Aderholdt was the daughter of Oscar Wrey Aderholdt, a Lutheran clergyman, and Genolia Ethel Powlas. As a twelve-year-old student, Aderholdt took third place in a state spelling competition. Aderholdt graduated with honors from Wyandotte High School in Kansas. She later studied at Mitchell Community College and Lenoir–Rhyne University in North Carolina, and Bethany College in West Virginia, and Teachers College, Columbia University in New York. Aderholdt also studied at the Biblical Seminary in New York and the Tokyo School of Japanese Language and Culture in Tokyo.
A grade school teacher, Aderholdt taught at the Kansas State School for the Blind. She spent four years in Japan.
Cryptanalyst
Truman announces Japan's surrender, August 14, 1945
During World War II, Aderholdt worked at Arlington Hall decrypting and translating Japanese messages, particularly those in an older diplomatic code, JAH. Because she was fluent in Japanese, she could decrypt and translate simultaneously. At noon, August 14, 1945, Arlington Hall received an intercept in JAH from Tokyo to the Japanese Embassy in Bern, Switzerland, announcing the Japanese surrender. Aderholdt decrypted and translated the message, which was sent in Japanese and English. The decrypt was telephoned to military intelligence, and at 7 p.m. that evening, President Harry Truman announced the surrender. The war was over.
Later years
Aderholdt was the only musical missionary sent to Japan by the United Lutheran Church in America. She worked for ten years in Japan as a musical training teacher at the Shokei College School for Girls at Kumamoto, Japan. In November 1957 she delivered a talk on her work at United Lutheran Church, Langley Park, Maryland. She was married twice: first to Paul Wehrmeister McDole, a music teacher, and later to Aksel Christian Larsen, a Lutheran minister. She died of pancreatic cancer in 1997.
See also
Code Girls
References
^ "Hickory daily record. (Hickory, N.C.) 1915-current, August 07, 1920". Hickory Daily Record. Vol. 5, no. 270. Hickory, North Carolina. 1920-08-07. p. 3, col. 4. ISSN 1061-5628. Retrieved 2020-03-28. Peery-Powlas: ... Mendelssohn's march was sounded for the entrance. ... The music was furnished by little ten-year-old Virginia Aderholdt, niece of the bride.
^ "(no title)". The News & Observer. Raleigh, North Carolina. 30 November 1922. p. 1. {{cite news}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
^ Comins, Linda (21 April 2019). "'Code Girls' Included Bethanians". Archived from the original on 27 October 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2020. While many of Arlington Hall's language units were headed up by j-boys, JAH was handled by a woman named Virginia Dare Aderholdt. According to a memo, Aderholdt graduated from Bethany College in West Virginia — Wilma Berryman's alma mater — which was a four-year college founded by the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), and offered a first-rate language department and a commitment to good causes. Many graduates did missionary work abroad. Virginia Aderholdt had spent four years in Japan, and the JAH code now was her baby. She owned that code.
^ a b "Music Missionary to Speak". Rocky Mount Telegram. Rocky Mount, North Carolina. 4 December 1954. p. 2.
^ Mundy, Liza (10 October 2017). Code girls : the untold story of the American women code breakers of World War II (Second prt. ed.). New York. pp. 326–329. ISBN 978-0-316-35253-6. OCLC 972386321.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ McNaughton, James C. (2006). "Chapter 7; MIS Nisei Serving in the Continental United States, 1943–1945; Signals Intelligence" (PDF). Nisei Linguists : Japanese Americans in the Military Intelligence Service during World War II. Washington, DC. pp. 214–215. ISBN 0-16-072957-2. OCLC 70149258. The Army and Navy developed impressive capabilities, codenamed Magic, one of the most closely held secrets of the war, to intercept Japanese radio communications, including Japanese diplomatic message traffic. The U.S. Army Signal Intelligence Service (SIS) located its code-breaking activities at Arlington Hall on the outskirts of Washington, D.C., with an intercept station and technical training school at Vint Hill Farms near Warrenton, Virginia. The Office of Naval Intelligence's counterpart to the SIS, OP–20–G, was at the Mount Vernon Academy in Washington, D.C. To translate intercepted Japanese material, both organizations used language officers and Caucasian civilians such as Harold E. Zaugg, repatriated from Japan in 1942, and Virginia Aderholdt, a former teacher in Japan.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Evening Star Saturday, Nov 16, 1957 Washington (DC), Page: 7 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arlington Hall cryptanalyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Girls"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"Virginia Dare Aderholdt was an Arlington Hall cryptanalyst and Japanese translator. She decrypted the intercepted Japanese surrender message at the close of World War II on August 14, 1945.","title":"Virginia Dare Aderholdt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hickorydr1920-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news1922-2"},{"link_name":"Wyandotte High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyandotte_High_School"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas"},{"link_name":"Mitchell Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_Community_College"},{"link_name":"Lenoir–Rhyne University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenoir%E2%80%93Rhyne_University"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Bethany College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethany_College_(West_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comins2019-3"},{"link_name":"Teachers College, Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teachers_College,_Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Kansas State School for the Blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_State_School_for_the_Blind"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"}],"text":"Virginia Aderholdt was the daughter of Oscar Wrey Aderholdt, a Lutheran clergyman, and Genolia Ethel Powlas.[1] As a twelve-year-old student, Aderholdt took third place in a state spelling competition.[2] Aderholdt graduated with honors from Wyandotte High School in Kansas. She later studied at Mitchell Community College and Lenoir–Rhyne University in North Carolina, and Bethany College in West Virginia,[3] and Teachers College, Columbia University in New York. Aderholdt also studied at the Biblical Seminary in New York and the Tokyo School of Japanese Language and Culture in Tokyo.A grade school teacher, Aderholdt taught at the Kansas State School for the Blind. She spent four years in Japan.[when?][4]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Photograph_of_President_Truman_in_the_Oval_Office,_reading_the_announcement_of_Japan%27s_surrender_to_assembled..._-_NARA_-_199171.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arlington Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_Hall"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcnaughton2006-6"},{"link_name":"Harry Truman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Truman"}],"text":"Truman announces Japan's surrender, August 14, 1945During World War II, Aderholdt worked at Arlington Hall decrypting and translating Japanese messages, particularly those in an older diplomatic code, JAH. Because she was fluent in Japanese, she could decrypt and translate simultaneously.[5][6] At noon, August 14, 1945, Arlington Hall received an intercept in JAH from Tokyo to the Japanese Embassy in Bern, Switzerland, announcing the Japanese surrender. Aderholdt decrypted and translated the message, which was sent in Japanese and English. The decrypt was telephoned to military intelligence, and at 7 p.m. that evening, President Harry Truman announced the surrender. The war was over.","title":"Cryptanalyst"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Lutheran Church in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Lutheran_Church_in_America"},{"link_name":"Shokei College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shokei_College"},{"link_name":"Kumamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumamoto"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Aderholdt was the only musical missionary sent to Japan by the United Lutheran Church in America. She worked for ten years in Japan as a musical training teacher at the Shokei College School for Girls at Kumamoto, Japan. [4] In November 1957 she delivered a talk on her work at United Lutheran Church, Langley Park, Maryland.[7] She was married twice: first to Paul Wehrmeister McDole, a music teacher, and later to Aksel Christian Larsen, a Lutheran minister. She died of pancreatic cancer in 1997.","title":"Later years"}] | [{"image_text":"Truman announces Japan's surrender, August 14, 1945","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Photograph_of_President_Truman_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_reading_the_announcement_of_Japan%27s_surrender_to_assembled..._-_NARA_-_199171.jpg/220px-Photograph_of_President_Truman_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_reading_the_announcement_of_Japan%27s_surrender_to_assembled..._-_NARA_-_199171.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Code Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Girls"}] | [{"reference":"\"Hickory daily record. (Hickory, N.C.) 1915-current, August 07, 1920\". Hickory Daily Record. Vol. 5, no. 270. Hickory, North Carolina. 1920-08-07. p. 3, col. 4. ISSN 1061-5628. Retrieved 2020-03-28. Peery-Powlas: ... Mendelssohn's march was sounded for the entrance. ... The music was furnished by little ten-year-old Virginia Aderholdt, niece of the bride.","urls":[{"url":"https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn91068423/1920-08-07/ed-1/seq-3/","url_text":"\"Hickory daily record. (Hickory, N.C.) 1915-current, August 07, 1920\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hickory,_North_Carolina","url_text":"Hickory, North Carolina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1061-5628","url_text":"1061-5628"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_March_(Mendelssohn)","url_text":"Mendelssohn's march"}]},{"reference":"\"(no title)\". The News & Observer. Raleigh, North Carolina. 30 November 1922. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_News_%26_Observer","url_text":"The News & Observer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina","url_text":"Raleigh, North Carolina"}]},{"reference":"Comins, Linda (21 April 2019). \"'Code Girls' Included Bethanians\". Archived from the original on 27 October 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2020. While many of Arlington Hall's language units were headed up by j-boys, JAH [a Japanese code] was handled by a woman named Virginia Dare Aderholdt. According to a memo, Aderholdt graduated from Bethany College in West Virginia — Wilma Berryman's alma mater — which was a four-year college founded by the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), and offered a first-rate language department and a commitment to good causes. Many graduates did missionary work abroad. Virginia Aderholdt had spent four years in Japan, and the JAH code now was her baby. She owned that code.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theintelligencer.net/life/columns/2019/04/code-girls-included-bethanians/","url_text":"\"'Code Girls' Included Bethanians\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191027174346/https://www.theintelligencer.net/life/columns/2019/04/code-girls-included-bethanians/","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethany_College_(West_Virginia)","url_text":"Bethany College"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilma_Z._Davis","url_text":"Wilma Berryman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Church_(Disciples_of_Christ)","url_text":"Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)"}]},{"reference":"\"Music Missionary to Speak\". Rocky Mount Telegram. Rocky Mount, North Carolina. 4 December 1954. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mount_Telegram","url_text":"Rocky Mount Telegram"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mount,_North_Carolina","url_text":"Rocky Mount, North Carolina"}]},{"reference":"Mundy, Liza (10 October 2017). Code girls : the untold story of the American women code breakers of World War II (Second prt. ed.). New York. pp. 326–329. ISBN 978-0-316-35253-6. OCLC 972386321.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liza_Mundy","url_text":"Mundy, Liza"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City","url_text":"New York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-35253-6","url_text":"978-0-316-35253-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/972386321","url_text":"972386321"}]},{"reference":"McNaughton, James C. (2006). \"Chapter 7; MIS Nisei Serving in the Continental United States, 1943–1945; Signals Intelligence\" (PDF). Nisei Linguists : Japanese Americans in the Military Intelligence Service during World War II. Washington, DC. pp. 214–215. ISBN 0-16-072957-2. OCLC 70149258. The Army and Navy developed impressive capabilities, codenamed Magic, one of the most closely held secrets of the war, to intercept Japanese radio communications, including Japanese diplomatic message traffic. The U.S. Army Signal Intelligence Service (SIS) located its code-breaking activities at Arlington Hall on the outskirts of Washington, D.C., with an intercept station and technical training school at Vint Hill Farms near Warrenton, Virginia. The Office of Naval Intelligence's counterpart to the SIS, OP–20–G, was at the Mount Vernon Academy in Washington, D.C. To translate intercepted Japanese material, both organizations used language officers and Caucasian civilians such as Harold E. Zaugg, repatriated from Japan in 1942, and Virginia Aderholdt, a former teacher in Japan.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.army.mil/html/books/nisei_linguists/CMH_70-99-1.pdf#page=232","url_text":"\"Chapter 7; MIS Nisei Serving in the Continental United States, 1943–1945; Signals Intelligence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16-072957-2","url_text":"0-16-072957-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70149258","url_text":"70149258"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_(cryptography)","url_text":"Magic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_Intelligence_Service","url_text":"U.S. Army Signal Intelligence Service (SIS)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vint_Hill_Farms_Station","url_text":"Vint Hill Farms"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Intelligence#World_War_II","url_text":"Office of Naval Intelligence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OP-20-G","url_text":"OP–20–G"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn91068423/1920-08-07/ed-1/seq-3/","external_links_name":"\"Hickory daily record. (Hickory, N.C.) 1915-current, August 07, 1920\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1061-5628","external_links_name":"1061-5628"},{"Link":"https://www.theintelligencer.net/life/columns/2019/04/code-girls-included-bethanians/","external_links_name":"\"'Code Girls' Included Bethanians\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191027174346/https://www.theintelligencer.net/life/columns/2019/04/code-girls-included-bethanians/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/972386321","external_links_name":"972386321"},{"Link":"https://history.army.mil/html/books/nisei_linguists/CMH_70-99-1.pdf#page=232","external_links_name":"\"Chapter 7; MIS Nisei Serving in the Continental United States, 1943–1945; Signals Intelligence\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70149258","external_links_name":"70149258"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethered | Tether | ["1 Failure","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Cord for anchoring a movable object
For other uses, see Tether (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Teether.
A tether is a cord, fixture, or flexible attachment that characteristically anchors something movable to something fixed; it also may be used to connect two movable objects, such as an item being towed by its tow.
Applications for tethers include: fall arrest systems, lanyards, balloons, kites, airborne wind-power systems, anchors, floating water power systems, towing, animal constraint, space walks, power kiteing, and anti-theft devices.
Failure
Failure modes for tethers are considered in their design. A cord or rope tether may reach its breaking strength and fail. Outcomes can include an injury or fatal fall, and damage or loss of life to personnel or bystanders caused by backlash of the ruptured segments.
Failure-prevention may be designed into a tethering system. Some safety harnesses are used in combination with a shock-absorbing lanyard, which has break-away stitching designed into it to prevent material failure and regulate deceleration, thereby preventing a serious G-force injury to the user when the end of the rope is reached.
Designed-to-fail safety links are sometimes used to prevent excessive tension in a tether involved in towing objects, such as sailplanes.
A signal tether is a system in which a constant signal designates a positive condition, and its interruption, whether by discontinuation or jamming, conveys a failure. The signal may be electrically generated, or a physical device such as flying a flag.
See also
Umbilical cable
Safety lanyard
References
^ Bosworth, Seymour; Kabay, M. E., eds. (2002). Computer Security Handbook. New York, NY: Wiley. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-471-41258-8.
^ Bekey, Ivan (2003). Advanced Space System Concepts and Technologies, 2010-2030+. El Segundo, Calif. : Reston, Va.: Aerospace Press; American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-884989-12-4.
External links
What is a Tether Violation? by TechSander.com
This technology-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tether (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tether_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Teether","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teether"},{"link_name":"towed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towing"},{"link_name":"fall arrest systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_arrest_system"},{"link_name":"lanyards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanyards"},{"link_name":"airborne wind-power systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_wind_power"},{"link_name":"anchors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor"},{"link_name":"animal constraint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leash"},{"link_name":"space walks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_tether"},{"link_name":"power kiteing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_kite"},{"link_name":"anti-theft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-theft"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For other uses, see Tether (disambiguation).Not to be confused with Teether.A tether is a cord, fixture, or flexible attachment that characteristically anchors something movable to something fixed; it also may be used to connect two movable objects, such as an item being towed by its tow.Applications for tethers include: fall arrest systems, lanyards, balloons, kites, airborne wind-power systems, anchors, floating water power systems, towing, animal constraint, space walks, power kiteing, and anti-theft devices.[1]","title":"Tether"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Failure modes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failure_mode"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"breaking strength","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_strength"},{"link_name":"safety harnesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_harness"},{"link_name":"shock-absorbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_absorber"},{"link_name":"lanyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanyard"},{"link_name":"deceleration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deceleration"},{"link_name":"G-force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-force"},{"link_name":"sailplanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailplane"}],"text":"Failure modes for tethers are considered in their design.[2] A cord or rope tether may reach its breaking strength and fail. Outcomes can include an injury or fatal fall, and damage or loss of life to personnel or bystanders caused by backlash of the ruptured segments.Failure-prevention may be designed into a tethering system. Some safety harnesses are used in combination with a shock-absorbing lanyard, which has break-away stitching designed into it to prevent material failure and regulate deceleration, thereby preventing a serious G-force injury to the user when the end of the rope is reached.Designed-to-fail safety links are sometimes used to prevent excessive tension in a tether involved in towing objects, such as sailplanes.A signal tether is a system in which a constant signal designates a positive condition, and its interruption, whether by discontinuation or jamming, conveys a failure. The signal may be electrically generated, or a physical device such as flying a flag.","title":"Failure"}] | [] | [{"title":"Umbilical cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical_cable"},{"title":"Safety lanyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_lanyard"}] | [{"reference":"Bosworth, Seymour; Kabay, M. E., eds. (2002). Computer Security Handbook. New York, NY: Wiley. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-471-41258-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JDXB8WTppk0C&q=tether&pg=RA2-PA20","url_text":"Computer Security Handbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-41258-8","url_text":"978-0-471-41258-8"}]},{"reference":"Bekey, Ivan (2003). Advanced Space System Concepts and Technologies, 2010-2030+. El Segundo, Calif. : Reston, Va.: Aerospace Press; American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-884989-12-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=S4u1UgfxnHcC&q=tethers&pg=PA33","url_text":"Advanced Space System Concepts and Technologies, 2010-2030+"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884989-12-4","url_text":"978-1-884989-12-4"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JDXB8WTppk0C&q=tether&pg=RA2-PA20","external_links_name":"Computer Security Handbook"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=S4u1UgfxnHcC&q=tethers&pg=PA33","external_links_name":"Advanced Space System Concepts and Technologies, 2010-2030+"},{"Link":"https://techsander.com/what-is-a-tether-violation/","external_links_name":"What is a Tether Violation?"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tether&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Gaas | Hans Gaas | ["1 References"] | Hans Gaas ( c.1500 – 17 September 1578) was a Danish-Norwegian clergyman. He was Bishop of the Diocese of Nidaros in the aftermath of the introduction of Lutheranism into Norway.
Gaas was born in Svendborg on the island of Funen in Denmark. He studied in Wittenberg for a few years from 1521. He took his magister degree in theology at Copenhagen during 1548. He was sent to Trondheim in 1549 with the goal of completing the Reformation of the church in the Diocese of Nidaros. When he first came to Trondheim, he was initially assigned to the Cloister at Elgeseter where he initiated reform. He also undertook a rescue mission for Nidaros Cathedral which was badly damaged by fires in 1327 and again in 1531. In his efforts to initiate reform of the church, he found an ally in Gjeble Pederssøn (ca. 1490-1557) Bishop in Bergen stift, who in 1537 had become the first Lutheran Bishop within Norway. Pederssøn was likewise reforming the church in Bergen.
Hans Gaas served as superintendent and Bishop in Trondhjems stift from 1549 until his death in 1578, except for the war period from 1564 to 1570. In 1563, the Northern Seven Years' War was initiated between Sweden and Denmark-Norway. In 1564, Swedish forces occupied Trøndelag, including the city of Trondheim. Gaas refused taking the oath to the king of Sweden and was imprisoned. The war ended in 1570 with the withdrawal of Swedish forces under terms of the Treaty of Stettin at which time Gaas was reinstated in his former office.
References
^ Godal, Anne Marit (ed.). "Hans Gaas". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
^ Fossen, Anders Bjarne. "Gjeble Pederssøn". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
^ Lysaker, Trygve. "Hans Gaas". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
Church of Norway titles
Preceded byTorbjørn Bratt
Bishop of Trondhjem 1549–1578
Succeeded byHans Mogenssøn
Authority control databases
VIAF
This biographical article about a Norwegian religious figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Svendborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svendborg"},{"link_name":"Funen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funen"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Wittenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittenberg"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Trondheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trondheim"},{"link_name":"Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation"},{"link_name":"Trondheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trondheim"},{"link_name":"Elgeseter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgeseter"},{"link_name":"Nidaros Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidaros_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Gjeble Pederssøn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjeble_Pederss%C3%B8n"},{"link_name":"Bishop in Bergen stift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Bj%C3%B8rgvin"},{"link_name":"Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen"},{"link_name":"Trondhjems stift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Nidaros"},{"link_name":"Northern Seven Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Seven_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Denmark-Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark-Norway"},{"link_name":"Trøndelag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag"},{"link_name":"Trondheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trondheim"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Stettin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1570)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbl-3"}],"text":"Gaas was born in Svendborg on the island of Funen in Denmark. He studied in Wittenberg for a few years from 1521. He took his magister degree in theology at Copenhagen during 1548. He was sent to Trondheim in 1549 with the goal of completing the Reformation of the church in the Diocese of Nidaros. When he first came to Trondheim, he was initially assigned to the Cloister at Elgeseter where he initiated reform. He also undertook a rescue mission for Nidaros Cathedral which was badly damaged by fires in 1327 and again in 1531. In his efforts to initiate reform of the church, he found an ally in Gjeble Pederssøn (ca. 1490-1557) Bishop in Bergen stift, who in 1537 had become the first Lutheran Bishop within Norway. Pederssøn was likewise reforming the church in Bergen.Hans Gaas served as superintendent and Bishop in Trondhjems stift from 1549 until his death in 1578, except for the war period from 1564 to 1570. In 1563, the Northern Seven Years' War was initiated between Sweden and Denmark-Norway. In 1564, Swedish forces occupied Trøndelag, including the city of Trondheim. Gaas refused taking the oath to the king of Sweden and was imprisoned. The war ended in 1570 with the withdrawal of Swedish forces under terms of the Treaty of Stettin at which time Gaas was reinstated in his former office.[2][3]","title":"Hans Gaas"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Godal, Anne Marit (ed.). \"Hans Gaas\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon. Retrieved 16 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Marit_Godal","url_text":"Godal, Anne Marit"},{"url":"http://snl.no/Hans_Gaas","url_text":"\"Hans Gaas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon","url_text":"Store norske leksikon"}]},{"reference":"Fossen, Anders Bjarne. \"Gjeble Pederssøn\". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon. Retrieved 15 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Gjeble_Pederss%C3%B8n/utdypning","url_text":"\"Gjeble Pederssøn\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_Helle","url_text":"Helle, Knut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk_biografisk_leksikon","url_text":"Norsk biografisk leksikon"}]},{"reference":"Lysaker, Trygve. \"Hans Gaas\". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 16 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://nbl.snl.no/Hans_Gaas/utdypning","url_text":"\"Hans Gaas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_Helle","url_text":"Helle, Knut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk_biografisk_leksikon","url_text":"Norsk biografisk leksikon"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://snl.no/Hans_Gaas","external_links_name":"\"Hans Gaas\""},{"Link":"http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Gjeble_Pederss%C3%B8n/utdypning","external_links_name":"\"Gjeble Pederssøn\""},{"Link":"http://nbl.snl.no/Hans_Gaas/utdypning","external_links_name":"\"Hans Gaas\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/1149294224780521144","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Gaas&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Li | David Li | ["1 Family background","2 Education","3 Political and academic positions","4 Board memberships","5 Legal issues","5.1 Dow Jones","5.2 Donald Tsang Yam-kuen","6 Awards and recognition","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | For other people named David Li, see David Li (disambiguation).
In this Hong Kong name, the surname is Li. In accordance with Hong Kong custom, the Western-style name is David Li and the Chinese-style name is Li Kwok-po.
Dr the HonourableSir David LiGBM GBS OBE JP李國寶Sir David Li Kwok-po at Horasis Global China Business Meeting, 2009Chairman of the Bank of East AsiaIncumbentAssumed office 9 April 1997Non-official Member of the Executive Council of Hong KongIn office1 November 2005 – 16 February 2008Appointed byDonald TsangMember of the Legislative Council of Hong KongIn office30 October 1985 – 30 June 1997Preceded byNew constituencySucceeded byReplaced by Provisional Legislative CouncilConstituencyFinancial/FinanceIn office21 December 1996 – 30 June 1998(Provisional Legislative Council)In office1 July 1998 – 30 September 2012Preceded byNew parliamentSucceeded byNg Leung-singConstituencyFinance
Personal detailsBornDavid Li Kwok-po (1939-03-13) 13 March 1939 (age 85)London, England, UKSpousePenny Poon Kam-chuiChildrenAdrian David Li Man-kiuBrian David Li Man-bunAlma materUniversity of CambridgeSelwyn College, CambridgeImperial College LondonOccupationBanker
David LiTraditional Chinese李國寶TranscriptionsYue: CantoneseYale RomanizationLéih Gwok bóuJyutpingLei5 Gwok3 bou2
Sir David Li Kwok-po GBM GBS OBE JP (Chinese: 李國寶; born 13 March 1939, London, England) is a Hong Kong banker and politician. He is the executive chairman of the Bank of East Asia and pro-chancellor of the University of Hong Kong. He was a member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong and the Executive Council of Hong Kong in the 2000s.
Family background
The Li family with roots in Heshan, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China has long had a prominent position in Hong Kong. David Li's great-grandfather, Li Shek-tang, made his fortune bringing rice to Hong Kong from Vietnam. In 1918, Li's grandfather, Li Koon-chun, along with his great-uncle, founded the Bank of East Asia, the first Chinese-owned bank in the territory. His father, Li Fook-shu, was a director of the Bank of East Asia, an Unofficial member of the Legislative Council and council member of the Chinese University of Hong Kong. Li's younger brother is Arthur Li Kwok-cheung, former Secretary for Education and Manpower and Chairman of the Council of the University of Hong Kong. David's cousins include the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal's first Chief Justice Andrew Li Kwok-nang. One of his uncles is the late Simon Li Fook-sean, a senior judge who ran in the first election for chief executive in 1996, whose daughter is prominent democrat, barrister Gladys Li, and another the late Ronald Li Fook-siu, the disgraced former chairman of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange.
Education
Li was educated at Uppingham School in the United Kingdom. He studied mathematics at Imperial College London, and then studied economics and law at Selwyn College, University of Cambridge.
He received an honorary doctorate in law from the University of Warwick in July 1994 and another one from the University of Hong Kong in March 1996. In November 1996, he received an honorary doctorate of social sciences from Lingnan College. Li joined the Bank of East Asia in 1969, becoming Chief Executive in 1981 and Chairman in 1997.
Political and academic positions
Li was a member of the Legislative Council, elected unopposed in the Finance functional constituency in 2004 and 2008. From October 2005 until his resignation in February 2008, he was a member of the Executive Council, appointed after renouncing his British citizenship. He is currently Pro-Chancellor of the University of Hong Kong.
Board memberships
Li is also a director at several Hong Kong listed companies including fixed line phone carrier PCCW, SCMP Group and Hong Kong and Shanghai Hotels. In addition, he is chairman of the Chinese Banks Association Ltd.
Legal issues
Dow Jones
On 1 May 2007, News Corporation made a public announcement of its bid for Dow Jones & Company. The United States Securities and Exchange Commission filed an initial complaint seven days later naming Wong Kan-king and his wife Charlotte, both residents of Hong Kong, as defendants after its investigation of suspicious share price movements in the run-up to the announcement. The SEC alleged that the couple purchased 415,000 shares through a Merrill Lynch Hong Kong account between 13 and 30 April, and had reaped a US$8.2 million profit on disposal following announcement of the bid.
The SEC later filed an amended complaint ("The First Amended Complaint") identifying the source of the information as David Li, who had obtained the information by being a board member of Dow Jones. The SEC alleged that Li had informed his close friend and business associate Michael Leung, who in turn told his daughter and son-in-law. The amended complaint added David Li and Michael Leung as co-defendants and details how Leung traded through the account of his daughter and son-in-law with their assistance.
At the end of January 2008, a settlement was reached where Li was ordered to pay an $8.1 million civil penalty, Leung to pay $8.1 million in disgorgement and an $8.1 million penalty; K. K. Wong would pay $40,000 in disgorgement plus prejudgment interest and a $40,000 civil penalty. Li would neither admit nor deny any wrongdoing.
Li's integrity is being questioned by Legislators, and corporate gadfly David Webb was the first to put Li under pressure to relinquish his position as a member of both the Legislative and the Executive Councils of Hong Kong because of his implication in the affair. Several other legislators added to the pressure for Li to relinquish his cabinet (Exco) position, although there are divergent views on his continued LegCo membership. On 17 February 2008, Li announced his resignation from Exco.
Donald Tsang Yam-kuen
In January 2017, prosecutors claimed that, in July 2010, Li had assisted the then Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Donald Tsang Yam-kuen (through Tsang's wife) in the latter's attempt to cover up an alleged corrupt deal to secure a super-luxury apartment in Shenzhen, by drawing a HK$350,000 cash cheque and passing the money to Tsang's wife.
Awards and recognition
Li was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 1991 New Year Honours. In 2001, he was awarded the Gold Bauhinia Star by the government of Hong Kong.
In the 2005 Queen's Birthday Honours, he was made a Knight Bachelor by the United Kingdom for his contributions to British education. He also has honorary doctorates from the University of Cambridge, Imperial College London, the University of Hong Kong and the Chinese University of Hong Kong. Li was awarded the Grand Bauhinia Medal in 2007.
See also
Banks portal
Bank of East Asia
Legislative Council of Hong Kong
References
^ "Official Website Global China Business Meeting 2009". Archived from the original on 28 December 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
^ Keith Bradsher, "Dow Jones insider trading case goes global", International Herald Tribune, 9 May 2007
^ Ching, Frank (1999). The Li Dynasty, Hong Kong Aristocrats. USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195909046.
^ Imperial College London: Asia Convocation 2007, programme, p.9
^ Businessweek article on David Li Kwok-po
^ "Corporate Information - extracted from Annual Report 2000" (PDF). Bank of East Asia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
^ a b Nipa Piboontanasawat, "Hong Kong Banker David Li Quits City's Cabinet After SEC Payout", Bloomberg, 17 February 2008
^ a b c The News Corp-Dow Jones Insider Trading Case: A Significant Settlement,
SEC Actions, 6 February 2008
^ Eric Dash and Andrew Ross Sorkin, "Inquiry expected into possible Dow Jones insider trading", International Herald Tribune, 8 May 2007
^ a b Benjamin Scent, "Li 'to pay $62m' to settle insider case" Archived 28 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Standard, 29 January 2008
^ Mary Ma, "Attack on Li way off the mark" Archived 28 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Standard, 12 February 2008
^ Bonnie Chen, "Li pressure mounts" Archived 28 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Standard, 15 February 2008
^ Staff reporter, "Li should not seek reelection, says Tien" Archived 28 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Standard, 19 February 2008
^ Bonnie Chen, "Friends and foes hail Li's `brave' Legco decision" Archived 28 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Standard, 18 February 2008
^ "Prosecutor says Donald Tsang signed penthouse lease as smokescreen". The Standard. 12 January 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
^ "No. 52382". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 December 1990. pp. 16–17.
^ "No. 57665". The London Gazette (Supplement). 11 June 2005. p. 2. Li is still entitled to use "Sir" before his name although he abandoned his British nationality a few months after being knighted.
^ "LegCo Members' Biographies" Archived 28 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
External links
David Li biodata at the Legislative Council of Hong Kong website
Legislative Council of Hong Kong
New constituency
Member of Legislative Council Representative for Finance1985–1997
Replaced by Provisional Legislative Council
New parliament
Member of Provisional Legislative Council 1997–1998
Replaced by Legislative Council
Member of Legislative Council Representative for Finance1998–2012
Succeeded byNg Leung-sing
Business positions
Preceded byLi Fook-wo
Chairman of the Bank of East Asia 1997–present
Incumbent
Order of precedence
Preceded byRafael HuiRecipient of the Grand Bauhinia Medal
Hong Kong order of precedenceRecipient of the Grand Bauhinia Medal
Succeeded byLee Shau-keeRecipient of the Grand Bauhinia Medal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Li (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Li_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Li","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_(surname_%E6%9D%8E)"},{"link_name":"GBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Bauhinia_Medal"},{"link_name":"GBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Bauhinia_Star"},{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"JP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_of_Peace"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Bank of East Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_East_Asia"},{"link_name":"pro-chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-chancellor"},{"link_name":"University of Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Legislative Council of Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Executive Council of Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Hong_Kong"}],"text":"For other people named David Li, see David Li (disambiguation).In this Hong Kong name, the surname is Li. In accordance with Hong Kong custom, the Western-style name is David Li and the Chinese-style name is Li Kwok-po.Sir David Li Kwok-po GBM GBS OBE JP (Chinese: 李國寶; born 13 March 1939, London, England) is a Hong Kong banker and politician. He is the executive chairman of the Bank of East Asia and pro-chancellor of the University of Hong Kong. He was a member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong and the Executive Council of Hong Kong in the 2000s.","title":"David Li"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Li family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_big_families_of_Hong_Kong#Li_family_notables"},{"link_name":"Heshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heshan,_Guangdong"},{"link_name":"Jiangmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangmen"},{"link_name":"Guangdong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Li Koon-chun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Li_Koon-chun&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bank of East Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_East_Asia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Li Fook-shu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Fook-shu"},{"link_name":"Bank of East Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_East_Asia"},{"link_name":"Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Arthur Li Kwok-cheung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Li"},{"link_name":"Secretary for Education and Manpower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_for_Education_and_Manpower"},{"link_name":"Andrew Li Kwok-nang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Li_Kwok-nang"},{"link_name":"Simon Li Fook-sean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Li_Fook-sean"},{"link_name":"first election for chief executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Hong_Kong_Chief_Executive_election"},{"link_name":"Gladys Li","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladys_Li"},{"link_name":"Ronald Li Fook-siu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Li"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Li family with roots in Heshan, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China has long had a prominent position in Hong Kong. David Li's great-grandfather, Li Shek-tang, made his fortune bringing rice to Hong Kong from Vietnam. In 1918, Li's grandfather, Li Koon-chun, along with his great-uncle, founded the Bank of East Asia, the first Chinese-owned bank in the territory.[2] His father, Li Fook-shu, was a director of the Bank of East Asia, an Unofficial member of the Legislative Council and council member of the Chinese University of Hong Kong. Li's younger brother is Arthur Li Kwok-cheung, former Secretary for Education and Manpower and Chairman of the Council of the University of Hong Kong. David's cousins include the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal's first Chief Justice Andrew Li Kwok-nang. One of his uncles is the late Simon Li Fook-sean, a senior judge who ran in the first election for chief executive in 1996, whose daughter is prominent democrat, barrister Gladys Li, and another the late Ronald Li Fook-siu, the disgraced former chairman of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange.[3]","title":"Family background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uppingham School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppingham_School"},{"link_name":"Imperial College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College_London"},{"link_name":"Selwyn College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selwyn_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"University of Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Warwick"},{"link_name":"University of Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Lingnan College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingnan_College"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Li was educated at Uppingham School in the United Kingdom. He studied mathematics at Imperial College London, and then studied economics and law at Selwyn College, University of Cambridge.[4]He received an honorary doctorate in law from the University of Warwick in July 1994 and another one from the University of Hong Kong in March 1996. 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In addition, he is chairman of the Chinese Banks Association Ltd.[7]","title":"Board memberships"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"News Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Corporation_(1980%E2%80%932013)"},{"link_name":"Dow Jones & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Jones_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"United States Securities and Exchange Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission"},{"link_name":"Merrill Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrill_Lynch"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-secactions-8"},{"link_name":"had reaped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insider_trading"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inquiry-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-secactions-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-settle-10"},{"link_name":"disgorgement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disgorgement"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-secactions-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-settle-10"},{"link_name":"David Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Michael_Webb"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quits-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Dow Jones","text":"On 1 May 2007, News Corporation made a public announcement of its bid for Dow Jones & Company. The United States Securities and Exchange Commission filed an initial complaint seven days later naming Wong Kan-king and his wife Charlotte, both residents of Hong Kong, as defendants after its investigation of suspicious share price movements in the run-up to the announcement. The SEC alleged that the couple purchased 415,000 shares through a Merrill Lynch Hong Kong account between 13 and 30 April,[8] and had reaped a US$8.2 million profit on disposal following announcement of the bid.[9]The SEC later filed an amended complaint (\"The First Amended Complaint\") identifying the source of the information as David Li, who had obtained the information by being a board member of Dow Jones. The SEC alleged that Li had informed his close friend and business associate Michael Leung, who in turn told his daughter and son-in-law. The amended complaint added David Li and Michael Leung as co-defendants and details how Leung traded through the account of his daughter and son-in-law with their assistance.[8][10]At the end of January 2008, a settlement was reached where Li was ordered to pay an $8.1 million civil penalty, Leung to pay $8.1 million in disgorgement and an $8.1 million penalty; K. K. Wong would pay $40,000 in disgorgement plus prejudgment interest and a $40,000 civil penalty.[8] Li would neither admit nor deny any wrongdoing.[10]Li's integrity is being questioned by Legislators, and corporate gadfly David Webb was the first to put Li under pressure to relinquish his position as a member of both the Legislative and the Executive Councils of Hong Kong because of his implication in the affair.[11] Several other legislators added to the pressure for Li to relinquish his cabinet (Exco) position,[7][12] although there are divergent views on his continued LegCo membership.[13] On 17 February 2008, Li announced his resignation from Exco.[14]","title":"Legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Donald Tsang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Tsang"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Donald Tsang Yam-kuen","text":"In January 2017, prosecutors claimed that, in July 2010, Li had assisted the then Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Donald Tsang Yam-kuen (through Tsang's wife) in the latter's attempt to cover up an alleged corrupt deal to secure a super-luxury apartment in Shenzhen, by drawing a HK$350,000 cash cheque and passing the money to Tsang's wife.[15]","title":"Legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Officer of the Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"New Year Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year_Honours"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Gold Bauhinia Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Bauhinia_Star"},{"link_name":"government of Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Queen's Birthday Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Birthday_Honours"},{"link_name":"Knight Bachelor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Bachelor"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"honorary doctorates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_doctorate"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Imperial College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College_London"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"the University of Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_University_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"the Chinese University of Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Grand Bauhinia Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Bauhinia_Medal"}],"text":"Li was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 1991 New Year Honours.[16] In 2001, he was awarded the Gold Bauhinia Star by the government of Hong Kong.In the 2005 Queen's Birthday Honours, he was made a Knight Bachelor by the United Kingdom for his contributions to British education.[17] He also has honorary doctorates from the University of Cambridge, Imperial College London,[18] the University of Hong Kong and the Chinese University of Hong Kong. Li was awarded the Grand Bauhinia Medal in 2007.","title":"Awards and recognition"}] | [] | [{"title":"Banks portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Banks"},{"title":"Bank of East Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_East_Asia"},{"title":"Legislative Council of Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong"}] | [{"reference":"\"Official Website Global China Business Meeting 2009\". Archived from the original on 28 December 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091228195227/http://www.horasis.org/event_all_2009.php","url_text":"\"Official Website Global China Business Meeting 2009\""},{"url":"http://www.horasis.org/event_all_2009.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ching, Frank (1999). The Li Dynasty, Hong Kong Aristocrats. USA: Oxford University Press. 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The London Gazette (Supplement). 11 June 2005. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/57665/supplement/2","url_text":"\"No. 57665\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091228195227/http://www.horasis.org/event_all_2009.php","external_links_name":"\"Official Website Global China Business Meeting 2009\""},{"Link":"http://www.horasis.org/event_all_2009.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/05/09/asia/09li.php","external_links_name":"\"Dow Jones insider trading case goes global\""},{"Link":"http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/pls/portallive/docs/1/31249699.PDF","external_links_name":"Imperial College London: Asia Convocation 2007, programme, p.9"},{"Link":"http://investing.businessweek.com/businessweek/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=10184671&ric=0023.HK&previousCapId=416620&previousTitle=UBS%20AG","external_links_name":"Businessweek article on David Li Kwok-po"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190301140311/http://www3.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/sehk/2001/0301/0023/f103.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Corporate Information - extracted from Annual Report 2000\""},{"Link":"http://www3.hkexnews.hk/listedco/listconews/sehk/2001/0301/0023/f103.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aTyK.eY0uykc","external_links_name":"\"Hong Kong Banker David Li Quits City's Cabinet After SEC Payout\""},{"Link":"http://www.secactions.com/?p=304","external_links_name":"The News Corp-Dow Jones Insider Trading Case: A Significant Settlement"},{"Link":"http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/05/09/business/09insider.php","external_links_name":"\"Inquiry expected into possible Dow Jones insider trading\""},{"Link":"http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=2&art_id=60843&sid=17328233&con_type=1&d_str=20080129&sear_year=2008","external_links_name":"\"Li 'to pay $62m' to settle insider case\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110628200722/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=2&art_id=60843&sid=17328233&con_type=1&d_str=20080129&sear_year=2008","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=21&art_id=61394&sid=17552792&con_type=1&d_str=20080212&sear_year=2008","external_links_name":"\"Attack on Li way off the mark\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110628200813/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=21&art_id=61394&sid=17552792&con_type=1&d_str=20080212&sear_year=2008","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=12&art_id=61619&sid=17611767&con_type=3&d_str=20080215&sear_year=2008","external_links_name":"\"Li pressure mounts\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110628200915/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=12&art_id=61619&sid=17611767&con_type=3&d_str=20080215&sear_year=2008","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=11&art_id=61746&sid=17658882&con_type=1&d_str=20080219&sear_year=2008","external_links_name":"\"Li should not seek reelection, says Tien\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110628200944/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=11&art_id=61746&sid=17658882&con_type=1&d_str=20080219&sear_year=2008","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=30&art_id=61661&sid=17647473&con_type=1&d_str=20080218&sear_year=2008","external_links_name":"\"Friends and foes hail Li's `brave' Legco decision\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110628201037/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=30&art_id=61661&sid=17647473&con_type=1&d_str=20080218&sear_year=2008","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news.php?id=83632","external_links_name":"\"Prosecutor says Donald Tsang signed penthouse lease as smokescreen\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/52382/supplement/16","external_links_name":"\"No. 52382\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/57665/supplement/2","external_links_name":"\"No. 57665\""},{"Link":"http://www.legco.gov.hk/general/english/members/yr08-12/lkp.htm","external_links_name":"\"LegCo Members' Biographies\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101228053142/http://legco.gov.hk/general/english/members/yr08-12/lkp.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101228053142/http://legco.gov.hk/general/english/members/yr08-12/lkp.htm","external_links_name":"David Li biodata at the Legislative Council of Hong Kong website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_Detectives | Bone Detectives | ["1 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Bone Detectives" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Bone Detectives is a television series that made its debut on The Discovery Channel on December 29, 2007, at 10 P.M. Eastern time/ 9 P.M. Central time. Afterward, its regular timeslot became Mondays at 10 P.M., starting on January 14, 2008. It is also shown on Discovery Channel (Canada) Fridays at 9 P.M. An article on the series states that it "will follow teams of scientists and explorers as they attempt to unlock the secrets of burial and mummification... Archaeologist Scotty Moore and Discovery Channel Producer Tom Golden from Hot Springs, Arkansas will lead each of Bone Detective's expeditions, which will explore the burial techniques used by some of the world's most ancient civilizations. Billed as a mix of 'anthropology and adventure,' Bone Detectives will also use the burial techniques to reveal portions of the past that have since been forgotten."
References
^ Rocchio, Christopher (December 26, 2007). "Discovery to premiere four new series in January, offer 'sneak peaks'". Reality TV World. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
vteDiscovery Channel original programmingCurrent
Shark Week (since 1988)
Deadliest Catch (since 2005)
How the Universe Works (since 2010)
Gold Rush (since 2010)
Moonshiners (since 2011)
Bering Sea Gold (since 2012)
Naked and Afraid (since 2013)
Alaskan Bush People (since 2014)
Gold Rush: White Water (since 2018)
BattleBots (since 2018)
Expedition Unknown (since 2018)
Growing Belushi (since 2020)
Survive the Raft (since 2023)
Former1980s/1990s debuts
Wings (1980s–1990s)
Lost Animals of the 20th Century (1990)
The Next Step (1991–1996)
World Class Cuisine (1993–1997)
Ancient Warriors (1994–1995)
Daily Planet (1995–2018, Canada)
Discover Magazine (1996–2000)
The New Detectives (1996–2004)
Raging Planet (1997–2009)
The FBI Files (1998–2006)
2000s debuts
When Dinosaurs Roamed America (2001)
Monster Garage (2002–06)
Biker Build-Off (2002–07)
Unsolved History (2002–05)
American Chopper (2003–12,2018-20)
MythBusters (2003–16, recast 2017–18)
Dinosaur Planet (2003)
Dirty Jobs (2003–2020, 2022-23)
Critical Rescue (2003)
Extreme Engineering (2003–11)
Monster House (2003–06)
Planes That Never Flew (2003)
Before We Ruled the Earth (2003)
American Hot Rod (2004–08)
Animal Face-Off (2004)
Big! (2004)
American Casino (2004–05)
It Takes a Thief (2005–07)
Alien Planet (2005)
Mega Builders (2005–10)
A Haunting (2005–07)
I Shouldn't Be Alive (2005–06)
Firehouse USA: Boston (2005)
Cash Cab (2005–12, 2017–18)
Stunt Junkies (2006–07)
Man vs. Wild (2006–11)
Future Weapons (2006–08)
Most Evil (2006–08)
Discovery Atlas (2006–08)
Everest: Beyond the Limit (2006–09)
Perfect Disaster (2006)
Really Big Things (2007)
2057 (2007)
You Spoof Discovery (2007)
Lobster Wars (2007)
Storm Chasers (2007–11)
Fearless Planet (2007)
Rise of the Video Game (2007)
Fight Quest (2007–08)
Bone Detectives (2007–08)
Smash Lab (2007–09)
Some Assembly Required (2007–08)
Weapon Masters (2007)
Time Warp (2008–09)
Verminators (2008–09)
Out of the Wild (2008–11)
When We Left Earth: The NASA Missions (2008)
Into the Unknown with Josh Bernstein (2008)
Destroyed in Seconds (2008–2011)
Iditarod: Toughest Race on Earth (2008)
Prototype This! (2008–09)
Wreckreation Nation (2009)
One Way Out (2009)
Doing DaVinci (2009–10)
PitchMen (2009–11)
Swamp Loggers (2009–12)
The Colony (2009–10)
Swords (2009–11)
Monsters Resurrected (2009)
Ghost Lab (2009–11)
American Loggers (2009-11)
2010s debuts
Howe & Howe Tech (2010–11)
Solving History with Olly Steeds (2010)
Into the Universe with Stephen Hawking (2010)
Weird or What? (2010–12)
Dual Survival (2010–16)
Man, Woman, Wild (2010–12)
Auction Kings (2010–13)
Oddities (2010–14)
Brew Masters (2010)
Airplane Repo (2010–15)
Alaska: The Last Frontier (2011-22)
Flying Wild Alaska (2011–12)
Sons of Guns (2011–14)
Disaster Eyewitness (2011)
American Treasures (2011)
Swamp Brothers (2011–12)
One Man Army (2011)
Curiosity (2011–13)
Dinosaur Revolution (2011)
American Guns (2011–12)
Ragin' Cajuns (2012)
Unchained Reaction (2012)
Dealers (2012, United Kingdom)
Outlaw Empires (2012)
Fast N' Loud (2012-2020)
Property Wars (2012–13)
One Car Too Far (2012)
Texas Car Wars (2012)
How Booze Built America (2012)
Overhaulin' (2012–15)
Jungle Gold (2012–13)
Amish Mafia (2012–15)
Yukon Men (2012–16)
Weed Country (2013)
Marooned with Ed Stafford (2013–16)
The Big Brain Theory (2013)
North America (2013)
Street Outlaws (2013-19)
Klondike (2014)
Lords of the Car Hoards (2014–15)
Edge of Alaska (2014–17)
Vegas Rat Rods (2014-18)
Misfit Garage (2014-2018)
Naked and Afraid XL (2015-22)
Treasure Quest: Snake Island (2015-18)
Diesel Brothers (2016-20)
Killing Fields (2016–17)
The Last Alaskans (2016–19)
Harley and the Davidsons (2016)
Manhunt: Unabomber (2017)
Trading Spaces (2018-19)
2020s debuts
BattleBots: Bounty Hunters (2021) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Discovery Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Discovery_Channel"},{"link_name":"Discovery Channel (Canada)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Channel_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"mummification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummy"},{"link_name":"Archaeologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologist"},{"link_name":"anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Bone Detectives is a television series that made its debut on The Discovery Channel on December 29, 2007, at 10 P.M. Eastern time/ 9 P.M. Central time. Afterward, its regular timeslot became Mondays at 10 P.M., starting on January 14, 2008. It is also shown on Discovery Channel (Canada) Fridays at 9 P.M. An article on the series states that it \"will follow teams of scientists and explorers as they attempt to unlock the secrets of burial and mummification... Archaeologist Scotty Moore and Discovery Channel Producer Tom Golden from Hot Springs, Arkansas will lead each of Bone Detective's expeditions, which will explore the burial techniques used by some of the world's most ancient civilizations. Billed as a mix of 'anthropology and adventure,' Bone Detectives will also use the burial techniques to reveal portions of the past that have since been forgotten.\"[1]","title":"Bone Detectives"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Rocchio, Christopher (December 26, 2007). \"Discovery to premiere four new series in January, offer 'sneak peaks'\". Reality TV World. Retrieved 5 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.realitytvworld.com/news/discovery-premiere-four-new-series-in-january-offer-neak-peaks-6308.php","url_text":"\"Discovery to premiere four new series in January, offer 'sneak peaks'\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Bone+Detectives%22","external_links_name":"\"Bone Detectives\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Bone+Detectives%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Bone+Detectives%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Bone+Detectives%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Bone+Detectives%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Bone+Detectives%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.realitytvworld.com/news/discovery-premiere-four-new-series-in-january-offer-neak-peaks-6308.php","external_links_name":"\"Discovery to premiere four new series in January, offer 'sneak peaks'\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_Nagar | K. K. Nagar, Chennai | ["1 Transportation","2 Characteristics","3 Medical Facilities","4 Neighborhood newspapers","5 Location in context","6 References"] | Coordinates: 13°02′24″N 80°11′57″E / 13.04005°N 80.19929°E / 13.04005; 80.19929Neighborhood of Chennai, India
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Neighbourhood in Chennai District, Tamil Nadu, IndiaK.K. NagarNeighbourhoodK.K. NagarK.K. NagarShow map of ChennaiK.K. NagarK.K. Nagar (Tamil Nadu)Show map of Tamil NaduK.K. NagarK.K. Nagar (India)Show map of IndiaCoordinates: 13°02′24″N 80°11′57″E / 13.04005°N 80.19929°E / 13.04005; 80.19929CountryIndiaStateTamil NaduDistrictChennai DistrictMetroChennaiZoneKodambakkamTalukMambalamPolice StationR7Government • BodyChennai CorporationLanguages • OfficialTamilTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)PIN600 078Vehicle registrationTN 09 (RTO, Chennai West)Planning agencyCMDACivic agencyChennai CorporationWebsitewww.chennai.tn.nic.in
K.K. Nagar (shortened from Kalaignar Karunanidhi Nagar) is a neighbourhood located in the southern part of Chennai, India. This is situated west of Ashok Nagar and the Chennai Airport is around 10 km southwest of this place. K.K. Nagar was a locality developed in the 1970s and early 1980s. K.K. Nagar is roughly 5 km2 in area. K.K. Nagar is organized by sectors and streets, and there are 15 sectors, and around 102 streets.
Transportation
K. K. Nagar region is connected by roads to other important localities in the city. The region has a MTC Bus terminus located on Anna Main Road, which handles about 171 services a day. Vadapalani is the nearest commercial area to K. K. Nagar. One has to travel a good 12 km to reach the Chennai Central Station (Park Town) from here. Mambalam railway station is the nearest suburban railway station to the place, located 6 km to the south east of the place. Chennai Airport lies to the southwest of K. K. Nagar and about 10 km from the place. The Chennai Metro provides connectivity to this locality to other areas in Chennai including the Central railway station and the airport. K.K.Nagar have its own Metro Rail Station which is situated Ashok Nagar. The station named as Ashok Nagar/K.K.Nagar Metro Station
Characteristics
This region is one of the few planned townships in the city. The region is spread as a rectangular landmass with traversing roads running through the region. The locality has a number of apartments inhabited by the people living in this part of the city. It also has one of the prominent schools in Chennai, PSBB, the residents of K.K. Nagar mostly consists of the alumni and the current students. People have started many different business to take advantage of the vast population going to this school, for e.g. Tuitions, Book merchants etc. The entire region consists of 12 rectangular blocks otherwise called Sectors. In addition to these, there are nearly 105 streets distributed across the 15 sectors. The divisions are marked by straight roads running from north to south and from east to west of the region. K.K. Nagar is a well planned and designed area like Chandigarh. The 12 sectors at K.K. Nagar are developed, 3 in rows and 4 in columns. Each sector has 6 to 7 streets and a park at the middle.
Medical Facilities
ESIC medical college
Dr.Jayagar ENT & General Clinic
Neighborhood newspapers
Arcot Road Talk
Trendy Talk
Kk Nagar News
Pillar talk
Location in context
Areas of Chennai
Virugambakkam
Saligramam
Vadapalani
MGR Nagar/ Nesapakkam
K.K.NAGAR
Ashok Nagar/Mambalam
Ramapuram
Ekkaduthangal
Saidapet
References
India portal
^ "Structure of Chennai" (PDF). Chapter 1. CMDA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 August 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
vteNeighbourhoods of Chennai (city)
Adyar
Adambakkam
Adayalampattu
Alapakkam
Alandur
Alwarpet
Alwarthirunagar
Ambattur
Aminjikarai
Anna Nagar
Anna Nagar West
Annanur
Andarkuppam
Arumbakkam
Ashok Nagar
Athipattu
Avadi
Ayanavaram
Besant Nagar
Chepauk
Chembarambakkam
Chengalpattu
Chetput
Choolai
Choolaimedu
Edayanchavadi
Egmore
Ennore
Ernavoor
Foreshore Estate
Georgetown
Greenways Road
Guduvancheri
Gummidipoondi
Guindy
Guindy TVK Estate
ICF Colony
Injambakkam
Irumbuliyur
Irungattukottai
The Island
Jawahar Nagar
K. K. Nagar
Kandanchavadi
Kannammapet
Karapakkam
Karanodai
Kathivakkam
Kattankulathur
Kavaraipettai
Kelambakkam
Kilambakkam
Kilpauk
Kanathur
Kodambakkam
Kodungaiyur
Kolathur
Komakkambedu
Korattur
Kosappur
Kottivakkam
Kotturpuram
Kovalam
Kovilambakkam
Koyambedu
Kundrathur
Madipakkam
Madhavaram
Madhavaram Milk Colony
Maduravoyal
Mamallapuram
Manali
Manali New Town
Manapakkam
Mandavelli
Mangadu
Manjambakkam
Maraimalai Nagar
Mathur
Medavakkam
Meenambakkam
Minjur
Mogappair
Moolakadai
Muttukadu
Mylapore
Nandanam
Nandambakkam
Nandiambakkam
Nanganallur
Navalur
Neelankarai
Nerkundram
Nesapakkam
Nolambur
Nungambakkam
Padi
Palavakkam
Palavanthangal
Pallikaranai
Panagal Park
Park Town
Parry's Corner
Pattabiram
Pattaravakkam
Pazhaverkadu
Perambur
Periapalayam
Perumbakkam
Perungudi
Pondy Bazaar
Ponneri
Poonamallee
Porur
Potheri
Pudhur
Purasawalkam
Puzhal
Puzhuthivakkam
Red Hills
Royapettah
Royapuram
Sadayankuppam
Saidapet
Santhome
Semmencherry
Sholavaram
Sholinganallur
Shenoy Nagar
Singaperumalkoil
Siruseri
Sithalapakkam
Sriperumbudur
Sunguvarchatram
Surapet
Sowcarpet
St. Thomas Mount
T. Nagar
Tharamani
Teynampet
Thirumangalam
Thirumazhisai
Thirumullaivoyal
Thiruninravur
Thiruvanmiyur
Thiruvidandhai
Thiruporur
Thuraipakkam
Tirusulam
Tiruverkadu
Tiruvottiyur
Tolgate
Tondiarpet
Triplicane
Trustpuram
Urapakkam
Vadapalani
Vadaperumbakkam
Valasaravakkam
Vallalar Nagar
Vanagaram
Vandalur
Velachery
Veppampattu
Vichoor
Villivakkam
Vinayagapuram
Virugambakkam
Vyasarpadi
Washermanpet
West Mambalam
vteAreas of ChennaiNorth
Aaladu
Aamullaivoyal
Aathur
Agaram
Alamathi
Alinjivakkam
Alinjivakkam
Amoor
Andarkuppam
Angadu
Annadanakkakavakkam
Annamalaicheri
Anuppampattu
Arambakkam
Arani
Arasur
Arikkambattu
Ariyalur
Ariyanvoyal
Arumandhai
Assisi Nagar
Athipattu
Athipattu Pudunagar
Athivakkam
Attanthangal
Avurikollaimedu
Ayanavaram
Bandikavanoor
Baljipalayam
Budhoor
Basin Bridge
Chinnakavanam
Chinnambedu
Chinnamullaivoyal
Chinnasekkadu
Chinnathoppu
Chettimedu
Devadanam
Devampattu
Dhargaas
Echankuzhi
Edapalayam
Edayanchavadi
Ennore
Elandhanoor
Elandhanjery
Elavur
Eliambedu
Ellapuram
Ernavoor
Erukkancherry
Girudalapuram
Gnayiru
Gounderpalayam
Grant Lyon
Gummidipoondi
Guruvoyal
Jaganathapuram
Janapanchatram
Jawahar Nagar
Kaaladipettai
Kadapakkam
Kakapallam
Kakkathoppu
Kalakkral
Kalpalayam
Kamarajapuram
Kammarpalayam
Kandigai
Kannadapalayam
Kannampalayam
Kannankottai
Kannapuram
Kanniammanpettai
Kanniampalayam
Kannigaipair
Karanodai
Karungali
Kasimedu
Kathirvedu
Kathivakkam
Kattavoor
Kattupalli
Kattur
Kavangarai
Kavaraipettai
KK Thazhai
Kaviyarasu Kannadhasan Nagar
Kodipallam
Kodungaiyur
Kokkumedu
Kalanji
Kolathur
Kollatti
Kolur
Kondakkarai
Kondithoppu
Korukkupet
Kosappur
Kottaikarai
Kumaran Nagar
Kummanur
Kuruvimedu
Lakshmipuram
Lighthousekuppam
Madhavaram
Madhavaram Milk Colony
Madaharpakkam
Madiyur
Mafuskhanpettai
Mahakavi Bharathi Nagar
Manali
Manali Pudhunagar
Manjambakkam
Manjankaranai
Manellore
Marambedu
Mathur
Melsinglimedu
Melur
Medhur
Mettu Surapedu
Mettu Thandalam
Mettur
Minjur
Moolachatiram
Moolakadai
Muthialpet
Nallur
Nandiambakkam
Naravarikuppam
Nerkundram
Orakadu
Padianallur
Palavoyal
Palla Surapedu
Pammadukulam
Panchetti
Pannivakkam
Pasiyavaram
Pasuvanpalayam
Pattamandiri
Payasambakkam
Pazhaverkadu
Pazhayanaappaalayam
Pazhaya Erumaivettipalayam
Payasambakkam
Pennalurpet
Perambur
Peravallur
Periapalayam
Periyamullavoyal
Periyar Nagar
Periyasekkadu
Periyathoppu
Perungavoor
Peruvoyal
Pondavakkam
Ponneri
Ponniammanmedu
Poochiathipattu
Poorivakkam
Poovalambedu
Pothur
Pudhukuppam
Pudhu Erumaivettipalayam
Pudhunaappaalayam
Pudhuvannarapettai
Pudhupakkam
Puduvoyal
Pulli Lyon
Puthagaram
Puzhal
Puzhudhivakkam
Rajakadai
Rettambedu
Retteri
Royapuram
Sadayankuppam
Sathangadu
Seemapuram
Sekkanjeri
Selavayal
Sendrambakkam
Sembulivaram
Sembium
Sembiyamanali
Sengundram
Senganimedu
Sholavaram
Sirugavoor
Sirupazhaverkadu
Siruvapuri
Siruniam
Sothupakkam
Sothuperumbedu
Sowcarpet
Sozhipalayam
Subbareddipalayam
Surapattu
Surapattu
Thadaperumbakkam
Thandalkazhani
Thandavarayanpalayam
Thangalperumbulam
Thatchoor
Thathamanji
Theerthakiriyampattu
Theeyampakkam
Thervoy Kandigai
Thirukkandalam
Thirunilai
Thirupair
Thirupalaivanam
Thiruvellavoyal
Thiru. Vi. Ka Nagar
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Category . India portal . WikiProject
vteChennai districtCity
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vteChennaiHistoryEarly history (pre-1500)
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LocalitiesNorth
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WikiProject | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Ashok Nagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashok_Nagar,_Chennai"},{"link_name":"Chennai Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMDA_StructureOfChennai-1"}],"text":"Neighborhood of Chennai, IndiaNeighbourhood in Chennai District, Tamil Nadu, IndiaK.K. Nagar (shortened from Kalaignar Karunanidhi Nagar) is a neighbourhood located in the southern part of Chennai, India. This is situated west of Ashok Nagar and the Chennai Airport is around 10 km southwest of this place. K.K. Nagar was a locality developed in the 1970s and early 1980s.[1] K.K. Nagar is roughly 5 km2 in area. K.K. Nagar is organized by sectors and streets, and there are 15 sectors, and around 102 streets.","title":"K. K. 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Nagar mostly consists of the alumni and the current students. People have started many different business to take advantage of the vast population going to this school, for e.g. Tuitions, Book merchants etc. The entire region consists of 12 rectangular blocks otherwise called Sectors. In addition to these, there are nearly 105 streets distributed across the 15 sectors. The divisions are marked by straight roads running from north to south and from east to west of the region. K.K. Nagar is a well planned and designed area like Chandigarh. The 12 sectors at K.K. Nagar are developed, 3 in rows and 4 in columns. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Rebocho | Pedro Rebocho | ["1 Club career","1.1 Benfica","1.2 Moreirense","1.3 Guingamp","1.4 Lech Poznań","1.5 Khaleej","2 International career","3 Career statistics","4 Honours","5 References","6 External links"] | Portuguese footballer
In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is Braga and the second or paternal family name is Rebocho.
Pedro Rebocho
Rebocho in 2016Personal informationFull name
Pedro Miguel Braga RebochoDate of birth
(1995-01-23) 23 January 1995 (age 29)Place of birth
Évora, PortugalHeight
1.71 m (5 ft 7 in)Position(s)
Left-backTeam informationCurrent team
Al-KhaleejNumber
5Youth career2004–2007
Juventude Évora2007–2014
BenficaSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2014–2016
Benfica B
60
(3)2016–2017
Moreirense
29
(0)2017–2021
Guingamp
77
(0)2019–2020
→ Beşiktaş (loan)
9
(0)2021
→ Paços Ferreira (loan)
20
(0)2021–2023
Lech Poznań
40
(1)2023–
Al-Khaleej
30
(0)International career2010–2011
Portugal U16
11
(0)2011–2012
Portugal U17
11
(0)2012–2013
Portugal U18
6
(0)2012–2014
Portugal U19
31
(0)2015
Portugal U20
5
(0)2016–2017
Portugal U21
5
(0)
Medal record
Men's football
Representing Portugal
UEFA European Under-19 Championship
Runner-up
2014 Hungary
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 18:57, 5 May 2024 (UTC)
Pedro Miguel Braga Rebocho (born 23 January 1995) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a left-back for Saudi Professional League club Al-Khaleej FC.
Club career
Benfica
Born in Évora, Rebocho started his football career at local club Juventude Sport Clube in 2004. Three years later, he joined S.L. Benfica's youth system, playing for their under-19 team in the 2013–14 UEFA Youth League, where they were runners-up to FC Barcelona. Previously, on 16 November 2012, he had signed a professional contract until June 2015.
On 9 August 2014, Rebocho was called up for a Benfica B match against C.D. Trofense in the Segunda Liga, but he did not feature in the former's 3–2 home win. Two weeks later, he made his professional debut in a 4–0 home victory over Académico de Viseu FC.
Rebocho finished the 2015–16 season with three goals in 28 matches, helping his team to narrowly avoid relegation.
Moreirense
On 4 July 2016, Rebocho joined Moreirense F.C. on a three-year deal. His first game in the Primeira Liga took place on 25 September, when he played the entire 1–0 home loss to Vitória de Guimarães.
Rebocho contributed four appearances in the side's victorious run in the Taça da Liga, including the final 1–0 defeat of S.C. Braga on 29 January 2017.
Guingamp
On 20 June 2017, Rebocho agreed to a three-year contract at French club En Avant Guingamp. He made his Ligue 1 debut on 5 August, starting in the 3–1 away win against FC Metz.
On 8 August 2019, Rebocho was loaned to Beşiktaş J.K. of the Turkish Süper Lig on a season-long loan with the option to make the move permanent. On 12 January 2021, in a similar loan, he joined F.C. Paços de Ferreira.
Lech Poznań
On 23 August 2021, Rebocho signed a two-year contract with Lech Poznań. He made his debut in the Polish Ekstraklasa on 17 September, scoring and assisting once in a 5–0 home rout of Wisła Kraków. He added 20 more for the champions until the end of the campaign.
Rebocho featured less in the league in 2022–23, but started in 16 out of 18 UEFA Europa Conference League games as Lech reached the quarter-finals. On 18 May 2023, it was announced he would leave as a free agent on 30 June.
Khaleej
On 20 June 2023, Rebocho joined Saudi Professional League club Al-Khaleej FC on a one-year deal.
International career
Rebocho was part of the Portuguese squad for the 2014 UEFA European Under-19 Championship. He played all matches in the tournament held in Hungary, losing the final 1–0 to Germany.
On 11 October 2016, Rebocho won his first cap for the under-21s, in a 7–1 away demolition of Liechtenstein in the 2017 UEFA European Championship qualifiers. Selected for the finals in Poland by manager Rui Jorge, he appeared in the 4–2 group win against Macedonia as the tournament ended at that stage.
Career statistics
As of match played on 27 May 2023
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
Club
Season
League
National Cup
League Cup
Other
Total
Division
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Benfica B
2014–15
Segunda Liga
32
0
—
—
—
32
0
2015–16
Segunda Liga
28
3
—
—
—
28
3
Total
60
3
—
—
—
60
3
Moreirense
2016–17
Primeira Liga
29
0
1
0
4
0
—
34
0
Guingamp
2017–18
Ligue 1
21
0
2
0
1
0
—
24
0
2018–19
Ligue 1
36
0
3
0
4
0
—
43
0
2019–20
Ligue 2
1
0
0
0
0
0
—
1
0
2020–21
Ligue 2
16
0
0
0
0
0
—
16
0
2021–22
Ligue 2
3
0
0
0
0
0
—
3
0
Total
77
0
5
0
5
0
—
87
0
Beşiktaş (loan)
2019–20
Süper Lig
9
0
2
0
—
6
0
17
0
Paços Ferreira (loan)
2020–21
Primeira Liga
20
0
0
0
0
0
—
20
0
Lech Poznań
2021–22
Ekstraklasa
21
1
2
0
—
—
23
1
2022–23
Ekstraklasa
19
0
1
0
—
19
0
39
0
Total
40
1
3
0
—
19
0
62
1
Career total
235
4
11
0
9
0
25
0
280
4
^ Appearances in UEFA Europa League
^ Two appearances in UEFA Champions League, seventeen appearances in UEFA Europa Conference League
Honours
Moreirense
Taça da Liga: 2016–17
Guingamp
Coupe de la Ligue runner-up: 2018–19
Lech Poznań
Ekstraklasa: 2021–22
References
^ a b c d "Pedro Rebocho" (in Portuguese). Mais Futebol. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
^ "Pedro Rebocho on the UEFA Youth League: "We're very confident"". S.L. Benfica. 2 April 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
^ "'Proud' Benfica hold heads high after final defeat". UEFA. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
^ "Águias renovam com quatro jogadores da formação" . Record (in Portuguese). 15 November 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
^ Ruela, João (9 August 2014). "Benfica B vence Trofense após "susto" inicial" . Diário de Notícias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 5 November 2020.
^ "Benfica B-AC. Viseu, 4–0: Expulsão de Dalbert ajudou" . Record (in Portuguese). 23 August 2014. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
^ a b "Contratação" (in Portuguese). Moreirense F.C. 4 July 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
^ "Moreirense-V. Guimarães, 0–1 (resultado final)" (in Portuguese). Mais Futebol. 25 September 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
^ a b Celso, Marcos (29 January 2017). "Moreirense conquista a Taça da Liga" (in Portuguese). Rádio e Televisão de Portugal. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
^ "Rebocho signe à Guingamp" . Le Figaro (in French). 20 June 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
^ Nadin, Christophe (5 August 2017). "Ligue 1: Le FC Metz trébuche d'entrée face à Guingamp" . Luxemburger Wort (in French). Retrieved 20 June 2017.
^ "Transferts: Pedro Rebocho prêté par Guingamp à Besiktas" . L'Équipe (in French). 8 August 2019. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
^ Mazure, Laurent (12 January 2021). "Mercato – Pedro Rebocho (Guingamp) prêté au Portugal" (in French). Ma Ligue 2. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
^ "Pedro Rebocho piłkarzem Lecha Poznań" (in Polish). Lech Poznań. 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
^ "Lech Poznań 5:0 Wisła Kraków" (in Polish). Ekstraklasa. 17 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
^ Czaplewski, Jacek (14 May 2022). "Oficjalnie: Lech Poznań mistrzem Polski. Na kolejny tytuł czekał siedem lat" (in Polish). Gol 24. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
^ "Lech krok od cudu" (in Polish). 90 Minut. 20 April 2023. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
^ "Pedro Rebocho żegna się z Lechem" (in Polish). Lech Poznań. 18 May 2023. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
^ "Pedro Rebocho junta-se ao treinador Pedro Emanuel nos sauditas do Al Khaleej" . Record (in Portuguese). 20 June 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
^ Pereira, Paulo Jorge (1 August 2014). "Ser jogador não é tudo para os vice-campeões europeus Sub-19" . Diário Económico (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
^ "Sub-21: Liechtenstein-Portugal, 1–7 (crónica)" (in Portuguese). Mais Futebol. 11 October 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
^ "Macedónia vs Portugal" (in Portuguese). Rádio e Televisão de Portugal. 23 June 2017. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
^ Pedro Rebocho – UEFA competition record (archive)
^ a b c d Pedro Rebocho at ForaDeJogo (archived)
^ a b c d e f g Pedro Rebocho at Soccerway
^ "Sezon 2021/22" (in Polish). 90 Minut. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
^ "Sezon 2022/23" (in Polish). 90 Minut. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
^ Kezzouf, Youmni (31 March 2019). "Strasbourg remporte la Coupe de la Ligue aux tirs au but" . Le Monde (in French). Retrieved 5 November 2023.
External links
Pedro Rebocho at ForaDeJogo (archived)
Pedro Rebocho at L'Équipe Football (in French)
Pedro Rebocho national team profile at the Portuguese Football Federation (in Portuguese)
vteAl-Khaleej FC – current squad
1 Al-Nasser
2 Al-Owdah
3 Al-Khabrani
4 López
5 Rebocho
6 Al-Samiri
7 Narey
8 Rodrigues
9 M. Sherif
10 Martins
11 Al Salem
13 Al-Shanqiti
14 Al-Shaafi
15 Hamzi
16 Al-Khaibari
17 Al-Majhad
18 Hawsawi
22 Ozaybi
23 Šehić
25 Al Haydar
27 Al-Torais
28 Al-Sultan
30 Al-Abdullah
33 B. Nasser
35 Al-Dossary
39 Al Hamsal
42 Al-Jayzani
44 A. Abdulraouf
47 Adams
55 Woo-young
57 Al-Darwish
66 H. Fraij
70 Al-Ibrahim
96 Al-Haidari
99 Al-Abdan
Manager: Emanuel | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"left-back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-back"},{"link_name":"Saudi Professional League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Professional_League"},{"link_name":"Al-Khaleej FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khaleej_FC"}],"text":"In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is Braga and the second or paternal family name is Rebocho.Pedro Miguel Braga Rebocho (born 23 January 1995) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a left-back for Saudi Professional League club Al-Khaleej FC.","title":"Pedro Rebocho"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Évora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89vora"},{"link_name":"Juventude Sport Clube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventude_Sport_Clube"},{"link_name":"S.L. Benfica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.L._Benfica"},{"link_name":"under-19 team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.L._Benfica_Juniors"},{"link_name":"2013–14 UEFA Youth League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_UEFA_Youth_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"FC Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona_(youth)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Benfica B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.L._Benfica_B"},{"link_name":"C.D. Trofense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.D._Trofense"},{"link_name":"Segunda Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Liga"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Académico de Viseu FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mico_de_Viseu_F.C."},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2015–16 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_LigaPro"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Signing-7"}],"sub_title":"Benfica","text":"Born in Évora, Rebocho started his football career at local club Juventude Sport Clube in 2004. Three years later, he joined S.L. Benfica's youth system, playing for their under-19 team in the 2013–14 UEFA Youth League,[2] where they were runners-up to FC Barcelona.[3] Previously, on 16 November 2012, he had signed a professional contract until June 2015.[4]On 9 August 2014, Rebocho was called up for a Benfica B match against C.D. Trofense in the Segunda Liga, but he did not feature in the former's 3–2 home win.[5] Two weeks later, he made his professional debut in a 4–0 home victory over Académico de Viseu FC.[6]Rebocho finished the 2015–16 season with three goals in 28 matches, helping his team to narrowly avoid relegation.[7]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moreirense F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreirense_F.C."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Signing-7"},{"link_name":"Primeira Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_Liga"},{"link_name":"Vitória de Guimarães","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vit%C3%B3ria_S.C."},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"victorious run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Ta%C3%A7a_da_Liga"},{"link_name":"Taça da Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%A7a_da_Liga"},{"link_name":"final 1–0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Ta%C3%A7a_da_Liga_Final"},{"link_name":"S.C. Braga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.C._Braga"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LC-9"}],"sub_title":"Moreirense","text":"On 4 July 2016, Rebocho joined Moreirense F.C. on a three-year deal.[7] His first game in the Primeira Liga took place on 25 September, when he played the entire 1–0 home loss to Vitória de Guimarães.[8]Rebocho contributed four appearances in the side's victorious run in the Taça da Liga, including the final 1–0 defeat of S.C. Braga on 29 January 2017.[9]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"En Avant Guingamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_Avant_Guingamp"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Ligue 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_1"},{"link_name":"FC Metz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Metz"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Beşiktaş J.K.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F_J.K."},{"link_name":"Süper Lig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCper_Lig"},{"link_name":"season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_S%C3%BCper_Lig"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"F.C. Paços de Ferreira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Pa%C3%A7os_de_Ferreira"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Guingamp","text":"On 20 June 2017, Rebocho agreed to a three-year contract at French club En Avant Guingamp.[10] He made his Ligue 1 debut on 5 August, starting in the 3–1 away win against FC Metz.[11]On 8 August 2019, Rebocho was loaned to Beşiktaş J.K. of the Turkish Süper Lig on a season-long loan with the option to make the move permanent.[12] On 12 January 2021, in a similar loan, he joined F.C. Paços de Ferreira.[13]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lech Poznań","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lech_Pozna%C5%84"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Ekstraklasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstraklasa"},{"link_name":"assisting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Wisła Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wis%C5%82a_Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"the campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Ekstraklasa"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"2022–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Ekstraklasa"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa Conference League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_Conference_League"},{"link_name":"the quarter-finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_UEFA_Europa_Conference_League"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"free agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_agent"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Lech Poznań","text":"On 23 August 2021, Rebocho signed a two-year contract with Lech Poznań.[14] He made his debut in the Polish Ekstraklasa on 17 September, scoring and assisting once in a 5–0 home rout of Wisła Kraków.[15] He added 20 more for the champions until the end of the campaign.[16]Rebocho featured less in the league in 2022–23, but started in 16 out of 18 UEFA Europa Conference League games as Lech reached the quarter-finals.[17] On 18 May 2023, it was announced he would leave as a free agent on 30 June.[18]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saudi Professional League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Professional_League"},{"link_name":"Al-Khaleej FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khaleej_FC"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Khaleej","text":"On 20 June 2023, Rebocho joined Saudi Professional League club Al-Khaleej FC on a one-year deal.[19]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_national_under-19_football_team"},{"link_name":"2014 UEFA European Under-19 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_national_youth_football_team"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_(sport)"},{"link_name":"the under-21s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_national_under-21_football_team"},{"link_name":"Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein_national_under-21_football_team"},{"link_name":"2017 UEFA European Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_UEFA_European_Under-21_Championship"},{"link_name":"qualifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_UEFA_European_Under-21_Championship_qualification"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Rui Jorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rui_Jorge"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia_national_under-21_football_team"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Rebocho was part of the Portuguese squad for the 2014 UEFA European Under-19 Championship. He played all matches in the tournament held in Hungary, losing the final 1–0 to Germany.[20]On 11 October 2016, Rebocho won his first cap for the under-21s, in a 7–1 away demolition of Liechtenstein in the 2017 UEFA European Championship qualifiers.[21] Selected for the finals in Poland by manager Rui Jorge, he appeared in the 4–2 group win against Macedonia as the tournament ended at that stage.[22]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UEL_26-0"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa Conference League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_Conference_League"}],"text":"As of match played on 27 May 2023[23]^ Appearances in UEFA Europa League\n\n^ Two appearances in UEFA Champions League, seventeen appearances in UEFA Europa Conference League","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taça da Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%A7a_da_Liga"},{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Ta%C3%A7a_da_Liga"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LC-9"},{"link_name":"Coupe de la Ligue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_de_la_Ligue"},{"link_name":"2018–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Coupe_de_la_Ligue"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Ekstraklasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstraklasa"},{"link_name":"2021–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Ekstraklasa"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SW-25"}],"text":"MoreirenseTaça da Liga: 2016–17[9]GuingampCoupe de la Ligue runner-up: 2018–19[28]Lech PoznańEkstraklasa: 2021–22[25]","title":"Honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Pedro Rebocho\" (in Portuguese). Mais Futebol. Retrieved 5 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/pedro-rebocho/benfica-b/2734-291-122614","url_text":"\"Pedro Rebocho\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pedro Rebocho on the UEFA Youth League: \"We're very confident\"\". S.L. Benfica. 2 April 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slbenfica.pt/noticias/detalhedenoticia/tabid/2788/ArticleId/35503/language/en-US/Pedro-Rebocho-on-the-UEFA-Youth-League-We-re-very-confident.aspx","url_text":"\"Pedro Rebocho on the UEFA Youth League: \"We're very confident\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Proud' Benfica hold heads high after final defeat\". UEFA. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 9 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uefa.com/uefayouthleague/news/newsid=2090894.html","url_text":"\"'Proud' Benfica hold heads high after final defeat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Águias renovam com quatro jogadores da formação\" [Eagles renew with four youth players]. Record (in Portuguese). 15 November 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.record.pt/futebol/futebol-nacional/liga-nos/benfica/detalhe/aguias-renovam-com-quatro-jogadores-da-formacao-788759","url_text":"\"Águias renovam com quatro jogadores da formação\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_(Portuguese_newspaper)","url_text":"Record"}]},{"reference":"Ruela, João (9 August 2014). \"Benfica B vence Trofense após \"susto\" inicial\" [Benfica B beat Trofense after initial \"scare\"]. Diário de Notícias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 5 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dn.pt/desporto/futebol-nacional/benfica-b-vence-trofense-apos-susto-inicial-4071734.html","url_text":"\"Benfica B vence Trofense após \"susto\" inicial\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A1rio_de_Not%C3%ADcias","url_text":"Diário de Notícias"}]},{"reference":"\"Benfica B-AC. Viseu, 4–0: Expulsão de Dalbert ajudou\" [Benfica B-AC. Viseu, 4–0: Dalbert ejection gave a hand]. Record (in Portuguese). 23 August 2014. Retrieved 5 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.record.pt/futebol/futebol-nacional/2--liga/detalhe/benfica-b-ac-viseu-4-0-expulsao-de-dalbert-ajudou-901174","url_text":"\"Benfica B-AC. Viseu, 4–0: Expulsão de Dalbert ajudou\""}]},{"reference":"\"Contratação\" [Signing] (in Portuguese). Moreirense F.C. 4 July 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.moreirensefc.pt/noticias.php?verNoticia=7378271e647b9f9ae8d96a97764c3859","url_text":"\"Contratação\""}]},{"reference":"\"Moreirense-V. Guimarães, 0–1 (resultado final)\" [Moreirense-V. Guimarães, 0–1 (final score)] (in Portuguese). Mais Futebol. 25 September 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/liga/vitoria-guimaraes/moreirense-v-guimaraes-0-1-resultado-final","url_text":"\"Moreirense-V. Guimarães, 0–1 (resultado final)\""}]},{"reference":"Celso, Marcos (29 January 2017). \"Moreirense conquista a Taça da Liga\" [Moreirense conquer League Cup] (in Portuguese). Rádio e Televisão de Portugal. Retrieved 5 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/desporto/moreirense-conquista-a-taca-da-liga_e979274","url_text":"\"Moreirense conquista a Taça da Liga\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_e_Televis%C3%A3o_de_Portugal","url_text":"Rádio e Televisão de Portugal"}]},{"reference":"\"Rebocho signe à Guingamp\" [Rebocho signs with Guingamp]. Le Figaro (in French). 20 June 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://sport24.lefigaro.fr/football/transferts/fil-info/rebocho-signe-a-guingamp-864817","url_text":"\"Rebocho signe à Guingamp\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Figaro","url_text":"Le Figaro"}]},{"reference":"Nadin, Christophe (5 August 2017). \"Ligue 1: Le FC Metz trébuche d'entrée face à Guingamp\" [Ligue 1: FC Metz stumble against Guingamp in debut]. Luxemburger Wort (in French). Retrieved 20 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wort.lu/fr/sport/ligue-1-le-fc-metz-trebuche-d-entree-face-a-guingamp-598625aaa5e74263e13c54a5","url_text":"\"Ligue 1: Le FC Metz trébuche d'entrée face à Guingamp\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburger_Wort","url_text":"Luxemburger Wort"}]},{"reference":"\"Transferts: Pedro Rebocho prêté par Guingamp à Besiktas\" [Transfers: Pedro Rebocho loaned by Guingamp to Besiktas]. L'Équipe (in French). 8 August 2019. Retrieved 9 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Transferts-pedro-rebocho-prete-par-guingamp-a-besiktas/1047362","url_text":"\"Transferts: Pedro Rebocho prêté par Guingamp à Besiktas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27%C3%89quipe","url_text":"L'Équipe"}]},{"reference":"Mazure, Laurent (12 January 2021). \"Mercato – Pedro Rebocho (Guingamp) prêté au Portugal\" [Market – Pedro Rebocho (Guingamp) loaned to Portugal] (in French). Ma Ligue 2. Retrieved 12 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://maligue2.fr/2021/01/12/mercato-pedro-rebocho-guingamp-prete-au-portugal/","url_text":"\"Mercato – Pedro Rebocho (Guingamp) prêté au Portugal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pedro Rebocho piłkarzem Lecha Poznań\" [Pedro Rebocho a Lech Poznań player] (in Polish). Lech Poznań. 23 August 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lechpoznan.pl/aktualnosci,2,pedro-rebocho-pilkarzem-lecha-poznan,38084.html","url_text":"\"Pedro Rebocho piłkarzem Lecha Poznań\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lech Poznań 5:0 Wisła Kraków\" (in Polish). Ekstraklasa. 17 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ekstraklasa.org/statystyki/1533","url_text":"\"Lech Poznań 5:0 Wisła Kraków\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstraklasa","url_text":"Ekstraklasa"}]},{"reference":"Czaplewski, Jacek (14 May 2022). \"Oficjalnie: Lech Poznań mistrzem Polski. Na kolejny tytuł czekał siedem lat\" [Official: Lech Poznań are Polish champions. They waited seven years for next title] (in Polish). Gol 24. Retrieved 18 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://gol24.pl/oficjalnie-lech-poznan-mistrzem-polski-na-kolejny-tytul-czekal-siedem-lat/ar/c2-16340729","url_text":"\"Oficjalnie: Lech Poznań mistrzem Polski. Na kolejny tytuł czekał siedem lat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lech krok od cudu\" [Lech close to a miracle] (in Polish). 90 Minut. 20 April 2023. Retrieved 18 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.90minut.pl/news/325/news3256108-Lech-krok-od-cudu.html","url_text":"\"Lech krok od cudu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pedro Rebocho żegna się z Lechem\" [Pedro Rebocho says goodbye to Lech] (in Polish). Lech Poznań. 18 May 2023. Retrieved 18 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lechpoznan.pl/aktualnosci,2,pedro-rebocho-zegna-sie-z-lechem,41827.html","url_text":"\"Pedro Rebocho żegna się z Lechem\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pedro Rebocho junta-se ao treinador Pedro Emanuel nos sauditas do Al Khaleej\" [Pedro Rebocho joins manager Pedro Emanuel at Saudi Arabia's Al Khaleej]. Record (in Portuguese). 20 June 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.record.pt/internacional/detalhe/pedro-rebocho-junta-se-ao-treinador-pedro-emanuel-nos-sauditas-do-al-khaleej","url_text":"\"Pedro Rebocho junta-se ao treinador Pedro Emanuel nos sauditas do Al Khaleej\""}]},{"reference":"Pereira, Paulo Jorge (1 August 2014). \"Ser jogador não é tudo para os vice-campeões europeus Sub-19\" [Being a player is not all to Under-19 European runners-up]. Diário Económico (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045845/http://economico.sapo.pt/noticias/ser-jogador-nao-e-tudo-para-os-vicecampeoes-europeus-sub19_198891.html","url_text":"\"Ser jogador não é tudo para os vice-campeões europeus Sub-19\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A1rio_Econ%C3%B3mico","url_text":"Diário Económico"},{"url":"https://economico.sapo.pt/noticias/ser-jogador-nao-e-tudo-para-os-vicecampeoes-europeus-sub19_198891.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sub-21: Liechtenstein-Portugal, 1–7 (crónica)\" [Under-21: Liechtenstein-Portugal, 1–7 (match report)] (in Portuguese). Mais Futebol. 11 October 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/selecao/goncao-guedes/sub-21-liechtenstein-portugal-1-7-cronica","url_text":"\"Sub-21: Liechtenstein-Portugal, 1–7 (crónica)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Macedónia vs Portugal\" [Macedonia vs Portugal] (in Portuguese). Rádio e Televisão de Portugal. 23 June 2017. Retrieved 6 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/desporto/macedonia-vs-portugal_e1010089","url_text":"\"Macedónia vs Portugal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sezon 2021/22\" [2021/22 season] (in Polish). 90 Minut. Retrieved 18 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.90minut.pl/wystepy.php?id=37287&id_sezon=99","url_text":"\"Sezon 2021/22\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sezon 2022/23\" [2022/23 season] (in Polish). 90 Minut. Retrieved 17 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.90minut.pl/wystepy.php?id=37287&id_sezon=101","url_text":"\"Sezon 2022/23\""}]},{"reference":"Kezzouf, Youmni (31 March 2019). \"Strasbourg remporte la Coupe de la Ligue aux tirs au but\" [Strasbourg take League Cup on penalties]. Le Monde (in French). Retrieved 5 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lemonde.fr/football/article/2019/03/31/strasbourg-remporte-la-coupe-de-la-ligue-aux-tirs-au-but_5443712_1616938.html","url_text":"\"Strasbourg remporte la Coupe de la Ligue aux tirs au but\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Monde","url_text":"Le Monde"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/pedro-rebocho/benfica-b/2734-291-122614","external_links_name":"\"Pedro Rebocho\""},{"Link":"http://www.slbenfica.pt/noticias/detalhedenoticia/tabid/2788/ArticleId/35503/language/en-US/Pedro-Rebocho-on-the-UEFA-Youth-League-We-re-very-confident.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Pedro Rebocho on the UEFA Youth League: \"We're very confident\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.uefa.com/uefayouthleague/news/newsid=2090894.html","external_links_name":"\"'Proud' Benfica hold heads high after final defeat\""},{"Link":"https://www.record.pt/futebol/futebol-nacional/liga-nos/benfica/detalhe/aguias-renovam-com-quatro-jogadores-da-formacao-788759","external_links_name":"\"Águias renovam com quatro jogadores da formação\""},{"Link":"https://www.dn.pt/desporto/futebol-nacional/benfica-b-vence-trofense-apos-susto-inicial-4071734.html","external_links_name":"\"Benfica B vence Trofense após \"susto\" inicial\""},{"Link":"https://www.record.pt/futebol/futebol-nacional/2--liga/detalhe/benfica-b-ac-viseu-4-0-expulsao-de-dalbert-ajudou-901174","external_links_name":"\"Benfica B-AC. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Orakzai_bombing | 2018 Orakzai bombing | ["1 Incident","2 See also","3 References"] | Coordinates: 33°44′44″N 70°57′35″E / 33.74556°N 70.95972°E / 33.74556; 70.959722018 Orakzai bombingLocationKalayaCoordinates33°44′44″N 70°57′35″E / 33.74556°N 70.95972°E / 33.74556; 70.95972Date23 November 2018Attack typeSuicide bombingDeaths33 (+1 attacker)Injured56PerpetratorIslamic State – Khorasan Province
vteTerrorist attacksin Pakistan (since 2001) Italics indicates attacks resulting in more than 40 deaths ‡ indicates attacks resulting in more than 100 deaths Underline indicates the deadliest terrorist attack/s to date2001
1st Bahawalpur
2002
1st Karachi
2003
1st Quetta
2004
2nd Quetta
1st Multan
2005
1st Mandi Bahauddin (Ahmadiyya)
2006
4th Karachi
Dargai
2007
1st Dera Ismail Khan
1st Charsadda
July bombings ‡
2nd Rawalpindi
5th Karachi ‡
2nd Charsadda
3rd Rawalpindi (Bhutto assassination)
2008
3rd Charsadda
2nd Parachinar
1st Swat
1st Islamabad
2nd Islamabad
2nd Dera Ismail Khan
1st Wah
1st Peshawar
3rd Islamabad
1st Orakzai ‡
2nd Peshawar
2009
4th/5th Dera Ismail Khan (January violence)
6th Dera Ismail Khan
2nd Lahore (Sri Lankan cricket)
1st Khyber
3rd Lahore
Chakwal
7th/8th Dera Ismail Khan (May attacks)
4th Lahore
3rd Peshawar
5th Lahore
Usterzai
4th Peshawar
4th Rawalpindi
Alpuri
6th Lahore
5th Islamabad
5th Peshawar ‡
5th Rawalpindi
6th Peshawar
6th Rawalpindi
7th Lahore
1st Dera Ghazi Khan
1st Lower Dir
6th Karachi
2010
1st Lakki Marwat ‡
1st Bajaur
2nd Lower Dir
7th Karachi
2nd Khyber
3rd Khyber
8th, 9th & 10th Lahore
U.S consulate/Timergarah attack
2nd/3rd Kohat
8th Peshawar
11th Lahore (Ahmadiyya)
9th Dera Ismail Khan
12th Lahore (Sufi)
1st Mohmand ‡
13th Lahore (Shia)
3rd Quetta
2nd Darra Adam Khel
8th Karachi (CID)
2nd Mohmand
2nd Bajaur
2011
Faisalabad
9th Peshawar
2nd Dera Ghazi Khan
4th Quetta
4th Charsadda
9th Karachi (PNS Mehran)
10th Peshawar
10th Dera Ismail Khan (police station)
4th Khyber
5th Quetta
Karachi targeted killings ‡
1st Mastung
2012
5th Khyber
1st Rahim Yar Khan
1st Kohistan
Mansehra
13th Peshawar (airport)
11th Dera Ismail Khan
2013
8th Quetta/3rd Swat ‡
9th Quetta
10th Karachi
Election day
Quaid-e-Azam residency
10th Quetta
Mardan
Nanga Parbat
11th Quetta/17th Peshawar
14th Lahore
5th Parachinar
12th Dera Ismail Khan (prison attack)
11th Karachi
12th Quetta
13th Quetta
18th Peshawar ‡
19th Peshawar
2014
12th Karachi (Chaudhry Aslam assassination)
1st Bannu
2nd Mastung
20th Peshawar
13th Karachi (Jinnah International Airport)
14th Quetta
Wagah border
21st Peshawar (school massacre) ‡
2015
Shikarpur
22nd Peshawar
15th Lahore
14th Karachi
3rd Mastung
Attock
Camp Badaber
Taunsa Sharif
15th Quetta
Jacobabad
6th Parachinar
2016
16th Quetta
5th Charsadda (Bacha Khan University)
23rd Peshawar
16th Lahore
17th Quetta
3rd Mohmand
18th Quetta
2nd Khuzdar
2017
13th Dera Ismail Khan
7th Parachinar
17th Lahore
24th Peshawar
Sehwan
6th Charsadda
8th Parachinar
18th Lahore
25th Peshawar
4th Mastung
19th Quetta/9th Parachinar
Chaman
19th Lahore
20th Lahore
4th Bajaur
20th Quetta
1st Harnai
14th Dera Ismail Khan (Ataullah Shah)
Jhal Magsi
27th Peshawar
21st Quetta
2018
28th Peshawar
5th Mastung/2nd Bannu ‡
15th Dera Ismail Khan
2018 election violence
22nd Quetta
2nd Orakzai
15th Karachi (Chinese consulate)
2019
1st Loralai
2nd Loralai/Panjgur
23rd Quetta
20th Lahore
1st Gwadar
2020
24th Quetta
25th Quetta
16th Karachi (Stock Exchange)
2021
2021 Machh attack
3rd Chaman
26th Quetta (Serena Hotel)
21st Lahore
17th Karachi
27th Quetta
28th Quetta
2022
22nd Lahore
1st Kech
Panjgur and Naushki
29th Quetta
Sibi
29th Peshawar
Sangan
18th Karachi
19th Karachi
1st Miranshah
4th Swat
2nd Lakki Marwat
30th Quetta
2nd Miranshah
3rd Bannu
7th Islamabad
2023
31st Peshawar
20th Karachi
Barkhan
Bolan
Havelian
3rd Lakki Marwat
8th Khyber
31st Quetta
Muslim Bagh
32nd Peshawar
Zhob
1st N Waziristan
Bara
Khar
2nd N Waziristan
6th Mastung
Hangu
16th Dera Ismail Khan
2nd Gwadar
Mianwali
Chilas
Daraban]
2024
2024 Balochistan
BLA Gwadar attack
Shangla
Lakki Marwat
On 23 November 2018, at least 33 people were killed and 56 others were injured in a suicide bombing in Kalaya, Orakzai District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
On the same day, an armed assault on the Chinese consulate in Karachi, Pakistan resulted in the deaths of four people and the three attackers. However, the two attacks are likely unconnected.
Incident
On 23 November 2018, around 10:30 am PST a bomb blast on Friday in market Kalaya, Orakzai District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, the Islamic State – Khorasan Province later claimed responsibility for the bombing. At least 33 people were killed which included three members of the minority Sikh community and 56 others were injured. However a statement on Amaq, a news outlet associated with ISIL, claimed "57 Shiites were killed and 75 were wounded" in the bombing.
See also
List of terrorist incidents linked to Islamic State – Khorasan Province
References
^ "Blast kills 25 in northern Pakistan after police repel assault on Chinese Consulate in Karachi". The Washington Post. 23 November 2018.
^ "Islamic state claims responsibility for Pakistan market suicide bombing". ChannelNewsAsia.com. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
^ "32 killed, 31 injured in explosion in lower Orakzai district: health official - Pakistan". Dawn.Com. 2018-11-23.
^ Mohmand, Mureeb (23 November 2018). "25 killed, 35 injured in Orakzai market blast | The Express Tribune". Tribune.com.pk.
^ "Blast at Market in Northwest Pakistan Kills at Least 25 - The New York Times". The New York Times. 23 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
^ Islam, Saiful (November 23, 2018). "Orakzai bomb blast toll rises to 33, with 56 injured at Friday market". Samaa TV.
^ "IS claims suicide attack on marketplace in north Pakistan". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2018-12-02.
^ "Islamic state claims responsibility for Pakistan market suicide..." AF. Archived from the original on 2018-12-03. Retrieved 2018-12-02.
This Pakistan-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This terrorism-related article is a stub. 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Mehran)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNS_Mehran_attack"},{"link_name":"10th Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2011_Peshawar_bombings"},{"link_name":"10th Dera Ismail Khan (police station)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Kulachi_police_station_attack"},{"link_name":"4th Khyber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Khyber_Agency_bombing"},{"link_name":"5th Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2011_Quetta_bombing"},{"link_name":"Karachi targeted killings ‡","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_and_August_2011_Karachi_targeted_killings"},{"link_name":"1st Mastung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Mastung_bus_shooting"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist_incidents_in_Pakistan_in_2012"},{"link_name":"5th Khyber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Khyber_Agency_bombing"},{"link_name":"1st Rahim Yar Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Rahim_Yar_Khan_bombing"},{"link_name":"1st Kohistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2012_Kohistan_Shia_Massacre"},{"link_name":"Mansehra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2012_Mansehra_Shia_Massacre"},{"link_name":"13th Peshawar (airport)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Bacha_Khan_International_Airport_attack"},{"link_name":"11th Dera Ismail Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Dera_Ismail_Khan_bombing"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist_incidents_in_Pakistan_in_2013"},{"link_name":"8th Quetta/3rd Swat ‡","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2013_Pakistan_bombings"},{"link_name":"9th Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2013_Quetta_bombing"},{"link_name":"10th Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2013_Karachi_bombing"},{"link_name":"Election day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Pakistan_election_day_bombings"},{"link_name":"Quaid-e-Azam residency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Quaid-e-Azam_Residency_attack"},{"link_name":"10th Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2013_Quetta_attacks"},{"link_name":"Mardan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Mardan_funeral_bombing"},{"link_name":"Nanga Parbat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Nanga_Parbat_massacre"},{"link_name":"11th Quetta/17th Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2013_Pakistan_bombings"},{"link_name":"14th Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Lahore_bombing"},{"link_name":"5th Parachinar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Parachinar_attack"},{"link_name":"12th Dera Ismail Khan (prison attack)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Dera_Ismail_Khan_prison_attack"},{"link_name":"11th Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2013_Karachi_bombing"},{"link_name":"12th Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2013_Quetta_bombing"},{"link_name":"13th Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2013_Quetta_shooting"},{"link_name":"18th Peshawar ‡","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar_church_bombing"},{"link_name":"19th Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qissa_Khawani_Bazaar_bombing"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist_incidents_in_Pakistan_in_2014"},{"link_name":"12th Karachi (Chaudhry Aslam assassination)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaudhry_Aslam_Khan"},{"link_name":"1st Bannu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Bannu_bombing"},{"link_name":"2nd Mastung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Mastung_bus_bombing"},{"link_name":"20th Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Peshawar_cinema_bombings"},{"link_name":"13th Karachi (Jinnah International Airport)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Jinnah_International_Airport_attack"},{"link_name":"14th Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Quetta_Airbase_attack"},{"link_name":"Wagah border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Wagah_border_suicide_attack"},{"link_name":"21st Peshawar (school massacre) ‡","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Peshawar_school_massacre"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist_incidents_in_Pakistan_in_2015"},{"link_name":"Shikarpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Shikarpur_bombing"},{"link_name":"22nd Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Peshawar_mosque_attack"},{"link_name":"15th Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_church_bombings"},{"link_name":"14th Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Karachi_bus_shooting"},{"link_name":"3rd Mastung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Mastung_bus_attack"},{"link_name":"Attock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Attock_bombing"},{"link_name":"Camp Badaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Camp_Badaber_attack"},{"link_name":"Taunsa Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taunsa_Sharif_bombing"},{"link_name":"15th Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Quetta_bus_bombing"},{"link_name":"Jacobabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Jacobabad_bombing"},{"link_name":"6th Parachinar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Parachinar_bombing"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist_incidents_in_Pakistan_in_2016"},{"link_name":"16th Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2016_Quetta_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"5th Charsadda (Bacha Khan University)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacha_Khan_University_attack"},{"link_name":"23rd Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Peshawar_bus_bombing"},{"link_name":"16th Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Lahore_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"17th Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2016_Quetta_attacks"},{"link_name":"3rd Mohmand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Mohmand_mosque_bombing"},{"link_name":"18th Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Quetta_police_training_college_attack"},{"link_name":"2nd Khuzdar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Khuzdar_bombing"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist_incidents_in_Pakistan_in_2017"},{"link_name":"13th Dera Ismail Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Dera_Ismail_Khan_bombing"},{"link_name":"7th Parachinar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Parachinar_bombing"},{"link_name":"17th Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2017_Lahore_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"24th Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Hayatabad_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"Sehwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Sehwan_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"6th Charsadda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Charsadda_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"8th Parachinar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2017_Parachinar_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"18th Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2017_Lahore_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"25th Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2017_Peshawar_bombings"},{"link_name":"4th Mastung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Mastung_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"19th Quetta/9th Parachinar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2017_Pakistan_attacks"},{"link_name":"Chaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Chaman_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"19th Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_2017_Lahore_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"20th Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2017_Lahore_explosion"},{"link_name":"4th Bajaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Bajaur_bombing"},{"link_name":"20th Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2017_Quetta_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"1st Harnai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Harnai_bombing"},{"link_name":"14th Dera Ismail Khan (Ataullah Shah)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Ataullah_Shah"},{"link_name":"Jhal Magsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Jhal_Magsi_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"27th Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Peshawar_Agriculture_Directorate_attack"},{"link_name":"21st Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Quetta_church_attack"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist_incidents_in_Pakistan_in_2018"},{"link_name":"28th Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Peshawar_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"5th Mastung/2nd Bannu ‡","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Mastung_and_Bannu_bombings"},{"link_name":"15th Dera Ismail Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Kulachi_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"2018 election violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Pakistani_general_election_violence"},{"link_name":"22nd Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Quetta_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"2nd Orakzai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"15th Karachi (Chinese consulate)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi_Chinese_consulate_attack"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist_incidents_in_Pakistan_in_2019"},{"link_name":"1st Loralai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Loralai_attack"},{"link_name":"2nd Loralai/Panjgur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2019_Balochistan_attacks"},{"link_name":"23rd Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Quetta_bombing"},{"link_name":"20th Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Lahore_bombing"},{"link_name":"1st Gwadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Pearl_Continental_Hotel_attack"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist_incidents_in_Pakistan_in_2020"},{"link_name":"24th Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2020_Quetta_bombing"},{"link_name":"25th Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2020_Quetta_bombing"},{"link_name":"16th Karachi (Stock Exchange)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Pakistan_Stock_Exchange_attack"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist_incidents_in_Pakistan_in_2021"},{"link_name":"2021 Machh attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Machh_attack"},{"link_name":"3rd Chaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Chaman_bombings"},{"link_name":"26th Quetta (Serena Hotel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetta_Serena_Hotel_bombing"},{"link_name":"21st Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Lahore_bombing"},{"link_name":"17th Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Karachi_grenade_attack"},{"link_name":"27th Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2021_Quetta_bombing"},{"link_name":"28th Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_2021_Quetta_bombing"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist_incidents_in_Pakistan_in_2022"},{"link_name":"22nd Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Lahore_bombing"},{"link_name":"1st Kech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Kech_District_attack"},{"link_name":"Panjgur and Naushki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Panjgur_and_Naushki_raids"},{"link_name":"29th Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2022_Quetta_bombing"},{"link_name":"Sibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Sibi_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"29th Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Peshawar_mosque_attack"},{"link_name":"Sangan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Sibi_IED_explosion"},{"link_name":"18th Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Karachi_bombing"},{"link_name":"19th Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Karachi_Saddar_bombing"},{"link_name":"1st Miranshah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2022_Miranshah_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"4th Swat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Swat_bombing"},{"link_name":"2nd Lakki Marwat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Lakki_Marwat_attack"},{"link_name":"30th Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2022_Quetta_bombing"},{"link_name":"2nd Miranshah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2022_Miranshah_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"3rd Bannu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Bannu_counterterrorism_centre_attack_and_siege"},{"link_name":"7th Islamabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Islamabad_suicide_attack"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist_incidents_in_Pakistan_in_2023"},{"link_name":"31st Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Peshawar_mosque_bombing"},{"link_name":"20th Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Karachi_police_station_attack"},{"link_name":"Barkhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Barkhan_bombing"},{"link_name":"Bolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolan_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"Havelian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haripur_rocket_attack"},{"link_name":"3rd Lakki Marwat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Lakki_Marwat_terrorist_attack"},{"link_name":"8th Khyber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Khyber_bombing"},{"link_name":"31st Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Kandahari_Bazar_bombing"},{"link_name":"Muslim Bagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Muslim_Bagh_attack"},{"link_name":"32nd Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2023_Peshawar_bombing"},{"link_name":"Zhob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Zhob_suicide_attack"},{"link_name":"1st N Waziristan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_North_Waziristan_suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"Bara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Bara_bombing"},{"link_name":"Khar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Khar_bombing"},{"link_name":"2nd N Waziristan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_North_Waziristan_landmine_attack"},{"link_name":"6th Mastung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Mastung_bombing"},{"link_name":"Hangu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangu_mosque_bombing"},{"link_name":"16th Dera Ismail Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Dera_Ismail_Khan_bombing"},{"link_name":"2nd Gwadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Gwadar_ambush"},{"link_name":"Mianwali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianwali_air_base_attack"},{"link_name":"Chilas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilas_bus_shooting"},{"link_name":"Daraban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daraban_police_station_attack"},{"link_name":"2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorist_incidents_in_Pakistan_in_2024"},{"link_name":"2024 Balochistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Balochistan_bombings"},{"link_name":"BLA Gwadar attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Gwadar_attack"},{"link_name":"Shangla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Shangla_bombing"},{"link_name":"Lakki Marwat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Lakki_Marwat_bombing"},{"link_name":"suicide bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_bombing"},{"link_name":"Kalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalaya"},{"link_name":"Orakzai District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orakzai_District"},{"link_name":"Khyber Pakhtunkhwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa"},{"link_name":"an armed assault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi_Chinese_consulate_attack"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"consulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consulate"},{"link_name":"Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"vteTerrorist attacksin Pakistan (since 2001) Italics indicates attacks resulting in more than 40 deaths ‡ indicates attacks resulting in more than 100 deaths Underline indicates the deadliest terrorist attack/s to date2001\n1st Bahawalpur\n2002\n1st Karachi\n2003\n1st Quetta\n2004\n2nd Quetta\n1st Multan\n2005\n1st Mandi Bahauddin (Ahmadiyya)\n2006\n4th Karachi\nDargai\n2007\n1st Dera Ismail Khan\n1st Charsadda\nJuly bombings ‡\n2nd Rawalpindi\n5th Karachi ‡\n2nd Charsadda\n3rd Rawalpindi (Bhutto assassination)\n2008\n3rd Charsadda\n2nd Parachinar\n1st Swat\n1st Islamabad\n2nd Islamabad\n2nd Dera Ismail Khan\n1st Wah\n1st Peshawar\n3rd Islamabad\n1st Orakzai ‡\n2nd Peshawar\n2009\n4th/5th Dera Ismail Khan (January violence)\n6th Dera Ismail Khan\n2nd Lahore (Sri Lankan cricket)\n1st Khyber\n3rd Lahore\nChakwal\n7th/8th Dera Ismail Khan (May attacks)\n4th Lahore\n3rd Peshawar\n5th Lahore\nUsterzai\n4th Peshawar\n4th Rawalpindi\nAlpuri\n6th Lahore\n5th Islamabad\n5th Peshawar ‡\n5th Rawalpindi\n6th Peshawar\n6th Rawalpindi\n7th Lahore\n1st Dera Ghazi Khan\n1st Lower Dir\n6th Karachi\n2010\n1st Lakki Marwat ‡\n1st Bajaur\n2nd Lower Dir\n7th Karachi\n2nd Khyber\n3rd Khyber\n8th, 9th & 10th Lahore\nU.S consulate/Timergarah attack\n2nd/3rd Kohat\n8th Peshawar\n11th Lahore (Ahmadiyya)\n9th Dera Ismail Khan\n12th Lahore (Sufi)\n1st Mohmand ‡\n13th Lahore (Shia)\n3rd Quetta\n2nd Darra Adam Khel\n8th Karachi (CID)\n2nd Mohmand\n2nd Bajaur\n2011\nFaisalabad\n9th Peshawar\n2nd Dera Ghazi Khan\n4th Quetta\n4th Charsadda\n9th Karachi (PNS Mehran)\n10th Peshawar\n10th Dera Ismail Khan (police station)\n4th Khyber\n5th Quetta\nKarachi targeted killings ‡\n1st Mastung\n2012\n5th Khyber\n1st Rahim Yar Khan\n1st Kohistan\nMansehra\n13th Peshawar (airport)\n11th Dera Ismail Khan\n2013\n8th Quetta/3rd Swat ‡\n9th Quetta\n10th Karachi\nElection day\nQuaid-e-Azam residency\n10th Quetta\nMardan\nNanga Parbat\n11th Quetta/17th Peshawar\n14th Lahore\n5th Parachinar\n12th Dera Ismail Khan (prison attack)\n11th Karachi\n12th Quetta\n13th Quetta\n18th Peshawar ‡\n19th Peshawar\n2014\n12th Karachi (Chaudhry Aslam assassination)\n1st Bannu\n2nd Mastung\n20th Peshawar\n13th Karachi (Jinnah International Airport)\n14th Quetta\nWagah border\n21st Peshawar (school massacre) ‡\n2015\nShikarpur\n22nd Peshawar\n15th Lahore\n14th Karachi\n3rd Mastung\nAttock\nCamp Badaber\nTaunsa Sharif\n15th Quetta\nJacobabad\n6th Parachinar\n2016\n16th Quetta\n5th Charsadda (Bacha Khan University)\n23rd Peshawar\n16th Lahore\n17th Quetta\n3rd Mohmand\n18th Quetta\n2nd Khuzdar\n2017\n13th Dera Ismail Khan\n7th Parachinar\n17th Lahore\n24th Peshawar\nSehwan\n6th Charsadda\n8th Parachinar\n18th Lahore\n25th Peshawar\n4th Mastung\n19th Quetta/9th Parachinar\nChaman\n19th Lahore\n20th Lahore\n4th Bajaur\n20th Quetta\n1st Harnai\n14th Dera Ismail Khan (Ataullah Shah)\nJhal Magsi\n27th Peshawar\n21st Quetta\n2018\n28th Peshawar\n5th Mastung/2nd Bannu ‡\n15th Dera Ismail Khan\n2018 election violence\n22nd Quetta\n2nd Orakzai\n15th Karachi (Chinese consulate)\n2019\n1st Loralai\n2nd Loralai/Panjgur\n23rd Quetta\n20th Lahore\n1st Gwadar\n2020\n24th Quetta\n25th Quetta\n16th Karachi (Stock Exchange)\n2021\n2021 Machh attack\n3rd Chaman\n26th Quetta (Serena Hotel)\n21st Lahore\n17th Karachi\n27th Quetta\n28th Quetta\n2022\n22nd Lahore\n1st Kech\nPanjgur and Naushki\n29th Quetta\nSibi\n29th Peshawar\nSangan\n18th Karachi\n19th Karachi\n1st Miranshah\n4th Swat\n2nd Lakki Marwat\n30th Quetta\n2nd Miranshah\n3rd Bannu\n7th Islamabad\n2023\n31st Peshawar\n20th Karachi\nBarkhan\nBolan\nHavelian\n3rd Lakki Marwat\n8th Khyber\n31st Quetta\nMuslim Bagh\n32nd Peshawar\nZhob\n1st N Waziristan\nBara\nKhar\n2nd N Waziristan\n6th Mastung\nHangu\n16th Dera Ismail Khan\n2nd Gwadar\nMianwali\nChilas\nDaraban]\n2024\n2024 Balochistan\nBLA Gwadar attack\nShangla\nLakki MarwatOn 23 November 2018, at least 33 people were killed and 56 others were injured in a suicide bombing in Kalaya, Orakzai District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.On the same day, an armed assault on the Chinese consulate in Karachi, Pakistan resulted in the deaths of four people and the three attackers. However, the two attacks are likely unconnected.[1]","title":"2018 Orakzai bombing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Standard_Time"},{"link_name":"Kalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalaya"},{"link_name":"Orakzai District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orakzai_District"},{"link_name":"Khyber Pakhtunkhwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Islamic State – Khorasan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Khorasan_Province"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sikh community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Amaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaq_News_Agency"},{"link_name":"ISIL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"On 23 November 2018, around 10:30 am PST a bomb blast on Friday in market Kalaya, Orakzai District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, the Islamic State – Khorasan Province later claimed responsibility for the bombing.[2][3][4][5] At least 33 people were killed which included three members of the minority Sikh community and 56 others were injured.[6] However a statement on Amaq, a news outlet associated with ISIL, claimed \"57 Shiites were killed and 75 were wounded\" in the bombing.[7][8]","title":"Incident"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of terrorist incidents linked to Islamic State – Khorasan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_linked_to_Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Khorasan_Province"}] | [{"reference":"\"Blast kills 25 in northern Pakistan after police repel assault on Chinese Consulate in Karachi\". The Washington Post. 23 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/blast-kills-25-in-northern-pakistan-as-police-repel-assault-on-chinese-consulate-in-karachi/2018/11/23/5746d79c-eef6-11e8-96d4-0d23f2aaad09_story.html","url_text":"\"Blast kills 25 in northern Pakistan after police repel assault on Chinese Consulate in Karachi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Islamic state claims responsibility for Pakistan market suicide bombing\". ChannelNewsAsia.com. Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181124161734/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/islamic-state-claims-responsibility-for-pakistan-market-suicide-bombing-10965426","url_text":"\"Islamic state claims responsibility for Pakistan market suicide bombing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChannelNewsAsia.com","url_text":"ChannelNewsAsia.com"},{"url":"https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/islamic-state-claims-responsibility-for-pakistan-market-suicide-bombing-10965426","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"32 killed, 31 injured in explosion in lower Orakzai district: health official - Pakistan\". Dawn.Com. 2018-11-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dawn.com/news/1447197/30-killed-31-injured-in-explosion-in-lower-orakzai-district-health-official","url_text":"\"32 killed, 31 injured in explosion in lower Orakzai district: health official - Pakistan\""}]},{"reference":"Mohmand, Mureeb (23 November 2018). \"25 killed, 35 injured in Orakzai market blast | The Express Tribune\". Tribune.com.pk.","urls":[{"url":"https://tribune.com.pk/story/1852844/1-least-20-dead-orakzai-market-blast/","url_text":"\"25 killed, 35 injured in Orakzai market blast | The Express Tribune\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blast at Market in Northwest Pakistan Kills at Least 25 - The New York Times\". The New York Times. 23 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2018/11/23/world/asia/23reuters-pakistan-blast-market.html","url_text":"\"Blast at Market in Northwest Pakistan Kills at Least 25 - The New York Times\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Islam, Saiful (November 23, 2018). \"Orakzai bomb blast toll rises to 33, with 56 injured at Friday market\". Samaa TV.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.samaa.tv/news/2018/11/17-killed-30-injured-in-blast-in-orakzai/","url_text":"\"Orakzai bomb blast toll rises to 33, with 56 injured at Friday market\""}]},{"reference":"\"IS claims suicide attack on marketplace in north Pakistan\". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2018-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2018/nov/24/is-claims-suicide-attack-on-marketplace-in-north-pakistan-1902761.html","url_text":"\"IS claims suicide attack on marketplace in north Pakistan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Islamic state claims responsibility for Pakistan market suicide...\" AF. Archived from the original on 2018-12-03. Retrieved 2018-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181203055615/https://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFKCN1NT0HU","url_text":"\"Islamic state claims responsibility for Pakistan market suicide...\""},{"url":"https://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFKCN1NT0HU","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=2018_Orakzai_bombing¶ms=33_44_44_N_70_57_35_E_","external_links_name":"33°44′44″N 70°57′35″E / 33.74556°N 70.95972°E / 33.74556; 70.95972"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=2018_Orakzai_bombing¶ms=33_44_44_N_70_57_35_E_","external_links_name":"33°44′44″N 70°57′35″E / 33.74556°N 70.95972°E / 33.74556; 70.95972"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/blast-kills-25-in-northern-pakistan-as-police-repel-assault-on-chinese-consulate-in-karachi/2018/11/23/5746d79c-eef6-11e8-96d4-0d23f2aaad09_story.html","external_links_name":"\"Blast kills 25 in northern Pakistan after police repel assault on Chinese Consulate in Karachi\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181124161734/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/islamic-state-claims-responsibility-for-pakistan-market-suicide-bombing-10965426","external_links_name":"\"Islamic state claims responsibility for Pakistan market suicide bombing\""},{"Link":"https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/islamic-state-claims-responsibility-for-pakistan-market-suicide-bombing-10965426","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.dawn.com/news/1447197/30-killed-31-injured-in-explosion-in-lower-orakzai-district-health-official","external_links_name":"\"32 killed, 31 injured in explosion in lower Orakzai district: health official - Pakistan\""},{"Link":"https://tribune.com.pk/story/1852844/1-least-20-dead-orakzai-market-blast/","external_links_name":"\"25 killed, 35 injured in Orakzai market blast | The Express Tribune\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2018/11/23/world/asia/23reuters-pakistan-blast-market.html","external_links_name":"\"Blast at Market in Northwest Pakistan Kills at Least 25 - The New York Times\""},{"Link":"https://www.samaa.tv/news/2018/11/17-killed-30-injured-in-blast-in-orakzai/","external_links_name":"\"Orakzai bomb blast toll rises to 33, with 56 injured at Friday market\""},{"Link":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2018/nov/24/is-claims-suicide-attack-on-marketplace-in-north-pakistan-1902761.html","external_links_name":"\"IS claims suicide attack on marketplace in north Pakistan\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181203055615/https://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFKCN1NT0HU","external_links_name":"\"Islamic state claims responsibility for Pakistan market suicide...\""},{"Link":"https://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFKCN1NT0HU","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Orakzai_bombing&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Orakzai_bombing&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_in_Spiceworld_Tour | Christmas in Spiceworld Tour | ["1 Background","2 Development","3 Concert synopsis","4 Incident","5 Broadcast","6 Set list","7 Tour dates","8 Personnel","9 References"] | 1999 concert tour by the Spice Girls
Christmas in Spiceworld TourNational tour by Spice GirlsLocationEngland, EuropeStart date4 December 1999End date15 December 1999Legs1No. of shows8Attendance153,717Box officeUS$5,784,510Spice Girls concert chronology
Spiceworld Tour(1998)
Christmas in Spiceworld Tour(1999)
The Return of the Spice Girls(2007–2008)
Christmas in Spiceworld Tour was the second concert tour by English girl group the Spice Girls. The eight-show tour was launched following "solo projects, marriages, motherhood and another round of slagging in the press", as a reunion for the girls. The eight-show tour was attended by more than 153,000 people, grossing $5.7 million in ticket sales. The first four shows saw the group play at Manchester Evening News Arena to over 72,400 fans, grossing $2.6 million; the second portion of the tour saw the group play another four shows at Earls Court Arena to 81,300 fans, grossing $3.1 million.
Background
After a period of hiatus, during which the members of the group launched their solo careers and focused on their personal lives, the media started speculating that they would break-up. However, in April 1999, they announced a Christmas tour for that year. Band member Victoria Beckham commented about the tour, saying, "We can't wait. We've had a bit of time to come home, chill out, do bits and pieces on our own so we're going to get back together".
Development
The stage was their most complex and most accommodating. It was set up at the far right corner of the arena with a small platform with some props such as Christmas trees. From the small platform, there was a 100ft catwalk that led to a pentagonal main stage capped with a giant icicle. The main stage was nearly in the middle of the arena, and in its center there was a pit that contained the band. Above the pit were four small runways onto the circular center piece of the stage which could be raised up and rotated. Above the main stage, in addition to stage lights, there were Christmas-type features such as a fake ice pillar. During the whole show the girls would move from the main stage to the circular one in the center on the main stage.
Concert synopsis
The show was divided into three sections: Forever Spice, Supergirls, and It's Christmas!. The concert starts out with a musical intro composed by Nathan McCree. The girls then made their entrance on the small stage and performed "Spice Up Your Life" as they made their way down the catwalk to the main stage, while a man on the screens delivered the lyrics in sign-language. They next performed "Something Kinda Funny" as the second song. When "Say You'll Be There" was performed, it started with a slightly faster a cappella version of the song. They next sang "Right Back At Ya", introduced by the girls as a comeback song and as a get back to the critics, who said they would split. Next was "Step to Me", and then they sang "Mama" sat on Val Doonican stools, as a gospel choir appeared and a string section rose through the floor. After a performance of "Too Much", "W.O.M.A.N" was introduced as a new song from their third album. For the last song of the set, Mel B and Emma Bunton would go into the audience and pick two members of the audience to join them in "2 Become 1".
There was a short intermission, during which the tour dancers performed on roller skates. After the intermission, the girls reappeared and began "Stop" on the center stage while it rotated around the stage. "Holler" was sung by them as one of the new songs. "Who Do You Think You Are" was remixed into an orchestral song. "Never Give Up On The Good Times" had an interlude before the final verse and the girls acted as superheroes. "Wannabe" was also remixed for the tour and "Goodbye" was performed with a choir and ended with a long orchestral interlude as the girls left the stage. At the beginning of the third section, church bells were heard before "Viva Forever" started. The choir performed for the final time with the Spice Girls during "Viva Forever". Next, the girls sang a Christmas medley, before reprising "Wannabe".
Incident
A crew member died on 16 December 1999 after falling "more than 80ft" at Earls Court Arena while dismantling the set from the Spice Girls' performance.
Broadcast
The full concert at Earl's Court was broadcast live on Sky One at 8 p.m. and also included a behind-the-scenes documentary containing rehearsals and interviews with the Spice Girls.
Set list
"Spice Up Your Life"
"Something Kinda Funny"
"Say You'll Be There"
"Right Back at Ya"
"Step to Me"
"Mama"
"Too Much"
"W.O.M.A.N"
"2 Become 1"
"Stop"
"Holler"
"Who Do You Think You Are"
"Never Give Up on the Good Times"
"Wannabe"
"Goodbye"
Encore
"Viva Forever"
"Merry Xmas Everybody" / "I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday"
"Wannabe" (Reprise)
Tour dates
Date
City
Country
Venue
Attendance
Revenue
4 December 1999
Manchester
England
Manchester Evening News Arena
72,408 / 72408
$2,648,990
5 December 1999
7 December 1999
8 December 1999
11 December 1999
London
Earls Court Arena
81,309 / 81,309
$3,135,520
12 December 1999
14 December 1999
15 December 1999
Total
153,717 / 153,717 (100%)
$5,784,510
Personnel
Performers
Emma Bunton - vocals
Melanie Brown - vocals
Melanie Chisholm - vocals
Victoria Beckham - vocals
Band
Simon Ellis - musical director / keyboards
Michael Martin - keyboards
Paul Gendler - guitar
John Thompson - bass
Fergus Gerrand - drums
Brass
James Lynch - trumpet
Mike Lovitt - trumpet
Howard McGill - sax
Winston Rollins - trombone
Strings
Audrey Riley - arranger
Chris Tomling - 1st violin
Violins
Greg Warren Wilson
Richard George
Anne Morffe
Laura Melhewish
Darren Morgan
Helen Patterson
Violas
Susan Dench
Peter Collyer
Bridget Carrie
Celli
Sophie Harris
Joy Hayley
Management and additional personnel
Richard Jones - tour manager
Peter Barnes - show producer, lighting & set designer
Chris Vaughan - production manager
Ray Furze - sound engineer
Darrin Henson, Melinda McKenna - choreography
Julien MacDonald and Academy Costumes - Stage outfits
References
^ a b c "Spice Girls Re-Team For Brief Tour". MTV News. 6 December 1999. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
^ "Spice Girls Dominate June Boxscore Recap With Scaled Up Stadium Shows". HitMusic. July 25, 2019. Archived from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved January 20, 2023.
^ "Spice Girls announce tour". BBC News. 14 April 1999. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
^ a b c d e f "The Spice Girls wrap up Christmas". The Daily Telegraph. 6 December 1999. Archived from the original on 15 November 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
^ "Workman dies on Spice set". The Guardian. 17 December 1999. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
^ "Sky One Stages Spice Girls London Concert". Broadcast. 26 November 1999. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
vteSpice Girls
Mel B
Emma Bunton
Melanie C
Geri Halliwell
Victoria Beckham
Studio albums
Spice
Spiceworld
Forever
Compilation album
Greatest Hits
Video albums
One Hour of Girl Power
Girl Power! Live in Istanbul
Live at Wembley Stadium
Singles
"Wannabe"
"Say You'll Be There"
"2 Become 1"
"Mama"
"Who Do You Think You Are"
"Spice Up Your Life"
"Too Much"
"Stop"
"Viva Forever"
"Goodbye"
"Holler"
"Let Love Lead the Way"
"Headlines (Friendship Never Ends)"
Featured singles
"(How Does It Feel to Be) On Top of the World"
"It's Only Rock 'n Roll (But I Like It)"
Promotional singles
"Step to Me"
"Move Over"
"Tell Me Why"
Concerts and tours
Girl Power! Live in Istanbul
Spiceworld Tour
Christmas in Spiceworld Tour
The Return of the Spice Girls Tour
Spice World – 2019 Tour
Filmography
Spice World
Spice Girls in America: A Tour Story
Giving You Everything
Merchandise
Merchandise and sponsorship deals
Dolls
Spice Cam
Spice World (video game)
Lists
Discography
Songs recorded
Awards and nominations
Filmography
Works about Spice Girls
Raw Spice
Seven Days That Shook the Spice Girls
Spice Girls: How Girl Power Changed Britain
Wannabe: How the Spice Girls Reinvented Pop Fame
Spiceworld: The Exhibition
Viva Forever! musical
Associated people
Michelle Stephenson
Simon Fuller
Simon Ellis
Related articles
Girl power
Union Jack dress
Spice Girls Present... The Best Girl Power Album... Ever!
Spice Girls Ltd v Aprilia World Service BV
"Spicy"
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spice Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_Girls"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spice_Girls_Re-Team_For_Brief_Tour-1"},{"link_name":"Manchester Evening News Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Arena"},{"link_name":"Earls Court Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earls_Court_Exhibition_Centre"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Christmas in Spiceworld Tour was the second concert tour by English girl group the Spice Girls. The eight-show tour was launched following \"solo projects, marriages, motherhood and another round of slagging in the press\", as a reunion for the girls.[1] The eight-show tour was attended by more than 153,000 people, grossing $5.7 million in ticket sales. The first four shows saw the group play at Manchester Evening News Arena to over 72,400 fans, grossing $2.6 million; the second portion of the tour saw the group play another four shows at Earls Court Arena to 81,300 fans, grossing $3.1 million.[2]","title":"Christmas in Spiceworld Tour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spice_Girls_Re-Team_For_Brief_Tour-1"},{"link_name":"Victoria Beckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Beckham"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"After a period of hiatus, during which the members of the group launched their solo careers and focused on their personal lives,[1] the media started speculating that they would break-up. However, in April 1999, they announced a Christmas tour for that year. Band member Victoria Beckham commented about the tour, saying, \"We can't wait. We've had a bit of time to come home, chill out, do bits and pieces on our own so we're going to get back together\".[3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph_review-4"}],"text":"The stage was their most complex and most accommodating. It was set up at the far right corner of the arena with a small platform with some props such as Christmas trees. From the small platform, there was a 100ft catwalk that led to a pentagonal main stage capped with a giant icicle.[4] The main stage was nearly in the middle of the arena, and in its center there was a pit that contained the band. Above the pit were four small runways onto the circular center piece of the stage which could be raised up and rotated. Above the main stage, in addition to stage lights, there were Christmas-type features such as a fake ice pillar. During the whole show the girls would move from the main stage to the circular one in the center on the main stage.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nathan McCree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_McCree"},{"link_name":"Spice Up Your Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_Up_Your_Life"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph_review-4"},{"link_name":"Say You'll Be There","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say_You%27ll_Be_There"},{"link_name":"Mama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama_(Spice_Girls_song)"},{"link_name":"Val Doonican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Doonican"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph_review-4"},{"link_name":"Too Much","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Too_Much_(Spice_Girls_song)"},{"link_name":"2 Become 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Become_1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph_review-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph_review-4"},{"link_name":"Stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_(Spice_Girls_song)"},{"link_name":"Holler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holler_(Spice_Girls_song)"},{"link_name":"Who Do You Think You Are","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Do_You_Think_You_Are_(Spice_Girls_song)"},{"link_name":"Wannabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wannabe"},{"link_name":"Goodbye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodbye_(Spice_Girls_song)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph_review-4"}],"text":"The show was divided into three sections: Forever Spice, Supergirls, and It's Christmas!. The concert starts out with a musical intro composed by Nathan McCree. The girls then made their entrance on the small stage and performed \"Spice Up Your Life\" as they made their way down the catwalk to the main stage, while a man on the screens delivered the lyrics in sign-language.[4] They next performed \"Something Kinda Funny\" as the second song. When \"Say You'll Be There\" was performed, it started with a slightly faster a cappella version of the song. They next sang \"Right Back At Ya\", introduced by the girls as a comeback song and as a get back to the critics, who said they would split. Next was \"Step to Me\", and then they sang \"Mama\" sat on Val Doonican stools, as a gospel choir appeared and a string section rose through the floor.[4] After a performance of \"Too Much\", \"W.O.M.A.N\" was introduced as a new song from their third album. For the last song of the set, Mel B and Emma Bunton would go into the audience and pick two members of the audience to join them in \"2 Become 1\".[4]There was a short intermission, during which the tour dancers performed on roller skates.[4] After the intermission, the girls reappeared and began \"Stop\" on the center stage while it rotated around the stage. \"Holler\" was sung by them as one of the new songs. \"Who Do You Think You Are\" was remixed into an orchestral song. \"Never Give Up On The Good Times\" had an interlude before the final verse and the girls acted as superheroes. \"Wannabe\" was also remixed for the tour and \"Goodbye\" was performed with a choir and ended with a long orchestral interlude as the girls left the stage. At the beginning of the third section, church bells were heard before \"Viva Forever\" started. The choir performed for the final time with the Spice Girls during \"Viva Forever\". Next, the girls sang a Christmas medley, before reprising \"Wannabe\".[4]","title":"Concert synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Earls Court Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earls_Court_Exhibition_Centre"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"A crew member died on 16 December 1999 after falling \"more than 80ft\" at Earls Court Arena while dismantling the set from the Spice Girls' performance.[5]","title":"Incident"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sky One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_One"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The full concert at Earl's Court was broadcast live on Sky One at 8 p.m. and also included a behind-the-scenes documentary containing rehearsals and interviews with the Spice Girls.[6]","title":"Broadcast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spice Up Your Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_Up_Your_Life"},{"link_name":"Say You'll Be There","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say_You%27ll_Be_There"},{"link_name":"Step to Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step_to_Me"},{"link_name":"Mama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama_(Spice_Girls_song)"},{"link_name":"Too Much","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Too_Much_(Spice_Girls_song)"},{"link_name":"2 Become 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Become_1"},{"link_name":"Stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_(Spice_Girls_song)"},{"link_name":"Holler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holler_(Spice_Girls_song)"},{"link_name":"Who Do You Think You Are","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Do_You_Think_You_Are_(Spice_Girls_song)"},{"link_name":"Wannabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wannabe_(song)"},{"link_name":"Goodbye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodbye_(Spice_Girls_song)"},{"link_name":"Viva Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viva_Forever"},{"link_name":"Merry Xmas Everybody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merry_Xmas_Everybody"},{"link_name":"I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Wish_It_Could_Be_Christmas_Everyday"}],"text":"\"Spice Up Your Life\"\n\"Something Kinda Funny\"\n\"Say You'll Be There\"\n\"Right Back at Ya\"\n\"Step to Me\"\n\"Mama\"\n\"Too Much\"\n\"W.O.M.A.N\"\n\"2 Become 1\"\n\"Stop\"\n\"Holler\"\n\"Who Do You Think You Are\"\n\"Never Give Up on the Good Times\"\n\"Wannabe\"\n\"Goodbye\"\nEncore\n\n\"Viva Forever\"\n\"Merry Xmas Everybody\" / \"I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday\"\n\"Wannabe\" (Reprise)","title":"Set list"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tour dates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emma Bunton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Bunton"},{"link_name":"Melanie Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_B"},{"link_name":"Melanie Chisholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanie_C"},{"link_name":"Victoria Beckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Beckham"},{"link_name":"Simon Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Ellis_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Paul Gendler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gendler&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"PerformersEmma Bunton - vocals\nMelanie Brown - vocals\nMelanie Chisholm - vocals\nVictoria Beckham - vocalsBandSimon Ellis - musical director / keyboards\nMichael Martin - keyboards\nPaul Gendler - guitar\nJohn Thompson - bass\nFergus Gerrand - drumsBrassJames Lynch - trumpet\nMike Lovitt - trumpet\nHoward McGill - sax\nWinston Rollins - tromboneStringsAudrey Riley - arranger\nChris Tomling - 1st violinViolinsGreg Warren Wilson\nRichard George\nAnne Morffe\nLaura Melhewish\nDarren Morgan\nHelen PattersonViolasSusan Dench\nPeter Collyer\nBridget CarrieCelliSophie Harris\nJoy HayleyManagement and additional personnelRichard Jones - tour manager\nPeter Barnes - show producer, lighting & set designer\nChris Vaughan - production manager\nRay Furze - sound engineer\nDarrin Henson, Melinda McKenna - choreography\nJulien MacDonald and Academy Costumes - Stage outfits","title":"Personnel"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Spice Girls Re-Team For Brief Tour\". MTV News. 6 December 1999. Retrieved 5 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1434444/spice-girls-re-team-brief-tour.jhtml","url_text":"\"Spice Girls Re-Team For Brief Tour\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spice Girls Dominate June Boxscore Recap With Scaled Up Stadium Shows\". HitMusic. July 25, 2019. Archived from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved January 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230120100615/https://www.hitmusic.tv/rock-news/spice-girls-dominate-june-boxscore-recap-with-scaled-up-stadium-shows/","url_text":"\"Spice Girls Dominate June Boxscore Recap With Scaled Up Stadium Shows\""},{"url":"https://www.hitmusic.tv/rock-news/spice-girls-dominate-june-boxscore-recap-with-scaled-up-stadium-shows/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Spice Girls announce tour\". BBC News. 14 April 1999. Retrieved 23 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/318952.stm","url_text":"\"Spice Girls announce tour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"The Spice Girls wrap up Christmas\". The Daily Telegraph. 6 December 1999. Archived from the original on 15 November 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111115000248/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4719222/The-Spice-Girls-wrap-up-Christmas.html","url_text":"\"The Spice Girls wrap up Christmas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"},{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4719222/The-Spice-Girls-wrap-up-Christmas.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Workman dies on Spice set\". The Guardian. 17 December 1999. Retrieved 5 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/dec/17/1","url_text":"\"Workman dies on Spice set\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Sky One Stages Spice Girls London Concert\". Broadcast. 26 November 1999. Retrieved 5 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/sky-one-stages-spice-girls-london-concert/1225177.article","url_text":"\"Sky One Stages Spice Girls London Concert\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_(magazine)","url_text":"Broadcast"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1434444/spice-girls-re-team-brief-tour.jhtml","external_links_name":"\"Spice Girls Re-Team For Brief Tour\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230120100615/https://www.hitmusic.tv/rock-news/spice-girls-dominate-june-boxscore-recap-with-scaled-up-stadium-shows/","external_links_name":"\"Spice Girls Dominate June Boxscore Recap With Scaled Up Stadium Shows\""},{"Link":"https://www.hitmusic.tv/rock-news/spice-girls-dominate-june-boxscore-recap-with-scaled-up-stadium-shows/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/318952.stm","external_links_name":"\"Spice Girls announce tour\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111115000248/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4719222/The-Spice-Girls-wrap-up-Christmas.html","external_links_name":"\"The Spice Girls wrap up Christmas\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4719222/The-Spice-Girls-wrap-up-Christmas.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/dec/17/1","external_links_name":"\"Workman dies on Spice set\""},{"Link":"http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/sky-one-stages-spice-girls-london-concert/1225177.article","external_links_name":"\"Sky One Stages Spice Girls London Concert\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1nuco_(province) | Pánuco (province) | ["1 References"] | The Province of Pánuco was a province of the Spanish colony of New Spain. It was probably discovered by Amerigo Vespucci in 1498, and later by Juan de Grijalva. It was located on the Mexican gulf coast centered on Santiestebán de Pánuco, from the river of Tuxpan and extending into the current state of Tamaulipas. Originally inhabited by Huastecs, it was claimed both by conquistador Hernán Cortés who sent Francisco de Montejo to claim the area and by Francisco de Garay, governor of Jamaica, who sent Alonso Alvarez de Pineda. The province was the object of a power struggle between supporters of Cortés and his opponents, first divided into encomiendas and allotted to Cortés supporters.
A gobierno (governorate) of San Esteban de Pánuco was created in 1523. Its territory may have corresponded to the Huasteca, as far north as the Pánuco River. This gobierno was absorbed by New Spain in 1534.
In 1525 Nuño de Guzmán of the Anti-Cortés faction was appointed governor of Pánuco and he stripped Cortés' supporters of their encomiendas and undertook a policy of violent slave raids against the local Indians.
References
^ Arreola, Daniel D. (2002). "3 • Territory Shaped". Tejano South Texas: A Mexican American Cultural Province. University of Texas Press. p. 25. doi:10.7560/705104. ISBN 9780292757189. Northeastern New Spain was first given formal administrative authority as the gobierno of San Esteban de Panuco in 1523. Its assumed boundaries were the Rio Tuxpan on the south and the Rio Panuco on the north the Panuco was absorbed as a political unit by the gobierno of Nueva España in 1534 - Access date: 6 May 2022. Read online at DeGruyter.
^ Chipman, Donald E. (1967). "2". Nuno de Guzman and the Province of Panuco in New Spain, 1518-1533. Glendale, California: Arthur H. Clark Co. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Spanish_Empire"},{"link_name":"Huasteca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huasteca"},{"link_name":"Pánuco River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1nuco_River"},{"link_name":"New Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Spain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tejano-1"},{"link_name":"Nuño de Guzmán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu%C3%B1o_de_Guzm%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"A gobierno (governorate) of San Esteban de Pánuco was created in 1523. Its territory may have corresponded to the Huasteca, as far north as the Pánuco River. This gobierno was absorbed by New Spain in 1534.[1]In 1525 Nuño de Guzmán of the Anti-Cortés faction was appointed governor of Pánuco and he stripped Cortés' supporters of their encomiendas and undertook a policy of violent slave raids against the local Indians.[2]","title":"Pánuco (province)"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Arreola, Daniel D. (2002). \"3 • Territory Shaped\". Tejano South Texas: A Mexican American Cultural Province. University of Texas Press. p. 25. doi:10.7560/705104. ISBN 9780292757189. Northeastern New Spain was first given formal administrative authority as the gobierno of San Esteban de Panuco in 1523. Its assumed boundaries were the Rio Tuxpan on the south and the Rio Panuco on the north [...] the Panuco was absorbed as a political unit by the gobierno of Nueva España in 1534","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tejano_South_Texas:_A_Mexican_American_Cultural_Province","url_text":"Tejano South Texas: A Mexican American Cultural Province"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press","url_text":"University of Texas Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7560%2F705104","url_text":"10.7560/705104"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292757189","url_text":"9780292757189"}]},{"reference":"Chipman, Donald E. (1967). \"2\". Nuno de Guzman and the Province of Panuco in New Spain, 1518-1533. Glendale, California: Arthur H. Clark Co.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.7560%2F705104","external_links_name":"10.7560/705104"},{"Link":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/705104/html","external_links_name":"Read online at"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Shark_Hunt | The Great Shark Hunt | ["1 Contents","2 Table of contents","3 Citation"] | 1979 collection of previously published articles by Hunter S. ThompsonThe Great Shark Hunt First editionAuthorHunter S. ThompsonLanguageEnglishSeriesThe Gonzo PapersSubjectPolitics, JournalismPublisherSummit BooksPublication date1979Publication placeUnited StatesPages624Followed byGeneration of Swine
The Great Shark Hunt is a book by Hunter S. Thompson. Originally published in 1979 as Gonzo Papers, Vol. 1: The Great Shark Hunt: Strange Tales from a Strange Time, the book is a roughly 600-page collection of Thompson's essays from 1956 to the end of the 1970s, including the rise of the author's own gonzo journalism style as he moved from Air Force and sports beat writing to straight-ahead political commentary. It is the first of what would become four volumes in The Gonzo Papers series.
Contents
The book has four sections, not strictly chronological, beginning with a collection of his more famous Gonzo-style articles, including those about the Kentucky Derby, Olympic skier Jean-Claude Killy, his Chicano lawyer friend Oscar Zeta Acosta ("Strange Rumblings in Aztlan"), and the 1973 Super Bowl. Next is a section on politics, including excerpts from his book Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail '72 and a group of articles from 1973 and 1974 documenting the last months of Richard Nixon's presidency. The third section has a selection of Thompson's earliest writing, including for National Observer and the U.S. Air Force. The last section comprises later cultural commentary and other items. Sections from the author's two original Fear and Loathing serials (...in Las Vegas and on the Campaign Trail '72) are excerpted. Thompson worked for several different publications throughout his career, and The Great Shark Hunt includes articles from the National Observer, Rolling Stone, Scanlan's Monthly, The New York Times, Playboy, and others.
Personalities depicted by the author as cavorting about with him include his illustrator and friend Ralph Steadman, Chicano lawyer Oscar Zeta Acosta, Jean-Claude Killy, and then-football player O. J. Simpson. Political figures appearing prominently in the collection include former U.S. presidents Richard Nixon and Jimmy Carter, and Democratic presidential candidate George McGovern.
The book omits the illustrations by Ralph Steadman that originally accompanied many of the Thompson articles in this collection.
Table of contents
From the 1992 Simon & Schuster paperback edition, with bibliographies by Kihm Winship.
Part One
Author's Note /
Fear and Loathing in the Bunker /
The Kentucky Derby Is Decadent and Depraved /
A Southern City with Northern Problems /
Fear and Loathing at the Super Bowl /
The Temptations of Jean-Claude Killy /
The Ultimate Free Lancer /
Collect Telegram from a Mad Dog /
"Genius 'Round the World Stands Hand in Hand, and One Shock of Recognition Runs the Whole Circle 'Round" – Art Linkletter (This quote was attributed to Linkletter by Thompson, but it is, in fact, a quote from Herman Melville) /
Jacket Copy for Fear & Loathing in Las Vegas: A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream /
A Conversation on Ralph Steadman and His Book, America, with Dr. Hunter S. Thompson /
Strange Rumblings in Aztlan /
Freak Power in the Rockies /
Memo from the Sports Desk: The So-Called "Jesus Freak" Scare /
Memoirs of a Wretched Weekend in Washington
Part Two
Presenting: The Richard Nixon Doll (Overhauled 1968 Model) /
Author's Note /
June, 1972: The McGovern Juggernaut Rolls On /
Later in June /
September /
October /
Epitaph /
Memo from the Sports Desk & Rude Notes from a Decompression Chamber in Miami /
Fear and Loathing at the Watergate: Mr. Nixon Has Cashed His Check /
Fear and Loathing in Washington: The Boys in the Bag /
Fear and Loathing in Limbo: The Scum Also Rises
Part Three
Traveler Hears Mountain Music Where It's Sung /
A Footloose American in a Smugglers' Den /
Why Anti-Gringo Winds Often Blow South of the Border /
Democracy Dies in Peru, but Few Seem to Mourn Its Passing /
The Inca of the Andes: He Haunts the Ruins of His Once-Great Empire /
Brazilshooting /
Chatty Letters During a Journey from Aruba to Rio /
What Lured Hemingway to Ketchum /
Living in the Time of Alger, Greeley, Debs /
Marlon Brando and the Indian Fish-In /
The "Hashbury" Is the Capital of the Hippies /
When the Beatniks Were Social Lions /
The Nonstudent Left /
Those Daring Young Men in Their Flying Machines . . . Ain't What They Used to Be! /
The Police Chief
Part Four
The Great Shark Hunt /
Jimmy Carter and the Great Leap of Faith /
Address by Jimmy Carter on Law Day: University of Georgia, Athens, GA /
The Banshee Screams for Buffalo Meat /
The Hoodlum Circus and the Statutory Rape of Bass Lake /
Ashes to Ashes & Dust to Dust: The Funeral of Mother Miles /
Welcome to Las Vegas: When the Going Gets Weird the Weird Turn Pro /
Last Tango in Vegas: Fear and Loathing in the Near Room /
Last Tango in Vegas: Fear and Loathing in the Far Room /
Bibliography of Work by Dr. Hunter S. Thompson, by Kihm Winship /
Bibliography of Work on Dr. Hunter S. Thompson, by Kihm Winship
Citation
Thompson, Hunter S. Gonzo Papers, Vol. 1: The Great Shark Hunt: Strange Tales from a Strange Time. New York: Summit Books, 1979; Simon & Schuster, 2003 (ISBN 0-7432-5045-1)
vteHunter S. Thompson
Bibliography
Novels
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas
The Rum Diary
Short story collections
Screw-Jack (collection)
EssaycollectionsThe Gonzo Papers
The Great Shark Hunt
Generation of Swine
Songs of the Doomed
Better Than Sex
Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail '72
Fear and Loathing in America
Kingdom of Fear
Hey Rube
Fear and Loathing at Rolling StoneArticles
"The Temptations of Jean-Claude Killy"
"The Kentucky Derby Is Decadent and Depraved"
"The Battle of Aspen"
"Strange Rumblings in Aztlan"
Non-fiction
Hell's Angels
The Curse of Lono
Letters
The Proud Highway
Fear and Loathing in America
Unpublished works
Prince Jellyfish
Polo Is My Life
Film adaptations
Where the Buffalo Roam (1980)
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998)
The Rum Diary (2011)
Documentaries
Fear and Loathing in Gonzovision (1978)
Breakfast with Hunter (2003)
Buy the Ticket, Take the Ride: Hunter S. Thompson on Film (2006)
Gonzo: The Life and Work of Dr. Hunter S. Thompson (2008)
Freak Power: The Ballot or the Bomb (2020)
Related
Raoul Duke
Uncle Duke
Spider Jerusalem
Gonzo journalism
Oscar Zeta Acosta
Ralph Steadman | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hunter S. Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_S._Thompson"},{"link_name":"gonzo journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzo_journalism"},{"link_name":"Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"The Gonzo Papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gonzo_Papers"}],"text":"The Great Shark Hunt is a book by Hunter S. Thompson. Originally published in 1979 as Gonzo Papers, Vol. 1: The Great Shark Hunt: Strange Tales from a Strange Time, the book is a roughly 600-page collection of Thompson's essays from 1956 to the end of the 1970s, including the rise of the author's own gonzo journalism style as he moved from Air Force and sports beat writing to straight-ahead political commentary. It is the first of what would become four volumes in The Gonzo Papers series.","title":"The Great Shark Hunt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"Jean-Claude Killy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Killy"},{"link_name":"Oscar Zeta Acosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Zeta_Acosta"},{"link_name":"Strange Rumblings in Aztlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Rumblings_in_Aztlan"},{"link_name":"1973 Super Bowl.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_VII"},{"link_name":"Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail '72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_and_Loathing_on_the_Campaign_Trail_%2772"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"National Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Observer_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"...in Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_and_Loathing_in_Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"Scanlan's Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanlan%27s_Monthly"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Playboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy"},{"link_name":"Ralph Steadman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Steadman"},{"link_name":"Chicano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicano"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"O. J. Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O._J._Simpson"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"George McGovern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_McGovern"}],"text":"The book has four sections, not strictly chronological, beginning with a collection of his more famous Gonzo-style articles, including those about the Kentucky Derby, Olympic skier Jean-Claude Killy, his Chicano lawyer friend Oscar Zeta Acosta (\"Strange Rumblings in Aztlan\"), and the 1973 Super Bowl. Next is a section on politics, including excerpts from his book Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail '72 and a group of articles from 1973 and 1974 documenting the last months of Richard Nixon's presidency. The third section has a selection of Thompson's earliest writing, including for National Observer and the U.S. Air Force. The last section comprises later cultural commentary and other items. Sections from the author's two original Fear and Loathing serials (...in Las Vegas and on the Campaign Trail '72) are excerpted. Thompson worked for several different publications throughout his career, and The Great Shark Hunt includes articles from the National Observer, Rolling Stone, Scanlan's Monthly, The New York Times, Playboy, and others.Personalities depicted by the author as cavorting about with him include his illustrator and friend Ralph Steadman, Chicano lawyer Oscar Zeta Acosta, Jean-Claude Killy, and then-football player O. J. Simpson. Political figures appearing prominently in the collection include former U.S. presidents Richard Nixon and Jimmy Carter, and Democratic presidential candidate George McGovern.The book omits the illustrations by Ralph Steadman that originally accompanied many of the Thompson articles in this collection.","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simon & Schuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster"},{"link_name":"The Kentucky Derby Is Decadent and Depraved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kentucky_Derby_Is_Decadent_and_Depraved"},{"link_name":"The Temptations of Jean-Claude Killy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Temptations_of_Jean-Claude_Killy"},{"link_name":"Strange Rumblings in Aztlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Rumblings_in_Aztlan"},{"link_name":"Freak Power in the Rockies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Battle_of_Aspen"}],"text":"From the 1992 Simon & Schuster paperback edition, with bibliographies by Kihm Winship.Part One\nAuthor's Note / \nFear and Loathing in the Bunker / \nThe Kentucky Derby Is Decadent and Depraved / \nA Southern City with Northern Problems / \nFear and Loathing at the Super Bowl / \nThe Temptations of Jean-Claude Killy / \nThe Ultimate Free Lancer / \nCollect Telegram from a Mad Dog / \n\"Genius 'Round the World Stands Hand in Hand, and One Shock of Recognition Runs the Whole Circle 'Round\" – Art Linkletter (This quote was attributed to Linkletter by Thompson, but it is, in fact, a quote from Herman Melville) / \nJacket Copy for Fear & Loathing in Las Vegas: A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream / \nA Conversation on Ralph Steadman and His Book, America, with Dr. Hunter S. Thompson / \nStrange Rumblings in Aztlan / \nFreak Power in the Rockies / \nMemo from the Sports Desk: The So-Called \"Jesus Freak\" Scare / \nMemoirs of a Wretched Weekend in WashingtonPart Two\nPresenting: The Richard Nixon Doll (Overhauled 1968 Model) / \nAuthor's Note / \nJune, 1972: The McGovern Juggernaut Rolls On / \nLater in June / \nSeptember / \nOctober / \nEpitaph / \nMemo from the Sports Desk & Rude Notes from a Decompression Chamber in Miami / \nFear and Loathing at the Watergate: Mr. Nixon Has Cashed His Check / \nFear and Loathing in Washington: The Boys in the Bag / \nFear and Loathing in Limbo: The Scum Also RisesPart Three\nTraveler Hears Mountain Music Where It's Sung / \nA Footloose American in a Smugglers' Den / \nWhy Anti-Gringo Winds Often Blow South of the Border / \nDemocracy Dies in Peru, but Few Seem to Mourn Its Passing / \nThe Inca of the Andes: He Haunts the Ruins of His Once-Great Empire / \nBrazilshooting / \nChatty Letters During a Journey from Aruba to Rio / \nWhat Lured Hemingway to Ketchum / \nLiving in the Time of Alger, Greeley, Debs / \nMarlon Brando and the Indian Fish-In / \nThe \"Hashbury\" Is the Capital of the Hippies / \nWhen the Beatniks Were Social Lions / \nThe Nonstudent Left / \nThose Daring Young Men in Their Flying Machines . . . Ain't What They Used to Be! / \nThe Police ChiefPart Four\nThe Great Shark Hunt / \nJimmy Carter and the Great Leap of Faith / \nAddress by Jimmy Carter on Law Day: University of Georgia, Athens, GA / \nThe Banshee Screams for Buffalo Meat / \nThe Hoodlum Circus and the Statutory Rape of Bass Lake / \nAshes to Ashes & Dust to Dust: The Funeral of Mother Miles / \nWelcome to Las Vegas: When the Going Gets Weird the Weird Turn Pro / \nLast Tango in Vegas: Fear and Loathing in the Near Room / \nLast Tango in Vegas: Fear and Loathing in the Far Room / \nBibliography of Work by Dr. Hunter S. Thompson, by Kihm Winship / \nBibliography of Work on Dr. Hunter S. Thompson, by Kihm Winship","title":"Table of contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7432-5045-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5045-1"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hunter_S._Thompson"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Hunter_S._Thompson"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hunter_S._Thompson"},{"link_name":"Hunter S. Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_S._Thompson"},{"link_name":"Bibliography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_S._Thompson_bibliography"},{"link_name":"Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_and_Loathing_in_Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"The Rum Diary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rum_Diary_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Screw-Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw-Jack"},{"link_name":"The Gonzo Papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gonzo_Papers"},{"link_name":"The Great Shark Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Generation of Swine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_of_Swine"},{"link_name":"Songs of the Doomed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs_of_the_Doomed"},{"link_name":"Better Than Sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_Than_Sex_(book)"},{"link_name":"Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail '72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_and_Loathing_on_the_Campaign_Trail_%2772"},{"link_name":"Fear and Loathing in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_and_Loathing_in_America"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Fear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fear_(book)"},{"link_name":"Hey Rube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey_Rube_(book)"},{"link_name":"Fear and Loathing at Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_and_Loathing_at_Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"The Temptations of Jean-Claude Killy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Temptations_of_Jean-Claude_Killy"},{"link_name":"The Kentucky Derby Is Decadent and Depraved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kentucky_Derby_Is_Decadent_and_Depraved"},{"link_name":"The Battle of Aspen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Battle_of_Aspen"},{"link_name":"Strange Rumblings in Aztlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Rumblings_in_Aztlan"},{"link_name":"Hell's Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell%27s_Angels_(book)"},{"link_name":"The Curse of Lono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Curse_of_Lono"},{"link_name":"Fear and Loathing in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_and_Loathing_in_America"},{"link_name":"Prince Jellyfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Jellyfish"},{"link_name":"Polo Is My Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_Is_My_Life"},{"link_name":"Where the Buffalo Roam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_the_Buffalo_Roam"},{"link_name":"Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_and_Loathing_in_Las_Vegas_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Rum Diary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rum_Diary_(film)"},{"link_name":"Fear and Loathing in Gonzovision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_and_Loathing_on_the_Road_to_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"Breakfast with Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakfast_with_Hunter"},{"link_name":"Buy the Ticket, Take the Ride: Hunter S. Thompson on Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buy_the_Ticket,_Take_the_Ride:_Hunter_S._Thompson_on_Film"},{"link_name":"Gonzo: The Life and Work of Dr. Hunter S. Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzo:_The_Life_and_Work_of_Dr._Hunter_S._Thompson"},{"link_name":"Freak Power: The Ballot or the Bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freak_Power:_The_Ballot_or_the_Bomb"},{"link_name":"Raoul Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Duke"},{"link_name":"Uncle Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Duke"},{"link_name":"Spider Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Gonzo journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzo_journalism"},{"link_name":"Oscar Zeta Acosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Zeta_Acosta"},{"link_name":"Ralph Steadman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Steadman"}],"text":"Thompson, Hunter S. Gonzo Papers, Vol. 1: The Great Shark Hunt: Strange Tales from a Strange Time. New York: Summit Books, 1979; Simon & Schuster, 2003 (ISBN 0-7432-5045-1)vteHunter S. Thompson\nBibliography\nNovels\nFear and Loathing in Las Vegas\nThe Rum Diary\nShort story collections\nScrew-Jack (collection)\nEssaycollectionsThe Gonzo Papers\nThe Great Shark Hunt\nGeneration of Swine\nSongs of the Doomed\nBetter Than Sex\n\nFear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail '72\nFear and Loathing in America\nKingdom of Fear\nHey Rube\nFear and Loathing at Rolling StoneArticles\n\"The Temptations of Jean-Claude Killy\"\n\"The Kentucky Derby Is Decadent and Depraved\"\n\"The Battle of Aspen\"\n\"Strange Rumblings in Aztlan\"\nNon-fiction\nHell's Angels\nThe Curse of Lono\nLetters\nThe Proud Highway\nFear and Loathing in America\nUnpublished works\nPrince Jellyfish\nPolo Is My Life\nFilm adaptations\nWhere the Buffalo Roam (1980)\nFear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998)\nThe Rum Diary (2011)\nDocumentaries\nFear and Loathing in Gonzovision (1978)\nBreakfast with Hunter (2003)\nBuy the Ticket, Take the Ride: Hunter S. Thompson on Film (2006)\nGonzo: The Life and Work of Dr. Hunter S. Thompson (2008)\nFreak Power: The Ballot or the Bomb (2020)\nRelated\nRaoul Duke\nUncle Duke\nSpider Jerusalem\nGonzo journalism\nOscar Zeta Acosta\nRalph Steadman","title":"Citation"}] | [] | null | [] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_J._Jordan | Rick J. Jordan | ["1 Youth and early years","2 Music","2.1 Scooter","2.2 Discography","3 Personal life","4 Bibliography","5 External links","6 References"] | German musician and producer (born 1968)
Rick J. JordanRick J. Jordan in May 2007.Background informationBirth nameHendrik StedlerBorn (1968-01-01) 1 January 1968 (age 56)OriginHannover, West GermanyGenresEDMOccupation(s)Musician, sound designer, audio engineer, composerInstrument(s)Computer engineering, keyboard, guitar, drumsYears active1983–presentWebsitewww.scootertechno.comMusical artist
Rick J. Jordan (born Hendrik Stedler, 1 January 1968) is a German music producer, composer, multi-instrumentalist, audio engineer and sound designer, who is most well known for his work in the German band Scooter.
Youth and early years
Rick Jordan learned to play the piano at age five, and in adulthood completed his studies as a sound mixer.
Music
Before Scooter, Rick founded the band Celebrate the Nun, together with H.P. Baxxter. He also played keyboards in the Hanover bands Laser, Megabyte, Die Matzingers and Never Delay.
Scooter
Rick Jordan was mainly responsible for co-composing, sound design aspects and melodic production elements for Scooter until the beginning of 2014. He was doing the engineering mixdown for all Scooter and related productions from 1994 until he left the band.
Jordan left Scooter around late 2013–early 2014, and his last concert with the band was on 24 January 2014 in Hamburg.
From mid-2016 to early 2018 he produced instrumental music from the "Classical Crossover" genre together with the Bulgarian concert pianist and composer Alexander Raytchev. The first work, Glassmærchen, was premiered in Berlin on 15 December 2016.
Since then Rick J. Jordan has been a producer, and as bassist he is a member of the indie rock formation Leichtmatrose.
In 2020 Jordan produced a new version of the song "Nein, meine Söhne geb' ich nicht" by Reinhard Mey together with 17 other artists, including Reinhard Mey himself. The resulting music video asked for donations for the NGO Friedensdorf International in the credits and was viewed over 5.5 million times on Youtube (as of January 2022).
Discography
List of productions outside of Scooter and Celebrate the Nun:
1985 – Die Matzingers – Neandertal (album)
1991 – S.A.X. – Marrakesh
1992 – La Toya – Let's rock the House (J. Jordan Dub)
1993 – Fine Time Poets – Unicorn
1994 – Hysteria – The Flood
1994 – Community feat. Fonda Rae – Parade (The Loop! mix)
1994 – Clinique Team feat. The Hannover Posse – Summer of Love
1994 – Holly Johnson – Legendary Children (The Loop! mix)
1994 – Tony Di Bart – The Real Thing (The Loop! mix)
1994 – Ru Paul – Everybody Dance (The Loop! mix)
1994 – Adeva – Respect (The Loop! mix)
1994 – Tag Team – Here It Is, Bam! (The Loop! mix)
1994 – Crown of Creation – Real Life (album, production)
1995 – Kosmos feat. Mary K – Codo
1995 – Prince Ital Joe feat. Marky Mark – Babylon (The Loop! mix)
1995 – Nu Love – Can you feel the Love tonight
1995 – Chiron – I show you (The Loop! mix)
1996 – Sunbeam – Arms of Heaven
1996 – Sunbeam – Dreams
1996 – DJ Hooligan – I want you (The Loop! mix)
1998 – Clubtone – Put a little Love in your Heart (The Loop! mix)
1998 – D.O.N.S. feat. Technotronic – Pump up the Jam (The Loop! mix)
1999 – Chrome & Price – Sunrise (Loop D.C. Mix)
2008 – Sheffield Jumpers – Jump with me
Personal life
Rick is married to Nikk (Nicole Sukar), who has also occasionally performed for Scooter with her natural voice, as well as „pitched" both on stage and some songs like Jigga Jigga!, Nessaja or Friends. Nikk was the former singer of Crown of Creation from Hanover.
They had a daughter born on 21 August 2007, named Keira.
Bibliography
Matthias Blazek: Das niedersächsische Bandkompendium 1963–2003 – Daten und Fakten von 100 Rockgruppen aus Niedersachsen. Celle 2006 ISBN 978-3-00-018947-0
External links
Rick J. Jordan discography at Discogs
Rick J. Jordan at IMDb
Official Scooter site
References
^ "www.scootertechno.info". Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2010. www.scootertechno.com
^ Blazek: Bandkompendium, p. 92, 101, 109.
^ Scooter feiern Abschied von Rick J. Jordan
^ Interview with H.P. Baxxter in the German city journal SUBWAY (German)
^ "Hyper? Was Rick Jordan zu einem Comeback bei Scooter sagt". 14 September 2021.
^ "Reinhard Mey und Freunde mit Antikriegssong".
^ "Reinhard Mey & Freunde - Nein, meine Söhne geb' ich nicht ". YouTube.
^ See booklet of CD Real Life (1994) from Crown of Creation.
vteScooter
H. P. Baxxter
Marc Blou
Jay Frog
Jens Thele
Rick J. Jordan
Phil Speiser
Studio albums
... and the Beat Goes On!
Our Happy Hardcore
Wicked!
Age of Love
No Time to Chill
Back to the Heavyweight Jam
Sheffield
We Bring the Noise!
The Stadium Techno Experience
Mind the Gap
Who's Got the Last Laugh Now?
The Ultimate Aural Orgasm
Jumping All Over the World
Under the Radar Over the Top
The Big Mash Up
Music for a Big Night Out
The Fifth Chapter
Ace
Scooter Forever
God Save the Rave
Open Your Mind and Your Trousers
Live albums
Encore: Live and Direct
Live: Selected Songs of the 10th Anniversary Concert at Docks, Hamburg
Excess All Areas
Live in Hamburg
I Want You to Stream!
Compilations
Rough and Tough and Dangerous – The Singles 94/98
Push the Beat for This Jam (The Second Chapter)
24 Carat Gold
20 Years of Hardcore
100% Scooter – 25 Years Wild & Wicked
Singles
"Hyper Hyper"
"Move Your Ass!"
"Friends"
"Endless Summer"
"Back in the U.K."
"Let Me Be Your Valentine"
"Rebel Yell"
"I'm Raving"
"Break It Up"
"Fire"
"The Age of Love"
"No Fate"
"How Much Is the Fish?"
"We Are the Greatest"/"I Was Made for Lovin' You"
"Call Me Mañana"
"Faster Harder Scooter"
"Fuck the Millennium"
"I'm Your Pusher"
"She's the Sun"
"Posse (I Need You on the Floor)"
"Aiii Shot the DJ"
"Ramp! (The Logical Song)"
"Nessaja"
"Weekend!"
"The Night"
"Maria (I Like It Loud)"
"Jigga Jigga!"
"Shake That!"
"One (Always Hardcore)"
"Suavemente"
"Hello! (Good to Be Back)"
"Apache Rocks the Bottom!"
"Behind the Cow"
"Lass uns tanzen"
"The Question Is What Is the Question?"
"And No Matches"
"Jumping All Over the World"
"I'm Lonely"
"Jump That Rock (Whatever You Want)"
"J'adore Hardcore"
"Ti sento"
"The Sound Above My Hair"
"Stuck on Replay"
"Friends Turbo"
"The Only One"
"David Doesn't Eat"
"C'est Bleu"
"It's a Biz (Ain't Nobody)"
"4 AM"
"Army of Hardcore"
"Bigroom Blitz"
"Today"
"Can't Stop the Hardcore"
"Radiate (SPY Version)"
"Riot"
"Oi"
"Mary Got No Lamb"
"Bora! Bora! Bora!"
"My Gabber"
"In Rave We Trust - Amateur Hour (Anthem Mix)"
"Rave Teacher (Somebody Like Me)"
"God Save the Rave"
"Devil's Symphony"
"Which Light Switch is Which?"
"Bassdrum"
"FCK 2020"
"Paul is Dead"
"We Love Hardcore"
"Groundhog Day"
"Rave Witchers"
"The Spell Remains"
"Do Not Sit If You Can Dance"
"Waste Your Youth"
"Techno is Back"
"Constellations"
"For Those About to Rave"
"Berliner Luft"
"Rave & Shout"
"I Keep Hearing Bingo"
"Let's Do It Again"
Other articles
Discography
Celebrate the Nun
"Love Message"
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Germany
Czech Republic
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scooter_(band)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Musical artistRick J. Jordan (born Hendrik Stedler, 1 January 1968) is a German music producer, composer, multi-instrumentalist, audio engineer and sound designer, who is most well known for his work in the German band Scooter.[1]","title":"Rick J. Jordan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Rick Jordan learned to play the piano at age five, and in adulthood completed his studies as a sound mixer.[citation needed]","title":"Youth and early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Celebrate the Nun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrate_the_Nun"},{"link_name":"H.P. 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He also played keyboards in the Hanover bands Laser, Megabyte, Die Matzingers and Never Delay.[2]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scooter_(band)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Scooter","text":"Rick Jordan was mainly responsible for co-composing, sound design aspects and melodic production elements for Scooter until the beginning of 2014.[3] He was doing the engineering mixdown for all Scooter and related productions from 1994 until he left the band.[citation needed]Jordan left Scooter around late 2013–early 2014, and his last concert with the band was on 24 January 2014 in Hamburg.[4]From mid-2016 to early 2018 he produced instrumental music from the \"Classical Crossover\" genre together with the Bulgarian concert pianist and composer Alexander Raytchev. The first work, Glassmærchen, was premiered in Berlin on 15 December 2016.[citation needed]Since then Rick J. Jordan has been a producer, and as bassist he is a member of the indie rock formation Leichtmatrose.[5]In 2020 Jordan produced a new version of the song \"Nein, meine Söhne geb' ich nicht\" by Reinhard Mey together with 17 other artists, including Reinhard Mey himself.[6] The resulting music video asked for donations for the NGO Friedensdorf International in the credits and was viewed over 5.5 million times on Youtube (as of January 2022).[7]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Toya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Toya_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Holly Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Crown of Creation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Creation_(band)"},{"link_name":"Real Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Life_(Crown_of_Creation_album)"}],"sub_title":"Discography","text":"List of productions outside of Scooter and Celebrate the Nun:1985 – Die Matzingers – Neandertal (album)\n1991 – S.A.X. – Marrakesh\n1992 – La Toya – Let's rock the House (J. Jordan Dub)\n1993 – Fine Time Poets – Unicorn\n1994 – Hysteria – The Flood\n1994 – Community feat. Fonda Rae – Parade (The Loop! mix)\n1994 – Clinique Team feat. The Hannover Posse – Summer of Love\n1994 – Holly Johnson – Legendary Children (The Loop! mix)\n1994 – Tony Di Bart – The Real Thing (The Loop! mix)\n1994 – Ru Paul – Everybody Dance (The Loop! mix)\n1994 – Adeva – Respect (The Loop! mix)\n1994 – Tag Team – Here It Is, Bam! (The Loop! mix)\n1994 – Crown of Creation – Real Life (album, production)\n1995 – Kosmos feat. Mary K – Codo\n1995 – Prince Ital Joe feat. Marky Mark – Babylon (The Loop! mix)\n1995 – Nu Love – Can you feel the Love tonight\n1995 – Chiron – I show you (The Loop! mix)\n1996 – Sunbeam – Arms of Heaven\n1996 – Sunbeam – Dreams\n1996 – DJ Hooligan – I want you (The Loop! mix)\n1998 – Clubtone – Put a little Love in your Heart (The Loop! mix)\n1998 – D.O.N.S. feat. Technotronic – Pump up the Jam (The Loop! mix)\n1999 – Chrome & Price – Sunrise (Loop D.C. Mix)\n2008 – Sheffield Jumpers – Jump with me","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicole Sukar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicole_Sukar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jigga Jigga!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigga_Jigga!"},{"link_name":"Nessaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nessaja"},{"link_name":"Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_(Scooter_song)"},{"link_name":"Crown of Creation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Creation_(band)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Rick is married to Nikk (Nicole Sukar), who has also occasionally performed for Scooter with her natural voice, as well as „pitched\" both on stage and some songs like Jigga Jigga!, Nessaja or Friends. Nikk was the former singer of Crown of Creation from Hanover.[8]They had a daughter born on 21 August 2007, named Keira.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matthias Blazek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Blazek"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-00-018947-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-00-018947-0"}],"text":"Matthias Blazek: Das niedersächsische Bandkompendium 1963–2003 – Daten und Fakten von 100 Rockgruppen aus Niedersachsen. Celle 2006 ISBN 978-3-00-018947-0","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"www.scootertechno.info\". Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prem_Patra | Prem Patra | ["1 Cast","2 Soundtrack","3 References","4 External links"] | 1962 Indian filmPrem PatraDirected byBimal RoyScreenplay byDebabrata SenguptaStory byNitan BhattacharyaBased onSagarika (Bengali)Produced byBimal RoyStarringShashi KapoorSadhanaCinematographyDilip GuptaEdited byAmit BoseMusic bySalil ChoudhuryRelease date
1962 (1962)
CountryIndiaLanguageHindiBox office₹ 3.8 million
Prem Patra (Hindi: प्रेमपत्र, transl. The love letter) is a 1962 Indian Hindi-language romantic drama film produced and directed by Bimal Roy. It stars Shashi Kapoor and Sadhana. The movie is loosely based on the 1956 Bengali film Sagarika starring Uttam Kumar and Suchitra Sen.
Cast
Shashi Kapoor as Arun Kumar Mathur
Sadhana as Kavita Kapoor
Praveen Choudhary as Ratna
Seema Deo as Tara
Chand Usmani as Sunitra
Rajendra nath as Kedar
Kanu Roy as Mr.Kapur
Sudhir as Subhash
Sadhana Khote
Soundtrack
Song
Singer /Lyricist
"Ab Aur Na Kuch Bhi"
Lata Mangeshkar/ Rajinder Krishan
"Khush Ho Rahe The"
Lata Mangeshkar/ Rajinder Krishan
"Do Ankhiyan Jhuki Jhuki Si, Do Ankhiyan Jhuki Jhuki Si"
Lata Mangeshkar, Mukesh/Rajinder Krishan
"Sawan Ki Raaton Mein Aisa Bhi Hota Hai"
Lata Mangeshkar, Talat Mahmood/Gulzar
"Yeh Mere Andhere Ujale Na Hote Agar Tum Na Aate"
Lata Mangeshkar, Talat Mahmood/Rajinder Krishan
All the songs of the movie had been embellished with music by a well-known composer, Mr. Salil Chaudhary.
References
External links
Prem Patra at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Bimal Roy
Bengal Famine (1943)
Udayer Pathey (1944)
Hamrahi (1945)
Anjangarh (1948)
Mantramugdha (1949)
Pehla Aadmi (1950)
Maa (1952)
Do Bigha Zamin (1953)
Parineeta (1953)
Naukari (1954)
Biraj Bahu (1954)
Baap Beti (1954)
Devdas (1955)
Yahudi (1958)
Madhumati (1958)
Sujata (1959)
Parakh (1960)
Nader Nimai (1960)
Immortal Stupa (1961)
Prem Patra (1962)
Bandini (1963)
Life and Message of Swami Vivekananda (1964)
This article about a Hindi film of the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"प्रेमपत्र","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nobledictionary.com/hindi-word/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0/meaning-in-english"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Hindi-language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi-language"},{"link_name":"romantic drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_drama_film"},{"link_name":"Bimal Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimal_Roy"},{"link_name":"Shashi Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shashi_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Sadhana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadhana_Shivdasani"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"Uttam Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttam_Kumar"},{"link_name":"Suchitra Sen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suchitra_Sen"}],"text":"1962 Indian filmPrem Patra (Hindi: प्रेमपत्र, transl. The love letter) is a 1962 Indian Hindi-language romantic drama film produced and directed by Bimal Roy. It stars Shashi Kapoor and Sadhana. The movie is loosely based on the 1956 Bengali film Sagarika starring Uttam Kumar and Suchitra Sen.","title":"Prem Patra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shashi Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shashi_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Sadhana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadhana_Shivdasani"},{"link_name":"Seema Deo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seema_Deo"},{"link_name":"Sudhir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudhir_(Hindi_actor)"}],"text":"Shashi Kapoor as Arun Kumar Mathur\nSadhana as Kavita Kapoor\nPraveen Choudhary as Ratna\nSeema Deo as Tara\nChand Usmani as Sunitra\nRajendra nath as Kedar\nKanu Roy as Mr.Kapur\nSudhir as Subhash\nSadhana Khote","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salil Chaudhary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salil_Chaudhary"}],"text":"All the songs of the movie had been embellished with music by a well-known composer, Mr. Salil Chaudhary.","title":"Soundtrack"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.nobledictionary.com/hindi-word/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0/meaning-in-english","external_links_name":"प्रेमपत्र"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0056367/","external_links_name":"Prem Patra"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prem_Patra&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Voiculescu | Dan Voiculescu | ["1 Early life","2 Political activities","2.1 Voiculescu's Law","3 Secret police involvement","4 Corruption investigation","5 Criticism","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Romanian politician and businessman
For the mathematician, see Dan Voiculescu (mathematician). For the composer, see Dan Voiculescu (composer).
Dan VoiculescuSenatorIn officeDecember 13, 2004 – December 14, 2008Constituency42 (Bucharest)SenatorIn officeDecember 15, 2008 – June 25, 2012SenatorIn officeJanuary 22, 2013 – January 28, 2013Constituency8 (Bucharest)
Personal detailsBorn (1946-09-25) September 25, 1946 (age 77)Bucharest, RomaniaPolitical partyConservative PartySpouseLiana Voiculescu (Cohabitation)
Dan Voiculescu (Romanian pronunciation: ; born September 25, 1946), also known as "Varanul" or "Felix Voiculescu", is a Romanian politician and businessman. He is the founder and former president of the Romanian Humanist Party (PUR), later renamed the Conservative Party (PC). He was a senator from 2004 until his resignation in 2012.
Dan Voiculescu was one of the richest men in Romania, with a fortune estimated at 1.5–1.6 billion euros, according to Top 300 Richest Romanian People launched by the Capital magazine in October 2009. The Intact Media Group, founded by Dan Voiculescu, includes several major television stations (most notably Antena 1 and Antena 3), radio stations, as well as top newspapers and magazines (most notably Jurnalul Naţional and Gazeta Sporturilor). According to Top 300 issued by Capital, developing televisions and launching GSP TV and Radio station ZU, as well as strengthening the print media, have been among the main directions that have marked the group's businesses in 2008.
Early life
Voiculescu was born in Bucharest, in a family of modest means, who lived in the Bariera Vergului neighborhood. For his secondary studies, he went to the Emil Racoviţă High School. Starting in 1969, he studied at the Academy of Economic Studies (ASE) in Bucharest, obtaining a B.A. in 1974, and a Ph.D. in 1977. In 1991, he obtained a Ph.D. in economics from the unaccredited Pacific Western University (Hawaii), in Honolulu, Hawaii, and became a professor at ASE.
According to the autobiography published on the official website, he was born in a modest family, his father being a plumber and his mother a housewife. He grew up in the Bucharest neighborhood of Bariera Vergului, near the 23 August skating rink, where he practiced ice hockey. In 1969 he fulfilled the military service in a military unit in Focsani.
Before the 1989 revolution, he lived in a state rental house and drove a Dacia purchased in installments. Working in the foreign trade, of his allowance of $7 per day, he was able – according to the same autobiography - to gather over 21 years, 30 thousand dollars, which he deposited to BRCE and have been the starting capital of the GRIVCO group.
Political activities
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2009)
In 1991, Voiculescu founded the Humanist Party of Romania, which changed its name to the Conservative Party (PC) in May 2005. Under Voiculescu's leadership, the party also markedly changed its doctrine to embrace conservative values in line with the views of the European People's Party in the European Parliament. The PC, however, did not join the European People's Party.
The PC, then called the PUR, supported the Social Democratic Party (PSD)-led government from 2000 to 2004, and ran in coalition with the PSD in the 2004 parliamentary and presidential elections.
Dan Voiculescu (right) with the then Romanian President Ion Iliescu (left), in the 2000s
The PC was also part of the ruling coalition led by Prime Minister Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu from December 2004 until the party withdrew in 2006. According to Freedom House, one reason the government of Popescu-Tăriceanu included the small PC, which received support from only 2 percent of the population, was due to the strength of Voiculescu family's Antenna 1 television station. Tom Gallagher, a Romania specialist at Bradford University, stated in January 2005, shortly after the PC entered the government, that Voiculescu "is a potentially major problem if the government decides to introduce legislation that will challenge vested interests which have profited through the questionable sale of state assets."
PC ran in a coalition with PSD in the 2008 legislative elections, and Voiculescu was elected senator in a Bucharest district.
As member of the Romanian Senate, Voiculescu has been strong in his opposition to Romanian President Traian Băsescu, who he states has exceeded constitutional boundaries and abused power. In March, 2007, he established a special commission within the Parliament to investigate Băsescu's actions as president and sponsored the legislation in the Parliament that led to a national referendum over whether Băsescu should remain in office. Voiculescu was also strongly opposed to former Minister of Justice Monica Macovei.
In April 2007, the Parliamentary Committee led by Senator Dan Voiculescu managed, for the first time in the post-revolutionary Romania, the suspension of an acting president. The report drawn up by the "Voiculescu Committee" was adopted in the Romanian Parliament, with 322 votes "for" and 108 "against"; President Traian Băsescu was thus suspended from his function.
Voiculescu opposed a draft law proposed by Justice Minister Monica Macovei and supported by the European Commission to set up a special agency for checking assets declarations for MPs and other senior officials. He subsequently supported a version characterized as "watered down" by the international media.
In September 2007, Dan Voiculescu resigned from his senator function as a form of protest against the blocking in the Romanian Parliament, of various important social laws. They were about promoting his projects on extending the contracts of tenants in the nationalized houses, reducing VAT on food, solidarity fund for pensioners and non-taxation of reinvested profits, legislation designed to bring more money to pensioners with low incomes, to lower prices on basic food or assist companies to reinvest their profits.
In November 2008, by occasion of the first elections held in the plurality system, Dan Voiculescu returned to the Romanian Parliament, obtaining 21,708 votes in the 8th college in Bucharest, and in December 2008 he was elected Vice-President of the Senate of Romania, with 83 votes for and 2 against.
Voiculescu's Law
Voiculescu initiated a bill, now named after him, that allows tenants of buildings that were nationalized during communism to stay in them, while the former owners receive only financial compensation. After a long legislative and constitutional battle, president Băsescu signed it into law in 2009, even though he and his party opposed it. Emil Boc's government however did not apply it, and was sued by tenants' associations.
Secret police involvement
Although he denied it for several years, in 2006 Voiculescu admitted having been a collaborator of the Securitate, Romania's communist-era internal intelligence service, after information to this effect was released publicly by Romania's National Council for the Study of the Securitate Archives (CNSAS). At the time, Voiculescu was named to be a Vice Premier in the Popescu-Tăriceanu government, but was ultimately not allowed to take the position because of his involvement with the communist secret police.
CNSAS revealed that Voiculescu acted as an informer for the Securitate by the names of "Felix" and "Mircea". He later claimed that he only collaborated "two or three times" for economic espionage., and he had cooperated with the Securitate as "all Romanians did" during the communist period. The latter statement drew criticism from journalist Cristian Tudor Popescu, who wrote that "Mr. Voiculescu knows very well there were millions of Romanians who didn't have anything to do with the Securitate and others who simply refused to work for it." Voiculescu denies, however, having been an official collaborator (with a signed agreement) or an officer of the Securitate and is appealing the CNSAS' ruling to that effect. He has said he will resign from the Senate if the verdict is not overturned on appeal. He blamed the initial findings against him on Băsescu, who, according to Voiculescu, launched a campaign to undermine him.
Tom Gallagher wrote in a 2004 paper that it is supposed that Dan Voiculescu held the rank of General within the intelligence service before Romania's 1989 anti-communist revolution, but nothing has been proved till now. Ziua newspaper commented however that if Voiculescu was a "covert general" this fact would be extremely hard to prove; official records show that Voiculescu was a reserve army sub-lieutenant.
In July 2006, Camelia Voiculescu, the owner of Jurnalul Naţional, asked for editor Dorin Tudoran's resignation, following an editorial in which he criticized her father, Dan Voiculescu, for his past association with the Securitate.
A verdict however unattested by the Justice, according to the law. The case is pending.
On March 5, 2010, the Court of Appeal upheld that Dan Voiculescu has collaborated with the Securitate during the communist regime, having the conspiratorial name “Felix”. Subsequently, the decision was appealed to the Supreme Court, which upheld the Court of Appeal solution.
Corruption investigation
The Romanian National Anti-corruption Department (DNA) announced on April 3, 2007, that it was investigating Voiculescu, his daughter, and several business associates for money laundering, with regard to funds obtained through the national lottery. Voiculescu denied all the charges, claiming the investigation was politically motivated and that the transactions were legal.
Voiculescu has been accused of other corruption scandals, including an alleged scheme whereby Grivco, a company he owned, bought electrical energy from the state-controlled Rovinari complex, and sold the energy back to Electrica, another state-controlled company, at a large profit. Through a spokesman, Voiculescu declined to comment, on the grounds that in December 2004, at the time the contract was signed, he was just a shareholder, and not an administrator of Grivco.
In October 2009, following some articles in the press, the Vice-President of the Romanian Senate, Dan Voiculescu, has undergone a vetting process carried out by the National Agency for Fiscal Administration (ANAF), verification based on which ANAF has established that the allegations surrounding the Senator Dan Voiculescu have no real basis.
On September 26, 2013, Dan Voiculescu was found guilty and sentenced to 5 years in prison. In the case of using his political connections to influence the sell of the Institute for Alimentary Research to Grivco a company that he had a stake in. The case was postponed several years because Dan Voiculescu resigned several times from the Romanian Parliament.
On August 8, 2014, Dan Voiculescu was found guilty and sentenced to 10 years in prison for money laundering. Money, a plot of land and a house were also confiscated to cover the state's losses.
On July 10, 2017, he was released from prison.
Criticism
President Băsescu has accused Voiculescu of being a "media mogul" who uses his media group to fight political battles. He further accused Voiculescu of trying to control, through the media, the politics of the country. In May 2007, Băsescu said "Oligarchs should not be confused with the business community.
They are the few who have made fortunes thanks to facilities from government, people who have become very rich and now give orders to politicians, those who are supported financially by the oligarchs and who have turned into puppets of certain businessmen like Voiculescu, Patriciu, and many others." An Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe report on the 2009 presidential election found that the newspaper Jurnalul Naţional and television station Antena 1, both owned by Voiculescu's family, were biased against the incumbent Băsescu. In the last years, Voiculescu tried to reinvent his public image through the Internet. He started a personal blog, showing a much lighter side of his personality, and even began writing satirical guest posts for online journals non-related to his media empire.
See also
List of corruption scandals in Romania
References
^ "Top 300 Capital: Familia Voiculescu şi Dinu Patriciu - cei mai bogaţi români din mass-media". Mediafax.ro. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
^ a b (in Romanian) "Preşedinte Fondator - Dan Voiculescu" Archived 2000-05-18 at archive.today, biography at Dan Voiculescu Humanist Foundation
^ "Dan Voiculescu web site". Archived from the original on 23 May 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
^ "EPP-ED-Bureau Meeting in Bucharest: 'Romania must do its job'", June 2, 2005.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-06-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Dan Voiculescu's Tainted Past Dogs Humanist Party In Romania", Financial Times, January 10, 2005.
^ "MPS decide: President Basescu breached Constitution Top News HotNews.ro - PDA Version - press review, news, newspapers, TV, radio, documents, download, video". Archived from the original on 2007-09-21. Retrieved 2007-03-21.
^ "The Economist - World News, Politics, Economics, Business & Finance". The Economist. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
^ "STIRI - Traian Basescu, suspendat". Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2009-12-12.
^ "Evenimentul Zilei Online". 21 March 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-03-21. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
^ MUNGIU-PIPPIDI, ALINA. "Romania" (PDF). Societatea Academica Din Romania.
^ (in Romanian) Guvernul, dat în judecată pentru neaplicarea „Legii Voiculescu“ Archived 2009-03-25 at the Wayback Machine
^ Craig S. Smith, "Cold War specter lingers in Eastern Europe", International Herald Tribune, December 12, 2006.
^ (in Romanian) Dan Voiculescu şi fosta Securitate, "Dan Voiculescu and the former Securitate", BBC News, June 16, 2006.
^ Jim Compton, "The struggle for civil society in post-revolution Romania", The Seattle Times, October 22, 2006.
^ "Cold War specter lingers in Eastern Europe", International Herald Tribune, December 12, 2006.
^ Razvan Amariei, "Transitions Online: The Meaning of "Political"" Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine, The Centre for SouthEast European Studies, June 26, 2006.
^ Ana Şerban, "Voiculescu’s appeal against CNSAS decision delayed in Court", Nine O'Clock, March 21, 2007.
^ "Emerging from the Shadows". Ce-review.org. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
^ "Dan Voiculescu a fost general in serviciul secret al lui Ceauşescu" Archived 2007-09-20 at the Wayback Machine, Ziua, September 11, 2004.
^ (in Romanian) "Camelia Voiculescu îi cere lui Tuca să-l concedieze pe Dorin Tudoran" Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine, HotNews.ro, July 20, 2006.
^ (in Romanian) Dorin Tudoran, "Stimate dle Marius Tuca" Archived 2016-01-10 at the Wayback Machine, Jurnalul Naţional, July 23, 2006.
^ (in Romanian) Dorin Tudoran, "Felix, Mircea şi Dorin" Archived 2016-01-10 at the Wayback Machine, Jurnalul Naţional, July 11, 2006.
^ "Political leader Dan Voiculescu, others under criminal inquiry for money laundering", HotNews.ro, April 3, 2007.
^ a b (in Romanian) Emilia Şercan, "Voiculescu, piratul kilowaţilor" Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine, Evenimentul Zilei, March 29, 2007.
^ "What the newspapers say: March 29, 2007 Press Review Hotnews.ro - press review, news, newspapers, TV, radio, documents, download, video". Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
^ "Romanian media mogul and politician investigated on money laundering charges - International Herald Tribune". Iht.com. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
^ "Romania libera: Editia online". Archived from the original on 2009-12-30. Retrieved 2009-12-12.
^ "Comunicat de Presa" (PDF). Danvoiculescu.net. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
^ "Certificat de Atestare Fiscala" (PDF). Danvoiculescu.net. 28 October 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
^ "Romanian media mogul Dan Voiculescu sentenced to ten years in prison". Business-review.eu. 8 August 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
^ "Stiri ROL.ro - Basescu: Voiculescu, Vintu si Patriciu utilizeaza trusturile media in batalia politica". Archived from the original on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
^ "Romanians are the ones to decide what sort of state Romania should be Suspended President for RFE/RL: Politics Hotnews.ro - press review, news, newspapers, TV, radio, documents, download, video". Archived from the original on 2007-05-16. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
^ "OSCE second round preliminary report" (PDF). Osce.org. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
^ "Întâlnire cu Dan Voiculescu | Dan Voiculescu Blog – Acest blog va cuprinde adevărurile lui Voiculescu. Despre politică, despre presă, economie și viață, trecut, prezent și viitor. Pot fi adevăruri subiective sau unilaterale, dar mereu adevăruri". Danvoiculescu.net. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
^ "Daily Cotcodac". Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
External links
(in Romanian) Profile at the Romanian Chamber of Deputies site
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dan Voiculescu (mathematician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Voiculescu_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"Dan Voiculescu (composer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Voiculescu_(composer)"},{"link_name":"[ˈdan vojkuˈlesku]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Romanian Humanist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Humanist_Party"},{"link_name":"senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Senate"},{"link_name":"Intact Media Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intact_Media_Group"},{"link_name":"Antena 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antena_1_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"Antena 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antena_3_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"Jurnalul Naţional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurnalul_Na%C5%A3ional"},{"link_name":"Gazeta Sporturilor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazeta_Sporturilor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For the mathematician, see Dan Voiculescu (mathematician). For the composer, see Dan Voiculescu (composer).Dan Voiculescu (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈdan vojkuˈlesku]; born September 25, 1946), also known as \"Varanul\" or \"Felix Voiculescu\", is a Romanian politician and businessman. He is the founder and former president of the Romanian Humanist Party (PUR), later renamed the Conservative Party (PC). He was a senator from 2004 until his resignation in 2012.Dan Voiculescu was one of the richest men in Romania, with a fortune estimated at 1.5–1.6 billion euros, according to Top 300 Richest Romanian People launched by the Capital magazine in October 2009. The Intact Media Group, founded by Dan Voiculescu, includes several major television stations (most notably Antena 1 and Antena 3), radio stations, as well as top newspapers and magazines (most notably Jurnalul Naţional and Gazeta Sporturilor). According to Top 300 issued by Capital,[1] developing televisions and launching GSP TV and Radio station ZU, as well as strengthening the print media, have been among the main directions that have marked the group's businesses in 2008.","title":"Dan Voiculescu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"link_name":"Emil Racoviţă","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Racovi%C5%A3%C4%83"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foundation-2"},{"link_name":"Academy of Economic Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest_Academy_of_Economic_Studies"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"link_name":"B.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Ph.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-3"},{"link_name":"unaccredited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_accreditation"},{"link_name":"Pacific Western University (Hawaii)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Western_University_(Hawaii)"},{"link_name":"Honolulu, Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foundation-2"}],"text":"Voiculescu was born in Bucharest, in a family of modest means, who lived in the Bariera Vergului neighborhood. For his secondary studies, he went to the Emil Racoviţă High School.[2] Starting in 1969, he studied at the Academy of Economic Studies (ASE) in Bucharest, obtaining a B.A. in 1974, and a Ph.D. in 1977.[3] In 1991, he obtained a Ph.D. in economics from the unaccredited Pacific Western University (Hawaii), in Honolulu, Hawaii, and became a professor at ASE.[2]According to the autobiography published on the official website, he was born in a modest family, his father being a plumber and his mother a housewife. He grew up in the Bucharest neighborhood of Bariera Vergului, near the 23 August skating rink, where he practiced ice hockey. In 1969 he fulfilled the military service in a military unit in Focsani.Before the 1989 revolution, he lived in a state rental house and drove a Dacia purchased in installments. Working in the foreign trade, of his allowance of $7 per day, he was able – according to the same autobiography - to gather over 21 years, 30 thousand dollars, which he deposited to BRCE and have been the starting capital of the GRIVCO group.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism"},{"link_name":"European People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Social Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Romania)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dan_Voiculescu_-_Ion_Iliescu.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ion Iliescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Iliescu"},{"link_name":"Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83lin_Popescu-T%C4%83riceanu"},{"link_name":"Freedom House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Tom Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gerard_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Bradford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_University"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Romanian Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Senate"},{"link_name":"Traian Băsescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traian_B%C4%83sescu"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Monica Macovei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Macovei"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In 1991, Voiculescu founded the Humanist Party of Romania, which changed its name to the Conservative Party (PC) in May 2005. Under Voiculescu's leadership, the party also markedly changed its doctrine to embrace conservative values in line with the views of the European People's Party in the European Parliament.[4] The PC, however, did not join the European People's Party.The PC, then called the PUR, supported the Social Democratic Party (PSD)-led government from 2000 to 2004, and ran in coalition with the PSD in the 2004 parliamentary and presidential elections.Dan Voiculescu (right) with the then Romanian President Ion Iliescu (left), in the 2000sThe PC was also part of the ruling coalition led by Prime Minister Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu from December 2004 until the party withdrew in 2006. According to Freedom House, one reason the government of Popescu-Tăriceanu included the small PC, which received support from only 2 percent of the population, was due to the strength of Voiculescu family's Antenna 1 television station.[5] Tom Gallagher, a Romania specialist at Bradford University, stated in January 2005, shortly after the PC entered the government, that Voiculescu \"is a potentially major problem if the government decides to introduce legislation that will challenge vested interests which have profited through the questionable sale of state assets.\"[6]PC ran in a coalition with PSD in the 2008 legislative elections, and Voiculescu was elected senator in a Bucharest district.As member of the Romanian Senate, Voiculescu has been strong in his opposition to Romanian President Traian Băsescu, who he states has exceeded constitutional boundaries and abused power. In March, 2007, he established a special commission within the Parliament to investigate Băsescu's actions as president and sponsored the legislation in the Parliament that led to a national referendum over whether Băsescu should remain in office.[7][8] Voiculescu was also strongly opposed to former Minister of Justice Monica Macovei.In April 2007, the Parliamentary Committee led by Senator Dan Voiculescu managed, for the first time in the post-revolutionary Romania, the suspension of an acting president. The report drawn up by the \"Voiculescu Committee\" was adopted in the Romanian Parliament, with 322 votes \"for\" and 108 \"against\"; President Traian Băsescu was thus suspended from his function.[9]Voiculescu opposed a draft law proposed by Justice Minister Monica Macovei and supported by the European Commission to set up a special agency for checking assets declarations for MPs and other senior officials. He subsequently supported a version characterized as \"watered down\" by the international media.[10][11]In September 2007, Dan Voiculescu resigned from his senator function as a form of protest against the blocking in the Romanian Parliament, of various important social laws. They were about promoting his projects on extending the contracts of tenants in the nationalized houses, reducing VAT on food, solidarity fund for pensioners and non-taxation of reinvested profits, legislation designed to bring more money to pensioners with low incomes, to lower prices on basic food or assist companies to reinvest their profits.In November 2008, by occasion of the first elections held in the plurality system, Dan Voiculescu returned to the Romanian Parliament, obtaining 21,708 votes in the 8th college in Bucharest, and in December 2008 he was elected Vice-President of the Senate of Romania, with 83 votes for and 2 against.","title":"Political activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nationalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalized"},{"link_name":"Emil Boc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Boc"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Voiculescu's Law","text":"Voiculescu initiated a bill, now named after him, that allows tenants of buildings that were nationalized during communism to stay in them, while the former owners receive only financial compensation. After a long legislative and constitutional battle, president Băsescu signed it into law in 2009, even though he and his party opposed it. Emil Boc's government however did not apply it, and was sued by tenants' associations.[12]","title":"Political activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Securitate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securitate"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"communist-era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Romania"},{"link_name":"CNSAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CNSAS&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Cristian Tudor Popescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian_Tudor_Popescu"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Ziua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziua"},{"link_name":"sub-lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-lieutenant"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Dorin Tudoran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorin_Tudoran"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Although he denied it for several years, in 2006 Voiculescu admitted having been a collaborator of the Securitate,[13] Romania's communist-era internal intelligence service, after information to this effect was released publicly by Romania's National Council for the Study of the Securitate Archives (CNSAS). At the time, Voiculescu was named to be a Vice Premier in the Popescu-Tăriceanu government, but was ultimately not allowed to take the position because of his involvement with the communist secret police.[14][15]CNSAS revealed that Voiculescu acted as an informer for the Securitate by the names of \"Felix\" and \"Mircea\". He later claimed that he only collaborated \"two or three times\" for economic espionage.,[16] and he had cooperated with the Securitate as \"all Romanians did\" during the communist period. The latter statement drew criticism from journalist Cristian Tudor Popescu, who wrote that \"Mr. Voiculescu knows very well there were millions of Romanians who didn't have anything to do with the Securitate and others who simply refused to work for it.\"[17] Voiculescu denies, however, having been an official collaborator (with a signed agreement) or an officer of the Securitate and is appealing the CNSAS' ruling to that effect. He has said he will resign from the Senate if the verdict is not overturned on appeal. He blamed the initial findings against him on Băsescu, who, according to Voiculescu, launched a campaign to undermine him.[18]Tom Gallagher wrote in a 2004 paper[19] that it is supposed that Dan Voiculescu held the rank of General within the intelligence service before Romania's 1989 anti-communist revolution, but nothing has been proved till now. Ziua newspaper commented however that if Voiculescu was a \"covert general\" this fact would be extremely hard to prove; official records show that Voiculescu was a reserve army sub-lieutenant.[20]In July 2006, Camelia Voiculescu, the owner of Jurnalul Naţional, asked for editor Dorin Tudoran's resignation,[21][22] following an editorial in which he criticized her father, Dan Voiculescu, for his past association with the Securitate.[23]A verdict however unattested by the Justice, according to the law. The case is pending.On March 5, 2010, the Court of Appeal upheld that Dan Voiculescu has collaborated with the Securitate during the communist regime, having the conspiratorial name “Felix”. Subsequently, the decision was appealed to the Supreme Court, which upheld the Court of Appeal solution.","title":"Secret police involvement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"money laundering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_laundering"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Grivco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grivco"},{"link_name":"electrical energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_energy"},{"link_name":"Rovinari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovinari"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sercan-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sercan-25"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"The Romanian National Anti-corruption Department (DNA) announced on April 3, 2007, that it was investigating Voiculescu, his daughter, and several business associates for money laundering, with regard to funds obtained through the national lottery. Voiculescu denied all the charges, claiming the investigation was politically motivated and that the transactions were legal.[24]Voiculescu has been accused of other corruption scandals, including an alleged scheme whereby Grivco, a company he owned, bought electrical energy from the state-controlled Rovinari complex, and sold the energy back to Electrica, another state-controlled company, at a large profit.[25][26][27] Through a spokesman, Voiculescu declined to comment, on the grounds that in December 2004, at the time the contract was signed, he was just a shareholder, and not an administrator of Grivco.[25]In October 2009, following some articles in the press,[28] the Vice-President of the Romanian Senate, Dan Voiculescu, has undergone a vetting process carried out by the National Agency for Fiscal Administration (ANAF),[29] verification based on which ANAF has established [30] that the allegations surrounding the Senator Dan Voiculescu have no real basis.On September 26, 2013, Dan Voiculescu was found guilty and sentenced to 5 years in prison. In the case of using his political connections to influence the sell of the Institute for Alimentary Research to Grivco a company that he had a stake in. The case was postponed several years because Dan Voiculescu resigned several times from the Romanian Parliament.On August 8, 2014, Dan Voiculescu was found guilty and sentenced to 10 years in prison for money laundering. Money, a plot of land and a house were also confiscated to cover the state's losses.[31]On July 10, 2017, he was released from prison.","title":"Corruption investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Patriciu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinu_Patriciu"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"2009 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Romanian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Jurnalul Naţional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurnalul_Na%C5%A3ional"},{"link_name":"Antena 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antena_1_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"President Băsescu has accused Voiculescu of being a \"media mogul\" who uses his media group to fight political battles. He further accused Voiculescu of trying to control, through the media, the politics of the country.[32] In May 2007, Băsescu said \"Oligarchs should not be confused with the business community.\nThey are the few who have made fortunes thanks to facilities from government, people who have become very rich and now give orders to politicians, those who are supported financially by the oligarchs and who have turned into puppets of certain businessmen like Voiculescu, [Rompetrol owner Dinu] Patriciu, and many others.\"[33] An Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe report on the 2009 presidential election found that the newspaper Jurnalul Naţional and television station Antena 1, both owned by Voiculescu's family, were biased against the incumbent Băsescu.[34] In the last years, Voiculescu tried to reinvent his public image through the Internet. He started a personal blog, showing a much lighter side of his personality,[35] and even began writing satirical guest posts for online journals non-related to his media empire.[36]","title":"Criticism"}] | [{"image_text":"Dan Voiculescu (right) with the then Romanian President Ion Iliescu (left), in the 2000s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Dan_Voiculescu_-_Ion_Iliescu.jpg/220px-Dan_Voiculescu_-_Ion_Iliescu.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of corruption scandals in Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_corruption_scandals_in_Romania"}] | [{"reference":"\"Top 300 Capital: Familia Voiculescu şi Dinu Patriciu - cei mai bogaţi români din mass-media\". Mediafax.ro. 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Retrieved 2007-05-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070516064617/http://english.hotnews.ro/Romanians-are-the-ones-to-decide-what-sort-of-state-Romania-should-be-articol_44960.htm","url_text":"\"Romanians are the ones to decide what sort of state Romania should be Suspended President for RFE/RL: Politics Hotnews.ro - press review, news, newspapers, TV, radio, documents, download, video\""},{"url":"http://english.hotnews.ro/Romanians-are-the-ones-to-decide-what-sort-of-state-Romania-should-be-articol_44960.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"OSCE second round preliminary report\" (PDF). Osce.org. Retrieved 10 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.osce.org/documents/odihr/2009/12/41929_en.pdf","url_text":"\"OSCE second round preliminary report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osce.org","url_text":"Osce.org"}]},{"reference":"\"Întâlnire cu Dan Voiculescu | Dan Voiculescu Blog – Acest blog va cuprinde adevărurile lui Voiculescu. Despre politică, despre presă, economie și viață, trecut, prezent și viitor. Pot fi adevăruri subiective sau unilaterale, dar mereu adevăruri\". Danvoiculescu.net. Retrieved 10 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://danvoiculescu.net/blog/","url_text":"\"Întâlnire cu Dan Voiculescu | Dan Voiculescu Blog – Acest blog va cuprinde adevărurile lui Voiculescu. Despre politică, despre presă, economie și viață, trecut, prezent și viitor. Pot fi adevăruri subiective sau unilaterale, dar mereu adevăruri\""}]},{"reference":"\"Daily Cotcodac\". Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideo_Onchi | Hideo Onchi | ["1 Career","2 Filmography","3 Notes","4 References"] | Japanese film and television director (1933–2022)
Hideo OnchiBorn(1933-01-23)23 January 1933Tokyo, JapanDied20 January 2022(2022-01-20) (aged 88)OccupationFilm director
Hideo Onchi (恩地日出夫, Onchi Hideo, 23 January 1933 – 20 January 2022) was a Japanese film and television director.
Career
Born in Tokyo, Onchi graduated from Keio University and joined the Toho studios. He debuted as a director with Wakai ōkami (1961), and first made a name for himself directing youth films such as Izu no odoriko (1967). After turning freelance, he also worked in Japanese television, serving for instance as the main director for Kizu darake no tenshi, an influential TV drama from the 1970s.
Onchi won the award for Best Director at the 28th Hochi Film Award for Warabi no kō. He died from lung cancer on 20 January 2022, at the age of 88.
Filmography
Wakai ōkami (1961)
Izu no odoriko (1967)
Toward the Terra (1980)
Warabi no kō (2003)
Notes
^ a b c Oguro, Yūichirō. "Onchi Hideko kantoku gekijōban Tera e o kataru". Web anime sutairu. Studio You. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
^ "A (Kind of Brief) Lecture of Japanese Film". New York-Tokyo. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
^ 報知映画賞ヒストリー (in Japanese). Cinema Hochi. Archived from the original on 31 January 2009. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
^ 映画監督の恩地日出夫さん死去 88歳 「傷だらけの天使」演出 (in Japanese)
References
Hideo Onchi at IMDb
Onchi Hideo at the Japanese Movie Database (in Japanese)
vteHochi Film Award for Best Director
Yoshimitsu Morita (1985)
Kichitaro Negishi (1986)
Kazuo Hara (1987)
Hayao Miyazaki (1988)
Toshio Masuda (1989)
Jun Ichikawa (1990)
Takeshi Kitano (1991)
Yōichi Higashi (1992)
Yoichi Sai (1993)
Tatsumi Kumashiro (1994)
Shunji Iwai (1995)
Yoshimitsu Morita (1996)
Masato Harada (1997)
Takeshi Kitano (1998)
Yuji Nakae (2000)
Hayao Miyazaki (2001)
Yoji Yamada (2002)
Hideo Onchi (2003)
Yoichi Sai (2004)
Kenji Uchida (2005)
Kichitaro Negishi (2006)
Nobuhiro Yamashita (2007)
Ryōsuke Hashiguchi (2008)
Miwa Nishikawa (2009)
Tetsuya Nakashima (2010)
Sion Sono (2011)
Daihachi Yoshida (2012)
Kazuya Shiraishi (2013)
Takashi Koizumi (2014)
Yukihiko Tsutsumi (2015)
Lee Sang-il (2016)
Yukiko Mishima (2017)
Tatsushi Ōmori (2018)
Shinsuke Sato (2019)
Naomi Kawase (2020)
Tetsu Maeda (2021)
Shinzō Katayama (2022)
Takashi Yamazaki (2023)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Japan
Academics
CiNii
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahedin | Kahedin | ["1 Narrative","2 See also","3 References"] | Sir Kahedin (variantly spelled Kahadin, Kahedrin, Kaherdin, Kehenis, Kehidius; possibly the Welsh character Kae Hir) is brother to Iseult of Brittany and the son of King Hoel of Brittany in Arthurian legend. The story of his affair with Brangaine, the handmaiden of Iseult of Ireland is significantly mentioned in the Tristan and Iseult legend.
Narrative
Kahedin first meets Brangaine in the Hall of Images, where he was previously sent to deliver a message to Iseult of Ireland regarding the arrival of her lover, Sir Tristan. He conveys the message and Iseult and Tristan spend the night in a wooden cabin. Meanwhile, Kahedin prepares to spend the night with Brangaine after receiving favourable advances from her. When they go to bed, however, Kahedin plunges into a deep sleep and wakes up the following morning to realise that some sorcery must have been carried out. Out of courtesy, he ignores the happenings of the previous night and the two couples spend the day together. The same trick is carried out again that night; on the third night, Iseult manages to convince her maid to surrender to Kahedin to stop his humiliation. In some versions, Camille, another of the Queen's handmaidens, is chosen by Kahedin over Brangaine. She also refuses the knight, wishing to preserve her honour. Iseult then assists by providing Kahedin with a "magic pillow" after which he falls into a deep slumber. Kahedin wakes up the next morning to be taunted by Camille and the ladies of the household; he travels with Tristan without revealing to him the incident of the previous night.
The Prose Tristan modifies the story such that Kahedin falls in love with the Irish Iseult rather than Brangaine, yet remains Tristan's close companion even after his sister has been abandoned in Brittany.
See also
List of Arthurian characters
References
^ Mula, Stefano. "Dinadan Abroad", Arthurian Literature, (Bart Besamusca, Frank Brandsma, Keith Busby, eds.) Boydell & Brewer, 2007, p.54ISBN 9781843841166
Renée L. Curtis (translator), The Romance of Tristan, Oxford UP, 1994. ISBN 0-19-282792-8.
Newstead, Helaine. Kaherdin and the Enchanted Pillow: An Episode in the Tristan Legend. PMLA. 1950
Winfrey, L. E. Kaherdin and Camille: The Sources of Eilhart's "Tristrant". Modern Philology. 1928
vteTristan and IseultCharacters
Anguish of Ireland
Brangaine
Iseult
Kahedin
Mark of Cornwall
Meliodas
Morholt
Tristan
Medieval sources
Thomas of Britain's Tristran
Béroul's Tristan
Gottfried von Strassburg's Tristan
Prose Tristan
"Cligès"
"Chevrefoil"
Folie Tristan d'Oxford
Sir Tristrem
Later literature
Tristram and Iseult (1852)
Tristram of Lyonesse (1882)
Tristan (1903)
Finnegans Wake (1939)
Tristan and Iseult (1971)
Arthur Rex (1978)
The Old French Tristan Poems (1980)
Music
Tristan und Isolde (1865, Wagner)
Discography
Tristan chord
"Liebestod"
Souvenirs de Munich (ca. 1887)
Turangalîla-Symphonie (1949, Messiaen)
Tristan (1975, Henze)
Qntal III: Tristan und Isolde (2003)
"Tristan" (2005)
Film
The Eternal Return (1943)
The Woman Next Door (1981)
Lovespell (1981)
Fire and Sword (1982)
In the Shadow of the Raven (1988)
Tristan & Isolde (2006)
Art
Tristan Quilt
Tristram and Isoude stained glass panels
Tristan and Isolde (Egusquiza)
This article about a fantasy-related character is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Kahedin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tristan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan"},{"link_name":"Prose Tristan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prose_Tristan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Kahedin first meets Brangaine in the Hall of Images, where he was previously sent to deliver a message to Iseult of Ireland regarding the arrival of her lover, Sir Tristan. He conveys the message and Iseult and Tristan spend the night in a wooden cabin. Meanwhile, Kahedin prepares to spend the night with Brangaine after receiving favourable advances from her. When they go to bed, however, Kahedin plunges into a deep sleep and wakes up the following morning to realise that some sorcery must have been carried out. Out of courtesy, he ignores the happenings of the previous night and the two couples spend the day together. The same trick is carried out again that night; on the third night, Iseult manages to convince her maid to surrender to Kahedin to stop his humiliation. In some versions, Camille, another of the Queen's handmaidens, is chosen by Kahedin over Brangaine. She also refuses the knight, wishing to preserve her honour. Iseult then assists by providing Kahedin with a \"magic pillow\" after which he falls into a deep slumber. Kahedin wakes up the next morning to be taunted by Camille and the ladies of the household; he travels with Tristan without revealing to him the incident of the previous night.The Prose Tristan modifies the story such that Kahedin falls in love with the Irish Iseult rather than Brangaine,[1] yet remains Tristan's close companion even after his sister has been abandoned in Brittany.","title":"Narrative"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of Arthurian characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Arthurian_characters"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dSQEDMLcs8AC&dq=Kahedin&pg=PA54","external_links_name":"Mula, Stefano. \"Dinadan Abroad\", Arthurian Literature, (Bart Besamusca, Frank Brandsma, Keith Busby, eds.) Boydell & Brewer, 2007, p.54"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kahedin&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Holiday | Winter Holiday (novel) | ["1 Plot summary","2 External links"] | 1933 children's book by Arthur Ransome
Winter Holiday Jonathan Cape editionAuthorArthur RansomeCover artistArthur RansomeLanguageEnglishSeriesSwallows and AmazonsGenreChildren's NovelPublished1933 (Jonathan Cape)Publication placeUnited KingdomMedia typePrint (Hardcover & Paperback)ISBN978-0224606349 978-0224606349 (Jonathan Cape: hardback, 1933)Preceded byPeter Duck Followed byCoot Club
Winter Holiday is the fourth novel of Arthur Ransome's Swallows and Amazons series of children's books. It was published in 1933. In this story, the third set of major characters in the series, the Ds — Dick and Dorothea Callum—are introduced. The series' usual emphasis on boats and sailing is largely absent, as the story is set in the winter. Instead, the children's activities focus on ice skating, signalling with semaphore and Morse code, and sledging.
Ransome draws on his schoolday memories of the Great Frost of 1895 when Windermere froze completely. Another major influence is Fridtjof Nansen's books about his crossing of Greenland in 1888 and his Arctic expedition from 1893 to 1896 in the Fram and by sledge, which are extensively referenced in the novel.
Plot summary
Brother and sister Dick and Dorothea Callum meet the Swallows and Amazons during the winter beside the lake. Whilst observing the stars from an isolated barn, Dick and Dorothea encounter the other children and shortly become firm friends. They become part of the group, and join in their play of Arctic expeditions. The holiday is extended when leader Nancy Blackett catches mumps and the group is quarantined and cannot return to their boarding schools. Initially, while waiting for snow to fall, the children embark on a series of adventures ranging from rebuilding an igloo to building an ice sled. Dick displays heroism by rescuing a sheep belonging to Farmer Dixon stranded on an ice-covered ledge, thus gaining his gratitude and earning them a sledge of their own.
There is a heavy snowfall followed by a prolonged period of freezing weather and, unusually, the lake freezes over, providing an excellent opportunity for an expedition to the point at the head of the lake that they have named the "North Pole". However, plans go awry when the Ds set out earlier than expected due to a misunderstanding over a signal flag. When a blizzard blows up and the Ds are missing, a rescue party is organised consisting of the Swallows and Peggy, one of the Amazons.
External links
Winter Holiday at Faded Page (Canada)
vteSwallows and Amazons by Arthur RansomeNovels
Swallows and Amazons
Swallowdale
Peter Duck
Winter Holiday
Coot Club
Pigeon Post
We Didn't Mean to Go to Sea
Secret Water
The Big Six
Missee Lee
The Picts and the Martyrs
Great Northern?
Coots in the North
Adaptations
Swallows and Amazons (TV, 1963)
Swallows and Amazons (Film, 1974)
Swallows and Amazons Forever! (TV, 1984)
Swallows and Amazons (Film, 2016)
See also
Characters
Nancy Blackett
Places | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arthur Ransome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Ransome"},{"link_name":"Swallows and Amazons series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swallows_and_Amazons_series"},{"link_name":"ice skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_skating"},{"link_name":"semaphore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_semaphore"},{"link_name":"Morse code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_code"},{"link_name":"Windermere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windermere"},{"link_name":"Fridtjof Nansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland"},{"link_name":"Arctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic"},{"link_name":"Fram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fram_(ship)"},{"link_name":"sledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sledge"}],"text":"Winter Holiday is the fourth novel of Arthur Ransome's Swallows and Amazons series of children's books. It was published in 1933. In this story, the third set of major characters in the series, the Ds — Dick and Dorothea Callum—are introduced. The series' usual emphasis on boats and sailing is largely absent, as the story is set in the winter. Instead, the children's activities focus on ice skating, signalling with semaphore and Morse code, and sledging.Ransome draws on his schoolday memories of the Great Frost of 1895 when Windermere froze completely. Another major influence is Fridtjof Nansen's books about his crossing of Greenland in 1888 and his Arctic expedition from 1893 to 1896 in the Fram and by sledge, which are extensively referenced in the novel.","title":"Winter Holiday (novel)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic"},{"link_name":"Nancy Blackett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Blackett_(character)"},{"link_name":"mumps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumps"},{"link_name":"quarantined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarantine"},{"link_name":"boarding schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boarding_school"},{"link_name":"igloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igloo"},{"link_name":"North Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pole"}],"text":"Brother and sister Dick and Dorothea Callum meet the Swallows and Amazons during the winter beside the lake. Whilst observing the stars from an isolated barn, Dick and Dorothea encounter the other children and shortly become firm friends. They become part of the group, and join in their play of Arctic expeditions. The holiday is extended when leader Nancy Blackett catches mumps and the group is quarantined and cannot return to their boarding schools. Initially, while waiting for snow to fall, the children embark on a series of adventures ranging from rebuilding an igloo to building an ice sled. Dick displays heroism by rescuing a sheep belonging to Farmer Dixon stranded on an ice-covered ledge, thus gaining his gratitude and earning them a sledge of their own.There is a heavy snowfall followed by a prolonged period of freezing weather and, unusually, the lake freezes over, providing an excellent opportunity for an expedition to the point at the head of the lake that they have named the \"North Pole\". However, plans go awry when the Ds set out earlier than expected due to a misunderstanding over a signal flag. When a blizzard blows up and the Ds are missing, a rescue party is organised consisting of the Swallows and Peggy, one of the Amazons.","title":"Plot summary"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://fadedpage.com/showbook.php?pid=20180425","external_links_name":"Winter Holiday"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_Langkawi | Tour de Langkawi | ["1 History","2 Past winners","2.1 General classification","2.2 Points classification","2.3 Mountains classification","2.4 Asian rider classification","2.5 Team classification","2.6 Asian team classification","3 References","4 External links"] | Malaysian multi-day road cycling race
Tour de Langkawi 2024 Tour de LangkawiRace detailsDateFebruary–March (1996–2020)September (2023)October (2022–)RegionPeninsular MalaysiaEnglish nameTour of LangkawiDisciplineRoadCompetitionUCI ProSeriesTypeStage raceOrganiserMalaysian National Cycling FederationWeb sitewww.ltdlangkawi.my HistoryFirst edition1996 (1996)Editions27 (as of 2023)First winner Damian McDonald (AUS)Most wins Paolo Lanfranchi (ITA) José Serpa (COL)(2 wins)Most recent Iván Sosa (COL)
The Tour de Langkawi is a multiple stage bicycle race held in Malaysia. It is named after the archipelago Langkawi, where the first edition started and finished. The race has been held annually since 1996, primarily in February. It usually consists of 10-day-long segments (stages) over 10 days, but has been reduced to eight stages over recent years. While the route changes each year, the Genting Highlands climb, the toughest in the tour, is always included. Tour de Langkawi is sanctioned by the International Cycling Union (UCI) as a 2.HC road race in the UCI Asia Tour calendar. The race became part of the UCI ProSeries in 2020.
For 2023 edition, the race will be held on 23 September to 30 September 2023. This year the National Sport Council (MSN) will be the organiser of the event. The race involves eight stages of racing over eight days across 11 states in Peninsular Malaysia with a total distance of 1,280 kilometers.
All stages are timed to the finish. Times for each completed stage are compounded; the rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the race and gets to wear the yellow jersey. While the general classification garners the most attention, there are other contests held within the Tour: the points classification for sprinters, the mountains classification for climbers, the Asian rider classification for Asian riders, the team classification for competing teams, and the Asian team classification for competing Asian teams.
History
The Tour de Langkawi was conceived by former Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad to put Malaysia "on the world sporting and tourism map". The first race was held in 1996. It was Asia's richest bicycle race with total prize money of RM1.1 million.
In 1997, the teams Mapei–GB and MG Maglificio–Technogym from Italy and the team Casino from France refused to participate in the second stage of the Tour as a protest against long delays in the delivery of their bicycles and luggage caused by insufficient numbers of cargo handlers at provincial airports in the states of Sabah and Sarawak. Organisers officially cancelled the second stage, though an unofficial shortened version was held. Since then, the race has never re-visited Sabah or Sarawak, except for the 2020 edition.
The final stage of the race was cancelled twice due to heavy rain in 2003 and 2006.
During the first stage in 2004, police allowed vehicles onto the course by mistake. Riders mutually decided to neutralise the stage.
In 2008, the Genting Highlands climb stage was replaced by Fraser's Hill. Due to 150,000 visitors converging on the Genting Highlands resort area to celebrate Chinese New Year, officials would not be able to close roads along the race route to insure the safety of riders and the public. The Genting Highlands climb stage returned to the Tour in 2009.
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2021 race that was supposed to happen between January 30 to February 6 was cancelled after initial consideration of postponement to September in the same year. The event made its return in 2022, initially scheduled from March 3 to 10 but was then postponed twice, first to June 11 to 18, then again to October 11 to 18.
The 2023 race was taken off from the UCI calendar after the UCI received complains from teams of not receiving payments for appearance fees and flight tickets from the 2022 race. Malaysia National Cycling Federation vice president Datuk Amarjit Singh Gill said that the race will go on as scheduled and he will get a clearer picture of the situation during the world body's board meeting. In August 2023, the UCI agreed to reinstate the race in its calendar, with the National Sports Council making key changes on payments to participants from the 2023 race onwards.
Past winners
General classification
Year
Country
Rider
Team
1996
Australia
Damian McDonald
Giant–AIS
1997
Italy
Luca Scinto
MG Maglificio–Technogym
1998
Italy
Gabriele Missaglia
Mapei–Bricobi
1999
Italy
Paolo Lanfranchi
Mapei–Quick-Step
2000
United States
Chris Horner
Mercury Cycling Team
2001
Italy
Paolo Lanfranchi
Mapei–Quick-Step
2002
Colombia
Hernán Darío Muñoz
Colombia–Selle Italia
2003
United States
Tom Danielson
Saturn Cycling Team
2004
Colombia
Fredy González
Colombia–Selle Italia
2005
South Africa
Ryan Cox
Barloworld
2006
South Africa
David George
South Africa (national team)
2007
France
Anthony Charteau
Crédit Agricole
2008
Moldova
Ruslan Ivanov
Diquigiovanni–Androni
2009
Colombia
José Serpa
Diquigiovanni–Androni
2010
Venezuela
José Rujano
Androni Giocattoli
2011
Venezuela
Jonathan Monsalve
Androni Giocattoli
2012
Colombia
José Serpa
Androni Giocattoli–Venezuela
2013
Colombia
Julián Arredondo
Team Nippo–De Rosa
2014
Iran
Samad Pourseyedi
Tabriz Petrochemical Team
2015
Algeria
Youcef Reguigui
MTN–Qhubeka
2016
South Africa
Reinardt Janse van Rensburg
Team Dimension Data
2017
South Africa
Ryan Gibbons
Team Dimension Data
2018
Russia
Artem Ovechkin
Terengganu Cycling Team
2019
Australia
Benjamin Dyball
Team Sapura Cycling
2020
Italy
Danilo Celano
Team Sapura Cycling
2021
No race due to COVID-19 pandemic
2022
Colombia
Iván Sosa
Movistar Team
2023
Points classification
Year
Country
Rider
Team
1996
Australia
Damian McDonald
Giant–AIS
1997
Italy
Luca Scinto
MG Maglificio–Technogym
1998
United States
Fred Rodriguez
Saturn Cycling Team
1999
New Zealand
Graeme Miller
New Zealand (national team)
2000
Canada
Gordon Fraser
Mercury Cycling Team
2001
Italy
Paolo Bettini
Mapei–Quick-Step
2002
South Africa
Robert Hunter
Mapei–Quick-Step
2003
Australia
Graeme Brown
Ceramiche Panaria–Fiordo
2004
Canada
Gordon Fraser
Health Net–Maxxis
2005
Australia
Graeme Brown
Ceramica Panaria–Navigare
2006
Germany
Steffen Radochla
Wiesenhof–AKUD
2007
Italy
Alberto Loddo
Diquigiovanni–Selle Italia
2008
Switzerland
Aurélien Clerc
Bouygues Télécom
2009
Italy
Mattia Gavazzi
Diquigiovanni–Androni
2010
Malaysia
Anuar Manan
Geumsan Ginseng Asia
2011
Italy
Andrea Guardini
Farnese Vini–Neri Sottoli
2012
Italy
Andrea Guardini
Farnese Vini–Selle Italia
2013
Italy
Francesco Chicchi
Vini Fantini–Selle Italia
2014
Lithuania
Aidis Kruopis
Orica–GreenEDGE
2015
Australia
Caleb Ewan
Orica–GreenEDGE
2016
Italy
Andrea Guardini
Astana
2017
South Africa
Ryan Gibbons
Team Dimension Data
2018
Italy
Andrea Guardini
Bardiani–CSF
2019
United States
Travis McCabe
Floyd's Pro Cycling
2020
Germany
Max Walscheid
NTT Pro Cycling
2021
No race due to COVID-19 pandemic
2022
Norway
Erlend Blikra
Uno-X Pro Cycling Team
2023
Mountains classification
Year
Country
Rider
Team
1996
Great Britain
Chris Newton
Great Britain (National Team)
1997
Italy
Luca Scinto
MG Maglificio–Technogym
1998
South Africa
Douglas Ryder
South Africa (national team)
1999
Italy
Alessandro Petacchi
Navigare–Gaerne
2000
Mexico
Julio Alberto Pérez
Ceramica Panaria–Gaerne
2001
Italy
Paolo Lanfranchi
Mapei–Quick-Step
2002
Colombia
Ruber Marín
Colombia–Selle Italia
2003
Canada
Roland Green
Canada (national team)
2004
Colombia
Ruber Marín
Colombia–Selle Italia
2005
South Africa
Ryan Cox
Barloworld
2006
South Africa
David George
South Africa (national team)
2007
Colombia
Walter Pedraza
Diquigiovanni–Selle Italia
2008
Italy
Filippo Savini
CSF Group–Navigare
2009
Colombia
José Serpa
Diquigiovanni–Androni
2010
Australia
Peter McDonald
Drapac–Porsche Cycling
2011
Venezuela
Jonathan Monsalve
Androni Giocattoli
2012
Colombia
José Serpa
Androni Giocattoli–Venezuela
2013
China
Wang Meiyin
Hengxiang Cycling Team
2014
Ireland
Matt Brammeier
Synergy Baku
2015
United States
Kiel Reijnen
UnitedHealthcare
2016
China
Wang Meiyin
Wisdom–Hengxiang Cycling Team
2017
Denmark
John Ebsen
Infinite AIS Cycling Team
2018
Colombia
Álvaro Duarte
Forca Amskins Racing
2019
Australia
Angus Lyons
Oliver's Real Food Racing
2020
Malaysia
Muhamad Nur Aiman Mohd Zariff
Team Sapura Cycling
2021
No race due to COVID-19 pandemic
2022
Malaysia
Muhamad Nur Aiman Mohd Zariff
Terengganu Polygon Cycling Team
2023
Asian rider classification
Year
Country
Rider
Team
1998
Indonesia
Tonton Susanto
Indonesia (national team)
1999
Japan
Hideto Yukinari
Japan (national team)
2000
Hong Kong
Wong Kam-po
Telekom Malaysia Cycling Team
2001
Hong Kong
Wong Kam-po
Telekom Malaysia Cycling Team
2002
Indonesia
Tonton Susanto
Telekom Malaysia Cycling Team
2003
Japan
Tomoya Kano
Japan (national team)
2004
Iran
Ghader Mizbani
Iran (national team)
2005
Japan
Koji Fukushima
Bridgestone-Anchor
2006
Iran
Hossein Askari
Giant Asia Racing Team
2007
Iran
Ghader Mizbani
Giant Asia Racing Team
2008
Japan
Shinichi Fukushima
Meitan Hompo-GDR
2009
Indonesia
Tonton Susanto
LeTua Cycling Team
2010
South Korea
Gong Hyo-Suk
Seoul Cycling Team
2011
Iran
Rahim Emami
Azad University Iran
2012
Kazakhstan
Alexsandr Dyachenko
Astana
2013
China
Wang Meiyin
Hengxiang Cycling Team
2014
Iran
Samad Pourseyedi
Tabriz Petrochemical Team
2015
Japan
Tomohiro Hayakawa
Aisan Racing Team
2016
Malaysia
Adiq Husainie Othman
Terengganu Cycling Team
2017
Japan
Hideto Nakane
Nippo–Vini Fantini
2018
Kazakhstan
Yevgeniy Gidich
Astana
2019
Kazakhstan
Vadim Pronskiy
Astana City
2020
Kazakhstan
Yevgeniy Fedorov
Vino–Astana Motors
2021
No race due to COVID-19 pandemic
2022
Mongolia
Sainbayaryn Jambaljamts
Terengganu Polygon Cycling Team
2023
Team classification
Year
Based
Team name
1996
Giant–AIS
1997
MG Maglificio–Technogym
1998
Mapei–Bricobi
1999
Mapei–Quick-Step
2000
Mercury Cycling Team
2001
Mapei–Quick-Step
2002
Mapei–Quick-Step
2003
Colombia–Selle Italia
2004
Barloworld
2005
Barloworld
2006
Selle Italia–Diquigiovanni
2007
Giant Asia Racing Team
2008
Diquigiovanni–Androni
2009
Diquigiovanni–Androni
2010
Tabriz Petrochemical Team
2011
Tabriz Petrochemical Team
2012
Androni Giocattoli–Venezuela
2013
MTN–Qhubeka
2014
MTN–Qhubeka
2015
Pegasus Continental Cycling Team
2016
UnitedHealthcare
2017
IsoWhey Sports SwissWellness
2018
Wilier Triestina–Selle Italia
2019
Floyd's Pro Cycling
2020
Team Sapura Cycling
2021
No race due to COVID-19 pandemic
2022
Movistar Team
2023
Asian team classification
Year
Based
Team name
1998
Philippines (national team)
1999
Malaysia (national team)
2000
Japan (national team)
2001
Telekom Malaysia Cycling Team
2002
Telekom Malaysia Cycling Team
2003
Iran (national team)
2004
Iran (national team)
2005
Iran (national team)
2006
Japan (national team)
2007
Giant Asia Racing Team
2008
Seoul Cycling Team
2009
Iran (national team)
2010
Tabriz Petrochemical Team
2011
Tabriz Petrochemical Team
2012
Astana
2013
Tabriz Petrochemical Team
2014
Tabriz Petrochemical Team
2015
Pegasus Continental Cycling Team
2016
Wisdom–Hengxiang Cycling Team
2017
Vino–Astana Motors
2018
Astana
2019
Vino–Astana Motors
2020
2021
No race due to COVID-19 pandemic
2022
2023
References
^ "Tour de Langkawi". FirstCycling.com. 2023.
^ "Tour du Langkawi (Mal) - Cat.2.ProS". Memoire-du-cyclisme.eu (in French). Retrieved 6 July 2023.
^ a b "Wan Lokman seeks a tour de force in cycling meet". New Straits Times. 3 March 1996. p. 13. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
^ a b Abt, Samuel (21 February 1997). "3 Pro Teams Balk at Logistics in Asian Bike Race". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
^ Tan, Anthony (9 February 2003). "Bongiorno triumphs in KL; Danielson safely home". cyclingnews.com. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
^ Tan, Anthony. "Sprintless finale to first day". cyclingnews.com. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
^ Johnson, Greg (23 January 2008). "Fraser's Hill replaces Langkawi's Genting". cyclingnews.com. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
^ Ishak, Fadhli (18 November 2020). "Le Tour de Langkawi cancelled due to Covid-19". New Straits Times. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
^ "LTdL 2022 postponed to October due to clash of dates: Ahmad Faizal". www.thesundaily.my. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
^ Rajan, K. (27 July 2023). "World body removes LTdL from international calendar". New Straits Times. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
^ TIMESPORT (27 July 2023). "LTdL will go on as scheduled". New Straits Times. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
^ TIMESPORT (1 August 2023). "Malaysia's most famous cycling race back in UCI's good books". New Straits Times. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
^ Ishak, Fadhli (16 August 2023). "LTdL competing teams to be paid upfront". New Straits Times. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
External links
Official website
Tour de Langkawi at cyclingnews.com
Tour de Langkawi at cyclingarchives.com
Tour de Langkawi at the-sports.org
Tour de Langkawi at cqranking.com
vteTour de Langkawi
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1997
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1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
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2016
2017
2018
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2021
2022
2023 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multiple stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_race"},{"link_name":"bicycle race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_racing"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Langkawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langkawi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Genting Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genting_Highlands"},{"link_name":"International Cycling Union (UCI)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Cycliste_Internationale"},{"link_name":"2.HC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_race_classifications#Road_racing"},{"link_name":"road race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing"},{"link_name":"UCI Asia Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_Continental_Circuits#UCI_Asia_Tour"},{"link_name":"UCI ProSeries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_ProSeries"},{"link_name":"general classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_classification"},{"link_name":"points classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Points_classification"},{"link_name":"sprinters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_sprinter"},{"link_name":"mountains classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Mountains"},{"link_name":"climbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climbing_specialist"}],"text":"The Tour de Langkawi is a multiple stage bicycle race held in Malaysia.[1] It is named after the archipelago Langkawi, where the first edition started and finished. The race has been held annually since 1996, primarily in February.[2] It usually consists of 10-day-long segments (stages) over 10 days, but has been reduced to eight stages over recent years. While the route changes each year, the Genting Highlands climb, the toughest in the tour, is always included. Tour de Langkawi is sanctioned by the International Cycling Union (UCI) as a 2.HC road race in the UCI Asia Tour calendar. The race became part of the UCI ProSeries in 2020.For 2023 edition, the race will be held on 23 September to 30 September 2023. This year the National Sport Council (MSN) will be the organiser of the event. The race involves eight stages of racing over eight days across 11 states in Peninsular Malaysia with a total distance of 1,280 kilometers.All stages are timed to the finish. Times for each completed stage are compounded; the rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the race and gets to wear the yellow jersey. While the general classification garners the most attention, there are other contests held within the Tour: the points classification for sprinters, the mountains classification for climbers, the Asian rider classification for Asian riders, the team classification for competing teams, and the Asian team classification for competing Asian teams.","title":"Tour de Langkawi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malaysian Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Mahathir Mohamad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NST-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-4"},{"link_name":"RM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_ringgit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NST-3"},{"link_name":"Mapei–GB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapei_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"MG Maglificio–Technogym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_Maglificio_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decathlon%E2%80%93AG2R_La_Mondiale"},{"link_name":"Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah"},{"link_name":"Sarawak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Genting Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genting_Highlands"},{"link_name":"Fraser's Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraser%27s_Hill"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"National Sports Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Sports_Council_of_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The Tour de Langkawi was conceived by former Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad to put Malaysia \"on the world sporting and tourism map\".[3] The first race was held in 1996. It was Asia's richest bicycle race[4] with total prize money of RM1.1 million.[3]In 1997, the teams Mapei–GB and MG Maglificio–Technogym from Italy and the team Casino from France refused to participate in the second stage of the Tour as a protest against long delays in the delivery of their bicycles and luggage caused by insufficient numbers of cargo handlers at provincial airports in the states of Sabah and Sarawak. Organisers officially cancelled the second stage, though an unofficial shortened version was held.[4] Since then, the race has never re-visited Sabah or Sarawak, except for the 2020 edition.The final stage of the race was cancelled twice due to heavy rain in 2003[5] and 2006.During the first stage in 2004, police allowed vehicles onto the course by mistake. Riders mutually decided to neutralise the stage.[6]In 2008, the Genting Highlands climb stage was replaced by Fraser's Hill. Due to 150,000 visitors converging on the Genting Highlands resort area to celebrate Chinese New Year, officials would not be able to close roads along the race route to insure the safety of riders and the public.[7] The Genting Highlands climb stage returned to the Tour in 2009.Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2021 race that was supposed to happen between January 30 to February 6 was cancelled after initial consideration of postponement to September in the same year.[8] The event made its return in 2022, initially scheduled from March 3 to 10 but was then postponed twice, first to June 11 to 18, then again to October 11 to 18.[9]The 2023 race was taken off from the UCI calendar after the UCI received complains from teams of not receiving payments for appearance fees and flight tickets from the 2022 race. Malaysia National Cycling Federation vice president Datuk Amarjit Singh Gill said that the race will go on as scheduled and he will get a clearer picture of the situation during the world body's board meeting.[10][11] In August 2023, the UCI agreed to reinstate the race in its calendar, with the National Sports Council making key changes on payments to participants from the 2023 race onwards.[12][13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Past winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"General classification","title":"Past winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Points classification","title":"Past winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mountains classification","title":"Past winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Asian rider classification","title":"Past winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Team classification","title":"Past winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Asian team classification","title":"Past winners"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Tour de Langkawi\". FirstCycling.com. 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://firstcycling.com/race.php?r=128","url_text":"\"Tour de Langkawi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tour du Langkawi (Mal) - Cat.2.ProS\". Memoire-du-cyclisme.eu (in French). Retrieved 6 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.eu/etapes/eta_langkawi.php","url_text":"\"Tour du Langkawi (Mal) - Cat.2.ProS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wan Lokman seeks a tour de force in cycling meet\". New Straits Times. 3 March 1996. p. 13. Retrieved 15 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=19960303&id=8v1OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qh4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=3898,916361","url_text":"\"Wan Lokman seeks a tour de force in cycling meet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Straits_Times","url_text":"New Straits Times"}]},{"reference":"Abt, Samuel (21 February 1997). \"3 Pro Teams Balk at Logistics in Asian Bike Race\". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/21/sports/21iht-bike.t_0.html","url_text":"\"3 Pro Teams Balk at Logistics in Asian Bike Race\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Tan, Anthony (9 February 2003). \"Bongiorno triumphs in KL; Danielson safely home\". cyclingnews.com. Retrieved 15 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2003/jan03/langkawi03/?id=results/stage10","url_text":"\"Bongiorno triumphs in KL; Danielson safely home\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclingnews.com","url_text":"cyclingnews.com"}]},{"reference":"Tan, Anthony. \"Sprintless finale to first day\". cyclingnews.com. Retrieved 15 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2004/feb04/langkawi04/?id=results/stage1","url_text":"\"Sprintless finale to first day\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclingnews.com","url_text":"cyclingnews.com"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Greg (23 January 2008). \"Fraser's Hill replaces Langkawi's Genting\". cyclingnews.com. Retrieved 15 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/frasers-hill-replaces-langkawis-genting","url_text":"\"Fraser's Hill replaces Langkawi's Genting\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclingnews.com","url_text":"cyclingnews.com"}]},{"reference":"Ishak, Fadhli (18 November 2020). \"Le Tour de Langkawi cancelled due to Covid-19\". New Straits Times. Retrieved 28 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nst.com.my/sports/cycling/2020/11/641992/le-tour-de-langkawi-cancelled-due-covid-19","url_text":"\"Le Tour de Langkawi cancelled due to Covid-19\""}]},{"reference":"\"LTdL 2022 postponed to October due to clash of dates: Ahmad Faizal\". www.thesundaily.my. Retrieved 20 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thesundaily.my/sport/ltdl-2022-postponed-to-october-due-to-clash-of-dates-ahmad-faizal-YF9272616","url_text":"\"LTdL 2022 postponed to October due to clash of dates: Ahmad Faizal\""}]},{"reference":"Rajan, K. (27 July 2023). \"World body removes LTdL from international calendar\". New Straits Times. Retrieved 28 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nst.com.my/sports/cycling/2023/07/935646/world-body-removes-ltdl-international-calendar","url_text":"\"World body removes LTdL from international calendar\""}]},{"reference":"TIMESPORT (27 July 2023). \"LTdL will go on as scheduled\". New Straits Times. Retrieved 28 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nst.com.my/sports/cycling/2023/07/935724/ltdl-will-go-scheduled","url_text":"\"LTdL will go on as scheduled\""}]},{"reference":"TIMESPORT (1 August 2023). \"Malaysia's most famous cycling race back in UCI's good books\". New Straits Times. Retrieved 27 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nst.com.my/sports/cycling/2023/08/937205/malaysias-most-famous-cycling-race-back-ucis-good-books","url_text":"\"Malaysia's most famous cycling race back in UCI's good books\""}]},{"reference":"Ishak, Fadhli (16 August 2023). \"LTdL competing teams to be paid upfront\". New Straits Times. Retrieved 27 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nst.com.my/sports/cycling/2023/08/943663/ltdl-competing-teams-be-paid-upfront","url_text":"\"LTdL competing teams to be paid upfront\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.ltdlangkawi.my/","external_links_name":"www.ltdlangkawi.my"},{"Link":"https://firstcycling.com/race.php?r=128","external_links_name":"\"Tour de Langkawi\""},{"Link":"http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.eu/etapes/eta_langkawi.php","external_links_name":"\"Tour du Langkawi (Mal) - Cat.2.ProS\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=19960303&id=8v1OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qh4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=3898,916361","external_links_name":"\"Wan Lokman seeks a tour de force in cycling meet\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/21/sports/21iht-bike.t_0.html","external_links_name":"\"3 Pro Teams Balk at Logistics in Asian Bike Race\""},{"Link":"http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2003/jan03/langkawi03/?id=results/stage10","external_links_name":"\"Bongiorno triumphs in KL; Danielson safely home\""},{"Link":"http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2004/feb04/langkawi04/?id=results/stage1","external_links_name":"\"Sprintless finale to first day\""},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/frasers-hill-replaces-langkawis-genting","external_links_name":"\"Fraser's Hill replaces Langkawi's Genting\""},{"Link":"https://www.nst.com.my/sports/cycling/2020/11/641992/le-tour-de-langkawi-cancelled-due-covid-19","external_links_name":"\"Le Tour de Langkawi cancelled due to Covid-19\""},{"Link":"https://www.thesundaily.my/sport/ltdl-2022-postponed-to-october-due-to-clash-of-dates-ahmad-faizal-YF9272616","external_links_name":"\"LTdL 2022 postponed to October due to clash of dates: Ahmad Faizal\""},{"Link":"https://www.nst.com.my/sports/cycling/2023/07/935646/world-body-removes-ltdl-international-calendar","external_links_name":"\"World body removes LTdL from international calendar\""},{"Link":"https://www.nst.com.my/sports/cycling/2023/07/935724/ltdl-will-go-scheduled","external_links_name":"\"LTdL will go on as scheduled\""},{"Link":"https://www.nst.com.my/sports/cycling/2023/08/937205/malaysias-most-famous-cycling-race-back-ucis-good-books","external_links_name":"\"Malaysia's most famous cycling race back in UCI's good books\""},{"Link":"https://www.nst.com.my/sports/cycling/2023/08/943663/ltdl-competing-teams-be-paid-upfront","external_links_name":"\"LTdL competing teams to be paid upfront\""},{"Link":"https://www.ltdlangkawi.my/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/le-tour-de-langkawi-2013","external_links_name":"Tour de Langkawi"},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingarchives.com/wedstrijdfiche.php?wedstrijdid=508","external_links_name":"Tour de Langkawi"},{"Link":"http://www.the-sports.org/langkawi-tour-events-statistics-all-time-s2-c2-b0-g197-t3050-u0.html","external_links_name":"Tour de Langkawi"},{"Link":"http://www.cqranking.com/men/asp/gen/race_history.asp?tourid=2375","external_links_name":"Tour de Langkawi"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao-Klarjeti_(historical_region) | Tao-Klarjeti (historical region) | ["1 Cultural and historical heritage","2 Gallery","3 References"] | For a historical Georgian monarchy, see Kingdom of the Iberians.
This article contains translated text and the factual accuracy of the translation should be checked by someone fluent in Georgian and English.
Historical region in Western Asia, CaucasusTao-KlarjetiHistorical regionMap of modern Tao-Klarjeti, region Georgia lost in 1921AreaCaucasusRegionWestern Asia
Map of Tao-Klarjeti with historical subregions
Tao-Klarjeti (Georgian: ტაო-კლარჯეთი, romanized: t'ao-k'larjeti) is a Georgian historical and cultural region in north-eastern Turkey. The region is based around two river basins - Chorokhi and Kura (Mtkvari), and also partially includes the upper source of the Aras river. In modern usage it most often denotes the territory that was administered or claimed by Georgian Democratic Republic but is nowadays part of Turkey due to the Soviet-Turkish deal in 1921.
The term "Tao-Klarjeti" is based on the names of two most important provinces of the region — Tao and Klarjeti. The term is equivalent to “Zemo Kartli” (i.e., Upper Kartli or Upper Iberia) and is also a synonym for historical Meskheti.
Cultural and historical heritage
Historical Tao-Klarjeti in the 8th-10th centuries
Many important Georgian cultural monuments from the middle ages are located on the territory of Tao-Klarjeti and many of them are preserved as ruins. Several monuments of medieval Georgian architecture – abandoned or converted churches, monasteries, bridges and castles – are scattered across the area.
Best known are the monasteries of Khandzta, Khakhuli, Ancha, the churches of Oshki, Ishkhani, Bana, Parkhali, Doliskana, Otkhta Eklesia, Opiza, Parekhi and Tbeti.
Gallery
Oshki Cathedral
Khakhuli Church
Dolisqana Church
Bana Cathedral
Tbeti Cathedral
Parkhali Church
Otkhta Eklesia
Ekeki church
Ghulivati Castle
Kajeti Castle
Artanuji Castle
Tortomi Castle
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tao-Klarjeti.
^ Harper, Katie Nadworny & Emma. "Turkey's forgotten Georgian kingdom". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2022-07-09.
^ Mikaberidze, Alexander (February 6, 2015). Historical Dictionary of Georgia. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 625. ISBN 978-1442241466.
^ Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994). The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. p. 3. ISBN 0253209153.
(in Georgian) "Tao-Klarjeti". (2006) Valeri Silogava and Kakha Shengelia. Caucasian University Press, Tbilisi. ISBN 99940-861-7-0
vteHistorical regions of GeorgiaAbkhazia
Abkhazeti
Abzhua
Tsebelda
Samurzakano
Adjara
Machakhela
Chaneti
Guria
Lazika
Surebi
Imereti
Argveti
Vake
Mukhurisi
Okriba
Sachino
Sajavakho
Kakheti
Garekakheti
Gagmamkhari
Gujareti
Kiziki
Hereti
Saingilo
Tusheti
Kvemo Kartli
Borchalo
Gardabani
Gachiani
Dmaniskhevi
Mtskheta-Mtianeti
Mtiuleti
Mukhrani
Pshavi
Pkhovi
Tskhavati
Ksniskhevi
Tskhradzmiskhevi
Tsanareti
Tsilkani
Tsobeni
Tchartali
Khada
Khandro
Khevi
Khevsureti
Kherki
Khorkhi
Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti
Takveri
Lechkhumi
Racha
Kvemo Svaneti
Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti
Egrisi
Odishi
Sabediano
Samegrelo
Svaneti
Shida Kartli
Bazaleti
Dvaleti
Maghrandvaleti
Samachablo
Zena Sopeli
Tao-Klarjeti
Tao
Klarjeti
Speri
Kola
Shavsheti
Ardahan
Nigali
Basiani
Sokhoista
Zemo Kartli
Tori
Trialeti
Samtskhe
Javakheti
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingdom of the Iberians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Iberians"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_historical_Georgian_region_of_Meskheti_and_its_subregions.png"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Chorokhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87oruh"},{"link_name":"Kura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura_(Caspian_Sea)"},{"link_name":"Aras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aras_(river)"},{"link_name":"Georgian Democratic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"the Soviet-Turkish deal in 1921","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Kars"},{"link_name":"Tao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_(historical_region)"},{"link_name":"Klarjeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarjeti"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Zemo Kartli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemo_Kartli"},{"link_name":"Kartli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartli"},{"link_name":"Iberia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia_(antiquity)"},{"link_name":"Meskheti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meskheti"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"For a historical Georgian monarchy, see Kingdom of the Iberians.Historical region in Western Asia, CaucasusMap of Tao-Klarjeti with historical subregionsTao-Klarjeti (Georgian: ტაო-კლარჯეთი, romanized: t'ao-k'larjeti) is a Georgian historical and cultural region in north-eastern Turkey.[1] The region is based around two river basins - Chorokhi and Kura (Mtkvari), and also partially includes the upper source of the Aras river. In modern usage it most often denotes the territory that was administered or claimed by Georgian Democratic Republic but is nowadays part of Turkey due to the Soviet-Turkish deal in 1921.The term \"Tao-Klarjeti\" is based on the names of two most important provinces of the region — Tao and Klarjeti.[2] The term is equivalent to “Zemo Kartli” (i.e., Upper Kartli or Upper Iberia) and is also a synonym for historical Meskheti.[3]","title":"Tao-Klarjeti (historical region)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meskheti_map_of_VIII-X_centuries_(en).svg"},{"link_name":"middle ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Georgian architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Khandzta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khandzta"},{"link_name":"Khakhuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khakhuli_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Ancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancha_monastery"},{"link_name":"Oshki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshki"},{"link_name":"Ishkhani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishkhani"},{"link_name":"Bana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bana_cathedral"},{"link_name":"Parkhali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkhali"},{"link_name":"Doliskana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doliskana"},{"link_name":"Otkhta Eklesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otkhta_Eklesia"},{"link_name":"Opiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opiza"},{"link_name":"Parekhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parekhi"},{"link_name":"Tbeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbeti"}],"text":"Historical Tao-Klarjeti in the 8th-10th centuriesMany important Georgian cultural monuments from the middle ages are located on the territory of Tao-Klarjeti and many of them are preserved as ruins. Several monuments of medieval Georgian architecture – abandoned or converted churches, monasteries, bridges and castles – are scattered across the area.Best known are the monasteries of Khandzta, Khakhuli, Ancha, the churches of Oshki, Ishkhani, Bana, Parkhali, Doliskana, Otkhta Eklesia, Opiza, Parekhi and Tbeti.","title":"Cultural and historical heritage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oshki1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khakhuli1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DOLISKANA2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bana,_Tao-Klarjeti.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E1%83%A2%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98,_1888_-_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8,_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BE,_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F._%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9_2008.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Otkhta_church.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ekeki_(%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ekeki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekeki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ghulivati_(Ciha)_Castle,_Atina-Pazar,_Lazeti-Rize.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C5%9Eeytan_Kale_-_Satan%27s_Castle.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ardanuc-castle.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Th%C3%A9ophile_Deyrolle_Le_Tour_du_Monde_1875-76.jpg"}],"text":"Oshki Cathedral\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKhakhuli Church\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDolisqana Church\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBana Cathedral\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTbeti Cathedral\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tParkhali Church\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOtkhta Eklesia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEkeki church\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGhulivati Castle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKajeti Castle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArtanuji Castle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTortomi Castle","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"Map of Tao-Klarjeti with historical subregions","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/The_historical_Georgian_region_of_Meskheti_and_its_subregions.png/220px-The_historical_Georgian_region_of_Meskheti_and_its_subregions.png"},{"image_text":"Historical Tao-Klarjeti in the 8th-10th centuries","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Meskheti_map_of_VIII-X_centuries_%28en%29.svg/220px-Meskheti_map_of_VIII-X_centuries_%28en%29.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Harper, Katie Nadworny & Emma. \"Turkey's forgotten Georgian kingdom\". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2022-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20170710-turkeys-forgotten-georgian-kingdom","url_text":"\"Turkey's forgotten Georgian kingdom\""}]},{"reference":"Mikaberidze, Alexander (February 6, 2015). Historical Dictionary of Georgia. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 625. ISBN 978-1442241466.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JNNQCgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of Georgia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442241466","url_text":"978-1442241466"}]},{"reference":"Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994). The Making of the Georgian Nation. Indiana University Press. p. 3. ISBN 0253209153.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=riW0kKzat2sC","url_text":"The Making of the Georgian Nation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0253209153","url_text":"0253209153"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20170710-turkeys-forgotten-georgian-kingdom","external_links_name":"\"Turkey's forgotten Georgian kingdom\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JNNQCgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of Georgia"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=riW0kKzat2sC","external_links_name":"The Making of the Georgian Nation"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/148962130","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83146066","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Tarbell | Andrew Tarbell | ["1 Career","1.1 College","1.2 Professional","2 Statistics","3 Honors","4 References","5 External links"] | American professional soccer player (born 1993)
Andrew Tarbell
Tarbell in 2017Personal informationFull name
Andrew Gifford TarbellDate of birth
(1993-10-07) October 7, 1993 (age 30)Place of birth
Mandeville, Louisiana, United StatesHeight
6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)Position(s)
GoalkeeperTeam informationCurrent team
Houston DynamoNumber
13College careerYears
Team
Apps
(Gls)2012–2015
Clemson Tigers
56
(0)Senior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2010–2011
New Orleans Jesters
12
(0)2016–2020
San Jose Earthquakes
41
(0)2017
→ Reno 1868 (loan)
4
(0)2020
Columbus Crew
7
(0)2021–2022
Austin FC
5
(0)2023–
Houston Dynamo
5
(0)2023–
Houston Dynamo 2
4
(0)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of April 3, 2024
Andrew Gifford Tarbell (born October 7, 1993) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a goalkeeper for Major League Soccer club Houston Dynamo.
Career
College
Tarbell spent his entire college career at Clemson University. He started all 55 games during his four-year career with the Tigers and led them to an ACC Tournament title in 2014 and was named to the All-ACC First team. In 2015, Tarbell led the Tigers to the National Title game, where they lost to Stanford. He was also named to the all ACC First team and led the ACC with 84 saves.
Professional
Warming up at Avaya Stadium.Andrew Tarbell was drafted in the 8th position of the 2016 MLS SuperDraft by the San Jose Earthquakes. Tarbell signed a Generation Adidas contract with the Earthquakes. He made his professional debut on August 28 in a match against Columbus Crew, coming on as a halftime sub for David Bingham who suffered a back injury. The match ended in a 2–0 loss.
Tarbell appeared on loan with San Jose's United Soccer League affiliate Reno 1868 FC.
Tarbell made a career-high eleven saves in San Jose's U.S. Open Cup semifinal loss against Sporting Kansas City, in addition to saving Benny Feilhaber's penalty during sudden death, on August 9, 2017. He played all four of San Jose's Open Cup matches in 2017. This performance earned him his first MLS start three days later on August 12 against the Houston Dynamo at BBVA Compass Stadium, in which he saved a second penalty, this time from Cubo Torres. He also won MLS Save of the Week for saving a shot taken by Romell Quioto in this same match, announced on August 18. Tarbell was announced as a nominee for the MLS Goalkeeper of the Year Award on October 14, 2017.
Tarbell made his debut for the Columbus Crew in the 2020 MLS is Back Tournament.
Tarbell's contract optioned was declined by Columbus following their 2020 season.
On December 23, 2020, Tarbell signed with Austin FC ahead of their inaugural season in 2021. He made his debut for Austin on September 29, 2021, in a 3–0 loss away to the Colorado Rapids.
Tarbell was released by Austin following their 2022 season. On November 23, 2022, Tarbell signed a two-year deal with Houston Dynamo ahead of the 2023 season.
Statistics
As of 25 July 2022
Club
Season
Division
League
National cup
League cup
Total
Apps
Shutouts
Apps
Shutouts
Apps
Shutouts
Apps
Shutouts
San Jose Earthquakes
2016
MLS
1
0
—
—
1
0
2017
11
2
4
1
1
0
16
3
2018
29
1
1
0
0
0
30
1
2019
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
Club Total
41
3
7
1
1
0
49
4
Reno 1868 FC (loan)
2017
USL Championship
4
1
—
—
4
1
Club Total
4
1
0
0
0
0
4
1
Columbus Crew SC
2020
MLS
7
2
—
2
2
9
4
Club Total
7
2
0
0
2
2
9
4
Austin FC
2021
MLS
1
0
—
—
1
0
2022
4
0
1
0
—
5
0
Club Total
5
0
1
0
0
0
6
0
Career Total
56
6
8
1
3
2
67
9
^ Includes U.S. Open Cup
^ Includes MLS Cup Playoffs
Honors
Columbus Crew
MLS Cup: 2020
References
^ "2024 CONCACAF Champions Cup – Club roster: Houston Dynamo (USA)" (PDF). CONCACAF. January 30, 2024. p. 12. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
^ "Andrew Tarbell". clemsontigers.com. Clemson University. Archived from the original on May 31, 2016. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
^ "Andrew Tarbell". sjearthquakes.com. San Jose Earthquakes. Archived from the original on August 3, 2016. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
^ "Columbus Crew SC 2, San Jose Earthquakes 0 - 2016 MLS Match Recap". mlssoccer.com. Major League Soccer. August 27, 2016. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
^ "Reno 1868 FC vs Orange County SC". uslsoccer.com. United Soccer League. March 25, 2017. Archived from the original on April 10, 2017.
^ "Boxscore: Sporting Kansas City vs San Jose Earthquakes". mlssoccer.com. Major League Soccer. August 9, 2017. Retrieved August 9, 2017.
^ "Boxscore: Houston Dynamo vs San Jose Earthquakes". mlssoccer.com. Major League Soccer. August 12, 2017. Retrieved August 12, 2017.
^ "San Jose's Andrew Tarbell wins MLS Save of the Week for Week 23". mlssoccer.com. Major League Soccer. August 18, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
^ Jake Pisani (October 14, 2017). "FEATURE: Several San Jose Earthquakes nominated for MLS awards". sjearthquakes.com. San Jose Earthquakes. Retrieved October 16, 2017.
^ "RELEASE | Core of 2020 MLS Cup-winning Columbus Crew SC roster to return in 2021 | Columbus Crew".
^ "Austin FC Acquires Free Agent Goalkeeper and 2020 MLS Cup Champion Andrew Tarbell | Austin FC". www.austinfc.com. Archived from the original on December 23, 2020.
^ "Austin FC Announces Roster Decisions Ahead of 2023 Season | Austin FC". austinfc.
^ "Dynamo sign goalkeeper Andrew Tarbell as a free agent | Houston Dynamo". houstondynamofc.
^ Andrew Tarbell at Soccerway. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
^ Andrew Tarbell at Major League Soccer
^ "CLBvsSEA 12-12-2020 | MLSsoccer.com". mlssoccer.
External links
Andrew Tarbell at Major League Soccer
San Jose Earthquakes player profile
Clemson Tigers bio
vteHouston Dynamo FC – current squad
2 Escobar
3 Smith
4 Bartlow
5 Steres
6 Artur
7 Quiñones
8 Bassi
10 Ponce
11 Ferreira
12 Clark
13 Tarbell
14 Gaines
15 Blessing
16 Herrera
17 Segal
18 Aliyu
19 Gyamfi
20 Carrasquilla
21 Greguš
22 Schmitt
23 Sargeant
25 Dorsey
26 Sylla
27 Caicedo
28 Sviatchenko
30 Valverde
31 Micael
32 Kowalczyk
35 Raines
38 Valdez
Head Coach: Olsen
Assistant Coach: Collin
Assistant Coach: Guerra
Assistant Coach: Osmanbašić
Goalkeeping Coach: Hanley
Fitness Coach: Caffrey
vte2016 MLS SuperDraft first-round selections
Jack Harrison
Joshua Yaro
Keegan Rosenberry
Brandon Vincent
Omar Holness
Fabian Herbers
Richie Laryea
Andrew Tarbell
Tsubasa Endoh
Jordan McCrary
Julian Büscher
Jonathan Campbell
Hadji Barry
Kyle Fisher
Emmanuel Appiah
Cole Seiler
Ryan Herman
Justin Bilyeu
Rodrigo Saravia
Ben Polk
vteSan Jose Earthquakes first-round draft picks
Montoya
Parry
Barrett
Mulrooney
Mulraine
Carrieri
Gonzalez
Dunivant
Cochrane
Cronin
O'Rourke
Opara
Garza
Muller
Koval
Alashe
Tarbell
Yueill
Marie
Haji
Beason
Williamson
Bouda
Ågren
Munie | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"goalkeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Major League Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer"},{"link_name":"Houston Dynamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Dynamo_FC"}],"text":"Andrew Gifford Tarbell (born October 7, 1993) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a goalkeeper for Major League Soccer club Houston Dynamo.","title":"Andrew Tarbell"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clemson University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemson_University"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_ACC_Men%27s_Soccer_Tournament"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"College","text":"Tarbell spent his entire college career at Clemson University. He started all 55 games during his four-year career with the Tigers and led them to an ACC Tournament title in 2014 and was named to the All-ACC First team. In 2015, Tarbell led the Tigers to the National Title game, where they lost to Stanford. He was also named to the all ACC First team and led the ACC with 84 saves.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andrew_Tarbell.jpg"},{"link_name":"Avaya Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaya_Stadium"},{"link_name":"2016 MLS SuperDraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_MLS_SuperDraft"},{"link_name":"San Jose Earthquakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_Earthquakes"},{"link_name":"Generation Adidas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_Adidas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Columbus Crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Crew_SC"},{"link_name":"David Bingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bingham_(soccer,_born_1989)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"United Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Soccer_League"},{"link_name":"Reno 1868 FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno_1868_FC"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"U.S. Open Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Open_Cup"},{"link_name":"Sporting Kansas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_Kansas_City"},{"link_name":"Benny Feilhaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Feilhaber"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Houston Dynamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Dynamo"},{"link_name":"BBVA Compass Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBVA_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Cubo Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erick_Torres_Padilla"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Romell Quioto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romell_Quioto"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"MLS Goalkeeper of the Year Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLS_Goalkeeper_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Columbus Crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Crew_SC"},{"link_name":"2020 MLS is Back Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_MLS_is_Back_Tournament"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Austin FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_FC"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Colorado Rapids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Rapids"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Houston Dynamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Dynamo_FC"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Professional","text":"Warming up at Avaya Stadium.Andrew Tarbell was drafted in the 8th position of the 2016 MLS SuperDraft by the San Jose Earthquakes. Tarbell signed a Generation Adidas contract with the Earthquakes.[3] He made his professional debut on August 28 in a match against Columbus Crew, coming on as a halftime sub for David Bingham who suffered a back injury. The match ended in a 2–0 loss.[4]Tarbell appeared on loan with San Jose's United Soccer League affiliate Reno 1868 FC.[5]Tarbell made a career-high eleven saves in San Jose's U.S. Open Cup semifinal loss against Sporting Kansas City, in addition to saving Benny Feilhaber's penalty during sudden death, on August 9, 2017.[6] He played all four of San Jose's Open Cup matches in 2017. This performance earned him his first MLS start three days later on August 12 against the Houston Dynamo at BBVA Compass Stadium, in which he saved a second penalty, this time from Cubo Torres.[7] He also won MLS Save of the Week for saving a shot taken by Romell Quioto in this same match, announced on August 18.[8] Tarbell was announced as a nominee for the MLS Goalkeeper of the Year Award on October 14, 2017.[9]Tarbell made his debut for the Columbus Crew in the 2020 MLS is Back Tournament.Tarbell's contract optioned was declined by Columbus following their 2020 season.[10]On December 23, 2020, Tarbell signed with Austin FC ahead of their inaugural season in 2021.[11] He made his debut for Austin on September 29, 2021, in a 3–0 loss away to the Colorado Rapids.Tarbell was released by Austin following their 2022 season.[12] On November 23, 2022, Tarbell signed a two-year deal with Houston Dynamo ahead of the 2023 season.[13]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"U.S. Open Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Open_Cup"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"MLS Cup Playoffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLS_Cup_Playoffs"}],"text":"As of 25 July 2022[14][15]^ Includes U.S. Open Cup\n\n^ Includes MLS Cup Playoffs","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"MLS Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLS_Cup"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_MLS_Cup"}],"text":"Columbus Crew[16]MLS Cup: 2020","title":"Honors"}] | [{"image_text":"Warming up at Avaya Stadium.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Andrew_Tarbell.jpg/150px-Andrew_Tarbell.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"2024 CONCACAF Champions Cup – Club roster: Houston Dynamo (USA)\" (PDF). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internships | Internship | ["1 Types","1.1 Internship for a fee","1.2 Secondary level work experience","1.3 University level work experience","2 See also","3 References","4 Further reading"] | Period of work experience
For the medical intern, see Internship (medicine).
"Interning" redirects here. For the computer science term, see Interning (computer science).
"Work experience" redirects here. For the 1989 British short comedy film, see Work Experience (film). For the TV episode, see Work Experience (The Office).
An internship is a period of work experience offered by an organization for a limited period of time. Once confined to medical graduates, internship is used practice for a wide range of placements in businesses, non-profit organizations and government agencies. They are typically undertaken by students and graduates looking to gain relevant skills and experience in a particular field. Employers benefit from these placements because they often recruit employees from their best interns, who have known capabilities, thus saving time and money in the long run. Internships are usually arranged by third-party organizations that recruit interns on behalf of industry groups. Rules vary from country to country about when interns should be regarded as employees. The system can be open to exploitation by unscrupulous employers.
Internships for professional careers are similar in some ways. Similar to internships, apprenticeships transition students from vocational school into the workforce. The lack of standardization and oversight leaves the term "internship" open to broad interpretation. Interns may be high school students, college and university students, or post-graduate adults. These positions may be paid or unpaid and are temporary. Many large corporations, particularly investment banks, have "insights" programs that serve as a pre-internship event numbering a day to a week, either in person or virtually.
Typically, an internship consists of an exchange of services for experience between the intern and the organization. Internships are used to determine whether the intern still has an interest in that field after the real-life experience. In addition, an internship can be used to build a professional network that can assist with letters of recommendation or lead to future employment opportunities. The benefit of bringing an intern into full-time employment is that they are already familiar with the company, therefore needing little to no training. Internships provide current college students with the ability to participate in a field of their choice to receive hands-on learning about a particular future career, preparing them for full-time work following graduation.
Types
Internships exist in a wide variety of industries and settings. An internship can be paid, unpaid, or partially paid (in the form of a stipend). Internships may be part-time or full-time and are usually flexible with students' schedules. A typical internship lasts between one and four months, but can be shorter or longer, depending on the organization involved. The act of job shadowing may also constitute interning.
Insights: Many large corporations, particularly investment banks, have "insights" programs that serve as a pre-internship event numbering a day to a week, either in person or virtually.
Paid internships are common in professional fields including medicine, architecture, science, engineering, law, business (especially accounting and finance), technology, and advertising. Work experience internships usually occur during the second or third year of schooling. This type of internship is to expand an intern's knowledge both in their school studies and also at the company. The intern is expected to bring ideas and knowledge from school into the company.
Work research, virtual research (graduation) or dissertation: This is mostly done by students who are in their final year of school. With this kind of internship, a student does research for a particular company. The company can have something that they feel they need to improve, or the student can choose a topic in the company themselves. The results of the research study will be put in a report and often will have to be presented.
Unpaid internships are typically through non-profit charities and think tanks which often have unpaid or volunteer positions. State law and state enforcement agencies may impose requirements on unpaid internship programs under Minimum Wage Act. A program must meet criteria to be properly classified as an unpaid internship. Part of this requirement is proving that the intern is the primary beneficiary of the relationship. Unpaid interns perform work that is not routine and work that company doesn't depend upon.
Partially-paid internships is when students are paid in the form of a stipend. Stipends are typically a fixed amount of money that is paid out on a regular basis. Usually, interns that are paid with stipends are paid on a set schedule associated with the organization.
Virtual Internship are internships that are done remotely on email, phone, and web communication. This offers flexibility as physical presence isn't required. It still provides the capacity to gain job experience without the conventional requirement of being physically present in an office. Virtual interns generally have the opportunity to work at their own pace.
International Internships are internships done in a country other than the one that the country of residence. These internships can either be in person or done remotely. Van Mol analyzed employer perspectives on study abroad versus international internships in 31 European countries, finding that employers value international internships more than international study, while Predovic, Dennis and Jones found that international internships developed cognitive skills like how new information is learned and the motivation to learn.
Returnship are internships for experienced workers who are looking to return to the workforce after taking time away to care for parents or children.
Internship for a fee
Companies in search of interns often find and place students in mostly unpaid internships, for a fee. These companies charge students to assist with research, promising to refund the fee if no internship is found. The programs vary and aim to provide internship placements at reputable companies. Some companies may also provide controlled housing in a new city, mentorship, support, networking, weekend activities or academic credit. Some programs offer extra add-ons such as language classes, networking events, local excursions, and other academic options.
Some companies specifically fund scholarships and grants for low-income applicants. Critics of internships criticize the practice of requiring certain college credits to be obtained only through unpaid internships. Depending on the cost of the school, this is often seen as an unethical practice, as it requires students to exchange paid-for and often limited tuition credits to work an uncompensated job. Paying for academic credits is a way to ensure students complete the duration of the internship, since they can be held accountable by their academic institution. For example, a student may be awarded academic credit only after their university receives a positive review from the intern's supervisor at the sponsoring organization.
Secondary level work experience
Work experience in England was established in the 1970s by Jack Pidcock, Principal Careers Officer of Manchester Careers Service. The Service organized two weeks work experience for all Year 10 pupils in Manchester Local Education Authority schools, including those for pupils with special educational needs.
Ironically, it was initially resisted by trade unions, and at first he had a job convincing schools, until eventually he persuaded the L.E.A. and councilors to go ahead. It became highly valued by pupils, teachers, inspectors, employers and politicians.
Work experience provided a taste of the requirements and disciplines of work and an insight into possible vocational choices.
It ran alongside professional, individual, impartial, face to face careers guidance by local careers advisers.
A Conservative Government introduced the Education (Work Experience) Act 1973 which enabled all education authorities ‘to arrange for children under school-leaving age to have work experience, as part of their education’.
The Conservative Liberal coalition government abolished compulsory work experience for students in England at key stage 4 (Years 10 to 11 for 14-16 years olds) in 2012.
Recently a number of non-governmental and employer led bodies have become critical of pupils and students not understanding the ‘world of work’.
Work experience is no longer offered on the national curriculum for students in years 10 and 11 in the United Kingdom. but is available for (3rd and 4th year in Scotland), Australia, New Zealand and the Republic of Ireland; every student who wishes to do so has a statutory right to take work experience. In 2011, however, the Wolf Review of Vocational Education proposed a significant policy change that—to reflect the fact that almost all students now stay past the age of 16—the requirement for pre-16 work experience in the UK should be removed. Work experience in this context is when students in an adult working environment more or less act as an employee, but with the emphasis on learning about the world of work. Placements are limited by safety and security restrictions, insurance cover and availability, and do not necessarily reflect eventual career choice but instead allow a broad experience of the world of work.
Most students do not get paid for work experience. However, some employers pay students, as this is considered part of their education. The duration varies according to the student's course, and other personal circumstances. Most students go out on work experience for one or two weeks in a year. Some students work in a particular workplace, perhaps one or two days a week for extended periods of time throughout the year—either for vocation reasons and commitment to alternative curricula or because they have social or behavioral problems.
University level work experience
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At university level, work experience is often offered between the second and final years of an undergraduate degree course, especially in the science, engineering and computing fields. Courses of this nature are often called sandwich courses, with the work experience year itself known as the sandwich year. During this time, the students on work placement have the opportunity to use the skills and knowledge gained in their first two years, and see how they are applied to real world problems. This offers them useful insights for their final year and prepares them for the job market once their course has finished. Some companies sponsor students in their final year at university with the promise of a job at the end of the course. This is an incentive for the student to perform well during the placement as it helps with two otherwise unwelcome stresses: the lack of money in the final year, and finding a job when the university course ends.
See also
Apprenticeships
Cooperative education
Curricular Practical Training (for international students)
Experiential education
Externship
Sub-internship
Fellowship
Pathways Programs
Practicum
Postdoctoral researcher
School-to-work transition
Service-learning
Skintern
Take Our Daughters and Sons to Work Day
Traineeship
References
^ Definition of Internship (as set forth in the Ohio State University Department of Political Science, accessed January 22, 2013
^ Woolston, Chris (2015-06-03). "Unpaid research jobs draw criticism". Nature. 522 (7555): 131–131. doi:10.1038/522131f. ISSN 1476-4687.
^ Sanjay, Satviki (2020-08-04). "It Is High Time We Change the Culture of Internships". Vice. Retrieved 2024-03-08.
^ Solomon, Maddie (2022-06-30). "Unpaid and Overworked: A Study of Unpaid Internships, Labor Law, and the Long Struggle for Fair Treatment in the American Workplace". N.Y.U. American Public Policy Review. doi:10.21428/4b58ebd1.8a535be3.
^ a b Perlin, Ross (2013). "Internships". Sociology of Work: An Encyclopedia. doi:10.4135/9781452276199.n165. ISBN 9781452205069.
^ Dailey, Stephanie L. (2016-08-07). "What Happens Before Full-Time Employment? Internships as a Mechanism of Anticipatory Socialization" (PDF). Western Journal of Communication. 80 (4): 453–480. doi:10.1080/10570314.2016.1159727. hdl:2152/24733. ISSN 1057-0314. S2CID 147656080.
^ a b "Unpaid internships face legal, ethical scrutiny" Archived 2012-04-06 at the Wayback Machine, The Bowdoin Orient, Bowdoin College, April 30, 2004
^ "Job Shadow". FVHCA. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
^ "Insight Programs". Morgan Stanley. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
^ "Goldman Sachs | Student Programs - Insight Series". Goldman Sachs. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
^ "Internship Expectations: What an Internship Is and Is Not - Current Students and Alumni - Career Center - University of Evansville". www.evansville.edu. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
^ a b "Five principles for research ethics". American Psychological Association. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
^ "Unpaid Internship Rules". Findlaw. Retrieved 2021-04-27.
^ Careers, Full Bio Follow Linkedin Penny Loretto wrote about internships for The Balance; Loretto, has more than 20 years of experience as a licensed career counselor Read The Balance's editorial policies Penny. "How Virtual Internships Work—and Sometimes Don't Work". The Balance Careers. Retrieved 2021-04-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Van Mol, C. (2017). Do employers value international study and internships? A comparative analysis of 31
countries. Geoforum, 78, 52–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.11.014
^ Dolly Predovic, John Dennis & Elspeth Jones (2021): International internships and employability: a gamebased assessment approach, Higher Education Research & Development, DOI: 10.1080/07294360.2021.1889994
^ Sue Shellenbarger (January 28, 2009). "Do You Want An Internship? It'll Cost You". The Wall Street Journal.
^ Timothy Noah (January 28, 2009). "Opportunity for Sale; Psst! Wanna buy an internship?".
^ "Fee-based Programs". International Internship Program. Retrieved 2021-04-26.
^ Yglesias, Matthew (2013-12-04). "Two Cheers for Unpaid Internships". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
^ Discenna, Thomas A. (2016-08-07). "The Discourses of Free Labor: Career Management, Employability, and the Unpaid Intern". Western Journal of Communication. 80 (4): 435–452. doi:10.1080/10570314.2016.1162323. ISSN 1057-0314. S2CID 146922898.
^ "Unpaid Internships: Unfair and Unethical | The Bottom Line". The Bottom Line. 2017-02-28. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
^ A Wolf, Review of Vocational Education, 2011 recommendation 21 p.17 accessed 3 August 2011
^ a b Oxfordshire Education Business Partnership - (OEBP)
Further reading
Lucas, Clay, "Unpaid internship: code for modern-day exploitation?", The Sydney Morning Herald, Sydney, Australia, April 11, 2012
Perlin, Ross, Intern nation : how to earn nothing and learn little in the brave new economy, 1st ed., Brooklyn, NY : Verso Books, 2011. ISBN 978-1-84467-686-6
Conlin, Michelle, "Intern Abuse?", Bloomberg Businessweek, May 5, 2009
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Right to sit
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Work accident
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Infractions
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Work ethic
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Historical:
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See also
Bullshit job
Busy work
Credentialism and educational inflation
Emotional labor
Evil corporation
Going postal
Kiss up kick down
Labor rights
Make-work job
Narcissism in the workplace
Post-work society
Presenteeism
Psychopathy in the workplace
Sunday scaries
Slow movement (culture)
Toxic leader
Toxic workplace
Workhouse
See also templates
Aspects of corporations
Aspects of jobs
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Aspects of organizations
Aspects of workplaces
Corporate titles
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Authority control databases: National
France
BnF data
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Czech Republic | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Internship (medicine)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internship_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"Interning (computer science)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interning_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"Work Experience (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_Experience_(film)"},{"link_name":"Work Experience (The Office)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_Experience_(The_Office)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"non-profit organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit_organization"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"apprenticeships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apprenticeships"},{"link_name":"vocational school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_school"},{"link_name":"unpaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unpaid_work"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"investment banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_banking"},{"link_name":"virtually","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_work"},{"link_name":"professional network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_network_service"},{"link_name":"letters of recommendation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_of_recommendation"},{"link_name":"graduation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"For the medical intern, see Internship (medicine).\"Interning\" redirects here. For the computer science term, see Interning (computer science).\"Work experience\" redirects here. For the 1989 British short comedy film, see Work Experience (film). For the TV episode, see Work Experience (The Office).An internship is a period of work experience offered by an organization for a limited period of time.[1] Once confined to medical graduates, internship is used practice for a wide range of placements in businesses, non-profit organizations and government agencies. They are typically undertaken by students and graduates looking to gain relevant skills and experience in a particular field. Employers benefit from these placements because they often recruit employees from their best interns, who have known capabilities, thus saving time and money in the long run. Internships are usually arranged by third-party organizations that recruit interns on behalf of industry groups. Rules vary from country to country about when interns should be regarded as employees. The system can be open to exploitation by unscrupulous employers.[2][3][4]Internships for professional careers are similar in some ways. Similar to internships, apprenticeships transition students from vocational school into the workforce. The lack of standardization and oversight leaves the term \"internship\" open to broad interpretation. Interns may be high school students, college and university students, or post-graduate adults. These positions may be paid or unpaid and are temporary.[5] Many large corporations, particularly investment banks, have \"insights\" programs that serve as a pre-internship event numbering a day to a week, either in person or virtually.Typically, an internship consists of an exchange of services for experience between the intern and the organization. Internships are used to determine whether the intern still has an interest in that field after the real-life experience. In addition, an internship can be used to build a professional network that can assist with letters of recommendation or lead to future employment opportunities. The benefit of bringing an intern into full-time employment is that they are already familiar with the company, therefore needing little to no training. Internships provide current college students with the ability to participate in a field of their choice to receive hands-on learning about a particular future career, preparing them for full-time work following graduation.[5][6]","title":"Internship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stipend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stipend"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bowdoin-7"},{"link_name":"part-time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part-time_job"},{"link_name":"full-time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-time_job"},{"link_name":"job shadowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_Shadow"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"investment banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_banking"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internship_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intern_Architect"},{"link_name":"science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering"},{"link_name":"law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer"},{"link_name":"accounting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting"},{"link_name":"finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance"},{"link_name":"technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology"},{"link_name":"advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"think tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_tank"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Virtual Internship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_internship"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Internships exist in a wide variety of industries and settings. An internship can be paid, unpaid, or partially paid (in the form of a stipend).[7] Internships may be part-time or full-time and are usually flexible with students' schedules. A typical internship lasts between one and four months, but can be shorter or longer, depending on the organization involved. The act of job shadowing may also constitute interning.[8]Insights: Many large corporations, particularly investment banks, have \"insights\" programs that serve as a pre-internship event numbering a day to a week, either in person or virtually.[9][10]\nPaid internships are common in professional fields including medicine, architecture, science, engineering, law, business (especially accounting and finance), technology, and advertising.[citation needed] Work experience internships usually occur during the second or third year of schooling. This type of internship is to expand an intern's knowledge both in their school studies and also at the company. The intern is expected to bring ideas and knowledge from school into the company.[11]\nWork research, virtual research (graduation) or dissertation: This is mostly done by students who are in their final year of school. With this kind of internship, a student does research for a particular company.[12] The company can have something that they feel they need to improve, or the student can choose a topic in the company themselves. The results of the research study will be put in a report and often will have to be presented.[12]\nUnpaid internships are typically through non-profit charities and think tanks which often have unpaid or volunteer positions. State law and state enforcement agencies may impose requirements on unpaid internship programs under Minimum Wage Act. A program must meet criteria to be properly classified as an unpaid internship. Part of this requirement is proving that the intern is the primary beneficiary of the relationship. Unpaid interns perform work that is not routine and work that company doesn't depend upon. [13]\nPartially-paid internships is when students are paid in the form of a stipend. Stipends are typically a fixed amount of money that is paid out on a regular basis. Usually, interns that are paid with stipends are paid on a set schedule associated with the organization.\nVirtual Internship are internships that are done remotely on email, phone, and web communication. This offers flexibility as physical presence isn't required.[14] It still provides the capacity to gain job experience without the conventional requirement of being physically present in an office. Virtual interns generally have the opportunity to work at their own pace.\nInternational Internships are internships done in a country other than the one that the country of residence. These internships can either be in person or done remotely. Van Mol [15] analyzed employer perspectives on study abroad versus international internships in 31 European countries, finding that employers value international internships more than international study, while Predovic, Dennis and Jones [16] found that international internships developed cognitive skills like how new information is learned and the motivation to learn.\nReturnship are internships for experienced workers who are looking to return to the workforce after taking time away to care for parents or children.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSJ-28Jan09-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"mentorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentorship"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bowdoin-7"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Internship for a fee","text":"Companies in search of interns often find and place students in mostly unpaid internships, for a fee.[17] These companies charge students to assist with research, promising to refund the fee if no internship is found.[18] The programs vary and aim to provide internship placements at reputable companies. Some companies may also provide controlled housing in a new city, mentorship, support, networking, weekend activities or academic credit.[7] Some programs offer extra add-ons such as language classes, networking events, local excursions, and other academic options.[19]Some companies specifically fund scholarships and grants for low-income applicants. Critics of internships criticize the practice of requiring certain college credits to be obtained only through unpaid internships.[20] Depending on the cost of the school, this is often seen as an unethical practice, as it requires students to exchange paid-for and often limited tuition credits to work an uncompensated job.[21] Paying for academic credits is a way to ensure students complete the duration of the internship, since they can be held accountable by their academic institution. For example, a student may be awarded academic credit only after their university receives a positive review from the intern's supervisor at the sponsoring organization.[22]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oebp.org.uk-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oebp.org.uk-24"}],"sub_title":"Secondary level work experience","text":"Work experience in England was established in the 1970s by Jack Pidcock, Principal Careers Officer of Manchester Careers Service. The Service organized two weeks work experience for all Year 10 pupils in Manchester Local Education Authority schools, including those for pupils with special educational needs.\nIronically, it was initially resisted by trade unions, and at first he had a job convincing schools, until eventually he persuaded the L.E.A. and councilors to go ahead. It became highly valued by pupils, teachers, inspectors, employers and politicians. \nWork experience provided a taste of the requirements and disciplines of work and an insight into possible vocational choices. \nIt ran alongside professional, individual, impartial, face to face careers guidance by local careers advisers.\nA Conservative Government introduced the Education (Work Experience) Act 1973 which enabled all education authorities ‘to arrange for children under school-leaving age to have work experience, as part of their education’.\nThe Conservative Liberal coalition government abolished compulsory work experience for students in England at key stage 4 (Years 10 to 11 for 14-16 years olds) in 2012.\nRecently a number of non-governmental and employer led bodies have become critical of pupils and students not understanding the ‘world of work’. \nWork experience is no longer offered on the national curriculum for students in years 10 and 11 in the United Kingdom. but is available for (3rd and 4th year in Scotland), Australia, New Zealand and the Republic of Ireland; every student who wishes to do so has a statutory right to take work experience. In 2011, however, the Wolf Review of Vocational Education proposed a significant policy change that—to reflect the fact that almost all students now stay past the age of 16—the requirement for pre-16 work experience in the UK should be removed.[23] Work experience in this context is when students in an adult working environment more or less act as an employee, but with the emphasis on learning about the world of work. Placements are limited by safety and security restrictions, insurance cover and availability, and do not necessarily reflect eventual career choice but instead allow a broad experience of the world of work.[24]Most students do not get paid for work experience. However, some employers pay students, as this is considered part of their education. The duration varies according to the student's course, and other personal circumstances. Most students go out on work experience for one or two weeks in a year.[24] Some students work in a particular workplace, perhaps one or two days a week for extended periods of time throughout the year—either for vocation reasons and commitment to alternative curricula or because they have social or behavioral problems.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sandwich courses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandwich_course"}],"sub_title":"University level work experience","text":"At university level, work experience is often offered between the second and final years of an undergraduate degree course, especially in the science, engineering and computing fields. Courses of this nature are often called sandwich courses, with the work experience year itself known as the sandwich year. During this time, the students on work placement have the opportunity to use the skills and knowledge gained in their first two years, and see how they are applied to real world problems. This offers them useful insights for their final year and prepares them for the job market once their course has finished. Some companies sponsor students in their final year at university with the promise of a job at the end of the course. This is an incentive for the student to perform well during the placement as it helps with two otherwise unwelcome stresses: the lack of money in the final year, and finding a job when the university course ends.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Unpaid internship: code for modern-day exploitation?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.smh.com.au/national/unpaid-internship-code-for-modernday-exploitation-20120410-1wn1o.html"},{"link_name":"The Sydney Morning Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Intern nation : how to earn nothing and learn little in the brave new economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ZKIwtm79dAMC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84467-686-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-686-6"},{"link_name":"\"Intern Abuse?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090508091047/http://www.businessweek.com/careers/managementiq/archives/2009/05/intern_abuse.html"},{"link_name":"Bloomberg Businessweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Employment"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Employment"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Employment"},{"link_name":"Employment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment"},{"link_name":"Academic tenure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_tenure"},{"link_name":"Casual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casual_employment_(contract)"},{"link_name":"Contingent work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingent_work"},{"link_name":"Full-time job","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-time_job"},{"link_name":"Gig worker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gig_worker"},{"link_name":"Job sharing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_sharing"},{"link_name":"Part-time job","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part-time_job"},{"link_name":"Self-employment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-employment"},{"link_name":"Side job","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_job"},{"link_name":"Skilled worker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skilled_worker"},{"link_name":"Journeyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journeyman"},{"link_name":"Technician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technician"},{"link_name":"Independent contractor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_contractor"},{"link_name":"Labour hire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_hire"},{"link_name":"Temporary work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporary_work"},{"link_name":"Laborer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laborer"},{"link_name":"Wage labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wage_labour"},{"link_name":"Hiring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recruitment"},{"link_name":"Application","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_for_employment"},{"link_name":"Background check","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_check"},{"link_name":"Business networking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_networking"},{"link_name":"Cover letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_letter"},{"link_name":"Curriculum vitae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum_vitae"},{"link_name":"Drug testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_test"},{"link_name":"Employment contract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment_contract"},{"link_name":"Employment counsellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment_counsellor"},{"link_name":"Executive search","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_search"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_executive_search_firms"},{"link_name":"Induction programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_programme"},{"link_name":"Job fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_fair"},{"link_name":"Job fraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_fraud"},{"link_name":"Job hunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_hunting"},{"link_name":"Job interview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_interview"},{"link_name":"Letter of recommendation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_of_recommendation"},{"link_name":"Onboarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onboarding"},{"link_name":"Overqualification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overqualification"},{"link_name":"Person–environment fit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person%E2%80%93environment_fit"},{"link_name":"Personality–job fit theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality%E2%80%93job_fit_theory"},{"link_name":"Personality hire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_hire"},{"link_name":"Probation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probation_(workplace)"},{"link_name":"Recruitment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recruitment"},{"link_name":"Résumé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9sum%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneous_recruiting_of_new_graduates"},{"link_name":"Underemployment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underemployment"},{"link_name":"Work-at-home scheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work-at-home_scheme"},{"link_name":"Cooperative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative"},{"link_name":"Employee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee"},{"link_name":"Employer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employer"},{"link_name":"Internship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Job","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job"},{"link_name":"Labour hire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_hire"},{"link_name":"Permanent employment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_employment"},{"link_name":"Supervisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervisor"},{"link_name":"Volunteering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteering"},{"link_name":"Working class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class"},{"link_name":"Blue-collar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-collar_worker"},{"link_name":"Green-collar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green-collar_worker"},{"link_name":"Grey-collar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey-collar"},{"link_name":"Pink-collar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink-collar_worker"},{"link_name":"Precariat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precariat"},{"link_name":"White-collar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-collar_worker"},{"link_name":"Red-collar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color"},{"link_name":"New-collar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New-collar_worker"},{"link_name":"No-collar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color"},{"link_name":"Orange-collar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color"},{"link_name":"Scarlet-collar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color"},{"link_name":"Black-collar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color"},{"link_name":"Gold-collar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color"},{"link_name":"Career","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Career"},{"link_name":"training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training"},{"link_name":"Apprenticeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apprenticeship"},{"link_name":"Artisan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisan"},{"link_name":"Master craftsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_craftsman"},{"link_name":"Avocation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocation"},{"link_name":"Career assessment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Career_assessment"},{"link_name":"Career counseling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Career_counseling"},{"link_name":"Career development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Career_development"},{"link_name":"Coaching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaching"},{"link_name":"Creative class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_class"},{"link_name":"Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education"},{"link_name":"Continuing education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuing_education"},{"link_name":"E-learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-learning"},{"link_name":"Employability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employability"},{"link_name":"Further 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workplace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_workplace"},{"link_name":"Workhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workhouse"},{"link_name":"Aspects of corporations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_corporations"},{"link_name":"Aspects of jobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_jobs"},{"link_name":"Aspects of occupations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_occupations"},{"link_name":"Aspects of organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_organizations"},{"link_name":"Aspects of workplaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_workplaces"},{"link_name":"Corporate titles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Corporate_titles"},{"link_name":"Organized labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Organized_labor"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6500754#identifiers"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12517897m"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12517897m"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/4127380-1"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543967305171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh86001851"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00944858"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph220322&CON_LNG=ENG"}],"text":"Lucas, Clay, \"Unpaid internship: code for modern-day exploitation?\", The Sydney Morning Herald, Sydney, Australia, April 11, 2012\nPerlin, Ross, Intern nation : how to earn nothing and learn little in the brave new economy, 1st ed., Brooklyn, NY : Verso Books, 2011. ISBN 978-1-84467-686-6\nConlin, Michelle, \"Intern Abuse?\", Bloomberg Businessweek, May 5, 2009vteEmploymentClassifications\nAcademic tenure\nCasual\nContingent work\nFull-time job\nGig worker\nJob sharing\nPart-time job\nSelf-employment\nSide job\nSkilled worker\nJourneyman\nTechnician\nIndependent contractor\nLabour hire\nTemporary work\nLaborer\nWage labour\nHiring\nApplication\nBackground check\nBusiness networking\nCover letter\nCurriculum vitae\nDrug testing\nEmployment contract\nEmployment counsellor\nExecutive search\nlist\nInduction programme\nJob fair\nJob fraud\nJob hunting\nJob interview\nLetter of recommendation\nOnboarding\nOverqualification\nPerson–environment fit\nPersonality–job fit theory\nPersonality hire\nProbation\nRecruitment\nRésumé\nSimultaneous recruiting of new graduates\nUnderemployment\nWork-at-home scheme\nRoles\nCooperative\nEmployee\nEmployer\nInternship\nJob\nLabour hire\nPermanent employment\nSupervisor\nVolunteering\nWorking class\nBlue-collar\nGreen-collar\nGrey-collar\nPink-collar\nPrecariat\nWhite-collar\nRed-collar\nNew-collar\nNo-collar\nOrange-collar\nScarlet-collar\nBlack-collar\nGold-collar\nCareer and training\nApprenticeship\nArtisan\nMaster craftsman\nAvocation\nCareer assessment\nCareer counseling\nCareer development\nCoaching\nCreative class\nEducation\nContinuing education\nE-learning\nEmployability\nFurther education\nGraduate school\nInduction training\nKnowledge worker\nLicensure\nLifelong learning\nOverspecialization\nPractice-based professional learning\nProfessional association\nProfessional certification\nProfessional development\nProfessional school\nReflective practice\nRetraining\nVocational education\nVocational school\nVocational university\nMentorship\nOccupational Outlook Handbook\nPractice firm\nProfession\nOperator\nProfessional\nTradesman\nVocation\nAttendance\nBreak\nCareer break\nFurlough\nGap year\nLeave of absence\nLong service leave\nNo call, no show\nSabbatical\nSick leave\nTime clock\nSchedules\n35-hour workweek\nFour-day week\nEight-hour day\n996 working hour system\nFlextime\nOn-call\nOvertime\nRemote work\nRetroactive overtime\nSix-hour day\nShift work\nWorking time\nWorkweek and weekend\nWages and salaries\nIncome bracket\nIncome tax\nLiving wage\nMaximum wage\nNational average salary\nWorld\nEurope\nMinimum wage\nCanada\nHong Kong\nEurope\nUnited States\nProgressive wage\nSingapore\nOvertime rate\nPaid time off\nPerformance-related pay\nSalary cap\nWage compression\nWorking poor\nBenefits\nAnnual leave\nCasual Friday\nChild care\nDisability insurance\nHealth insurance\nLife insurance\nMarriage leave\nParental leave\nPension\nSick leave\nTake-home vehicle\nSafety and health\nCrunch\nEpilepsy and employment\nHuman factors and ergonomics\nKaroshi\nList of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents\nOccupational burnout\nOccupational disease\nOccupational exposure limit\nOccupational health psychology\nOccupational injury\nOccupational noise\nOccupational stress\nPersonal protective equipment\nRepetitive strain injury\nRight to sit\nSick building syndrome\nWork accident\nOccupational fatality\nWorkers' compensation\nWorkplace health promotion\nWorkplace phobia\nWorkplace wellness\nEqual opportunity\nAffirmative action\nEqual pay for equal work\nGender pay gap\nGlass ceiling\nInfractions\nCorporate collapses and scandals\nAccounting scandals\nControl fraud\nCorporate behaviour\nCorporate crime\nDiscrimination\nExploitation of labour\nDress code\nEmployee handbook\nEmployee monitoring\nEvaluation\nLabour law\nSexual harassment\nSleeping while on duty\nWage theft\nWhistleblower\nWorkplace bullying\nWorkplace harassment\nWorkplace incivility\nWillingness\nBoreout\nCareerism\nCivil conscription\nConscription\nCritique of work\nDead-end job\nJob satisfaction\nMcJob\nOrganizational commitment\nRefusal of work\nSlavery\nBonded labour\nHuman trafficking\nLabour camp\nPenal labour\nPeonage\nTruck wages\nUnfree labour\nWage slavery\nWork ethic\nWork–life interface\nDownshifting\nSlow living\nWorkaholic\nTermination\nAt-will employment\nDismissal\nBanishment room\nConstructive dismissal\nWrongful dismissal\nEmployee offboarding\nExit interview\nLayoff\nNotice period\nPink slip\nResignation\nLetter of resignation\nRestructuring\nRetirement\nMandatory retirement\nRetirement age\nRetirement planning\nSeverance package\nGolden handshake\nGolden parachute\nTurnover\nUnemployment\nBarriers to entry\nDiscouraged worker\nEconomic depression\nGreat Depression\nLong Depression\nFrictional unemployment\nFull employment\nGraduate unemployment\nInvoluntary unemployment\nJobless recovery\nPhillips curve\nRecession\nGreat Recession\nJob losses caused by the Great Recession\nLists of recessions\nRecession-proof job\nReserve army of labour\nStructural unemployment\nTechnological unemployment\nTypes of unemployment\nUnemployment benefits\nUnemployment Convention, 1919\nUnemployment extension\nList of countries by unemployment rate\nEmployment rates\nEmployment-to-population ratio\nWage curve\nYouth unemployment\nPublic programs\nWorkfare\nUnemployment insurance\nMake-work job\nJob creation program\nJob creation index\nJob guarantee\nEmployer of last resort\nGuaranteed minimum income\nRight to work\nHistorical:\nU.S.A:\nCivil Works Administration\nWorks Progress Administration\nComprehensive Employment and Training Act\n\nSee also\nBullshit job\nBusy work\nCredentialism and educational inflation\nEmotional labor\nEvil corporation\nGoing postal\nKiss up kick down\nLabor rights\nMake-work job\nNarcissism in the workplace\nPost-work society\nPresenteeism\nPsychopathy in the workplace\nSunday scaries\nSlow movement (culture)\nToxic leader\nToxic workplace\nWorkhouse\n\n See also templates\nAspects of corporations\nAspects of jobs\nAspects of occupations\nAspects of organizations\nAspects of workplaces\nCorporate titles\nOrganized laborAuthority control databases: National \nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nJapan\nCzech Republic","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | [{"title":"Apprenticeships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apprenticeships"},{"title":"Cooperative education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_education"},{"title":"Curricular Practical Training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curricular_Practical_Training"},{"title":"Experiential education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiential_education"},{"title":"Externship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Externship"},{"title":"Sub-internship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-internship"},{"title":"Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellowship"},{"title":"Pathways Programs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathways_Programs"},{"title":"Practicum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practicum"},{"title":"Postdoctoral researcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postdoctoral_researcher"},{"title":"School-to-work transition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School-to-work_transition"},{"title":"Service-learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-learning"},{"title":"Skintern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skintern"},{"title":"Take Our Daughters and Sons to Work Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Our_Daughters_and_Sons_to_Work_Day"},{"title":"Traineeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traineeship"}] | [{"reference":"Woolston, Chris (2015-06-03). \"Unpaid research jobs draw criticism\". Nature. 522 (7555): 131–131. doi:10.1038/522131f. ISSN 1476-4687.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/522131f","url_text":"\"Unpaid research jobs draw criticism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F522131f","url_text":"10.1038/522131f"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687","url_text":"1476-4687"}]},{"reference":"Sanjay, Satviki (2020-08-04). \"It Is High Time We Change the Culture of Internships\". Vice. Retrieved 2024-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/en/article/qj4x8m/internship-work-culture-exploits-college-students","url_text":"\"It Is High Time We Change the Culture of Internships\""}]},{"reference":"Solomon, Maddie (2022-06-30). \"Unpaid and Overworked: A Study of Unpaid Internships, Labor Law, and the Long Struggle for Fair Treatment in the American Workplace\". N.Y.U. American Public Policy Review. doi:10.21428/4b58ebd1.8a535be3.","urls":[{"url":"https://nyuappr.pubpub.org/pub/qxez0n11/release/2","url_text":"\"Unpaid and Overworked: A Study of Unpaid Internships, Labor Law, and the Long Struggle for Fair Treatment in the American Workplace\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.21428%2F4b58ebd1.8a535be3","url_text":"10.21428/4b58ebd1.8a535be3"}]},{"reference":"Perlin, Ross (2013). \"Internships\". Sociology of Work: An Encyclopedia. doi:10.4135/9781452276199.n165. ISBN 9781452205069.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781452276199.n165","url_text":"10.4135/9781452276199.n165"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781452205069","url_text":"9781452205069"}]},{"reference":"Dailey, Stephanie L. (2016-08-07). \"What Happens Before Full-Time Employment? Internships as a Mechanism of Anticipatory Socialization\" (PDF). Western Journal of Communication. 80 (4): 453–480. doi:10.1080/10570314.2016.1159727. hdl:2152/24733. ISSN 1057-0314. S2CID 147656080.","urls":[{"url":"https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/2152/24733/1/DAILEY-DISSERTATION-2014.pdf","url_text":"\"What Happens Before Full-Time Employment? 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Retrieved April 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.morganstanley.com/people-opportunities/insight-program/north-america","url_text":"\"Insight Programs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Goldman Sachs | Student Programs - Insight Series\". Goldman Sachs. Retrieved April 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldmansachs.com/careers/students/programs/americas/insight-series.html","url_text":"\"Goldman Sachs | Student Programs - Insight Series\""}]},{"reference":"\"Internship Expectations: What an Internship Is and Is Not - Current Students and Alumni - Career Center - University of Evansville\". www.evansville.edu. Retrieved 2017-11-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.evansville.edu/careercenter/students/EeExpectations.cfm","url_text":"\"Internship Expectations: What an Internship Is and Is Not - Current Students and Alumni - Career Center - University of Evansville\""}]},{"reference":"\"Five principles for research ethics\". American Psychological Association. Retrieved 2017-11-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.apa.org/monitor/jan03/principles.aspx","url_text":"\"Five principles for research ethics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Association","url_text":"American Psychological Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Unpaid Internship Rules\". Findlaw. Retrieved 2021-04-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.findlaw.com/smallbusiness/employment-law-and-human-resources/unpaid-internship-rules.html","url_text":"\"Unpaid Internship Rules\""}]},{"reference":"Careers, Full Bio Follow Linkedin Penny Loretto wrote about internships for The Balance; Loretto, has more than 20 years of experience as a licensed career counselor Read The Balance's editorial policies Penny. \"How Virtual Internships Work—and Sometimes Don't Work\". The Balance Careers. Retrieved 2021-04-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thebalancecareers.com/virtual-internships-are-growing-in-a-wide-range-of-fields-1986578","url_text":"\"How Virtual Internships Work—and Sometimes Don't Work\""}]},{"reference":"Sue Shellenbarger (January 28, 2009). \"Do You Want An Internship? It'll Cost You\". The Wall Street Journal.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123310699999022549","url_text":"\"Do You Want An Internship? It'll Cost You\""}]},{"reference":"Timothy Noah (January 28, 2009). \"Opportunity for Sale; Psst! Wanna buy an internship?\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slate.com/id/2209985/","url_text":"\"Opportunity for Sale; Psst! Wanna buy an internship?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fee-based Programs\". International Internship Program. Retrieved 2021-04-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://internships.international.wisc.edu/internships/fee-based/","url_text":"\"Fee-based Programs\""}]},{"reference":"Yglesias, Matthew (2013-12-04). \"Two Cheers for Unpaid Internships\". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 2017-11-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slate.com/articles/business/moneybox/2013/12/unpaid_internships_banning_them_will_only_build_a_bigger_wall_between_school.html","url_text":"\"Two Cheers for Unpaid Internships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1091-2339","url_text":"1091-2339"}]},{"reference":"Discenna, Thomas A. (2016-08-07). \"The Discourses of Free Labor: Career Management, Employability, and the Unpaid Intern\". Western Journal of Communication. 80 (4): 435–452. doi:10.1080/10570314.2016.1162323. ISSN 1057-0314. S2CID 146922898.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10570314.2016.1162323","url_text":"10.1080/10570314.2016.1162323"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1057-0314","url_text":"1057-0314"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146922898","url_text":"146922898"}]},{"reference":"\"Unpaid Internships: Unfair and Unethical | The Bottom Line\". The Bottom Line. 2017-02-28. Retrieved 2017-11-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://thebottomline.as.ucsb.edu/2017/02/unpaid-internships-unfair-and-unethical","url_text":"\"Unpaid Internships: Unfair and Unethical | The Bottom Line\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://polisci.osu.edu/sites/polisci.osu.edu/files/What%20is%20an%20Internship.pdf","external_links_name":"Definition of Internship (as set forth in the Ohio State University Department of Political Science, accessed January 22, 2013"},{"Link":"https://www.nature.com/articles/522131f","external_links_name":"\"Unpaid research jobs draw criticism\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F522131f","external_links_name":"10.1038/522131f"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687","external_links_name":"1476-4687"},{"Link":"https://www.vice.com/en/article/qj4x8m/internship-work-culture-exploits-college-students","external_links_name":"\"It Is High Time We Change the Culture of Internships\""},{"Link":"https://nyuappr.pubpub.org/pub/qxez0n11/release/2","external_links_name":"\"Unpaid and Overworked: A Study of Unpaid Internships, Labor Law, and the Long Struggle for Fair Treatment in the American Workplace\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.21428%2F4b58ebd1.8a535be3","external_links_name":"10.21428/4b58ebd1.8a535be3"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781452276199.n165","external_links_name":"10.4135/9781452276199.n165"},{"Link":"https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/2152/24733/1/DAILEY-DISSERTATION-2014.pdf","external_links_name":"\"What Happens Before Full-Time Employment? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Anime_Award_Festival | Tokyo Anime Award | ["1 Animation of the Year","2 Anime Fan Award","3 Open Entries / Competition Grand Prize","4 Notable Entry","4.1 Television Category","4.2 Domestic Feature Film Category","4.3 OVA Category","4.4 International Theater Award","5 Individual awards","5.1 Best Director","5.2 Best Original Story","5.3 Best Screenplay","5.4 Best Screenplay / Original Story","5.5 Best Art Direction","5.6 Best Character Designer","5.7 Best Voice Actor","5.8 Best Music","5.9 Best Animator","5.10 Merit Award","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Japanese anime awards
Tokyo Anime AwardAwarded forExcellence in animation achievementsCountryJapanPresented byTAAF Executive Committee,AJA (since 2014)TAF Executive Committee (until 2013)First awarded2002Websiteanimefestival.jp (TAAF)tokyoanime.jp (TAF)
The Tokyo Anime Awards started in 2002, but was named in 2005. The first, second and third award ceremonies were simply named 'Competition'. The award ceremonies were held at the Tokyo International Anime Fair (TAF) until 2013. In 2014, after the merger of the Tokyo International Anime Fair with the Anime Contents Expo and the formation of the AnimeJapan convention, the Tokyo Anime Awards was changed into a separate festival called Tokyo Anime Awards Festival (TAAF).
Notably, there are Open Entry Awards for amateur creators (the Grand Prize winner is awarded with one million yen). Though there are ten main judges, the total number of judges is over one hundred people. Various groups participate in judging the festival, such as anime studio staff members, professors of universities, as well as producers and chief editors of various magazines. (See also: Animation Kobe).
Animation of the Year
All anime released from December 1 of the year before the festival to November 30 of the current year in Japan become candidates.
The anime that best represents the category it was nominated in is chosen as the winner of that category.
In the first year of the celebration, the award was given to Spirited Away as 'Grand Prix'. In the second year, there was no Animation of the Year award; therefore, the 'Best Entry Awards' in the 'Notable Entries' are often recognized as 'Grand Prix', they were: Millennium Actress (film), Hanada Shōnen-shi (TV) and Sentō Yōsei Yukikaze (OVA)
Since 2014, Tokyo Anime Award Festival has given an Anime of the Year Grand Prize in two categories, Film and Television.
Tokyo Anime Award
Year
Winner
Note
2002
Spirited Away
Grand Prix
2003
Not awarded
2004
Mobile Suit Gundam Seed
2005
Howl's Moving Castle
2006
Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie: Conqueror of Shamballa
2007
The Girl Who Leapt Through Time
2008
Evangelion: 1.0 You Are (Not) Alone
2009
Ponyo
2010
Summer Wars
2011
The Secret World of Arrietty
2012
From up on Poppy Hill
2013
Wolf Children
Tokyo Anime Award Festivala
2014
The Wind Rises
Film Category
Attack on Titan
Television Category
2015
Frozen
Film Category
Ping Pong the Animation
Television Category
2016
Love Live! The School Idol Movie
Film Category
Shirobako
Television Category
2017
A Silent Voice
Film Category
Yuri!!! on Ice
Television Category
2018
In This Corner of the World
Film Category
Kemono Friends
Television Category
2019
Detective Conan: Zero the Enforcer
Film Category
Zombie Land Saga
Television Category
2020
Weathering with You
Film Category
Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba
Television Category
2021
Violet Evergarden: The Movie
Film Category
Keep Your Hands Off Eizouken!
Television Category
2022
Evangelion: 3.0+1.0 Thrice Upon a Time
Film Category
Jujutsu Kaisen
Television Category
2023
One Piece Film: Red
Film Category
Spy × Family
Television Category
2024
The First Slam Dunk
Film Category
Oshi no Ko
Television Category
Notes
a. ^ Anime of the Year Grand Prize for Best Picture
Anime Fan Award
Picking from over 300-400 titles from television and films, anime fans vote from the candidate pool to pick the best 100 from those titles, with 20 of these titles being films and 80 being television titles. Fans then participate in a runoff vote in order to determine a recipient amongst the 100 chosen titles for the Anime Fan Award.
Initial qualifications to become candidates required titles to have aired from November of the year before the festival to October of the current year in Japan. However, this has since been twice changed — first in 2017 to be from October to October, and again in 2020 to be from October to September.
Tokyo Anime Award Festival
Year
Winner
Note
2014
Danball Senki Wars
2015
Tiger & Bunny: The Rising
2016
Gintama
2017
Yuri on Ice
The only title to win the award twice consecutively.
2018
2019
Banana Fish
2020
Uta no Prince-Sama: Maji Love Kingdom
2021
Idolish7: Second Beat!
2022
Idolish7: Third Beat!
Only applies to the 1st Cour.
2023
Mechamato
The first non-Japanese-produced animation to win in this category.
2024
Idolish7 The Movie: Live 4bit Beyond The Period
Open Entries / Competition Grand Prize
The awards for the creator of the non-commercialized work for TV, movie and OVA, to find new talents and to provide support for subsequent commercialization. The work must be an animation longer than 15 seconds, and no longer than 30 minutes. If the work was not commercialized before, professional creator also can enter this Grand Prize. The 2007 winner, Flutter, was the first work from a non-Asian country to win this award.
Tokyo Anime Award
Year
Winner
Title
Note
2002
Youhei Takamatsu
Tokyo Animarathonb
2003
Jung Min-Young
Say My Namec
2004
Han Tae-Ho
Africa a.F.r.I.c.A
2005
Shin Hosokawa
The Demon
2006
Kazuo Ebisawa
Crow that wears clothes
2007
Howie Shia
Flutter
2008
Helen Huang
Adventures in the NPM
2009
Heiko van der Scherm
Descendants
2010
G9+1
Tokyo Fantasia
2011
Alice Dieudonne
Trois petits points
2012
Chen Xifeng
Pig Sale
2013
Tsai Shiu-Cheng
Time of Cherry Blossoms
Tokyo Anime Award Festivald
2014
Ari Folman
The Congress
Featured Film Category
Augusto Zanovello
Lettres de femmes
Short Film Category
2015
Tomm Moore
Song of the Sea
Featured Film Category
Konstantin Bronzit
We Can't Live Without Cosmos
Short Film Category
2016
Rémi Chayé
Long Way North
Featured Film Category
Siniša Mataić
Off Belay
Short Film Category
2017
Sébastien Laudenbach
The Girl Without Hands
Feature Film Category
Elice Meng
Of Shadows and Wings...
Short Film Category
2018
Hsin Yin Sung
On Happiness Road
Feature Film Category
Ru Kuwahata, Max Porter
Negative Space
Short Film Category
2019
Raúl de la Fuente, Damian Nenow
Another Day of Life
Feature Film Category
Nienke Deutz
Bloeistraat 11
Short Film Category
Notes
b. ^ Best Entry Award in Amateur Category
c. ^ Best Entry Award in Student Category
d. ^ Competition Winning Programs
Notable Entry
The excellent works of the year are chosen according to each section.
Television Category
The TV animations broadcast from December 1 of the year beforehand to November 30 of the previous year in Japan become candidates.
The 'Best Entry' was selected only in 2003: Hanada Shōnen-shi.
Tokyo Anime Award
Year
Winner
2002
InuYasha
Ojamajo Doremi #
Hikaru no Go
Fruits Basket
One Piece
2003
Hanada Shōnen-shi
InuYasha
Overman King Gainer
2004
Astro Boy
Mobile Suit Gundam SEED
Fullmetal Alchemist
2005
Gankutsuou: The Count of Monte Cristo
Sgt. Frog
Futari wa Pretty Cure
2006
Eureka Seven
Black Jack
Mushishi
2007
Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion
The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya
Death Note
2008
Dennō Coil
Tengen Toppa Gurren-Lagann
2009
Macross Frontier
Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion R2
2010
Eden of the East
K-On!
2011
K-On!!
The Tatami Galaxy
2012
Puella Magi Madoka Magica
Tiger & Bunny
2013
Kuroko's Basketball
Sword Art Online
Tokyo Anime Award Festival
2014
Space Brothers
2015
Yo-Kai Watch
2016
Shirobako
2017
Yuri!!! on Ice
2018
Kemono Friends
2019
Zombie Land Saga
2020
Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba
2021
Keep Your Hands Off Eizouken!
2022
Jujutsu Kaisen
2023
Spy × Family
2024
Oshi no Ko
Domestic Feature Film Category
The animation films released from December 1 of the year beforehand to November 30 of the previous year in Japan become candidates.
The 'Best Entry' was selected only in 2003: Millennium Actress.
Tokyo Anime Award
Year
Winner
2002
Princess Arete
Spirited Away
Metropolis
2003
Millennium Actress
The Cat Returns
Crayon Shin-chan: The Storm Called: The Battle of the Warring States
2004
Tokyo Godfathers
Nasu: Summer in Andalusia
2005
Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence
Steamboy
2006
Detective Conan: Strategy Above the Depths
Zeta Gundam: A New Translation - Heirs to the Stars
2007
Paprika
Arashi no Yoru ni
2008
Summer Days with Coo
2009
Ponyo
2010
Summer Wars
2011
The Secret World of Arrietty
2012
From Up on Poppy Hill
2013
Wolf Children
Tokyo Anime Award Festival
2014
The Wind Rises
2015
Stand by Me Doraemon
2016
Love Live! The School Idol Movie
2017
A Silent Voice
2018
In This Corner of the World
2019
Detective Conan: Zero the Enforcer
2020
Weathering with You
2021
Violet Evergarden: The Movie
2022
Evangelion: 3.0+1.0 Thrice Upon a Time
2023
One Piece Film: Red
2024
The First Slam Dunk
OVA Category
The Original Video Animations (OVAs) released from December 1 of the year beforehand to November 30 of the previous year in Japan become candidates.
The 'Best Entry' was selected only in 2003: Sentō Yōsei Yukikaze. Sentō Yōsei Yukikaze (2003 and 2006) and Diebuster (2005 and 2007) were awarded two times.
Tokyo Anime Award
Year
Winner
2002
Animation Runner Kuromi
2003
Sentō Yōsei Yukikaze
Return of the Magician
JoJo's Bizarre Adventure
2004
The Animatrix
Macross Zero
2005
Animation Runner Kuromi 2
Diebuster
2006
Karas
Sentō Yōsei Yukikaze
2007
Diebuster
Freedom
2008
Nasu: A Migratory Bird with Suitcase
2009
Detroit Metal City
2010
Time of Eve
2011
Mobile Suit Gundam Unicorn
2012
Mobile Suit Gundam Unicorn
2013
Not awarded
International Theater Award
The international animation films released from December 1 of the year beforehand to November 30 of the previous year in Japan become candidates.
Founded in 2003. One work is selected and awards presented every year.
Tokyo Anime Award
Year
Winner
2003
Monsters, Inc.
2004
Lilo & Stitch
2005
Finding Nemo
2006
The Incredibles
2007
Cars
2008
Ratatouille
2009
Kung Fu Panda
2010
WALL-E
2011
Toy Story 3
2012
Tangled
2013
The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn
Individual awards
The individual awards for the activities of the previous year.
Best Director
The awards for directors. Though this award does not limit to the directors of films, it has a tendency to be given to film directors.
Tokyo Anime Award
Year
Winner
Directed
Note
2002
Akitaro Daichi
TV category
Hayao Miyazaki
Film category
2003
Keiichi Hara
Crayon Shin-chan: The Storm Called: The Battle of the Warring States
Film
2004
Satoshi Kon
Tokyo Godfathers
Film
2005
Hayao Miyazaki
Howl's Moving Castle
Film
2006
Yoshiyuki Tomino
Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam A New Translation: Heirs to the Stars
Film
2007
Mamoru Hosoda
The Girl Who Leapt Through Time
Film
2008
Hideaki Anno
Evangelion: 1.0 You Are (Not) Alone
Film
2009
Hayao Miyazaki
Ponyo
Film
2010
Mamoru Hosoda
Summer Wars
Film
2011
Hiromasa Yonebayashi
The Secret World of Arrietty
Film
2012
Akiyuki Shinbo
Puella Magi Madoka Magica
TV series
2013
Mamoru Hosoda
Wolf Children
Film
Tokyo Anime Award Festival
2014
Tetsurō Araki
2015
Isao Takahata
2016
Yōichi Fujita
2017
Makoto Shinkai
2018
Tatsuki
2019
Yoshiaki Kyōgoku
2020
Makoto Shinkai
2021
Haruo Sotozaki
2022
Hideaki Anno
2023
Gorō Taniguchi
2024
Takehiko Inoue
Best Original Story
The awards for the original creators of the work. Founded in 2005.
Tokyo Anime Award
Year
Winner
Original Story of
Note
2005
Masamune Shirow
Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence
Manga
2006
Hiromu Arakawa
Fullmetal Alchemist
Manga
2007
Yasutaka Tsutsui
The Girl Who Leapt Through Time
Novel
2008
Taiyō Matsumoto
Tekkon Kinkreet
Manga
2009
Hayao Miyazaki
Ponyo
2010
Mamoru Hosoda
Summer Wars
2013
Reki Kawahara
Sword Art Online
Light novel
Best Screenplay
The awards for screenwriters.
Tokyo Anime Award
Year
Winner
Screenplay of
Note
2002
Takashi Yamada
TV category
Hayao Miyazaki
Film category
2003
Ichirō Ōkouchi
Overman King Gainer
TV series
2004
Sho Aikawa
Fullmetal Alchemist
TV series
2005
Mamoru Oshii
Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence
Film
2006
Dai Satō
Eureka Seven
TV series
2007
Satoko Okudera
The Girl Who Leapt Through Time
Film
2008
Keiichi Hara
Summer Days with Coo
Film
2009
Ichirō Ōkouchi
Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion R2
TV series
2010
Satoko Okudera
Summer Wars
Film
2011
Miho Maruo
Colorful
Film
2012
Gen Urobuchi
Puella Magi Madoka Magica
TV series
2013
Satoko OkuderaMamoru Hosoda
Wolf Children
Film
Best Screenplay / Original Story
The awards for screenwriters since 2014.
Tokyo Anime Award Festival
Year
Winner
Note
2014
Yasuko Kobayashi
Hayao Miyazaki
Reiko Yoshida
2015
Jukki Hanada
2016
Shū Matsubara
2017
Reiko Yoshida
2018
Kinoko Nasu
2019
Jukki Hanada
2020
Koyoharu Gotouge
2021
Reiko Yoshida
2022
Hideaki Anno
2023
Reiko Yoshida
2024
Takehiko Inoue
Best Art Direction
The awards for the staffs of art direction.
Tokyo Anime Award
Year
Winner
Art Direction of
Note
2002
Yuji Ikeda
TV category
Yōji Takeshige
Film category
2003
Nobutaka Ike
Millennium Actress
Film
2004
Nobutaka Ike
Tokyo Godfathers
Film
2005
Shinji Kimura
Steamboy
Film
2006
Takeshi Waki
Mushishi
TV series
2007
Nizo Yamamoto
The Girl Who Leapt Through Time
Film
2008
Shinji Kimura
Tekkon Kinkreet
Film
2009
Noboru Yoshida
Ponyo
Film
2010
Yōji Takeshige
Summer Wars
Film
2011
Yōji Takeshige
The Secret World of Arrietty
Film
2012
Takumi Tanji
Children Who Chase Lost Voices
Film
2013
Hiroshi Ohno
Wolf Children
Film
A Letter to Momo
Film
Tokyo Anime Award Festival
2014
Yōji Takeshige
2015
Kazuo Oga
2017
Shunichiro Yoshihara
2020
Mikiko Watanabe
Violet Evergarden: Eternity and the Auto Memory Doll
Watanabe was among the 36 killed as result of the Kyoto Animation arson attack and was awarded posthumously for her work.
2021
Mikiko Watanabe
Violet Evergarden: The Movie
Watanabe was again awarded posthumously for her work.
Best Character Designer
The awards for character designers.
Tokyo Anime Award
Year
Winner
Character Design of
Note
2002
Masatomo Sudo
TV category
Hayao Miyazaki
Film category
2003
Kōsuke Fujishima
Sakura Wars
Film
2004
Hisashi Hirai
Mobile Suit Gundam SEED
TV series
2005
Hiroyuki Okiura
Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence
Film
2006
Ken'ichi Yoshida
Eureka Seven
TV series
2007
Yoshiyuki Sadamoto
The Girl Who Leapt Through Time
Film
2008
Atsushi Nishigori
Tengen Toppa Gurren-Lagann
TV series
2009
Tetsuya Nishio
The Sky Crawlers
Film
2010
Yoshiyuki Sadamoto
Summer Wars
Film
2011
Yoshihiko Umakoshi
HeartCatch PreCure!
TV series
2012
Masakazu Katsura
Tiger & Bunny
TV series
2013
Yoshiyuki Sadamoto
Wolf Children
Film
Tokyo Anime Award Festival
2014
Sushio
2015
Takahiro Kishida
2016
Naoyuki Asano
Best Voice Actor
The awards for voice actors by their performance. Rumi Hiiragi (2002) and Chieko Baisho (2005) are more famous as actress in Japan.
Tokyo Anime Award
Year
Winner
Acted as
Note
2002
Kurumi Mamiya
TV category
Rumi Hiiragi
Film category
2003
Kappei Yamaguchi
InuYasha
2004
Romi Park
Edward Elric
2005
Chieko Baisho
Sophie (Howl's Moving Castle)
Film
2006
Akio Ōtsuka
Black Jack (Black Jack)
TV series
2007
Aya Hirano
Haruhi Suzumiya(The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya)
TV series
2008
Mamoru Miyano
Setsuna F. Seiei (Mobile Suit Gundam 00)
TV series
Light Yagami (Death Note)
TV series
2009
Jun Fukuyama
Lelouch Lamperouge(Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion R2)
TV series
2010
Hiroshi Kamiya
Koyomi Araragi (Bakemonogatari)
TV series
2011
Aki Toyosaki
Yui Hirasawa (K-On!!)
TV series
2012
Hiroaki Hirata
Kotetsu T. Kaburagi/Wild Tiger (Tiger & Bunny)
TV series
2013
Yuki Kaji
Amata Sora (Aquarion Evol)
TV series
Haruyuki Arita (Accel World)
TV series
Tokyo Anime Award Festival
2014
Hideaki Anno
2015
Daisuke Ono
Koki Uchiyama
Best Music
The awards for composers (and other music related people).
Tokyo Anime Award
Year
Winner
Music of
Note
2002
Kōhei Tanaka
TV category
Joe Hisaishi
Film category
2003
Yoko Kanno
Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex
TV series
2004
Yoko Kanno
2005
Joe Hisaishi
Howl's Moving Castle
Film
2006
Michiru Oshima
Fullmetal Alchemist
TV series
2007
Susumu Hirasawa
Paprika
Film
2008
Yoko Kanno
Genesis of Aquarion
TV series
2009
Yoko Kanno
Macross Frontier
TV series
2010
Shiro Sagisu
Evangelion: 2.0 You Can (Not) Advance
Film
2011
Cécile Corbel
The Secret World of Arrietty
Film
2012
Satoshi Takebe
From Up On Poppy Hill
Film
2013
Yoko Kanno
Kids on the Slope
TV series
Aquarion Evol
TV series
Tokyo Anime Award Festival
2014
Hiroyuki Sawano
2015
Hiroyuki Sawano
2017
Hiroyuki Sawano
2018
Yuki Kajiura
2019
Mamoru Miyano
2020
Yuki Kajiura
2021
Yuki Kajiura
2022
Yuki KajiuraGo Shiina
2023
Ado
2024
Yoasobi
Best Animator
The awards for animators since 2014.
Tokyo Anime Award Festival
Year
Winner
Note
2014
Kitarō Kōsaka
2015
Kumiko Takahashi
Nobutake Itō
Osamu Tanabe
2016
Chikashi Kubota
2017
Tadashi Hiramatsu
2018
Takahiro Kishida
2019
Hitomi Kariya
2020
Akira Matsushima
2021
Akira Matsushima
2022
Akira Matsushima
2023
Yoshimichi Kameda
2024
Takeshi Honda
Merit Award
Director
Year
Winner
Note
2009
Hiroshi Sasagawa
2010
Isao Takahata
2011
Tomoharu Katsumata
2012
Osamu Dezaki
2013
Noboru Ishiguro
2014
Kimio Yabuki
2015
Toshio Hirata
2016
Toyoo Ashida
2017
Hiroshi Ikeda
2018
Tsutomu Shibayama
2019
Hisayuki Toriumi
Voice Actor
Year
Winner
Note
2006
Mari Shimizu
2007
Nobuyo Ōyama, Noriko Ohara, Michiko Nomura, Kaneta Kimotsuki and Kazuya Tatekabe
2009
Jōji Yanami
2010
Seizō Katō
2011
Midori Katō, Ichirō Nagai, Miyoko Asō and Takako Sasuga
2012
Masako Nozawa
2013
Tōru Ōhira
2014
Chikao Ohtsuka
2015
Hiroshi Ōtake
2016
Yshiko Ōta
2017
Eiko Masuyama
2018
Kiyoshi Kobayashi
2019
Kazuko Sugiyama
2020
Masako Ikeda
2021
Michio Hazama
2022
Shōzō Iizuka
See also
List of animation awards
Lists of animated feature films
BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film
Annie Award for Best Animated Feature
Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film
Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Animated Feature
Crunchyroll Anime Awards
Annie Award for Best Animated Feature — Independent
Saturn Award for Best Animated Film
Japan Media Arts Festival
Animation Kobe
References
^ 'Competition' Archived 2007-03-29 at the Wayback Machine at the first event (2002), outline of 'Competition' at the second event (2003), 'Competition' Archived 2008-02-09 at the Wayback Machine at the third event (2004)
^ a b c d e f g Information about the awards Archived 2007-07-06 at the Wayback Machine at the 6th event (2007)
^ judges at the second event (2003) in English, judges at the fifth event (2006) in Japanese
^ judges at the first event (2002). There was 127 judges including 72 staffs of the event.
^ Winners Archived 2007-06-21 at the Wayback Machine at the fourth event (2005). There was 197 judges. See the comment of Joe Hisaishi
^ "Award-winning works". animefestival.jp. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
^ about open entry at the 6th event (2007)
^ "Shia wins top prize". Regina Leader-Post. 24 March 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2011.
^ "Previous Winners | Tokyo Anime Award Festival 2022".
^ a b c d e f g h i j k About the 'Individual Awards' in 2003 and 2004: works were not officially announced, just persons.
External links
Tokyo Anime Award Festival
Tokyo Anime Award
vteAnimation industry in Japan
History of anime
Industry associations
The Association of Japanese Animations
Japanese Animation Creators Association
Awards
Animation Kobe Awards
Animax Anison Grand Prix
Anime Grand Prix
Japan Academy Prize for Animation of the Year
Japan Media Arts Awards
Mainichi Film Award for Best Animation Film
Newtype Anime Award
Ōfuji Noburō Award
Seiyu Awards
Sugoi Japan Award
Tokyo Anime Award
Types
Original net animation (ONA)
Original video animation (OVA)
Television
Late night
UHF
Genres
Bara
Cooking
Ecchi
Futanari
Girls with guns
Harem
Hentai
Tentacle erotica
Isekai
Iyashikei
Kaitō
Lolicon
Magical girl
Mecha
Otomechikku
Ryona
Shotacon
Sports
Teens' love
Yaoi
Yuri
Anime programming blocks
Animeism
Noise (defunct)
Noitamina
+Ultra
Related topics
Animage
Animation director (List of anime directors)
Animedia
Katsudō Shashin
Kinema Junpo
Manga
Newtype
Anime song
Portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Tokyo International Anime Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_International_Anime_Fair"},{"link_name":"Anime Contents Expo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_Contents_Expo"},{"link_name":"AnimeJapan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AnimeJapan"},{"link_name":"yen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007info-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Animation Kobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation_Kobe"}],"text":"The Tokyo Anime Awards started in 2002, but was named in 2005. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGD_Records | Compagnia Generale del Disco | ["1 History","2 Under the Sugar Helm","3 Merger with CBS Italia","4 Later years","5 Notes"] | This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Compagnia Generale del Disco" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Compagnia Generale del DiscoParent companyEast West RecordsFounded1948; 76 years ago (1948)FounderTeddy RenoDefunct1989 (1989)StatusSold to East West in 1989Distributor(s)East West RecordsGenreVariousCountry of originItaly
Compagnia Generale del Disco (CGD) was an Italian record label.
History
CGD was founded in 1948 by singer Teddy Reno. At that time it was established in Milan in Via Passarella 4. As artistic director Reno called fellow musician Lelio Luttazzi, who replaced David Matalon as Head of International Production in 1956.
By collaborating with some publishers such as Suvini-Zerboni and Messaggerie Musicali, CGD was able to hire many artists who roused much success as Giorgio Consolini, Betty Curtis and Johnny Dorelli.
Under the Sugar Helm
In 1959, Teddy Reno sold CGD to Ladislao Sugar, a publisher of Hungarian origin and future entrepreneurial owner of the Sugar Group, which was founded by Carlo Alberto Rossi's Casa Editrice Ariston, and then abandoned to buy Musical Messengers (Messaggerie Musicali). It was on this occasion that he came into contact with Teddy Reno.
In 1961, CGD moved to Galleria del Corso, where many other record labels and music publishing were located. In 1968, Ladislas decided to focus on the publishing division Grove Press and was replaced by his son, Peter.
Merger with CBS Italia
In 1966, CGD made an agreement with CBS to distribute its catalog in Italy. In 1970, CGD eventually merged with CBS Italia and established CBS Sugar.
In 1973, it moved to Via Quintiliano 40. In 1977, when CBS decided to open its own premises in Italy, all the Italian artists who recorded for CBS were incorporated with CGD and their records were reissued by the new record label.
In the same year, Peter Sugar's wife, pop star Caterina Caselli decided to establish a satellite record company, supporting non-mainstream acts like The Radio Dept, Franco Fanigliulo, Piccola Orchestra Avion Travel and Elisa.
Later years
Throughout the 1980s, CGD continued its operations with 9 subsidiary labels. A notable signee during this decade was the late American singer Nicolette Larson, who recorded only one album for the company, Shadows of Love.
In 1988, CGD, like many other record companies, ran out of business. East West Records, under Warner Music Group, bought the label & continued its operations. In 1995, it changed its name to CGD East West. In early 2000s, the former was merged to Atlantic Records.
Notes
CGD at the Discogs
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz label | [{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Compagnia Generale del Disco (CGD) was an Italian record label.","title":"Compagnia Generale del Disco"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Teddy Reno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddy_Reno"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Lelio Luttazzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lelio_Luttazzi"},{"link_name":"Betty Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Johnny Dorelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Dorelli"}],"text":"CGD was founded in 1948 by singer Teddy Reno. At that time it was established in Milan in Via Passarella 4. As artistic director Reno called fellow musician Lelio Luttazzi, who replaced David Matalon as Head of International Production in 1956.By collaborating with some publishers such as Suvini-Zerboni and Messaggerie Musicali, CGD was able to hire many artists who roused much success as Giorgio Consolini, Betty Curtis and Johnny Dorelli.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In 1959, Teddy Reno sold CGD to Ladislao Sugar, a publisher of Hungarian origin and future entrepreneurial owner of the Sugar Group, which was founded by Carlo Alberto Rossi's Casa Editrice Ariston, and then abandoned to buy Musical Messengers (Messaggerie Musicali). It was on this occasion that he came into contact with Teddy Reno.In 1961, CGD moved to Galleria del Corso, where many other record labels and music publishing were located. In 1968, Ladislas decided to focus on the publishing division Grove Press and was replaced by his son, Peter.","title":"Under the Sugar Helm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caterina Caselli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterina_Caselli"},{"link_name":"Piccola Orchestra Avion Travel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccola_Orchestra_Avion_Travel"},{"link_name":"Elisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisa_(Italian_singer)"}],"text":"In 1966, CGD made an agreement with CBS to distribute its catalog in Italy. In 1970, CGD eventually merged with CBS Italia and established CBS Sugar.In 1973, it moved to Via Quintiliano 40. In 1977, when CBS decided to open its own premises in Italy, all the Italian artists who recorded for CBS were incorporated with CGD and their records were reissued by the new record label.In the same year, Peter Sugar's wife, pop star Caterina Caselli decided to establish a satellite record company, supporting non-mainstream acts like The Radio Dept, Franco Fanigliulo, Piccola Orchestra Avion Travel and Elisa.","title":"Merger with CBS Italia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicolette Larson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolette_Larson"},{"link_name":"Shadows of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadows_of_Love"},{"link_name":"East West Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_West_Records"},{"link_name":"Warner Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Records"}],"text":"Throughout the 1980s, CGD continued its operations with 9 subsidiary labels. A notable signee during this decade was the late American singer Nicolette Larson, who recorded only one album for the company, Shadows of Love.In 1988, CGD, like many other record companies, ran out of business. East West Records, under Warner Music Group, bought the label & continued its operations. In 1995, it changed its name to CGD East West. In early 2000s, the former was merged to Atlantic Records.","title":"Later years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CGD at the Discogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.discogs.com/label/CGD"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3684977#identifiers"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/label/97ff8689-725a-4340-bd13-b65ab23eed8b"}],"text":"CGD at the DiscogsAuthority control databases \nMusicBrainz label","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Compagnia+Generale+del+Disco%22","external_links_name":"\"Compagnia Generale del Disco\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Compagnia+Generale+del+Disco%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Compagnia+Generale+del+Disco%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Compagnia+Generale+del+Disco%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Compagnia+Generale+del+Disco%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Compagnia+Generale+del+Disco%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/label/CGD","external_links_name":"CGD at the Discogs"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/label/97ff8689-725a-4340-bd13-b65ab23eed8b","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz label"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_Mark_IX | Lotus Mark IX | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Aluminium-bodied sports racing car
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Lotus Mark IX" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Motor vehicle
Lotus Mark IX1954 Lotus Mark IX, Coventry Climax 1098 ccbeside a Lotus Mark VIOverviewManufacturerLotus CarsProduction1954–1955DesignerColin ChapmanBody and chassisClassSports racing carBody styleRoadsterLayoutFront engine, rear drivePlatformTubular space frameRelatedLotus Mark VIPowertrainEngineCoventry Climax 1098 ccTransmissionManual 4-speed (MGTF)DimensionsWheelbase7 feet 3.5 inches (2.22 m)Length11 feet 7.5 inches (3.54 m)Width4 feet 8 inches (1.42 m)Height2 feet 3 inches (0.69 m)Curb weight1,080 pounds (490 kg)ChronologyPredecessorLotus Mark VIIISuccessorLotus Eleven
The Lotus Mark IX (1955) was an aluminium-bodied sports racing car manufactured by Lotus Engineering Ltd. About thirty of the Mark IX sports racing cars were made. It was closely related to the Lotus model Mark VIII (1954), of which only about seven cars were made. These cars were largely based on the innovative space frame of the Lotus Mark VI (1952). The highly aerodynamic bodies were designed by Frank Costin and constructed by Williams & Pritchard Limited.
During this early era, of 1954–1955, Lotus Engineering was still a fledgling company, and cars were delivered in different states of completion on special orders. Similar to the Mark VIII, the Mark IX was available in various configurations and different engines, including the 1500 cc MG, 1500 cc Connaught and 2-litre Bristol were fitted. However, the Mark IX designation is most often powered by the 1100 cc Coventry Climax engine. Apparently, two models of Mark IX were offered – the "Club" and the "Le Mans", the latter of which had larger drum brakes fitted.
Lotus IX at a modern vintage race
The chassis of the Mark IX was a new design, compared to that of the Mark VIII. Both were space frames of brazed steel tube. The new chassis was an advance over the Mark VIII in terms of the efficiency of its design and avoiding the VIII's need for diaphragm-stiffening panels. However, both chassis still used an oversized lower rail of 1.8-inch (5 cm) tube, a hang-over from the original design of the first Mark VI space frame. Compared to the Mark VIII, the Mark IX was shortened somewhat to a wheelbase of 7 feet 3.5 inches (2.22 m), and the body itself was about two feet (0.6 m) shorter than that of the Mark VIII. This was so that Colin Chapman could fit it on his transporter.
A total of about thirty of the Mark IX sports racing cars were produced in various forms, and these were successfully raced in both Europe and the US. The first two examples of the Mark IX were apparently delivered to the US with the 1100 cc Coventry Climax engine to compete in the 1955 running of the 12 Hours of Sebring race and were beaten by a Porsche Spyder. These cars were actually entered as Lotus Mark VIII models in the G class by Frank Miller of Larchmont, NY and by Bobby Burns and Norman J. Scott of Houston TX in, respectively, car numbers 78 and 79. The Lotus Works Team entered at least one Mark IX in the Le Mans 24 hour race in 1955, driven by Chapman, which may have been equipped with disc brakes. However, the car was disqualified apparently due to his reversing the car to re-enter the race track after going off course.
References
^ Ludvigsen, Karl (2010). Colin Chapman: Inside the Innovator. Haynes Publishing. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-84425-413-2.
^ Lotus Mk IX, Motorsport Magazine, pages 79–82, May 2003.
External links
Media related to Lotus MkIX at Wikimedia Commons
vteLotus Cars
Type
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30
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47
62
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107
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T125
T127
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T128 LMP
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E20
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Pace | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aluminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"},{"link_name":"Lotus Engineering Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Mark VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_Mark_VIII"},{"link_name":"Lotus Mark VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_Mark_VI"},{"link_name":"Frank Costin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Costin"},{"link_name":"Williams & Pritchard Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_%26_Pritchard_(coachbuilders)"},{"link_name":"Coventry Climax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_Climax"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LotusIX-JBoxtrom-LimeRock2015.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mark VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_Mark_VIII"},{"link_name":"space frames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_frame_chassis"},{"link_name":"Mark VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_Mark_VI"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ludvigsen,_Colin_Chapman,_155-1"},{"link_name":"Colin Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Chapman"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mmag-2"},{"link_name":"1955 running","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_12_Hours_of_Sebring"},{"link_name":"12 Hours of Sebring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_Hours_of_Sebring"},{"link_name":"Porsche Spyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche_Spyder"},{"link_name":"Le Mans 24 hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_Hours_of_Le_Mans"},{"link_name":"race in 1955","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans"},{"link_name":"disc brakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_brakes"}],"text":"Motor vehicleThe Lotus Mark IX (1955) was an aluminium-bodied sports racing car manufactured by Lotus Engineering Ltd. About thirty of the Mark IX sports racing cars were made. It was closely related to the Lotus model Mark VIII (1954), of which only about seven cars were made. These cars were largely based on the innovative space frame of the Lotus Mark VI (1952). The highly aerodynamic bodies were designed by Frank Costin and constructed by Williams & Pritchard Limited.During this early era, of 1954–1955, Lotus Engineering was still a fledgling company, and cars were delivered in different states of completion on special orders. Similar to the Mark VIII, the Mark IX was available in various configurations and different engines, including the 1500 cc MG, 1500 cc Connaught and 2-litre Bristol were fitted. However, the Mark IX designation is most often powered by the 1100 cc Coventry Climax engine. Apparently, two models of Mark IX were offered – the \"Club\" and the \"Le Mans\", the latter of which had larger drum brakes fitted.Lotus IX at a modern vintage raceThe chassis of the Mark IX was a new design, compared to that of the Mark VIII. Both were space frames of brazed steel tube. The new chassis was an advance over the Mark VIII in terms of the efficiency of its design and avoiding the VIII's need for diaphragm-stiffening panels. However, both chassis still used an oversized lower rail of 1.8-inch (5 cm) tube, a hang-over from the original design of the first Mark VI space frame.[1] Compared to the Mark VIII, the Mark IX was shortened somewhat to a wheelbase of 7 feet 3.5 inches (2.22 m), and the body itself was about two feet (0.6 m) shorter than that of the Mark VIII. This was so that Colin Chapman could fit it on his transporter.[2]A total of about thirty of the Mark IX sports racing cars were produced in various forms, and these were successfully raced in both Europe and the US. The first two examples of the Mark IX were apparently delivered to the US with the 1100 cc Coventry Climax engine to compete in the 1955 running of the 12 Hours of Sebring race and were beaten by a Porsche Spyder. These cars were actually entered as Lotus Mark VIII models in the G class by Frank Miller of Larchmont, NY and by Bobby Burns and Norman J. Scott of Houston TX in, respectively, car numbers 78 and 79. The Lotus Works Team entered at least one Mark IX in the Le Mans 24 hour race in 1955, driven by Chapman, which may have been equipped with disc brakes. However, the car was disqualified apparently due to his reversing the car to re-enter the race track after going off course.","title":"Lotus Mark IX"}] | [{"image_text":"Lotus IX at a modern vintage race","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/LotusIX-JBoxtrom-LimeRock2015.jpg/220px-LotusIX-JBoxtrom-LimeRock2015.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Ludvigsen, Karl (2010). Colin Chapman: Inside the Innovator. Haynes Publishing. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-84425-413-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ludvigsen","url_text":"Ludvigsen, Karl"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84425-413-2","url_text":"978-1-84425-413-2"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lotus+Mark+IX%22","external_links_name":"\"Lotus Mark IX\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lotus+Mark+IX%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lotus+Mark+IX%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lotus+Mark+IX%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lotus+Mark+IX%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lotus+Mark+IX%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/may-2003/79/x-ray-spec-lotus-mkix/?v=c2f3f489a005","external_links_name":"Lotus Mk IX"},{"Link":"http://www.lotuscars.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Van_Hove | Eric Van Hove | ["1 Early work","2 Atelier Eric van Hove - Fenduq","3 References","4 External links"] | Eric van Hove during the circumambulating of Mount Kailash in western Tibet, in 2005
Éric Van Hove (born 1975 in Guelma, Algeria) is a Cameroon-raised Belgian metamodern conceptual artist. He lives and works between Brussels and Marrakech. He is the grandson of Louis Van Hove, co-founder and CEO of the Structures Group, the largest post second world war functionalist architecture firm in Belgium.
Early work
Eric Van Hove studied at the École de Recherche Graphique in Brussels and received a Master's degree in Traditional Japanese Calligraphy at the Tokyo Gakugei University in Tokyo. He obtained a PhD degree from the Tokyo University of the Arts in 2008.
Bordering on activism with an existentialist tone, Van Hove's early work is based on the artist's nomadic willing to simultaneously address local and global issues. It encompasses many media ranging from installation to performance, video, photography, sculpture and writing. At times insubstantial and subversive, Van Hove's conceptually poetic interventions often ponder and cross-refer to sociological, political and ecological issues as shown with Japanese Constitution Worm Autodafé, Free Trade Concrete Mixer Kaleidoscope, or Shark Fin Piñata, which relates to the illegal Taiwanese shark finning in Costa Rica (1998–2006), portrayed in Rob Stewart's documentary Sharkwater. Made at the end of 2007, Dan Liever the Lucht In is a body of works responding to the 2007–2011 Belgian political crisis which was first shown in situ at the Belgian embassy in Tokyo before the building was destroyed for reconstruction.
Van Hove's early work includes wanderlust, defamiliarization, psychogeography and dérive, and he early on acknowledged transcendentalist influences in trying to oppose a more spiritual and decentralized approach to the Eurocentric intellectualism of the contemporary art world. During this period Van Hove became "known as a poet and avant-garde calligrapher … with projects that involve drawing improvised poetry in unusual modes and locations worldwide" He also collaborated with musicians such as David Hebert and Kenji Williams.
Interested in bringing contemporary art not only to the public space outside galleries and museums but outside of the Western context itself, Van Hove has been prolific in such diverse places as the Siwa Oasis in Egypt, Mount Kailash in Tibet, the Laguna de Perlas in Nicaragua, the Issyk Kul lake in eastern Kyrgyzstan, the Fianarantsoa province in Madagascar or more recently the foothills of the Himalayas in the northwestern part of Yunnan Province, China. He also conducted artist talks (which calls “story-telling objects” or “oral exhibits”) in venues as different as Ramallah, the Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art, the Darat al Funun in Amman, and the University of Sarajevo. Having made site specific works in over 100 countries by the age of 35, Van Hove counts among the best traveled artists of his generation.
The "Metragram Series", a complex photographic series Van Hove started with his mother in 2005 crossing the artistic genre of self-portrait, vanitas, iconography and Memento mori in which he is seen inking the womb of women categorized as belonging to different types of groups, gathers images he produced in over 29 countries in 3 years. A digital slide show display of the Series was first presented as part of the Mediation Biennial in Poznań in 2008 (other Belgian artists were Jan Fabre and Koen Vanmechelen).
Atelier Eric van Hove - Fenduq
Eric van Hove - V12 Laraki, 2013. fifty-three materials including: Middle Atlas white cedar wood, high Atlas red cedar wood, walnut wood, lemon wood, orange wood, ebony wood of Macassar, mahogany wood, Thuya wood, Moroccan beech wood, pink apricot wood, mother-of-pearl, yellow copper, nickel plated copper, red copper, forged iron, recycled aluminum, nickel silver, silver, tin, cow bone, goat bone, malachite of Midelt, agate, green onyx, tigers eye stone, Taroudant stone, sandstone, red marble of Agadir, black marble of Ouarzazate, white marble of Béni Mellal, pink granite of Tafraoute, goatskin, cowskin, lambskin, resin, cow horn, rams horn, ammonite fossils of the Paleozoic from Erfoud, Ourika clay, geometric terra cotta with vitreous enamel (zellige), green enamel of Tamgrout, paint, cotton, argan oil, cork, henna, rumex.
In 2012, van Hove arrived in Marrakech, Morocco to resume work on an ambitious sculptural endeavor he had prepared for years: V12 Laraki. In the space of nine months, van Hove gathered around him 42 master craftsmen from the region and began rebuilding a Mercedes 6.2L V12 engine using rural materials and centuries old craft techniques from the North African country. Conceptually this sculpture is based on the story of the Laraki Fulgura, a Moroccan supercar by Industrial designer Abdeslam Laraki. While the Fulgura was entirely manufactured in Morocco to the exception of its engine, the artist decided to try and reproduce that cutting-edge component locally using craft, which accounts for 20% of the country’s work force and he saw as an unjustifiably neglected part of the national industry.
That sculpture, displayed at the 5th Marrakech Biennale and soon acquired by the Hood Museum of Art, would rapidly become the cornerstone of a new chapter in his creative practice leading to the founding of his atelier also known as Fenduq or Atelier Eric van Hove: a context-specific production facility and, in his own word “a living socioeconomic sculpture”, from where the artist started working on “a renaissance of African craft”.
V12 Laraki was later made into a comprehensive publication introduced by well-known African curator Simon Njami and distributed by Motto Distribution in Berlin.
In the following years, many more sculptures came out of Atelier Eric van Hove including D9T (Rachel’s Tribute) in 2015, and Mahjouba I in 2016, which is a functioning replica of a Chinese electric motorbike using traditional African craft. In turn, this grew into what the artist called The Mahjouba Initiative, a long term project mixing African craft, 3D printing, and industrial production. Mahjouba II, a second craft-made electric prototype was made later that year. The Mahjouba Initiative is a long term on going artistic project aiming to re-integrate Moroccan craft into the mainstream industry via the manufacturing of electric mopeds for the local market using materials and techniques from the craft sector. The Initiative relies on two main facts: the presence in Morocco of nearly three million craftsmen whose trade is increasingly threatened by globalization, and the Noor Power Station Project by which the north African country plans to generate 42% of its energy from renewables by 2020. In 2018, Van Hove was a Montgomery Fellow at Dartmouth College.
Fenduq is a large retrospective exhibition the Fries Museum dedicated to the artist that opened in 2019, which will travel to Vandalorum, Sweden in February 2020.
References
^ Timotheus Vermeulen and Robin van den Akker, Motor skills, originally published in the exhibition catalogue “Fenduq”, published by Jap Sam Books in 2019 to accompany the exhibition of the same name at the Fries Museum in The Netherlands (ISBN 978-94-92852-11-3).
^ Les Métragrammes d'Éric Van Hove "Éric Van Hove inscrit l'itinérance au cœur de sa pratique artistique. Aux quatre coins de la planète, ses ..."
^ a b Here at Van Hove's website.
^ a b c Laurent Courtens, "On the Road Again" L'Art Même N° 41 Archived 2011-07-24 at the Wayback Machine, 2008, Brussels, pp 22-23.
^ Marleen Wynants, Interview for Janus Art Magazine, 2008, Brussels.
^ Here Archived 2011-07-08 at the Wayback Machine at Van Hove's own profile at creativeafricanetwork.com.
^
Van Hove interviewed, shift.jp.org.
^ Here at Van Hove's website.
^ "Dan Liever the Lucht In #1", Van Hove's site.
^ "Belgian Embassy Sale in Tokyo", Deloitte, November 2006, Belgium.
^ "installations in Finnish Lapland", Van Hove's website.
^ a b Jan Van Woensel, Interview for Lokaal01/Breda, 2007, New York. Van Hove's website.
^ Hebert, D.G. (2018). Cultural Translation and Musical Innovation: A Theoretical Model with Examples from Japan. In D.G. Hebert (Ed.), International Perspectives on Translation, Education and Innovation in Japanese and Korean Societies (p.309-331). Cham: Springer, p.310.
^ Here at Van Hove's website.
^ Here at Van Hove's website.
^ a b "Metragram Series", Van Hove's website.
^ "Mediations Biennale Fundations". Retrieved 24 September 2023.
^ Schott, Jeffrey J. (7 May 2004). Free Trade Agreements: US Strategies and Priorities. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780881324587.
^ "Van Hove's bespoke engine: Part homage, part reproach - the Boston Globe". The Boston Globe.
^ "A Big Bang Theory".
^ "Eric van Hove". 25 May 2014.
^ "V12 Laraki".
^ "Eric van Hove at Frankfurter Kunstverein, Frankfurt". 14 December 2016.
^ https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3cswcd6 "Éric Van Hove - BBC In The Studio interview"
^ "Art Daily". Archived from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
^ "Morocco to switch on first phase of world's largest solar plant". TheGuardian.com. 4 February 2016.
^ "Fellows Overview". 17 June 2016.
^ "De Belgische kunstenaar Éric van Hove laat motorblokken van voertuigen nabouwen. Stukje voor stukje, in landen over de hele wereld, in allerlei materialen. Waartoe?". 31 January 2019.
^ "Eric van hove - Exhibitions - See and do - Fries Museum – Leeuwarden – Friesland". www.friesmuseum.nl. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019.
^ "Program 2019-20 - Announcements - e-flux".
External links
Van Hove's website atelierericvanhove.com
Eric Van Hove at the PILOT:3 archive website Archived 27 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
Eric Van Hove at the Museum De Paviljoens website
Eric Van Hove interviewed by Natasha Hoare for Abraaz
Eric Van Hove at Freunde von Freunden website
Eric Van Hove at the Tokyo Art Beat website
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Other
SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ericvanhove.JPG"},{"link_name":"Mount Kailash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kailash"},{"link_name":"Guelma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guelma"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon"},{"link_name":"Belgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgians"},{"link_name":"metamodern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamodern"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"Marrakech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakech"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Structures Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Structures_Group&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Eric van Hove during the circumambulating of Mount Kailash in western Tibet, in 2005Éric Van Hove (born 1975 in Guelma, Algeria) is a Cameroon-raised Belgian metamodern[1] conceptual artist. 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mori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memento_mori"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roadagain-4"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metragram-16"},{"link_name":"Mediation Biennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mediation_Biennial&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Poznań","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84"},{"link_name":"Jan Fabre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Fabre"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Eric Van Hove studied at the École de Recherche Graphique in Brussels and received a Master's degree in Traditional Japanese Calligraphy at the Tokyo Gakugei University in Tokyo.[3] He obtained a PhD degree from the Tokyo University of the Arts in 2008.[3]Bordering on activism with an existentialist tone, Van Hove's early work is based on the artist's nomadic willing to simultaneously address local and global issues.[4] It encompasses many media ranging from installation to performance, video, photography, sculpture and writing.[5] At times insubstantial and subversive, Van Hove's conceptually poetic interventions[6] often ponder and cross-refer to sociological, political and ecological issues as shown with Japanese Constitution Worm Autodafé,[7] Free Trade Concrete Mixer Kaleidoscope,[8] or Shark Fin Piñata, which relates to the illegal Taiwanese shark finning in Costa Rica (1998–2006), portrayed in Rob Stewart's documentary Sharkwater. Made at the end of 2007, Dan Liever the Lucht In is a body of works[9] responding to the 2007–2011 Belgian political crisis which was first shown in situ at the Belgian embassy in Tokyo before the building was destroyed for reconstruction.[10]Van Hove's early work includes wanderlust, defamiliarization, psychogeography and dérive,[4] and he early on acknowledged transcendentalist influences[11] in trying to oppose a more spiritual and decentralized approach[vague] to the Eurocentric intellectualism of the contemporary art world.[12] During this period Van Hove became \"known as a poet and avant-garde calligrapher … with projects that involve drawing improvised poetry in unusual modes and locations worldwide\" [13] He also collaborated with musicians such as David Hebert and Kenji Williams.Interested in bringing contemporary art not only to the public space outside galleries and museums but outside of the Western context itself,[12] Van Hove has been prolific in such diverse places as the Siwa Oasis in Egypt, Mount Kailash in Tibet, the Laguna de Perlas in Nicaragua, the Issyk Kul lake in eastern Kyrgyzstan, the Fianarantsoa province in Madagascar or more recently the foothills of the Himalayas in the northwestern part of Yunnan Province, China.[14] He also conducted artist talks (which calls “story-telling objects” or “oral exhibits”) in venues as different as Ramallah, the Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art, the Darat al Funun in Amman, and the University of Sarajevo.[15] Having made site specific works in over 100 countries by the age of 35, Van Hove counts among the best traveled artists of his generation.The \"Metragram Series\", a complex photographic series Van Hove started with his mother in 2005[16] crossing the artistic genre of self-portrait, vanitas, iconography and Memento mori[4][16] in which he is seen inking the womb of women categorized as belonging to different types of groups, gathers images he produced in over 29 countries in 3 years. A digital slide show display of the Series was first presented as part of the Mediation Biennial in Poznań in 2008 (other Belgian artists were Jan Fabre and Koen Vanmechelen).[17]","title":"Early work"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:V12_laraki,_in_Bank_Almaghrib,_by_artist_Eric_Van_Hove,_for_MB5.jpg"},{"link_name":"Marrakech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakech"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"V12 Laraki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=V12_Laraki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Laraki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laraki"},{"link_name":"Abdeslam Laraki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdeslam_Laraki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Marrakech Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_in_Marrakech_(AiM)_International_Biennale"},{"link_name":"Hood Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hood_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Fenduq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fenduq&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Atelier Eric van Hove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atelier_Eric_van_Hove&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Simon Njami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Njami"},{"link_name":"Motto Distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motto_Distribution&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"The Mahjouba Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mahjouba_Initiative&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Noor Power Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouarzazate_Solar_Power_Station"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Dartmouth College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Fries Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fries_Museum"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Vandalorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vandalorum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Eric van Hove - V12 Laraki, 2013. fifty-three materials including: Middle Atlas white cedar wood, high Atlas red cedar wood, walnut wood, lemon wood, orange wood, ebony wood of Macassar, mahogany wood, Thuya wood, Moroccan beech wood, pink apricot wood, mother-of-pearl, yellow copper, nickel plated copper, red copper, forged iron, recycled aluminum, nickel silver, silver, tin, cow bone, goat bone, malachite of Midelt, agate, green onyx, tigers eye stone, Taroudant stone, sandstone, red marble of Agadir, black marble of Ouarzazate, white marble of Béni Mellal, pink granite of Tafraoute, goatskin, cowskin, lambskin, resin, cow horn, rams horn, ammonite fossils of the Paleozoic from Erfoud, Ourika clay, geometric terra cotta with vitreous enamel (zellige), green enamel of Tamgrout, paint, cotton, argan oil, cork, henna, rumex.In 2012, van Hove arrived in Marrakech, Morocco to resume work on an ambitious sculptural endeavor he had prepared for years: V12 Laraki. In the space of nine months, van Hove gathered around him 42 master craftsmen from the region and began rebuilding a Mercedes 6.2L V12 engine using rural materials and centuries old craft techniques from the North African country. Conceptually this sculpture is based on the story of the Laraki Fulgura, a Moroccan supercar by Industrial designer Abdeslam Laraki. While the Fulgura was entirely manufactured in Morocco to the exception of its engine, the artist decided to try and reproduce that cutting-edge component locally using craft, which accounts for 20% of the country’s work force[18] and he saw as an unjustifiably neglected part of the national industry.That sculpture, displayed at the 5th Marrakech Biennale and soon acquired by the Hood Museum of Art,[19] would rapidly become the cornerstone of a new chapter in his creative practice leading to the founding of his atelier also known as Fenduq or Atelier Eric van Hove: a context-specific production facility and, in his own word “a living socioeconomic sculpture”, from where the artist started working on “a renaissance of African craft”.[20][21]\nV12 Laraki was later made into a comprehensive publication introduced by well-known African curator Simon Njami and distributed by Motto Distribution in Berlin.[22]In the following years, many more sculptures came out of Atelier Eric van Hove including D9T (Rachel’s Tribute) in 2015, and Mahjouba I in 2016, which is a functioning replica of a Chinese electric motorbike using traditional African craft.[23] In turn, this grew into what the artist called The Mahjouba Initiative,[24] a long term project mixing African craft, 3D printing, and industrial production. Mahjouba II, a second craft-made electric prototype was made later that year.[25] The Mahjouba Initiative is a long term on going artistic project aiming to re-integrate Moroccan craft into the mainstream industry via the manufacturing of electric mopeds for the local market using materials and techniques from the craft sector. The Initiative relies on two main facts: the presence in Morocco of nearly three million craftsmen whose trade is increasingly threatened by globalization, and the Noor Power Station Project by which the north African country plans to generate 42% of its energy from renewables by 2020.[26] In 2018, Van Hove was a Montgomery Fellow at Dartmouth College.[27]Fenduq is a large retrospective exhibition the Fries Museum dedicated to the artist that opened in 2019,[28][29] which will travel to Vandalorum, Sweden in February 2020.[30]","title":"Atelier Eric van Hove - Fenduq"}] | [{"image_text":"Eric van Hove during the circumambulating of Mount Kailash in western Tibet, in 2005","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ericvanhove.JPG/250px-Ericvanhove.JPG"},{"image_text":"Eric van Hove - V12 Laraki, 2013. fifty-three materials including: Middle Atlas white cedar wood, high Atlas red cedar wood, walnut wood, lemon wood, orange wood, ebony wood of Macassar, mahogany wood, Thuya wood, Moroccan beech wood, pink apricot wood, mother-of-pearl, yellow copper, nickel plated copper, red copper, forged iron, recycled aluminum, nickel silver, silver, tin, cow bone, goat bone, malachite of Midelt, agate, green onyx, tigers eye stone, Taroudant stone, sandstone, red marble of Agadir, black marble of Ouarzazate, white marble of Béni Mellal, pink granite of Tafraoute, goatskin, cowskin, lambskin, resin, cow horn, rams horn, ammonite fossils of the Paleozoic from Erfoud, Ourika clay, geometric terra cotta with vitreous enamel (zellige), green enamel of Tamgrout, paint, cotton, argan oil, cork, henna, rumex.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/V12_laraki%2C_in_Bank_Almaghrib%2C_by_artist_Eric_Van_Hove%2C_for_MB5.jpg/220px-V12_laraki%2C_in_Bank_Almaghrib%2C_by_artist_Eric_Van_Hove%2C_for_MB5.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Mediations Biennale Fundations\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C3%B3n_Porte | Abdón Porte | ["1 Club career","2 International career","3 Death","3.1 Legacy","4 Honours","5 References"] | Uruguayan footballer (1893-1918)
Abdón Porte
Personal informationDate of birth
1893 (1893)Place of birth
Libertad, Durazno Department, UruguayDate of death
5 March 1918(1918-03-05) (aged 24–25)Place of death
Montevideo, UruguayPosition(s)
MidfielderSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1910
Colón
1911
Libertad
1911–1918
Nacional
207
International career1913–1917
Uruguay
3
(1)
Medal record
Men's football
Representing Uruguay
South American Championship
Winner
1917 Uruguay
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Abdón Porte (1893 – 5 March 1918) was a Uruguayan footballer who played as defensive midfielder. Nicknamed El Indio he won many titles with his club Nacional, and also a Copa América with the Uruguay national team. He committed suicide on 5 March 1918, by shooting himself in the center of the field at Estadio Gran Parque Central, an incident still remembered by the sport community of Uruguay.
Club career
Porte with the Nacional jersey
Porte arrived in Montevideo in 1908, where he played for Colón, then moving to defunct club Libertad. He was later transferred to Nacional, debuting on 12 March 1911, v. Dublin F.C. Porte played as a right back.
Playing for Nacional, Porte gained notability being also team's captain. He was defined as a fierce midfielder and good at stopping rival players and heading the ball. He played a total of 207 games for Nacional, winning 19 titles with the club.
Porte was cited by writer Xosé de Enríquez in his book Hacia el Campo van los Albos:
(Porte) was a typical defensive man of combative style: tenacious, centre-back of a brilliant period of Uruguayan football. Abdón Porte was notable, with well-known defensive and collaborative extraordinary virtues that will be remembered for a long time by older fans. He was a good guy, "friend of his friends"; gauchazo for doing good. Calm on the field although rivals kick him until he breaks.— Luis Scapinachis
Porte would play his last match v. Charley F.C. (Nacional won by 3–1) before committing suicide one day later.
International career
Porte was a member of the Uruguay squad that won the 1917 South American Championship but did not play a game at the tournament.
Death
Before starting the 1918 season, Nacional's committee decided to replace Porte by defender Alfredo Zibechi as starting player, sending Porte to the bench due to his poor performance during the last games played with the club. On 4 March, Nacional played Charley F.C., winning by 3–1 with Porte playing the entire match at a good level. That night, executives and players met at the club headquarters for a celebration as was usual. Porte left the club at 1:00 a.m. and took a tram to the Estadio Gran Parque Central, Nacional's venue.
Once Porte arrived at Parque Central, he went into the centre of the field and shot himself. His body and a suicide note were found the next morning. A dog found his body, drawing it to his master, Severino Castillo. Porte's body had two letters, one for the president of Nacional and the other to a relative.
"Dear Doctor José María Delgado: I ask you and other members of the committee to take care of my family and my dear mother, as I did. Goodbye, dear friend of life"— Letter to the president of Nacional, José M. Delgado
The people of Uruguay were shocked by the news. Porte was buried at Cementerio de La Teja. Montevideo Wanderers offered Nacional to play a friendly match for the benefit of Porte's family while the rest of the Uruguayan clubs expressed their solidarity to Nacional.
"Nacional was Porte's ideal, he loved the club like a believer loves his faith, like a patriot loves his flag"— Numa Pesquera, Nacional's executive
Legacy
Writer Horacio Quiroga was inspired on Porte's death to write his short story, "Juan Polti", published in 1918 in Atlántida magazine of Buenos Aires. Another Uruguayan writer, Eduardo Galeano, remembered Porte in a short chapter in his book El Fútbol a Sol y Sombra entitled "Muerte en la cancha" (Death on the pitch).
"After the game v. Charley, the Nacional committee decided that Alfredo Zibechi would play as centre back. Porte would be replaced. He would be a substitute player. He could not stand the impact: he wrote a letter, went to Parque Central (which had been a theatre for Porte's greatest achievements) and put an end to his life on the old field, where he had played brilliantly.(...) Five days later, Nacional played v. Wanderers F.C. in solidarity with Porte's family. We attended that game, where the remember of the Indio floated among us. When the attendance set their distraught eyes to the midfield... they were looking for Porte. We had seen many times there; He had felt asleep there. Maybe the old mindwill tower is still looking at that point"— Chronicle by Uruguayan journalist Diego Lucero.
The club named "Abdón Porte" the western stand of Gran Parque Central. In March 2008 the Uruguayan Post Office printed a stamp honoring Porte. On August, 2013, Nacional's supporters made a mosaic with the face of Abdón Porte.
Honours
Nacional
Uruguayan Primera División: 1912, 1915, 1916, 1917
Copa Competencia: 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915
Copa de Honor: 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917
Tie Cup: 1913, 1915
Copa de Honor Cousenier: 1915, 1916, 1917
Copa Aldao: 1916
Uruguay
Copa América: 1917
References
^ "Abdón Porte - AUF". Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Abdón Porte: A manera de biografía" on Nacional digital.com
^ "Una historia de amor por Nacional" Archived 30 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine, El Observador, 5 March 2015
^ ""Abdón Porte, dueño de sangre tricolor" by Federico Coguzza". Archived from the original on 27 December 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
^ Decano.com: Extracto de "Hacia el campo van los albos" by Xosé de Enríquez, 2000
^ Gambeteando Frente al Gol: Anécdotas y Relatos Deportivos, págs. 70-71 by Luis Scapinachis - Editorial Barreiro & Ramos, Montevideo, (1964)
^ a b c Homenaje a Abdon Porte, martir del amor al equipo.
^ "Southamerican Championship 1917". RSSSF. Retrieved 7 December 2009.
^ a b El Fútbol a Sol y Sombra by Eduardo Galeano - Siglo XXI Ediciones (2003) - ISBN 9788432311345
^ "Diario La Prensa: "Abdón Porte: suicidio en la cancha de Parque Central", La Prensa
^ a b "La muerte de Abdón Porte" on Decano.com
^ "Periodistas inauguran el primer clásico en "papel y tinta"", El Espectador, 8 November 2013
^ "Abdón Porte, el ídolo que se suicidó en el campo de juego" by Waldemar Iglesias, Clarín, 7 January 2015
^ "Administración Nacional de Correos - "Homenaje a Abdón Porte", Correo del Uruguay
^ "Bueno y si es dos veces Bueno, mejor", Tenfield.com
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Abdón Porte.
vteUruguay squad – 1917 South American Championship winners (2nd title)
Balmelli
Bartolazzo
J. Benincasa
M. Benincasa
Couture
Foglino
Garrido
Gradín
Marán
Castro
Mongelar
Montes
Pacheco
Pérez
Piendibene
Porte
Rodríguez
Romano
Saporiti
C. Scarone
H. Scarone
Somma
Tognola
Urdinarán
Vanzzino
Varela
Villar
Coach: Platero
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Nacional_de_Football"},{"link_name":"Copa América","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Am%C3%A9rica"},{"link_name":"Uruguay national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Estadio Gran Parque Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio_Gran_Parque_Central"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Abdón Porte (1893 – 5 March 1918) was a Uruguayan footballer who played as defensive midfielder.[1] Nicknamed El Indio he won many titles with his club Nacional, and also a Copa América with the Uruguay national team. He committed suicide on 5 March 1918, by shooting himself in the center of the field at Estadio Gran Parque Central, an incident still remembered by the sport community of Uruguay.[2]","title":"Abdón Porte"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abdon_porte_nacional.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Nacional_de_Football"},{"link_name":"Colón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%B3n_F%C3%BAtbol_Club"},{"link_name":"Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Nacional_de_Football"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elObservador-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decano1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scapinachis-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-martir-7"}],"text":"Porte with the Nacional jerseyPorte arrived in Montevideo in 1908, where he played for Colón, then moving to defunct club Libertad. He was later transferred to Nacional, debuting on 12 March 1911,[3] v. Dublin F.C. Porte played as a right back.Playing for Nacional, Porte gained notability being also team's captain. He was defined as a fierce midfielder and good at stopping rival players and heading the ball. He played a total of 207 games for Nacional, winning 19 titles with the club.[4]Porte was cited by writer Xosé de Enríquez in his book Hacia el Campo van los Albos:[5](Porte) was a typical defensive man of combative style: tenacious, centre-back of a brilliant period of Uruguayan football. Abdón Porte was notable, with well-known defensive and collaborative extraordinary virtues that will be remembered for a long time by older fans. He was a good guy, \"friend of his friends\"; gauchazo for doing good. Calm on the field although rivals kick him until he breaks.— Luis Scapinachis [6][7]Porte would play his last match v. Charley F.C. (Nacional won by 3–1) before committing suicide one day later.","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1917 South American Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917_South_American_Championship"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rsssf1-8"}],"text":"Porte was a member of the Uruguay squad that won the 1917 South American Championship but did not play a game at the tournament.[8]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1918 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_Uruguayan_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"tram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram"},{"link_name":"Estadio Gran Parque Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio_Gran_Parque_Central"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-solsombra-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-martir-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-martir-7"},{"link_name":"Montevideo Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo_Wanderers"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decano2-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decano2-11"}],"text":"Before starting the 1918 season, Nacional's committee decided to replace Porte by defender Alfredo Zibechi as starting player, sending Porte to the bench due to his poor performance during the last games played with the club. On 4 March, Nacional played Charley F.C., winning by 3–1 with Porte playing the entire match at a good level. That night, executives and players met at the club headquarters for a celebration as was usual. Porte left the club at 1:00 a.m. and took a tram to the Estadio Gran Parque Central, Nacional's venue.Once Porte arrived at Parque Central, he went into the centre of the field and shot himself. His body and a suicide note were found the next morning.[9] A dog found his body, drawing it to his master, Severino Castillo. Porte's body had two letters, one for the president of Nacional and the other to a relative.[10]\"Dear Doctor José María Delgado: I ask you and other members of the committee to take care of my family and my dear mother, as I did. Goodbye, dear friend of life\"— Letter to the president of Nacional, José M. Delgado[7]The people of Uruguay were shocked by the news. Porte was buried at Cementerio de La Teja.[7] Montevideo Wanderers offered Nacional to play a friendly match for the benefit of Porte's family while the rest of the Uruguayan clubs expressed their solidarity to Nacional.[11]\"Nacional was Porte's ideal, he loved the club like a believer loves his faith, like a patriot loves his flag\"— Numa Pesquera, Nacional's executive[11]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Horacio Quiroga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horacio_Quiroga"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Galeano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Galeano"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-solsombra-9"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Legacy","text":"Writer Horacio Quiroga was inspired on Porte's death to write his short story, \"Juan Polti\", published in 1918 in Atlántida magazine of Buenos Aires.[12] Another Uruguayan writer, Eduardo Galeano, remembered Porte in a short chapter in his book El Fútbol a Sol y Sombra entitled \"Muerte en la cancha\" (Death on the pitch).[9]\"After the game v. Charley, the Nacional committee decided that Alfredo Zibechi would play as centre back. Porte would be replaced. He would be a substitute player. He could not stand the impact: he wrote a letter, went to Parque Central (which had been a theatre for Porte's greatest achievements) and put an end to his life on the old field, where he had played brilliantly.(...) Five days later, Nacional played v. Wanderers F.C. in solidarity with Porte's family. We attended that game, where the remember of the Indio floated among us. When the attendance set their distraught eyes to the midfield... they were looking for Porte. We had seen many times there; He had felt asleep there. Maybe the old mindwill tower is still looking at that point\"— Chronicle by Uruguayan journalist Diego Lucero.The club named \"Abdón Porte\" the western stand of Gran Parque Central.[13] In March 2008 the Uruguayan Post Office printed a stamp honoring Porte.[14] On August, 2013, Nacional's supporters made a mosaic with the face of Abdón Porte.[15]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uruguayan Primera División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayan_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"1912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Uruguayan_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"1915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1915_Uruguayan_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916_Uruguayan_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917_Uruguayan_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Copa Competencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_de_Competencia_(Uruguay)"},{"link_name":"Tie Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tie_Cup"},{"link_name":"Copa de Honor Cousenier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_de_Honor_Cousenier"},{"link_name":"Copa Aldao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Aldao"},{"link_name":"Copa América","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Am%C3%A9rica"},{"link_name":"1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917_South_American_Championship"}],"text":"NacionalUruguayan Primera División: 1912, 1915, 1916, 1917\nCopa Competencia: 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915\nCopa de Honor: 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917\nTie Cup: 1913, 1915\nCopa de Honor Cousenier: 1915, 1916, 1917\nCopa Aldao: 1916UruguayCopa América: 1917","title":"Honours"}] | [{"image_text":"Porte with the Nacional jersey","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Abdon_porte_nacional.jpg/170px-Abdon_porte_nacional.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Abdón Porte - AUF\". Retrieved 23 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.auf.org.uy/abdon-porte/","url_text":"\"Abdón Porte - AUF\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Abdón Porte, dueño de sangre tricolor\" by Federico Coguzza\". Archived from the original on 27 December 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151227120050/http://notas.org.ar/2015/01/16/abdon-porte-sangre-tricolor/","url_text":"\"\"Abdón Porte, dueño de sangre tricolor\" by Federico Coguzza\""},{"url":"http://notas.org.ar/2015/01/16/abdon-porte-sangre-tricolor/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Southamerican Championship 1917\". RSSSF. Retrieved 7 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tables/17safull.html","url_text":"\"Southamerican Championship 1917\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSSSF","url_text":"RSSSF"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.auf.org.uy/abdon-porte/","external_links_name":"\"Abdón Porte - AUF\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130815050842/http://www.nacionaldigital.com/historia/Hechos/porte.htm","external_links_name":"\"Abdón Porte: A manera de biografía\""},{"Link":"http://www.elobservador.com.uy/noticia/219901/una-historia-de-amor-por-nacional","external_links_name":"\"Una historia de amor por Nacional\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235611/http://www.elobservador.com.uy/noticia/219901/una-historia-de-amor-por-nacional/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151227120050/http://notas.org.ar/2015/01/16/abdon-porte-sangre-tricolor/","external_links_name":"\"\"Abdón Porte, dueño de sangre tricolor\" by Federico Coguzza\""},{"Link":"http://notas.org.ar/2015/01/16/abdon-porte-sangre-tricolor/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080312230626/http://www.decano.com.uy/Pages/DeInteres_7405.asp","external_links_name":"Decano.com: Extracto de \"Hacia el campo van los albos\" by Xosé de Enríquez, 2000"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081202131138/http://www.la-redo.net/2008/03/homenaje-a-abdon-porte-martir-del-amor-al-equipo/","external_links_name":"Homenaje a Abdon Porte, martir del amor al equipo."},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tables/17safull.html","external_links_name":"\"Southamerican Championship 1917\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030822120153/http://www.eldiariony.com/especiales/90/detail.aspx?id=619440&SectionId=46","external_links_name":"\"Diario La Prensa: \"Abdón Porte: suicidio en la cancha de Parque Central\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071028142726/http://www.decano.com/nd/paginas/secciones/02_abdonporte.asp","external_links_name":"\"La muerte de Abdón Porte\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150216040759/http://www.espectador.com/cultura/277912/periodistas-inauguran-el-primer-clasico-en-papel-y-tinta","external_links_name":"\"Periodistas inauguran el primer clásico en \"papel y tinta\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.clarin.com/deportes/futbol/futbolista-suicido-campo-juego_0_1280272218.html","external_links_name":"\"Abdón Porte, el ídolo que se suicidó en el campo de juego\" by Waldemar Iglesias"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130303064206/http://correo.com.uy/index.asp?codpag=detProd&smen=filatelia&idp=530&s=1","external_links_name":"\"Administración Nacional de Correos - \"Homenaje a Abdón Porte\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150215060625/http://www.tenfield.com.uy/2013/08/bueno-y-si-es-dos-veces-bueno-mejor/","external_links_name":"\"Bueno y si es dos veces Bueno, mejor\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/3609154076032111860003","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqKfXbjhvmHvft6Kjvrbd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4933022","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2018142233","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheretima_praepinguis | Pheretima praepinguis | ["1 History","2 See also","3 References"] | Species of annelid worm
Pheretima praepinguis
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Annelida
Clade:
Pleistoannelida
Clade:
Sedentaria
Class:
Clitellata
Order:
Opisthopora
Suborder:
Lumbricina
Family:
Megascolecidae
Genus:
Pheretima
Species:
P. praepinguis
Binomial name
Pheretima praepinguisGates, 1935
Pheretima praepinguis is a huge earthworm about half meter long of genus Pheretima. Pheretima praepinguis lives in Emei mountain, Sichuan Province, China, and is one of the most featured organisms living in the place. It is trivially called "Big Earthworm of Emei"(Chinese: 峨嵋大蚯蚓) or "Toudilong" (Chinese: 透地龍, literally means "dragon which can go through the earth").
History
In 1931, Yi Chen (Chinese: 陳義), a honored Chinese biologist, researched some samples of an earthworm from Mount Emei, Sichuan Province. At that time, he suggested that it should be classified into Pheretima tschiliensis. However, G. E. Gates found out that such earthworm is different with Pheretima tschiliensis. They can be distinguished by the location of the primary spermathecal pores in parietal invaginations. He then named this earthworm after Pheretima praepinguis in 1935. Although Yi Chen insisted that Pheretima praepinguis is a synonym of Pheretima tschiliensis in an article published in 1936, this name is ubiquitously accepted nowadays.
See also
Pheretima
Pheretima tschiliensis
References
^ a b 冯孝义 (Xiao-yi Feng); 董芷馨 (Zhi-xin Dong) (1987). "中药地龙原动物的研究(Studies on the Zoological Origin of Earthworms for Medicinal Use)". 中国中药杂志( China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica. 12 (10): 3.
^ a b 赵云 (Yun Zhao). "Pheretima praepinguis". 四川大学 (Sichuan University). Archived from the original on 2017-07-27.
^ 盛红 (1 July 2013). 半山一眸，世界真奇妙. 四川文艺出版社；Esphere Media (美国艾思传媒). p. 46. ISBN 978-7-5411-3745-7.
^ Yi Chen (1936). "On the terrestrial Oligochaeta from Szechuan. II. With notes on Gates' types". Contributions from the Biological Laboratory of the science society of China (Zool), 11, 269–306.
^ G. E. Gates (1939). "ON SOME SPECIES OF CHINESE EARTHWORMS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SPECIMENS COLLECTED IN SZECHWAN BY DR. D. C. GRAHAM". Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 85. Washington.
Taxon identifiersPheretima praepinguis
Wikidata: Q33495162
GBIF: 9167555
iNaturalist: 515564
Open Tree of Life: 7915422
WoRMS: 1069035 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"earthworm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworm"},{"link_name":"Pheretima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheretima"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhao-2"},{"link_name":"Emei mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Emei"},{"link_name":"Sichuan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan_Province"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feng1987-1"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E7%9B%9B%E7%BA%A22013-3"}],"text":"Pheretima praepinguis is a huge earthworm about half meter long of genus Pheretima.[2] Pheretima praepinguis lives in Emei mountain, Sichuan Province, China, and is one of the most featured organisms living in the place.[1] It is trivially called \"Big Earthworm of Emei\"(Chinese: 峨嵋大蚯蚓) or \"Toudilong\" (Chinese: 透地龍, literally means \"dragon which can go through the earth\").[3]","title":"Pheretima praepinguis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"G. E. Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._E._Gates"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhao-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In 1931, Yi Chen (Chinese: 陳義), a honored Chinese biologist, researched some samples of an earthworm from Mount Emei, Sichuan Province. At that time, he suggested that it should be classified into Pheretima tschiliensis. However, G. E. Gates found out that such earthworm is different with Pheretima tschiliensis. They can be distinguished by the location of the primary spermathecal pores in parietal invaginations. He then named this earthworm after Pheretima praepinguis in 1935. Although Yi Chen insisted that Pheretima praepinguis is a synonym of Pheretima tschiliensis in an article published in 1936,[4] this name is ubiquitously accepted nowadays.[2][5]","title":"History"}] | [] | [{"title":"Pheretima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheretima"},{"title":"Pheretima tschiliensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pheretima_tschiliensis&action=edit&redlink=1"}] | [{"reference":"冯孝义 (Xiao-yi Feng); 董芷馨 (Zhi-xin Dong) (1987). \"中药地龙原动物的研究(Studies on the Zoological Origin of Earthworms for Medicinal Use)\". 中国中药杂志( China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica. 12 (10): 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"赵云 (Yun Zhao). \"Pheretima praepinguis\". 四川大学 (Sichuan University). Archived from the original on 2017-07-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170727061640/http://mnh.scu.edu.cn/jp_pic_view.aspx?LR_id=120263","url_text":"\"Pheretima praepinguis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan_University","url_text":"Sichuan University"},{"url":"http://mnh.scu.edu.cn/jp_pic_view.aspx?LR_id=120263","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"盛红 (1 July 2013). 半山一眸，世界真奇妙. 四川文艺出版社；Esphere Media (美国艾思传媒). p. 46. ISBN 978-7-5411-3745-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AHTJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46","url_text":"半山一眸，世界真奇妙"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5411-3745-7","url_text":"978-7-5411-3745-7"}]},{"reference":"Yi Chen (1936). \"On the terrestrial Oligochaeta from Szechuan. II. With notes on Gates' types\". Contributions from the Biological Laboratory of the science society of China (Zool), 11, 269–306.","urls":[]},{"reference":"G. E. Gates (1939). \"ON SOME SPECIES OF CHINESE EARTHWORMS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SPECIMENS COLLECTED IN SZECHWAN BY DR. D. C. GRAHAM\". Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 85. Washington.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170727061640/http://mnh.scu.edu.cn/jp_pic_view.aspx?LR_id=120263","external_links_name":"\"Pheretima praepinguis\""},{"Link":"http://mnh.scu.edu.cn/jp_pic_view.aspx?LR_id=120263","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AHTJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46","external_links_name":"半山一眸，世界真奇妙"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/9167555","external_links_name":"9167555"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/515564","external_links_name":"515564"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=7915422","external_links_name":"7915422"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1069035","external_links_name":"1069035"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangster_Squad_(film) | Gangster Squad (film) | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","3.1 Filming","3.2 Association with the 2012 Aurora, Colorado shooting","4 Release and reception","4.1 Box office","4.2 Home media","4.3 Critical response","5 Historical accuracy","6 References","7 External links"] | 2013 film by Ruben Fleischer
Gangster SquadTheatrical release posterDirected byRuben FleischerWritten byWill BeallBased onGangster Squadby Paul LiebermanProduced byDan LinKevin McCormickMichael TadrossStarringJosh BrolinRyan GoslingSean PennNick NolteEmma StoneAnthony MackieGiovanni RibisiMichael PeñaCinematographyDion BeebeEdited byAlan BaumgartenJames HerbertMusic bySteve JablonskyProductioncompaniesVillage Roadshow PicturesLin PicturesKevin McCormick ProductionsDistributed byWarner Bros. PicturesRelease dates
January 7, 2013 (2013-01-07) (Grauman's Chinese Theatre)
January 11, 2013 (2013-01-11) (United States)
Running time113 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$60–75 millionBox office$105.2 million
Gangster Squad is a 2013 American action thriller film directed by Ruben Fleischer and written by Will Beall, based on a non-fiction book by Paul Lieberman. The film stars Josh Brolin, Ryan Gosling, Nick Nolte, Emma Stone, Anthony Mackie, Giovanni Ribisi, Robert Patrick, Michael Peña and Sean Penn. Set in 1949, a group of real-life LAPD officers and detectives called the Gangster Squad are assigned to bring down crime kingpin Mickey Cohen.
After the script spent several years on the Black List, production began in September 2011 around Los Angeles, lasting through December. The film was originally set to be theatrically released September 7, 2012, but in the wake of the 2012 Aurora, Colorado, shooting, Warner Bros. pushed it back to a January 11, 2013, release to accommodate re-shoots, which took place in August 2012.
Gangster Squad received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $105 million worldwide.
Plot
In 1949 Los Angeles, crime boss Mickey Cohen has become the most powerful figure in the California criminal underworld and intends to expand his criminal enterprise to encompass the entire West Coast. The LAPD has not been able to stop his ruthless rise, as he has eliminated witnesses, hired dirty cops to protect his activities, and avoided prosecution through corruption in the justice system.
Determined to put a stop to Cohen, LAPD Chief Bill Parker creates a secret police unit tasked with dismantling Cohen's enterprise. The unit, composed of officers who do not carry badges and are authorized to act outside of the law, are led by the skilled World War II OSS veteran Sergeant John O'Mara. With the help of his wife, Connie, he recruits fellow war veteran Detective Jerry Wooters and four incorruptible misfit officers: knife-wielding Lieutenant Coleman Harris, wire tapping expert and family man Conwell Keeler, outlaw sharpshooter Max Kennard, and Kennard's rookie protégé Navidad Ramirez.
Despite initial setbacks, such as a casino raid thwarted by corrupt Burbank police officers, the Squad strikes several successful blows at the heart of Cohen's operations, including shutting down his lucrative wire gambling business. They break into Cohen's mansion and Keeler plants a bug in the back of a television. As a result, Cohen believes someone has betrayed him and lashes out at those around him, including his etiquette tutor Grace Faraday. Wooters and Faraday have entered into a secret romantic relationship, and he tries to help her escape from Cohen, enlisting the help of mutual friend and gangster Jack Whalen.
Realizing the attackers have never stolen his money, Cohen deduces they are cops and realizes that they have bugged his house. He uses it to lure the Squad into an unsuccessful ambush in Chinatown while Keeler is executed by a hitman. When Faraday witnesses Cohen murder Whalen, she agrees to testify against her former employer. O'Mara forces the crooked Judge Carter to sign an arrest warrant before leading the Squad to the Park Plaza Hotel to arrest Cohen.
Cohen and his men engage in a lengthy shootout with the Squad, during which Wooters and Kennard are wounded. Cohen and his bodyguard Karl Lennox escape, but O'Mara rams their vehicle into a fountain. Navidad helps a dying Kennard shoot Lennox, saving O'Mara. Cohen and O'Mara fight each other in a brutal bareknuckle brawl while onlookers and journalists gather. O'Mara finally beats Cohen and has him arrested, ending his reign over Los Angeles.
The film explains that the Gangster Squad has never been mentioned for its role in keeping the Mafia from gaining a foothold in Los Angeles, and that its surviving members remain secret. Cohen is sentenced to life imprisonment at Alcatraz, and is greeted with a lead-pipe beating by inmates who were friends of Whalen. Harris and Ramirez partner together to walk the beat, Wooters and Faraday continue their relationship, and O'Mara quits his job with the LAPD to live a quiet life with his wife and newborn son.
Cast
Josh Brolin as Sergeant John O'Mara, a World War II veteran-turned-cop with a reputation as an honest, hardworking, no-nonsense man. He is a decorated war hero with the Silver Star and two Purple Hearts. He is believed to have been a part of the OSS trained at Camp X, but his Army record is partially classified.
Ryan Gosling as Sergeant Jerry Wooters, an easygoing playboy and cop who initially struggles with the responsibility of fighting Cohen's organization but changes his mind when he sees how ruthless Cohen can be. He, too, is a World War II veteran, having served in the Pacific with the United States Army Air Force.
Sean Penn as Mickey Cohen, the most powerful mobster in Los Angeles, with a reputation for sadism and ruthlessness, whose ultimate goal is to expand his criminal empire to major cities back East.
Nick Nolte as Chief Bill Parker, who forms the Squad to take down Cohen
Emma Stone as Grace Faraday, Cohen's social etiquette teacher and quasi-lover. She falls in love with Wooters and eventually betrays Cohen to the police.
Anthony Mackie as Lieutenant Coleman Harris, recruited into the Squad for his expertise in knife and gun fighting.
Giovanni Ribisi as Officer Conwell Keeler, an electronics expert who joins the Squad to help them plant wiretaps
Michael Peña as Officer Navidad Ramirez, Kennard's protégé
Robert Patrick as Officer Max Kennard, a member of the Squad renowned for his sharpshooting skills
Mireille Enos as Connie O'Mara, John's loyal wife
Troy Garity as Wrevock, Cohen's top enforcer
Holt McCallany as Karl Lennox, Cohen's bodyguard
Sullivan Stapleton as Jack Whalen, a gangster who is friends with Wooters and volunteers to protect Grace from Cohen
James Carpinello as Johnny Stompanato, Cohen's right-hand man
James Hébert as Mitch Racine
Evan Jones as Neddy Herbert
Josh Pence as Officer Daryl Gates, a rookie member and future chief of the LAPD
John Aylward as Judge Carter, a judge on Cohen's payroll who, under pressure from O'Mara, signs Cohen's arrest warrant
Jack Conley as Eugene W. Biscailuz, the sheriff of Los Angeles County, tasked with protecting Cohen's gambling operation
Jack McGee as Lt. Quincannon
Jon Polito as Jack Dragna, a rival mob boss to Cohen
Wade Williams as Rourke
Ambyr Childers as Milk-Skinned Blonde
Mick Betancourt as Detective Sgt. Will Hendricks
Mac Brandt as Bruiser
Brandon Molale as Jimmy "Bockscar" Knox
Michael Papajohn as Mike "The Flea"
Jeff Wolfe as Giovanni Vacarezza
Anthony Molinari as Lorenzo Molinari
Austin Highsmith as Patty
Neil Koppel as Max Solomon
Austin Abrams as Pete
Lucy Davenport as an entertainer at Cohen's nightclub Slapsy Maxie's
Dennis Cockrum as Elmer Jackson, the Burbank Police Chief on Cohen's payroll
Haley Strode as Keeler's wife Maria
Maxwell Perry Cotton as Keeler's son Charlie
Frank Grillo as Russo, a criminal executed on Cohen's orders
Lucy Walsh as Manicurist
Production
Filming
Principal photography began on September 6, 2011, in Los Angeles. Sets were located all over Los Angeles County, from north of the San Fernando Valley to south of the county border. Sets were also recreated in Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City. Filming wrapped on December 15, 2011.
Association with the 2012 Aurora, Colorado shooting
The first trailer for Gangster Squad was released on May 9, 2012. In the wake of the theater shooting in Aurora, Colorado, on July 20, it was pulled from running before films and airing on television, and removed from Apple's trailer site and YouTube due to a scene where characters fire submachine guns at movie-goers through the screen of Grauman's Chinese Theatre.
It was later reported that the theater scene from the film would be either removed or placed in a different setting, since it is a crucial part of the film, and the film would undergo additional re-shoots of several scenes to accommodate these changes, which resulted in the film's release being moved to a later date. About a week after the Aurora shootings, Warner Bros. officially confirmed that the film would be released on January 11, 2013. Two weeks later, on August 22, the cast reunited in Los Angeles to completely re-shoot the film's main action sequence. The new sequence was set in a version of Chinatown, where the gangsters strike back at the Squad. Josh Brolin said he was not sad the original scene was cut and admitted that the new version was just as violent.
Release and reception
Box office
Gangster Squad grossed $46 million in the United States and Canada, and $59.2 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $105.2 million, against a production budget of $60 million.
The film grossed $17.1 million in its opening weekend, finishing third at the box office behind Zero Dark Thirty and A Haunted House. It then made $8.6 million in its second weekend (including $10.1 million over the four-day MLK weekend) and $4.3 million in its third weekend.
Home media
Gangster Squad was released on DVD and Blu-ray on April 23, 2013 by Warner Home Video. The Blu-ray includes director's commentary from Ruben Fleischer and several segments about the real life men and stories of the Gangster Squad and Mickey Cohen. As of June 2013, it had made $9.6 million from DVD sales and $6.7 million from Blu-ray, for a total of $16.3 million in sales.
Critical response
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 31% based on 207 reviews, with an average rating of 5/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Though it's stylish and features a talented cast, Gangster Squad suffers from lackluster writing, underdeveloped characters, and an excessive amount of violence." On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 40 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave it an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.
Reviewers at Spill.com gave it a "Rental," praising its stylish design but criticizing the dialogue, Emma Stone's underdeveloped "damsel-in-distress" character, and Sean Penn's laughable makeup. IGN editor Chris Tilly wrote, "Gangster Squad looks great but frustrates because with the talent involved, it had the potential to be so much more", and rated it 6.3/10. Richard Roeper gave it a B+, saying "Gangster Squad is a highly stylized, pulp-fiction period piece based on true events" and noted its strong performances.
Filling in for Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times, Jeff Shannon gave the film 2 stars out of 4, saying that Fleischer, better known for his comedic work, was "out of his element, and barely suppressing his urge to spoof the genre". He further criticized the stock characters and the film's generally uneven tone, but praised action highlights such as the car chase, and flashes of brilliance in Sean Penn's performance.
Historical accuracy
Although the film is inspired by the real-life LAPD Gangster Squad, much of it is fabricated.
The film portrays Cohen organizing the murder of his predecessor Jack Dragna. In reality, Cohen largely sidelined Dragna as head of the Los Angeles crime family but otherwise left him alone; Dragna died of a heart attack in 1956.
The film shows Cohen's primary business as gambling, with prostitution and drug dealing as sidelines. In reality, Cohen's main racket was bookmaking; he detested drugs.
William Parker was only 45 in 1949, not in his 70s like Nick Nolte (Parker died at age 61 in 1966). He also did not create the Gangster Squad; it was created by Chief Clemence B. Horrall in 1946, and was largely an effort to improve the city's image, regardless of whether it actually pursued criminals.
The film concludes with Cohen being arrested in 1949 for murder and sent to Alcatraz. In reality, he was imprisoned in 1951 and again in 1961 for tax evasion. He was, however, attacked with a lead pipe while in prison, as depicted in the film.
While Anthony Mackie and Michael Peña are members of the film's Squad, the real Squad was entirely Caucasian.
While it is possible Cohen murdered Jack Whalen in real life, it was not at Whalen's home as depicted in the film. Whalen was shot in 1959 while at dinner with Cohen and three of his associates, and Cohen was not officially accused of it.
Cohen's bodyguard Johnny Stompanato was not shot as depicted in the film, but lived until 1958, when he was stabbed by Cheryl Crane, the daughter of his girlfriend Lana Turner.
The character of Max Kennard was based on real life lawman Doug "Jumbo" Kennard, who died after crashing his car as he drove under the influence of alcohol. He had already retired, and was not shot in the line of duty as in the film.
In the film, Conwell Keeler is the first member of the Squad to be killed. In real life, he outlived all of the Squad's other members, dying of a stroke in 2012.
References
^ a b "Gangster Squad (2013)- Financial Information". The Numbers. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
^ "GANGSTER SQUAD (15)". British Board of Film Classification. November 13, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
^ FilmL.A. (March 1, 2014). "2013 Feature Film Study" (PDF). Retrieved June 21, 2016.
^ a b c "Gangster Squad (2013)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved November 9, 2016.
^ a b Vestal, Shannon (April 21, 2011). "Ryan Gosling, Sean Penn, and Josh Brolin Join the Gangster Squad". BuzzSugar.com. Archived from the original on February 26, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2011.
^ Fleming, Mike (August 29, 2011). "Nick Nolte Joins 'Gangster Squad'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved October 14, 2011.
^ Sneider, Jeff (July 26, 2011). "Emma Stone in talks to join Gangster Squad". Variety.com. Retrieved September 13, 2011.
^ Fischer, Russ (June 10, 2011). "Anthony Mackie Joins 'Gangster Squad'". /Film. Retrieved September 13, 2011.
^ "Giovanni Ribisi Joins Warner Bros' 'The Gangster Squad'". Deadline Hollywood. July 6, 2011. Retrieved September 13, 2011.
^ L. Weinstein, Joshua (June 7, 2011). "Michael Pena Joining Sean Penn, Ryan Gosling, Josh Brolin in 'Gangster Squad'". TheWrap.com. Retrieved September 13, 2011.
^ Gallagher, Brian (September 6, 2011). "The Gangster Squad Begins Production in Los Angeles". MovieWeb.com. Archived from the original on September 30, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2011.
^ Fleischer, Ruben (December 15, 2011). "Day 71 - That's a Wrap!!!". RubenFleischer.com.
^ Vespe, Eric (May 9, 2012). "Growling Nick Nolte? Check. Foxy Emma Stone? Check. Tommy Gun Movie Theater shoot out? Check! Gangster Squad trailer hits!". AintItCool.com. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
^ Finke, Nikki (July 20, 2012). "UPDATE: Warner Bros Pulls Trailer Of Gangster Shooting Up Movie Theater". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
^ Macatee, Rebecca (July 20, 2012). "Gangster Squad Trailer Yanked From Internet, Dark Knight Rises Following Colorado Shooting". E! Online. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
^ Franich, Darren. "'Gangster Squad: Warner Bros. pushing back release date". InsideMovies.EW.com. Retrieved September 14, 2012.
^ "GANGSTER SQUAD". WarnerBros.com. Archived from the original on July 31, 2012. Retrieved September 14, 2012.
^ Makinen, Julie (July 25, 2012). "Warner Bros. moves 'Gangster Squad' to 2013 after shooting". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 14, 2012.
^ "Warner Bros. postpones 'Gangster Squad' movie after shooting". In.Reuters.com. July 27, 2012. Retrieved September 14, 2012.
^ The Associated Press (July 26, 2012). "'Gangster Squad' release date pushed back to January after film draws comparisons to 'Dark Knight Rises' shooting in Aurora". NY Daily News. Retrieved September 14, 2012.
^ a b Nikki Finke (January 13, 2013). "#1 'Zero Dark Thirty' Widens For $24M, 'Haunted House' Beats Disappointing 'Gangster Squad' For #2; 'Silver Linings', 'Lincoln', 'Life Of Pi' Get Oscar Bumps". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
^ "Gangster Squad Weekend Totals". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
^ "'Gangster Squad' Blu-ray Announced and Detailed". High-Def Digest. March 8, 2013. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
^ "Gangster Squad (2013) - Financial Information".
^ "Gangster Squad (2013)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
^ "Gangster Squad reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
^ "Gangster Squad - Audio Review". Spill.com. Archived from the original on January 27, 2013. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
^ Tilly, Chris (January 9, 2013). "Gangster Squad Review". IGN.
^ Jeff Shannon (January 9, 2013). "Gangster Squad". rogerebert.com.
^ "Gangster Squad: History on Film". HistoryOnFilm.com. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
^ Andrew O’Hehir (January 11, 2013). "Gangster Squad" whitewashes the LAPD's criminal past". Salon. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
External links
Official website
Gangster Squad at IMDb
Gangster Squad at Rotten Tomatoes
Gangster Squad at Box Office Mojo
Squad Gangster Squad at the Internet Movie Firearms Database
vteFilms directed by Ruben Fleischer
Zombieland (2009)
30 Minutes or Less (2011)
Gangster Squad (2013)
Venom (2018)
Zombieland: Double Tap (2019)
Uncharted (2022) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"action thriller film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_thriller_film"},{"link_name":"Ruben Fleischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruben_Fleischer"},{"link_name":"Will Beall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Beall"},{"link_name":"non-fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-fiction"},{"link_name":"Josh Brolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Brolin"},{"link_name":"Ryan Gosling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Gosling"},{"link_name":"Nick Nolte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Nolte"},{"link_name":"Emma Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Stone"},{"link_name":"Anthony Mackie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Mackie"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Ribisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Ribisi"},{"link_name":"Robert Patrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Patrick"},{"link_name":"Michael Peña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Pe%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Sean Penn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Penn"},{"link_name":"Gangster Squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangster_Squad_(LAPD)"},{"link_name":"Mickey Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Cohen"},{"link_name":"Black List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_List_(survey)"},{"link_name":"2012 Aurora, Colorado, shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Aurora,_Colorado,_shooting"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."}],"text":"Gangster Squad is a 2013 American action thriller film directed by Ruben Fleischer and written by Will Beall, based on a non-fiction book by Paul Lieberman. The film stars Josh Brolin, Ryan Gosling, Nick Nolte, Emma Stone, Anthony Mackie, Giovanni Ribisi, Robert Patrick, Michael Peña and Sean Penn. Set in 1949, a group of real-life LAPD officers and detectives called the Gangster Squad are assigned to bring down crime kingpin Mickey Cohen.After the script spent several years on the Black List, production began in September 2011 around Los Angeles, lasting through December. The film was originally set to be theatrically released September 7, 2012, but in the wake of the 2012 Aurora, Colorado, shooting, Warner Bros. pushed it back to a January 11, 2013, release to accommodate re-shoots, which took place in August 2012.Gangster Squad received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $105 million worldwide.","title":"Gangster Squad (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Mickey Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Cohen"},{"link_name":"his criminal enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohen_crime_family"},{"link_name":"West Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"LAPD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"Bill Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Parker_(police_officer)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"OSS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services"},{"link_name":"wire tapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_tapping"},{"link_name":"Burbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burbank,_California"},{"link_name":"bug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covert_listening_device"},{"link_name":"Chinatown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatown,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Park Plaza Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Plaza_Hotel_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"Alcatraz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatraz"}],"text":"In 1949 Los Angeles, crime boss Mickey Cohen has become the most powerful figure in the California criminal underworld and intends to expand his criminal enterprise to encompass the entire West Coast. The LAPD has not been able to stop his ruthless rise, as he has eliminated witnesses, hired dirty cops to protect his activities, and avoided prosecution through corruption in the justice system.Determined to put a stop to Cohen, LAPD Chief Bill Parker creates a secret police unit tasked with dismantling Cohen's enterprise. The unit, composed of officers who do not carry badges and are authorized to act outside of the law, are led by the skilled World War II OSS veteran Sergeant John O'Mara. With the help of his wife, Connie, he recruits fellow war veteran Detective Jerry Wooters and four incorruptible misfit officers: knife-wielding Lieutenant Coleman Harris, wire tapping expert and family man Conwell Keeler, outlaw sharpshooter Max Kennard, and Kennard's rookie protégé Navidad Ramirez.Despite initial setbacks, such as a casino raid thwarted by corrupt Burbank police officers, the Squad strikes several successful blows at the heart of Cohen's operations, including shutting down his lucrative wire gambling business. They break into Cohen's mansion and Keeler plants a bug in the back of a television. As a result, Cohen believes someone has betrayed him and lashes out at those around him, including his etiquette tutor Grace Faraday. Wooters and Faraday have entered into a secret romantic relationship, and he tries to help her escape from Cohen, enlisting the help of mutual friend and gangster Jack Whalen.Realizing the attackers have never stolen his money, Cohen deduces they are cops and realizes that they have bugged his house. He uses it to lure the Squad into an unsuccessful ambush in Chinatown while Keeler is executed by a hitman. When Faraday witnesses Cohen murder Whalen, she agrees to testify against her former employer. O'Mara forces the crooked Judge Carter to sign an arrest warrant before leading the Squad to the Park Plaza Hotel to arrest Cohen.Cohen and his men engage in a lengthy shootout with the Squad, during which Wooters and Kennard are wounded. Cohen and his bodyguard Karl Lennox escape, but O'Mara rams their vehicle into a fountain. Navidad helps a dying Kennard shoot Lennox, saving O'Mara. Cohen and O'Mara fight each other in a brutal bareknuckle brawl while onlookers and journalists gather. O'Mara finally beats Cohen and has him arrested, ending his reign over Los Angeles.The film explains that the Gangster Squad has never been mentioned for its role in keeping the Mafia from gaining a foothold in Los Angeles, and that its surviving members remain secret. Cohen is sentenced to life imprisonment at Alcatraz, and is greeted with a lead-pipe beating by inmates who were friends of Whalen. Harris and Ramirez partner together to walk the beat, Wooters and Faraday continue their relationship, and O'Mara quits his job with the LAPD to live a quiet life with his wife and newborn son.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Josh Brolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Brolin"},{"link_name":"OSS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services"},{"link_name":"Camp X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_X"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GolsingPennBrolin-5"},{"link_name":"Ryan Gosling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Gosling"},{"link_name":"United States Army Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GolsingPennBrolin-5"},{"link_name":"Sean Penn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Penn"},{"link_name":"Mickey Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Cohen"},{"link_name":"Nick Nolte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Nolte"},{"link_name":"Bill Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Parker_(police_officer)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nolte-6"},{"link_name":"Emma Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Stone"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Anthony Mackie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Mackie"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Ribisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Ribisi"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Michael Peña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Pe%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Robert Patrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Patrick"},{"link_name":"Mireille Enos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mireille_Enos"},{"link_name":"Troy Garity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Garity"},{"link_name":"Holt McCallany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holt_McCallany"},{"link_name":"Sullivan Stapleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sullivan_Stapleton"},{"link_name":"Jack Whalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Whalen"},{"link_name":"James Carpinello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Carpinello"},{"link_name":"Johnny Stompanato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Stompanato"},{"link_name":"Evan Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Jones_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Josh Pence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Pence"},{"link_name":"Daryl Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryl_Gates"},{"link_name":"John Aylward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Aylward"},{"link_name":"Jack Conley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Conley_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Jack McGee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_McGee_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Jon Polito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Polito"},{"link_name":"Jack Dragna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Dragna"},{"link_name":"Wade Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade_Williams"},{"link_name":"Ambyr Childers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambyr_Childers"},{"link_name":"Mick Betancourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Betancourt"},{"link_name":"Mac Brandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_Brandt"},{"link_name":"Michael Papajohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Papajohn"},{"link_name":"Austin Abrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Abrams"},{"link_name":"Lucy Davenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Davenport"},{"link_name":"Haley Strode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haley_Strode"},{"link_name":"Maxwell Perry Cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Perry_Cotton"},{"link_name":"Frank Grillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Grillo"},{"link_name":"Lucy Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Walsh"}],"text":"Josh Brolin as Sergeant John O'Mara, a World War II veteran-turned-cop with a reputation as an honest, hardworking, no-nonsense man. He is a decorated war hero with the Silver Star and two Purple Hearts. He is believed to have been a part of the OSS trained at Camp X, but his Army record is partially classified.[5]\nRyan Gosling as Sergeant Jerry Wooters, an easygoing playboy and cop who initially struggles with the responsibility of fighting Cohen's organization but changes his mind when he sees how ruthless Cohen can be. He, too, is a World War II veteran, having served in the Pacific with the United States Army Air Force.[5]\nSean Penn as Mickey Cohen, the most powerful mobster in Los Angeles, with a reputation for sadism and ruthlessness, whose ultimate goal is to expand his criminal empire to major cities back East.\nNick Nolte as Chief Bill Parker, who forms the Squad to take down Cohen[6]\nEmma Stone as Grace Faraday, Cohen's social etiquette teacher and quasi-lover. She falls in love with Wooters and eventually betrays Cohen to the police.[7]\nAnthony Mackie as Lieutenant Coleman Harris, recruited into the Squad for his expertise in knife and gun fighting.[8]\nGiovanni Ribisi as Officer Conwell Keeler, an electronics expert who joins the Squad to help them plant wiretaps[9]\nMichael Peña as Officer Navidad Ramirez, Kennard's protégé[10]\nRobert Patrick as Officer Max Kennard, a member of the Squad renowned for his sharpshooting skills\nMireille Enos as Connie O'Mara, John's loyal wife\nTroy Garity as Wrevock, Cohen's top enforcer\nHolt McCallany as Karl Lennox, Cohen's bodyguard\nSullivan Stapleton as Jack Whalen, a gangster who is friends with Wooters and volunteers to protect Grace from Cohen\nJames Carpinello as Johnny Stompanato, Cohen's right-hand man\nJames Hébert as Mitch Racine\nEvan Jones as Neddy Herbert\nJosh Pence as Officer Daryl Gates, a rookie member and future chief of the LAPD\nJohn Aylward as Judge Carter, a judge on Cohen's payroll who, under pressure from O'Mara, signs Cohen's arrest warrant\nJack Conley as Eugene W. Biscailuz, the sheriff of Los Angeles County, tasked with protecting Cohen's gambling operation\nJack McGee as Lt. Quincannon\nJon Polito as Jack Dragna, a rival mob boss to Cohen\nWade Williams as Rourke\nAmbyr Childers as Milk-Skinned Blonde\nMick Betancourt as Detective Sgt. Will Hendricks\nMac Brandt as Bruiser\nBrandon Molale as Jimmy \"Bockscar\" Knox\nMichael Papajohn as Mike \"The Flea\"\nJeff Wolfe as Giovanni Vacarezza\nAnthony Molinari as Lorenzo Molinari\nAustin Highsmith as Patty\nNeil Koppel as Max Solomon\nAustin Abrams as Pete\nLucy Davenport as an entertainer at Cohen's nightclub Slapsy Maxie's\nDennis Cockrum as Elmer Jackson, the Burbank Police Chief on Cohen's payroll\nHaley Strode as Keeler's wife Maria\nMaxwell Perry Cotton as Keeler's son Charlie\nFrank Grillo as Russo, a criminal executed on Cohen's orders\nLucy Walsh as Manicurist","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Principal photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_photography"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County"},{"link_name":"Sony Pictures Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Studios"},{"link_name":"Culver City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culver_City"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Filming","text":"Principal photography began on September 6, 2011, in Los Angeles. Sets were located all over Los Angeles County, from north of the San Fernando Valley to south of the county border. Sets were also recreated in Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City.[11] Filming wrapped on December 15, 2011.[12]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_preview"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"theater shooting in Aurora, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Aurora,_Colorado_shooting"},{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"},{"link_name":"Apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"submachine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submachine_gun"},{"link_name":"Grauman's Chinese Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grauman%27s_Chinese_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"re-shoots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re-shoot"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InsideMovies1-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WarnerBros1-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Association with the 2012 Aurora, Colorado shooting","text":"The first trailer for Gangster Squad was released on May 9, 2012.[13] In the wake of the theater shooting in Aurora, Colorado, on July 20, it was pulled from running before films and airing on television, and removed from Apple's trailer site and YouTube due to a scene where characters fire submachine guns at movie-goers through the screen of Grauman's Chinese Theatre.[14][15]It was later reported that the theater scene from the film would be either removed or placed in a different setting, since it is a crucial part of the film, and the film would undergo additional re-shoots of several scenes to accommodate these changes, which resulted in the film's release being moved to a later date.[16] About a week after the Aurora shootings, Warner Bros. officially confirmed that the film would be released on January 11, 2013.[17] Two weeks later, on August 22, the cast reunited in Los Angeles to completely re-shoot the film's main action sequence. The new sequence was set in a version of Chinatown, where the gangsters strike back at the Squad. Josh Brolin said he was not sad the original scene was cut and admitted that the new version was just as violent.[18][19][20]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release and reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BOM-4"},{"link_name":"Zero Dark Thirty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_Dark_Thirty"},{"link_name":"A Haunted House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Haunted_House"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opening-21"},{"link_name":"MLK weekend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"Gangster Squad grossed $46 million in the United States and Canada, and $59.2 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $105.2 million, against a production budget of $60 million.[4]The film grossed $17.1 million in its opening weekend, finishing third at the box office behind Zero Dark Thirty and A Haunted House.[21] It then made $8.6 million in its second weekend (including $10.1 million over the four-day MLK weekend) and $4.3 million in its third weekend.[22]","title":"Release and reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray"},{"link_name":"Warner Home Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Home_Video"},{"link_name":"Ruben Fleischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruben_Fleischer"},{"link_name":"Mickey Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Cohen"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Home media","text":"Gangster Squad was released on DVD and Blu-ray on April 23, 2013 by Warner Home Video. The Blu-ray includes director's commentary from Ruben Fleischer and several segments about the real life men and stories of the Gangster Squad and Mickey Cohen.[23] As of June 2013, it had made $9.6 million from DVD sales and $6.7 million from Blu-ray, for a total of $16.3 million in sales.[24]","title":"Release and reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"CinemaScore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CinemaScore"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opening-21"},{"link_name":"Spill.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spill.com"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Richard Roeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Roeper"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"Chicago Sun-Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 31% based on 207 reviews, with an average rating of 5/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \"Though it's stylish and features a talented cast, Gangster Squad suffers from lackluster writing, underdeveloped characters, and an excessive amount of violence.\"[25] On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 40 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".[26] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave it an average grade of \"B+\" on an A+ to F scale.[21]Reviewers at Spill.com gave it a \"Rental,\" praising its stylish design but criticizing the dialogue, Emma Stone's underdeveloped \"damsel-in-distress\" character, and Sean Penn's laughable makeup.[27] IGN editor Chris Tilly wrote, \"Gangster Squad looks great but frustrates because with the talent involved, it had the potential to be so much more\", and rated it 6.3/10.[28] Richard Roeper gave it a B+, saying \"Gangster Squad is a highly stylized, pulp-fiction period piece based on true events\" and noted its strong performances.Filling in for Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times, Jeff Shannon gave the film 2 stars out of 4, saying that Fleischer, better known for his comedic work, was \"out of his element, and barely suppressing his urge to spoof the genre\". He further criticized the stock characters and the film's generally uneven tone, but praised action highlights such as the car chase, and flashes of brilliance in Sean Penn's performance.[29]","title":"Release and reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gangster Squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangster_Squad_(LAPD)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Jack Dragna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Dragna"},{"link_name":"William Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Parker_(police_officer)"},{"link_name":"Clemence B. Horrall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemence_B._Horrall"},{"link_name":"Alcatraz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatraz"},{"link_name":"tax evasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_evasion"},{"link_name":"Jack Whalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Whalen"},{"link_name":"Johnny Stompanato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Stompanato"},{"link_name":"Cheryl Crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheryl_Crane"},{"link_name":"Lana Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lana_Turner"}],"text":"Although the film is inspired by the real-life LAPD Gangster Squad, much of it is fabricated.[30][31]The film portrays Cohen organizing the murder of his predecessor Jack Dragna. In reality, Cohen largely sidelined Dragna as head of the Los Angeles crime family but otherwise left him alone; Dragna died of a heart attack in 1956.\nThe film shows Cohen's primary business as gambling, with prostitution and drug dealing as sidelines. In reality, Cohen's main racket was bookmaking; he detested drugs.\nWilliam Parker was only 45 in 1949, not in his 70s like Nick Nolte (Parker died at age 61 in 1966). He also did not create the Gangster Squad; it was created by Chief Clemence B. Horrall in 1946, and was largely an effort to improve the city's image, regardless of whether it actually pursued criminals.\nThe film concludes with Cohen being arrested in 1949 for murder and sent to Alcatraz. In reality, he was imprisoned in 1951 and again in 1961 for tax evasion. He was, however, attacked with a lead pipe while in prison, as depicted in the film.\nWhile Anthony Mackie and Michael Peña are members of the film's Squad, the real Squad was entirely Caucasian.\nWhile it is possible Cohen murdered Jack Whalen in real life, it was not at Whalen's home as depicted in the film. Whalen was shot in 1959 while at dinner with Cohen and three of his associates, and Cohen was not officially accused of it.\nCohen's bodyguard Johnny Stompanato was not shot as depicted in the film, but lived until 1958, when he was stabbed by Cheryl Crane, the daughter of his girlfriend Lana Turner.\nThe character of Max Kennard was based on real life lawman Doug \"Jumbo\" Kennard, who died after crashing his car as he drove under the influence of alcohol. He had already retired, and was not shot in the line of duty as in the film.\nIn the film, Conwell Keeler is the first member of the Squad to be killed. In real life, he outlived all of the Squad's other members, dying of a stroke in 2012.","title":"Historical accuracy"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Gangster Squad (2013)- Financial Information\". The Numbers. Retrieved March 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Gangster-Squad-The#tab=summary","url_text":"\"Gangster Squad (2013)- Financial Information\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Numbers_(website)","url_text":"The Numbers"}]},{"reference":"\"GANGSTER SQUAD (15)\". British Board of Film Classification. November 13, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbfc.co.uk/BFF290035/","url_text":"\"GANGSTER SQUAD (15)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification","url_text":"British Board of Film Classification"}]},{"reference":"FilmL.A. (March 1, 2014). \"2013 Feature Film Study\" (PDF). Retrieved June 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.filmla.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/2013-Feature-Production-Report-w-Release-030614_1394125127.pdf","url_text":"\"2013 Feature Film Study\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gangster Squad (2013)\". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved November 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=gangstersquad.htm","url_text":"\"Gangster Squad (2013)\""}]},{"reference":"Vestal, Shannon (April 21, 2011). \"Ryan Gosling, Sean Penn, and Josh Brolin Join the Gangster Squad\". BuzzSugar.com. Archived from the original on February 26, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140226100744/http://www.buzzsugar.com/Ryan-Gosling-Sean-Penn-Josh-Brolin-Cast-Gangster-Squad-15907441","url_text":"\"Ryan Gosling, Sean Penn, and Josh Brolin Join the Gangster Squad\""},{"url":"http://www.buzzsugar.com/Ryan-Gosling-Sean-Penn-Josh-Brolin-Cast-Gangster-Squad-15907441","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fleming, Mike (August 29, 2011). \"Nick Nolte Joins 'Gangster Squad'\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved October 14, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deadline.com/2011/08/nick-nolte-joins-gangster-squad","url_text":"\"Nick Nolte Joins 'Gangster Squad'\""}]},{"reference":"Sneider, Jeff (July 26, 2011). \"Emma Stone in talks to join Gangster Squad\". Variety.com. Retrieved September 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.variety.com/article/VR1118040460/","url_text":"\"Emma Stone in talks to join Gangster Squad\""}]},{"reference":"Fischer, Russ (June 10, 2011). \"Anthony Mackie Joins 'Gangster Squad'\". /Film. Retrieved September 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slashfilm.com/anthony-mackie-joins-gangster-squad","url_text":"\"Anthony Mackie Joins 'Gangster Squad'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki//Film","url_text":"/Film"}]},{"reference":"\"Giovanni Ribisi Joins Warner Bros' 'The Gangster Squad'\". Deadline Hollywood. July 6, 2011. Retrieved September 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deadline.com/2011/07/giovanni-ribisi-joins-warner-bros-the-gangster-squad","url_text":"\"Giovanni Ribisi Joins Warner Bros' 'The Gangster Squad'\""}]},{"reference":"L. Weinstein, Joshua (June 7, 2011). \"Michael Pena Joining Sean Penn, Ryan Gosling, Josh Brolin in 'Gangster Squad'\". TheWrap.com. Retrieved September 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thewrap.com/movies/column-post/michael-pena-joining-sean-penn-ryan-gosling-josh-brolin-gangster-squad-28032","url_text":"\"Michael Pena Joining Sean Penn, Ryan Gosling, Josh Brolin in 'Gangster Squad'\""}]},{"reference":"Gallagher, Brian (September 6, 2011). \"The Gangster Squad Begins Production in Los Angeles\". MovieWeb.com. Archived from the original on September 30, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120930192103/http://www.movieweb.com/news/the-gangster-squad-begins-production-in-los-angeles","url_text":"\"The Gangster Squad Begins Production in Los Angeles\""},{"url":"http://www.movieweb.com/news/the-gangster-squad-begins-production-in-los-angeles","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fleischer, Ruben (December 15, 2011). \"Day 71 - That's a Wrap!!!\". RubenFleischer.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://rubenfleischer.com/","url_text":"\"Day 71 - That's a Wrap!!!\""}]},{"reference":"Vespe, Eric (May 9, 2012). \"Growling Nick Nolte? Check. Foxy Emma Stone? Check. Tommy Gun Movie Theater shoot out? Check! Gangster Squad trailer hits!\". AintItCool.com. Retrieved May 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aintitcool.com/node/55574","url_text":"\"Growling Nick Nolte? Check. Foxy Emma Stone? Check. Tommy Gun Movie Theater shoot out? Check! Gangster Squad trailer hits!\""}]},{"reference":"Finke, Nikki (July 20, 2012). \"UPDATE: Warner Bros Pulls Trailer Of Gangster Shooting Up Movie Theater\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved July 20, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deadline.com/2012/07/warner-bros-paired-dark-knight-rises-with-trailer-of-gangster-shooting-up-movie-theater-which-studio-didnt-take-down-until-i-complained/","url_text":"\"UPDATE: Warner Bros Pulls Trailer Of Gangster Shooting Up Movie Theater\""}]},{"reference":"Macatee, Rebecca (July 20, 2012). \"Gangster Squad Trailer Yanked From Internet, Dark Knight Rises Following Colorado Shooting\". E! Online. Retrieved July 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eonline.com/news/331872/gangster-squad-trailer-yanked-from-dark-knight-rises-following-colorado-shooting","url_text":"\"Gangster Squad Trailer Yanked From Internet, Dark Knight Rises Following Colorado Shooting\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E!","url_text":"E! Online"}]},{"reference":"Franich, Darren. \"'Gangster Squad: Warner Bros. pushing back release date\". InsideMovies.EW.com. Retrieved September 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://insidemovies.ew.com/2012/07/25/warner-bros-pushes-gangster-squad","url_text":"\"'Gangster Squad: Warner Bros. pushing back release date\""}]},{"reference":"\"GANGSTER SQUAD\". WarnerBros.com. Archived from the original on July 31, 2012. Retrieved September 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120731230902/http://www.warnerbros.com/movies/in-theaters-coming-soon/gangster-squad/075a4928-d88a-430d-a8ee-f623a0610423.html","url_text":"\"GANGSTER SQUAD\""},{"url":"https://www.warnerbros.com/movies/in-theaters-coming-soon/gangster-squad/075a4928-d88a-430d-a8ee-f623a0610423.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Makinen, Julie (July 25, 2012). \"Warner Bros. moves 'Gangster Squad' to 2013 after shooting\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-warner-bros-gangster-squad-to-2013-after-dark-knight-tragedy-20120725,0,1514533.story","url_text":"\"Warner Bros. moves 'Gangster Squad' to 2013 after shooting\""}]},{"reference":"\"Warner Bros. postpones 'Gangster Squad' movie after shooting\". In.Reuters.com. July 27, 2012. Retrieved September 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://in.reuters.com/article/usa-shooting-gangster-idINL2E8IQ94U20120726","url_text":"\"Warner Bros. postpones 'Gangster Squad' movie after shooting\""}]},{"reference":"The Associated Press (July 26, 2012). \"'Gangster Squad' release date pushed back to January after film draws comparisons to 'Dark Knight Rises' shooting in Aurora\". NY Daily News. Retrieved September 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv-movies/gangster-squad-release-date-pushed-back-january-film-draws-comparisons-dark-knight-rises-shooting-aurora-article-1.1122478","url_text":"\"'Gangster Squad' release date pushed back to January after film draws comparisons to 'Dark Knight Rises' shooting in Aurora\""}]},{"reference":"Nikki Finke (January 13, 2013). \"#1 'Zero Dark Thirty' Widens For $24M, 'Haunted House' Beats Disappointing 'Gangster Squad' For #2; 'Silver Linings', 'Lincoln', 'Life Of Pi' Get Oscar Bumps\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 19, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2013/01/box-office-gangster-squad-opens-with-650k-for-possible-20m-and-1-in-tight-race-with-zero-dark-thirty-expansion-401994/","url_text":"\"#1 'Zero Dark Thirty' Widens For $24M, 'Haunted House' Beats Disappointing 'Gangster Squad' For #2; 'Silver Linings', 'Lincoln', 'Life Of Pi' Get Oscar Bumps\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"\"Gangster Squad Weekend Totals\". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl1180009985/weekend/?ref_=bo_rl_tab#tabs","url_text":"\"Gangster Squad Weekend Totals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"}]},{"reference":"\"'Gangster Squad' Blu-ray Announced and Detailed\". High-Def Digest. March 8, 2013. Retrieved March 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Disc_Announcements/Warner_Brothers/Gangster_Squad_Blu-ray_Announced_and_Detailed_/11282","url_text":"\"'Gangster Squad' Blu-ray Announced and Detailed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gangster Squad (2013) - Financial Information\".","urls":[{"url":"https://m.the-numbers.com/movie/Gangster-Squad-The","url_text":"\"Gangster Squad (2013) - Financial Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gangster Squad (2013)\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved December 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/gangster_squad_2012/","url_text":"\"Gangster Squad (2013)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"}]},{"reference":"\"Gangster Squad reviews\". Metacritic. Retrieved November 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/gangster-squad","url_text":"\"Gangster Squad reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"\"Gangster Squad - Audio Review\". Spill.com. Archived from the original on January 27, 2013. Retrieved July 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130127073546/http://spill.com/Audio/AudioPost.aspx?audioId=1499","url_text":"\"Gangster Squad - Audio Review\""},{"url":"http://spill.com/Audio/AudioPost.aspx?audioId=1499","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tilly, Chris (January 9, 2013). \"Gangster Squad Review\". IGN.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2013/01/09/gangster-squad-review","url_text":"\"Gangster Squad Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"}]},{"reference":"Jeff Shannon (January 9, 2013). \"Gangster Squad\". rogerebert.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20130109/REVIEWS/130109981","url_text":"\"Gangster Squad\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gangster Squad: History on Film\". HistoryOnFilm.com. Retrieved February 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://historyonfilm.com/gangster-squad/","url_text":"\"Gangster Squad: History on Film\""}]},{"reference":"Andrew O’Hehir (January 11, 2013). \"Gangster Squad\" whitewashes the LAPD's criminal past\". Salon. Retrieved February 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.salon.com/2013/01/10/gangster_squad_whitewashes_the_lapds_criminal_past/","url_text":"\"Gangster Squad\" whitewashes the LAPD's criminal past\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_(website)","url_text":"Salon"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Gangster-Squad-The#tab=summary","external_links_name":"\"Gangster Squad (2013)- Financial Information\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbfc.co.uk/BFF290035/","external_links_name":"\"GANGSTER SQUAD (15)\""},{"Link":"https://www.filmla.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/2013-Feature-Production-Report-w-Release-030614_1394125127.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2013 Feature Film Study\""},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=gangstersquad.htm","external_links_name":"\"Gangster Squad (2013)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140226100744/http://www.buzzsugar.com/Ryan-Gosling-Sean-Penn-Josh-Brolin-Cast-Gangster-Squad-15907441","external_links_name":"\"Ryan Gosling, Sean Penn, and Josh Brolin Join the Gangster Squad\""},{"Link":"http://www.buzzsugar.com/Ryan-Gosling-Sean-Penn-Josh-Brolin-Cast-Gangster-Squad-15907441","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.deadline.com/2011/08/nick-nolte-joins-gangster-squad","external_links_name":"\"Nick Nolte Joins 'Gangster Squad'\""},{"Link":"https://www.variety.com/article/VR1118040460/","external_links_name":"\"Emma Stone in talks to join Gangster Squad\""},{"Link":"https://www.slashfilm.com/anthony-mackie-joins-gangster-squad","external_links_name":"\"Anthony Mackie Joins 'Gangster Squad'\""},{"Link":"https://www.deadline.com/2011/07/giovanni-ribisi-joins-warner-bros-the-gangster-squad","external_links_name":"\"Giovanni Ribisi Joins Warner Bros' 'The Gangster Squad'\""},{"Link":"https://www.thewrap.com/movies/column-post/michael-pena-joining-sean-penn-ryan-gosling-josh-brolin-gangster-squad-28032","external_links_name":"\"Michael Pena Joining Sean Penn, Ryan Gosling, Josh Brolin in 'Gangster Squad'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120930192103/http://www.movieweb.com/news/the-gangster-squad-begins-production-in-los-angeles","external_links_name":"\"The Gangster Squad Begins Production in Los Angeles\""},{"Link":"http://www.movieweb.com/news/the-gangster-squad-begins-production-in-los-angeles","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://rubenfleischer.com/","external_links_name":"\"Day 71 - That's a Wrap!!!\""},{"Link":"https://www.aintitcool.com/node/55574","external_links_name":"\"Growling Nick Nolte? Check. Foxy Emma Stone? Check. Tommy Gun Movie Theater shoot out? Check! Gangster Squad trailer hits!\""},{"Link":"https://www.deadline.com/2012/07/warner-bros-paired-dark-knight-rises-with-trailer-of-gangster-shooting-up-movie-theater-which-studio-didnt-take-down-until-i-complained/","external_links_name":"\"UPDATE: Warner Bros Pulls Trailer Of Gangster Shooting Up Movie Theater\""},{"Link":"http://www.eonline.com/news/331872/gangster-squad-trailer-yanked-from-dark-knight-rises-following-colorado-shooting","external_links_name":"\"Gangster Squad Trailer Yanked From Internet, Dark Knight Rises Following Colorado Shooting\""},{"Link":"http://insidemovies.ew.com/2012/07/25/warner-bros-pushes-gangster-squad","external_links_name":"\"'Gangster Squad: Warner Bros. pushing back release date\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120731230902/http://www.warnerbros.com/movies/in-theaters-coming-soon/gangster-squad/075a4928-d88a-430d-a8ee-f623a0610423.html","external_links_name":"\"GANGSTER SQUAD\""},{"Link":"https://www.warnerbros.com/movies/in-theaters-coming-soon/gangster-squad/075a4928-d88a-430d-a8ee-f623a0610423.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-warner-bros-gangster-squad-to-2013-after-dark-knight-tragedy-20120725,0,1514533.story","external_links_name":"\"Warner Bros. moves 'Gangster Squad' to 2013 after shooting\""},{"Link":"http://in.reuters.com/article/usa-shooting-gangster-idINL2E8IQ94U20120726","external_links_name":"\"Warner Bros. postpones 'Gangster Squad' movie after shooting\""},{"Link":"http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv-movies/gangster-squad-release-date-pushed-back-january-film-draws-comparisons-dark-knight-rises-shooting-aurora-article-1.1122478","external_links_name":"\"'Gangster Squad' release date pushed back to January after film draws comparisons to 'Dark Knight Rises' shooting in Aurora\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2013/01/box-office-gangster-squad-opens-with-650k-for-possible-20m-and-1-in-tight-race-with-zero-dark-thirty-expansion-401994/","external_links_name":"\"#1 'Zero Dark Thirty' Widens For $24M, 'Haunted House' Beats Disappointing 'Gangster Squad' For #2; 'Silver Linings', 'Lincoln', 'Life Of Pi' Get Oscar Bumps\""},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl1180009985/weekend/?ref_=bo_rl_tab#tabs","external_links_name":"\"Gangster Squad Weekend Totals\""},{"Link":"http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Disc_Announcements/Warner_Brothers/Gangster_Squad_Blu-ray_Announced_and_Detailed_/11282","external_links_name":"\"'Gangster Squad' Blu-ray Announced and Detailed\""},{"Link":"https://m.the-numbers.com/movie/Gangster-Squad-The","external_links_name":"\"Gangster Squad (2013) - Financial Information\""},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/gangster_squad_2012/","external_links_name":"\"Gangster Squad (2013)\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/gangster-squad","external_links_name":"\"Gangster Squad reviews\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130127073546/http://spill.com/Audio/AudioPost.aspx?audioId=1499","external_links_name":"\"Gangster Squad - Audio Review\""},{"Link":"http://spill.com/Audio/AudioPost.aspx?audioId=1499","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2013/01/09/gangster-squad-review","external_links_name":"\"Gangster Squad Review\""},{"Link":"http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20130109/REVIEWS/130109981","external_links_name":"\"Gangster Squad\""},{"Link":"http://historyonfilm.com/gangster-squad/","external_links_name":"\"Gangster Squad: History on Film\""},{"Link":"https://www.salon.com/2013/01/10/gangster_squad_whitewashes_the_lapds_criminal_past/","external_links_name":"\"Gangster Squad\" whitewashes the LAPD's criminal past\""},{"Link":"http://www.gangstersquadmovie.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1321870/","external_links_name":"Gangster Squad"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/gangster_squad_2012","external_links_name":"Gangster Squad"},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=gangstersquad.htm","external_links_name":"Gangster Squad"},{"Link":"https://www.imfdb.org/wiki/Gangster","external_links_name":"Squad Gangster Squad"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RecLOH | RecLOH | ["1 For Y chromosome","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Term in genetics
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "RecLOH" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
RecLOH is a term in genetics that is an abbreviation for "Recombinant Loss of Heterozygosity".
This is a type of mutation which occurs with DNA by recombination. From a pair of equivalent ("homologous"), but slightly different (heterozygous) genes, a pair of identical genes results. In this case there is a non-reciprocal exchange of genetic code between the chromosomes, in contrast to chromosomal crossover, because genetic information is lost.
For Y chromosome
In genetic genealogy, the term is used particularly concerning similar seeming events in Y chromosome DNA. This type of mutation happens within one chromosome, and does not involve a reciprocal transfer. Rather, one homologous segment "writes over" the other. The mechanism is presumed to be different from RecLOH events in autosomal chromosomes, since the target is the very same chromosome instead of the homologous one.
During the mutation one of these copies overwrites the other. Thus the differences between the two are lost. Because differences are lost, heterozygosity is lost.
Recombination on the Y-chromosome does not only take place during meiosis, but virtually at every mitosis when the Y chromosome condenses, because it doesn't require pairing between chromosomes. Recombination frequency even exceeds the frame shift mutation frequency (slipped strand mispairing) of (average fast) Y-STRs, however many recombination products may lead to infertile germ cells and "daughter out".
Recombination events (RecLOH) can be observed if YSTR databases are searched for twin alleles at 3 or more duplicated markers on the same palindrome (hairpin).
E.g. DYS459, DYS464 and DYS724 (CDY) are located on the same palindrome P1. A high proportion of 9-9, 15-15-17-17, 36-36 combinations and similar twin allelic patterns will be found. PCR typing technologies have been developed (e.g. DYS464X) that are able to verify that there are most frequently really two alleles of each, so we can be sure that there is no gene deletion. Family genealogies have proven many times, that parallel changes on all markers located on the same palindrome are frequently observed and the result of those changes are always twin alleles. So a 9–10, 15-16-17-17, 36-38 haplotype can change in one recombination event to the one mentioned above, because all three markers (DYS459, DYS464 and DYS724) are affected by one and the same recLOH event.
See also
Null allele
Paternal mtDNA transmission
List of genetic genealogy topics
References
Krahn, Thomas (2005). "Recombinational Loss of Heterozygosity (recLOH)". DNA-Fingerprint, Germany. Archived from the original on 2010-11-29. Retrieved 2006-07-11.
External links
RecLOH explained | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics"},{"link_name":"Recombinant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_recombination"},{"link_name":"Heterozygosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterozygosity"},{"link_name":"mutation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"recombination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_recombination"},{"link_name":"heterozygous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterozygous#Heterozygous"},{"link_name":"chromosomal crossover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomal_crossover"}],"text":"RecLOH is a term in genetics that is an abbreviation for \"Recombinant Loss of Heterozygosity\".This is a type of mutation which occurs with DNA by recombination. From a pair of equivalent (\"homologous\"), but slightly different (heterozygous) genes, a pair of identical genes results. In this case there is a non-reciprocal exchange of genetic code between the chromosomes, in contrast to chromosomal crossover, because genetic information is lost.","title":"RecLOH"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genetic genealogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_genealogy"},{"link_name":"Y chromosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_chromosome"},{"link_name":"autosomal chromosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosome"},{"link_name":"heterozygosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterozygosity"},{"link_name":"Y-chromosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_chromosome"},{"link_name":"meiosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosis"},{"link_name":"mitosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosis"},{"link_name":"slipped strand mispairing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slipped_strand_mispairing"},{"link_name":"Y-STRs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-STR"},{"link_name":"hairpin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairpin_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"DYS459, DYS464 and DYS724","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Y-STR_markers"},{"link_name":"DYS464X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Y-STR_markers"},{"link_name":"gene deletion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_deletion"},{"link_name":"DYS459, DYS464 and DYS724","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Y-STR_markers"}],"text":"In genetic genealogy, the term is used particularly concerning similar seeming events in Y chromosome DNA. This type of mutation happens within one chromosome, and does not involve a reciprocal transfer. Rather, one homologous segment \"writes over\" the other. The mechanism is presumed to be different from RecLOH events in autosomal chromosomes, since the target is the very same chromosome instead of the homologous one.During the mutation one of these copies overwrites the other. Thus the differences between the two are lost. Because differences are lost, heterozygosity is lost.Recombination on the Y-chromosome does not only take place during meiosis, but virtually at every mitosis when the Y chromosome condenses, because it doesn't require pairing between chromosomes. Recombination frequency even exceeds the frame shift mutation frequency (slipped strand mispairing) of (average fast) Y-STRs, however many recombination products may lead to infertile germ cells and \"daughter out\".Recombination events (RecLOH) can be observed if YSTR databases are searched for twin alleles at 3 or more duplicated markers on the same palindrome (hairpin).\nE.g. DYS459, DYS464 and DYS724 (CDY) are located on the same palindrome P1. A high proportion of 9-9, 15-15-17-17, 36-36 combinations and similar twin allelic patterns will be found. PCR typing technologies have been developed (e.g. DYS464X) that are able to verify that there are most frequently really two alleles of each, so we can be sure that there is no gene deletion. Family genealogies have proven many times, that parallel changes on all markers located on the same palindrome are frequently observed and the result of those changes are always twin alleles. So a 9–10, 15-16-17-17, 36-38 haplotype can change in one recombination event to the one mentioned above, because all three markers (DYS459, DYS464 and DYS724) are affected by one and the same recLOH event.","title":"For Y chromosome"}] | [] | [{"title":"Null allele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_allele"},{"title":"Paternal mtDNA transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternal_mtDNA_transmission"},{"title":"List of genetic genealogy topics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_genetic_genealogy_topics"}] | [{"reference":"Krahn, Thomas (2005). \"Recombinational Loss of Heterozygosity (recLOH)\". DNA-Fingerprint, Germany. Archived from the original on 2010-11-29. Retrieved 2006-07-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101129015930/http://www.dna-fingerprint.com/modules.php?op=modload&name=Sections&file=index&req=viewarticle&artid=9","url_text":"\"Recombinational Loss of Heterozygosity (recLOH)\""},{"url":"http://www.dna-fingerprint.com/modules.php?op=modload&name=Sections&file=index&req=viewarticle&artid=9","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22RecLOH%22","external_links_name":"\"RecLOH\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22RecLOH%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22RecLOH%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22RecLOH%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22RecLOH%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22RecLOH%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101129015930/http://www.dna-fingerprint.com/modules.php?op=modload&name=Sections&file=index&req=viewarticle&artid=9","external_links_name":"\"Recombinational Loss of Heterozygosity (recLOH)\""},{"Link":"http://www.dna-fingerprint.com/modules.php?op=modload&name=Sections&file=index&req=viewarticle&artid=9","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101130021704/http://www.dna-fingerprint.com/modules.php?op=modload&name=Sections&file=index&req=viewarticle&artid=9","external_links_name":"RecLOH explained"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodoku | Kodoku | ["1 In fiction","2 See also","3 References"] | Type of poisonous magic found in Japanese folklore
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Kodoku (蠱毒, 'curse poison'), also called kodō (蠱道, 'curse method'), kojutsu (蠱術, 'curse technique'), and fuko (巫蠱, 'sorcery curse') is a type of poisonous magic found in Japanese folklore. It is the Japanese derivative of the Chinese gu magic.
It is said to have been widely used in ancient China. It is not clear for how long it has been used, but scholars of Chinese characters such as Shizuka Shirakawa, who advocates the importance of magic in ancient times, have found traces of poison in the oracle bone script of the Yin and Zhou dynasties. The earliest record of worms is in the Geography of the Suishu reads:
On May 5th, 100 species of insects were collected, the larger ones were snakes, the smaller ones were lice, Place them inside, let them eat each other, and keep what is left of the last species. If it is a snake, it is a serpent, if it is a louse, it is a louse. Do this and kill a person.
To create kodoku, sorcerers would mix several insects in a jar, and let them kill one another until only one survived. The fluids of the insect that survived would be used to poison an individual with a curse that would control them, cause them misfortune, or kill them. The remaining insect could also be used as a sort of "luck charm" granting the one who performed the ritual great wealth. In return the owner is supposed to feed the bug. Neglecting to do so would enrage the insect, if the owner does not equivalently repay the insect by placing all his or her riches beside a road, plus interest in gold and silver, the insect would devour the home owner. Therefore, this ritual could also be used as a death curse by giving the riches to an ignorant individual. The term kodoku can also be applied to the spirit which is the incarnation of this particular magic (which usually appears in the shape of a worm or other animal).
The technique was used in the Nara period.
In fiction
This section may contain excessive or irrelevant examples. Please help improve the article by adding descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples. (July 2023)
The technique plays an important role in the first part of the 1985 historical fantasy novel Teito Monogatari. The protagonist Yasunori Katō is a master of kodoku magic and uses it to manipulate his victims. The spirit is represented as an insectoid worm (腹中虫, fukuchu-mushi) which lives in the stomach of the victim.
The term "spiritual kodoku" is used in the anime Ghost Hunt for a curse technique in which spirits are trapped like insects are in traditional kodoku practice. A dominant spirit devours the weaker spirits until it has enough power to kill the target of the curse. The only way to stop the curse is to "feed" the spirit as compensation.
In InuYasha the main antagonist Naraku creates a kodoku inside a mountain to gather and merge hundreds of yōkai to form a new body for himself.
Kodoku Experiment is a science fiction manga from Yukinobu Hoshino where a kodoku is being created on a planet filled with ferocious monsters.
Kodoku is used in the anime Fushigi Yûgi (Episode 18) as a drug to change the personality of one of the major protagonists, Tamahome.
The Kagewani from the anime of the same name is a shadow creature that was created through kodoku using several different animals instead of insects.
In Ōsama Game: Kigen, a manga prequel of Ōsama Game, the culprit behind a murderous game is subsequently revealed to be a virus, created through kodoku by Natsuko Honda's ancestors.
The idea of Kodoku is a central motif to the plot of the manga BIOHAZARD Heavenly Island, where it is used by the main antagonists to develop a new B.O.W.
In the web novel Re:Monster, Kodoku is used by the main protagonist as a method to create a more powerful army, from pitching many different summoned creatures against each other inside a hole, and letting them "evolve" by themselves.
In Mob Psycho 100, one of the minor antagonists, Matsuo, uses Kodoku to merge evil spirits to create powerful "pets".
Hunter x Hunter succession arc is based on this ceremony.
The Ao No Haha manga is entirely based upon the Kodoku Magic, there it is used to make stronger medicine by using a different "pot".
Kotoribako and Ryoumen Sukuna (elements of Japanese folklore and Kowabana, Japanese scary stories usually spread by rumors and forums) may have been created by using some variant of the Kodoku Magic.
In the Manga series Yu-Gi-Oh, the Millennium Items are created by sacrificing a certain number of "evil" (poisonous) people, and are clearly defined as a curse, each of them putting a weight on strong-minded users. Also, the Millennium Puzzle can be deemed a sort of Kotoribako (a difficult puzzle box created as a curse containing the remains, here the soul, of an individual, a young one moreover).
In the Manga series Dokumushi the main characters are forced to participate in a kodoku involving humans, the only person who could be freed would be the one who survived by murdering and committing cannibalism with the other participants.
In the Manga and Anime series Blue Lock the titular Blue Lock is a prison-like facility where three hundred talented high school soccer players from all over Japan are forced to participate in a soccer kodoku, the overall winner who is explicitly called the "sole survivor" will earn the right to become the national team's striker and those who lose will be banned from joining the team forever.
In the Manga and Anime series Dark Gathering one of the main characters forces captured spirits in a kodoku in order to create powerful spirits.
In the Manga and Anime series Jujutsu Kaisen Sukuna partacts in a bath that was traditionally a ritual used to protect family heirlooms by turning them into cursed tools. It required soaking in a solution of cursed energy formed from crushing and straining venomous creatures through the process known as kodoku. Uraume was able to reconstruct this ritual using cursed spirits in the Zenin clan's disciplinary pit. Uraume froze the cores of curse spirits before slicing them apart and filtering them. Sukuna is using the bath to become closer to evil, which submerges Megumi's soul into submission.
The Japanese visual kei band Kiryū has a music video named Kodoku which describes the practice of inflicting curses through poisoning.
In volume 10 of the light novel series Reign of the Seven Spellblades, Tim Linton describes his childhood in terms of the "bug urn" used to produce poisons in the faraway land of "Chena", which he calls "halfway to a full-on curse". The Linton clan's magical tradition is to collect magically talented orphans, poison them, and force-feed the ones who died to the survivors, repeating the process until only one strong, poison-themed mage child is left, whom they raise as their heir.
See also
Kōshin
References
^ Kunimitsu, Kawamura. "Tsukimono." Encyclopedia of Shinto. http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=792
^ "Jaki ni Ochita Kikyō to Inuyasha" 邪気に落ちた桔梗と犬夜叉 . Inuyasha. Season 2. Episode 5 (in Japanese). June 25, 2001.
^ Uno, Bokuto (23 January 2024) . "Chapter 3: Courting". 七つの魔剣が支配する Nanatsu no Maken ga Shihai Suru . Vol. 10. Translated by Cunningham, Andrew (Kindle ed.). Dengeki Bunko (Japan), Yen Press (US). p. 122.
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1 (in order of the size of the shrine network they head) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese folklore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_folklore"},{"link_name":"gu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu_(poison)"},{"link_name":"Nara period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara_period"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Kodoku (蠱毒, 'curse poison'), also called kodō (蠱道, 'curse method'), kojutsu (蠱術, 'curse technique'), and fuko (巫蠱, 'sorcery curse') is a type of poisonous magic found in Japanese folklore. It is the Japanese derivative of the Chinese gu magic.It is said to have been widely used in ancient China. It is not clear for how long it has been used, but scholars of Chinese characters such as Shizuka Shirakawa, who advocates the importance of magic in ancient times, have found traces of poison in the oracle bone script of the Yin and Zhou dynasties. The earliest record of worms is in the Geography of the Suishu reads:On May 5th, 100 species of insects were collected, the larger ones were snakes, the smaller ones were lice, Place them inside, let them eat each other, and keep what is left of the last species. If it is a snake, it is a serpent, if it is a louse, it is a louse. Do this and kill a person.To create kodoku, sorcerers would mix several insects in a jar, and let them kill one another until only one survived. The fluids of the insect that survived would be used to poison an individual with a curse that would control them, cause them misfortune, or kill them. The remaining insect could also be used as a sort of \"luck charm\" granting the one who performed the ritual great wealth. In return the owner is supposed to feed the bug. Neglecting to do so would enrage the insect, if the owner does not equivalently repay the insect by placing all his or her riches beside a road, plus interest in gold and silver, the insect would devour the home owner. Therefore, this ritual could also be used as a death curse by giving the riches to an ignorant individual. The term kodoku can also be applied to the spirit which is the incarnation of this particular magic (which usually appears in the shape of a worm or other animal).The technique was used in the Nara period.[1]","title":"Kodoku"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"historical fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_fantasy"},{"link_name":"Teito Monogatari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teito_Monogatari"},{"link_name":"Yasunori Katō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasunori_Kat%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Ghost Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Hunt_(novel_series)"},{"link_name":"InuYasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InuYasha"},{"link_name":"yōkai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Kodoku Experiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kodoku_Experiment&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yukinobu Hoshino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukinobu_Hoshino"},{"link_name":"Fushigi Yûgi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fushigi_Y%C3%BBgi"},{"link_name":"Kagewani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagewani"},{"link_name":"Ōsama Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Csama_Game"},{"link_name":"BIOHAZARD Heavenly Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BIOHAZARD_Heavenly_Island&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Re:Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re:Monster"},{"link_name":"Mob Psycho 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mob_Psycho_100"},{"link_name":"Hunter x Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_x_Hunter"},{"link_name":"Ao No Haha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ao_No_Haha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yu-Gi-Oh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu-Gi-Oh"},{"link_name":"Dokumushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dokumushi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Blue Lock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Lock"},{"link_name":"Dark Gathering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Gathering"},{"link_name":"Jujutsu Kaisen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jujutsu_Kaisen"},{"link_name":"visual kei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_kei"},{"link_name":"Kiryū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiry%C5%AB_(band)"},{"link_name":"light novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_novel"},{"link_name":"Reign of the Seven Spellblades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_the_Seven_Spellblades"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The technique plays an important role in the first part of the 1985 historical fantasy novel Teito Monogatari. The protagonist Yasunori Katō is a master of kodoku magic and uses it to manipulate his victims. The spirit is represented as an insectoid worm (腹中虫, fukuchu-mushi) which lives in the stomach of the victim.\nThe term \"spiritual kodoku\" is used in the anime Ghost Hunt for a curse technique in which spirits are trapped like insects are in traditional kodoku practice. A dominant spirit devours the weaker spirits until it has enough power to kill the target of the curse. The only way to stop the curse is to \"feed\" the spirit as compensation.\nIn InuYasha the main antagonist Naraku creates a kodoku inside a mountain to gather and merge hundreds of yōkai to form a new body for himself.[2]\nKodoku Experiment is a science fiction manga from Yukinobu Hoshino where a kodoku is being created on a planet filled with ferocious monsters.\nKodoku is used in the anime Fushigi Yûgi (Episode 18) as a drug to change the personality of one of the major protagonists, Tamahome.\nThe Kagewani from the anime of the same name is a shadow creature that was created through kodoku using several different animals instead of insects.\nIn Ōsama Game: Kigen, a manga prequel of Ōsama Game, the culprit behind a murderous game is subsequently revealed to be a virus, created through kodoku by Natsuko Honda's ancestors.\nThe idea of Kodoku is a central motif to the plot of the manga BIOHAZARD Heavenly Island, where it is used by the main antagonists to develop a new B.O.W.\nIn the web novel Re:Monster, Kodoku is used by the main protagonist as a method to create a more powerful army, from pitching many different summoned creatures against each other inside a hole, and letting them \"evolve\" by themselves.\nIn Mob Psycho 100, one of the minor antagonists, Matsuo, uses Kodoku to merge evil spirits to create powerful \"pets\".\nHunter x Hunter succession arc is based on this ceremony.\nThe Ao No Haha manga is entirely based upon the Kodoku Magic, there it is used to make stronger medicine by using a different \"pot\".\nKotoribako and Ryoumen Sukuna (elements of Japanese folklore and Kowabana, Japanese scary stories usually spread by rumors and forums) may have been created by using some variant of the Kodoku Magic.\nIn the Manga series Yu-Gi-Oh, the Millennium Items are created by sacrificing a certain number of \"evil\" (poisonous) people, and are clearly defined as a curse, each of them putting a weight on strong-minded users. Also, the Millennium Puzzle can be deemed a sort of Kotoribako (a difficult puzzle box created as a curse containing the remains, here the soul, of an individual, a young one moreover).\nIn the Manga series Dokumushi the main characters are forced to participate in a kodoku involving humans, the only person who could be freed would be the one who survived by murdering and committing cannibalism with the other participants.\nIn the Manga and Anime series Blue Lock the titular Blue Lock is a prison-like facility where three hundred talented high school soccer players from all over Japan are forced to participate in a soccer kodoku, the overall winner who is explicitly called the \"sole survivor\" will earn the right to become the national team's striker and those who lose will be banned from joining the team forever.\nIn the Manga and Anime series Dark Gathering one of the main characters forces captured spirits in a kodoku in order to create powerful spirits.\nIn the Manga and Anime series Jujutsu Kaisen Sukuna partacts in a bath that was traditionally a ritual used to protect family heirlooms by turning them into cursed tools. It required soaking in a solution of cursed energy formed from crushing and straining venomous creatures through the process known as kodoku. Uraume was able to reconstruct this ritual using cursed spirits in the Zenin clan's disciplinary pit. Uraume froze the cores of curse spirits before slicing them apart and filtering them. Sukuna is using the bath to become closer to evil, which submerges Megumi's soul into submission.\nThe Japanese visual kei band Kiryū has a music video named Kodoku which describes the practice of inflicting curses through poisoning.\nIn volume 10 of the light novel series Reign of the Seven Spellblades, Tim Linton describes his childhood in terms of the \"bug urn\" used to produce poisons in the faraway land of \"Chena\", which he calls \"halfway to a full-on curse\". The Linton clan's magical tradition is to collect magically talented orphans, poison them, and force-feed the ones who died to the survivors, repeating the process until only one strong, poison-themed mage child is left, whom they raise as their heir.[3]","title":"In fiction"}] | [] | [{"title":"Kōshin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dshin"}] | [{"reference":"\"Jaki ni Ochita Kikyō to Inuyasha\" 邪気に落ちた桔梗と犬夜叉 [Kikyo and Inuyasha, Into the Miasma]. Inuyasha. Season 2. Episode 5 (in Japanese). June 25, 2001.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuyasha","url_text":"Inuyasha"}]},{"reference":"Uno, Bokuto (23 January 2024) [9 September 2022 (Japanese ed.)]. \"Chapter 3: Courting\". 七つの魔剣が支配する Nanatsu no Maken ga Shihai Suru [Reign of the Seven Spellblades]. Vol. 10. Translated by Cunningham, Andrew (Kindle ed.). Dengeki Bunko (Japan), Yen Press (US). p. 122.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_the_Seven_Spellblades","url_text":"七つの魔剣が支配する Nanatsu no Maken ga Shihai Suru"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengeki_Bunko","url_text":"Dengeki Bunko"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen_Press","url_text":"Yen Press"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kodoku%22","external_links_name":"\"Kodoku\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kodoku%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kodoku%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kodoku%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kodoku%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kodoku%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kodoku%22","external_links_name":"\"Kodoku\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kodoku%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kodoku%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kodoku%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kodoku%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kodoku%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kodoku&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve the article"},{"Link":"http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=792","external_links_name":"http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=792"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swim-bladder | Swim bladder | ["1 Structure and function","2 Evolution","3 Sonar reflectivity","4 Deep scattering layer","5 Human uses","6 Swim bladder disease","7 Risk of injury","8 Similar structures in other organisms","9 Gallery","10 References","11 Further references"] | Gas-filled organ that contributes to the ability of a fish to control its buoyancy
"Air bladder" redirects here. For the special effects technique, see Air bladder effect.
The swim bladder of a rudd
Internal positioning of the swim bladder of a bleakS: anterior, S': posterior portion of the air bladderœ: œsophagus; l: air passage of the air bladder
The swim bladder, gas bladder, fish maw, or air bladder is an internal gas-filled organ that contributes to the ability of many bony fish (but not cartilaginous fish) to control their buoyancy, and thus to stay at their current water depth without having to expend energy in swimming. Also, the dorsal position of the swim bladder means that the expansion of the bladder moves the center of mass downwards, allowing it to act as a stabilizing agent in some species. Additionally, the swim bladder functions as a resonating chamber, to produce or receive sound.
The swim bladder is evolutionarily homologous to the lungs of tetrapods and lungfish. Charles Darwin remarked upon this in On the Origin of Species. Darwin reasoned that the lung in air-breathing vertebrates had derived from a more primitive swim bladder as a specialized form of enteral respiration.
In the embryonic stages, some species, such as redlip blenny, have lost the swim bladder again, mostly bottom dwellers like the weather fish. Other fish—like the opah and the pomfret—use their pectoral fins to swim and balance the weight of the head to keep a horizontal position. The normally bottom dwelling sea robin can use their pectoral fins to produce lift while swimming.
The gas/tissue interface at the swim bladder produces a strong reflection of sound, which is used in sonar equipment to find fish.
Cartilaginous fish, such as sharks and rays, do not have swim bladders. Some of them can control their depth only by swimming (using dynamic lift); others store fats or oils with density less than that of seawater to produce a neutral or near neutral buoyancy, which does not change with depth.
Structure and function
Swim bladder from a bony (teleost) fish
How gas is pumped into the swim bladder using counter-current exchange.
The swim bladder normally consists of two gas-filled sacs located in the dorsal portion of the fish, although in a few primitive species, there is only a single sac. It has flexible walls that contract or expand according to the ambient pressure. The walls of the bladder contain very few blood vessels and are lined with guanine crystals, which make them impermeable to gases. By adjusting the gas pressurising organ using the gas gland or oval window, the fish can obtain neutral buoyancy and ascend and descend to a large range of depths. Due to the dorsal position it gives the fish lateral stability.
In physostomous swim bladders, a connection is retained between the swim bladder and the gut, the pneumatic duct, allowing the fish to fill up the swim bladder by "gulping" air. Excess gas can be removed in a similar manner.
In more derived varieties of fish (the physoclisti), the connection to the digestive tract is lost. In early life stages, these fish must rise to the surface to fill up their swim bladders; in later stages, the pneumatic duct disappears, and the gas gland has to introduce gas (usually oxygen) to the bladder to increase its volume and thus increase buoyancy. This process begins with the acidification of the blood in the rete mirabile when the gas gland excretes lactic acid and produces carbon dioxide, the latter of which acidifies the blood via the bicarbonate buffer system. The resulting acidity causes the hemoglobin of the blood to lose its oxygen (Root effect) which then diffuses partly into the swim bladder. Before returning to the body, the blood re-enters the rete mirabile, and as a result, virtually all the excess carbon dioxide and oxygen produced in the gas gland diffuses back to the arteries supplying the gas gland via a countercurrent multiplication loop. Thus a very high gas pressure of oxygen can be obtained, which can even account for the presence of gas in the swim bladders of deep sea fish like the eel, requiring a pressure of hundreds of bars. Elsewhere, at a similar structure known as the 'oval window', the bladder is in contact with blood and the oxygen can diffuse back out again. Together with oxygen, other gases are salted out in the swim bladder which accounts for the high pressures of other gases as well.
The combination of gases in the bladder varies. In shallow water fish, the ratios closely approximate that of the atmosphere, while deep sea fish tend to have higher percentages of oxygen. For instance, the eel Synaphobranchus has been observed to have 75.1% oxygen, 20.5% nitrogen, 3.1% carbon dioxide, and 0.4% argon in its swim bladder.
Physoclist swim bladders have one important disadvantage: they prohibit fast rising, as the bladder would burst. Physostomes can "burp" out gas, though this complicates the process of re-submergence.
The swim bladder in some species, mainly fresh water fishes (common carp, catfish, bowfin) is interconnected with the inner ear of the fish. They are connected by four bones called the Weberian ossicles from the Weberian apparatus. These bones can carry the vibrations to the saccule and the lagena. They are suited for detecting sound and vibrations due to its low density in comparison to the density of the fish's body tissues. This increases the ability of sound detection. The swim bladder can radiate the pressure of sound which help increase its sensitivity and expand its hearing. In some deep sea fishes like the Antimora, the swim bladder maybe also connected to the macula of saccule in order for the inner ear to receive a sensation from the sound pressure.
In red-bellied piranha, the swim bladder may play an important role in sound production as a resonator. The sounds created by piranhas are generated through rapid contractions of the sonic muscles and is associated with the swim bladder.
Teleosts are thought to lack a sense of absolute hydrostatic pressure, which could be used to determine absolute depth. However, it has been suggested that teleosts may be able to determine their depth by sensing the rate of change of swim-bladder volume.
Evolution
The West African lungfish possesses a lung homologous to swim bladders
The illustration of the swim bladder in fishes ... shows us clearly the highly important fact that an organ originally constructed for one purpose, namely, flotation, may be converted into one for a widely different purpose, namely, respiration. The swim bladder has, also, been worked in as an accessory to the auditory organs of certain fishes. All physiologists admit that the swimbladder is homologous, or “ideally similar” in position and structure with the lungs of the higher vertebrate animals: hence there is no reason to doubt that the swim bladder has actually been converted into lungs, or an organ used exclusively for respiration. According to this view it may be inferred that all vertebrate animals with true lungs are descended by ordinary generation from an ancient and unknown prototype, which was furnished with a floating apparatus or swim bladder.
Charles Darwin, 1859
Swim bladders are evolutionarily closely related (i.e., homologous) to lungs. The first lungs originated in the last common ancestor of the Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) and Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish and the tetrapods) as expansions of the upper digestive tract which allowed them to gulp air under oxygen-poor conditions. In the Actinopteri (ray-finned fish minus the bichirs) the lungs evolved into a swim bladder (secondary absent in some lineages), which unlike lungs that bud ventrally, buds dorsally from the anterior foregut. Coelacanths have a "fatty organ" that have sometimes been referred to as a swim bladder, but is structurally different and have a separate evolutionary history.
In 1997, Farmer proposed that lungs evolved to supply the heart with oxygen. In fish, blood circulates from the gills to the skeletal muscle, and only then to the heart. During intense exercise, the oxygen in the blood gets used by the skeletal muscle before the blood reaches the heart. Primitive lungs gave an advantage by supplying the heart with oxygenated blood via the cardiac shunt. This theory is robustly supported by the fossil record, the ecology of extant air-breathing fishes, and the physiology of extant fishes. In embryonal development, both lung and swim bladder originate as an outpocketing from the gut; in the case of swim bladders, this connection to the gut continues to exist as the pneumatic duct in the more "primitive" ray-finned fish, and is lost in some of the more derived teleost orders. There are no animals which have both lungs and a swim bladder.
As an adaptation to migrations between the surface and deeper waters, some fish have evolved a swim bladder where the gas is replaced with low-density wax esters as a way to cope with Boyle's law.
The cartilaginous fish (e.g., sharks and rays) split from the other fishes about 420 million years ago, and lack both lungs and swim bladders, suggesting that these structures evolved after that split. Correspondingly, these fish also have both heterocercal and stiff, wing-like pectoral fins which provide the necessary lift needed due to the lack of swim bladders. Teleost fish with swim bladders have neutral buoyancy, and have no need for this lift.
Sonar reflectivity
The swim bladder of a fish can strongly reflect sound of an appropriate frequency. Strong reflection happens if the frequency is tuned to the volume resonance of the swim bladder. This can be calculated by knowing a number of properties of the fish, notably the volume of the swim bladder, although the well-accepted method for doing so requires correction factors for gas-bearing zooplankton where the radius of the swim bladder is less than about 5 cm. This is important, since sonar scattering is used to estimate the biomass of commercially- and environmentally-important fish species.
Deep scattering layer
Main article: Deep scattering layer
Most mesopelagic fishes are small filter feeders which ascend at night using their swimbladders to feed in the nutrient rich waters of the epipelagic zone. During the day, they return to the dark, cold, oxygen deficient waters of the mesopelagic where they are relatively safe from predators. Lanternfish account for as much as 65 percent of all deep sea fish biomass and are largely responsible for the deep scattering layer of the world's oceans.
Sonar operators, using the newly developed sonar technology during World War II, were puzzled by what appeared to be a false sea floor 300–500 metres deep at day, and less deep at night. This turned out to be due to millions of marine organisms, most particularly small mesopelagic fish, with swimbladders that reflected the sonar. These organisms migrate up into shallower water at dusk to feed on plankton. The layer is deeper when the moon is out, and can become shallower when clouds obscure the moon.
Most mesopelagic fish make daily vertical migrations, moving at night into the epipelagic zone, often following similar migrations of zooplankton, and returning to the depths for safety during the day. These vertical migrations often occur over large vertical distances, and are undertaken with the assistance of a swim bladder. The swim bladder is inflated when the fish wants to move up, and, given the high pressures in the mesoplegic zone, this requires significant energy. As the fish ascends, the pressure in the swimbladder must adjust to prevent it from bursting. When the fish wants to return to the depths, the swimbladder is deflated. Some mesopelagic fishes make daily migrations through the thermocline, where the temperature changes between 10 and 20 °C, thus displaying considerable tolerance for temperature change.
Sampling via deep trawling indicates that lanternfish account for as much as 65% of all deep sea fish biomass. Indeed, lanternfish are among the most widely distributed, populous, and diverse of all vertebrates, playing an important ecological role as prey for larger organisms. The estimated global biomass of lanternfish is 550–660 million tonnes, several times the annual world fisheries catch. Lanternfish also account for much of the biomass responsible for the deep scattering layer of the world's oceans. Sonar reflects off the millions of lanternfish swim bladders, giving the appearance of a false bottom.
Human uses
In the East Asian culinary sphere, the swim bladders of certain large fishes are considered a food delicacy. In Chinese cuisine, they are known as fish maw, 花膠/鱼鳔, and are served in soups or stews.
The vanity price of a vanishing kind of maw is behind the imminent extinction of the vaquita, the world's smallest porpoise species. Found only in Mexico's Gulf of California, the once numerous vaquita are now critically endangered. Vaquita die in gillnets set to catch totoaba (the world's largest drum fish). Totoaba are being hunted to extinction for its maw, which can sell for as much $10,000 per kilogram.
Swim bladders are also used in the food industry as a source of collagen. They can be made into a strong, water-resistant glue, or used to make isinglass for the clarification of beer. In earlier times, they were used to make condoms.
Swim bladder disease
Swim bladder disease is a common ailment in aquarium fish. A fish with swim bladder disorder can float nose down tail up, or can float to the top or sink to the bottom of the aquarium.
Risk of injury
Many anthropogenic activities, such as pile driving or even seismic waves, can create high-intensity sound waves that cause internal injury to fish that possess a gas bladder.
Physoclisti can not expel air quickly enough from the gas bladder, the organ most susceptible to sonic damage, thus making it difficult for them to escape major injury. Physostomes, on the other hand, can release air from their gas bladder expeditiously enough to protect it; nevertheless, they can not relieve pressure in their other vital organs, and are therefore also vulnerable to injury. Some of the commonly seen injuries include ruptured gas bladder and renal Haemorrhage. These mostly affect the overall health of the fish but not their mortality rate. Investigators employed the High-Intensity-Controlled Impedance-Fluid-Filled (HICI-FT), a stainless-steel wave tube with an electromagnetic shaker. It simulates high-energy sound waves in aquatic far-field, plane-wave acoustic conditions.
Similar structures in other organisms
Siphonophores have a special swim bladder that allows the jellyfish-like colonies to float along the surface of the water while their tentacles trail below. This organ is unrelated to the one in fish.
Gallery
Swim bladder display in a Malacca shopping mall
Fish maw soup
Swim bladder disease has resulted in this female ryukin goldfish floating upside down
References
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^ a b Darwin, Charles (1859) Origin of Species Page 190, reprinted 1872 by D. Appleton.
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^ Taylor, Graham K.; Holbrook, Robert Iain; de Perera, Theresa Burt (6 September 2010). "Fractional rate of change of swim-bladder volume is reliably related to absolute depth during vertical displacements in teleost fish". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 7 (50): 1379–1382. doi:10.1098/rsif.2009.0522. PMC 2894882. PMID 20190038.
^ Rice, Stanley A. (2009). Encyclopedia of Evolution. Infobase. ISBN 978-1-4381-1005-9.
^ Funk, Emily C.; Birol, Eda B.; McCune, Amy R. (2021). "Does the bowfin gas bladder represent an intermediate stage during the lung-to-gas bladder evolutionary transition?". Journal of Morphology. 282 (4): 600–611. doi:10.1002/jmor.21330. PMID 33538055.
^ Bi, Xupeng; Wang, Kun; Yang, Liandong; Pan, Hailin; Jiang, Haifeng; Wei, Qiwei; Fang, Miaoquan; Yu, Hao; Zhu, Chenglong; Cai, Yiran; He, Yuming; Gan, Xiaoni; Zeng, Honghui; Yu, Daqi; Zhu, Youan (4 March 2021). "Tracing the genetic footprints of vertebrate landing in non-teleost ray-finned fishes". Cell. 184 (5): 1377–1391.e14. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.046. PMID 33545088.
^ Cupello, Camila; Brito, Paulo M.; Herbin, Marc; Meunier, François J.; Janvier, Philippe; Dutel, Hugo; Clément, Gaël (2015). "Allometric growth in the extant coelacanth lung during ontogenetic development". Nature Communications. 6: 8222. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.8222C. doi:10.1038/ncomms9222. PMC 4647851. PMID 26372119.
^ a b Farmer, Colleen (1997). "Did lungs and the intracardiac shunt evolve to oxygenate the heart in vertebrates" (PDF). Paleobiology. 23 (3): 358–372. Bibcode:1997Pbio...23..358F. doi:10.1017/S0094837300019734. S2CID 87285937.
^ Bone, Quentin; Moore, Richard (19 March 2008). Biology of Fishes. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-134-18631-0.
^ Kardong, KV (1998) Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution2nd edition, illustrated, revised. Published by WCB/McGraw-Hill, p. 12 ISBN 0-697-28654-1
^ Love R. H. (1978). "Resonant acoustic scattering by swimbladder-bearing fish". J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 64 (2): 571–580. Bibcode:1978ASAJ...64..571L. doi:10.1121/1.382009.
^ Baik K. (2013). "Comment on "Resonant acoustic scattering by swimbladder-bearing fish" (L)". J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 133 (1): 5–8. Bibcode:2013ASAJ..133....5B. doi:10.1121/1.4770261. PMID 23297876.
^ Ryan P "Deep-sea creatures: The mesopelagic zone" Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Updated 21 September 2007.
^ Moyle, Peter B.; Cech, Joseph J. (2004). Fishes : an introduction to ichthyology (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall. p. 585. ISBN 9780131008472.
^ Bone, Quentin; Moore, Richard H. (2008). "Chapter 2.3. Marine habitats. Mesopelagic fishes". Biology of fishes (3rd ed.). New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 38. ISBN 9780203885222.
^ Douglas, EL; Friedl, WA; Pickwell, GV (1976). "Fishes in oxygen-minimum zones: blood oxygenation characteristics". Science. 191 (4230): 957–959. Bibcode:1976Sci...191..957D. doi:10.1126/science.1251208. PMID 1251208.
^ Hulley, P. Alexander (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 127–128. ISBN 978-0-12-547665-2.
^ R. Cornejo; R. Koppelmann & T. Sutton. "Deep-sea fish diversity and ecology in the benthic boundary layer". Archived from the original on 2013-06-01. Retrieved 2015-03-26.
^ Teresa M. (2009) A Tradition of Soup: Flavors from China's Pearl River Delta Page 70, North Atlantic Books. ISBN 9781556437656.
^ Rojas-Bracho, L. & Taylor, B.L. (2017). "Vaquita (Phocoena sinus)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T17028A214541137.en. Retrieved 14 October 2022.|date= / |doi= mismatch
^ "'Extinction Is Imminent': New report from Vaquita Recovery Team (CIRVA) is released". IUCN SSC - Cetacean Specialist Group. 2016-06-06. Archived from the original on 2019-01-03. Retrieved 2017-01-25.
^ Bridge, T. W. (1905) "The Natural History of Isinglass"
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^ a b Halvorsen, Michele B.; Casper, Brandon M.; Matthews, Frazer; Carlson, Thomas J.; Popper, Arthur N. (2012-12-07). "Effects of exposure to pile-driving sounds on the lake sturgeon, Nile tilapia and hogchoker". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1748): 4705–4714. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.1544. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 3497083. PMID 23055066.
^ Halvorsen, Michele B.; Casper, Brandon M.; Woodley, Christa M.; Carlson, Thomas J.; Popper, Arthur N. (2012-06-20). "Threshold for Onset of Injury in Chinook Salmon from Exposure to Impulsive Pile Driving Sounds". PLOS ONE. 7 (6): e38968. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...738968H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038968. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3380060. PMID 22745695.
^ Popper, Arthur N.; Hawkins, Anthony (2012-01-26). The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781441973115.
^ Clark, F. E.; C. E. Lane (1961). "Composition of float gases of Physalia physalis". Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 107 (3): 673–674. doi:10.3181/00379727-107-26724. PMID 13693830. S2CID 2687386.
t
Further references
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Swim bladder.
Bond, Carl E. (1996) Biology of Fishes, 2nd ed., Saunders, pp. 283–290.
Pelster, Bernd (1997) "Buoyancy at depth" In: WS Hoar, DJ Randall and AP Farrell (Eds) Deep-Sea Fishes, pages 195–237, Academic Press. ISBN 9780080585406.
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air bladder effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_bladder_effect"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swim_bladder.jpg"},{"link_name":"rudd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scardinius"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PSM_V20_D769_Longitudonal_section_of_a_bleak.jpg"},{"link_name":"bleak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alburnoides_bipunctatus"},{"link_name":"organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"bony fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bony_fish"},{"link_name":"cartilaginous fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilaginous_fish"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"buoyancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoyancy"},{"link_name":"energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orr-2"},{"link_name":"dorsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsum_(biology)"},{"link_name":"center of mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_of_mass"},{"link_name":"resonating chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonator"},{"link_name":"homologous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_(biology)"},{"link_name":"lungs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung"},{"link_name":"tetrapods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapod"},{"link_name":"lungfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungfish"},{"link_name":"Charles Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"On the Origin of Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-origin-3"},{"link_name":"enteral respiration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enteral_respiration"},{"link_name":"redlip blenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophioblennius_atlanticus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"bottom dwellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benthic_zone"},{"link_name":"weather fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_fish"},{"link_name":"opah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opah"},{"link_name":"pomfret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomfret"},{"link_name":"pectoral fins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_fin"},{"link_name":"sea robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_robin"},{"link_name":"sonar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonar"},{"link_name":"Cartilaginous fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrichthyes"},{"link_name":"sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark"},{"link_name":"rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_(fish)"},{"link_name":"dynamic lift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_lift_(fish)"}],"text":"\"Air bladder\" redirects here. For the special effects technique, see Air bladder effect.The swim bladder of a ruddInternal positioning of the swim bladder of a bleakS: anterior, S': posterior portion of the air bladderœ: œsophagus; l: air passage of the air bladderThe swim bladder, gas bladder, fish maw, or air bladder is an internal gas-filled organ that contributes to the ability of many bony fish (but not cartilaginous fish[1]) to control their buoyancy, and thus to stay at their current water depth without having to expend energy in swimming.[2] Also, the dorsal position of the swim bladder means that the expansion of the bladder moves the center of mass downwards, allowing it to act as a stabilizing agent in some species. Additionally, the swim bladder functions as a resonating chamber, to produce or receive sound.The swim bladder is evolutionarily homologous to the lungs of tetrapods and lungfish. Charles Darwin remarked upon this in On the Origin of Species.[3] Darwin reasoned that the lung in air-breathing vertebrates had derived from a more primitive swim bladder as a specialized form of enteral respiration.In the embryonic stages, some species, such as redlip blenny,[4] have lost the swim bladder again, mostly bottom dwellers like the weather fish. Other fish—like the opah and the pomfret—use their pectoral fins to swim and balance the weight of the head to keep a horizontal position. The normally bottom dwelling sea robin can use their pectoral fins to produce lift while swimming.The gas/tissue interface at the swim bladder produces a strong reflection of sound, which is used in sonar equipment to find fish.Cartilaginous fish, such as sharks and rays, do not have swim bladders. Some of them can control their depth only by swimming (using dynamic lift); others store fats or oils with density less than that of seawater to produce a neutral or near neutral buoyancy, which does not change with depth.","title":"Swim bladder"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oste023c_labelled.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GasbladderpumpingEng.png"},{"link_name":"counter-current exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-current_exchange"},{"link_name":"dorsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsum_(biology)"},{"link_name":"pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure"},{"link_name":"blood vessels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vessels"},{"link_name":"guanine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanine"},{"link_name":"physostomous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physostome"},{"link_name":"gut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"physoclisti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physoclisti"},{"link_name":"gas gland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gas_gland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"volume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume"},{"link_name":"buoyancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoyancy"},{"link_name":"rete mirabile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rete_mirabile"},{"link_name":"lactic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactic_acid"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"bicarbonate buffer system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicarbonate_buffer_system"},{"link_name":"hemoglobin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin"},{"link_name":"Root effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_effect"},{"link_name":"diffuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion"},{"link_name":"countercurrent multiplication loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countercurrent_exchange"},{"link_name":"eel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eel"},{"link_name":"bars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pelster2001-5"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biolbull.org-6"},{"link_name":"atmosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere"},{"link_name":"eel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eel"},{"link_name":"Synaphobranchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaphobranchus"},{"link_name":"nitrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"argon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon"},{"link_name":"Physostomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physostome"},{"link_name":"common carp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_carp"},{"link_name":"catfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catfish"},{"link_name":"bowfin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowfin"},{"link_name":"inner ear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_ear"},{"link_name":"Weberian ossicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weberian_ossicles"},{"link_name":"Weberian apparatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weberian_apparatus"},{"link_name":"saccule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccule"},{"link_name":"lagena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagena_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Antimora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimora"},{"link_name":"macula of saccule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macula_of_saccule"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"red-bellied piranha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-bellied_piranha"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Teleosts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleost"},{"link_name":"hydrostatic pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrostatic_pressure"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Swim bladder from a bony (teleost) fishHow gas is pumped into the swim bladder using counter-current exchange.The swim bladder normally consists of two gas-filled sacs located in the dorsal portion of the fish, although in a few primitive species, there is only a single sac. It has flexible walls that contract or expand according to the ambient pressure. The walls of the bladder contain very few blood vessels and are lined with guanine crystals, which make them impermeable to gases. By adjusting the gas pressurising organ using the gas gland or oval window, the fish can obtain neutral buoyancy and ascend and descend to a large range of depths. Due to the dorsal position it gives the fish lateral stability.In physostomous swim bladders, a connection is retained between the swim bladder and the gut, the pneumatic duct, allowing the fish to fill up the swim bladder by \"gulping\" air. Excess gas can be removed in a similar manner.In more derived varieties of fish (the physoclisti), the connection to the digestive tract is lost. In early life stages, these fish must rise to the surface to fill up their swim bladders; in later stages, the pneumatic duct disappears, and the gas gland has to introduce gas (usually oxygen) to the bladder to increase its volume and thus increase buoyancy. This process begins with the acidification of the blood in the rete mirabile when the gas gland excretes lactic acid and produces carbon dioxide, the latter of which acidifies the blood via the bicarbonate buffer system. The resulting acidity causes the hemoglobin of the blood to lose its oxygen (Root effect) which then diffuses partly into the swim bladder. Before returning to the body, the blood re-enters the rete mirabile, and as a result, virtually all the excess carbon dioxide and oxygen produced in the gas gland diffuses back to the arteries supplying the gas gland via a countercurrent multiplication loop. Thus a very high gas pressure of oxygen can be obtained, which can even account for the presence of gas in the swim bladders of deep sea fish like the eel, requiring a pressure of hundreds of bars.[5] Elsewhere, at a similar structure known as the 'oval window', the bladder is in contact with blood and the oxygen can diffuse back out again. Together with oxygen, other gases are salted out[clarification needed] in the swim bladder which accounts for the high pressures of other gases as well.[6]The combination of gases in the bladder varies. In shallow water fish, the ratios closely approximate that of the atmosphere, while deep sea fish tend to have higher percentages of oxygen. For instance, the eel Synaphobranchus has been observed to have 75.1% oxygen, 20.5% nitrogen, 3.1% carbon dioxide, and 0.4% argon in its swim bladder.Physoclist swim bladders have one important disadvantage: they prohibit fast rising, as the bladder would burst. Physostomes can \"burp\" out gas, though this complicates the process of re-submergence.The swim bladder in some species, mainly fresh water fishes (common carp, catfish, bowfin) is interconnected with the inner ear of the fish. They are connected by four bones called the Weberian ossicles from the Weberian apparatus. These bones can carry the vibrations to the saccule and the lagena. They are suited for detecting sound and vibrations due to its low density in comparison to the density of the fish's body tissues. This increases the ability of sound detection.[7] The swim bladder can radiate the pressure of sound which help increase its sensitivity and expand its hearing. In some deep sea fishes like the Antimora, the swim bladder maybe also connected to the macula of saccule in order for the inner ear to receive a sensation from the sound pressure.[8]\nIn red-bellied piranha, the swim bladder may play an important role in sound production as a resonator. The sounds created by piranhas are generated through rapid contractions of the sonic muscles and is associated with the swim bladder.[9]Teleosts are thought to lack a sense of absolute hydrostatic pressure, which could be used to determine absolute depth.[10] However, it has been suggested that teleosts may be able to determine their depth by sensing the rate of change of swim-bladder volume.[11]","title":"Structure and function"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PSM_V20_D769_Lepidosiren_annectens_using_the_air_bladder_as_a_lung.jpg"},{"link_name":"West African lungfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_African_lungfish"},{"link_name":"higher vertebrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_vertebrate"},{"link_name":"Charles Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-origin-3"},{"link_name":"homologous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_(biology)"},{"link_name":"lungs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung"},{"link_name":"Actinopterygii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinopterygii"},{"link_name":"Sarcopterygii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcopterygii"},{"link_name":"tetrapods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapod"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Actinopteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinopteri"},{"link_name":"bichirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bichir"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Coelacanths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelacanth"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-farmer-16"},{"link_name":"embryonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo"},{"link_name":"wax esters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax_ester"},{"link_name":"Boyle's law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyle%27s_law"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"cartilaginous fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrichthyes"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-farmer-16"},{"link_name":"heterocercal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocercal"},{"link_name":"pectoral fins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectoral_fin"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The West African lungfish possesses a lung homologous to swim bladdersThe illustration of the swim bladder in fishes ... shows us clearly the highly important fact that an organ originally constructed for one purpose, namely, flotation, may be converted into one for a widely different purpose, namely, respiration. The swim bladder has, also, been worked in as an accessory to the auditory organs of certain fishes. All physiologists admit that the swimbladder is homologous, or “ideally similar” in position and structure with the lungs of the higher vertebrate animals: hence there is no reason to doubt that the swim bladder has actually been converted into lungs, or an organ used exclusively for respiration. According to this view it may be inferred that all vertebrate animals with true lungs are descended by ordinary generation from an ancient and unknown prototype, which was furnished with a floating apparatus or swim bladder.\n\n\nCharles Darwin, 1859[3]Swim bladders are evolutionarily closely related (i.e., homologous) to lungs. The first lungs originated in the last common ancestor of the Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) and Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish and the tetrapods) as expansions of the upper digestive tract which allowed them to gulp air under oxygen-poor conditions.[12] In the Actinopteri (ray-finned fish minus the bichirs) the lungs evolved into a swim bladder (secondary absent in some lineages), which unlike lungs that bud ventrally, buds dorsally from the anterior foregut.[13][14] Coelacanths have a \"fatty organ\" that have sometimes been referred to as a swim bladder, but is structurally different and have a separate evolutionary history.[15]In 1997, Farmer proposed that lungs evolved to supply the heart with oxygen. In fish, blood circulates from the gills to the skeletal muscle, and only then to the heart. During intense exercise, the oxygen in the blood gets used by the skeletal muscle before the blood reaches the heart. Primitive lungs gave an advantage by supplying the heart with oxygenated blood via the cardiac shunt. This theory is robustly supported by the fossil record, the ecology of extant air-breathing fishes, and the physiology of extant fishes.[16] In embryonal development, both lung and swim bladder originate as an outpocketing from the gut; in the case of swim bladders, this connection to the gut continues to exist as the pneumatic duct in the more \"primitive\" ray-finned fish, and is lost in some of the more derived teleost orders. There are no animals which have both lungs and a swim bladder.As an adaptation to migrations between the surface and deeper waters, some fish have evolved a swim bladder where the gas is replaced with low-density wax esters as a way to cope with Boyle's law.[17]The cartilaginous fish (e.g., sharks and rays) split from the other fishes about 420 million years ago, and lack both lungs and swim bladders, suggesting that these structures evolved after that split.[16] Correspondingly, these fish also have both heterocercal and stiff, wing-like pectoral fins which provide the necessary lift needed due to the lack of swim bladders. Teleost fish with swim bladders have neutral buoyancy, and have no need for this lift.[18]","title":"Evolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Love_1978-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baik_2013-20"}],"text":"The swim bladder of a fish can strongly reflect sound of an appropriate frequency. Strong reflection happens if the frequency is tuned to the volume resonance of the swim bladder. This can be calculated by knowing a number of properties of the fish, notably the volume of the swim bladder, although the well-accepted method for doing so[19] requires correction factors for gas-bearing zooplankton where the radius of the swim bladder is less than about 5 cm.[20] This is important, since sonar scattering is used to estimate the biomass of commercially- and environmentally-important fish species.","title":"Sonar reflectivity"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:California_headlightfish.png"},{"link_name":"filter feeders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_feeder"},{"link_name":"epipelagic zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epipelagic_zone"},{"link_name":"Lanternfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanternfish"},{"link_name":"biomass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass"},{"link_name":"deep scattering layer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_scattering_layer"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TeAraMZ-21"},{"link_name":"vertical migrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moyle585-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"thermocline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermocline"},{"link_name":"trawling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trawling"},{"link_name":"lanternfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanternfish"},{"link_name":"biomass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoF-25"},{"link_name":"vertebrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate"},{"link_name":"ecological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology"},{"link_name":"tonnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"deep scattering layer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_scattering_layer"},{"link_name":"Sonar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonar"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Most mesopelagic fishes are small filter feeders which ascend at night using their swimbladders to feed in the nutrient rich waters of the epipelagic zone. During the day, they return to the dark, cold, oxygen deficient waters of the mesopelagic where they are relatively safe from predators. Lanternfish account for as much as 65 percent of all deep sea fish biomass and are largely responsible for the deep scattering layer of the world's oceans.Sonar operators, using the newly developed sonar technology during World War II, were puzzled by what appeared to be a false sea floor 300–500 metres deep at day, and less deep at night. This turned out to be due to millions of marine organisms, most particularly small mesopelagic fish, with swimbladders that reflected the sonar. These organisms migrate up into shallower water at dusk to feed on plankton. The layer is deeper when the moon is out, and can become shallower when clouds obscure the moon.[21]Most mesopelagic fish make daily vertical migrations, moving at night into the epipelagic zone, often following similar migrations of zooplankton, and returning to the depths for safety during the day.[22][23] These vertical migrations often occur over large vertical distances, and are undertaken with the assistance of a swim bladder. The swim bladder is inflated when the fish wants to move up, and, given the high pressures in the mesoplegic zone, this requires significant energy. As the fish ascends, the pressure in the swimbladder must adjust to prevent it from bursting. When the fish wants to return to the depths, the swimbladder is deflated.[24] Some mesopelagic fishes make daily migrations through the thermocline, where the temperature changes between 10 and 20 °C, thus displaying considerable tolerance for temperature change.Sampling via deep trawling indicates that lanternfish account for as much as 65% of all deep sea fish biomass.[25] Indeed, lanternfish are among the most widely distributed, populous, and diverse of all vertebrates, playing an important ecological role as prey for larger organisms. The estimated global biomass of lanternfish is 550–660 million tonnes, several times the annual world fisheries catch. Lanternfish also account for much of the biomass responsible for the deep scattering layer of the world's oceans. Sonar reflects off the millions of lanternfish swim bladders, giving the appearance of a false bottom.[26]","title":"Deep scattering layer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"vaquita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaquita"},{"link_name":"Gulf of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_California"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"gillnets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillnets"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"totoaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totoaba"},{"link_name":"drum fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_fish"},{"link_name":"collagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen"},{"link_name":"isinglass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isinglass"},{"link_name":"beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"condoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condom"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"In the East Asian culinary sphere, the swim bladders of certain large fishes are considered a food delicacy. In Chinese cuisine, they are known as fish maw, 花膠/鱼鳔,[27] and are served in soups or stews.The vanity price of a vanishing kind of maw is behind the imminent extinction of the vaquita, the world's smallest porpoise species. Found only in Mexico's Gulf of California, the once numerous vaquita are now critically endangered.[28] Vaquita die in gillnets[29] set to catch totoaba (the world's largest drum fish). Totoaba are being hunted to extinction for its maw, which can sell for as much $10,000 per kilogram.Swim bladders are also used in the food industry as a source of collagen. They can be made into a strong, water-resistant glue, or used to make isinglass for the clarification of beer.[30] In earlier times, they were used to make condoms.[31]","title":"Human uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swim bladder disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swim_bladder_disease"},{"link_name":"aquarium fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium_fish"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-32"}],"text":"Swim bladder disease is a common ailment in aquarium fish. A fish with swim bladder disorder can float nose down tail up, or can float to the top or sink to the bottom of the aquarium.[32]","title":"Swim bladder disease"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anthropogenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment"},{"link_name":"pile driving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pile_driving"},{"link_name":"seismic waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_waves"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Halvorsen-33"},{"link_name":"Haemorrhage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemorrhage"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Halvorsen-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Many anthropogenic activities, such as pile driving or even seismic waves, can create high-intensity sound waves that cause internal injury to fish that possess a gas bladder. \nPhysoclisti can not expel air quickly enough from the gas bladder, the organ most susceptible to sonic damage, thus making it difficult for them to escape major injury. Physostomes, on the other hand, can release air from their gas bladder expeditiously enough to protect it; nevertheless, they can not relieve pressure in their other vital organs, and are therefore also vulnerable to injury.[33] Some of the commonly seen injuries include ruptured gas bladder and renal Haemorrhage. These mostly affect the overall health of the fish but not their mortality rate.[33] Investigators employed the High-Intensity-Controlled Impedance-Fluid-Filled (HICI-FT), a stainless-steel wave tube with an electromagnetic shaker. It simulates high-energy sound waves in aquatic far-field, plane-wave acoustic conditions.[34][35]","title":"Risk of injury"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Siphonophores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siphonophores"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clark1961-36"}],"text":"Siphonophores have a special swim bladder that allows the jellyfish-like colonies to float along the surface of the water while their tentacles trail below. This organ is unrelated to the one in fish.[36]","title":"Similar structures in other organisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Melaka-mall-Fish-maw-kiosk-2267.jpg"},{"link_name":"Malacca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fish_maw_soup.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Goldfish_with_swim_bladder_disease.JPG"},{"link_name":"Swim bladder disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swim_bladder_disease"},{"link_name":"ryukin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukin"}],"text":"Swim bladder display in a Malacca shopping mall\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFish maw soup\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSwim bladder disease has resulted in this female ryukin goldfish floating upside down","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swim bladder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Swim_bladder"},{"link_name":"\"Buoyancy at depth\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=E_yI3mB2QI8C&q=%22Deep-sea+fishes%22"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780080585406","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080585406"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Diversity_of_fish"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Diversity_of_fish"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diversity_of_fish"},{"link_name":"Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"Diversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity_of_fish"},{"link_name":"Ethnoichthyology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnoichthyology"},{"link_name":"Evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_fish"},{"link_name":"Diseases and parasites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites"},{"link_name":"Fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing"},{"link_name":"Fisheries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishery"},{"link_name":"Environmental impact of fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fishing"},{"link_name":"- as food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_as_food"},{"link_name":"Fear of -","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_of_fish"},{"link_name":"FishBase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FishBase"},{"link_name":"Fish kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_kill"},{"link_name":"Hypoxia in -","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_in_fish"},{"link_name":"Ichthyology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antennarius_striatus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_anatomy"},{"link_name":"physiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_physiology"},{"link_name":"Age determination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_determination_in_fish"},{"link_name":"Anguilliformity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguilliformity"},{"link_name":"Bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_bone"},{"link_name":"dermal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermal_bone"},{"link_name":"intramembranous ossification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intramembranous_ossification"},{"link_name":"Cleithrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleithrum"},{"link_name":"Chromatophore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatophore"},{"link_name":"Fins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_fin"},{"link_name":"dorsal fin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_fin"},{"link_name":"Gill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_gill"},{"link_name":"branchial arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branchial_arch"},{"link_name":"gill raker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gill_raker"},{"link_name":"gill slit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gill_slit"},{"link_name":"pharyngeal arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharyngeal_arch"},{"link_name":"pharyngeal slit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharyngeal_slit"},{"link_name":"pseudobranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudobranch"},{"link_name":"Glossohyal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossohyal"},{"link_name":"Jaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_jaw"},{"link_name":"hyomandibula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyomandibula"},{"link_name":"pharyngeal jaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharyngeal_jaw"},{"link_name":"Leydig's organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leydig%27s_organ"},{"link_name":"Mauthner cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauthner_cell"},{"link_name":"Meristics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meristics"},{"link_name":"Operculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operculum_(fish)"},{"link_name":"papillare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operculum_papillare"},{"link_name":"Papilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papilla_(fish_anatomy)"},{"link_name":"Photophore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophore"},{"link_name":"Root effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_effect"},{"link_name":"Shark cartilage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_cartilage"},{"link_name":"Scales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_scale"},{"link_name":"ganoine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganoine"},{"link_name":"Spiral valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral_valve"},{"link_name":"Suckermouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suckermouth"},{"link_name":"Swim bladder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"physoclisti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physoclisti"},{"link_name":"physostome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physostome"},{"link_name":"Teeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teeth"},{"link_name":"pharyngeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharyngeal_teeth"},{"link_name":"shark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_tooth"},{"link_name":"Teleost leptins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleost_leptins"},{"link_name":"Digital Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Fish_Library"},{"link_name":"Sensorysystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_systems_in_fish"},{"link_name":"Ampullae of Lorenzini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampullae_of_Lorenzini"},{"link_name":"Barbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbel_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"Hydrodynamic reception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrodynamic_reception"},{"link_name":"Electroreception and electrogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroreception_and_electrogenesis"},{"link_name":"Jamming avoidance response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamming_avoidance_response"},{"link_name":"Lateral line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line"},{"link_name":"Otolith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otolith"},{"link_name":"Capacity for pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_in_fish"},{"link_name":"Schreckstoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schreckstoff"},{"link_name":"Surface wave detection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_wave_detection_by_animals"},{"link_name":"Vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_in_fishes"},{"link_name":"Weberian apparatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weberian_apparatus"},{"link_name":"Reproduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_reproduction"},{"link_name":"Bubble nest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_nest"},{"link_name":"Clasper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clasper"},{"link_name":"Egg case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_case_(Chondrichthyes)"},{"link_name":"Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_development"},{"link_name":"Ichthyoplankton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyoplankton"},{"link_name":"Juvenile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenile_fish"},{"link_name":"Life history theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_history_theory"},{"link_name":"Milt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milt"},{"link_name":"Mouthbrooder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthbrooder"},{"link_name":"Polyandry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyandry_in_fish"},{"link_name":"Pregnancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy_in_fish"},{"link_name":"Roe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe"},{"link_name":"Sequential hermaphroditism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequential_hermaphroditism"},{"link_name":"Spawning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spawn_(biology)"},{"link_name":"triggers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spawning_trigger"},{"link_name":"Locomotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_locomotion"},{"link_name":"Fin and flipper locomotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fin_and_flipper_locomotion"},{"link_name":"Amphibious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_fish"},{"link_name":"Walking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking_fish"},{"link_name":"Flying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_fish"},{"link_name":"Undulatory locomotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undulatory_locomotion"},{"link_name":"Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradeoffs_for_locomotion_in_air_and_water"},{"link_name":"RoboTuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RoboTuna"},{"link_name":"Aquatic predation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_predation"},{"link_name":"Aquatic respiration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_respiration"},{"link_name":"Bait ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bait_ball"},{"link_name":"Bottom feeders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_feeder"},{"link_name":"Cleaner fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleaner_fish"},{"link_name":"Corallivory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corallivore"},{"link_name":"Diel vertical migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration"},{"link_name":"Electric fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fish"},{"link_name":"Filter feeders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_feeder"},{"link_name":"Forage fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forage_fish"},{"link_name":"Migratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_migration"},{"link_name":"Paedophagy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paedophagy"},{"link_name":"Predatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatory_fish"},{"link_name":"Salmon run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon_run"},{"link_name":"Sardine run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardine_run"},{"link_name":"Scale eaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidophagy"},{"link_name":"Schooling fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling"},{"link_name":"Sleep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_in_fish"},{"link_name":"Venomous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venomous_fish"},{"link_name":"Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_intelligence"},{"link_name":"habitat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_habitat"},{"link_name":"Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavefish"},{"link_name":"Coastal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_fish"},{"link_name":"Coldwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldwater_fish"},{"link_name":"Coral reef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reef_fish"},{"link_name":"Deep-sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep-sea_fish"},{"link_name":"Demersal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demersal_fish"},{"link_name":"Euryhaline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euryhaline"},{"link_name":"Freshwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_fish"},{"link_name":"Groundfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundfish"},{"link_name":"Pelagic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagic_fish"},{"link_name":"Tropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_fish"},{"link_name":"Bait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bait_fish"},{"link_name":"Coarse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coarse_fishing"},{"link_name":"Diversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity_of_fish"},{"link_name":"Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_fish"},{"link_name":"Genetically modified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_fish"},{"link_name":"Hallucinogenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucinogenic_fish"},{"link_name":"Oily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oily_fish"},{"link_name":"Poisonous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisonous_fish"},{"link_name":"Rough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_fish"},{"link_name":"Whitefish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitefish_(fisheries_term)"},{"link_name":"Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_commercially_important_fish_species"},{"link_name":"Farming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_farming"},{"link_name":"Carp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carp#Aquaculture"},{"link_name":"Catfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture_of_catfish"},{"link_name":"Octopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopus_aquaculture"},{"link_name":"Salmonids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmonids"},{"link_name":"Tilapia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture_of_tilapia"},{"link_name":"Wild fisheries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_fisheries"},{"link_name":"Predatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatory_fish"},{"link_name":"billfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billfish"},{"link_name":"mackerel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackerel"},{"link_name":"salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon"},{"link_name":"tuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna"},{"link_name":"Forage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forage_fish"},{"link_name":"anchovy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchovy"},{"link_name":"herring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herring"},{"link_name":"sardine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardine"},{"link_name":"sprats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprat"},{"link_name":"Demersal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demersal_fish"},{"link_name":"cod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cod"},{"link_name":"flatfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatfish"},{"link_name":"pollock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollock"},{"link_name":"Jawless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnatha"},{"link_name":"hagfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagfish"},{"link_name":"lampreys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperoartia"},{"link_name":"Cartilaginous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrichthyes"},{"link_name":"chimaeras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocephali"},{"link_name":"sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark"},{"link_name":"rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batoidea"},{"link_name":"Bony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteichthyes"},{"link_name":"spiny-finned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinopterygii"},{"link_name":"fleshy-finned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcopterygii"},{"link_name":"Aquarium 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lists...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Lists_of_fishes"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fish"},{"link_name":"WikiProject","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fishes"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206732#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007294606705171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85002603"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Swim bladder.Bond, Carl E. (1996) Biology of Fishes, 2nd ed., Saunders, pp. 283–290.\nPelster, Bernd (1997) \"Buoyancy at depth\" In: WS Hoar, DJ Randall and AP Farrell (Eds) Deep-Sea Fishes, pages 195–237, Academic Press. ISBN 9780080585406.vteFishAbout fish\nDiversity\nEthnoichthyology\nEvolution\nDiseases and parasites\nFishing\nFisheries\nEnvironmental impact of fishing\n- as food\nFear of -\nFishBase\nFish kill\nHypoxia in -\nIchthyology\nAnatomy andphysiology\nAge determination\nAnguilliformity\nBone\ndermal\nintramembranous ossification\nCleithrum\nChromatophore\nFins\ndorsal fin\nGill\nbranchial arch\ngill raker\ngill slit\npharyngeal arch\npharyngeal slit\npseudobranch\nGlossohyal\nJaw\nhyomandibula\npharyngeal jaw\nLeydig's organ\nMauthner cell\nMeristics\nOperculum\npapillare\nPapilla\nPhotophore\nRoot effect\nShark cartilage\nScales\nganoine\nSpiral valve\nSuckermouth\nSwim bladder\nphysoclisti\nphysostome\nTeeth\npharyngeal\nshark\nTeleost leptins\nDigital Library\nSensorysystems\nAmpullae of Lorenzini\nBarbel\nHydrodynamic reception\nElectroreception and electrogenesis\nJamming avoidance response\nLateral line\nOtolith\nCapacity for pain\nSchreckstoff\nSurface wave detection\nVision\nWeberian apparatus\nReproduction\nBubble nest\nClasper\nEgg case\nDevelopment\nIchthyoplankton\nJuvenile\nLife history theory\nMilt\nMouthbrooder\nPolyandry\nPregnancy\nRoe\nSequential hermaphroditism\nSpawning\ntriggers\nLocomotion\nFin and flipper locomotion\nAmphibious\nWalking\nFlying\nUndulatory locomotion\nTradeoffs for locomotion in air and water\nRoboTuna\nOtherbehaviour\nAquatic predation\nAquatic respiration\nBait ball\nBottom feeders\nCleaner fish\nCorallivory\nDiel vertical migration\nElectric fish\nFilter feeders\nForage fish\nMigratory\nPaedophagy\nPredatory\nSalmon run\nSardine run\nScale eaters\nSchooling fish\nSleep\nVenomous\nIntelligence\nBy habitat\nCave\nCoastal\nColdwater\nCoral reef\nDeep-sea\nDemersal\nEuryhaline\nFreshwater\nGroundfish\nPelagic\nTropical\nOther types\nBait\nCoarse\nDiversity\nGame\nGenetically modified\nHallucinogenic\nOily\nPoisonous\nRough\nWhitefish\nCommerceFarming\nCarp\nCatfish\nOctopus\nSalmonids\nTilapia\nWild fisheries\nPredatory\nbillfish\nmackerel\nsalmon\ntuna\nForage\nanchovy\nherring\nsardine\nsprats\nDemersal\ncod\nflatfish\npollock\nMajor groups\nJawless\nhagfish\nlampreys\nCartilaginous\nchimaeras\nsharks\nrays\nBony\nspiny-finned\nfleshy-finned\nLists\nAquarium life\nBlind\nFish common names\nFish families\nGlossary of ichthyology\nLargest\nSmallest\nThreatened\nrays\nsharks\nPrehistoric\n more lists...\n\n Category\n WikiProjectAuthority control databases: National \nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Further references"}] | [{"image_text":"The swim bladder of a rudd","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Swim_bladder.jpg/333px-Swim_bladder.jpg"},{"image_text":"Internal positioning of the swim bladder of a bleakS: anterior, S': posterior portion of the air bladderœ: œsophagus; l: air passage of the air bladder","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/PSM_V20_D769_Longitudonal_section_of_a_bleak.jpg/333px-PSM_V20_D769_Longitudonal_section_of_a_bleak.jpg"},{"image_text":"Swim bladder from a bony (teleost) fish","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Oste023c_labelled.png/360px-Oste023c_labelled.png"},{"image_text":"How gas is pumped into the swim bladder using counter-current exchange.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/GasbladderpumpingEng.png/360px-GasbladderpumpingEng.png"},{"image_text":"The West African lungfish possesses a lung homologous to swim bladders","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/PSM_V20_D769_Lepidosiren_annectens_using_the_air_bladder_as_a_lung.jpg/220px-PSM_V20_D769_Lepidosiren_annectens_using_the_air_bladder_as_a_lung.jpg"},{"image_text":"Most mesopelagic fishes are small filter feeders which ascend at night using their swimbladders to feed in the nutrient rich waters of the epipelagic zone. During the day, they return to the dark, cold, oxygen deficient waters of the mesopelagic where they are relatively safe from predators. Lanternfish account for as much as 65 percent of all deep sea fish biomass and are largely responsible for the deep scattering layer of the world's oceans.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/California_headlightfish.png/260px-California_headlightfish.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"More on Morphology\". www.ucmp.berkeley.edu.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/actinopterygii/actinomm.html","url_text":"\"More on Morphology\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fish\". Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia Deluxe 1999. Microsoft. 1999.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nursall, J. R. (1989). \"Buoyancy is provided by lipids of larval redlip blennies, Ophioblennius atlanticus\". Copeia. 1989 (3): 614–621. doi:10.2307/1445488. JSTOR 1445488.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1445488","url_text":"10.2307/1445488"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1445488","url_text":"1445488"}]},{"reference":"Pelster B (December 2001). \"The generation of hyperbaric oxygen tensions in fish\". News Physiol. Sci. 16 (6): 287–91. doi:10.1152/physiologyonline.2001.16.6.287. PMID 11719607. S2CID 11198182.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fphysiologyonline.2001.16.6.287","url_text":"10.1152/physiologyonline.2001.16.6.287"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11719607","url_text":"11719607"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11198182","url_text":"11198182"}]},{"reference":"\"Secretion Of Nitrogen Into The Swimbladder Of Fish. Ii. Molecular Mechanism. Secretion Of Noble Gases\". Biolbull.org. 1981-12-01. Retrieved 2013-06-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/abstract/161/3/440","url_text":"\"Secretion Of Nitrogen Into The Swimbladder Of Fish. Ii. Molecular Mechanism. Secretion Of Noble Gases\""}]},{"reference":"Kardong, Kenneth (2011-02-16). Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. p. 701. ISBN 9780073524238.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780073524238","url_text":"9780073524238"}]},{"reference":"Deng, Xiaohong; Wagner, Hans-Joachim; Popper, Arthur N. (2011-01-01). \"The inner ear and its coupling to the swim bladder in the deep-sea fish Antimora rostrata (Teleostei: Moridae)\". Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 58 (1): 27–37. Bibcode:2011DSRI...58...27D. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2010.11.001. PMC 3082141. PMID 21532967.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3082141","url_text":"\"The inner ear and its coupling to the swim bladder in the deep-sea fish Antimora rostrata (Teleostei: Moridae)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011DSRI...58...27D","url_text":"2011DSRI...58...27D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dsr.2010.11.001","url_text":"10.1016/j.dsr.2010.11.001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3082141","url_text":"3082141"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21532967","url_text":"21532967"}]},{"reference":"Onuki, A; Ohmori Y.; Somiya H. (January 2006). \"Spinal Nerve Innervation to the Sonic Muscle and Sonic Motor Nucleus in Red Piranha, Pygocentrus nattereri (Characiformes, Ostariophysi)\". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 67 (2): 11–122. doi:10.1159/000089185. PMID 16254416. S2CID 7395840.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000089185","url_text":"10.1159/000089185"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16254416","url_text":"16254416"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7395840","url_text":"7395840"}]},{"reference":"Bone, Q.; Moore, Richard H. (2008). Biology of fishes (3rd., Thoroughly updated and rev ed.). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780415375627.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415375627","url_text":"9780415375627"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Graham K.; Holbrook, Robert Iain; de Perera, Theresa Burt (6 September 2010). \"Fractional rate of change of swim-bladder volume is reliably related to absolute depth during vertical displacements in teleost fish\". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 7 (50): 1379–1382. doi:10.1098/rsif.2009.0522. PMC 2894882. PMID 20190038.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2894882","url_text":"\"Fractional rate of change of swim-bladder volume is reliably related to absolute depth during vertical displacements in teleost fish\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsif.2009.0522","url_text":"10.1098/rsif.2009.0522"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2894882","url_text":"2894882"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20190038","url_text":"20190038"}]},{"reference":"Rice, Stanley A. (2009). Encyclopedia of Evolution. Infobase. ISBN 978-1-4381-1005-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YRcAVvmE6eMC&dq=Lungs+primitive+condition+bony+fishes+upper+digestive+tract+pharynx&pg=PA162","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Evolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1005-9","url_text":"978-1-4381-1005-9"}]},{"reference":"Funk, Emily C.; Birol, Eda B.; McCune, Amy R. (2021). \"Does the bowfin gas bladder represent an intermediate stage during the lung-to-gas bladder evolutionary transition?\". Journal of Morphology. 282 (4): 600–611. doi:10.1002/jmor.21330. PMID 33538055.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33538055/","url_text":"\"Does the bowfin gas bladder represent an intermediate stage during the lung-to-gas bladder evolutionary transition?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjmor.21330","url_text":"10.1002/jmor.21330"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33538055","url_text":"33538055"}]},{"reference":"Bi, Xupeng; Wang, Kun; Yang, Liandong; Pan, Hailin; Jiang, Haifeng; Wei, Qiwei; Fang, Miaoquan; Yu, Hao; Zhu, Chenglong; Cai, Yiran; He, Yuming; Gan, Xiaoni; Zeng, Honghui; Yu, Daqi; Zhu, Youan (4 March 2021). \"Tracing the genetic footprints of vertebrate landing in non-teleost ray-finned fishes\". Cell. 184 (5): 1377–1391.e14. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.046. PMID 33545088.","urls":[{"url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0092867421000891","url_text":"\"Tracing the genetic footprints of vertebrate landing in non-teleost ray-finned fishes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2021.01.046","url_text":"10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.046"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33545088","url_text":"33545088"}]},{"reference":"Cupello, Camila; Brito, Paulo M.; Herbin, Marc; Meunier, François J.; Janvier, Philippe; Dutel, Hugo; Clément, Gaël (2015). \"Allometric growth in the extant coelacanth lung during ontogenetic development\". Nature Communications. 6: 8222. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.8222C. doi:10.1038/ncomms9222. PMC 4647851. PMID 26372119.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4647851","url_text":"\"Allometric growth in the extant coelacanth lung during ontogenetic development\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatCo...6.8222C","url_text":"2015NatCo...6.8222C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms9222","url_text":"10.1038/ncomms9222"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4647851","url_text":"4647851"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26372119","url_text":"26372119"}]},{"reference":"Farmer, Colleen (1997). \"Did lungs and the intracardiac shunt evolve to oxygenate the heart in vertebrates\" (PDF). Paleobiology. 23 (3): 358–372. Bibcode:1997Pbio...23..358F. doi:10.1017/S0094837300019734. S2CID 87285937.","urls":[{"url":"http://biologylabs.utah.edu/farmer/manuscripts/1997%20Paleobiology23.pdf","url_text":"\"Did lungs and the intracardiac shunt evolve to oxygenate the heart in vertebrates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Pbio...23..358F","url_text":"1997Pbio...23..358F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0094837300019734","url_text":"10.1017/S0094837300019734"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:87285937","url_text":"87285937"}]},{"reference":"Bone, Quentin; Moore, Richard (19 March 2008). Biology of Fishes. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-134-18631-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=e2N4AgAAQBAJ&dq=swimbladders+low-density+wax+esters+lift&pg=PA109","url_text":"Biology of Fishes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-18631-0","url_text":"978-1-134-18631-0"}]},{"reference":"Love R. H. (1978). \"Resonant acoustic scattering by swimbladder-bearing fish\". J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 64 (2): 571–580. Bibcode:1978ASAJ...64..571L. doi:10.1121/1.382009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978ASAJ...64..571L","url_text":"1978ASAJ...64..571L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.382009","url_text":"10.1121/1.382009"}]},{"reference":"Baik K. (2013). \"Comment on \"Resonant acoustic scattering by swimbladder-bearing fish\" [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 64, 571–580 (1978)] (L)\". J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 133 (1): 5–8. Bibcode:2013ASAJ..133....5B. doi:10.1121/1.4770261. PMID 23297876.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ASAJ..133....5B","url_text":"2013ASAJ..133....5B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.4770261","url_text":"10.1121/1.4770261"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23297876","url_text":"23297876"}]},{"reference":"Moyle, Peter B.; Cech, Joseph J. (2004). Fishes : an introduction to ichthyology (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall. p. 585. ISBN 9780131008472.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780131008472","url_text":"9780131008472"}]},{"reference":"Bone, Quentin; Moore, Richard H. (2008). \"Chapter 2.3. Marine habitats. Mesopelagic fishes\". Biology of fishes (3rd ed.). New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 38. ISBN 9780203885222.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203885222","url_text":"9780203885222"}]},{"reference":"Douglas, EL; Friedl, WA; Pickwell, GV (1976). \"Fishes in oxygen-minimum zones: blood oxygenation characteristics\". Science. 191 (4230): 957–959. Bibcode:1976Sci...191..957D. doi:10.1126/science.1251208. PMID 1251208.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/191/4230/957","url_text":"\"Fishes in oxygen-minimum zones: blood oxygenation characteristics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976Sci...191..957D","url_text":"1976Sci...191..957D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1251208","url_text":"10.1126/science.1251208"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1251208","url_text":"1251208"}]},{"reference":"Hulley, P. Alexander (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 127–128. ISBN 978-0-12-547665-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-547665-2","url_text":"978-0-12-547665-2"}]},{"reference":"R. Cornejo; R. Koppelmann & T. Sutton. \"Deep-sea fish diversity and ecology in the benthic boundary layer\". Archived from the original on 2013-06-01. Retrieved 2015-03-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130601024839/http://www.agu.org/meetings/os06/os06-sessions/os06_OS45Q.html","url_text":"\"Deep-sea fish diversity and ecology in the benthic boundary layer\""},{"url":"http://www.agu.org/meetings/os06/os06-sessions/os06_OS45Q.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rojas-Bracho, L. & Taylor, B.L. (2017). \"Vaquita (Phocoena sinus)\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T17028A214541137.en. Retrieved 14 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/17028/214541137","url_text":"\"Vaquita (Phocoena sinus)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T17028A214541137.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T17028A214541137.en"}]},{"reference":"\"'Extinction Is Imminent': New report from Vaquita Recovery Team (CIRVA) is released\". IUCN SSC - Cetacean Specialist Group. 2016-06-06. Archived from the original on 2019-01-03. Retrieved 2017-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190103060447/http://www.iucn-csg.org/index.php/2016/06/06/extinction-is-imminent-new-report-from-vaquita-recovery-team-cirva-is-released/","url_text":"\"'Extinction Is Imminent': New report from Vaquita Recovery Team (CIRVA) is released\""},{"url":"http://www.iucn-csg.org/index.php/2016/06/06/extinction-is-imminent-new-report-from-vaquita-recovery-team-cirva-is-released/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Huxley, Julian (1957). \"Material of early contraceptive sheaths\". British Medical Journal. 1 (5018): 581–582. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5018.581-b. 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PMID 23055066.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3497083","url_text":"\"Effects of exposure to pile-driving sounds on the lake sturgeon, Nile tilapia and hogchoker\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2012.1544","url_text":"10.1098/rspb.2012.1544"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8452","url_text":"0962-8452"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3497083","url_text":"3497083"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23055066","url_text":"23055066"}]},{"reference":"Halvorsen, Michele B.; Casper, Brandon M.; Woodley, Christa M.; Carlson, Thomas J.; Popper, Arthur N. (2012-06-20). \"Threshold for Onset of Injury in Chinook Salmon from Exposure to Impulsive Pile Driving Sounds\". PLOS ONE. 7 (6): e38968. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...738968H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038968. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3380060. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_Prison_for_Women | Incarceration of women | ["1 Prison population","2 Social and political conditions leading to incarceration","3 Prison conditions","4 By jurisdiction","4.1 Great Britain","4.2 Hong Kong","4.3 Mainland China","4.4 New Zealand","4.5 Russia","4.6 United States","5 Rape and sexual assault in prison","6 Drug offenders","7 Issues in studying the incarceration of women","8 Children of incarcerated parents","9 Female incarceration rates by country and US state","10 See also","11 References","12 Further reading"] | Imprisonment of women
"Women's prison" and "Prison for women" redirect here. For other uses, see Women's Prison.
"Women in prison" redirects here. For the 1987 sitcom, see Women in Prison (TV series). For the film genre, see Women in prison film.
"Prison for Women" redirects here. For the prison in Canada, see Prison for Women (Kingston, Ontario).
For technical reasons, "Female Prisoner #701: Scorpion" redirects here. For that film, see Female Prisoner 701: Scorpion.
Federal Prison Camp, Alderson, a Federal Bureau of Prisons facility for women in West Virginia
Chiang Mai Women's Correctional Institution of the Thai Department of Corrections, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Andrew Mercer Reformatory for Women in Toronto, Ontario
As of 2013, across the world, 625,000 women and children were being incarcerated in correctional facilities, and the female prison population was increasing in all continents. The list of countries by incarceration rate includes a main table with a column for the historical and current percentage of prisoners who are female.
Prison population
Globally, the vast majority of incarcerated people are men. Incarcerated women have been and continue to be treated differently by criminal justice systems around the world at every step of the process, from arrest to sentencing, to punitive measures used. This disparity is largely due to tangible demographic differences between the severity of crimes committed by male and female prison populations, as well as a persistent belief by society at large that female criminals are better able to be rehabilitated than their male counterparts.
Although women form a minority in the global prison population, the population of incarcerated women is growing at a rate twice as fast as the male prison population. Those imprisoned in China, Russia, and the United States comprise the great majority of incarcerated people, including women, in the world. Trends observed in the global growth of the female prison population can be partly explained by evolving policies regarding the sentencing and parole of female inmates. As criminal justice systems across the world move towards gender-blind sentencing, this has resulted in a tremendous increase in the rate of female incarceration. Concurrent elimination of parole and toughening of penalties for parole violations in many areas of the world also contribute to high rates of re-entry and re-offending, further driving up rates of incarceration of women.
The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime website hosts data regarding prison populations around the world, including "Persons held - by sex, by age group" and "Persons held - by status and sex".
Social and political conditions leading to incarceration
International developments in the political response to social issues, specifically the global drug epidemic, have catalyzed many changes in the composition of the prison populations and, subsequently, the types of conditions prisoners experience while incarcerated. The War on Drugs has accounted for the large population of female low-level offenders, usually imprisoned for narcotic use or possession. Western powers, particularly the United States, have largely advocated for the global proliferation of the so-called “War on Drugs”.
While there is no globally uniform representation among female prisoners in terms of the types of crimes they are imprisoned for, it is widely acknowledged that there are a number of underlying social inequities which make affected women disproportionately more likely to commit crimes and therefore become incarcerated. The most prominent of these conditions is that of poverty, as well as the conditions that give rise to poverty. Globally, women in poor households tend to bear a disproportionate amount of work in regard to caring for the household, feeding the family, and educating the children. This is in tandem with educational inequalities, pay gaps, pregnancy, and heightened rates of physical and domestic abuses. Another inequity deemed partially culpable for the rate at which impoverished women, in particular, are incarcerated due to the lack of access to mental health care. Many incarcerated women suffer from mental illnesses, and their incarceration can be directly linked to an absence of treatment for their conditions.
Research has shown a significant link between females in prison and brain injury, which supports research that shows incarcerated females are overwhelmingly victims of domestic violence (aka male violence against women).
Prison conditions
Early facilities were considered inhumane with little regard for health and safety. Men and women were housed in a large room where the strong preyed on the weak. As of 1964, in most of the Western world, the guards in female prisons are no longer exclusively female. As of that year, both men and women work as guards in women's prisons in the United States. However, some states have laws requiring female officers as well as a female superintendent. While most states have only one or two institutions for women, some facilities are considered "unisex" and house both male and female inmates in separate areas.
There is massive variation in the quality of living standards both between prisons around the world and between prisons within individual countries. Variations in national wealth, apportionment of national budgets and different approaches to criminal rehabilitation all contribute to the absence of uniformity in prison living standards. Other phenomena, such as the privatisation of prisons in many countries with large prison populations, such as the United States, also give rise to variability in the environmental quality of women's prisons. Once a corporation assumes governance over prison and its budget, the presiding government has relatively little oversight of the maintenance of prison standards and prisoner wellbeing. There are many ongoing political debates surrounding the continuation of private prisons.
Certain prison populations, including women, have special health needs which often go unmet. For example, one study in the journal Health and Social Care in the Community found that in England and Wales, which have the highest prison populations of any European countries, women's specific mental and physical health needs are under-researched and not sufficiently cared for, with 40% of female prisoners reporting long-term health problems in comparison with the male statistic of 33%.
By jurisdiction
Great Britain
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In Great Britain, in 1996 a new policy was passed, and women no longer have to be restrained while giving birth when serving their sentence. The British services for human rights and the United Nations standard minimum rules for the treatment of prisoners say that no one should be subjected to degrading punishment. Some prisoners refuse to go to childcare events or funerals because of the humiliation the restraints show. Women in Britain fought for their right to not be restrained while giving birth to their child, however, they must be restrained while being escorted to and from the hospital. More women than men try to escape the prison system in Britain. Of those women who escape almost half escape while receiving medical attention at a hospital.
Hong Kong
Circa 2017, according to the World Prisons Brief, women make up about 20.8% of Hong Kong's inmate population. Of any sovereign state or dependency, minus very small countries/microstates, Hong Kong, as of circa 2017, has the highest percentage of women in correctional supervision. In August 2017 the Hong Kong Correctional Services had 1,486 incarcerated women, and it had a total of 1,764 women under correctional supervision if the 279 on remand were included.
Hong Kong has a number of women-only institutions including Bauhinia House, Tai Lam Centre for Women, Chi Lan Rehabilitation Centre, Lai King Correctional Institution, Lo Wu Correctional Institution, Wai Lan Rehabilitation Centre, and Nei Kwu Correctional Institution.
Mainland China
In general, statistical information in regards to the rate of incarceration for women in China has been found difficult to compare to other countries around the world. However, some scholars argued in 2003 that approximately one-fifth of the total number of women in the United States would be equivalent to that of the total population of women incarcerated in China.
According to the International Centre for Prison Studies, as of August 2014, the Chinese women's prison population is the second-largest in the world (after the United States) with 84,600 female prisoners in total or 5.1% of the overall Chinese prison population.
Within the last decade, the rate of incarceration for women in China has increased by 46%. Women make up only 6% of the total population of individuals in prison within the country. While it is difficult to correctly evaluate the statistic regarding the total number of women incarcerated due to the underreporting of these cases, China is on track to imprison more women than the United States.
New Zealand
In New Zealand, there are three correctional facilities, specifically for women. These include Auckland Region Women's Corrections Facility (ARWCF), Arohata Women's Prison, and Christchurch Women's Prison. At these facilities, women are offered various prisoner assistance programs while they are serving their sentences in prison. These consist of baby unit spaces for new mothers, mental and physical disability assistance, feeding and bonding facilities, cultural hobbies, and special food accommodations for dietary restrictions. While many of these activities are permission-based and evaluated with a case-by-case approach, these prisons have started offering these options to women who are incarcerated in recent years.
In New Zealand, the total number of convicted women increased by 111% between 1996 and 2005. In 1963, women made up 7.7% of those convicted in New Zealand's court system, with most causes of arrest being offences against property and some offences being crime against persons and/or assault. Then, in 1972, women's incarceration rates increased to 11% in lower court systems. Again, with mostly the same two leading convictions. As of 1996, prosecuted females on average had fewer previous convictions than prosecuted males in most first world countries such as New Zealand. The number of women incarcerated in New Zealand peaked in 2010 and has decreased since. As of 2014, the female conviction percentage is up to 23%. Crimes against property make up a higher percentage of the total 23% female conviction ratio, at 33%. According to a 1991 study published by the Department of Justice, Greg Newbold notes that in comparison to women, men were twice as likely to commit a more serious crime.
Although the number of males far outweighs the number of females in the correctional facilities of New Zealand, the rate of increase of women incarcerated is growing at a pace significantly higher than that of males. Overall, the incarceration rate of women has been growing all over the world, not just in New Zealand. The most recent advocated hypothesis regarding why the rise is occurring is that women's crime rates are not increasing, rather the criminal justice system is changing. This change has led to an increase in attention to minor offences, which women are statistically more likely to commit. Gill McIvor, Professor of Criminology at the University of Stirling, supports this hypothesis with research published in 2010 which confirms that the rise of female incarceration rates in New Zealand is not due to the increasing severity of crimes committed by women. As well as this, McIvor also makes the claim that New Zealand women are overrepresented in less serious types of crimes such as theft and fraud and underrepresented in more serious types of crime such as crimes of violence.
According to statistics from 2014, there has been a slight increase of women prisoners in each of these facilities. Although the Department of Corrections notes that women in New Zealand only make up 7.4% of the total incarceration population, the increases in population are connected to four main crime categories specifically. These include illicit drug offences, theft and related offences, fraud and related offences, and robbery, extortion and related offences. Three of these four categories saw an increase of 60%, however, the lowest category (illicit drug offences) saw the smallest increase at 40%.
Russia
As of March 1, 2012, the Russian Criminal Justice system housed about 60,500 women, 8.1% of the total number of people incarcerated in the country. Russia has been slow to implement reform for the rights of its incarcerated population, especially for women. Russia has some criminal laws that contain articles that govern the treatment and status of women in the criminal justice system; however, with the exception of a law preventing women from receiving the death penalty, these laws are mostly limited to the status of incarcerated women as child bearers and seem to focus more on the status and rights of children incarcerated with their mothers. For instance, if a woman is pregnant or has a child under fourteen years old, her sentence has the potential to be postponed, reduced, or cancelled. Additionally, women in prison with their children are entitled to “improved living conditions, specialised medical services, and more rations and clothing”. As for the women that do not have children, they face overcrowded conditions and inadequate medical care. Furthermore, women are often brought through transit prisons on what could be a two-month journey to their final destination, regardless of where the final destination is actually located.
United States
Main article: Incarceration of women in the United States
In the United States, authorities began housing women in correctional facilities separate from men in the 1870s. The first American female correctional facility with dedicated buildings and staff was the Mount Pleasant Female Prison in Ossining, New York; the facility had some operational dependence on nearby Sing Sing, a men's prison. In the 1930s, 34 women's prisons were built, by 1990 there were 71 women's prisons in the country, but only five years later there were 150 (Chesney-Lind, 1998:66).
Unlike prisons designed for men in the United States, state prisons for women evolved in three waves, as described in historical detail in Partial Justice: Women in State Prisons by Nicole Hahn Rafter. First, women prisoners were imprisoned alongside men in the "general population," where they were subject to sexual attacks and daily forms of degradation. Then, in a partial attempt to address these issues, women prisoners were removed from the general population and housed separately, but then subject to neglect wherein they did not receive the same resources as men in prisons. In the third stage of development, women in prison were then housed completely separately in fortress-like prisons, where the goal of punishment was to indoctrinate women into traditionally feminine roles.
According to an article published in 2018 from The Prison Policy Initiative, of the world's female population only 4% live in the U.S.; however, over 30% of the world's incarcerated women are in the United States.
The Prisoners in 2014 report by the Bureau of Justice Statistics determined that Black women make up 23% of incarcerated women in the United States. Black women comprise about 14% of the U.S. female population and because corrections agencies do not separate prisoner data by race and gender, “we rarely know how many of the black prisoners are women, and how many of the women are Black”.
There are currently 23 states that do not have any law protecting against the shackling of pregnant incarcerated women. This contravenes the United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders, that explicitly states that “instruments of restraint shall never be used on women during labor, during birth and immediately after birth.” There is a distinction between shackling during pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum. While some states, such as Maryland and New York banned all restraints immediately before and after giving birth, others banned shackling during active delivery, but permit it immediately before and after. Currently, the only state giving a private right of action for women illegally shackled is Rhode Island.
When pregnant women are shackled, the restraints are entirely controlled by the prison guards, not the medical staff. These methods of shackling have been greatly denounced for the effects they have on both the mother and the fetus. A 2016 study revealed that shackles create unique safety risks, notably "potential injury or placental abruption caused by falls, delayed progress of labor caused by impaired mobility, and delayed receipts of emergency care when corrections officers must remove shackles to allow for assessment of intervention". Furthermore, being shackled can cause trauma, or exacerbate already existing trauma and post-traumatic experience symptoms. While shackles are justified as necessary to prevent flight risk or a potential to cause harm to others, medical experts have confirmed that there is an extremely low risk of imminent harm or escape when safer means are used, such as de-escalation tactics.
Despite the advocacy for legislation banning this practice, and despite the already existing legislative limits, medical staff and inmates have denounced that shackling during pregnancy and post-partum continues. The federal government does not mandate the collection of data regarding pregnancy and childbirth amongst female inmates. Therefore, it is unknown how common these practices remain, and how they occur.
Activists have also denounced other issues related to pregnancy and birthing for incarcerated women. In the podcast Beyond Prison, Maya Schenwar, an American journalist and author, shared the experience of her sister who gave birth while incarcerated. For weeks prior to giving birth, her sister suffered from many pregnancy related health issues, including bleeding for weeks. She wasn't treated, and she was unable to see a professional outside the hospital. As she was unable to naturally go into labor, the prison decided on a date where they would induce labor, without telling her, to prevent any escape attempt. When the date arrived, despite the fact that she repeatedly asked not to be forced into labor, the guards took her to the hospital where her pregnancy was forcibly induced against her will. Furthermore, the prison did not warn any relatives. She gave birth alone, surrounded only by the medical staff and a prison guard standing in the room the entire time, looking at her while she was in labor. This experience, Schenwar explains, is not unique, and she has heard many similar stories over the years she spent studying the conditions of incarcerated women.
Rape and sexual assault in prison
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Rape in female prisons has been commonplace for a long period of time in both the US and the UK. In England and Wales, a report showed that female prisoners are being coerced into sex with staff members in return for various favours, such as alcohol and cigarettes. Rape may even be more common than reports show, given that it is difficult to know the full truth about what goes on behind the walls of a prison, along with the fact that inmates often have no legal remedy to seek justice for abuse and rape.
In the United States, the Alabama prison scandal at the Julia Tutwiler Prison for Women revealed gross sexual misconduct by male staff members against female inmates, including rape. Trying to report these abuses would be punishable by humiliation and solitary confinement while punishments for the sexual offenders were rare and small.
In the United Kingdom, transgender prisoner Karen White received a life sentence in 2018 after admitting to sexual assault (including two counts of rape) of vulnerable women prisoners at HM Prison New Hall near Wakefield, West Yorkshire, although she was described by the prosecution as having used a "transgender persona" having been born male. She was held there on remand in September 2017. White, who started transitioning while in prison, was described by the judge as a "predator" and a danger to women and children.
In October 2020, the Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom) (MoJ) policy on incarcerating transgender prisoners in women's prison was challenged at the High Court of Justice by an unnamed prisoner.
She alleges she was sexually assaulted by a trans woman prisoner, in possession of a Gender Recognition Certificate, in August 2017 in HMP Bronzefield. The claimant is supported by the campaigning group Keep Prisons Single Sex, which alleges that the trans woman had been convicted of rape as a man.
The MoJ denies that there was an assault. Karon Monaghan QC argued, for the claimant, that MoJ policies "allow prisoners to be accommodated in the prison estate that corresponds to their declared gender identity, irrespective of whether they have taken any legal or medical steps to acquire that gender".
Sarah Hannett QC, for the MoJ, said that the policies "implement a nuanced and fact-sensitive approach" to balancing competing interests, and that "Any policy in this area is unlikely to satisfy every interested person".
The case is adjourned, likely until 2021.
Drug offenders
Between 2010 and 2011, the rate for the imprisonment of female drug offenders was at 5.7%, a drop from 6% in 2010. The treatment in which female drug offenders receive has also been closely analyzed in the U.S. In the U.S., compared with male prisoners, women offenders have been more likely to report instances of childhood trauma, abuse, addiction, post-traumatic stress disorder, interpersonal violence, adolescent conduct disorder, homelessness, as well as chronic physical and mental health problems, and because of such problems, women are more likely to commit criminal activity or have severity to addiction. One of the problems female offenders are facing is that they need more special substance abuse treatment for their gender, but the treatment they receive are mostly male-oriented programs such as Therapeutic Community (TC) models. As substance abuse treatment is not fairly granted in prisons across the U.S., recidivism is likely to go up within 2011, with the most serious offense for 59.4% of women incarcerated in federal prisons being drug violations.
Issues in studying the incarceration of women
Before the 1980s, there was a lack of female representation in criminology around the world, making research in this area very difficult. This low level of representation was due to the fact that gender was not a large topic of debate. When studies would come up regarding the subject of criminology, most theories regarding crime were largely male-modelled due to the significant portion of crime attributed to males. However, due to the feminist movement in the 1960s, demand for information concerning female incarceration arose. Due to this growing demand that gained speed in the 1980s, research in crimes committed by women has surged
Children of incarcerated parents
The number of children with mothers in prison has doubled during the 17 years from 1990 to 2007, according to a 2007 report run by the Bureau of Justice Statistic (BJS). Mainly, Black and Hispanic children were part of the 1.7 million children whose parents were incarcerated during that span. Sleep disorders and behavioral problems tend to be present on children with mothers in prison.
Moreover, a study run by Child Welfare Services (CWS) concludes that the likelihood of being in a vulnerable situation is higher among children whose parents are behind the bars than other children treated by CWS.
The constitutional rights of pregnant inmates in US prisons have been undergoing codification and expansion in the 2000s. Data from 2010 show that female incarceration rates are growing more rapidly than male incarceration rates in the United States. One out of every four women in prison is pregnant. Less than half of prisons in the United States have official policies about medical care for pregnant inmates. About 48% of prisons have prenatal services. Of these 48%, only 15% of prisons have programs implemented to help mothers find suitable work after they give birth. Additionally, only 15% of prisons have policies that require light work or no work for pregnant women. Throughout the United States, pregnant inmates are treated poorly by prison staff because there is a permeating prejudice that pregnant inmates are not "worthy enough to have children". There are psychological stressors experienced by pregnant inmates during pregnancy and during the birthing process. For example, thirty-five states allow women to be chained to the bed while in labor and giving birth. In states where shackling is illegal, there are a significant amount of lawsuits claiming that shackling was used during childbirth. Researchers have argued that allowing women to remain shackled to a bed during birth is inhumane and undignified.
Female incarceration rates by country and US state
Female incarceration rates by country and US state
Female incarceration rates by country and US state. Per 100,000 female population of all ages. Female incarceration rates if every US state were a country. Incarcerated females of all ages (where the data is available). From a 2018 report with latest available data. From the source report: "Figure 1. This graph shows the number of women in state prisons, local jails, and federal prisons from each U.S. state per 100,000 people in that state and the incarceration rate per 100,000 in all countries with at least a half-million in total population."
See also
The Bangkok Rules
List of countries by incarceration rate. See section with a table for per cent of female prisoners by country.
Convict women in Australia
Gender responsive approach for girls in the juvenile justice system
Gender-responsive prisons
Gender-specific prison programming in the United States
Menopause in incarceration
Sex and crime
Solitary confinement of women
Women in prison film
Decarceration in the United States
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Further reading
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Female prisoners.
English:
"Women, Gender, and Prison: National and Global Perspectives (Autumn 2013; vol. 39, no.1)." Signs. Volume 39, No. 1, Autumn 2013. - Index of related articles
Raphael, Jody. Freeing Tammy: Women, Drugs, and Incarceration. UPNE, 2007. ISBN 1-55553-673-5, ISBN 978-1-55553-673-2.
Antonova, N. (2013, Nov 4th). Reforming Russian Women's Prisons.
Individual articles in English:
Fili, Andriani. "Women in Prison: Victims or Resisters? Representations of Agency in Women’s Prisons in Greece." Signs. Vol. 39, No. 1, Women, Gender, and Prison: National and Global Perspectives (Autumn 2013), pp. 1–26. doi:10.1086/670862.
Geltner, Guy. "A Cell of Their Own: The Incarceration of Women in Late Medieval Italy ." Signs. Vol. 39, No. 1, Women, Gender, and Prison: National and Global Perspectives (Autumn 2013), pp. 27–51. doi:10.1086/670768.
Miller, Jody and Kristin Carbone-Lopez. "Gendered Carceral Regimes in Sri Lanka: Colonial Laws, Postcolonial Practices, and the Social Control of Sex Workers ." Signs. Vol. 39, No. 1, Women, Gender, and Prison: National and Global Perspectives (Autumn 2013), pp. 79–103. doi:10.1086/670770.
Bagaric, Mirko and Bagaric, Brienna, Mitigating the Crime That Is the Over-Imprisonment of Women: Why Orange Should Not Be the New Black (2016). Vermont Law Review (41), Forthcoming, Deakin Law School Research Paper No. 16-16, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2773341
Japanese:
Ishii, Ryōsuke . (石井良助)「女牢」（『国史大辞典 2』（吉川弘文館、1980） ISBN 978-4-642-00502-9）
守屋浩光「女牢」（『日本歴史大事典 1』 (Shogakukan (小学館), 2000) ISBN 978-4-09-523001-6）
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Women's Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Prison_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Women in Prison (TV series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Prison_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Women in prison film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_prison_film"},{"link_name":"Prison for Women (Kingston, Ontario)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_for_Women_(Kingston,_Ontario)"},{"link_name":"technical reasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(technical_restrictions)#Forbidden_characters"},{"link_name":"Female Prisoner 701: Scorpion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_Prisoner_701:_Scorpion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alderson_Federal_Prison_Camp_entrance.jpg"},{"link_name":"Federal Prison Camp, Alderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Prison_Camp,_Alderson"},{"link_name":"Federal Bureau of Prisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Prisons"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Women%27s_Prison.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chiang Mai Women's Correctional Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai_Women%27s_Correctional_Institution"},{"link_name":"Thai Department of Corrections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Corrections_(Thailand)"},{"link_name":"Chiang Mai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercer_Reformatory.jpg"},{"link_name":"Andrew Mercer Reformatory for Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Mercer_Reformatory_for_Women"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"correctional facilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correctional_facilities"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forbes-2014-09-23-1"},{"link_name":"list of countries by incarceration rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_incarceration_rate"}],"text":"\"Women's prison\" and \"Prison for women\" redirect here. For other uses, see Women's Prison.\"Women in prison\" redirects here. For the 1987 sitcom, see Women in Prison (TV series). For the film genre, see Women in prison film.\"Prison for Women\" redirects here. For the prison in Canada, see Prison for Women (Kingston, Ontario).For technical reasons, \"Female Prisoner #701: Scorpion\" redirects here. For that film, see Female Prisoner 701: Scorpion.Federal Prison Camp, Alderson, a Federal Bureau of Prisons facility for women in West VirginiaChiang Mai Women's Correctional Institution of the Thai Department of Corrections, Chiang Mai, ThailandAndrew Mercer Reformatory for Women in Toronto, OntarioAs of 2013, across the world, 625,000 women and children were being incarcerated in correctional facilities[needs update], and the female prison population was increasing in all continents.[1] The list of countries by incarceration rate includes a main table with a column for the historical and current percentage of prisoners who are female.","title":"Incarceration of women"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-4"},{"link_name":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Globally, the vast majority of incarcerated people are men.[2] Incarcerated women have been and continue to be treated differently by criminal justice systems around the world at every step of the process, from arrest to sentencing, to punitive measures used. This disparity is largely due to tangible demographic differences between the severity of crimes committed by male and female prison populations, as well as a persistent belief by society at large that female criminals are better able to be rehabilitated than their male counterparts.[3]Although women form a minority in the global prison population, the population of incarcerated women is growing at a rate twice as fast as the male prison population.[4] Those imprisoned in China, Russia, and the United States comprise the great majority of incarcerated people, including women, in the world.[5] Trends observed in the global growth of the female prison population can be partly explained by evolving policies regarding the sentencing and parole of female inmates. As criminal justice systems across the world move towards gender-blind sentencing, this has resulted in a tremendous increase in the rate of female incarceration. Concurrent elimination of parole and toughening of penalties for parole violations in many areas of the world also contribute to high rates of re-entry and re-offending, further driving up rates of incarceration of women.[4]The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime[6] website hosts data[7] regarding prison populations around the world, including \"Persons held - by sex, by age group\"[8] and \"Persons held - by status and sex\".[9]","title":"Prison population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"War on Drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_drugs"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psychiatrictimes.com-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psychiatrictimes.com-17"}],"text":"International developments in the political response to social issues, specifically the global drug epidemic, have catalyzed many changes in the composition of the prison populations and, subsequently, the types of conditions prisoners experience while incarcerated. The War on Drugs has accounted for the large population of female low-level offenders, usually imprisoned for narcotic use or possession.[10] Western powers, particularly the United States, have largely advocated for the global proliferation of the so-called “War on Drugs”.[11]While there is no globally uniform representation among female prisoners in terms of the types of crimes they are imprisoned for, it is widely acknowledged that there are a number of underlying social inequities which make affected women disproportionately more likely to commit crimes and therefore become incarcerated. The most prominent of these conditions is that of poverty, as well as the conditions that give rise to poverty. Globally, women in poor households tend to bear a disproportionate amount of work in regard to caring for the household, feeding the family, and educating the children.[12] This is in tandem with educational inequalities,[13] pay gaps,[14] pregnancy,[15] and heightened rates of physical and domestic abuses.[16] Another inequity deemed partially culpable for the rate at which impoverished women, in particular, are incarcerated due to the lack of access to mental health care. Many incarcerated women suffer from mental illnesses, and their incarceration can be directly linked to an absence of treatment for their conditions.[5]Research has shown a significant link between females in prison and brain injury,[17][18][19][20] which supports research that shows incarcerated females are overwhelmingly victims of domestic violence (aka male violence against women).[21][22][23][24][17]","title":"Social and political conditions leading to incarceration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Western world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Talvi2007_p57-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-10"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Early facilities were considered inhumane with little regard for health and safety. Men and women were housed in a large room where the strong preyed on the weak.[25] As of 1964, in most of the Western world, the guards in female prisons are no longer exclusively female.[26] As of that year, both men and women work as guards in women's prisons in the United States.[27] However, some states have laws requiring female officers as well as a female superintendent. While most states have only one or two institutions for women, some facilities are considered \"unisex\" and house both male and female inmates in separate areas.[28]There is massive variation in the quality of living standards both between prisons around the world and between prisons within individual countries. Variations in national wealth, apportionment of national budgets and different approaches to criminal rehabilitation all contribute to the absence of uniformity in prison living standards. Other phenomena, such as the privatisation of prisons in many countries with large prison populations, such as the United States, also give rise to variability in the environmental quality of women's prisons. Once a corporation assumes governance over prison and its budget, the presiding government has relatively little oversight of the maintenance of prison standards and prisoner wellbeing. There are many ongoing political debates surrounding the continuation of private prisons.[10]Certain prison populations, including women, have special health needs which often go unmet. For example, one study in the journal Health and Social Care in the Community found that in England and Wales, which have the highest prison populations of any European countries, women's specific mental and physical health needs are under-researched and not sufficiently cared for, with 40% of female prisoners reporting long-term health problems in comparison with the male statistic of 33%.[29]","title":"Prison conditions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"By jurisdiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mercatornet-30"}],"sub_title":"Great Britain","text":"In Great Britain, in 1996 a new policy was passed, and women no longer have to be restrained while giving birth when serving their sentence.[30] The British services for human rights and the United Nations standard minimum rules for the treatment of prisoners say that no one should be subjected to degrading punishment. Some prisoners refuse to go to childcare events or funerals because of the humiliation the restraints show. Women in Britain fought for their right to not be restrained while giving birth to their child, however, they must be restrained while being escorted to and from the hospital. More women than men try to escape the prison system in Britain. Of those women who escape almost half escape while receiving medical attention at a hospital.","title":"By jurisdiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Prisons Brief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Prisons_Brief&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Correctional Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Correctional_Services"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Tai Lam Centre for Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Lam_Centre_for_Women"},{"link_name":"Lo Wu Correctional Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo_Wu_Correctional_Institution"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hkcsdfacilities-32"}],"sub_title":"Hong Kong","text":"Circa 2017, according to the World Prisons Brief, women make up about 20.8% of Hong Kong's inmate population. Of any sovereign state or dependency, minus very small countries/microstates, Hong Kong, as of circa 2017, has the highest percentage of women in correctional supervision. In August 2017 the Hong Kong Correctional Services had 1,486 incarcerated women, and it had a total of 1,764 women under correctional supervision if the 279 on remand were included.[31]Hong Kong has a number of women-only institutions including Bauhinia House, Tai Lam Centre for Women, Chi Lan Rehabilitation Centre, Lai King Correctional Institution, Lo Wu Correctional Institution, Wai Lan Rehabilitation Centre, and Nei Kwu Correctional Institution.[32]","title":"By jurisdiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forbes-2014-09-23-1"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICPS-2014-08-31-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Mainland China","text":"In general, statistical information in regards to the rate of incarceration for women in China has been found difficult to compare to other countries around the world. However, some scholars argued in 2003 that approximately one-fifth of the total number of women in the United States would be equivalent to that of the total population of women incarcerated in China.[33]According to the International Centre for Prison Studies, as of August 2014, the Chinese women's prison population is the second-largest in the world (after the United States) with 84,600 female prisoners in total or 5.1% of the overall Chinese prison population.[1][34]Within the last decade, the rate of incarceration for women in China has increased by 46%. Women make up only 6% of the total population of individuals in prison within the country. While it is difficult to correctly evaluate the statistic regarding the total number of women incarcerated due to the underreporting of these cases, China is on track to imprison more women than the United States.[35]","title":"By jurisdiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-40"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-38"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-40"},{"link_name":"University of Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Stirling"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"New Zealand","text":"In New Zealand, there are three correctional facilities, specifically for women. These include Auckland Region Women's Corrections Facility (ARWCF), Arohata Women's Prison, and Christchurch Women's Prison. At these facilities, women are offered various prisoner assistance programs while they are serving their sentences in prison. These consist of baby unit spaces for new mothers, mental and physical disability assistance, feeding and bonding facilities, cultural hobbies, and special food accommodations for dietary restrictions. While many of these activities are permission-based and evaluated with a case-by-case approach, these prisons have started offering these options to women who are incarcerated in recent years.[36]In New Zealand, the total number of convicted women increased by 111% between 1996 and 2005.[37] In 1963, women made up 7.7% of those convicted in New Zealand's court system, with most causes of arrest being offences against property and some offences being crime against persons and/or assault. Then, in 1972, women's incarceration rates increased to 11% in lower court systems. Again, with mostly the same two leading convictions.[38] As of 1996, prosecuted females on average had fewer previous convictions than prosecuted males in most first world countries such as New Zealand.[39] The number of women incarcerated in New Zealand peaked in 2010 and has decreased since.[40] As of 2014, the female conviction percentage is up to 23%. Crimes against property make up a higher percentage of the total 23% female conviction ratio, at 33%. According to a 1991 study published by the Department of Justice, Greg Newbold notes that in comparison to women, men were twice as likely to commit a more serious crime.[38]Although the number of males far outweighs the number of females in the correctional facilities of New Zealand, the rate of increase of women incarcerated is growing at a pace significantly higher than that of males. Overall, the incarceration rate of women has been growing all over the world, not just in New Zealand. The most recent advocated hypothesis regarding why the rise is occurring is that women's crime rates are not increasing, rather the criminal justice system is changing. This change has led to an increase in attention to minor offences, which women are statistically more likely to commit.[40] Gill McIvor, Professor of Criminology at the University of Stirling, supports this hypothesis with research published in 2010 which confirms that the rise of female incarceration rates in New Zealand is not due to the increasing severity of crimes committed by women. As well as this, McIvor also makes the claim that New Zealand women are overrepresented in less serious types of crimes such as theft and fraud and underrepresented in more serious types of crime such as crimes of violence.[41]According to statistics from 2014, there has been a slight increase of women prisoners in each of these facilities. Although the Department of Corrections notes that women in New Zealand only make up 7.4% of the total incarceration population, the increases in population are connected to four main crime categories specifically. These include illicit drug offences, theft and related offences, fraud and related offences, and robbery, extortion and related offences. Three of these four categories saw an increase of 60%, however, the lowest category (illicit drug offences) saw the smallest increase at 40%.[42]","title":"By jurisdiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-search.proquest.com-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-search.proquest.com-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-search.proquest.com-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-search.proquest.com-43"}],"sub_title":"Russia","text":"As of March 1, 2012, the Russian Criminal Justice system housed about 60,500 women, 8.1% of the total number of people incarcerated in the country.[43] Russia has been slow to implement reform for the rights of its incarcerated population, especially for women. Russia has some criminal laws that contain articles that govern the treatment and status of women in the criminal justice system; however, with the exception of a law preventing women from receiving the death penalty, these laws are mostly limited to the status of incarcerated women as child bearers and seem to focus more on the status and rights of children incarcerated with their mothers.[43] For instance, if a woman is pregnant or has a child under fourteen years old, her sentence has the potential to be postponed, reduced, or cancelled. Additionally, women in prison with their children are entitled to “improved living conditions, specialised medical services, and more rations and clothing”.[43] As for the women that do not have children, they face overcrowded conditions and inadequate medical care. Furthermore, women are often brought through transit prisons on what could be a two-month journey to their final destination, regardless of where the final destination is actually located.[43]","title":"By jurisdiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Mount Pleasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Ossining, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossining_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Sing Sing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing_Sing"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"prisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisons"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Nicole Hahn Rafter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Hahn_Rafter"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Prison Policy Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_Policy_Initiative"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-females-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-52"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"In the United States, authorities began housing women in correctional facilities separate from men in the 1870s.[44] The first American female correctional facility with dedicated buildings and staff was the Mount Pleasant Female Prison in Ossining, New York; the facility had some operational dependence on nearby Sing Sing, a men's prison.[45] In the 1930s, 34 women's prisons were built, by 1990 there were 71 women's prisons in the country, but only five years later there were 150 (Chesney-Lind, 1998:66).[46]Unlike prisons designed for men in the United States, state prisons for women evolved in three waves, as described in historical detail in Partial Justice: Women in State Prisons by Nicole Hahn Rafter. First, women prisoners were imprisoned alongside men in the \"general population,\" where they were subject to sexual attacks and daily forms of degradation. Then, in a partial attempt to address these issues, women prisoners were removed from the general population and housed separately, but then subject to neglect wherein they did not receive the same resources as men in prisons. In the third stage of development, women in prison were then housed completely separately in fortress-like prisons, where the goal of punishment was to indoctrinate women into traditionally feminine roles.[47]According to an article published in 2018 from The Prison Policy Initiative, of the world's female population only 4% live in the U.S.; however, over 30% of the world's incarcerated women are in the United States.[48]The Prisoners in 2014 report by the Bureau of Justice Statistics determined that Black women make up 23% of incarcerated women in the United States.[49] Black women comprise about 14% of the U.S. female population and because corrections agencies do not separate prisoner data by race and gender, “we rarely know how many of the black prisoners are women, and how many of the women are Black”.[50]There are currently 23 states that do not have any law protecting against the shackling of pregnant incarcerated women.[citation needed] This contravenes the United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders, that explicitly states that “instruments of restraint shall never be used on women during labor, during birth and immediately after birth.”[51] There is a distinction between shackling during pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum. While some states, such as Maryland and New York banned all restraints immediately before and after giving birth, others banned shackling during active delivery, but permit it immediately before and after. Currently, the only state giving a private right of action for women illegally shackled is Rhode Island.[52]When pregnant women are shackled, the restraints are entirely controlled by the prison guards, not the medical staff. These methods of shackling have been greatly denounced for the effects they have on both the mother and the fetus. A 2016 study revealed that shackles create unique safety risks, notably \"potential injury or placental abruption caused by falls, delayed progress of labor caused by impaired mobility, and delayed receipts of emergency care when corrections officers must remove shackles to allow for assessment of intervention\".[citation needed] Furthermore, being shackled can cause trauma, or exacerbate already existing trauma and post-traumatic experience symptoms. While shackles are justified as necessary to prevent flight risk or a potential to cause harm to others, medical experts have confirmed that there is an extremely low risk of imminent harm or escape when safer means are used, such as de-escalation tactics.[52]Despite the advocacy for legislation banning this practice, and despite the already existing legislative limits, medical staff and inmates have denounced that shackling during pregnancy and post-partum continues.[52] The federal government does not mandate the collection of data regarding pregnancy and childbirth amongst female inmates. Therefore, it is unknown how common these practices remain, and how they occur.[53]Activists have also denounced other issues related to pregnancy and birthing for incarcerated women. In the podcast Beyond Prison, Maya Schenwar, an American journalist and author, shared the experience of her sister who gave birth while incarcerated. For weeks prior to giving birth, her sister suffered from many pregnancy related health issues, including bleeding for weeks. She wasn't treated, and she was unable to see a professional outside the hospital. As she was unable to naturally go into labor, the prison decided on a date where they would induce labor, without telling her, to prevent any escape attempt. When the date arrived, despite the fact that she repeatedly asked not to be forced into labor, the guards took her to the hospital where her pregnancy was forcibly induced against her will. Furthermore, the prison did not warn any relatives. She gave birth alone, surrounded only by the medical staff and a prison guard standing in the room the entire time, looking at her while she was in labor. This experience, Schenwar explains, is not unique, and she has heard many similar stories over the years she spent studying the conditions of incarcerated women.[54]","title":"By jurisdiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-55"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"Julia Tutwiler Prison for Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Tutwiler_Prison_for_Women"},{"link_name":"sexual misconduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_misconduct"},{"link_name":"rape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_news-56"},{"link_name":"solitary confinement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitary_confinement"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"transgender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender"},{"link_name":"HM Prison New Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Prison_New_Hall"},{"link_name":"Wakefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakefield"},{"link_name":"West Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"transgender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender"},{"link_name":"High Court of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Gender Recognition Certificate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_Recognition_Certificate"},{"link_name":"HMP Bronzefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMP_Bronzefield"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"QC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"QC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Rape in female prisons has been commonplace for a long period of time in both the US and the UK.[citation needed] In England and Wales, a report showed that female prisoners are being coerced into sex with staff members in return for various favours, such as alcohol and cigarettes.[55] Rape may even be more common than reports show, given that it is difficult to know the full truth about what goes on behind the walls of a prison, along with the fact that inmates often have no legal remedy to seek justice for abuse and rape.[55]In the United States, the Alabama prison scandal at the Julia Tutwiler Prison for Women revealed gross sexual misconduct by male staff members against female inmates, including rape.[56] Trying to report these abuses would be punishable by humiliation and solitary confinement while punishments for the sexual offenders were rare and small.[citation needed]In the United Kingdom, transgender prisoner Karen White received a life sentence in 2018 after admitting to sexual assault (including two counts of rape) of vulnerable women prisoners at HM Prison New Hall near Wakefield, West Yorkshire, although she was described by the prosecution as having used a \"transgender persona\" having been born male. She was held there on remand in September 2017. White, who started transitioning while in prison, was described by the judge as a \"predator\" and a danger to women and children.[57][58]In October 2020, the Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom) (MoJ) policy on incarcerating transgender prisoners in women's prison was challenged at the High Court of Justice by an unnamed prisoner.[59]\nShe alleges she was sexually assaulted by a trans woman prisoner, in possession of a Gender Recognition Certificate, in August 2017 in HMP Bronzefield. The claimant is supported by the campaigning group Keep Prisons Single Sex, which alleges that the trans woman had been convicted of rape as a man.[60]\nThe MoJ denies that there was an assault. Karon Monaghan QC argued, for the claimant, that MoJ policies \"allow prisoners to be accommodated in the prison estate that corresponds to their declared gender identity, irrespective of whether they have taken any legal or medical steps to acquire that gender\".\nSarah Hannett QC, for the MoJ, said that the policies \"implement a nuanced and fact-sensitive approach\" to balancing competing interests, and that \"Any policy in this area is unlikely to satisfy every interested person\".\nThe case is adjourned, likely until 2021.[citation needed]","title":"Rape and sexual assault in prison"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"post-traumatic stress disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christine_E_2009-62"},{"link_name":"Therapeutic Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_Community"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christine_E_2009-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"text":"Between 2010 and 2011, the rate for the imprisonment of female drug offenders was at 5.7%, a drop from 6% in 2010.[61] The treatment in which female drug offenders receive has also been closely analyzed in the U.S. In the U.S., compared with male prisoners, women offenders have been more likely to report instances of childhood trauma, abuse, addiction, post-traumatic stress disorder, interpersonal violence, adolescent conduct disorder, homelessness, as well as chronic physical and mental health problems, and because of such problems, women are more likely to commit criminal activity or have severity to addiction.[62] One of the problems female offenders are facing is that they need more special substance abuse treatment for their gender, but the treatment they receive are mostly male-oriented programs such as Therapeutic Community (TC) models.[62] As substance abuse treatment is not fairly granted in prisons across the U.S., recidivism is likely to go up within 2011, with the most serious offense for 59.4% of women incarcerated in federal prisons being drug violations.[63]","title":"Drug offenders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"criminology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminology"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-38"}],"text":"Before the 1980s, there was a lack of female representation in criminology around the world, making research in this area very difficult. This low level of representation was due to the fact that gender was not a large topic of debate. When studies would come up regarding the subject of criminology, most theories regarding crime were largely male-modelled due to the significant portion of crime attributed to males. However, due to the feminist movement in the 1960s, demand for information concerning female incarceration arose. Due to this growing demand that gained speed in the 1980s, research in crimes committed by women has surged[38]","title":"Issues in studying the incarceration of women"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapia-68"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapia-68"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tapia-68"}],"text":"The number of children with mothers in prison has doubled during the 17 years from 1990 to 2007, according to a 2007 report run by the Bureau of Justice Statistic (BJS). Mainly, Black and Hispanic children were part of the 1.7 million children whose parents were incarcerated during that span.[64] Sleep disorders and behavioral problems tend to be present on children with mothers in prison.[65][66]Moreover, a study run by Child Welfare Services (CWS) concludes that the likelihood of being in a vulnerable situation is higher among children whose parents are behind the bars than other children treated by CWS.[67]The constitutional rights of pregnant inmates in US prisons have been undergoing codification and expansion in the 2000s. Data from 2010 show that female incarceration rates are growing more rapidly than male incarceration rates in the United States.[68] One out of every four women in prison is pregnant. Less than half of prisons in the United States have official policies about medical care for pregnant inmates. About 48% of prisons have prenatal services. Of these 48%, only 15% of prisons have programs implemented to help mothers find suitable work after they give birth. Additionally, only 15% of prisons have policies that require light work or no work for pregnant women. Throughout the United States, pregnant inmates are treated poorly by prison staff because there is a permeating prejudice that pregnant inmates are not \"worthy enough to have children\".[68] There are psychological stressors experienced by pregnant inmates during pregnancy and during the birthing process. For example, thirty-five states allow women to be chained to the bed while in labor and giving birth. In states where shackling is illegal, there are a significant amount of lawsuits claiming that shackling was used during childbirth. Researchers have argued that allowing women to remain shackled to a bed during birth is inhumane and undignified.[68]","title":"Children of incarcerated parents"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Female_incarceration_rates_by_country_and_US_state.gif"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-females-48"}],"text":"Female incarceration rates by country and US stateFemale incarceration rates by country and US state. Per 100,000 female population of all ages. Female incarceration rates if every US state were a country. Incarcerated females of all ages (where the data is available). From a 2018 report with latest available data. From the source report: \"Figure 1. This graph shows the number of women in state prisons, local jails, and federal prisons from each U.S. state per 100,000 people in that state and the incarceration rate per 100,000 in all countries with at least a half-million in total population.\"[48]","title":"Female incarceration rates by country and US state"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Female prisoners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Female_prisoners"},{"link_name":"Women, Gender, and Prison: National and Global Perspectives (Autumn 2013; vol. 39, no.1)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//signsjournal.org/women-gender-and-prison-national-and-global-perspectives-autumn-2013-vol-39-no-1/"},{"link_name":"Signs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signs_(journal)"},{"link_name":"Freeing Tammy: Women, Drugs, and Incarceration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=kJwjS43yyf8C&q=Incarceration+women"},{"link_name":"UPNE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPNE"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-55553-673-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55553-673-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-55553-673-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-673-2"},{"link_name":"Women in Prison: Victims or Resisters? Representations of Agency in Women’s Prisons in Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/670862"},{"link_name":"Signs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signs_(journal)"},{"link_name":"doi:10.1086/670862","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//doi.org/10.1086/670862"},{"link_name":"A Cell of Their Own: The Incarceration of Women in Late Medieval Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/670768"},{"link_name":"Signs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signs_(journal)"},{"link_name":"doi:10.1086/670768","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//doi.org/10.1086/670768"},{"link_name":"Gendered Carceral Regimes in Sri Lanka: Colonial Laws, Postcolonial Practices, and the Social Control of Sex Workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/670770"},{"link_name":"Signs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signs_(journal)"},{"link_name":"doi:10.1086/670770","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//doi.org/10.1086/670770"},{"link_name":"Mitigating the Crime That Is the Over-Imprisonment of Women: Why Orange Should Not Be the New Black (2016)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2773341"},{"link_name":"https://ssrn.com/abstract=2773341","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ssrn.com/abstract=2773341"},{"link_name":"Ishii, Ryōsuke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ry%C5%8Dsuke_Ishii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E4%BA%95%E8%89%AF%E5%8A%A9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-4-642-00502-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-642-00502-9"},{"link_name":"Shogakukan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shogakukan"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-4-09-523001-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-09-523001-6"},{"link_name":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg"},{"link_name":"Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Law"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg"},{"link_name":"Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Society"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Incarceration"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Incarceration"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Incarceration"},{"link_name":"Incarceration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprisonment"},{"link_name":"Criminology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminology"},{"link_name":"Penology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penology"},{"link_name":"Prison healthcare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_healthcare"},{"link_name":"Punishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punishment"},{"link_name":"Stanford prison experiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_prison_experiment"},{"link_name":"Prisoners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner"},{"link_name":"Criminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime"},{"link_name":"Detainee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detention_(imprisonment)"},{"link_name":"Hostage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostage"},{"link_name":"Political prisoner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoner"},{"link_name":"Prisoner of conscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_conscience"},{"link_name":"Prisoner of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war"},{"link_name":"Slave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery"},{"link_name":"Prisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison"},{"link_name":"Black 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camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp"},{"link_name":"Private","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_prison"},{"link_name":"Ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_ship"},{"link_name":"Youth detention center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_detention_center"},{"link_name":"House arrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_arrest"},{"link_name":"Administrative detention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_detention"},{"link_name":"Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_prison"},{"link_name":"Maximum security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison#Security_levels"},{"link_name":"Supermax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermax_prison"},{"link_name":"Death row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_row"},{"link_name":"Cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_cell"},{"link_name":"Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_cemetery"},{"link_name":"Commissary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_commissary"},{"link_name":"Food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_food"},{"link_name":"Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_library"},{"link_name":"Nursery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_nursery"},{"link_name":"Officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_officer"},{"link_name":"Sally port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_port"},{"link_name":"Trusty system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusty_system_(prison)"},{"link_name":"Warden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_warden"},{"link_name":"Escape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_escape"},{"link_name":"Prison escapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prison_escapes"},{"link_name":"Helicopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_helicopter_prison_escapes"},{"link_name":"Prisoner-of-war escapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prisoner-of-war_escapes"},{"link_name":"Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_art"},{"link_name":"Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_film"},{"link_name":"Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_gang"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_gangs_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_literature"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_prison_literature"},{"link_name":"Blogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_blogs"},{"link_name":"Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_ring"},{"link_name":"Slang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_slang"},{"link_name":"Tattooing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_tattooing"},{"link_name":"Abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_abuse"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_abuse_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Contemplative programs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_contemplative_programs"},{"link_name":"Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_education"},{"link_name":"Informants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jailhouse_informants"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_people_in_prison"},{"link_name":"Mentally ill people in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentally_ill_people_in_United_States_jails_and_prisons"},{"link_name":"Mobile phones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phones_in_prison"},{"link_name":"Overcrowding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_overcrowding"},{"link_name":"Pay-to-stay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay-to-stay_(imprisonment)"},{"link_name":"Private prisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_prison"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States#Privatization"},{"link_name":"Protective custody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protective_custody"},{"link_name":"Rape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_rape"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_rape_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_religion"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_United_States_prisons"},{"link_name":"Riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_riot"},{"link_name":"Sexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_sexuality"},{"link_name":"Solitary confinement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitary_confinement"},{"link_name":"Strikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_strike"},{"link_name":"Suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_suicide"},{"link_name":"Violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_violence"},{"link_name":"Women in prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarceration_of_women_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_the_Protection_and_Assistance_of_the_Convicted"},{"link_name":"Black and Pink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_and_Pink"},{"link_name":"Florida Justice Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Justice_Institute"},{"link_name":"International Network of Prison Ministries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Network_of_Prison_Ministries"},{"link_name":"Justice Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_Action"},{"link_name":"Justice Defenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_Defenders"},{"link_name":"Mount Tamalpais College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tamalpais_College"},{"link_name":"POA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POA_(trade_union)"},{"link_name":"Prison abolition movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_abolition_movement"},{"link_name":"Prison Advice and Care Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_Advice_and_Care_Trust"},{"link_name":"Prison-Ashram Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison-Ashram_Project"},{"link_name":"Prison Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"Prison Fellowship International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_Fellowship_International"},{"link_name":"Prison Legal News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_Legal_News"},{"link_name":"Prison Officers' Association (Ireland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_Officers%27_Association_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"The Prison Phoenix Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prison_Phoenix_Trust"},{"link_name":"Prison Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_Radio"},{"link_name":"Prison Reform 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data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14404803m"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529463005171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85112241"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Female prisoners.English:\"Women, Gender, and Prison: National and Global Perspectives (Autumn 2013; vol. 39, no.1).\" Signs. Volume 39, No. 1, Autumn 2013. - Index of related articles\nRaphael, Jody. Freeing Tammy: Women, Drugs, and Incarceration. UPNE, 2007. ISBN 1-55553-673-5, ISBN 978-1-55553-673-2.\nAntonova, N. (2013, Nov 4th). Reforming Russian Women's Prisons.Individual articles in English:Fili, Andriani. \"Women in Prison: Victims or Resisters? Representations of Agency in Women’s Prisons in Greece.\" Signs. Vol. 39, No. 1, Women, Gender, and Prison: National and Global Perspectives (Autumn 2013), pp. 1–26. doi:10.1086/670862.\nGeltner, Guy. \"A Cell of Their Own: The Incarceration of Women in Late Medieval Italy .\" Signs. Vol. 39, No. 1, Women, Gender, and Prison: National and Global Perspectives (Autumn 2013), pp. 27–51. doi:10.1086/670768.\nMiller, Jody and Kristin Carbone-Lopez. \"Gendered Carceral Regimes in Sri Lanka: Colonial Laws, Postcolonial Practices, and the Social Control of Sex Workers .\" Signs. Vol. 39, No. 1, Women, Gender, and Prison: National and Global Perspectives (Autumn 2013), pp. 79–103. doi:10.1086/670770.\nBagaric, Mirko and Bagaric, Brienna, Mitigating the Crime That Is the Over-Imprisonment of Women: Why Orange Should Not Be the New Black (2016). Vermont Law Review (41), Forthcoming, Deakin Law School Research Paper No. 16-16, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2773341Japanese:Ishii, Ryōsuke [ja]. (石井良助)「女牢」（『国史大辞典 2』（吉川弘文館、1980） ISBN 978-4-642-00502-9）\n守屋浩光「女牢」（『日本歴史大事典 1』 (Shogakukan (小学館), 2000) ISBN 978-4-09-523001-6）Portals: Law SocietyvteIncarcerationScience\nCriminology\nPenology\nPrison healthcare\nPunishment\nStanford prison experiment\nPrisoners\nCriminal\nDetainee\nHostage\nPolitical prisoner\nPrisoner of conscience\nPrisoner of war\nSlave\nPrisonsTypes\nBlack site\nCorrective labor colony\nDebtors'\nExtermination camp\nFarm\nInternment\nIsland\nLabor camp\nBattalion\nChain gang\nMilitary\nPenal colony\nPrisoner-of-war camp\nPrivate \nShip\nYouth detention center\nSecurity levels\nHouse arrest\nAdministrative detention\nOpen\nMaximum security\nSupermax\nDeath row\nComponents\nCell\nCemetery\nCommissary\nFood\nLibrary\nNursery\nOfficer\nSally port\nTrusty system\nWarden\nEscape\nPrison escapes\nHelicopter\nPrisoner-of-war escapes\nCulture\nArt\nFilm\nGang \nUnited States\nLiterature\nAmerican\nBlogs\nRing\nSlang\nTattooing\nSocial issues\nAbuse \nUnited States\nContemplative programs\nEducation\nInformants\nLGBT\nMentally ill people in the United States\nMobile phones\nOvercrowding\nPay-to-stay\nPrivate prisons \nUnited States\nProtective custody\nRape \nUnited States\nReligion \nUnited States\nRiots\nSexuality\nSolitary confinement\nStrikes\nSuicide\nViolence\nWomen in prison \nUnited States\nOrganizations\nAssociation for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted (Brazil)\nBlack and Pink\nFlorida Justice Institute\nInternational Network of Prison Ministries\nJustice Action\nJustice Defenders\nMount Tamalpais College\nPOA\nPrison abolition movement\nPrison Advice and Care Trust\nPrison-Ashram Project\nPrison Fellowship\nPrison Fellowship International\nPrison Legal News\nPrison Officers' Association (Ireland)\nThe Prison Phoenix Trust\nPrison Radio\nPrison Reform Trust\nWriteAPrisoner.com\nLeaving prison\nRehabilitation\nWork release\nLists\nCountries by incarceration rate\nPrisons\nFilms featuring prisons\nBy country\nAustralia\nChile\nChina\nEstonia\nGermany\nIceland\nIndia\nIreland, Republic of\nJamaica\nJapan\nNew Zealand\nNorth Korea\nNorway\nPeru\nRussia\nSoviet Union\nGulag\nTurkey\nUkraine\nUnited Kingdom and British overseas territories \nBermuda\nEngland and Wales\nNorthern Ireland\nScotland\nUnited States\n\n Imprisonment and detention\n CommonsAuthority control databases: National \nFrance\nBnF data\nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Federal Prison Camp, Alderson, a Federal Bureau of Prisons facility for women in West Virginia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Alderson_Federal_Prison_Camp_entrance.jpg/220px-Alderson_Federal_Prison_Camp_entrance.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chiang Mai Women's Correctional Institution of the Thai Department of Corrections, Chiang Mai, Thailand","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Women%27s_Prison.jpg/220px-Women%27s_Prison.jpg"},{"image_text":"Andrew Mercer Reformatory for Women in Toronto, Ontario","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Mercer_Reformatory.jpg/220px-Mercer_Reformatory.jpg"},{"image_text":"Female incarceration rates by country and US state","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Female_incarceration_rates_by_country_and_US_state.gif/110px-Female_incarceration_rates_by_country_and_US_state.gif"}] | [{"title":"Bangkok Rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok_Rules"},{"title":"List of countries by incarceration rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_incarceration_rate"},{"title":"Convict women in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convict_women_in_Australia"},{"title":"Gender responsive approach for girls in the juvenile justice system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_responsive_approach_for_girls_in_the_juvenile_justice_system"},{"title":"Gender-responsive prisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender-responsive_prisons"},{"title":"Gender-specific prison programming in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender-specific_prison_programming_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Menopause in incarceration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menopause_in_incarceration"},{"title":"Sex and crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_and_crime"},{"title":"Solitary confinement of women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitary_confinement_of_women"},{"title":"Women in prison film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_prison_film"},{"title":"Decarceration in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decarceration_in_the_United_States"}] | [{"reference":"\"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime\". United Nations : Office on Drugs and Crime. Archived from the original on February 15, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unodc.org/","url_text":"\"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220215212237/https://www.unodc.org/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"dataUNODC |\". dataunodc.un.org. Archived from the original on February 18, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://dataunodc.un.org/","url_text":"\"dataUNODC |\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220218094631/https://dataunodc.un.org/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Persons held in prison | dataUNODC\". dataunodc.un.org. Archived from the original on February 8, 2022. 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BBC News. May 14, 2021. Archived from the original on February 18, 2022. Retrieved February 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-57103702","url_text":"\"Head injuries suffered by 80% of women prisoners\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220218070812/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-57103702","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Nearly 65% of prisoners at women's jail 'show signs of brain injury'\". The Guardian. February 6, 2019. Archived from the original on February 18, 2022. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_Mississippi | Abortion in Mississippi | ["1 Context","2 History","2.1 Legislative history","2.2 Ballot box history","2.3 Judicial history","2.4 Clinic history","3 Statistics","4 Abortion rights views and activities","4.1 Organizations","4.2 Funding","4.3 Protests","5 Anti-abortion rights views and activities","5.1 Activities","6 References"] | Termination of pregnancy in Mississippi, United States
Abortion in Mississippi is illegal. The new law took effect on July 7, 2022, after Mississippi State Attorney General Lynn Fitch certified on June 27, the Supreme Court decision on Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization on June 24 of that year. State Attorney General Lynn Fitch's certification made Mississippi's 2007 'trigger law' go into effect and ban all abortions in the state, “except in the case where necessary for the preservation of the mother's life or where the pregnancy was caused by rape".
The number of abortion clinics declined in the years prior to their outlawing, falling from thirteen in 1982 to eight in 1992. By 2006, only one remained. The final clinic closed on July 6, 2022, following the overruling of Roe v. Wade. There were 2,303 legal abortions in 2014, and 2,613 in 2015. Most women went out of state to get a legal abortion.
Context
See also: Abortion in the United StatesFree birth control correlates to teenage girls having fewer pregnancies and fewer abortions. A 2014 New England Journal of Medicine study found such a link. At the same time, a 2011 study by Center for Reproductive Rights and Ibis Reproductive Health also found that states with more abortion restrictions have higher rates of maternal death, higher rates of uninsured pregnant women, higher rates of infant and child deaths, higher rates of teen drug and alcohol abuse, and lower rates of cancer screening. It is unlikely that abortion restrictions are the direct cause of these factors, however. The negative effects are more likely to be linked to access to healthcare, the number of healthcare facilities, and socioeconomic status. The study singled out Oklahoma, Mississippi, and Kansas as being the most restrictive states that year, followed by Arkansas and Indiana for second in terms of abortion restrictions, and Florida, Arizona, and Alabama in third for most restrictive state abortion requirements.
According to a 2017 report from the Center for Reproductive Rights and Ibis Reproductive Health, states that tried to pass additional constraints on a woman's ability to access legal abortions had fewer policies supporting women's health, maternal health, and children's health. These states also tended to resist expanding Medicaid, family leave, medical leave, and sex education in public schools. In 2017, Georgia, Ohio, Missouri, Louisiana, Alabama, and Mississippi have among the highest rates of infant mortality in the United States. Mississippi had an infant mortality rate of 8.6 deaths per 1,000 live births.
Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act was rejected by Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, and Missouri. Consequently, poor women in the typical age range to become mothers had a gap in coverage for prenatal care. According to Georgetown University Center for Children and Families research professor Adam Searing, "The uninsured rate for women of childbearing age is nearly twice as high in states that have not expanded Medicaid. ... That means a lot more women who don't have health coverage before they get pregnant or after they have their children. ... If states would expand Medicaid coverage, they would improve the health of mothers and babies and save lives." According to the 2018 Premature Birth Report Cards, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama were all given an F. In the 2018 America's Health Rankings produced by United Health Foundation, Mississippi ranked 32nd in the country when it came to maternal mortality. A 2018 March of Dimes report stated that the preterm birth rate among African American women in Mississippi was significantly higher, 44% higher than women of all other races in the state.
In August 2023, a 13 year old girl in Mississippi made national news when she gave birth after being raped the previous fall; she was denied an abortion under Mississippi's near-total abortion ban. Her mother stated that no one informed her of the state's rape exception.
History
Legislative history
By the end of the 1800s, all states in the Union except Louisiana had therapeutic exceptions in their legislative bans on abortions. In the 19th century, bans by state legislatures on abortion were about protecting the life of the mother given the number of deaths caused by abortions; state governments saw themselves as looking out for the lives of their citizens.
In 1966, the Mississippi legislature made abortion legal in cases of rape. By the end of 1972, Mississippi allowed abortion in cases of rape or incest only and Alabama and Massachusetts allowed abortions only in cases where the woman's physical health was endangered. In order to obtain abortions during this period, women would often travel from a state where abortion was illegal to states where it was legal. Mississippi passed a parental consent law in the early 1990s. This law impacted when minors sought abortions, resulting in an increase of 19% for abortions sought after 12 weeks.
On February 27, 2006, Mississippi's House Public Health Committee voted to approve a ban on abortion, but that bill died after the House and Senate failed to agree on compromise legislation. The state was one of 23 states in 2007 to have a detailed abortion-specific informed consent requirement. Mississippi, Nebraska, North Dakota, and Ohio all had statutes in 2007 that required specific informed consent on abortion but also, by statute, allowing medical doctors performing abortions to disassociate themselves from the anti-abortion materials they were required to provide to their female patients. By law, abortion providers in Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi were required to perform ultrasounds before providing women with abortions, even in situations such as in the first trimester where ultrasound has no medical necessity. Some states, such as Alaska, Mississippi, West Virginia, Texas, and Kansas, have passed laws requiring abortion providers to warn patients of a link between abortion and breast cancer and to issue other scientifically unsupported warnings. On November 8, 2011, the Personhood amendment, to define personhood as beginning "at the moment of fertilization, cloning, or the functional equivalent thereof," was rejected by 55 percent of voters.
In 2013, the state Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers (TRAP) law applied to medication-induced abortions and private doctor offices in addition to abortion clinics. The state legislature was one of five states nationwide that tried and failed, to pass a "fetal heartbeat bill" in 2013. Only North Dakota successfully passed such a law but it was later struck down by the courts. The terminology of these bills is largely contested and considered to be inaccurate by medical professionals. This is because at the proposed time, (as early as 6 weeks) the conceptus is not yet considered a fetus, and is actually an embryo. Additionally, there is no heart present in the embryo; it would more accurately be called a cluster of cells with electrical activity. In 2013, Mississippi was one of five states where the legislature introduced a bill that would have banned abortion in almost all cases. It did not pass. They tried and failed again in 2015, 2017 and 2018, where they were one of five, one of six, and one in eleven respectively. The state legislature was one of four states nationwide that tried, and failed, to pass a "fetal heartbeat bill" in 2012. In 2012, the Mississippi State Legislature passed a law that required abortion clinics to have doctors on staff with hospital admitting privileges. This almost led to the closure of the state's only abortion clinic.
Mississippi legislature was one of eight states nationwide that tried, again, and failed, to pass a "fetal heartbeat" bill in 2017.
In March 2018, the Mississippi House passed House Bill 1510, the Gestational Age Act, that outlawed abortion after 15 weeks "except in a medical emergency or in the case of a severe fetal abnormality". A difference between the Gestational Age Act and federal level bills that attempted to pass a Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act was that the Gestational Age Act does not allow exemptions in cases of rape or incest. The state had a law on the books as of August 2018 that would be triggered if Roe v. Wade was overturned.
"Heartbeat bills" in Mississippi died in committee in 2013, 2014, 2017, 2018, and 2019.
Three more "heartbeat bills" were filed in the Mississippi Legislature in January 2019. SB 2116, by Sen. Angela Burks Hill was referred to the Public Health and Welfare Committee on January 11, 2019. HB 732, by Rep. Chris Brown was referred to the Public Health and Human Services Committee on January 17, 2019. After passing out of their respective committees on February 5, 2019, both SB 2116 and HB 732, were passed out of the Mississippi Senate and Mississippi House on February 13, 2019. On March 19, 2019, the Senate concurred in the House amendments to SB 2116, and on March 22, 2019, the fetal heartbeat bill was signed into law by Mississippi Governor Phil Bryant.
In 2020, a law was enacted in Mississippi banning abortions based on the sex, race, or genetic abnormality of the fetus.
A law outlawing abortion in Mississippi took effect on July 7, 2022, after Mississippi State Attorney General Lynn Fitch on June 27 of that year certified the June 24, 2022, Supreme Court decision on Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization.
Ballot box history
In the 2011 election season, Mississippi placed an amendment on the ballot that redefines how the state viewed abortion. The personhood amendment defined personhood as "every human being from the moment of fertilization, cloning or the functional equivalent thereof". If passed, it would have been illegal to get an abortion in the state of Mississippi.
Judicial history
The US Supreme Court's decision in 1973's Roe v. Wade ruling meant individual states could no longer regulate abortion in the first trimester. On July 11, 2012, a Mississippi federal judge ordered an extension of his temporary order to allow the state's only abortion clinic to stay open. The order was to stay in place until U.S. District Judge Daniel Porter Jordan III could review newly drafted rules on how the Mississippi Department of Health would administer a new abortion law. The law in question came into effect on July 1, 2012.
On March 20, 2018, a federal district court in Mississippi enacted a temporary, 10-day ban of the enforcement of the Gestational Age Act due to its conflict with the established rights of the woman under Roe v. Wade. The challenge to these decisions had been petitioned to the Supreme Court, which in May 2021 certified the petition, to be heard as Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization. The case was argued on December 1, 2021. The Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization in 2022.
Clinic history
Total number of abortion clinics by year in Mississippi
In the 1980s, there were around a dozen operating abortion clinics in the state. Between 1982 and 1992, the number of abortion clinics in the state decreased by five, going from thirteen in 1982 to eight in 1992. Since around 2006, Jackson Women's Health had been the only operating abortion clinic in Mississippi. In 2010, the color of the building changed from beige to hot pink after the building was acquired by a new owner.
In 2012, Jackson Women's Health almost closed as a result of a new state law being passed that required the clinic to have medical staff with hospital admitting privileges. None of the hospitals in Jackson wanted to give the qualified OB-GYNs on staff at the clinic those privileges. The clinic was saved at the last minute after a judge ruled in their favor.
In 2014, there was still only one abortion clinic in Mississippi. 99% of the counties in the state did not have an abortion clinic. That year, 91% of women in the state aged 15–44 lived in a county without an abortion clinic. Around 90% of Jackson Women's Health services were abortion related in 2017. They saw around 30 to 40 patients per week. In 2017, there was one Planned Parenthood clinic, which did not offer abortion services, in a state with a population of 694,045 women aged 15–49. North Dakota, Wyoming, Mississippi, Louisiana, Kentucky, and West Virginia were the only six states as of July 21, 2017, not to have a Planned Parenthood clinic that offered abortion services. In May 2019, the state was one of six states in the nation with only one abortion clinic.
Jackson Women's Health closed in July 2022. The building was sold and turned into a consignment store.
Statistics
In the period between 1972 and 1974, the state had an illegal abortion mortality rate per million women aged 15–44 of between 0.1 and 0.9. In 1990, 289,000 women in the state faced the risk of an unintended pregnancy. In 2010, the state had zero publicly funded abortions. In 2014, 59% of adults said in a poll by the Pew Research Center that abortion should be illegal in all or most cases while 36% believed it should be legal. According to a 2014 Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI) study, just under 60% of white women, the same percentage as white men, in the state believed that abortion be illegal in all or most cases. In 2017, medical and surgical abortions were split at around 50% each.
Number of reported abortions, abortion rate and percentage change in rate by geographic region and state in 1992, 1995 and 1996
Census division and state
Number
Rate
% change 1992–1996
1992
1995
1996
1992
1995
1996
Total
1,528,930
1,363,690
1,365,730
25.9
22.9
22.9
–12
East South Central
54,060
44,010
46,100
14.9
12
12.5
–17
Alabama
17,450
14,580
15,150
18.2
15
15.6
–15
Kentucky
10,000
7,770
8,470
11.4
8.8
9.6
–16
Mississippi
7,550
3,420
4,490
12.4
5.5
7.2
–42
Tennessee
19,060
18,240
17,990
16.2
15.2
14.8
–8
Number, rate, and ratio of reported abortions, by reporting area of residence and occurrence and by percentage of abortions obtained by out-of-state residents, US CDC estimates
Location
Residence
Occurrence
% obtained by
out-of-state residents
Year
Ref
No.
Rate^
Ratio^^
No.
Rate^
Ratio^^
Mississippi
7,550
12.4
1992
Mississippi
3,420
5.5
1995
Mississippi
4,490
7.2
1996
Mississippi
5,104
8.5
132
2,303
3.8
59
3.6
2014
Mississippi
4,699
7.8
122
2,613
4.4
68
5.1
2015
Mississippi
4,708
7.9
124
2,569
4.3
68
6.3
2016
^number of abortions per 1,000 women aged 15–44; ^^number of abortions per 1,000 live births
Abortion rights views and activities
Women's March in Jackson, Mississippi, USA, in 2017
Organizations
Mississippi Reproductive Freedom Fund assists women, primarily African American women, "offer financial assistance and practical support to persons seeking abortion as well as free emergency contraception, community based comprehensive sex education and fighting for reproductive justice in Mississippi". It was founded by Laurie Bertram Roberts.
Funding
After Mississippi passed abortion restrictions in 2019, Mississippi Reproductive Freedom Fund received a huge number of donations in the course of a single week totaling more than US$14,000.
Protests
Women from the state participated in marches supporting abortion rights as part of a #StoptheBans movement in May 2019.
Following the overturn of Roe v. Wade on June 24, 2022, abortion rights protests were held in Jackson, Gulfport, and Hattiesburg.
Anti-abortion rights views and activities
Activities
During the 1980s and 1990s, anti-abortion rights activists protested at different clinics around Jackson.
As of 2017, Jackson Women's Health had around 10 protesters outside their clinic on a daily basis.
References
^ "Where Can I Get an Abortion? | U.S. Abortion Clinic Locator".
^ "AG Lynn Fitch certifies 'trigger law'; Mississippi abortions to be illegal in 10 days". www.wlbt.com. Retrieved 2022-06-27.
^ "SB2391 - History of Actions/Background". billstatus.ls.state.ms.us. Retrieved 2024-03-02.
^ "Press Releases & Columns | Michael Watson Secretary of state". www.sos.ms.gov. Retrieved 2024-03-02.
^ a b Castillo, Stephanie (2014-10-03). "States With More Abortion Restrictions Hurt Women's Health, Increase Risk For Maternal Death". Medical Daily. Retrieved 2019-05-27.
^ a b c d e f g "States pushing abortion bans have highest infant mortality rates". NBC News. Retrieved 2019-05-25.
^ Alter, Charlotte (August 14, 2023). "She Wasn't Able to Get an Abortion. Now She's a Mom. Soon She'll Start 7th Grade". TIME. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
^ a b c Buell, Samuel (1991-01-01). "Criminal Abortion Revisited". New York University Law Review. 66 (6): 1774–1831. PMID 11652642.
^ Tyler, C. W. (1983). "The public health implications of abortion". Annual Review of Public Health. 4: 223–258. doi:10.1146/annurev.pu.04.050183.001255. ISSN 0163-7525. PMID 6860439.
^ Kliff, Sarah (January 22, 2013). "CHARTS: How Roe v. Wade changed abortion rights". The Washington Post.
^ Adolescence, Committee On (2017-02-01). "The Adolescent's Right to Confidential Care When Considering Abortion". Pediatrics. 139 (2): e20163861. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-3861. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 28115537.
^ Henshaw, Stanley K. (May 1995). "The Impact of Requirements for Parental Consent on Minors' Abortions in Mississippi". Family Planning Perspectives. 27 (3): 120–122. doi:10.2307/2136110. ISSN 0014-7354. JSTOR 2136110. PMID 7672103.
^ MacIntyre, Krystal. "Mississippi abortion ban bill fails as legislators miss deadline for compromise", Jurist News Archive (2006-03-28). Retrieved 2007-01-23.
^ "State Policy On Informed Consent for Abortion" (PDF). Guttmacher Policy Review. Fall 2007. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
^ a b c "State Abortion Counseling Policies and the Fundamental Principles of Informed Consent". Guttmacher Institute. 2007-11-12. Retrieved 2019-05-22.
^ "Do abortions cause breast cancer? Kansas State House Abortion Act invokes shaky science for political gain". Slate Magazine. 23 May 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
^ "Misinformed Consent: The Medical Accuracy of State-Developed Abortion Counseling Materials". 25 October 2006.
^ Curry, Tom. MSNBC.com ""First Read - Big win for Democrats in Ohio and an abortion surprise in Mississippi". Archived from the original on 2011-11-09. Retrieved 2011-11-09.". Retrieved 2011-11-9.
^ a b c d e Lai, K. K. Rebecca (2019-05-15). "Abortion Bans: 8 States Have Passed Bills to Limit the Procedure This Year". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
^ "TRAP Laws Gain Political Traction While Abortion Clinics—and the Women They Serve—Pay the Price". Guttmacher Institute. 2013-06-27. Retrieved 2019-05-27.
^ a b Rogers, Adam. "'Heartbeat' Bills Get the Science of Fetal Heartbeats All Wrong". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2023-02-26.
^ a b "ACOG Guide to Language and Abortion". www.acog.org. Retrieved 2023-02-26.
^ Tavernise, Sabrina (2019-05-15). "'The Time Is Now': States Are Rushing to Restrict Abortion, or to Protect It". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
^ a b c d e f g h i McCann, Allison (May 23, 2017). "Seven states have only one remaining abortion clinic. We talked to the people keeping them open". Vice News. Retrieved 2019-05-23.
^ "State legislatures see flurry of activity on abortion bills". PBS NewsHour. 2018-02-03. Retrieved 2019-05-26.
^ a b Mississippi House of Representatives (March 19, 2021). "House Bill 1510: AN ACT TO BE KNOWN AS THE GESTATIONAL AGE ACT;..." Retrieved May 18, 2021. (b) Except in a medical emergency or in the case of a severe fetal abnormality, a person shall not intentionally or knowingly perform, induce, or attempt to perform or induce abortion of an unborn human being if the probable gestational age of the unborn human being has been determined to be greater than fifteen (15) weeks.
^ Franks, Trent (October 4, 2017). "Text; H.R.36 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act". congress.gov.
^ a b c "Here's Where Women Have Less Access to Planned Parenthood". Retrieved 2019-05-23.
^ "MS HB6 - 2013 - Regular Session". LegiScan.
^ "2014 Regular Session - Senate Bill 2807". Mississippi Legislative Bill Status System. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
^ "MS SB2807 - 2014 - Regular Session". LegiScan.
^ "MS HB1198 - 2017 - Regular Session". LegiScan.
^ "MS SB2562 - 2017 - Regular Session". LegiScan.
^ "MS SB2584 - 2017 - Regular Session". LegiScan.
^ "MS HB226 - 2018 - Regular Session". LegiScan.
^ "MS SB2143 - 2018 - Regular Session". LegiScan.
^ "MS HB1509 - 2018 - Regular Session". LegiScan.
^ "2019 Regular Session - House Bill 529". Mississippi Legislative Bill Status System. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
^ a b Ulmer, Sarah (February 5, 2019). "House and Senate pass HeartBeat bills out of Committee". Yall Politics. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
^ "2019 Regular Session - Senate Bill 2116". Mississippi Legislative Bill Status System. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
^ "2019 Regular Session - House Bill 732". Mississippi Legislative Bill Status System. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
^ Wagster Pettus, Emily (February 13, 2019). "Mississippi advances ban on abortion after fetal heartbeat". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 14, 2019. Retrieved February 14, 2019. The Republican-controlled Mississippi House and Senate passed separate bills Wednesday to ban most abortions once a fetal heartbeat is detected, about six weeks into pregnancy.
^ "Fetal heartbeat bill heads to governor". WTOK 11 (ABC). March 19, 2019. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
^ Singman, Brooke (March 22, 2019). "Mississippi Gov. Bryant signs 'heartbeat bill,' enacting one of strictest abortion laws in nation". Fox News. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
^ "Mississippi bans abortion on sex, race, genetic disability". www.catholicnewsagency.com.
^ "AG Lynn Fitch certifies 'trigger law'; Mississippi abortions to be illegal in 10 days". www.wlbt.com. Retrieved 2022-06-27.
^ "Mississippi 'Personhood' Amendment Vote Fails". Huffington Post. November 8, 2011.
^ Phillips, Rich. "Judge lets Mississippi's only abortion clinic stay open -- for now". CNN.
^ Shimabukuro, Jon O. (April 10, 2018). Mississippi Court Halts Enforcement of New Abortion Law (PDF). Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
^ Ly, Laura. "Judge temporarily blocks 15-week abortion ban in Mississippi". CNN. Retrieved 2018-06-30.
^ Smith, Kate (May 13, 2019). "A pregnant 11-year-old rape victim in Ohio would no longer be allowed to have an abortion under new state law". CBS News. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
^ Quinn, Melissa (May 17, 2021). "Supreme Court takes up blockbuster case over Mississippi's 15-week abortion ban". CBS News. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
^ de Vogue, Arinne (June 24, 2022). "Supreme Court overturns Roe v. Wade". CNN. Archived from the original on June 24, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
^ Howe, Amy (June 24, 2022). "Supreme Court overturns constitutional right to abortion". SCOTUSblog. Archived from the original on June 24, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
^ a b Arndorfer, Elizabeth; Michael, Jodi; Moskowitz, Laura; Grant, Juli A.; Siebel, Liza (December 1998). A State-By-State Review of Abortion and Reproductive Rights. DIANE Publishing. ISBN 9780788174810.
^ Gould, Rebecca Harrington, Skye. "The number of abortion clinics in the US has plunged in the last decade — here's how many are in each state". Business Insider. Retrieved 2019-05-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Panetta, Grace; lee, Samantha (2018-08-04). "This is what could happen if Roe v. Wade fell". Business Insider (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2019-05-24. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
^ a b "When it comes to abortion, conservative women aren't a monolith". USA Today. Retrieved 2019-05-26.
^ Holly Yan (29 May 2019). "These 6 states have only 1 abortion clinic left. Missouri could become the first with zero". CNN. Retrieved 2019-06-02.
^ "Owner: Mississippi abortion clinic is sold, won't reopen". Politico. July 18, 2022.
^ Harris, Bracey (2023-01-12). "The abortion clinic at the center of the Supreme Court ruling will become a secondhand store". NBC News. Retrieved 2023-04-03.
^ Cates, Willard; Rochat, Roger (March 1976). "Illegal Abortions in the United States: 1972–1974". Family Planning Perspectives. 8 (2): 86–92. doi:10.2307/2133995. JSTOR 2133995. PMID 1269687.
^ "Guttmacher Data Center". data.guttmacher.org. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
^ "Views about abortion by state - Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 2019-05-23.
^ Brownstein, Ronald (2019-05-23). "White Women Are Helping States Pass Abortion Restrictions". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2019-05-26.
^ a b c d "Abortion Incidence and Services in the United States, 1995–1996". Guttmacher Institute. 2005-06-15. Retrieved 2019-06-02.
^ Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2017). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2014". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 66 (24): 1–48. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6624a1. ISSN 1546-0738. PMC 6289084. PMID 29166366.
^ Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2018). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2015". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 67 (13): 1–45. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6713a1. ISSN 1546-0738. PMC 6289084. PMID 30462632.
^ Jatlaoui, Tara C. (2019). "Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2016". MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. 68 (11): 1–41. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6811a1. ISSN 1546-0738. PMC 6289084. PMID 31774741.
^ "About". MRFF. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
^ Pesce, Nicole Lyn. "Abortion bans are spurring donations to Planned Parenthood, the National Organization for Women, and more". MarketWatch. Retrieved 2019-05-27.
^ Bacon, John. "Abortion rights supporters' voices thunder at #StopTheBans rallies across the nation". USA Today. Retrieved 2019-05-25.
^ Franklin, Michaila (June 29, 2022). "Protesters from both sides of abortion debate line up outside Mississippi Capitol". Retrieved July 17, 2022.
^ Lott, Jennifer (June 24, 2022). "Protesters rally in Gulfport following Supreme Court decision on abortion". Retrieved July 17, 2022.
^ Beveridge, Lici (July 16, 2022). "Roe v. Wade protest in Mississippi: It's more than abortion. It's about protecting rights". Retrieved July 17, 2022.
vteAbortion in the United States by stateStates
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Federal districtWashington, D.C.Territories
American Samoa
Guam
Northern Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
U.S. Virgin Islands | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"abortion clinics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_clinic"},{"link_name":"Roe v. Wade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe_v._Wade"}],"text":"Abortion in Mississippi is illegal.[1] The new law took effect on July 7, 2022, after Mississippi State Attorney General Lynn Fitch certified on June 27, the Supreme Court decision on Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization on June 24 of that year.[2] State Attorney General Lynn Fitch's certification made Mississippi's 2007 'trigger law' go into effect and ban all abortions in the state, “except in the case where necessary for the preservation of the mother's life or where the pregnancy was caused by rape\".[3] [4]The number of abortion clinics declined in the years prior to their outlawing, falling from thirteen in 1982 to eight in 1992. By 2006, only one remained. The final clinic closed on July 6, 2022, following the overruling of Roe v. Wade. There were 2,303 legal abortions in 2014, and 2,613 in 2015. Most women went out of state to get a legal abortion.","title":"Abortion in Mississippi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abortion in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"New England Journal of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_England_Journal_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Center for Reproductive Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Reproductive_Rights"},{"link_name":"Ibis Reproductive Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibis_Reproductive_Health"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"},{"link_name":"maternal mortality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_mortality_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"See also: Abortion in the United StatesFree birth control correlates to teenage girls having fewer pregnancies and fewer abortions. A 2014 New England Journal of Medicine study found such a link. At the same time, a 2011 study by Center for Reproductive Rights and Ibis Reproductive Health also found that states with more abortion restrictions have higher rates of maternal death, higher rates of uninsured pregnant women, higher rates of infant and child deaths, higher rates of teen drug and alcohol abuse, and lower rates of cancer screening.[5] It is unlikely that abortion restrictions are the direct cause of these factors, however. The negative effects are more likely to be linked to access to healthcare, the number of healthcare facilities, and socioeconomic status. The study singled out Oklahoma, Mississippi, and Kansas as being the most restrictive states that year, followed by Arkansas and Indiana for second in terms of abortion restrictions, and Florida, Arizona, and Alabama in third for most restrictive state abortion requirements.[5]According to a 2017 report from the Center for Reproductive Rights and Ibis Reproductive Health, states that tried to pass additional constraints on a woman's ability to access legal abortions had fewer policies supporting women's health, maternal health, and children's health. These states also tended to resist expanding Medicaid, family leave, medical leave, and sex education in public schools.[6] In 2017, Georgia, Ohio, Missouri, Louisiana, Alabama, and Mississippi have among the highest rates of infant mortality in the United States.[6] Mississippi had an infant mortality rate of 8.6 deaths per 1,000 live births.[6]Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act was rejected by Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, and Missouri. Consequently, poor women in the typical age range to become mothers had a gap in coverage for prenatal care. According to Georgetown University Center for Children and Families research professor Adam Searing, \"The uninsured rate for women of childbearing age is nearly twice as high in states that have not expanded Medicaid. ... That means a lot more women who don't have health coverage before they get pregnant or after they have their children. ... If states would expand Medicaid coverage, they would improve the health of mothers and babies and save lives.\"[6] According to the 2018 Premature Birth Report Cards, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama were all given an F.[6] In the 2018 America's Health Rankings produced by United Health Foundation, Mississippi ranked 32nd in the country when it came to maternal mortality.[6] A 2018 March of Dimes report stated that the preterm birth rate among African American women in Mississippi was significantly higher, 44% higher than women of all other races in the state.[6]In August 2023, a 13 year old girl in Mississippi made national news when she gave birth after being raped the previous fall; she was denied an abortion under Mississippi's near-total abortion ban. Her mother stated that no one informed her of the state's rape exception.[7]","title":"Context"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-15"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-19"},{"link_name":"Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targeted_Regulation_of_Abortion_Providers"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"fetal heartbeat bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartbeat_bill"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-19"},{"link_name":"conceptus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptus"},{"link_name":"fetus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetus"},{"link_name":"embryo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-22"},{"link_name":"cluster of cells with electrical activity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_development"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:122-23"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-19"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:222-24"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-19"},{"link_name":"Gestational Age Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_Age_Act"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hb1510-26"},{"link_name":"Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain-Capable_Unborn_Child_Protection_Act"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hb1510-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HR36text-27"},{"link_name":"Roe v. Wade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe_v._Wade"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-19"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Legislature"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yall4-39"},{"link_name":"Angela Burks Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Burks_Hill"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Chris Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Brown_(Mississippi_politician)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yall4-39"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"Mississippi House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Phil Bryant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Bryant"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Legislative history","text":"By the end of the 1800s, all states in the Union except Louisiana had therapeutic exceptions in their legislative bans on abortions.[8] In the 19th century, bans by state legislatures on abortion were about protecting the life of the mother given the number of deaths caused by abortions; state governments saw themselves as looking out for the lives of their citizens.[8]In 1966, the Mississippi legislature made abortion legal in cases of rape.[9] By the end of 1972, Mississippi allowed abortion in cases of rape or incest only and Alabama and Massachusetts allowed abortions only in cases where the woman's physical health was endangered. In order to obtain abortions during this period, women would often travel from a state where abortion was illegal to states where it was legal.[10] Mississippi passed a parental consent law in the early 1990s. This law impacted when minors sought abortions, resulting in an increase of 19% for abortions sought after 12 weeks.[11][12]On February 27, 2006, Mississippi's House Public Health Committee voted to approve a ban on abortion, but that bill died after the House and Senate failed to agree on compromise legislation.[13] The state was one of 23 states in 2007 to have a detailed abortion-specific informed consent requirement.[14] Mississippi, Nebraska, North Dakota, and Ohio all had statutes in 2007 that required specific informed consent on abortion but also, by statute, allowing medical doctors performing abortions to disassociate themselves from the anti-abortion materials they were required to provide to their female patients.[15] By law, abortion providers in Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi were required to perform ultrasounds before providing women with abortions, even in situations such as in the first trimester where ultrasound has no medical necessity.[15] Some states, such as Alaska, Mississippi, West Virginia, Texas, and Kansas, have passed laws requiring abortion providers to warn patients of a link between abortion and breast cancer and to issue other scientifically unsupported warnings.[16][17][15] On November 8, 2011, the Personhood amendment, to define personhood as beginning \"at the moment of fertilization, cloning, or the functional equivalent thereof,\" was rejected by 55 percent of voters.[18][19]In 2013, the state Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers (TRAP) law applied to medication-induced abortions and private doctor offices in addition to abortion clinics.[20] The state legislature was one of five states nationwide that tried and failed, to pass a \"fetal heartbeat bill\" in 2013. Only North Dakota successfully passed such a law but it was later struck down by the courts.[19] The terminology of these bills is largely contested and considered to be inaccurate by medical professionals. This is because at the proposed time, (as early as 6 weeks) the conceptus is not yet considered a fetus, and is actually an embryo.[21][22] Additionally, there is no heart present in the embryo; it would more accurately be called a cluster of cells with electrical activity.[21][22] In 2013, Mississippi was one of five states where the legislature introduced a bill that would have banned abortion in almost all cases. It did not pass. They tried and failed again in 2015, 2017 and 2018, where they were one of five, one of six, and one in eleven respectively.[23] The state legislature was one of four states nationwide that tried, and failed, to pass a \"fetal heartbeat bill\" in 2012.[19] In 2012, the Mississippi State Legislature passed a law that required abortion clinics to have doctors on staff with hospital admitting privileges. This almost led to the closure of the state's only abortion clinic.[24]Mississippi legislature was one of eight states nationwide that tried, again, and failed, to pass a \"fetal heartbeat\" bill in 2017.[19]In March 2018, the Mississippi House passed House Bill 1510, the Gestational Age Act, that outlawed abortion after 15 weeks \"except in a medical emergency or in the case of a severe fetal abnormality\".[25][26] A difference between the Gestational Age Act and federal level bills that attempted to pass a Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act was that the Gestational Age Act does not allow exemptions in cases of rape or incest.[26][27] The state had a law on the books as of August 2018 that would be triggered if Roe v. Wade was overturned.[28]\"Heartbeat bills\" in Mississippi died in committee in 2013,[29] 2014,[30][31] 2017,[32][33][34] 2018,[35][36][37][19] and 2019.[38]Three more \"heartbeat bills\" were filed in the Mississippi Legislature in January 2019.[39] SB 2116, by Sen. Angela Burks Hill was referred to the Public Health and Welfare Committee on January 11, 2019.[40] HB 732, by Rep. Chris Brown was referred to the Public Health and Human Services Committee on January 17, 2019.[41] After passing out of their respective committees on February 5, 2019,[39] both SB 2116 and HB 732, were passed out of the Mississippi Senate and Mississippi House on February 13, 2019.[42] On March 19, 2019, the Senate concurred in the House amendments to SB 2116,[43] and on March 22, 2019, the fetal heartbeat bill was signed into law by Mississippi Governor Phil Bryant.[44]In 2020, a law was enacted in Mississippi banning abortions based on the sex, race, or genetic abnormality of the fetus.[45]A law outlawing abortion in Mississippi took effect on July 7, 2022, after Mississippi State Attorney General Lynn Fitch on June 27 of that year certified the June 24, 2022, Supreme Court decision on Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization.[46]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mississippi_and_Personhood-47"}],"sub_title":"Ballot box history","text":"In the 2011 election season, Mississippi placed an amendment on the ballot that redefines how the state viewed abortion. The personhood amendment defined personhood as \"every human being from the moment of fertilization, cloning or the functional equivalent thereof\". If passed, it would have been illegal to get an abortion in the state of Mississippi.[47]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Roe v. Wade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe_v._Wade"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-8"},{"link_name":"Daniel Porter Jordan III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Porter_Jordan_III"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbs-51"},{"link_name":"Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Roe v. Wade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe_v._Wade"},{"link_name":"Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn_decision-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scotusblog_decision-54"}],"sub_title":"Judicial history","text":"The US Supreme Court's decision in 1973's Roe v. Wade ruling meant individual states could no longer regulate abortion in the first trimester.[8] On July 11, 2012, a Mississippi federal judge ordered an extension of his temporary order to allow the state's only abortion clinic to stay open. The order was to stay in place until U.S. District Judge Daniel Porter Jordan III could review newly drafted rules on how the Mississippi Department of Health would administer a new abortion law. The law in question came into effect on July 1, 2012.[48]On March 20, 2018, a federal district court in Mississippi enacted a temporary, 10-day ban of the enforcement of the Gestational Age Act due to its conflict with the established rights of the woman under Roe v. Wade.[49][50][51] The challenge to these decisions had been petitioned to the Supreme Court, which in May 2021 certified the petition, to be heard as Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization.[52] The case was argued on December 1, 2021. The Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization in 2022.[53][54]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abortion_clinics_in_Mississippi_by_year.png"},{"link_name":"abortion clinics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_clinic"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:222-24"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-55"},{"link_name":"Jackson Women's Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:222-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:222-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:222-24"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:222-24"},{"link_name":"Planned Parenthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_Parenthood"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-28"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"Clinic history","text":"Total number of abortion clinics by year in MississippiIn the 1980s, there were around a dozen operating abortion clinics in the state.[24] Between 1982 and 1992, the number of abortion clinics in the state decreased by five, going from thirteen in 1982 to eight in 1992.[55] Since around 2006, Jackson Women's Health had been the only operating abortion clinic in Mississippi.[24] In 2010, the color of the building changed from beige to hot pink after the building was acquired by a new owner.[24]In 2012, Jackson Women's Health almost closed as a result of a new state law being passed that required the clinic to have medical staff with hospital admitting privileges. None of the hospitals in Jackson wanted to give the qualified OB-GYNs on staff at the clinic those privileges. The clinic was saved at the last minute after a judge ruled in their favor.[24]In 2014, there was still only one abortion clinic in Mississippi.[56] 99% of the counties in the state did not have an abortion clinic. That year, 91% of women in the state aged 15–44 lived in a county without an abortion clinic.[57] Around 90% of Jackson Women's Health services were abortion related in 2017. They saw around 30 to 40 patients per week.[24] In 2017, there was one Planned Parenthood clinic, which did not offer abortion services, in a state with a population of 694,045 women aged 15–49.[28] North Dakota, Wyoming, Mississippi, Louisiana, Kentucky, and West Virginia were the only six states as of July 21, 2017, not to have a Planned Parenthood clinic that offered abortion services.[28] In May 2019, the state was one of six states in the nation with only one abortion clinic.[58][59]Jackson Women's Health closed in July 2022.[60] The building was sold and turned into a consignment store.[61]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-55"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Pew Research Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-65"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:222-24"}],"text":"In the period between 1972 and 1974, the state had an illegal abortion mortality rate per million women aged 15–44 of between 0.1 and 0.9.[62] In 1990, 289,000 women in the state faced the risk of an unintended pregnancy.[55] In 2010, the state had zero publicly funded abortions.[63] In 2014, 59% of adults said in a poll by the Pew Research Center that abortion should be illegal in all or most cases while 36% believed it should be legal.[64] According to a 2014 Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI) study, just under 60% of white women, the same percentage as white men, in the state believed that abortion be illegal in all or most cases.[65] In 2017, medical and surgical abortions were split at around 50% each.[24]","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Women%27s_March_(32483755722).jpg"}],"text":"Women's March in Jackson, Mississippi, USA, in 2017","title":"Abortion rights views and activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-58"}],"sub_title":"Organizations","text":"Mississippi Reproductive Freedom Fund assists women, primarily African American women, \"offer[ing] financial assistance and practical support to persons seeking abortion as well as free emergency contraception, community based comprehensive sex education and fighting for reproductive justice in Mississippi\".[70] It was founded by Laurie Bertram Roberts.[58]","title":"Abortion rights views and activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"sub_title":"Funding","text":"After Mississippi passed abortion restrictions in 2019, Mississippi Reproductive Freedom Fund received a huge number of donations in the course of a single week totaling more than US$14,000.[71]","title":"Abortion rights views and activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Gulfport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulfport,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Hattiesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattiesburg,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"sub_title":"Protests","text":"Women from the state participated in marches supporting abortion rights as part of a #StoptheBans movement in May 2019.[72]Following the overturn of Roe v. Wade on June 24, 2022, abortion rights protests were held in Jackson,[73] Gulfport,[74] and Hattiesburg.[75]","title":"Abortion rights views and activities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Anti-abortion rights views and activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:222-24"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Mississippi&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:222-24"}],"sub_title":"Activities","text":"During the 1980s and 1990s, anti-abortion rights activists protested at different clinics around Jackson.[24]As of 2017[update], Jackson Women's Health had around 10 protesters outside their clinic on a daily basis.[24]","title":"Anti-abortion rights views and activities"}] | [{"image_text":"Total number of abortion clinics by year in Mississippi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Abortion_clinics_in_Mississippi_by_year.png/220px-Abortion_clinics_in_Mississippi_by_year.png"},{"image_text":"Women's March in Jackson, Mississippi, USA, in 2017","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Women%27s_March_%2832483755722%29.jpg/220px-Women%27s_March_%2832483755722%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Where Can I Get an Abortion? | U.S. Abortion Clinic Locator\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abortionfinder.org/abortion-guides-by-state/abortion-in-mississippi/abortion-laws","url_text":"\"Where Can I Get an Abortion? | U.S. Abortion Clinic Locator\""}]},{"reference":"\"AG Lynn Fitch certifies 'trigger law'; Mississippi abortions to be illegal in 10 days\". www.wlbt.com. Retrieved 2022-06-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wlbt.com/2022/06/27/ag-lynn-fitch-certifies-trigger-law-mississippi-abortions-be-illegal-10-days/?outputType=amp","url_text":"\"AG Lynn Fitch certifies 'trigger law'; Mississippi abortions to be illegal in 10 days\""}]},{"reference":"\"SB2391 - History of Actions/Background\". billstatus.ls.state.ms.us. Retrieved 2024-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://billstatus.ls.state.ms.us/2007/PDF/history/SB/SB2391.htm","url_text":"\"SB2391 - History of Actions/Background\""}]},{"reference":"\"Press Releases & Columns | Michael Watson Secretary of state\". www.sos.ms.gov. Retrieved 2024-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sos.ms.gov/index.php/press/mississippi-abortion-notice-published-administrative-bulletin","url_text":"\"Press Releases & Columns | Michael Watson Secretary of state\""}]},{"reference":"Castillo, Stephanie (2014-10-03). \"States With More Abortion Restrictions Hurt Women's Health, Increase Risk For Maternal Death\". Medical Daily. Retrieved 2019-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.medicaldaily.com/states-more-abortion-restrictions-hurt-womens-health-increase-risk-maternal-death-306181","url_text":"\"States With More Abortion Restrictions Hurt Women's Health, Increase Risk For Maternal Death\""}]},{"reference":"\"States pushing abortion bans have highest infant mortality rates\". NBC News. Retrieved 2019-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/health/womens-health/states-pushing-abortion-bans-have-higher-infant-mortality-rates-n1008481","url_text":"\"States pushing abortion bans have highest infant mortality rates\""}]},{"reference":"Alter, Charlotte (August 14, 2023). \"She Wasn't Able to Get an Abortion. Now She's a Mom. Soon She'll Start 7th Grade\". TIME. Retrieved August 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://time.com/6303701/a-rape-in-mississippi/","url_text":"\"She Wasn't Able to Get an Abortion. Now She's a Mom. Soon She'll Start 7th Grade\""}]},{"reference":"Buell, Samuel (1991-01-01). \"Criminal Abortion Revisited\". New York University Law Review. 66 (6): 1774–1831. PMID 11652642.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/faculty_scholarship/2174","url_text":"\"Criminal Abortion Revisited\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11652642","url_text":"11652642"}]},{"reference":"Tyler, C. W. (1983). \"The public health implications of abortion\". Annual Review of Public Health. 4: 223–258. doi:10.1146/annurev.pu.04.050183.001255. ISSN 0163-7525. PMID 6860439.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.pu.04.050183.001255","url_text":"\"The public health implications of abortion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.pu.04.050183.001255","url_text":"10.1146/annurev.pu.04.050183.001255"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0163-7525","url_text":"0163-7525"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6860439","url_text":"6860439"}]},{"reference":"Kliff, Sarah (January 22, 2013). \"CHARTS: How Roe v. Wade changed abortion rights\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/01/22/charts-how-roe-v-wade-changed-abortion-rights/","url_text":"\"CHARTS: How Roe v. Wade changed abortion rights\""}]},{"reference":"Adolescence, Committee On (2017-02-01). \"The Adolescent's Right to Confidential Care When Considering Abortion\". Pediatrics. 139 (2): e20163861. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-3861. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 28115537.","urls":[{"url":"https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/139/2/e20163861","url_text":"\"The Adolescent's Right to Confidential Care When Considering Abortion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.2016-3861","url_text":"10.1542/peds.2016-3861"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-4005","url_text":"0031-4005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28115537","url_text":"28115537"}]},{"reference":"Henshaw, Stanley K. (May 1995). \"The Impact of Requirements for Parental Consent on Minors' Abortions in Mississippi\". Family Planning Perspectives. 27 (3): 120–122. doi:10.2307/2136110. ISSN 0014-7354. JSTOR 2136110. PMID 7672103.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2136110","url_text":"10.2307/2136110"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0014-7354","url_text":"0014-7354"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2136110","url_text":"2136110"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7672103","url_text":"7672103"}]},{"reference":"\"State Policy On Informed Consent for Abortion\" (PDF). Guttmacher Policy Review. Fall 2007. Retrieved May 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/graphics/gpr1004/gpr100406t1.pdf","url_text":"\"State Policy On Informed Consent for Abortion\""}]},{"reference":"\"State Abortion Counseling Policies and the Fundamental Principles of Informed Consent\". Guttmacher Institute. 2007-11-12. Retrieved 2019-05-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.guttmacher.org/gpr/2007/11/state-abortion-counseling-policies-and-fundamental-principles-informed-consent","url_text":"\"State Abortion Counseling Policies and the Fundamental Principles of Informed Consent\""}]},{"reference":"\"Do abortions cause breast cancer? Kansas State House Abortion Act invokes shaky science for political gain\". Slate Magazine. 23 May 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2012/05/do_abortions_cause_breast_cancer_kansas_state_house_abortion_act_invokes_shaky_science_for_political_gain_.html","url_text":"\"Do abortions cause breast cancer? Kansas State House Abortion Act invokes shaky science for political gain\""}]},{"reference":"\"Misinformed Consent: The Medical Accuracy of State-Developed Abortion Counseling Materials\". 25 October 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/gpr/09/4/gpr090406.html#t1","url_text":"\"Misinformed Consent: The Medical Accuracy of State-Developed Abortion Counseling Materials\""}]},{"reference":"\"First Read - Big win for Democrats in Ohio and an abortion surprise in Mississippi\". Archived from the original on 2011-11-09. Retrieved 2011-11-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111109195646/http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/11/08/8708589-big-win-for-democrats-in-ohio-and-an-abortion-surprise-in-mississippi","url_text":"\"First Read - Big win for Democrats in Ohio and an abortion surprise in Mississippi\""},{"url":"https://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/11/08/8708589-big-win-for-democrats-in-ohio-and-an-abortion-surprise-in-mississippi","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lai, K. K. Rebecca (2019-05-15). \"Abortion Bans: 8 States Have Passed Bills to Limit the Procedure This Year\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/us/abortion-laws-states.html","url_text":"\"Abortion Bans: 8 States Have Passed Bills to Limit the Procedure This Year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"TRAP Laws Gain Political Traction While Abortion Clinics—and the Women They Serve—Pay the Price\". Guttmacher Institute. 2013-06-27. Retrieved 2019-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.guttmacher.org/gpr/2013/06/trap-laws-gain-political-traction-while-abortion-clinics-and-women-they-serve-pay-price","url_text":"\"TRAP Laws Gain Political Traction While Abortion Clinics—and the Women They Serve—Pay the Price\""}]},{"reference":"Rogers, Adam. \"'Heartbeat' Bills Get the Science of Fetal Heartbeats All Wrong\". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2023-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/story/heartbeat-bills-get-the-science-of-fetal-heartbeats-all-wrong/","url_text":"\"'Heartbeat' Bills Get the Science of Fetal Heartbeats All Wrong\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028","url_text":"1059-1028"}]},{"reference":"\"ACOG Guide to Language and Abortion\". www.acog.org. Retrieved 2023-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.acog.org/en/contact/media-center/abortion-language-guide","url_text":"\"ACOG Guide to Language and Abortion\""}]},{"reference":"Tavernise, Sabrina (2019-05-15). \"'The Time Is Now': States Are Rushing to Restrict Abortion, or to Protect It\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/15/us/abortion-laws-2019.html","url_text":"\"'The Time Is Now': States Are Rushing to Restrict Abortion, or to Protect It\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"McCann, Allison (May 23, 2017). \"Seven states have only one remaining abortion clinic. We talked to the people keeping them open\". Vice News. Retrieved 2019-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/paz4bv/last-clinics-seven-states-one-abortion-clinic-left","url_text":"\"Seven states have only one remaining abortion clinic. We talked to the people keeping them open\""}]},{"reference":"\"State legislatures see flurry of activity on abortion bills\". PBS NewsHour. 2018-02-03. 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(b) Except in a medical emergency or in the case of a severe fetal abnormality, a person shall not intentionally or knowingly perform, induce, or attempt to perform or induce abortion of an unborn human being if the probable gestational age of the unborn human being has been determined to be greater than fifteen (15) weeks.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_House_of_Representatives","url_text":"Mississippi House of Representatives"},{"url":"http://billstatus.ls.state.ms.us/2018/pdf/history/HB/HB1510.xml","url_text":"\"House Bill 1510: AN ACT TO BE KNOWN AS THE GESTATIONAL AGE ACT;...\""}]},{"reference":"Franks, Trent (October 4, 2017). \"Text; H.R.36 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act\". congress.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/36/text","url_text":"\"Text; H.R.36 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act\""}]},{"reference":"\"Here's Where Women Have Less Access to Planned Parenthood\". 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Now She's a Mom. Soon She'll Start 7th Grade\""},{"Link":"https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/faculty_scholarship/2174","external_links_name":"\"Criminal Abortion Revisited\""},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11652642","external_links_name":"11652642"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.pu.04.050183.001255","external_links_name":"\"The public health implications of abortion\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.pu.04.050183.001255","external_links_name":"10.1146/annurev.pu.04.050183.001255"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0163-7525","external_links_name":"0163-7525"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6860439","external_links_name":"6860439"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/01/22/charts-how-roe-v-wade-changed-abortion-rights/","external_links_name":"\"CHARTS: How Roe v. Wade changed abortion rights\""},{"Link":"https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/139/2/e20163861","external_links_name":"\"The Adolescent's Right to Confidential Care When Considering Abortion\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.2016-3861","external_links_name":"10.1542/peds.2016-3861"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-4005","external_links_name":"0031-4005"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28115537","external_links_name":"28115537"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2136110","external_links_name":"10.2307/2136110"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0014-7354","external_links_name":"0014-7354"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2136110","external_links_name":"2136110"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7672103","external_links_name":"7672103"},{"Link":"http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2006/03/mississippi-abortion-ban-bill-fails-as.php","external_links_name":"Mississippi abortion ban bill fails as legislators miss deadline for compromise"},{"Link":"https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/graphics/gpr1004/gpr100406t1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"State Policy On Informed Consent for Abortion\""},{"Link":"https://www.guttmacher.org/gpr/2007/11/state-abortion-counseling-policies-and-fundamental-principles-informed-consent","external_links_name":"\"State Abortion Counseling Policies and the Fundamental Principles of Informed Consent\""},{"Link":"http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2012/05/do_abortions_cause_breast_cancer_kansas_state_house_abortion_act_invokes_shaky_science_for_political_gain_.html","external_links_name":"\"Do abortions cause breast cancer? Kansas State House Abortion Act invokes shaky science for political gain\""},{"Link":"https://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/gpr/09/4/gpr090406.html#t1","external_links_name":"\"Misinformed Consent: The Medical Accuracy of State-Developed Abortion Counseling Materials\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111109195646/http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/11/08/8708589-big-win-for-democrats-in-ohio-and-an-abortion-surprise-in-mississippi","external_links_name":"\"First Read - Big win for Democrats in Ohio and an abortion surprise in Mississippi\""},{"Link":"https://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/11/08/8708589-big-win-for-democrats-in-ohio-and-an-abortion-surprise-in-mississippi","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/us/abortion-laws-states.html","external_links_name":"\"Abortion Bans: 8 States Have Passed Bills to Limit the Procedure This Year\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.guttmacher.org/gpr/2013/06/trap-laws-gain-political-traction-while-abortion-clinics-and-women-they-serve-pay-price","external_links_name":"\"TRAP Laws Gain Political Traction While Abortion Clinics—and the Women They Serve—Pay the Price\""},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/story/heartbeat-bills-get-the-science-of-fetal-heartbeats-all-wrong/","external_links_name":"\"'Heartbeat' Bills Get the Science of Fetal Heartbeats All Wrong\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028","external_links_name":"1059-1028"},{"Link":"https://www.acog.org/en/contact/media-center/abortion-language-guide","external_links_name":"\"ACOG Guide to Language and Abortion\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/15/us/abortion-laws-2019.html","external_links_name":"\"'The Time Is Now': States Are Rushing to Restrict Abortion, or to Protect It\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/paz4bv/last-clinics-seven-states-one-abortion-clinic-left","external_links_name":"\"Seven states have only one remaining abortion clinic. We talked to the people keeping them open\""},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/state-legislatures-see-flurry-of-activity-on-abortion-bills","external_links_name":"\"State legislatures see flurry of activity on abortion bills\""},{"Link":"http://billstatus.ls.state.ms.us/2018/pdf/history/HB/HB1510.xml","external_links_name":"\"House Bill 1510: AN ACT TO BE KNOWN AS THE GESTATIONAL AGE ACT;...\""},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/36/text","external_links_name":"\"Text; H.R.36 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2017-planned-parenthood-locations-states/","external_links_name":"\"Here's Where Women Have Less Access to Planned Parenthood\""},{"Link":"http://legiscan.com/MS/bill/HB6/2013","external_links_name":"\"MS HB6 - 2013 - Regular Session\""},{"Link":"http://billstatus.ls.state.ms.us/2014/pdf/history/SB/SB2807.xml","external_links_name":"\"2014 Regular Session - Senate Bill 2807\""},{"Link":"http://legiscan.com/MS/bill/SB2807/2014","external_links_name":"\"MS SB2807 - 2014 - Regular Session\""},{"Link":"http://legiscan.com/MS/bill/HB1198/2017","external_links_name":"\"MS HB1198 - 2017 - Regular Session\""},{"Link":"http://legiscan.com/MS/bill/SB2562/2017","external_links_name":"\"MS SB2562 - 2017 - Regular Session\""},{"Link":"http://legiscan.com/MS/bill/SB2584/2017","external_links_name":"\"MS SB2584 - 2017 - Regular Session\""},{"Link":"http://legiscan.com/MS/bill/HB226/2018","external_links_name":"\"MS HB226 - 2018 - Regular Session\""},{"Link":"http://legiscan.com/MS/bill/SB2143/2018","external_links_name":"\"MS SB2143 - 2018 - Regular Session\""},{"Link":"http://legiscan.com/MS/bill/HB1509/2018","external_links_name":"\"MS HB1509 - 2018 - Regular Session\""},{"Link":"http://billstatus.ls.state.ms.us/2019/pdf/history/HB/HB0529.xml","external_links_name":"\"2019 Regular Session - House Bill 529\""},{"Link":"https://yallpolitics.com/2019/02/05/house-and-senate-pass-heartbeat-bills-out-of-committee/","external_links_name":"\"House and Senate pass HeartBeat bills out of Committee\""},{"Link":"http://billstatus.ls.state.ms.us/2019/pdf/history/SB/SB2116.xml","external_links_name":"\"2019 Regular Session - Senate Bill 2116\""},{"Link":"http://billstatus.ls.state.ms.us/2019/pdf/history/HB/HB0732.xml","external_links_name":"\"2019 Regular Session - House Bill 732\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190214062656/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/mississippi-advances-ban-on-abortion-after-fetal-heartbeat/2019/02/13/e79f5e36-2fec-11e9-8781-763619f12cb4_story.html","external_links_name":"\"Mississippi advances ban on abortion after fetal heartbeat\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/mississippi-advances-ban-on-abortion-after-fetal-heartbeat/2019/02/13/e79f5e36-2fec-11e9-8781-763619f12cb4_story.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.wtok.com/content/news/Fetal-heartbeat-bill-heads-to-governor-507366911.html","external_links_name":"\"Fetal heartbeat bill heads to governor\""},{"Link":"https://www.foxnews.com/politics/mississippi-gov-bryant-signs-heartbeat-bill-enacting-one-of-strictest-abortion-laws-in-nation","external_links_name":"\"Mississippi Gov. Bryant signs 'heartbeat bill,' enacting one of strictest abortion laws in nation\""},{"Link":"https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/amp/news/mississippi-bans-abortion-on-sex-race-genetic-disability-87846","external_links_name":"\"Mississippi bans abortion on sex, race, genetic disability\""},{"Link":"https://www.wlbt.com/2022/06/27/ag-lynn-fitch-certifies-trigger-law-mississippi-abortions-be-illegal-10-days/?outputType=amp","external_links_name":"\"AG Lynn Fitch certifies 'trigger law'; Mississippi abortions to be illegal in 10 days\""},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/08/mississippi-personhood-amendment_n_1082546.html","external_links_name":"\"Mississippi 'Personhood' Amendment Vote Fails\""},{"Link":"https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/LSB10117.pdf","external_links_name":"Mississippi Court Halts Enforcement of New Abortion Law"},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/20/health/mississippi-abortion-ban-blocked-bn/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Judge temporarily blocks 15-week abortion ban in Mississippi\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ohio-abortion-heartbeat-bill-pregnant-11-year-old-rape-victim-barred-abortion-after-new-ohio-abortion-bill-2019-05-13/","external_links_name":"\"A pregnant 11-year-old rape victim in Ohio would no longer be allowed to have an abortion under new state law\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/supreme-court-mississippi-abortion-ban-takes-case/","external_links_name":"\"Supreme Court takes up blockbuster case over Mississippi's 15-week abortion ban\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/24/politics/dobbs-mississippi-supreme-court-abortion-roe-wade/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Supreme Court overturns Roe v. Wade\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220624141808/https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/24/politics/dobbs-mississippi-supreme-court-abortion-roe-wade/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.scotusblog.com/2022/06/supreme-court-overturns-constitutional-right-to-abortion/","external_links_name":"\"Supreme Court overturns constitutional right to abortion\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220624142633/https://www.scotusblog.com/2022/06/supreme-court-overturns-constitutional-right-to-abortion/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RDqXplZptaIC","external_links_name":"A State-By-State Review of Abortion and Reproductive Rights"},{"Link":"https://www.businessinsider.com/how-many-abortion-clinics-are-in-america-each-state-2017-2","external_links_name":"\"The number of abortion clinics in the US has plunged in the last decade — here's how many are in each state\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190524083342/https://www.businessinsider.es/abortion-access-in-america-maps-charts-if-roe-falls-2018-8","external_links_name":"\"This is what could happen if Roe v. Wade fell\""},{"Link":"https://www.businessinsider.es/abortion-access-in-america-maps-charts-if-roe-falls-2018-8","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/05/22/abortion-law-republican-and-conservative-women-dont-all-agree/3749202002/","external_links_name":"\"When it comes to abortion, conservative women aren't a monolith\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/29/health/six-states-with-1-abortion-clinic-map-trnd/index.html","external_links_name":"\"These 6 states have only 1 abortion clinic left. Missouri could become the first with zero\""},{"Link":"https://www.politico.com/news/2022/07/18/mississippi-abortion-clinic-sold-closed-00046461","external_links_name":"\"Owner: Mississippi abortion clinic is sold, won't reopen\""},{"Link":"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/jackson-mississippi-abortion-clinic-consignment-store-rcna65457","external_links_name":"\"The abortion clinic at the center of the Supreme Court ruling will become a secondhand store\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2133995","external_links_name":"10.2307/2133995"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2133995","external_links_name":"2133995"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1269687","external_links_name":"1269687"},{"Link":"https://data.guttmacher.org/states/table?state=AL+AK+AZ+AR+CA+CO+CT+DE+DC+FL+GA+HI+ID+IL+IN+IA+KS+KY+LA+ME+MD+MA+MI+MN+MS+MO+MT+NE+NV+NH+NJ+NM+NY+NC+ND+OH+OK+OR+PA+RI+SC+SD+TN+TX+UT+VT+VA+WA+WV+WI+WY&topics=62&dataset=data","external_links_name":"\"Guttmacher Data Center\""},{"Link":"https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/","external_links_name":"\"Views about abortion by state - Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics\""},{"Link":"https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2019/05/white-women-and-support-restrictive-abortion-laws/590101/","external_links_name":"\"White Women Are Helping States Pass Abortion Restrictions\""},{"Link":"https://www.guttmacher.org/journals/psrh/1998/11/abortion-incidence-and-services-united-states-1995-1996","external_links_name":"\"Abortion Incidence and Services in the United States, 1995–1996\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6289084","external_links_name":"\"Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2014\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.15585%2Fmmwr.ss6624a1","external_links_name":"10.15585/mmwr.ss6624a1"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1546-0738","external_links_name":"1546-0738"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6289084","external_links_name":"6289084"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29166366","external_links_name":"29166366"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6289084","external_links_name":"\"Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2015\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.15585%2Fmmwr.ss6713a1","external_links_name":"10.15585/mmwr.ss6713a1"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1546-0738","external_links_name":"1546-0738"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6289084","external_links_name":"6289084"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30462632","external_links_name":"30462632"},{"Link":"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/ss/ss6811a1.htm","external_links_name":"\"Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2016\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.15585%2Fmmwr.ss6811a1","external_links_name":"10.15585/mmwr.ss6811a1"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1546-0738","external_links_name":"1546-0738"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6289084","external_links_name":"6289084"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31774741","external_links_name":"31774741"},{"Link":"https://www.msreprofreedomfund.org/about","external_links_name":"\"About\""},{"Link":"https://www.marketwatch.com/story/abortion-bans-are-spurring-donations-to-planned-parenthood-the-national-organization-for-women-and-more-2019-05-17","external_links_name":"\"Abortion bans are spurring donations to Planned Parenthood, the National Organization for Women, and more\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/05/21/abortion-laws-stopthebans-rallies-set-across-nation-today/3750913002/","external_links_name":"\"Abortion rights supporters' voices thunder at #StopTheBans rallies across the nation\""},{"Link":"https://www.wapt.com/article/protesters-from-both-sides-of-abortion-debate-line-up-outside-mississippi-capitol/40451284","external_links_name":"\"Protesters from both sides of abortion debate line up outside Mississippi Capitol\""},{"Link":"https://www.wlox.com/2022/06/25/protesters-rally-gulfport-follow-supreme-court-decision-abortion/","external_links_name":"\"Protesters rally in Gulfport following Supreme Court decision on abortion\""},{"Link":"https://www.hattiesburgamerican.com/story/news/local/2022/07/16/hattiesburg-protest-overturning-roe-v-wade-protecting-rights/7750345001/","external_links_name":"\"Roe v. Wade protest in Mississippi: It's more than abortion. It's about protecting rights\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairn_O%27_Mount | Cairn o' Mount | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 56°54′56″N 2°34′46″W / 56.91556°N 2.57944°W / 56.91556; -2.57944
View of the Mearns and the North Sea beyond from the summit of the Cairn o' Mount
The Cairn o' Mount or Cairn o' Mounth is a hill in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, rising to 455 metres (1,493 ft). The B974 road crosses its summit, connecting the Howe of the Mearns with Deeside.
Before the modern A90 road was constructed, the Cairn o' Mount pass served as one of eight major crossing points for those travelling over the Grampians into northern Scotland. The Scottish Tourist Board describes the modern B974 as an "adventurous" road, and it is often impassable due to snow or flooding in winter.
The pass was used by Edward I's army in 1296 when they were en route back to England. It was also used twice by Viscount Dundee's army during the first Jacobite rising of 1689. The route over the pass is probably prehistoric: there is a cairn in the pass that has been dated to approximately 2000 BC. It is possible that this cairn is the one named in the name of the Cairn o' Mount.
References
^ "Cairn o' Mount". The Gazetteer for Scotland. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cairn o' Mount.
vteSettlements and places of interest in Marr, AberdeenshirePrimary settlements
Aboyne
Alford
Ballater
Banchory
Braemar
Huntly
Lumphanan
Tarland
Torphins
Other settlements
Backburn
Bellabeg
Birse
Birsemore
Bogniebrae
Brathens
Brideswell
Cairnie
Corgarff
Crathie
Dinnet
Finzean
Forgue
Gartly
Inverey
Keig
Kennethmont
Kildrummy
Kincardine O'Neil
Kirkton of Tough
Logie Coldstone
Lost
Lumsden
Monymusk
Potarch
Rhynie
Ruthven
Strachan
Strathdon
Tillyfourie
Tornaveen
Towie
Tullich
Whitehouse
Ythanwells
Places of interest
Alford Valley Railway
Badenyon
Balmoral Castle
Blelack
Braemar Castle
Burn O'Vat
Cairn o' Mount
Cairngorms National Park
Castle Forbes
Corgarff Castle
Craigievar Castle
Crathes Castle
Crathie Kirk
Forest of Birse
Grampian Transport Museum
Huntly Castle
Kildrummy Castle
Lochnagar
Royal Deeside
Royal Deeside Railway
Yonder Bognie
Ythan Wells (Glenmailen) Roman Camp
56°54′56″N 2°34′46″W / 56.91556°N 2.57944°W / 56.91556; -2.57944 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cairn_o%27_Mount_(geograph_6999917).jpg"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"Aberdeenshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeenshire"},{"link_name":"Howe of the Mearns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howe_of_the_Mearns"},{"link_name":"Deeside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Deeside"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"A90 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A90_road"},{"link_name":"Grampians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grampians"},{"link_name":"Scottish Tourist Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Tourist_Board"},{"link_name":"flooding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood"},{"link_name":"Edward I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Viscount Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscount_Dundee"},{"link_name":"prehistoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Scotland"},{"link_name":"cairn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairn"}],"text":"View of the Mearns and the North Sea beyond from the summit of the Cairn o' MountThe Cairn o' Mount or Cairn o' Mounth is a hill in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, rising to 455 metres (1,493 ft). The B974 road crosses its summit, connecting the Howe of the Mearns with Deeside.[1]Before the modern A90 road was constructed, the Cairn o' Mount pass served as one of eight major crossing points for those travelling over the Grampians into northern Scotland. The Scottish Tourist Board describes the modern B974 as an \"adventurous\" road, and it is often impassable due to snow or flooding in winter.The pass was used by Edward I's army in 1296 when they were en route back to England. It was also used twice by Viscount Dundee's army during the first Jacobite rising of 1689. The route over the pass is probably prehistoric: there is a cairn in the pass that has been dated to approximately 2000 BC. It is possible that this cairn is the one named in the name of the Cairn o' Mount.","title":"Cairn o' Mount"}] | [{"image_text":"View of the Mearns and the North Sea beyond from the summit of the Cairn o' Mount","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cairn_o%27_Mount_%28geograph_6999917%29.jpg/220px-Cairn_o%27_Mount_%28geograph_6999917%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Cairn o' Mount\". The Gazetteer for Scotland. Retrieved 24 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst10445.html","url_text":"\"Cairn o' Mount\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cairn_o%27_Mount¶ms=56_54_56_N_2_34_46_W_","external_links_name":"56°54′56″N 2°34′46″W / 56.91556°N 2.57944°W / 56.91556; -2.57944"},{"Link":"https://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst10445.html","external_links_name":"\"Cairn o' Mount\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cairn_o%27_Mount¶ms=56_54_56_N_2_34_46_W_","external_links_name":"56°54′56″N 2°34′46″W / 56.91556°N 2.57944°W / 56.91556; -2.57944"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leocadie_Gerlach | Leocadie Gerlach | ["1 Biography","2 References"] | Danish-Swedish operatic mezzo-soprano
Leocadie Gerlach
Vilhelmine Leocadie Theresia Gerlach (née Bergnéhr; 26 January 1826 – 13 September 1919) was a Danish-Swedish mezzo-soprano opera singer who sang at the Royal Danish Theatre from 1845 to 1866. Considered to have been the country's most successful female singer of her day, she retired from the Royal Theatre while still young but continued to perform and give singing lessons at the Casino Theatre.
Biography
Born in Stockholm in 1826, Leocadie Bergnéhr was the daughter of the Swedish customs inspector Carl Vilhelm Bergnéhr (1803–1847) and Charlotta Vilhelmina Christina Philp (1799–1871). She was the sister of the Swedish actress Zelma Hedin and the cousin of Laura Bergnéhr. In 1852, she married the customs official Carl Edvard Fossum. After a divorce in 1857, she married the singer Carl Ludvig Gerlach (1833–1893).
In February 1844, Bergnéhr made her début in Donaurum at the Mindre Teater in Stockholm, impressing the audience with the golden tones of her mezzo-soprano delivery. The Swedes suggested she should go to Paris for further training but she was encouraged by Jonas Collin to join the Royal Danish Theatre in Copenhagen where she could study under Henrik Rung. Later in 1845, she appeared as Filippo in Henrik Rung's operetta Aagerkarl og Sanger. She went on to play a wide variety of roles, including Therese in Friedrich Kuhlau's Røverborgen, Etle in Emil Hartmann's Liden Kirsten, the queen in Heinrich Marschner's Hans Heiling and Madam Voltisubito in J.L. Heiberg's Recensenten og Dyret.
Otto Bache: Prima donna Leocadi Gerlach and chamberman Christian Hansen in “Don Juan.
In 1947, after she had performed with the German operatic soprano Wilhelmine Schröder-Devrient at the summer palace of Sanssouci, Bergnéhr received a travel grant which enabled her to spend a year in London studying under Manuel García. On her return to Copenhagen, she was given a permanent contract with the Royal Theatre. Heiberg commented that she had become "the glamorous centerpiece around whom all the other members of the opera congregated". Her roles in subsequent years included Vilhelmine in Édouard Du Puy's Youth and Folly, Anna in Mozart's Don Giovanni and Susanne in his Le nozze di Figaro.
In 1858, Leocadie Gerlach was elevated to the rank of Kongelig Kammersanger (Royal Chamber Singer) by King Frederick VII. Her last appearance was in November 1866 when she played her most successful part, the title role in Donizetti's Lucrezia Borgia. She left the Royal Theatre that year following a dispute with the administration, leaving her with only limited pension rights. As a result, she continued to sing in the Casino Theatre where she also taught young aspirants.
In 1872, she became a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music. While in Germany in 1873, she impressed Richard Wagner with her still powerful voice. For many years after her retirement, she continued to teach, also giving lessons at the Royal Danish Theatre.
Leocadie Gerlach died in Copenhagen in 1919, reaching the age of 93 and still in possession of all her faculties. She is buried in the crypt of Christian's Church in Christianshavn.
References
^ a b c d Neiiendam, Robert. "Leocadie Gerlach". Dansk Biografisk Leksikon (in Danish). Retrieved 12 June 2017.
^ a b c d e f Ahlgren Jensen, Lisbeth. "Leocadie Gerlach (1826 - 1919)" (in Danish). Kvinfo. Retrieved 12 June 2017. | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vilhelmine_Leocadie_Theresia_Gerlach.gif"},{"link_name":"mezzo-soprano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzo-soprano"},{"link_name":"Royal Danish Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Danish_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbl-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kvinfo-2"}],"text":"Leocadie GerlachVilhelmine Leocadie Theresia Gerlach (née Bergnéhr; 26 January 1826 – 13 September 1919) was a Danish-Swedish mezzo-soprano opera singer who sang at the Royal Danish Theatre from 1845 to 1866. Considered to have been the country's most successful female singer of her day, she retired from the Royal Theatre while still young but continued to perform and give singing lessons at the Casino Theatre.[1][2]","title":"Leocadie Gerlach"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Zelma Hedin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelma_Hedin"},{"link_name":"Laura Bergnéhr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Bergn%C3%A9hr"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kvinfo-2"},{"link_name":"Mindre Teater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindre_teatern"},{"link_name":"Jonas Collin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Collin"},{"link_name":"Henrik Rung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Rung"},{"link_name":"Henrik Rung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Rung"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Kuhlau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Kuhlau"},{"link_name":"Emil Hartmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Hartmann"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Marschner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner"},{"link_name":"Hans Heiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Heiling"},{"link_name":"J.L. Heiberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Heiberg_(poet)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbl-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Otto_Bache_-_Primadonna_Leocadi_Gerlach_og_kammersanger_Christian_Hansen_i_%E2%80%9CDon_Juan%E2%80%9D.png"},{"link_name":"Otto Bache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Bache"},{"link_name":"Wilhelmine Schröder-Devrient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmine_Schr%C3%B6der-Devrient"},{"link_name":"Sanssouci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanssouci"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Manuel García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Garc%C3%ADa_(baritone)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kvinfo-2"},{"link_name":"Édouard Du Puy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Du_Puy"},{"link_name":"Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart"},{"link_name":"Don Giovanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Giovanni"},{"link_name":"Le nozze di Figaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_nozze_di_Figaro"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbl-1"},{"link_name":"Kongelig Kammersanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongelige_Kammersangere"},{"link_name":"King Frederick VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_VII_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Donizetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donizetti"},{"link_name":"Lucrezia Borgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucrezia_Borgia_(opera)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbl-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kvinfo-2"},{"link_name":"Royal Swedish Academy of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Richard Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kvinfo-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kvinfo-2"},{"link_name":"Christian's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%27s_Church,_Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Christianshavn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianshavn"}],"text":"Born in Stockholm in 1826, Leocadie Bergnéhr was the daughter of the Swedish customs inspector Carl Vilhelm Bergnéhr (1803–1847) and Charlotta Vilhelmina Christina Philp (1799–1871). She was the sister of the Swedish actress Zelma Hedin and the cousin of Laura Bergnéhr. In 1852, she married the customs official Carl Edvard Fossum. After a divorce in 1857, she married the singer Carl Ludvig Gerlach (1833–1893).[2]In February 1844, Bergnéhr made her début in Donaurum at the Mindre Teater in Stockholm, impressing the audience with the golden tones of her mezzo-soprano delivery. The Swedes suggested she should go to Paris for further training but she was encouraged by Jonas Collin to join the Royal Danish Theatre in Copenhagen where she could study under Henrik Rung. Later in 1845, she appeared as Filippo in Henrik Rung's operetta Aagerkarl og Sanger. She went on to play a wide variety of roles, including Therese in Friedrich Kuhlau's Røverborgen, Etle in Emil Hartmann's Liden Kirsten, the queen in Heinrich Marschner's Hans Heiling and Madam Voltisubito in J.L. Heiberg's Recensenten og Dyret.[1]Otto Bache: Prima donna Leocadi Gerlach and chamberman Christian Hansen in “Don Juan.In 1947, after she had performed with the German operatic soprano Wilhelmine Schröder-Devrient at the summer palace of Sanssouci, Bergnéhr received a travel grant which enabled her to spend a year in London studying under Manuel García.[2] On her return to Copenhagen, she was given a permanent contract with the Royal Theatre. Heiberg commented that she had become \"the glamorous centerpiece around whom all the other members of the opera congregated\". Her roles in subsequent years included Vilhelmine in Édouard Du Puy's Youth and Folly, Anna in Mozart's Don Giovanni and Susanne in his Le nozze di Figaro.[1]In 1858, Leocadie Gerlach was elevated to the rank of Kongelig Kammersanger (Royal Chamber Singer) by King Frederick VII. Her last appearance was in November 1866 when she played her most successful part, the title role in Donizetti's Lucrezia Borgia.[1] She left the Royal Theatre that year following a dispute with the administration, leaving her with only limited pension rights. As a result, she continued to sing in the Casino Theatre where she also taught young aspirants.[2]In 1872, she became a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music. While in Germany in 1873, she impressed Richard Wagner with her still powerful voice. For many years after her retirement, she continued to teach, also giving lessons at the Royal Danish Theatre.[2]Leocadie Gerlach died in Copenhagen in 1919, reaching the age of 93 and still in possession of all her faculties.[2] She is buried in the crypt of Christian's Church in Christianshavn.","title":"Biography"}] | [{"image_text":"Leocadie Gerlach","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Vilhelmine_Leocadie_Theresia_Gerlach.gif"},{"image_text":"Otto Bache: Prima donna Leocadi Gerlach and chamberman Christian Hansen in “Don Juan.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Otto_Bache_-_Primadonna_Leocadi_Gerlach_og_kammersanger_Christian_Hansen_i_%E2%80%9CDon_Juan%E2%80%9D.png/220px-Otto_Bache_-_Primadonna_Leocadi_Gerlach_og_kammersanger_Christian_Hansen_i_%E2%80%9CDon_Juan%E2%80%9D.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Neiiendam, Robert. \"Leocadie Gerlach\". Dansk Biografisk Leksikon (in Danish). Retrieved 12 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://denstoredanske.dk/Dansk_Biografisk_Leksikon/Kunst_og_kultur/Musik/Operasanger/Leocadie_Gerlach","url_text":"\"Leocadie Gerlach\""}]},{"reference":"Ahlgren Jensen, Lisbeth. \"Leocadie Gerlach (1826 - 1919)\" (in Danish). Kvinfo. Retrieved 12 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kvinfo.dk/side/597/bio/1311/origin/170/","url_text":"\"Leocadie Gerlach (1826 - 1919)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://denstoredanske.dk/Dansk_Biografisk_Leksikon/Kunst_og_kultur/Musik/Operasanger/Leocadie_Gerlach","external_links_name":"\"Leocadie Gerlach\""},{"Link":"http://www.kvinfo.dk/side/597/bio/1311/origin/170/","external_links_name":"\"Leocadie Gerlach (1826 - 1919)\""}] |
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