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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningde_Nuclear_Power_Plant | Ningde Nuclear Power Plant | ["1 Reactor data","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 27°2′40″N 120°17′0″E / 27.04444°N 120.28333°E / 27.04444; 120.28333Nuclear power plant in Ningde, China
Ningde Nuclear Power PlantOfficial name宁德核电站CountryPeople's Republic of ChinaLocationFuding, Ningde, FujianCoordinates27°2′40″N 120°17′0″E / 27.04444°N 120.28333°E / 27.04444; 120.28333StatusOperationalConstruction began2008Commission dateDecember 2012Construction costUS$7.6 billion (units 1–4)Owner(s)Ningde Nuclear Power Co Ltd (NDNP)Nuclear power station Reactor typeCPR-1000 PWRPower generation
Units operational4 × 1018 MWUnits planned2 × 1018 MWNameplate capacity4072 MW
Ningde Nuclear Power Plant (simplified Chinese: 宁德核电站; traditional Chinese: 寧德核電站; pinyin: Níngdé hé diàn zhàn) is a nuclear power plant in Fujian province, China. The site is located in Beiwan village in the town of Qinyu, Fuding, Ningde, Fujian. The plant will ultimately have six 1,080 megawatt (MWe) CPR-1000 pressurized water reactors (PWRs). The first reactor began operation on 18 April 2013.The Ningde Nuclear Power project was approved by the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) in 2007.
The project is 51% funded by the Guangdong Nuclear Investment Company Ltd, with Datang International Power Generation Co and the Fujian Coal Group completing the shareholding. A total investment of 52 billion yuan (US$7.6 billion) should result in the completion of Ningde Phase I.
Including the final two units of Phase II, the total cost will exceed 70 billion yuan.
The four units of Phase I will generate about 30 billion kilowatt hours per year, for which the plant will charge 0.37 yuan/kW·h (11 billion yuan/year).
Ningde marks a step in the development of China's domestic nuclear industry.
Shu Guogang, GM of China Guangdong Nuclear Power Project said, "We built 55 percent of Ling Ao Phase 2, 70 percent of Hongyanhe, 80 percent of Ningde and 90 percent of Yangjiang Station."
Site preparation at Ningde ran through 2007, with the first concrete for Ningde 1 poured in February 2008.
Ningde 2 followed nine months later. Construction of each unit is expected to take 58 months.
Ningde 1 was grid connected on 28 December 2012 and entered full commercial operation on 18 April 2013.
Reactor data
The Ningde Nuclear Power Plant consist of 4 operational reactors, and 2 reactors planned.
Unit
Model
Net power
Gross power
Thermal power
Start construction
First criticality
Grid connection
Commercial operation
Notes
Phase I
Ningde 1
CPR-1000
1018MW
1089MW
2905MW
2008-02-18
2012-11-24
2012-12-28
2013-04-15
Ningde 2
CPR-1000
1018MW
1089MW
2905MW
2008-11-12
2013-12-20
2014-01-04
2014-05-04
Ningde 3
CPR-1000
1018MW
1089MW
2905MW
2010-01-08
2015-03-08
2015-03-21
2015-06-10
Ningde 4
CPR-1000
1018MW
1089MW
2905MW
2010-09-29
2016-03-16
2016-03-29
2016-07-21
Phase II
Ningde 5
HPR-1000
Ningde 6
HPR-1000
See also
China portalEnergy portalNuclear technology portal
Nuclear power in China
List of nuclear reactors#China
References
^ "Fujian nuclear plants begin construction". People's Daily Online. February 18, 2008. Archived from the original on Jun 5, 2011.
^ "Nuclear Power in China". Information Papers. World Nuclear Association. April 2013. Archived from the original on 13 February 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
^ a b "Ningde 1 goes commercial". World Nuclear News. 23 April 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
^ a b "Ningde Nuclear Power Station Receives Approval". China Energy Daily. 2007-11-13. Retrieved 2009-08-13.
^ "Ningde 4 the latest Chinese reactor project". World Nuclear News. 4 October 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
^ "China's vice premier stresses improvement of energy structure". Xinhua. February 18, 2008. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
^ "China aims to build its own nuclear power stations". China Central Television. 2009-07-24. Retrieved 2009-08-13.
^ "Inauguration of Ningde construction". World Nuclear News. 18 February 2008. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2009.
^ "Construction gets under way at Chinese sites". World Nuclear News. 24 November 2008. Archived from the original on 25 January 2012. Retrieved 2009-08-13.
^ "First electricity flows from Ningde nuclear plant". World Nuclear News. 29 December 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
^ "Ningde 1". Power Reactor Information System (PRIS). International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). 2013-04-23. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
^ "Ningde 2". PRIS. IAEA. 2014-05-08. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
^ "China's latest new reactor". World Nuclear News. 11 January 2010. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
^ "Ningde 3". PRIS. IAEA. 2013-04-23. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
^ "Ningde 4". PRIS. IAEA. 2013-04-23. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
^ a b "Ningde-5 And -6 Will Use Hualong One Design, Says CGN". www.nucnet.org. 2015-07-30. Retrieved 2018-12-07.
External links
Images:
"Construction of new projects". China Guangdong Nuclear Power Group (CGNPG). Archived from the original on 2008-02-04. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
Hu Meidong; Wan Zhihong (2008-02-19). "Work starts on nuclear power plant". China Daily. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
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Wind | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"nuclear power plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant"},{"link_name":"Fujian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian"},{"link_name":"province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_(China)"},{"link_name":"Qinyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qinyu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fuding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuding"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"megawatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatt"},{"link_name":"CPR-1000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPR-1000"},{"link_name":"pressurized water reactors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wna-China-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wnn-20130423-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Approval-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wnn-04101001-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Approval-4"},{"link_name":"kilowatt hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt_hour"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Ling Ao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ling_Ao_Nuclear_Power_Plant"},{"link_name":"Hongyanhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongyanhe_Nuclear_Power_Plant"},{"link_name":"Yangjiang Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangjiang_Nuclear_Power_Plant"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wnn-15582-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wnn-23706-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wnn-20130423-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wnn-20121229-10"}],"text":"Nuclear power plant in Ningde, ChinaNingde Nuclear Power Plant (simplified Chinese: 宁德核电站; traditional Chinese: 寧德核電站; pinyin: Níngdé hé diàn zhàn) is a nuclear power plant in Fujian province, China. The site is located in Beiwan village in the town of Qinyu, Fuding, Ningde, Fujian.[1] The plant will ultimately have six 1,080 megawatt (MWe) CPR-1000 pressurized water reactors (PWRs).[2] The first reactor began operation on 18 April 2013.[3]The Ningde Nuclear Power project was approved by the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) in 2007.[4]\nThe project is 51% funded by the Guangdong Nuclear Investment Company Ltd, with Datang International Power Generation Co and the Fujian Coal Group completing the shareholding. A total investment of 52 billion yuan (US$7.6 billion) should result in the completion of Ningde Phase I.[5]\nIncluding the final two units of Phase II, the total cost will exceed 70 billion yuan.[4] \nThe four units of Phase I will generate about 30 billion kilowatt hours per year, for which the plant will charge 0.37 yuan/kW·h (11 billion yuan/year).[6]Ningde marks a step in the development of China's domestic nuclear industry. \nShu Guogang, GM of China Guangdong Nuclear Power Project said, \"We built 55 percent of Ling Ao Phase 2, 70 percent of Hongyanhe, 80 percent of Ningde and 90 percent of Yangjiang Station.\"[7]\nSite preparation at Ningde ran through 2007, with the first concrete for Ningde 1 poured in February 2008.[8] \nNingde 2 followed nine months later. Construction of each unit is expected to take 58 months.[9] \nNingde 1 was grid connected on 28 December 2012 and entered full commercial operation on 18 April 2013.[3][10]","title":"Ningde Nuclear Power Plant"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Ningde Nuclear Power Plant consist of 4 operational reactors, and 2 reactors planned.","title":"Reactor data"}] | [] | [{"title":"China portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg"},{"title":"Energy portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Energy"},{"title":"Nuclear technology portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Nuclear_technology"},{"title":"Nuclear power in China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_China"},{"title":"List of nuclear reactors#China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nuclear_reactors#China"}] | [{"reference":"\"Fujian nuclear plants begin construction\". People's Daily Online. February 18, 2008. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Bowman | Matt Bowman | ["1 High school and college","2 Professional career","2.1 New York Mets","2.2 St. Louis Cardinals","2.3 Cincinnati Reds","2.4 New York Yankees","2.5 Minnesota Twins","2.6 Arizona Diamondbacks","2.7 Seattle Mariners","3 Personal life","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | American baseball player (born 1991)
This article is about the baseball player. For the association football player, see Matthew Bowman. For the musician, see The Pigeon Detectives.
Baseball player
Matt BowmanBowman with the St. Louis CardinalsSeattle Mariners PitcherBorn: (1991-05-31) May 31, 1991 (age 33)Chevy Chase, Maryland, U.S.Bats: RightThrows: RightMLB debutApril 6, 2016, for the St. Louis CardinalsMLB statistics (through June 10, 2024)Win–loss record7–13Earned run average4.22Strikeouts162
Teams
St. Louis Cardinals (2016–2018)
Cincinnati Reds (2019)
New York Yankees (2023)
Minnesota Twins (2024)
Arizona Diamondbacks (2024)
Seattle Mariners (2024)
Matthew Chou Bowman (born May 31, 1991) is an American professional baseball pitcher in the Seattle Mariners organization. He has previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the St. Louis Cardinals, Cincinnati Reds, New York Yankees, Minnesota Twins, and Arizona Diamondbacks.
High school and college
Bowman attended St. Albans School in Washington, D.C. As a senior he was All-Met Player of the Year and All-Conference as a shortstop and right-handed pitcher, and had a 0.70 ERA as a pitcher and a .419 average as a batter.
He played college baseball for the Princeton Tigers at Princeton University from 2010 to 2012. He was both a pitcher and shortstop for the Tigers. He had a low-90s fastball that ran as high as 95 mph, a hard slider, a curveball, and a changeup. He was second-team all-Ivy League at shortstop as a sophomore. In 2012, as a junior, he went 4–2 with a 4.66 ERA in nine starts along with batting .308 with one home run in 33 games. During the summers in college, he pitched for the Bethesda Big Train.
Professional career
New York Mets
The New York Mets selected Bowman in the 13th round of the 2012 Major League Baseball draft. He made his professional debut that season for the Brooklyn Cyclones. He had a 2.45 earned run average (ERA) in 29+1⁄3 innings pitched. Bowman started 2013 with the Savannah Sand Gnats and was promoted to the St. Lucie Mets during the season. Over 21 starts he had a 10–4 win–loss record with a 3.05 ERA and 116 strikeouts.
Bowman pitching for the New York Mets
Bowman started the 2014 season with the Binghamton Mets and was promoted to the Las Vegas 51s in July; in 24 games (23 starts) between the two teams, he was 10–8 with a 3.21 ERA. He spent the 2015 season back with Las Vegas, where he pitched to a 7–16 record and 5.53 ERA.
St. Louis Cardinals
The St. Louis Cardinals selected Bowman in the 2015 Rule 5 draft. He made his MLB debut against the Pittsburgh Pirates on April 6, 2016, throwing two innings with one hit allowed and two strikeouts. He earned his first MLB win on June 8, 2016, in relief against the Cincinnati Reds. Bowman finished his first MLB season with a 2–5 win–loss record along with a 3.46 ERA. In 2017, he was 3–6 with two saves and a 3.99 ERA in 58+2⁄3 innings pitched in relief.
Bowman began 2018 back in St. Louis' bullpen. However, after compiling a 5.75 ERA in 20+1⁄3 innings pitched with two stints on the disabled list, he was optioned to the Triple-A Memphis Redbirds on July 5. He was recalled by St. Louis on July 18 and optioned back to Memphis on July 21, and spent the remainder of the season there. In 22 relief appearances for the Cardinals he was 0–2 with a 6.26 ERA, and in 18 relief appearances for Memphis, he compiled a 0–1 record with a 4.30 ERA.
Cincinnati Reds
On November 2, 2018, Bowman was claimed off waivers by the Cincinnati Reds. He began the 2019 season with the Louisville Bats, and was promoted to the Reds in May. Bowman underwent Tommy John surgery in mid-September 2020. On October 14, 2020, Bowman was outrighted off of the roster. Bowman elected free agency two days later on October 16.
New York Yankees
On December 14, 2020, Bowman signed a two-year minor league contract with the New York Yankees organization. Bowman did not pitch in 2021 as he recovered from surgery, and missed the entire 2022 season as well. He elected free agency on November 10, 2022.
On January 13, 2023, Bowman re-signed with the Yankees organization on a minor league contract. He began the year with the Triple–A Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders, making 30 appearances and logging a 3.29 ERA with 36 strikeouts and 3 saves in 38+1⁄3 innings pitched. On July 16, Bowman exercised the opt–out clause in his contract and was released by the Yankees. On July 20, Bowman re–signed with the Yankees on a major league contract and was optioned back to Triple–A Scranton.
The Yankees promoted Bowman to the major leagues on September 10. In three games for the Yankees, he allowed four runs on six hits with three strikeouts in four innings of work. Following the season on November 2, Bowman was removed from the 40–man roster and sent outright to Triple–A Scranton. He elected free agency on November 6.
Minnesota Twins
On January 18, 2024, Bowman signed a minor league contract with the Minnesota Twins. He made five scoreless appearances for the Triple–A St. Paul Saints to begin the year. On April 13, the Twins selected Bowman's contract to the major league roster. He made five appearances for Minnesota, recording a 2.35 ERA with 6 strikeouts across 7+2⁄3 innings pitched. On April 30, Bowman was designated for assignment by the Twins.
Arizona Diamondbacks
On May 2, 2024, Bowman was traded to the Arizona Diamondbacks in exchange for cash. In four appearances for the Diamondbacks, he struggled to an 8.10 ERA with four strikeouts across 6+2⁄3 innings pitched. On May 26, Bowman was designated for assignment by Arizona. He cleared waivers and was sent outright to the Triple–A Reno Aces on May 31, but rejected the assignment in favor of free agency.
Seattle Mariners
On June 4, 2024, Bowman signed a minor league contract with the Seattle Mariners. After two scoreless appearances for the Triple–A Tacoma Rainiers, Bowman was called up by the Mariners on June 9. He made only one appearances for Seattle before he was designated for assignment on June 11. Bowman elected free agency on June 14. He re-signed with the team on a new minor league contract on June 16.
Personal life
Bowman's parents are Margaret Chou and the late William Bowman. He is married to trial attorney Eve Levin, daughter of South African-born businessman, medical doctor and research scientist Jeremy Levin and Margery Feldberg (daughter of Stanley Feldberg, co-founder of TJX Companies).
See also
Biography portalUnited States portalBaseball portal
St. Louis Cardinals all-time roster
Cincinnati Reds all-time roster
Rule 5 draft results
References
^ "Matt Bowman – Baseball".
^ a b c d "Mets like potential of Princeton pitcher Matthew Bowman | MLB.com". MLB.com. Archived from the original on July 9, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
^ "Bethesda Big Train Major Leaguers".
^ "Mets like potential of Princeton pitcher". Major League Baseball. Retrieved December 4, 2014.
^ "Bowman moving faster than even he expected". Inside the park. Archived from the original on July 11, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2014.
^ "Mets prospect Matt Bowman uses his head on the mound". Newsday. Retrieved December 4, 2014.
^ Mets lose Matt Bowman in Rule 5 draft
^ "Matt Bowman Stats, Fantasy & News | MLB.com". MLB.com. Archived from the original on November 22, 2016. Retrieved November 6, 2016.
^ "Cardinals transactions: Fowler back, O'Neill to DL, Bowman to Memphis". July 5, 2018.
^ "News".
^ "Reds Claim Matthew Bowman from Cardinals; Dilson Herrera, Mason Williams Outrighted". November 2, 2018.
^ "Reds' Matt Bowman: Recalled by Reds". May 24, 2019.
^ "Reds Outright Four to Triple-A". October 14, 2020.
^ "Yankees Sign Matt Bowman to Minor League Contract". December 14, 2020.
^ "Yankees' Matt Bowman: Won't pitch in 2022". cbssports.com. June 7, 2022. Retrieved January 13, 2023.
^ "2022-23 Minor League Free Agents For All 30 MLB Teams". baseballamerica.com. November 13, 2022. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
^ "Yankees' Matt Bowman: Re-signs with Yankees". cbssports.com. Retrieved January 13, 2023.
^ "Yankees' Matt Bowman: Opting out of contract". cbssports.com. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
^ "Yankees' minor league right-hander wants out". nj.com. July 17, 2023. Retrieved September 4, 2023.
^ "Yankees' Matt Bowman: Re-signs with NYY". cbssports.com. Retrieved July 21, 2023.
^ "Yankees again demote Ron Marinaccio in bullpen re-shuffle". September 10, 2023.
^ "Yankees' Matt Bowman: Outrighted off 40-man". cbssports.com. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
^ "Matt Bowman: Elects free agency". cbssports.com. November 6, 2023. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
^ "Twins, Matt Bowman Agree to Minor League Deal". January 19, 2024.
^ "Twins Place Carlos Correa On 10-Day IL, Designate Michael Tonkin". mlbtraderumors.com. Retrieved April 13, 2024.
^ "Twins Designate Matt Bowman For Assignment". mlbtraderumors.com. Retrieved April 30, 2024.
^ "D-Backs Acquire Matt Bowman From Twins". mlbtraderumors.com. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
^ "Diamondbacks Designate Matt Bowman For Assignment". mlbtraderumors.com. Retrieved May 26, 2024.
^ "Matt Bowman: Elects free agency". cbssports.com. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
^ Williams, Brandon. "Mariners Agree To Minor League Deal With Matt Bowman". rotoballer.com. Retrieved June 4, 2024.
^ Koslow, Ari. "Matt Bowman selected from Triple-A". fantasypros.com. Retrieved June 9, 2024.
^ "Mariners Designate Kirby Snead, Matt Bowman For Assignment". mlbtraderumors.com. Retrieved June 11, 2024.
^ "Matt Bowman Elects Free Agency". mlbtraderumors.com. Retrieved June 14, 2024.
^ https://www.milb.com/transactions/2024-06-16
^ "Matt Bowman - Baseball". Princeton University Athletics. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
^ "The Bride Wore a Pearl-Embroidered Danielle Frankel Dress to Marry at the Foot of the Elk Mountains". Vogue. July 5, 2023. Retrieved October 2, 2023.
^ Saxon, Wolfgang (May 16, 2004). "Stanley H. Feldberg, 79, Retailer Who Helped Build Zayre Chain". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 2, 2023.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Matt Bowman.
Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matthew Bowman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Bowman"},{"link_name":"The Pigeon Detectives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pigeon_Detectives"},{"link_name":"professional baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_baseball"},{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"Seattle Mariners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Mariners"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Twins"},{"link_name":"Arizona Diamondbacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks"}],"text":"This article is about the baseball player. For the association football player, see Matthew Bowman. For the musician, see The Pigeon Detectives.Baseball playerMatthew Chou Bowman (born May 31, 1991) is an American professional baseball pitcher in the Seattle Mariners organization. He has previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the St. Louis Cardinals, Cincinnati Reds, New York Yankees, Minnesota Twins, and Arizona Diamondbacks.","title":"Matt Bowman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Albans School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Albans_School_(Washington,_D.C.)"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"college baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_baseball"},{"link_name":"Princeton Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_baseball"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"shortstop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortstop"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-2"},{"link_name":"Ivy League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-2"},{"link_name":"Bethesda Big Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethesda_Big_Train"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Bowman attended St. Albans School in Washington, D.C. As a senior he was All-Met Player of the Year and All-Conference as a shortstop and right-handed pitcher, and had a 0.70 ERA as a pitcher and a .419 average as a batter.[1]He played college baseball for the Princeton Tigers at Princeton University from 2010 to 2012. He was both a pitcher and shortstop for the Tigers.[2] He had a low-90s fastball that ran as high as 95 mph, a hard slider, a curveball, and a changeup.[2] He was second-team all-Ivy League at shortstop as a sophomore.[2] In 2012, as a junior, he went 4–2 with a 4.66 ERA in nine starts along with batting .308 with one home run in 33 games.[2] During the summers in college, he pitched for the Bethesda Big Train.[3]","title":"High school and college"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mets"},{"link_name":"2012 Major League Baseball draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Major_League_Baseball_draft"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Cyclones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Cyclones"},{"link_name":"earned run average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_run_average"},{"link_name":"Savannah Sand Gnats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_Sand_Gnats"},{"link_name":"St. Lucie Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lucie_Mets"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"win–loss record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win%E2%80%93loss_record_(pitching)"},{"link_name":"strikeouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikeouts"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Matt_Bowman_(16778519962).jpg"},{"link_name":"Binghamton Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binghamton_Mets"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas 51s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_51s"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"New York Mets","text":"The New York Mets selected Bowman in the 13th round of the 2012 Major League Baseball draft.[4] He made his professional debut that season for the Brooklyn Cyclones. He had a 2.45 earned run average (ERA) in 29+1⁄3 innings pitched. Bowman started 2013 with the Savannah Sand Gnats and was promoted to the St. Lucie Mets during the season.[5] Over 21 starts he had a 10–4 win–loss record with a 3.05 ERA and 116 strikeouts.[6]Bowman pitching for the New York MetsBowman started the 2014 season with the Binghamton Mets and was promoted to the Las Vegas 51s in July; in 24 games (23 starts) between the two teams, he was 10–8 with a 3.21 ERA. He spent the 2015 season back with Las Vegas, where he pitched to a 7–16 record and 5.53 ERA.[citation needed]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Louis Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"Rule 5 draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_5_draft"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Pittsburgh_Pirates_season"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_St._Louis_Cardinals_season"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Memphis Redbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Redbirds"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"St. Louis Cardinals","text":"The St. Louis Cardinals selected Bowman in the 2015 Rule 5 draft.[7] He made his MLB debut against the Pittsburgh Pirates on April 6, 2016, throwing two innings with one hit allowed and two strikeouts. He earned his first MLB win on June 8, 2016, in relief against the Cincinnati Reds. Bowman finished his first MLB season with a 2–5 win–loss record along with a 3.46 ERA.[8] In 2017, he was 3–6 with two saves and a 3.99 ERA in 58+2⁄3 innings pitched in relief.Bowman began 2018 back in St. Louis' bullpen. However, after compiling a 5.75 ERA in 20+1⁄3 innings pitched with two stints on the disabled list, he was optioned to the Triple-A Memphis Redbirds on July 5.[9] He was recalled by St. Louis on July 18 and optioned back to Memphis on July 21, and spent the remainder of the season there. In 22 relief appearances for the Cardinals he was 0–2 with a 6.26 ERA,[10] and in 18 relief appearances for Memphis, he compiled a 0–1 record with a 4.30 ERA.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cincinnati Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Louisville Bats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville_Bats"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Tommy John surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_John_surgery"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Cincinnati Reds","text":"On November 2, 2018, Bowman was claimed off waivers by the Cincinnati Reds.[11] He began the 2019 season with the Louisville Bats, and was promoted to the Reds in May.[12] Bowman underwent Tommy John surgery in mid-September 2020. On October 14, 2020, Bowman was outrighted off of the roster.[13] Bowman elected free agency two days later on October 16.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scranton/Wilkes-Barre_RailRiders"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"New York Yankees","text":"On December 14, 2020, Bowman signed a two-year minor league contract with the New York Yankees organization.[14] Bowman did not pitch in 2021 as he recovered from surgery, and missed the entire 2022 season as well.[15] He elected free agency on November 10, 2022.[16]On January 13, 2023, Bowman re-signed with the Yankees organization on a minor league contract.[17] He began the year with the Triple–A Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders, making 30 appearances and logging a 3.29 ERA with 36 strikeouts and 3 saves in 38+1⁄3 innings pitched. On July 16, Bowman exercised the opt–out clause in his contract and was released by the Yankees.[18][19] On July 20, Bowman re–signed with the Yankees on a major league contract and was optioned back to Triple–A Scranton.[20]The Yankees promoted Bowman to the major leagues on September 10.[21] In three games for the Yankees, he allowed four runs on six hits with three strikeouts in four innings of work. Following the season on November 2, Bowman was removed from the 40–man roster and sent outright to Triple–A Scranton.[22] He elected free agency on November 6.[23]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minnesota Twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Twins"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"St. Paul Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul_Saints"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Minnesota Twins","text":"On January 18, 2024, Bowman signed a minor league contract with the Minnesota Twins.[24] He made five scoreless appearances for the Triple–A St. Paul Saints to begin the year. On April 13, the Twins selected Bowman's contract to the major league roster.[25] He made five appearances for Minnesota, recording a 2.35 ERA with 6 strikeouts across 7+2⁄3 innings pitched. On April 30, Bowman was designated for assignment by the Twins.[26]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arizona Diamondbacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Reno Aces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno_Aces"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Arizona Diamondbacks","text":"On May 2, 2024, Bowman was traded to the Arizona Diamondbacks in exchange for cash.[27] In four appearances for the Diamondbacks, he struggled to an 8.10 ERA with four strikeouts across 6+2⁄3 innings pitched. On May 26, Bowman was designated for assignment by Arizona.[28] He cleared waivers and was sent outright to the Triple–A Reno Aces on May 31, but rejected the assignment in favor of free agency.[29]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seattle Mariners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Mariners"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Tacoma Rainiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacoma_Rainiers"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Seattle Mariners","text":"On June 4, 2024, Bowman signed a minor league contract with the Seattle Mariners.[30] After two scoreless appearances for the Triple–A Tacoma Rainiers, Bowman was called up by the Mariners on June 9.[31] He made only one appearances for Seattle before he was designated for assignment on June 11.[32] Bowman elected free agency on June 14.[33] He re-signed with the team on a new minor league contract on June 16.[34]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Levin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Levin"},{"link_name":"TJX Companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TJX_Companies"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Bowman's parents are Margaret Chou and the late William Bowman.[35] He is married to trial attorney Eve Levin,[36] daughter of South African-born businessman, medical doctor and research scientist Jeremy Levin and Margery Feldberg (daughter of Stanley Feldberg, co-founder of TJX Companies).[37]","title":"Personal life"}] | [{"image_text":"Bowman pitching for the New York Mets","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Matt_Bowman_%2816778519962%29.jpg/170px-Matt_Bowman_%2816778519962%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"title":"Baseball portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Baseball"},{"title":"St. Louis Cardinals all-time roster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals_all-time_roster"},{"title":"Cincinnati Reds all-time roster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds_all-time_roster"},{"title":"Rule 5 draft results","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_5_draft_results"}] | [{"reference":"\"Matt Bowman – Baseball\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goprincetontigers.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=4301","url_text":"\"Matt Bowman – Baseball\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mets like potential of Princeton pitcher Matthew Bowman | MLB.com\". MLB.com. Archived from the original on July 9, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170709092310/http://m.mlb.com/news/article/32809898//","url_text":"\"Mets like potential of Princeton pitcher Matthew Bowman | MLB.com\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB.com","url_text":"MLB.com"},{"url":"http://m.mlb.com/news/article/32809898//","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bethesda Big Train Major Leaguers\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bigtrain.org/history/major/","url_text":"\"Bethesda Big Train Major Leaguers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mets like potential of Princeton pitcher\". Major League Baseball. Retrieved December 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20120605&content_id=32809898&c_id=mlb","url_text":"\"Mets like potential of Princeton pitcher\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bowman moving faster than even he expected\". Inside the park. Archived from the original on July 11, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20140711100118/http://php.pressconnects.com/blogs/bmets/2014/04/17/bowman-moving-faster-expected/","url_text":"\"Bowman moving faster than even he expected\""},{"url":"http://php.pressconnects.com/blogs/bmets/2014/04/17/bowman-moving-faster-expected/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mets prospect Matt Bowman uses his head on the mound\". Newsday. Retrieved December 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsday.com/sports/baseball/mets-prospect-matt-bowman-uses-his-head-on-the-mound-1.8526906","url_text":"\"Mets prospect Matt Bowman uses his head on the mound\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matt Bowman Stats, Fantasy & News | MLB.com\". MLB.com. Archived from the original on November 22, 2016. 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Retrieved June 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2024/06/matt-bowman-elects-free-agency-2.html","url_text":"\"Matt Bowman Elects Free Agency\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matt Bowman - Baseball\". Princeton University Athletics. Retrieved September 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://goprincetontigers.com/sports/baseball/roster/matt-bowman/4476","url_text":"\"Matt Bowman - Baseball\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Bride Wore a Pearl-Embroidered Danielle Frankel Dress to Marry at the Foot of the Elk Mountains\". Vogue. July 5, 2023. Retrieved October 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/eve-levin-and-matthew-bowman-wedding","url_text":"\"The Bride Wore a Pearl-Embroidered Danielle Frankel Dress to Marry at the Foot of the Elk Mountains\""}]},{"reference":"Saxon, Wolfgang (May 16, 2004). \"Stanley H. Feldberg, 79, Retailer Who Helped Build Zayre Chain\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/16/nyregion/stanley-h-feldberg-79-retailer-who-helped-build-zayre-chain.html","url_text":"\"Stanley H. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Azbel | Mark Azbel | ["1 Biography","2 Scientific contributions","3 Works","4 Awards and Prizes","5 References","6 External links"] | Soviet and Israeli physicist (1932–2020)
Mark AzbelМарк Яковлевич АзбельBornMark Yakovlevich Azbel(1932-05-12)12 May 1932Kharkiv, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet UnionDied31 March 2020(2020-03-31) (aged 87)IsraelAlma materNational University of KharkivScientific careerFieldsSolid-state physicsInstitutionsTel Aviv University
Moscow State University
National University of KharkivDoctoral advisorLev Landau and Pyotr Kapitsa
Mark Yakovlevich Azbel (Russian: Марк Яковлевич Азбель; 12 May 1932 — 31 March 2020) was a Soviet and Israeli physicist. He was a member of the American Physical Society.
Between 1956 and 1958, he experimentally demonstrated cyclotron resonance in metals, and worked out its theoretical basis.
Azbel's 1964 analysis of Bloch electrons in a magnetic field contained ideas which were prescient of both the renormalization group and (though he did not make this explicit) the possibility of a fractal that was eventually discovered by Douglas Hofstadter and later called Hofstadter's butterfly.
Biography
Azbel was born in 1932, in Kharkiv (at the time, in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic) to a family of physicians. From 1941, aged 9 to 12, he and his family lived under wartime evacuation in (Siberia).
In 1944, the family returned to Kharkiv. In 1948 Azbel graduated from high school and in the same year entered the National University of Kharkiv. After graduation, he taught mathematics at evening school.
In 1958, he defended his doctorate (Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences) under the supervision of Lev Landau and Pyotr Kapitsa. In 1964 he began working at Moscow State University and concurrently as a section chair at the Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics.
In 1972, Azbel applied for emigration from the Soviet Union to Israel, and in 1973 (a full four years before leaving the Soviet Union) was appointed a lecturer at Tel Aviv University, where he initially gave his lectures by telephone.
Having been refused exit permission from the Soviet Union, he participated in the movement of refuseniks in the USSR in the mid-seventies. Azbel finally emigrated from the USSR in 1977 and was appointed Professor at Tel Aviv University. He lived mainly in Israel until his death in 2020.
Scientific contributions
Azbel was a theoretical physicist. His areas of study included the quantum physics of electrons in metals, and he made the first prediction of cyclotron resonance in metals, now widely known as the Azbel-Kaner resonance.
In an important 1964 article, Azbel made conjectures about the nature of the Harper spectrum which contributed to the discovery of the Hofstadter butterfly in 1974.
Works
Mark Azbel (1981). Refusenik, trapped in the Soviet Union. Forbes, Grace Pierce. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-30226-9. OCLC 6735540.
Electron Theory of Metals. Ilia M. Lifshits, Mark Ya. Azbel, Moisei I. Kaganov. Consultants Bureau. 1973. ISBN 9780306108730. OCLC 797018485.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
Azbel, M. Ya. (1964). "Energy Spectrum of a Conduction Electron in a Magnetic Field". Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics. 19 (3): 634–645.
Awards and Prizes
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Lomonosov Prize, 1966
Lomonosov Prize, 1968
Landau Prize, Israel, 1989
Humboldt Prize, Germany, 2001
References
^ В Израиле умер известный физик Марк Азбель
^ Развёрнутая программа спецкурса «Динамические свойства магнитных материалов»
^ Theory of Cyclotron Resonance in Metals
^ Jenö Sólyom «Fundamentals of the Physics of Solids: Volume II: Electronic Properties»
^ Azbel – Kaner Cyclotron Resonance
^ Rudolf Herrmann, Uwe Preppernau «Elektronen im Kristall»
^ История Полтавы
^ Статьи, публикуемые на сайте УФН
^ Professor Mark Azbel
^ Refusenik, trapped in the Soviet Union / Mark Ya. Azbel; edited by Grace Pierce Forbes. Boston: Houghton Mifflin co., 1981, ISBN 0-395-30226-9
^ Education: Physics by Phone
^ Azbel, Mark. "Energy Spectrum of a Conduction Electron in a Magnetic Field". Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics. 19: 634.
^ Satija, Indubala I., 1952- (6 September 2016). Butterfly in the quantum world : the story of the most fascinating quantum fractal. Hofstadter, Douglas R., 1945-, Morgan & Claypool Publishers,, Institute of Physics (Great Britain). San Rafael (40 Oak Drive, San Rafael, CA, 94903, USA). ISBN 978-1-68174-117-8. OCLC 957689639.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
External links
Институт теоретической физики им. Ландау
Первый эксперимент: переписка и обсуждение. Де-Бройль, Леонтович, Фабрикант, Азбель, Сахаров
Физик, хам, антисоветчик
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
Germany
Israel
United States
Latvia
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Academics
CiNii
MathSciNet
Other
Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"American Physical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Physical_Society"},{"link_name":"cyclotron resonance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclotron_resonance"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"fractal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal"},{"link_name":"Douglas Hofstadter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Hofstadter"},{"link_name":"Hofstadter's butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofstadter%27s_butterfly"}],"text":"Mark Yakovlevich Azbel (Russian: Марк Яковлевич Азбель; 12 May 1932 — 31 March 2020) was a Soviet and Israeli physicist.[2] He was a member of the American Physical Society.Between 1956 and 1958, he experimentally demonstrated cyclotron resonance in metals, and worked out its theoretical basis.[3][4][5][6]Azbel's 1964 analysis of Bloch electrons in a magnetic field contained ideas which were prescient of both the renormalization group and (though he did not make this explicit) the possibility of a fractal that was eventually discovered by Douglas Hofstadter and later called Hofstadter's butterfly.","title":"Mark Azbel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kharkiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poltava"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"National University of Kharkiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_Kharkiv"},{"link_name":"Lev Landau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Landau"},{"link_name":"Pyotr Kapitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Moscow State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_State_University"},{"link_name":"Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landau_Institute_for_Theoretical_Physics"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University"},{"link_name":"refuseniks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refusenik"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Azbel was born in 1932, in Kharkiv (at the time, in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic) to a family of physicians.[7] From 1941, aged 9 to 12, he and his family lived under wartime evacuation in (Siberia).In 1944, the family returned to Kharkiv. In 1948 Azbel graduated from high school and in the same year entered the National University of Kharkiv. After graduation, he taught mathematics at evening school.In 1958, he defended his doctorate (Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences) under the supervision of Lev Landau and Pyotr Kapitsa.[8][9] In 1964 he began working at Moscow State University and concurrently as a section chair at the Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics.In 1972, Azbel applied for emigration from the Soviet Union to Israel, and in 1973 (a full four years before leaving the Soviet Union) was appointed a lecturer at Tel Aviv University, where he initially gave his lectures by telephone.Having been refused exit permission from the Soviet Union, he participated in the movement of refuseniks in the USSR in the mid-seventies.[10] Azbel finally emigrated from the USSR in 1977 and was appointed Professor at Tel Aviv University.[11] He lived mainly in Israel until his death in 2020.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Hofstadter butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofstadter_butterfly"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Azbel was a theoretical physicist. His areas of study included the quantum physics of electrons in metals, and he made the first prediction of cyclotron resonance in metals, now widely known as the Azbel-Kaner resonance.In an important 1964 article,[12] Azbel made conjectures about the nature of the Harper spectrum which contributed to the discovery of the Hofstadter butterfly in 1974.[13]","title":"Scientific contributions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-395-30226-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-30226-9"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"6735540","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/6735540"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780306108730","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780306108730"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"797018485","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/797018485"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others"}],"text":"Mark Azbel (1981). Refusenik, trapped in the Soviet Union. Forbes, Grace Pierce. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-30226-9. OCLC 6735540.\nElectron Theory of Metals. Ilia M. Lifshits, Mark Ya. Azbel, Moisei I. Kaganov. Consultants Bureau. 1973. ISBN 9780306108730. OCLC 797018485.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)\nAzbel, M. Ya. (1964). \"Energy Spectrum of a Conduction Electron in a Magnetic Field\". Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics. 19 (3): 634–645.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Lomonosov Prize, 1966\nLomonosov Prize, 1968\nLandau Prize, Israel, 1989\nHumboldt Prize, Germany, 2001","title":"Awards and Prizes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Mark Azbel (1981). Refusenik, trapped in the Soviet Union. Forbes, Grace Pierce. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-30226-9. OCLC 6735540.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-30226-9","url_text":"0-395-30226-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6735540","url_text":"6735540"}]},{"reference":"Electron Theory of Metals. Ilia M. Lifshits, Mark Ya. Azbel, Moisei I. Kaganov. Consultants Bureau. 1973. ISBN 9780306108730. OCLC 797018485.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780306108730","url_text":"9780306108730"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/797018485","url_text":"797018485"}]},{"reference":"Azbel, M. Ya. (1964). \"Energy Spectrum of a Conduction Electron in a Magnetic Field\". 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OCLC 957689639.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68174-117-8","url_text":"978-1-68174-117-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/957689639","url_text":"957689639"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6735540","external_links_name":"6735540"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/797018485","external_links_name":"797018485"},{"Link":"http://newsru.co.il/israel/01apr2020/azbel_121.html","external_links_name":"В Израиле умер известный физик Марк Азбель"},{"Link":"http://ferro.phys.msu.ru/study/phys/spets/04-4.html","external_links_name":"Развёрнутая программа спецкурса «Динамические свойства магнитных материалов»"},{"Link":"http://www.jetp.ac.ru/cgi-bin/dn/e_006_06_1126.pdf","external_links_name":"Theory of Cyclotron Resonance in Metals"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=o5Yb7Q2t1qIC&pg=PA263&lpg=PA263&dq=","external_links_name":"Jenö Sólyom «Fundamentals of the Physics of Solids: Volume II: Electronic Properties»"},{"Link":"https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/ebooks/FG/Field-Guide-to-Solid-State-Physics/AzbelKaner-Cyclotron-Resonance/AzbelKaner-Cyclotron-Resonance/10.1117/3.2510243.ch49?SSO=1","external_links_name":"Azbel – Kaner Cyclotron Resonance"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FOOyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA348&lpg=PA348&dq=","external_links_name":"Rudolf Herrmann, Uwe Preppernau «Elektronen im Kristall»"},{"Link":"http://histpol.pl.ua/ru/petrovskij-poltavskij-kadetskij-korpus/personal-ppkk/zakonouchiteli-svyashchennosluzhiteli-ppkk?id=1159","external_links_name":"История Полтавы"},{"Link":"http://www.ufn.ru/ru/authors/azbel_m_ya/","external_links_name":"Статьи, публикуемые на сайте УФН"},{"Link":"http://www2.tau.ac.il/Person/exact/physics/researcher.asp?id=acjgeedec","external_links_name":"Professor Mark Azbel"},{"Link":"http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,907505,00.html","external_links_name":"Education: Physics by Phone"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/957689639","external_links_name":"957689639"},{"Link":"https://www.itp.ac.ru/ru/persons/azbel-mark-yakovlevich/","external_links_name":"Институт теоретической физики им. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Gay_Musical | The Big Gay Musical | ["1 Plot","1.1 Adam and Steve","1.2 Paul and Eddie","2 Partial cast","3 Production","4 Critical response","5 Awards","6 Release","7 Soundtrack","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"] | 2009 American filmThe Big Gay MusicalTheatrical release posterDirected byCasper AndreasFred M. CarusoWritten byFred M. CarusoProduced byFred M. CarusoCasper AndreasJay ArnoldTom D'AngoraMichael DulingEdward Miller (executive)StarringLena HallDaniel RobinsonJoey DuddingJeff MetzlerCasper AndreasPatrick CatneyCinematographyJon FordhamEdited byAlexander HammerMusic byRick CromProductioncompanyBig Gay Musical ProductionsDistributed byEmbrem Entertainment (U.S. DVD)Release date
August 9, 2009 (2009-08-09)
CountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish
The Big Gay Musical is a 2009 gay-themed musical-comedy film written by Fred M. Caruso and co-directed by Caruso and Casper Andreas. The film follows a brief period in the lives of two young actors, one who is openly gay, the other closeted to his parents. The openly gay actor struggles with whether he should be sexually promiscuous or seek a life partner, while the closeted one wonders if he should come out to his conservative, religious parents.
Throughout the film, there are a series of musical numbers with tap dancing angels, a re-telling of the Genesis story, protests from televangelists, and a deprogramming camp that tries to turn gay kids straight. By the end of the film, the characters realize that life would be better if they just accepted themselves the way they are.
Plot
Paul (Daniel Robinson) and Eddie (Joey Dudding) have just begun previews of an Off-Broadway musical titled Adam & Steve: Just the Way God Made 'Em. The movie follows both the storyline of the musical, and the lives of the two main leads.
Adam and Steve
After God expels Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden, he decides to put a gay couple, Adam and Steve, in charge of Eden. Out of spite, Eve writes the Bible to teach the future generations to hate gays. Five thousand years later, Steve is reincarnated in a Christian household and sent to a conversion therapy camp, where he encounters Adam. They feel an instant connection and abandon the camp, accepting themselves as gay men. An angel appears to take them to New York City, where they find their families. God appears to confirm that they are "just the way he made 'em". Their families finally accept them, and God joins their souls forever.
Paul and Eddie
Paul's main conflict is seeking the ideal male partner, and Eddie finds that his religious upbringing conflicts with his homosexuality. Paul is falsely accused of being HIV-positive and his boyfriend dumps him. He becomes disenchanted about monogamy and tries being promiscuous and online dating, but he finds this lifestyle unsatisfying and finds out he craves a loving, stable relationship. He constantly bumps into Charles, a fan that has developed a crush for him. Eventually, Charles wins him over by visiting him at a karaoke bar and serenading him with a love song.
Eddie is closeted to his conservative parents, but after they announce they will attend his opening night, he comes out to them to a chilly reaction. Despite feeling conflicted about Eddie's sexual orientation and the theme of the show, they decide to attend anyway. Watching the show they have a change of heart and come to accept the fact that Eddie is gay.
At the end of the opening show, Charles presents Paul with flowers and they kiss, starting a relationship, and Eddie's parents make amends with him.
Partial cast
Lena Hall as Wife / Eve
Daniel Robinson as Paul / Adam
Joey Dudding as Eddie / Steve
Jeff Metzler as David
Casper Andreas as Usher
Liz McCartney as Patty-Maye
Edward Miller as Stage Manager
Brian Spitulnik as Michael
Andre Ward as Jose
Steve Hayes as God
Jim Newman as Bruce
John Hillner as Benny
Michael Schiffman as Charles
Marty Thomas as Dorothy
Kate Pazakis as herself
Michael Musto as himself
Jack Aaronson as himself
Brent Corrigan as Hustler
Rick Crom as Drunk
Production
The directors chose to cast openly gay Broadway actors for all the film's key roles. Principle filming began October 24, 2008. Cast includes theatre veterans, Liz McCartney, Jim Newman, Joey Dudding, Marty Thomas, Andre Ward, Daniel Robinson, Jeff Metzler, Brian Spitulnik, Josh Cruz, Lena Hall and Steve Hayes, and features the choreography of Shea Sullivan with songs written by Rick Crom. It was the first feature film for stage actors Daniel Robinson and Joey Dudding. The two leads were at first concerned with the manner in which sex scenes were to be handled in the film, with Robinson originally turning down the role. He is reported as stating, "It was a little too over the top for me. I wasn't comfortable with the sex scene and the nudity. It was too nude and gay for me." He expanded, "A huge reason why I didn't take the film in the first place was that I didn't want to be seen as a gay actor. Big Gay Musical was like putting a tattoo on my body." He eventually decided the film was a good opportunity, and in looking back on the production, acknowledged that the sex scene "was harder to read than to do." Another of his early concerns were fears about having his naked body exposed on film forever. Robinson and Dudding both offered that the most difficult aspect to their respective roles was portraying two different characters with different story lines and motivations within the same film.
Critical response
In speaking about the film, Variety wrote of one of the film's many segments, and made special note of one dealing with Genesis, by writing that "Seldom has blasphemy been so entertaining, and if only Caruso were capable of sustaining such wit (and energy, as agile lensing and editing keep things lively), the movie could have stuck to documenting his stage show." They expanded on flaws by writing "subsequent numbers stall, with lame caricatures of Tammy Faye Bakker and long stretches at an ex-gay conversion camp offset by an eye-candy male cast parading about in hot pants and angel wings." The added that to the film's credit, "the directors insisted on casting openly gay Broadway actors in all the key roles, trading the usual daytime-soap-caliber cast of equivalently low-budget, L.A.-produced gay fare for multitalents with real singing and dancing chops." They concluded that the film was "more than adequate for festival and DVD consumption."
After Elton shared that the film's structure is "a little unusual" in that after the prologue the film opens with "a rather extended musical and dance number from a preview performance of a stage play, Adam & Steve Just the Way God Made Em, which tells the story of the Bible from a decidedly gay perspective." They called the film "a surprisingly pleasant romp," writing that "this little gay musical has what seems to be about two full months of flawless preview performances!"
New York Cool reviewer Frank J. Avella wrote that his first response was negative, but when he read of the involvement of Casper Andreas in the project he became more interested in the film and learned, contrary to his original impression, "no one breaks into song without a good reason." Avella made special note of how the storyline revolves around the players and cast of the stageplay Adam and Steve Just the Way God Made Them, a musical production within the film itself which presents the Genesis creation narrative from a gay perspective. He wrote "The film continuously and cleverly returns to the stage show, using it as a framing device of sorts" as a means to underscore the film's greater story of acceptance-of-self. In summarizing, the reviewer offered that "production values are terrific and the ensemble is, for the most part, admirable". He wrote that Daniel Robinson was "quite impressive" and his slut song "brings down the house", but expanded that Joey Dudding playing a "sweet and sensitive Eddie" truly moves the audience by giving an accurate portrayal of a guy on the cusp of coming out.
Awards
Merlinka festival International Queer Film Festival, Belgrade Serbia - Best Queer Film
Release
The film first screened July 20, 2009, at the Philadelphia Q Fest and had its official theatrical premiere August 9, 2009, in Provincetown, Massachusetts, before screenings at multiple LGBT film festivals through 2009 and 2010.
Soundtrack
The soundtrack of the film was scheduled for release on July 14, 2009. The CD includes all the original music from the film as well as some contemporary tracks that were also featured in the movie.
The songs featured in the soundtrack were written by Rick Crom, Fred M. Caruso and Jack Aaronson.
1, "Overture"
2, "Creation"
3, "The Party Isn't Over"
4, "Eve's Lament"
5, "Christian Medley"
6, "I Will Change"
7, "I Wanna Be a Slut"
8, "I'm Gonna Go Straight"
9, "Someone to Sing Me a Love Song"
10, "Musical Theatre Love"
11, "Someone Up There"
12, "God Loves Gays"
13, "As I AM"
14, "Finale"
15, "I Am Alone"
References
^ a b c Debruge, Peter (January 17, 2010). "review: The Big Gay Musical". Variety. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
^ a b Gans, Andrew (October 23, 2008). "McCartney, Newman, Thomas, Ward and More Cast in "The Big Gay Musical" Film". Playbill. Archived from the original on October 6, 2012. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
^ a b c staff (October 23, 2008). "Filming Begins on New Feature Film BIG GAY MUSICAL Featuring Broadway Stars". Broadway World. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
^ "Iris Prize Festival". Western Mail. October 2, 2009. Six new feature films are being screened as part of this year's Iris Prize Festival, which celebrates the best in gay and lesbian film from around the world. Leading actors and directors will be travelling to Cardiff to introduce each screening. One of the films, as voted for by the Friends of Iris, will also walk away with pounds 1,000. These are the offerings...The Big Gay Musical (European Premiere) Cineworld - October 9
^ a b c d Avella, Frank J. (September 17, 2009). "The Big Gay Musical". New York Cool. Archived from the original on June 6, 2012. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
^ a b Hartinger, Brent. ""The Big Gay Musical" Deserves to Take a Bow". October 8, 2009. After Elton. Retrieved March 29, 2013.
^ a b c Kramer, Gary (1 April 2010). "The Big Gay Musical Comes to DVD". San Francisco Bay Times. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
^ Gans, Andrew (August 9, 2009). "Big Gay Musical Premieres in Provincetown". Playbill. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
^ Bacalzo, Dan (April 30, 2009). "Big Gay Musical Soundtrack to Be Released July 14". Theater Mania. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
^ staff (May 18, 2009). "THE BIG GAY MUSICAL Soundtrack Released 7/14". Broadway World. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
^ "The Big Gay Musical: Soundtrack Credits". IMDB. imdb.com. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
Further reading
San Vicente, Romeo. "At Last, The Big Gay Musical." San Francisco Bay Times. November 13, 2008. Accessed 01–21–2009.
Lipton, Brian Scott. "Cruz, Hayes, McCartney, Newman, Thomas, Ward, et al. Set for The Big Gay Musical." TheaterMania.com. October 23, 2008. Accessed 01–21–2009.
"At Last, The Big Gay Musical." Gaydar Nation. Archived 2011-10-06 at the Wayback Machine October 4, 2008. Accessed 01–21–2009.
Padva, Gilad. Uses of Nostalgia in Musical Politicization of Homo/Phobic Myths in Were the World Mine, The Big Gay Musical, and Zero Patience. In Padva, Gilad, Queer Nostalgia in Cinema and Pop Culture, pp. 139–172 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, ISBN 978-1-137-26633-0).
External links
Official website
The Big Gay Musical at IMDb
Authority control databases
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Caruso and co-directed by Caruso and Casper Andreas.[1][2][3][4] The film follows a brief period in the lives of two young actors, one who is openly gay, the other closeted to his parents. The openly gay actor struggles with whether he should be sexually promiscuous or seek a life partner, while the closeted one wonders if he should come out to his conservative, religious parents.[5]Throughout the film, there are a series of musical numbers with tap dancing angels, a re-telling of the Genesis story,[6] protests from televangelists, and a deprogramming camp that tries to turn gay kids straight. By the end of the film, the characters realize that life would be better if they just accepted themselves the way they are.[3]","title":"The Big Gay Musical"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Off-Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-Broadway"},{"link_name":"musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theatre"}],"text":"Paul (Daniel Robinson) and Eddie (Joey Dudding) have just begun previews of an Off-Broadway musical titled Adam & Steve: Just the Way God Made 'Em. The movie follows both the storyline of the musical, and the lives of the two main leads.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"conversion therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_therapy"}],"sub_title":"Adam and Steve","text":"After God expels Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden, he decides to put a gay couple, Adam and Steve, in charge of Eden. Out of spite, Eve writes the Bible to teach the future generations to hate gays. Five thousand years later, Steve is reincarnated in a Christian household and sent to a conversion therapy camp, where he encounters Adam. They feel an instant connection and abandon the camp, accepting themselves as gay men. An angel appears to take them to New York City, where they find their families. God appears to confirm that they are \"just the way he made 'em\". Their families finally accept them, and God joins their souls forever.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"homosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality"}],"sub_title":"Paul and Eddie","text":"Paul's main conflict is seeking the ideal male partner, and Eddie finds that his religious upbringing conflicts with his homosexuality. Paul is falsely accused of being HIV-positive and his boyfriend dumps him. He becomes disenchanted about monogamy and tries being promiscuous and online dating, but he finds this lifestyle unsatisfying and finds out he craves a loving, stable relationship. He constantly bumps into Charles, a fan that has developed a crush for him. Eventually, Charles wins him over by visiting him at a karaoke bar and serenading him with a love song.Eddie is closeted to his conservative parents, but after they announce they will attend his opening night, he comes out to them to a chilly reaction. Despite feeling conflicted about Eddie's sexual orientation and the theme of the show, they decide to attend anyway. Watching the show they have a change of heart and come to accept the fact that Eddie is gay.At the end of the opening show, Charles presents Paul with flowers and they kiss, starting a relationship, and Eddie's parents make amends with him.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lena Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lena_Hall"},{"link_name":"Casper Andreas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casper_Andreas"},{"link_name":"John Hillner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Hillner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michael Musto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Musto"},{"link_name":"Brent Corrigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Paul_Lockhart"},{"link_name":"Rick Crom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Crom"}],"text":"Lena Hall as Wife / Eve\nDaniel Robinson as Paul / Adam\nJoey Dudding as Eddie / Steve\nJeff Metzler as David\nCasper Andreas as Usher\nLiz McCartney as Patty-Maye\nEdward Miller as Stage Manager\nBrian Spitulnik as Michael\nAndre Ward as Jose\nSteve Hayes as God\nJim Newman as Bruce\nJohn Hillner as Benny\nMichael Schiffman as Charles\nMarty Thomas as Dorothy\nKate Pazakis as herself\nMichael Musto as himself\nJack Aaronson as himself\nBrent Corrigan as Hustler\nRick Crom as Drunk","title":"Partial cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Variety-1"},{"link_name":"Rick Crom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Crom"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PB1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BWW1-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFBayTimes-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFBayTimes-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFBayTimes-7"}],"text":"The directors chose to cast openly gay Broadway actors for all the film's key roles.[1] Principle filming began October 24, 2008. Cast includes theatre veterans, Liz McCartney, Jim Newman, Joey Dudding, Marty Thomas, Andre Ward, Daniel Robinson, Jeff Metzler, Brian Spitulnik, Josh Cruz, Lena Hall and Steve Hayes, and features the choreography of Shea Sullivan with songs written by Rick Crom.[2][3] It was the first feature film for stage actors Daniel Robinson and Joey Dudding. The two leads were at first concerned with the manner in which sex scenes were to be handled in the film, with Robinson originally turning down the role. He is reported as stating, \"It was a little too over the top for me. I wasn't comfortable with the sex scene[s] and the nudity. It was too nude and gay for me.\" He expanded, \"A huge reason why I didn't take the film in the first place was that I didn't want to be seen as a gay actor. Big Gay Musical was like putting a tattoo on my body.\"[7] He eventually decided the film was a good opportunity, and in looking back on the production, acknowledged that the sex scene \"was harder to read than to do.\"[7] Another of his early concerns were fears about having his naked body exposed on film forever. Robinson and Dudding both offered that the most difficult aspect to their respective roles was portraying two different characters with different story lines and motivations within the same film.[7]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Variety-1"},{"link_name":"After Elton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Elton"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-After_Elton-6"},{"link_name":"Casper Andreas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casper_Andreas"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYC1-5"},{"link_name":"Genesis creation narrative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYC1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYC1-5"}],"text":"In speaking about the film, Variety wrote of one of the film's many segments, and made special note of one dealing with Genesis, by writing that \"Seldom has blasphemy been so entertaining, and if only Caruso were capable of sustaining such wit (and energy, as agile lensing and editing keep things lively), the movie could have stuck to documenting his stage show.\" They expanded on flaws by writing \"subsequent numbers stall, with lame caricatures of Tammy Faye Bakker and long stretches at an ex-gay conversion camp offset by an eye-candy male cast parading about in hot pants and angel wings.\" The added that to the film's credit, \"the directors insisted on casting openly gay Broadway actors in all the key roles, trading the usual daytime-soap-caliber cast of equivalently low-budget, L.A.-produced gay fare for multitalents with real singing and dancing chops.\" They concluded that the film was \"more than adequate for festival and DVD consumption.\"[1]After Elton shared that the film's structure is \"a little unusual\" in that after the prologue the film opens with \"a rather extended musical and dance number from a preview performance of a stage play, Adam & Steve Just the Way God Made Em, which tells the story of the Bible from a decidedly gay perspective.\" They called the film \"a surprisingly pleasant romp,\" writing that \"this little gay musical has what seems to be about two full months of flawless preview performances!\"[6]New York Cool reviewer Frank J. Avella wrote that his first response was negative, but when he read of the involvement of Casper Andreas in the project he became more interested in the film and learned, contrary to his original impression, \"no one breaks into song without a good reason.\"[5] Avella made special note of how the storyline revolves around the players and cast of the stageplay Adam and Steve Just the Way God Made Them, a musical production within the film itself which presents the Genesis creation narrative from a gay perspective. He wrote \"The film continuously and cleverly returns to the stage show, using it as a framing device of sorts\" as a means to underscore the film's greater story of acceptance-of-self. In summarizing, the reviewer offered that \"production values are terrific and the ensemble is, for the most part, admirable\".[5] He wrote that Daniel Robinson was \"quite impressive\" and his slut song \"brings down the house\", but expanded that Joey Dudding playing a \"sweet and sensitive Eddie\" truly moves the audience by giving an accurate portrayal of a guy on the cusp of coming out.[5]","title":"Critical response"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Merlinka festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlinka_festival"}],"text":"Merlinka festival International Queer Film Festival, Belgrade Serbia - Best Queer Film","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Q Fest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_LGBT_events#United_States"},{"link_name":"Provincetown, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincetown,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PB2-8"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"}],"text":"The film first screened July 20, 2009, at the Philadelphia Q Fest and had its official theatrical premiere August 9, 2009, in Provincetown, Massachusetts,[8] before screenings at multiple LGBT film festivals through 2009 and 2010.","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The soundtrack of the film was scheduled for release on July 14, 2009. The CD includes all the original music from the film as well as some contemporary tracks that were also featured in the movie.[9][10]The songs featured in the soundtrack were written by Rick Crom, Fred M. Caruso and Jack Aaronson.[11]1, \"Overture\"\n2, \"Creation\"\n3, \"The Party Isn't Over\"\n4, \"Eve's Lament\"\n5, \"Christian Medley\"\n6, \"I Will Change\"\n7, \"I Wanna Be a Slut\"\n8, \"I'm Gonna Go Straight\"\n\n\n9, \"Someone to Sing Me a Love Song\"\n10, \"Musical Theatre Love\"\n11, \"Someone Up There\"\n12, \"God Loves Gays\"\n13, \"As I AM\"\n14, \"Finale\"\n15, \"I Am Alone\"","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Vicente, Romeo. \"At Last, The Big Gay Musical.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sfbaytimes.com/index.php?sec=article&article_id=9448"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Times"},{"link_name":"Lipton, Brian Scott. \"Cruz, Hayes, McCartney, Newman, Thomas, Ward, et al. Set for The Big Gay Musical.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.theatermania.com/new-york/news/10-2008/cruz-hayes-mccartney-newman-thomas-ward-et-al-set_15955.html"},{"link_name":"\"At Last, The Big Gay Musical.\" Gaydar Nation.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//gaydarradio.com/UserPortal/Article/Detail.aspx?ID=22847&sid=184"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20111006072509/http://gaydarradio.com/UserPortal/Article/Detail.aspx?ID=22847&sid=184"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-137-26633-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-26633-0"}],"text":"San Vicente, Romeo. \"At Last, The Big Gay Musical.\" San Francisco Bay Times. November 13, 2008. Accessed 01–21–2009.\nLipton, Brian Scott. \"Cruz, Hayes, McCartney, Newman, Thomas, Ward, et al. Set for The Big Gay Musical.\" TheaterMania.com. October 23, 2008. Accessed 01–21–2009.\n\"At Last, The Big Gay Musical.\" Gaydar Nation. Archived 2011-10-06 at the Wayback Machine October 4, 2008. Accessed 01–21–2009.\nPadva, Gilad. Uses of Nostalgia in Musical Politicization of Homo/Phobic Myths in Were the World Mine, The Big Gay Musical, and Zero Patience. In Padva, Gilad, Queer Nostalgia in Cinema and Pop Culture, pp. 139–172 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, ISBN 978-1-137-26633-0).","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Debruge, Peter (January 17, 2010). \"review: The Big Gay Musical\". Variety. Retrieved March 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117941896?refcatid=31","url_text":"\"review: The Big Gay Musical\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Gans, Andrew (October 23, 2008). \"McCartney, Newman, Thomas, Ward and More Cast in \"The Big Gay Musical\" Film\". Playbill. Archived from the original on October 6, 2012. Retrieved March 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121006090315/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/122641-McCartney-Newman-Thomas-Ward-and-More-Cast-in-The-Big-Gay-Musical-Film","url_text":"\"McCartney, Newman, Thomas, Ward and More Cast in \"The Big Gay Musical\" Film\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playbill","url_text":"Playbill"},{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/news/article/122641-McCartney-Newman-Thomas-Ward-and-More-Cast-in-The-Big-Gay-Musical-Film","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"staff (October 23, 2008). \"Filming Begins on New Feature Film BIG GAY MUSICAL Featuring Broadway Stars\". Broadway World. Retrieved March 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://broadwayworld.com/article/Filming_Begins_on_New_Feature_Film_BIG_GAY_MUSICAL_Featuring_Broadway_Stars_20081023","url_text":"\"Filming Begins on New Feature Film BIG GAY MUSICAL Featuring Broadway Stars\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iris Prize Festival\". Western Mail. October 2, 2009. Six new feature films are being screened as part of this year's Iris Prize Festival, which celebrates the best in gay and lesbian film from around the world. Leading actors and directors will be travelling to Cardiff to introduce each screening. One of the films, as voted for by the Friends of Iris, will also walk away with pounds 1,000. These are the offerings...The Big Gay Musical (European Premiere) Cineworld - October 9","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_Prize","url_text":"Iris Prize"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Mail_(Wales)","url_text":"Western Mail"}]},{"reference":"Avella, Frank J. (September 17, 2009). \"The Big Gay Musical\". New York Cool. Archived from the original on June 6, 2012. Retrieved March 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120606213128/http://www.newyorkcool.com/archives/2009/September/film-reviews.htm","url_text":"\"The Big Gay Musical\""},{"url":"http://www.newyorkcool.com/archives/2009/September/film-reviews.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hartinger, Brent. \"\"The Big Gay Musical\" Deserves to Take a Bow\". October 8, 2009. After Elton. Retrieved March 29, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afterelton.com/movies/2009/10/big-gay-musical-review","url_text":"\"\"The Big Gay Musical\" Deserves to Take a Bow\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Elton","url_text":"After Elton"}]},{"reference":"Kramer, Gary (1 April 2010). \"The Big Gay Musical Comes to DVD\". San Francisco Bay Times. Retrieved 27 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfbaytimes.com/index.php?sec=article&article_id=12663","url_text":"\"The Big Gay Musical Comes to DVD\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Times","url_text":"San Francisco Bay Times"}]},{"reference":"Gans, Andrew (August 9, 2009). \"Big Gay Musical Premieres in Provincetown\". Playbill. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved March 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130131095223/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/131777-Big_Gay_Musical_Premieres_in_Provincetown_Aug._9","url_text":"\"Big Gay Musical Premieres in Provincetown\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playbill","url_text":"Playbill"},{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/news/article/131777-Big_Gay_Musical_Premieres_in_Provincetown_Aug._9","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bacalzo, Dan (April 30, 2009). \"Big Gay Musical Soundtrack to Be Released July 14\". Theater Mania. Retrieved March 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theatermania.com/new-york-city/news/04-2009/big-gay-musical-soundtrack-to-be-released-july-14_18904.html","url_text":"\"Big Gay Musical Soundtrack to Be Released July 14\""}]},{"reference":"staff (May 18, 2009). \"THE BIG GAY MUSICAL Soundtrack Released 7/14\". Broadway World. Retrieved March 28, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://broadwayworld.com/article/THE_BIG_GAY_MUSICAL_Soundtrack_Released_714_Presale_Begins_518_On_BMG_Site_20090518","url_text":"\"THE BIG GAY MUSICAL Soundtrack Released 7/14\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Big Gay Musical: Soundtrack Credits\". IMDB. imdb.com. Retrieved 28 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1332100/soundtrack?ref_=tt_trv_snd","url_text":"\"The Big Gay Musical: Soundtrack Credits\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117941896?refcatid=31","external_links_name":"\"review: The Big Gay Musical\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121006090315/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/122641-McCartney-Newman-Thomas-Ward-and-More-Cast-in-The-Big-Gay-Musical-Film","external_links_name":"\"McCartney, Newman, Thomas, Ward and More Cast in \"The Big Gay Musical\" Film\""},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/news/article/122641-McCartney-Newman-Thomas-Ward-and-More-Cast-in-The-Big-Gay-Musical-Film","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://broadwayworld.com/article/Filming_Begins_on_New_Feature_Film_BIG_GAY_MUSICAL_Featuring_Broadway_Stars_20081023","external_links_name":"\"Filming Begins on New Feature Film BIG GAY MUSICAL Featuring Broadway Stars\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120606213128/http://www.newyorkcool.com/archives/2009/September/film-reviews.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Big Gay Musical\""},{"Link":"http://www.newyorkcool.com/archives/2009/September/film-reviews.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.afterelton.com/movies/2009/10/big-gay-musical-review","external_links_name":"\"\"The Big Gay Musical\" Deserves to Take a Bow\""},{"Link":"http://www.sfbaytimes.com/index.php?sec=article&article_id=12663","external_links_name":"\"The Big Gay Musical Comes to DVD\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130131095223/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/131777-Big_Gay_Musical_Premieres_in_Provincetown_Aug._9","external_links_name":"\"Big Gay Musical Premieres in Provincetown\""},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/news/article/131777-Big_Gay_Musical_Premieres_in_Provincetown_Aug._9","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.theatermania.com/new-york-city/news/04-2009/big-gay-musical-soundtrack-to-be-released-july-14_18904.html","external_links_name":"\"Big Gay Musical Soundtrack to Be Released July 14\""},{"Link":"http://broadwayworld.com/article/THE_BIG_GAY_MUSICAL_Soundtrack_Released_714_Presale_Begins_518_On_BMG_Site_20090518","external_links_name":"\"THE BIG GAY MUSICAL Soundtrack Released 7/14\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1332100/soundtrack?ref_=tt_trv_snd","external_links_name":"\"The Big Gay Musical: Soundtrack Credits\""},{"Link":"http://www.sfbaytimes.com/index.php?sec=article&article_id=9448","external_links_name":"San Vicente, Romeo. \"At Last, The Big Gay Musical.\""},{"Link":"http://www.theatermania.com/new-york/news/10-2008/cruz-hayes-mccartney-newman-thomas-ward-et-al-set_15955.html","external_links_name":"Lipton, Brian Scott. \"Cruz, Hayes, McCartney, Newman, Thomas, Ward, et al. Set for The Big Gay Musical.\""},{"Link":"http://gaydarradio.com/UserPortal/Article/Detail.aspx?ID=22847&sid=184","external_links_name":"\"At Last, The Big Gay Musical.\" Gaydar Nation."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111006072509/http://gaydarradio.com/UserPortal/Article/Detail.aspx?ID=22847&sid=184","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thebiggaymusical.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1332100/","external_links_name":"The Big Gay Musical"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/3f18f5de-41f1-482c-8319-69771ef77e19","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Maddieson | Ian Maddieson | ["1 Books","2 References","3 External links"] | British-American linguist
Ian MaddiesonBorn (1942-09-01) September 1, 1942 (age 81)Watford, UKNationalityBritishEducationOxford University (BA), University of London (MA) University of California, Los Angeles (PhD)Known forPhonetics, Phonological TypologyScientific careerFieldsPhonetics, Phonology, Linguistic typologyInstitutionsUniversity of California at Berkeley, University of New Mexico, Santa Fe Institute
WebsiteOfficial website
Ian Maddieson (born September 1, 1942 in Watford, United Kingdom) is British-American linguist and professor emeritus of linguistics at the University of New Mexico, in the United States. He has served as Vice-President of the International Phonetic Association, and Secretary of the Association for Laboratory Phonology. Maddieson is best known for his work in phonetics, and phonological typology. He spent most of his academic career at the University of California, Berkeley, where he often collaborated with Peter Ladefoged in describing the patterns of speech sounds in the world's spoken languages.
Books
Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
Based on data from about 400 languages, the book describes the known contrasting phonetic categories, the ways in which the phonemic sounds may differ in human languages.
Maddieson, Ian, Patterns of Sounds,
Cambridge University Press, 1984, ISBN 0-521-26536-3
Cambridge University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-521-11326-7
The book analyzes the frequencies and distributions of the phonemic sounds among languages. The results are based on UPSID (the UCLA Phonological Segment Inventory Database).
References
^ "Personal website".
External links
Ian Maddieson's Homepage at the University of Berkeley
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
France
BnF data
Israel
United States
Australia
Netherlands
Poland
Academics
CiNii
Google Scholar
Other
IdRef
This biography of a United States linguist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Watford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"linguist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics"},{"link_name":"linguistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics"},{"link_name":"University of New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"International Phonetic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Association"},{"link_name":"Association for Laboratory Phonology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Laboratory_Phonology"},{"link_name":"phonetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetics"},{"link_name":"typology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_typology"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"Peter Ladefoged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ladefoged"}],"text":"Ian Maddieson (born September 1, 1942 in Watford, United Kingdom[1]) is British-American linguist and professor emeritus of linguistics at the University of New Mexico, in the United States. He has served as Vice-President of the International Phonetic Association, and Secretary of the Association for Laboratory Phonology. Maddieson is best known for his work in phonetics, and phonological typology. He spent most of his academic career at the University of California, Berkeley, where he often collaborated with Peter Ladefoged in describing the patterns of speech sounds in the world's spoken languages.","title":"Ian Maddieson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ladefoged, Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ladefoged"},{"link_name":"Maddieson, Ian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"The Sounds of the World's Languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sounds_of_the_World%27s_Languages"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-631-19815-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-26536-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-26536-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-11326-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-11326-7"},{"link_name":"UPSID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPSID"},{"link_name":"UCLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA"}],"text":"Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.\nBased on data from about 400 languages, the book describes the known contrasting phonetic categories, the ways in which the phonemic sounds may differ in human languages.\nMaddieson, Ian, Patterns of Sounds,\nCambridge University Press, 1984, ISBN 0-521-26536-3\nCambridge University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-521-11326-7\nThe book analyzes the frequencies and distributions of the phonemic sounds among languages. The results are based on UPSID (the UCLA Phonological Segment Inventory Database).","title":"Books"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ladefoged","url_text":"Ladefoged, Peter"},{"url_text":"Maddieson, Ian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sounds_of_the_World%27s_Languages","url_text":"The Sounds of the World's Languages"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6","url_text":"0-631-19815-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Personal website\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unm.edu/~ianm/bio.html","url_text":"\"Personal website\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.unm.edu/~ianm/pubs.html","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.unm.edu/~ianm/bio.html","external_links_name":"\"Personal website\""},{"Link":"http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/people/fac/maddieson.html","external_links_name":"Ian Maddieson's Homepage at the University of Berkeley"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000116738075","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/75252279","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdWPhMwt4PDdvqyF8XmVC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90116883","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16553342c","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16553342c","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007436737105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84089547","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35653968","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068344953","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810563457905606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00299448?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=WrST9dcAAAAJ","external_links_name":"Google Scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/053909771","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ian_Maddieson&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikonnikov%27s_bat | Ikonnikov's bat | ["1 References"] | Species of bat
Ikonnikov's bat
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Chiroptera
Family:
Vespertilionidae
Genus:
Myotis
Species:
M. ikonnikovi
Binomial name
Myotis ikonnikoviOgnev, 1912
Synonyms
Myotis fujiensis (Imaizumi, 1954)Myotis hosonoi (Imaizumi, 1954)Myotis ozensis (Imaizumi, 1954)Myotis yesoensis (Yoshiyuki, 1984)
Ikonnikov's bat (Myotis ikonnikovi) is a species of vesper bat. An adult Ikonnikov's bat has a body length of 4.2-5.1 cm, a tail of 3.1-4.0 cm, and a wing length of 3.3-3.6 cm. It is found in eastern Siberia, the Ussuri region, Sakhalin, Hokkaido and Honshu (Japan), and the Korean Peninsula.
References
^ Zhigalin, A.; Stubbe, M.; Ariunbold, J.; Buuveibaatar, V.; Dorjderem, S.; Monkhzul, T.; Otgonbaatar, M.; Tsogbadrakh, M. (2020). "Myotis ikonnikovi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T14168A22057122. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T14168A22057122.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
vteSpecies of subfamily Myotinae
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Chiroptera
Family: Vespertilionidae
Subfamily: Myotinae
Myotis
Large-footed bat (M. adversus)
Southern myotis (M. aelleni)
Silver-tipped myotis (M. albescens)
Myotis alcathoe (M. alcathoe)
Szechwan myotis (M. altarium)
Anjouan myotis (M. anjouanensis)
Annamit myotis (M. annamiticus)
M. annatessae
Hairy-faced bat (M. annectans)
Atacama myotis (M. atacamensis)
Peters's myotis (M. ater)
Sir David Attenborough's myotis (M. attenboroughi)
Southwestern myotis (M. auriculus)
Australian myotis (M. australis)
Southeastern myotis (M. austroriparius)
Chestnut myotis (M. badius)
M. bartelsi
Bechstein's bat (M. bechsteinii)
Lesser mouse-eared bat (M. blythii)
Rufous mouse-eared bat (M. bocagii)
Far Eastern myotis (M. bombinus)
Brandt's bat (M. brandtii)
Bocharic myotis (M. bucharensis)
California myotis (M. californicus)
Long-fingered bat (M. capaccinii)
Chilean myotis (M. chiloensis)
Large myotis (M. chinensis)
Western small-footed bat (M. ciliolabrum)
Guatemalan myotis (M. cobanensis)
Cryptic myotis (Myotis crypticus)
Csorba's mouse-eared bat (M. csorbai)
Pond bat (M. dasycneme)
Daubenton's bat (M. daubentonii)
David's myotis (M. davidii)
Kock's mouse-eared bat (M. dieteri)
M. diminutus
Dominican myotis (M. dominicensis)
Elegant myotis (M. elegans)
Geoffroy's bat (M. emarginatus)
M. escalerai
Long-eared myotis (M. evotis)
M. fimbriatus
Findley's myotis (M. findleyi)
M. flavus
Hodgson's bat (M. formosus)
Cinnamon myotis (M. fortidens)
Fraternal myotis (M. frater)
Gomantong myotis (M. gomantongensis)
Malagasy mouse-eared bat (M. goudoti)
Gray bat (M. grisescens)
Armenian whiskered bat (M. hajastanicus)
M. handleyi
Lesser large-footed bat (M. hasseltii)
Herman's myotis (M. hermani)
Horsfield's bat (M. horsfieldii)
M. hyrcanicus
Ikonnikov's bat (M. ikonnikovi)
M. indochinensis
Insular myotis (M. insularum)
M. izecksohni
Hairy-legged myotis (M. keaysi)
Keen's myotis (M. keenii)
Chinese water myotis (M. laniger)
M. lavali
Eastern small-footed myotis (M. leibii)
Yellowish myotis (M. levis)
Kashmir cave bat (M. longipes)
Little brown bat (M. lucifugus)
Eastern long-fingered bat (M. macrodactylus)
M. macropus
Pallid large-footed myotis (M. macrotarsus)
Schwartz's myotis (M. martiniquensis)
Dark-nosed small-footed myotis (M. melanorhinus)
M. midastactus
Maluku myotis (M. moluccarum)
Burmese whiskered bat (M. montivagus)
Morris's bat (M. morrisi)
Wall-roosting mouse-eared bat (M. muricola)
Greater mouse-eared bat (M. myotis)
Whiskered bat (M. mystacinus)
Natterer's bat (M. nattereri)
Curacao myotis (M. nesopolus)
Black myotis (M. nigricans)
Nimba mountain bat (M. nimbaensis)
Nepal myotis (M. nipalensis)
M. nyctor
Arizona myotis (M. occultus)
Singapore whiskered bat (M. oreias)
Montane myotis (M. oxyotus)
Peninsular myotis (M. peninsularis)
Beijing mouse-eared bat (M. pequinius)
Eastern water bat (M. petax)
M. phanluongi
Flat-headed myotis (M. planiceps)
Frosted myotis (M. pruinosus)
Felten's myotis (M. punicus)
Rickett's big-footed bat (M. ricketti)
Ridley's bat (M. ridleyi)
Riparian myotis (M. riparius)
Thick-thumbed myotis (M. rosseti)
Red myotis (M. ruber)
Schaub's myotis (M. schaubi)
Scott's mouse-eared bat (M. scotti)
Northern long-eared bat (M. septentrionalis)
M. sibiricus
Mandelli's mouse-eared bat (M. sicarius)
Himalayan whiskered bat (M. siligorensis)
Velvety myotis (M. simus)
Indiana bat (M. sodalis)
Kei myotis (M. stalkeri)
M. taiwanensis
Fringed myotis (M. thysanodes)
Cape hairy bat (M. tricolor)
Cave myotis (M. velifer)
M. vivesi
Long-legged myotis (M. volans)
Welwitsch's bat (M. welwitschii)
Yanbaru whiskered bat (M. yanbarensis)
Yuma myotis (M. yumanensis)
Zenati myotis (Myotis zenatius)
Submyotodon
S. caliginosus
Taiwan broad-muzzled myotis (S. latirostris)
S. moupinensis
Taxon identifiersMyotis ikonnikovi
Wikidata: Q1830564
Wikispecies: Myotis ikonnikovi
ADW: Myotis_ikonnikovi
BioLib: 34649
BOLD: 12238
EoL: 327591
GBIF: 2432431
iNaturalist: 40276
IRMNG: 10940794
ITIS: 632023
IUCN: 14168
MDD: 1005420
MSW: 13802448
NCBI: 155915
Open Tree of Life: 620439
This Vespertilionidae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vesper bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesper_bat"},{"link_name":"Ussuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ussuri"},{"link_name":"Sakhalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakhalin"},{"link_name":"Hokkaido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaido"},{"link_name":"Honshu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honshu"}],"text":"Ikonnikov's bat (Myotis ikonnikovi) is a species of vesper bat. An adult Ikonnikov's bat has a body length of 4.2-5.1 cm, a tail of 3.1-4.0 cm, and a wing length of 3.3-3.6 cm. It is found in eastern Siberia, the Ussuri region, Sakhalin, Hokkaido and Honshu (Japan), and the Korean Peninsula.","title":"Ikonnikov's bat"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Zhigalin, A.; Stubbe, M.; Ariunbold, J.; Buuveibaatar, V.; Dorjderem, S.; Monkhzul, T.; Otgonbaatar, M.; Tsogbadrakh, M. (2020). \"Myotis ikonnikovi\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T14168A22057122. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T14168A22057122.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/14168/22057122","url_text":"\"Myotis ikonnikovi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T14168A22057122.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T14168A22057122.en"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/14168/22057122","external_links_name":"\"Myotis ikonnikovi\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T14168A22057122.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T14168A22057122.en"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Myotis_ikonnikovi/","external_links_name":"Myotis_ikonnikovi"},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id34649","external_links_name":"34649"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=12238","external_links_name":"12238"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/327591","external_links_name":"327591"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2432431","external_links_name":"2432431"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/40276","external_links_name":"40276"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10940794","external_links_name":"10940794"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=632023","external_links_name":"632023"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/14168","external_links_name":"14168"},{"Link":"https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1005420","external_links_name":"1005420"},{"Link":"https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=13802448","external_links_name":"13802448"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=155915","external_links_name":"155915"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=620439","external_links_name":"620439"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ikonnikov%27s_bat&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridericus | Fridericus | ["1 Main cast","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"] | 1937 film
FridericusDirected byJohannes MeyerWritten byWalter von Molo (novel)Erich KröhnkeProduced byHanns OttoStarringOtto GebührHilde KörberLil DagoverCinematographyBruno MondiEdited byFritz C. MauchMusic byMarc RolandProductioncompanyDiana-TonfilmDistributed byNeue Deutsch Lichtspiel-Syndikat VerleihTobis FilmRelease date
8 February 1937 (1937-02-08)
Running time97 minutesCountryGermanyLanguageGerman
Fridericus is a 1937 German historical film directed by Johannes Meyer and starring Otto Gebühr, Hilde Körber and Lil Dagover. It is based on the life of Frederick II of Prussia. It was part of the popular cycle of Prussian films. It was shot at the Halensee Studios in Berlin and on location in Brandenburg. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Otto Erdmann and Hans Sohnle.
Main cast
Otto Gebühr as Friedrich II., König von Preußen
Hilde Körber as Wilhelmine – seine Schwester
Lil Dagover as Marquise de Pompadour
Agnes Straub as Czarina Elisabeth
Käthe Haack as Maria Theresia
Bernhard Minetti as Count Wallis, alias Marquis DuVal
Paul Klinger as von Bonin
Carola Höhn as Louise – seine Frau
Paul Dahlke as Field Marshal von Dessau
Lucie Höflich as Frau Büttner
Wilhelm König as Hans – ihr Sohn – Student
Will Dohm as Baron Warkotsch
Paul Westermeier as Musketeer Mampe
Heinrich Schroth as Capt. von Droste
Alfred Gerasch as Field Marshal Daun
Ernst Schiffner - Austrian Staff-Officer
References
^ BFI.org
^ Waldman p. 208
Bibliography
Waldman, Harry (2008). Nazi Films in America, 1933–1942. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-3861-7.
External links
Fridericus at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Johannes Meyer
Horrido (1924)
The Poacher (1926)
Guilty (1928)
High Treason (1929)
The Blonde Nightingale (1930)
The Rhineland Girl (1930)
The Tiger Murder Case (1930)
Ash Wednesday (1931)
Alarm at Midnight (1931)
Two Heavenly Blue Eyes (1932)
The Fugitive from Chicago (1933)
Goodbye, Beautiful Days (1933)
Happy Days in Aranjuez (1933)
Mary's Start in die Ehe (1933)
The Legacy of Pretoria (1934)
Hangmen, Women and Soldiers (1935)
The Impossible Woman (1936)
Fridericus (1937)
Der singende Tor (1939)
Marriage in Small Doses (1939)
Wild Bird (1943)
Blocked Signals (1948)
I'll Never Forget That Night (1949)
Furioso (1950)
This article related to a German film of the 1930s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"historical film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_film"},{"link_name":"Johannes Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Meyer_(director)"},{"link_name":"Otto Gebühr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Geb%C3%BChr"},{"link_name":"Hilde Körber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilde_K%C3%B6rber"},{"link_name":"Lil Dagover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Dagover"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Frederick II of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Prussian films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_films"},{"link_name":"Halensee Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halensee_Studios"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"on location","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_filming"},{"link_name":"Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"art directors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_director"},{"link_name":"Otto Erdmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Erdmann_(art_director)"},{"link_name":"Hans Sohnle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sohnle"}],"text":"Fridericus is a 1937 German historical film directed by Johannes Meyer and starring Otto Gebühr, Hilde Körber and Lil Dagover.[1] It is based on the life of Frederick II of Prussia.[2] It was part of the popular cycle of Prussian films. It was shot at the Halensee Studios in Berlin and on location in Brandenburg. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Otto Erdmann and Hans Sohnle.","title":"Fridericus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Otto Gebühr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Geb%C3%BChr"},{"link_name":"Friedrich II., König von Preußen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Hilde Körber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilde_K%C3%B6rber"},{"link_name":"Wilhelmine – seine Schwester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmine_of_Prussia,_Margravine_of_Brandenburg-Bayreuth"},{"link_name":"Lil Dagover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Dagover"},{"link_name":"Marquise de Pompadour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_de_Pompadour"},{"link_name":"Agnes Straub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Straub"},{"link_name":"Czarina Elisabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Käthe Haack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4the_Haack"},{"link_name":"Maria Theresia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa"},{"link_name":"Bernhard Minetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Minetti"},{"link_name":"Paul Klinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Klinger"},{"link_name":"Carola Höhn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carola_H%C3%B6hn"},{"link_name":"Paul Dahlke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dahlke_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Field Marshal von Dessau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Moritz_of_Anhalt-Dessau"},{"link_name":"Lucie Höflich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucie_H%C3%B6flich"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm König","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_K%C3%B6nig"},{"link_name":"Will Dohm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Dohm"},{"link_name":"Paul Westermeier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Westermeier"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Schroth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schroth"},{"link_name":"Alfred Gerasch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Gerasch"},{"link_name":"Field Marshal Daun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Leopold_Joseph_von_Daun"},{"link_name":"Ernst Schiffner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Schiffner"}],"text":"Otto Gebühr as Friedrich II., König von Preußen\nHilde Körber as Wilhelmine – seine Schwester\nLil Dagover as Marquise de Pompadour\nAgnes Straub as Czarina Elisabeth\nKäthe Haack as Maria Theresia\nBernhard Minetti as Count Wallis, alias Marquis DuVal\nPaul Klinger as von Bonin\nCarola Höhn as Louise – seine Frau\nPaul Dahlke as Field Marshal von Dessau\nLucie Höflich as Frau Büttner\nWilhelm König as Hans – ihr Sohn – Student\nWill Dohm as Baron Warkotsch\nPaul Westermeier as Musketeer Mampe\nHeinrich Schroth as Capt. von Droste\nAlfred Gerasch as Field Marshal Daun\nErnst Schiffner - Austrian Staff-Officer","title":"Main cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7864-3861-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3861-7"}],"text":"Waldman, Harry (2008). Nazi Films in America, 1933–1942. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-3861-7.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Waldman, Harry (2008). Nazi Films in America, 1933–1942. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-3861-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3861-7","url_text":"978-0-7864-3861-7"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090207035746/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/62067","external_links_name":"BFI.org"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0136208/","external_links_name":"Fridericus"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fridericus&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Moakler | Steve Moakler | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Discography","3.1 Studio albums","3.2 Music videos","4 References"] | American singer-songwriter
Steve Moakler
Background informationBornNew JerseyOriginBethel Park, PennsylvaniaGenresCountryLabelsCreative NationWebsitewww.stevemoakler.comMusical artist
Steve Moakler is an American country musician and songwriter from Bethel Park, Pennsylvania, now based in Nashville, Tennessee. He has released five studio albums and has written songs for Nashville recording artists including Dierks Bentley's single "Riser."
Early life
His mother was a nurse and his father an architect. His father's stereo and record collection inspired Moakler, who started playing guitar and writing songs at age 14, and forming his first band in middle school. He played throughout Pittsburgh during his high school years. He graduated from Bethel Park High School in 2006 and turned down an independent record deal to move to Nashville.
Moakler attended Belmont University in Nashville, taking classes during the week and playing shows on the weekends. After two years he left school to focus full-time on his music career.
Career
After moving to Nashville, Moakler began co-writing with songwriters such as Gordie Sampson, Barry Dean, and Luke Laird. He co-wrote Dierks Bentley's 2015 single "Riser," which Bentley states he built his album around. Moakler's songs have also been recorded by Reba McEntire, Ashley Monroe, Jake Owen, Ben Rector, and others.
As a performer and recording artist, Moakler's work has been praised by Rolling Stone Country as "thoughtful singer-songwriter fare in the blue-collar vein." His first record, All the Faint Lights, was self-published. In 2011 he formed his own label, Free the Birds, and released two more albums independently, Watching Time Run and Wide Open. The label also used the money raised to combat sex trafficking. In 2014, Beth Laird of Creative Nation sought out Moakler and retained him under management. In 2016, he worked with Creative Nation producer Luke Laird on a self-titled EP, whose songs made up the first half of his 2017 album, Steel Town. Moakler says the latter album was inspired by his upbringing in Pittsburgh. It has been called a more personal album, as well as his "most country" album. The first single, "Suitcase," became his first radio hit and first music video. The second single was "Love Drunk," followed by a third single, "Wheels." Moakler released his fifth album, Born Ready, in 2018. The album has been critically acclaimed, with Bobby Moore praising its "pop gems that clear the barrier between Americana and the country charts."
Moakler has been named an artist to watch by numerous outlets, including Rolling Stone Country, Spotify, and Taste of Country. He has been heavily promoted by SiriusXM’s senior director of programming J.R. Schumann on station “The Highway.” The station also had him open their inaugural “The Highway Finds Tour.” Moakler made his Grand Ole Opry debut on March 19, 2016. He opened for parts of Dan + Shay's "Obsessed Tour", Old Dominion's "Meat & Candy Tour", Willie Nelson's "God's Problem Child Tour", and Tim McGraw and Faith Hill's "Soul2Soul World Tour". Moakler toured in late 2017 and late 2018 on the "Hometowns and Campgrounds Tour," and he headlined in spring 2018 on the "Born Ready Tour."
Moakler's music has been featured in several movies, TV shows, and commercials. Two of Moakler's songs appeared in the movie October Baby, and two songs also featured in the Netflix show The Ranch. In 2017, Mack Trucks commissioned him to write and perform a song, “Born Ready,” for the release of their Anthem truck series.
Discography
Studio albums
Title
Details
Peak chart positions
USHeat
USIndie
US Country
USFolk
All the Faint Lights
Release date: March 30, 2009
Label: self-released
—
—
—
—
Watching Time Run
Release date: August 30, 2011
Label: Free the Birds
6
31
—
—
Wide Open
Release date: March 18, 2014
Label: Free the Birds
4
37
—
5
Steve Moakler: The Mix Tape
Release date: November 2015
Label: Creative Nation Music
—
—
—
—
Steve Moakler: The EP
Release Date: March 11, 2016
Label: Creative Nation Music
21
—
38
—
Steel Town
Release Date: March 17, 2017
Label: Soundly Music
—
—
—
—
Born Ready
Release Date: June 15, 2018
Label: Creative Nation Music
—
—
—
—
Blue Jeans
Release Date: January 17, 2020
Label: Creative Nation Music
—
—
—
—
Make A Little Room
Release Date: August 12, 2022
Label: Creative Nation Music
—
—
—
—
Music videos
Year
Title
Director
2016
"Suitcase"
Wes Edwards
2017
"Wheels"
Steve Boyle
2017
"Born Ready"
Mark Urmos
References
^ a b c d e f Deitch, Charlie (May 6, 2015). "Bethel Park native Steve Moakler returns to his musical roots". Pittsburgh City Paper. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
^ a b Lendenmuth, Katy (June 15, 2015). "Dierks Bentley Explains Why New Single 'Riser' Is a 'Once In a Career' Song". Billboard. Retrieved 2018-07-20.
^ a b Hoover, Carl (April 16, 2015). "Songs drive Steve Moakler's 'Humble Operations' in Common Grounds Visit". Waco Tribune-Herald. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
^ Farley, Cassie (21 May 2015). "Playing for a Dollar a Day - Steve Moakler Interview". Retrieved 4 December 2015.
^ a b Dukes, Billy (January 7, 2016). "Hot Artists to Watch". Taste of Country.
^ a b c d Reuter, Annie (March 15, 2017). "Steve Moakler's 'Steel Town' is a Personal Album of Roots and Reflection". Sounds like Nashville.
^ Tracy, Brianne (March 17, 2017). "How Steve Moakler's New Album Pays Homage to the Hometown that gave him 'Strength'". People.
^ a b Staff (March 16, 2017). "Steve Moakler's SiriusXM Inaugural 'Highway Finds Tour' Launches Today". Country Music Tattle Tale.
^ a b Staff (February 1, 2016). "10 New Country Artists You Need to Know: Steve Moakler". Rolling Stone Country.
^ Rosokoff, Jacqueline (14 December 2011). "Steve Moakler On The Making Of His Latest Album & Why He's Been Jumping Out Of Planes". TuneCore. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
^ Stephenson, Troy (17 November 2014). "Steve Moakler Inks Management Deal with Creative Nation". MusicRow. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
^ a b c Pierce, Susan (April 6, 2017). "Rising Country Music Star Steve Moakler has Roots of Steel". Times Free Press.
^ a b Manning, Craig (16 March 2017). "Steve Moakler: Steel Town". Chrous.fm.
^ Staff (March 20, 2017). "Steve Moakler's Nostalgic Music Video "Wheels" Premieres Exclusively on CMT". EB Media.
^ Wiggins, Mark (June 18, 2018). "Review: Steve Moakler: Born Ready". Six Shooter Country.
^ Manning, Craig (June 15, 2018). "Review: Steve Moakler - Born Ready". Chorus.fm.
^ Moore, Bobby (June 2018). "Album Review: Steve Moakler - Born Ready". Wide Open Country.
^ Staff. (December 15, 2015). "Spotlight on Country". Spotify.
^ Staff (July 28, 2016). "Billboard's 2016 Nashville Power Players List Revealed". Billboard.
^ Tady, Scott (February 4, 2017). "8 Entertainment Bites". Times Online. Archived from the original on July 30, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
^ Laffer, Lauren (March 22, 2016). "Steve Moakler Makes Grand Ole Opry Debut". Sound like Nashville.
^ "Steve Moakler Debuts Brand New Single 'Suitcase'". For The Country Record. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
^ Staff (March 13, 2017). "10 Questions with Steve Moakler". All Access.
^ Giardina, Courtney (Fall 2017). "Steve Moakler is Heading to his Fans' Backyards". Wide Open Country.
^ Casey, Jim (February 18, 2018). "Steve Moakler: Born Ready Tour". Nashville Country Daily.
^ Whitaker, Sterling (19 November 2015). "Steve Moakler Goes Back in Front of the Mic for 'Suitcase' ". Taste of Country. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
^ Trigger. (October 25, 2016). "Music from Season Two of the Ranch". Saving Country Music.
^ Harris, John (September 12, 2017). "Mack Unveils New Highway Truck". The Morning Call. Archived from the original on July 30, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
^ Pollack, Judann (November 13, 2017). "When Country Wasn't Cool". Adage.com.
^ "Steve Moakler Album & Song Chart History - Heatseekers Albums". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved March 22, 2016.
^ "Steve Moakler Album & Song Chart History - Independent Albums". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved March 22, 2016.
^ "Steve Moakler Album & Song Chart History - Country Albums". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved March 22, 2016.
^ "Steve Moakler Album & Song Chart History - Folk Albums". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved March 22, 2016.
^ "CMT : Videos : Steve Moakler : Suitcase". Country Music Television. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Bethel Park, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethel_Park,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Nashville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Dierks Bentley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dierks_Bentley"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-2"}],"text":"Musical artistSteve Moakler is an American country musician and songwriter from Bethel Park, Pennsylvania, now based in Nashville, Tennessee.[1] He has released five studio albums and has written songs for Nashville recording artists including Dierks Bentley's single \"Riser.\"[2]","title":"Steve Moakler"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wacotrib-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Bethel Park High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethel_Park_High_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Belmont University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"His mother was a nurse and his father an architect. His father's stereo and record collection inspired Moakler,[3] who started playing guitar and writing songs at age 14, and forming his first band in middle school.[1] He played throughout Pittsburgh during his high school years. He graduated from Bethel Park High School in 2006 and turned down an independent record deal to move to Nashville.[1]Moakler attended Belmont University in Nashville, taking classes during the week and playing shows on the weekends. After two years he left school to focus full-time on his music career.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-souldynamic-4"},{"link_name":"Gordie Sampson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordie_Sampson"},{"link_name":"Barry Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Dean_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Luke Laird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Laird"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wacotrib-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"Dierks Bentley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dierks_Bentley"},{"link_name":"Riser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riser_(song)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-2"},{"link_name":"Reba McEntire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reba_McEntire"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ashley Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Monroe"},{"link_name":"Jake Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Owen"},{"link_name":"Ben Rector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Rector"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-8"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone_Country"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tunecore-10"},{"link_name":"Creative Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Nation"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Luke Laird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Laird"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-9"},{"link_name":"Spotify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotify"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Taste of Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste_Of_Country"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"SiriusXM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius_XM_Holdings"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-12"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-8"},{"link_name":"Grand Ole Opry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Ole_Opry"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Dan + Shay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_%2B_Shay"},{"link_name":"Old Dominion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_(band)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Willie Nelson's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Tim McGraw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_McGraw"},{"link_name":"Faith Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_Hill"},{"link_name":"Soul2Soul World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul2Soul:_The_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tasteofcountry-26"},{"link_name":"October Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Baby"},{"link_name":"The Ranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ranch_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Mack Trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Trucks"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"After moving to Nashville, Moakler began co-writing with songwriters[4] such as Gordie Sampson, Barry Dean, and Luke Laird.[1][3][5][6] He co-wrote Dierks Bentley's 2015 single \"Riser,\" which Bentley states he built his album around.[2] Moakler's songs have also been recorded by Reba McEntire,[7] Ashley Monroe, Jake Owen, Ben Rector, and others.[8]As a performer and recording artist, Moakler's work has been praised by Rolling Stone Country as \"thoughtful singer-songwriter fare in the blue-collar vein.\"[9] His first record, All the Faint Lights, was self-published. In 2011 he formed his own label, Free the Birds, and released two more albums independently, Watching Time Run and Wide Open. The label also used the money raised to combat sex trafficking.[10] In 2014, Beth Laird of Creative Nation sought out Moakler and retained him under management.[11] In 2016, he worked with Creative Nation producer Luke Laird on a self-titled EP, whose songs made up the first half of his 2017 album, Steel Town.[6] Moakler says the latter album was inspired by his upbringing in Pittsburgh.[12] It has been called a more personal album,[1][6] as well as his \"most country\" album.[13][14] The first single, \"Suitcase,\" became his first radio hit and first music video.[6] The second single was \"Love Drunk,\" followed by a third single, \"Wheels.\"[13] Moakler released his fifth album, Born Ready, in 2018. The album has been critically acclaimed,[15][16] with Bobby Moore praising its \"pop gems that clear the barrier between Americana and the country charts.\"[17]Moakler has been named an artist to watch by numerous outlets,[12] including Rolling Stone Country,[9] Spotify,[18] and Taste of Country.[5] He has been heavily promoted by SiriusXM’s senior director of programming J.R. Schumann[19] on station “The Highway.” The station also had him open their inaugural “The Highway Finds Tour.”[12][20][8] Moakler made his Grand Ole Opry debut on March 19, 2016.[21] He opened for parts of Dan + Shay's \"Obsessed Tour\", Old Dominion's \"Meat & Candy Tour\",[22] Willie Nelson's \"God's Problem Child Tour\", and Tim McGraw and Faith Hill's \"Soul2Soul World Tour\".[23] Moakler toured in late 2017 and late 2018 on the \"Hometowns and Campgrounds Tour,\"[24] and he headlined in spring 2018 on the \"Born Ready Tour.\"[25]Moakler's music has been featured in several movies, TV shows, and commercials.[26] Two of Moakler's songs appeared in the movie October Baby, and two songs also featured in the Netflix show The Ranch.[27] In 2017, Mack Trucks commissioned him to write and perform a song, “Born Ready,” for the release of their Anthem truck series.[28][29]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Music videos","title":"Discography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Deitch, Charlie (May 6, 2015). \"Bethel Park native Steve Moakler returns to his musical roots\". Pittsburgh City Paper. Retrieved 4 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pghcitypaper.com/pittsburgh/bethel-park-native-steve-moakler-returns-to-his-musical-roots/Content?oid=1822754","url_text":"\"Bethel Park native Steve Moakler returns to his musical roots\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_City_Paper","url_text":"Pittsburgh City Paper"}]},{"reference":"Lendenmuth, Katy (June 15, 2015). \"Dierks Bentley Explains Why New Single 'Riser' Is a 'Once In a Career' Song\". Billboard. Retrieved 2018-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/country/6598030/dierks-bentley-riser-new-single","url_text":"\"Dierks Bentley Explains Why New Single 'Riser' Is a 'Once In a Career' Song\""}]},{"reference":"Hoover, Carl (April 16, 2015). \"Songs drive Steve Moakler's 'Humble Operations' in Common Grounds Visit\". Waco Tribune-Herald. Retrieved 4 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wacotrib.com/entertainment/accesswaco/music/songs-drive-steve-moakler-s-humble-operations-in-common-grounds/article_fdfc5fea-b44b-5afc-a9b4-ff1e47d6b8eb.html","url_text":"\"Songs drive Steve Moakler's 'Humble Operations' in Common Grounds Visit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waco_Tribune-Herald","url_text":"Waco Tribune-Herald"}]},{"reference":"Farley, Cassie (21 May 2015). \"Playing for a Dollar a Day - Steve Moakler Interview\". Retrieved 4 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thesouldynamic.com/playing-for-a-dollar-a-day-steve-moakler-interview/","url_text":"\"Playing for a Dollar a Day - Steve Moakler Interview\""}]},{"reference":"Dukes, Billy (January 7, 2016). \"Hot Artists to Watch\". Taste of Country.","urls":[{"url":"http://tasteofcountry.com/steve-moakler-hot-artists-to-watch-2016/","url_text":"\"Hot Artists to Watch\""}]},{"reference":"Reuter, Annie (March 15, 2017). \"Steve Moakler's 'Steel Town' is a Personal Album of Roots and Reflection\". Sounds like Nashville.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soundslikenashville.com/music/steve-moaklers-steel-town-is-a-personal-album-of-roots-and-reflection/","url_text":"\"Steve Moakler's 'Steel Town' is a Personal Album of Roots and Reflection\""}]},{"reference":"Tracy, Brianne (March 17, 2017). \"How Steve Moakler's New Album Pays Homage to the Hometown that gave him 'Strength'\". People.","urls":[{"url":"http://people.com/country/steve-moakler-talks-new-album-steel-town/","url_text":"\"How Steve Moakler's New Album Pays Homage to the Hometown that gave him 'Strength'\""}]},{"reference":"Staff (March 16, 2017). \"Steve Moakler's SiriusXM Inaugural 'Highway Finds Tour' Launches Today\". Country Music Tattle Tale.","urls":[{"url":"http://countrymusictattletale.com/2017/03/16/steve-moaklers-siriusxm-inaugural-highway-finds-tour-launches-today/","url_text":"\"Steve Moakler's SiriusXM Inaugural 'Highway Finds Tour' Launches Today\""}]},{"reference":"Staff (February 1, 2016). \"10 New Country Artists You Need to Know: Steve Moakler\". Rolling Stone Country.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/10-new-country-artists-you-need-to-know-february-2016-20160201/steve-moakler-20160131","url_text":"\"10 New Country Artists You Need to Know: Steve Moakler\""}]},{"reference":"Rosokoff, Jacqueline (14 December 2011). \"Steve Moakler On The Making Of His Latest Album & Why He's Been Jumping Out Of Planes\". TuneCore. Retrieved 4 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tunecore.com/blog/2011/12/steve-moakler.html","url_text":"\"Steve Moakler On The Making Of His Latest Album & Why He's Been Jumping Out Of Planes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TuneCore","url_text":"TuneCore"}]},{"reference":"Stephenson, Troy (17 November 2014). \"Steve Moakler Inks Management Deal with Creative Nation\". MusicRow. Retrieved 4 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicrow.com/2014/11/steve-moakler-inks-management-deal-with-creative-nation/","url_text":"\"Steve Moakler Inks Management Deal with Creative Nation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MusicRow","url_text":"MusicRow"}]},{"reference":"Pierce, Susan (April 6, 2017). \"Rising Country Music Star Steve Moakler has Roots of Steel\". Times Free Press.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/chattanooganow/music/story/2017/apr/06/steve-moakler-country-music-roots-steel/421220/","url_text":"\"Rising Country Music Star Steve Moakler has Roots of Steel\""}]},{"reference":"Manning, Craig (16 March 2017). \"Steve Moakler: Steel Town\". Chrous.fm.","urls":[{"url":"https://chorus.fm/review/steve-moakler-steel-town/","url_text":"\"Steve Moakler: Steel Town\""}]},{"reference":"Staff (March 20, 2017). \"Steve Moakler's Nostalgic Music Video \"Wheels\" Premieres Exclusively on CMT\". EB Media.","urls":[{"url":"http://ebmediapr.com/news/steve-moakler%E2%80%99s-nostalgic-music-video-%E2%80%9Cwheels%E2%80%9D-premieres-exclusively-cmt","url_text":"\"Steve Moakler's Nostalgic Music Video \"Wheels\" Premieres Exclusively on CMT\""}]},{"reference":"Wiggins, Mark (June 18, 2018). \"Review: Steve Moakler: Born Ready\". Six Shooter Country.","urls":[{"url":"http://sixshootercountry.com/2018/06/18/steve-moakler-born-ready-album-review/","url_text":"\"Review: Steve Moakler: Born Ready\""}]},{"reference":"Manning, Craig (June 15, 2018). \"Review: Steve Moakler - Born Ready\". Chorus.fm.","urls":[{"url":"https://chorus.fm/review/steve-moakler-born-ready/","url_text":"\"Review: Steve Moakler - Born Ready\""}]},{"reference":"Moore, Bobby (June 2018). \"Album Review: Steve Moakler - Born Ready\". Wide Open Country.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wideopencountry.com/review-steve-moakler-sings-for-the-working-man-on-born-ready/","url_text":"\"Album Review: Steve Moakler - Born Ready\""}]},{"reference":"Staff. (December 15, 2015). \"Spotlight on Country\". Spotify.","urls":[{"url":"https://open.spotify.com/user/spotlight_country/playlist/6S1nxwPrsSdnp9gsavISrA","url_text":"\"Spotlight on Country\""}]},{"reference":"Staff (July 28, 2016). \"Billboard's 2016 Nashville Power Players List Revealed\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/country/7453261/2016-billboard-nashville-power-players-list","url_text":"\"Billboard's 2016 Nashville Power Players List Revealed\""}]},{"reference":"Tady, Scott (February 4, 2017). \"8 Entertainment Bites\". Times Online. Archived from the original on July 30, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180730202522/http://www.timesonline.com/49f51386-e72f-11e6-b2cb-0781f54596fc.html","url_text":"\"8 Entertainment Bites\""},{"url":"http://www.timesonline.com/49f51386-e72f-11e6-b2cb-0781f54596fc.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Laffer, Lauren (March 22, 2016). \"Steve Moakler Makes Grand Ole Opry Debut\". Sound like Nashville.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soundslikenashville.com/news/steve-moakler-makes-grand-ole-opry-debut/","url_text":"\"Steve Moakler Makes Grand Ole Opry Debut\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steve Moakler Debuts Brand New Single 'Suitcase'\". For The Country Record. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208161143/http://forthecountryrecord.com/2015/11/22/steve-moakler-debuts-brand-new-single-suitcase/","url_text":"\"Steve Moakler Debuts Brand New Single 'Suitcase'\""},{"url":"http://forthecountryrecord.com/2015/11/22/steve-moakler-debuts-brand-new-single-suitcase/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Staff (March 13, 2017). \"10 Questions with Steve Moakler\". All Access.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allaccess.com/country/10-questions/archive/26047/10-questions-with-steve-moakler","url_text":"\"10 Questions with Steve Moakler\""}]},{"reference":"Giardina, Courtney (Fall 2017). \"Steve Moakler is Heading to his Fans' Backyards\". Wide Open Country.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wideopencountry.com/steve-moakler-hometowns-campgrounds-tour/","url_text":"\"Steve Moakler is Heading to his Fans' Backyards\""}]},{"reference":"Casey, Jim (February 18, 2018). \"Steve Moakler: Born Ready Tour\". Nashville Country Daily.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nashcountrydaily.com/2018/02/14/steve-moakler-born-ready-tour/","url_text":"\"Steve Moakler: Born Ready Tour\""}]},{"reference":"Whitaker, Sterling (19 November 2015). \"Steve Moakler Goes Back in Front of the Mic for 'Suitcase' [Exclusive Premiere]\". Taste of Country. Retrieved 4 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tasteofcountry.com/steve-moakler-suitcase/","url_text":"\"Steve Moakler Goes Back in Front of the Mic for 'Suitcase' [Exclusive Premiere]\""}]},{"reference":"Trigger. (October 25, 2016). \"Music from Season Two of the Ranch\". Saving Country Music.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.savingcountrymusic.com/the-music-from-season-2-of-the-ranch-on-netflix/","url_text":"\"Music from Season Two of the Ranch\""}]},{"reference":"Harris, John (September 12, 2017). \"Mack Unveils New Highway Truck\". The Morning Call. Archived from the original on July 30, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170928/http://www.mcall.com/business/manufacturing/mc-biz-mack-unveils-new-highway-truck-20170912-story.html","url_text":"\"Mack Unveils New Highway Truck\""},{"url":"http://www.mcall.com/business/manufacturing/mc-biz-mack-unveils-new-highway-truck-20170912-story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pollack, Judann (November 13, 2017). \"When Country Wasn't Cool\". Adage.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://adage.com/article/cmo-strategy/country-cool/311272/","url_text":"\"When Country Wasn't Cool\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steve Moakler Album & Song Chart History - Heatseekers Albums\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved March 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/steven-moakler/chart-history/heatseekers-albums","url_text":"\"Steve Moakler Album & Song Chart History - Heatseekers Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Steve Moakler Album & Song Chart History - Independent Albums\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved March 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/steven-moakler/chart-history/independent-albums","url_text":"\"Steve Moakler Album & Song Chart History - Independent Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Steve Moakler Album & Song Chart History - Country Albums\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved March 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/steven-moakler/chart-history/country-albums","url_text":"\"Steve Moakler Album & Song Chart History - Country Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Steve Moakler Album & Song Chart History - Folk Albums\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved March 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/steven-moakler/chart-history/folk-albums","url_text":"\"Steve Moakler Album & Song Chart History - Folk Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"\"CMT : Videos : Steve Moakler : Suitcase\". Country Music Television. Retrieved October 8, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cmt.com/videos/steve-moakler/1560841/suitcase.jhtml","url_text":"\"CMT : Videos : Steve Moakler : Suitcase\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Music_Television","url_text":"Country Music Television"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.stevemoakler.com/","external_links_name":"www.stevemoakler.com"},{"Link":"http://www.pghcitypaper.com/pittsburgh/bethel-park-native-steve-moakler-returns-to-his-musical-roots/Content?oid=1822754","external_links_name":"\"Bethel Park native Steve Moakler returns to his musical roots\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/country/6598030/dierks-bentley-riser-new-single","external_links_name":"\"Dierks Bentley Explains Why New Single 'Riser' Is a 'Once In a Career' Song\""},{"Link":"https://www.wacotrib.com/entertainment/accesswaco/music/songs-drive-steve-moakler-s-humble-operations-in-common-grounds/article_fdfc5fea-b44b-5afc-a9b4-ff1e47d6b8eb.html","external_links_name":"\"Songs drive Steve Moakler's 'Humble Operations' in Common Grounds Visit\""},{"Link":"http://www.thesouldynamic.com/playing-for-a-dollar-a-day-steve-moakler-interview/","external_links_name":"\"Playing for a Dollar a Day - Steve Moakler Interview\""},{"Link":"http://tasteofcountry.com/steve-moakler-hot-artists-to-watch-2016/","external_links_name":"\"Hot Artists to Watch\""},{"Link":"http://www.soundslikenashville.com/music/steve-moaklers-steel-town-is-a-personal-album-of-roots-and-reflection/","external_links_name":"\"Steve Moakler's 'Steel Town' is a Personal Album of Roots and Reflection\""},{"Link":"http://people.com/country/steve-moakler-talks-new-album-steel-town/","external_links_name":"\"How Steve Moakler's New Album Pays Homage to the Hometown that gave him 'Strength'\""},{"Link":"http://countrymusictattletale.com/2017/03/16/steve-moaklers-siriusxm-inaugural-highway-finds-tour-launches-today/","external_links_name":"\"Steve Moakler's SiriusXM Inaugural 'Highway Finds Tour' Launches Today\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/10-new-country-artists-you-need-to-know-february-2016-20160201/steve-moakler-20160131","external_links_name":"\"10 New Country Artists You Need to Know: Steve Moakler\""},{"Link":"http://www.tunecore.com/blog/2011/12/steve-moakler.html","external_links_name":"\"Steve Moakler On The Making Of His Latest Album & Why He's Been Jumping Out Of Planes\""},{"Link":"http://www.musicrow.com/2014/11/steve-moakler-inks-management-deal-with-creative-nation/","external_links_name":"\"Steve Moakler Inks Management Deal with Creative Nation\""},{"Link":"http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/chattanooganow/music/story/2017/apr/06/steve-moakler-country-music-roots-steel/421220/","external_links_name":"\"Rising Country Music Star Steve Moakler has Roots of Steel\""},{"Link":"https://chorus.fm/review/steve-moakler-steel-town/","external_links_name":"\"Steve Moakler: Steel Town\""},{"Link":"http://ebmediapr.com/news/steve-moakler%E2%80%99s-nostalgic-music-video-%E2%80%9Cwheels%E2%80%9D-premieres-exclusively-cmt","external_links_name":"\"Steve Moakler's Nostalgic Music Video \"Wheels\" Premieres Exclusively on CMT\""},{"Link":"http://sixshootercountry.com/2018/06/18/steve-moakler-born-ready-album-review/","external_links_name":"\"Review: Steve Moakler: Born Ready\""},{"Link":"https://chorus.fm/review/steve-moakler-born-ready/","external_links_name":"\"Review: Steve Moakler - Born Ready\""},{"Link":"https://www.wideopencountry.com/review-steve-moakler-sings-for-the-working-man-on-born-ready/","external_links_name":"\"Album Review: Steve Moakler - Born Ready\""},{"Link":"https://open.spotify.com/user/spotlight_country/playlist/6S1nxwPrsSdnp9gsavISrA","external_links_name":"\"Spotlight on Country\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/country/7453261/2016-billboard-nashville-power-players-list","external_links_name":"\"Billboard's 2016 Nashville Power Players List Revealed\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180730202522/http://www.timesonline.com/49f51386-e72f-11e6-b2cb-0781f54596fc.html","external_links_name":"\"8 Entertainment Bites\""},{"Link":"http://www.timesonline.com/49f51386-e72f-11e6-b2cb-0781f54596fc.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.soundslikenashville.com/news/steve-moakler-makes-grand-ole-opry-debut/","external_links_name":"\"Steve Moakler Makes Grand Ole Opry Debut\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208161143/http://forthecountryrecord.com/2015/11/22/steve-moakler-debuts-brand-new-single-suitcase/","external_links_name":"\"Steve Moakler Debuts Brand New Single 'Suitcase'\""},{"Link":"http://forthecountryrecord.com/2015/11/22/steve-moakler-debuts-brand-new-single-suitcase/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.allaccess.com/country/10-questions/archive/26047/10-questions-with-steve-moakler","external_links_name":"\"10 Questions with Steve Moakler\""},{"Link":"https://www.wideopencountry.com/steve-moakler-hometowns-campgrounds-tour/","external_links_name":"\"Steve Moakler is Heading to his Fans' Backyards\""},{"Link":"http://www.nashcountrydaily.com/2018/02/14/steve-moakler-born-ready-tour/","external_links_name":"\"Steve Moakler: Born Ready Tour\""},{"Link":"http://www.tasteofcountry.com/steve-moakler-suitcase/","external_links_name":"\"Steve Moakler Goes Back in Front of the Mic for 'Suitcase' [Exclusive Premiere]\""},{"Link":"https://www.savingcountrymusic.com/the-music-from-season-2-of-the-ranch-on-netflix/","external_links_name":"\"Music from Season Two of the Ranch\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170928/http://www.mcall.com/business/manufacturing/mc-biz-mack-unveils-new-highway-truck-20170912-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Mack Unveils New Highway Truck\""},{"Link":"http://www.mcall.com/business/manufacturing/mc-biz-mack-unveils-new-highway-truck-20170912-story.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://adage.com/article/cmo-strategy/country-cool/311272/","external_links_name":"\"When Country Wasn't Cool\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/steven-moakler/chart-history/heatseekers-albums","external_links_name":"\"Steve Moakler Album & Song Chart History - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lampoon%27s_Van_Wilder:_The_Rise_of_Taj | Van Wilder: The Rise of Taj | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Marketing","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"] | 2006 film by Mort Nathan
National Lampoon's Van Wilder: The Rise of TajTheatrical release posterDirected byMort NathanWritten byDavid Drew GallagherProduced byPeter Abrams Michelle Fox Robert L. LevyKal PennAndrew Panay Elie Samaha Natan ZahaviStarringKal PennCinematographyHubert TaczanowskiEdited byJohn AxnessSherwood JonesMusic byRobert FolkProductioncompaniesMetro-Goldwyn-Mayer Bauer Martinez Entertainment Tapestry Films Myriad PicturesDistributed byMGM Distribution Co.Release date
December 1, 2006 (2006-12-01)
Running time92 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBox office$6.1 million
National Lampoon's Van Wilder: The Rise of Taj (credited as National Lampoon's Van Wilder 2: The Rise of Taj in the film) is a 2006 sequel to the 2002 comedy National Lampoon's Van Wilder starring Kal Penn. Despite the film's title, Ryan Reynolds does not reprise the role of Van Wilder, and the character is absent from the film.
Plot
Taj Badalandabad, the personal assistant to local hero Van Wilder, has just graduated Coolidge College and is now on his way to England's Camford University. Following in the footsteps of his father — he plans not only to obtain a degree, but also to become a member of the exclusive campus Fraternal Guild, the Fox and Hounds. There Taj hopes he to become the next generation of Badalandabads to be aptly nicknamed the "Sultan of Snatch".
However, when Taj arrives at Camford, he is told by Pip Everett, the Earl of Grey, the arrogant leader of the Fox and Hounds, that there had been a mistake and he has actually not been accepted into the Fraternal Guild. Heartbroken, Taj, with his faithful bulldog Ballzac in tow, instead takes the only housing opening available on campus and becomes the "Head of House" for a group of student misfits — Sadie, a gorgeous but foul-mouthed Cockney girl; Seamus, an English-hating Irishman; Gethin, a nerd; and Simon, a kid who rarely talks.
With this band of misfits, Taj considers what Van Wilder would do in the same situation, and in classic "Van" fashion he takes on the challenge to turn the house around. At the campus Society Inaugural Ball, Taj announces to the pompous crowd that he and his housemates are starting their own exclusive society — the Cock and Bulls. In addition, they declare that they will compete in the venerable Hastings Cup, a series of campus academic events and athletic competitions.
Also, as part of his duties, Taj finds out that he will be a history teacher to his new friends and that his teaching supervisor will be Charlotte Higginson, an English beauty who just happens to be dating Pip Everett. Taj is instantly attracted to her. Taj and Charlotte clash over his unconventional teaching methods until she points out that his new friends are in danger of flunking out of school because their grades are so low. Taj takes Charlotte's challenge to heart and starts turning them around — their grades as well as their self-esteem.
Meanwhile, much to the fury of Pip Everett, not only are the Cock and Bulls catching up to the Fox and Hounds in the Hastings Cup, but Taj and Charlotte are spending a lot of time together. Pip sets out to get rid of Taj by attempting to humiliate him at the Royal Literary Ball and later sabotaging Ballzac at the Camford Dog Show, but both backfire and Pip ends up the one embarrassed. Much to Pip's dismay, Taj and Charlotte are clearly falling in love and the Cock and Bulls are moving into a close second behind the Fox and Hounds.
Pip sets up Taj and the Cock and Bulls by planting stolen test exams in their house. The plan works temporarily, and they are about to get expelled until Taj steps up and takes the blame for the theft — on the condition that his team are allowed to stay in school. The Provost agrees to the terms, and Taj has to leave Camford. Angst-ridden, Charlotte tells him she never wants to see him again.
The Cock and Bulls are now left to compete in the final event of the Hastings Cup without their courageous leader. But when Charlotte finds evidence that proves Taj's innocence, she and Taj rush to the Hastings Cup, just in time for him to compete against Pip in the final event — fencing. An angry and vengeful Pip makes sure that the fencing match degenerates into an all-out sword fight, but in the end, Taj defeats him and the Cock and Bulls win the Hastings Cup. Pip gets expelled for planting the exams while Taj and Charlotte happily begin a new life together.
Cast
Kal Penn as Taj
Lauren Cohan as Charlotte
Daniel Percival as Pip
Glen Barry as Seamus
Anthony Cozens as Gethin
Holly Davidson as Sadie
Tom Davey as Percy
William de Coverly as Roger
Steven Rathman as Simon
Amy Steel and Beth Steel as Alexandra and Penelope
Kulvinder Ghir as Taj's Father
Shobu Kapoor as Taj's Mother
Gabriela Modorcea as Taj's Sister
Jonathan Cecil as Provost Cunningham
Marketing
In November 2006, Kal Penn and musicians Art Alexakis of Everclear and Jonny Dubowsky of Jonny Lives! toured college campuses, radio and television stations across the country promoting the film. A month-long 21-date Van Wilder Rock Tour headlined by Everclear and Jonny Lives!, started in January 2007 and ran through the end of February. The tour promoted the film and its soundtrack.
Reception
The film was not a hit with either critics or audiences. It earned just $2.3 million in its opening US weekend. On Rotten Tomatoes it has a 7% rating based on reviews from 44 critics, with the site's consensus stating: "A low-brow comedy, minus the comedy". On Metacritic it has a score of 21% based on reviews from 14 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "C" on scale of A to F.
Dennis Harvey of Variety wrote: "The four-years-in-the-making, badly recycled (not to mention awful) sequel might stain the honor of the Lampoon label if it hadn't already produced several even worse films".
Despite the sequel's poor critical reception and modest box-office success, a third Van Wilder film, National Lampoon's Van Wilder: Freshman Year, was shot in 2008 in Atlanta, Georgia. It was released straight to DVD on June 2, 2009, with mixed reviews.
References
^ a b "National Lampoon's Van Wilder: The Rise of Taj (2006)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
^ Clarke Jr., John (December 3, 2006). "'Van Wilder' takes it on the road". Variety. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
^ Van Wilder: The Rise of Taj at Rotten Tomatoes
^ "Van Wilder 2: The Rise of Taj". Metacritic.
^ "NATIONAL LAMPOON'S VAN WILDER: THE RISE OF TAJ (2006) C". CinemaScore. Archived from the original on 2018-12-20.
^ Harvey, Dennis (December 3, 2006). "National Lampoon's Van Wilder 2: The Rise of Taj". Variety.
^ "Star With Kal Penn In "Van Wilder 3"". www.newfaces.com. Archived from the original on 2008-09-15.
External links
Van Wilder: The Rise of Taj at IMDb
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Van Wilder: The Rise of Taj (2006)
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Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sequel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequel"},{"link_name":"National Lampoon's Van Wilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lampoon%27s_Van_Wilder"},{"link_name":"Kal Penn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal_Penn"},{"link_name":"Ryan Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Reynolds"}],"text":"National Lampoon's Van Wilder: The Rise of Taj (credited as National Lampoon's Van Wilder 2: The Rise of Taj in the film) is a 2006 sequel to the 2002 comedy National Lampoon's Van Wilder starring Kal Penn. 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Following in the footsteps of his father — he plans not only to obtain a degree, but also to become a member of the exclusive campus Fraternal Guild, the Fox and Hounds. There Taj hopes he to become the next generation of Badalandabads to be aptly nicknamed the \"Sultan of Snatch\".However, when Taj arrives at Camford, he is told by Pip Everett, the Earl of Grey, the arrogant leader of the Fox and Hounds, that there had been a mistake and he has actually not been accepted into the Fraternal Guild. Heartbroken, Taj, with his faithful bulldog Ballzac in tow, instead takes the only housing opening available on campus and becomes the \"Head of House\" for a group of student misfits — Sadie, a gorgeous but foul-mouthed Cockney girl; Seamus, an English-hating Irishman; Gethin, a nerd; and Simon, a kid who rarely talks.With this band of misfits, Taj considers what Van Wilder would do in the same situation, and in classic \"Van\" fashion he takes on the challenge to turn the house around. At the campus Society Inaugural Ball, Taj announces to the pompous crowd that he and his housemates are starting their own exclusive society — the Cock and Bulls. In addition, they declare that they will compete in the venerable Hastings Cup, a series of campus academic events and athletic competitions.Also, as part of his duties, Taj finds out that he will be a history teacher to his new friends and that his teaching supervisor will be Charlotte Higginson, an English beauty who just happens to be dating Pip Everett. Taj is instantly attracted to her. Taj and Charlotte clash over his unconventional teaching methods until she points out that his new friends are in danger of flunking out of school because their grades are so low. Taj takes Charlotte's challenge to heart and starts turning them around — their grades as well as their self-esteem.Meanwhile, much to the fury of Pip Everett, not only are the Cock and Bulls catching up to the Fox and Hounds in the Hastings Cup, but Taj and Charlotte are spending a lot of time together. Pip sets out to get rid of Taj by attempting to humiliate him at the Royal Literary Ball and later sabotaging Ballzac at the Camford Dog Show, but both backfire and Pip ends up the one embarrassed. Much to Pip's dismay, Taj and Charlotte are clearly falling in love and the Cock and Bulls are moving into a close second behind the Fox and Hounds.Pip sets up Taj and the Cock and Bulls by planting stolen test exams in their house. The plan works temporarily, and they are about to get expelled until Taj steps up and takes the blame for the theft — on the condition that his team are allowed to stay in school. The Provost agrees to the terms, and Taj has to leave Camford. Angst-ridden, Charlotte tells him she never wants to see him again.The Cock and Bulls are now left to compete in the final event of the Hastings Cup without their courageous leader. But when Charlotte finds evidence that proves Taj's innocence, she and Taj rush to the Hastings Cup, just in time for him to compete against Pip in the final event — fencing. An angry and vengeful Pip makes sure that the fencing match degenerates into an all-out sword fight, but in the end, Taj defeats him and the Cock and Bulls win the Hastings Cup. Pip gets expelled for planting the exams while Taj and Charlotte happily begin a new life together.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kal Penn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal_Penn"},{"link_name":"Lauren Cohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Cohan"},{"link_name":"Daniel Percival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Percival"},{"link_name":"Holly Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Davidson"},{"link_name":"Kulvinder Ghir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulvinder_Ghir"},{"link_name":"Shobu Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shobu_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Gabriela Modorcea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiggo"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Cecil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Cecil"}],"text":"Kal Penn as Taj\nLauren Cohan as Charlotte\nDaniel Percival as Pip\nGlen Barry as Seamus\nAnthony Cozens as Gethin\nHolly Davidson as Sadie\nTom Davey as Percy\nWilliam de Coverly as Roger\nSteven Rathman as Simon\nAmy Steel and Beth Steel as Alexandra and Penelope\nKulvinder Ghir as Taj's Father\nShobu Kapoor as Taj's Mother\nGabriela Modorcea as Taj's Sister\nJonathan Cecil as Provost Cunningham","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Art Alexakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Alexakis"},{"link_name":"Everclear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everclear_(band)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In November 2006, Kal Penn and musicians Art Alexakis of Everclear and Jonny Dubowsky of Jonny Lives! toured college campuses, radio and television stations across the country promoting the film. A month-long 21-date Van Wilder Rock Tour headlined by Everclear and Jonny Lives!, started in January 2007 and ran through the end of February. The tour promoted the film and its soundtrack.[2]","title":"Marketing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boxmojo-1"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"CinemaScore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CinemaScore"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harvey-6"},{"link_name":"National Lampoon's Van Wilder: Freshman Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lampoon%27s_Van_Wilder:_Freshman_Year"},{"link_name":"Atlanta, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The film was not a hit with either critics or audiences. It earned just $2.3 million in its opening US weekend.[1] On Rotten Tomatoes it has a 7% rating based on reviews from 44 critics, with the site's consensus stating: \"A low-brow comedy, minus the comedy\".[3] On Metacritic it has a score of 21% based on reviews from 14 critics, indicating \"generally unfavorable reviews\".[4] Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade \"C\" on scale of A to F.[5]Dennis Harvey of Variety wrote: \"The four-years-in-the-making, badly recycled (not to mention awful) sequel might stain the honor of the Lampoon label if it hadn't already produced several even worse films\".[6]Despite the sequel's poor critical reception and modest box-office success, a third Van Wilder film, National Lampoon's Van Wilder: Freshman Year, was shot in 2008 in Atlanta, Georgia. It was released straight to DVD on June 2, 2009, with mixed reviews.[7]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"National Lampoon's Van Wilder: The Rise of Taj (2006)\". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2009-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=vanwilder2.htm","url_text":"\"National Lampoon's Van Wilder: The Rise of Taj (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"}]},{"reference":"Clarke Jr., John (December 3, 2006). \"'Van Wilder' takes it on the road\". Variety. Retrieved May 27, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117954990.html?categoryid=16&cs=1","url_text":"\"'Van Wilder' takes it on the road\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"Van Wilder 2: The Rise of Taj\". Metacritic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/van-wilder-2-the-rise-of-taj","url_text":"\"Van Wilder 2: The Rise of Taj\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"\"NATIONAL LAMPOON'S VAN WILDER: THE RISE OF TAJ (2006) C\". CinemaScore. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daventry_District | Daventry District | ["1 Abolition and replacement","2 Demography","2.1 Ethnicity","3 Housing","4 Settlements","5 Political control","6 See also","7 References"] | Coordinates: 52°18′N 1°03′W / 52.30°N 1.05°W / 52.30; -1.05Former local government district in England
Non-metropolitan district in EnglandDaventry DistrictNon-metropolitan districtShown within NorthamptonshireSovereign stateUnited KingdomConstituent countryEnglandRegionEast MidlandsAdministrative countyNorthamptonshireAdmin. HQDaventryGovernment • TypeDaventry District Council • Leadership:Alternative - Sec.31 • Executive: • MP:Chris Heaton-HarrisArea • Total255.84 sq mi (662.62 km2)Population (2019) • Total85,950 • Density340/sq mi (130/km2)Time zoneUTC+0 (Greenwich Mean Time) • Summer (DST)UTC+1 (British Summer Time)ONS code34UC (ONS)E07000151 (GSS)Ethnicity96.5% WhiteWebsitedaventrydc.gov.uk
Daventry District was a local government district in western Northamptonshire, England, from 1974 to 2021. The district was named after its main town of Daventry, where the council was based.
The district was created on 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, by a merger of the historic municipal borough of Daventry with the Daventry Rural District and most of the Brixworth Rural District. The town of Daventry became an unparished area with Charter Trustees and remained so until 2003 when a civil parish was created, roughly corresponding with the boundaries of the former borough, so allowing Daventry to have its own town council.
Abolition and replacement
In March 2018, following suspension of the County Council arising from its becoming insolvent, due to financial and cultural mismanagement by the cabinet and officers, the then Secretary of State for Local Government, Sajid Javid, sent commissioner Max Caller into the council, who recommended the county council and all district and borough councils in the county be abolished, and replaced by two unitary authorities, one covering the West, and one the North of the county. These proposals were approved in April 2019. It meant that the districts of Daventry, Northampton and South Northamptonshire were merged to form a new unitary authority called West Northamptonshire, whilst the second unitary authority North Northamptonshire consists of Corby, East Northamptonshire, Kettering and Wellingborough districts. These new authorities came into being on 1 April 2021. Elections for the new authorities were due to be held on 7 May 2020, but were delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. These elections were later held on 6 May 2021.
Demography
At the 2011 Census, the district had a population of 77,843, a little under a third of whom (25,026) lived in the town of Daventry. Other significant settlements included Brixworth, Long Buckby and Weedon Bec. The rest of the district was predominantly rural.
Ethnicity
Ethnic Group
1991
2001
2011
Number
%
Number
%
Number
%
White: Total
62,256
99%
70,398
98%
75,123
96.5%
White: British
–
–
68,788
95.8%
72,448
93.1%
White: Irish
–
–
571
509
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller
–
–
–
–
54
White: Other
–
–
1,039
2,112
Asian or Asian British: Total
333
0.5%
478
0.7%
1,183
1.5%
Asian or Asian British: Indian
161
320
551
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani
38
85
172
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi
0
12
55
Asian or Asian British: Chinese
82
128
151
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian
52
61
254
Black or Black British: Total
333
0.5%
239
0.3%
481
0.6%
Black or Black British: Caribbean
82
176
211
Black or Black British: African
23
50
213
Black or Black British: Other Black
70
13
57
Mixed or British Mixed: Total
–
–
522
0.7%
971
1.2%
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean
–
–
183
381
Mixed: White and Black African
–
–
45
98
Mixed: White and Asian
–
–
181
302
Mixed: Other Mixed
–
–
113
190
Other: Total
92
0.1%
73
0.1%
85
0.1%
Other: Arab
–
–
–
–
7
Other: Any other ethnic group
92
73
78
Total
62,856
100%
71,838
100%
77,843
100%
Housing
In 2007, the Council housing stock owned by the Council was transferred to Daventry & District Housing Ltd., a specially formed registered social landlord, under a Large Scale Voluntary Transfer. A subsequent dispute about the provisions made in the transfer contract for employees' pensions led to a legal case heard in the England and Wales Court of Appeal concerning the legal doctrines of mutual or unilateral mistake.
Settlements
Althorp, Arthingworth, Ashby St Ledgers
Badby, Barby, Boughton, Braunston, Brington, Brixworth, Brockhall, Byfield
Canons Ashby, Chapel Brampton, Charwelton, Church Brampton, Church Stowe, Clay Coton Clipston, Cold Ashby, Coton, Cottesbrooke, Creaton, Crick
Daventry, Dodford, Draughton
East Farndon, East Haddon, Elkington, Everdon
Farthingstone, Fawsley, Flore
Great Brington, Great Oxendon, Guilsborough
Hanging Houghton, Hannington, Harlestone, Haselbech, Hellidon, Holcot, Holdenby, Hollowell
Kelmarsh, Kilsby
Lamport, Lilbourne, Little Brington, Long Buckby, Lower Catesby
Maidwell, Marston Trussell, Moulton
Naseby, Newnham, Norton
Old, Overstone
Pitsford, Preston Capes
Ravensthorpe
Scaldwell, Sibbertoft, Spratton, Stanford-on-Avon, Staverton, Sulby
Teeton, Thornby
Upper Catesby, Upper Stowe
Walgrave, Watford, Weedon Bec, Welford, Welton, West Haddon, Whilton, Winwick, Woodford Halse
Yelvertoft
Political control
Daventry Civic Centre, the headquarters of the former Daventry District Council. Built 1980s.
See Daventry District Council elections
See also
England portal
Grade I listed buildings in Daventry District
Grade II* listed buildings in Daventry District
References
^ Daventry Town Council
^ "Northamptonshire County Council: statement". Retrieved 13 June 2018.
^ "Northamptonshire: Unitary authorities plan approved". BBC News. 14 May 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
^ "AT LAST! Northamptonshire's new unitary councils are made law by parliament". Northampton Chronicle. 14 February 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
^ "Key Figures for 2011 Census: Daventry". Office for National Statistics (Neighbourhood Statistics). Retrieved 28 August 2015.
^ 1991 census data taken from NOMIS which was extracted using the 'local authorities: district / unitary (prior to April 2015)' geography type.
^ "Office of National Statistics; 2001 Census Key Statistics". webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
^ "2011 Census: Ethnic Group, local authorities in England and Wales". webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
^ Swarbrick, D., Daventry District Council v Daventry and District Housing Ltd: CA 13 Oct 2011, updated 27 November 2022, accessed 23 July 2023
^ England and Wales Court of Appeal (Civil Division), Daventry District Council v Daventry & District Housing Ltd EWCA Civ 1153, published 9 May 2011, accessed 23 July 2023
Authority control databases
VIAF
52°18′N 1°03′W / 52.30°N 1.05°W / 52.30; -1.05 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"local government district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district"},{"link_name":"Northamptonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Daventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daventry"},{"link_name":"Local Government Act 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972"},{"link_name":"municipal borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_borough"},{"link_name":"Daventry Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daventry_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Brixworth Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brixworth_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Charter Trustees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_Trustees"},{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_England"},{"link_name":"town council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_council"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Former local government district in EnglandNon-metropolitan district in EnglandDaventry District was a local government district in western Northamptonshire, England, from 1974 to 2021. The district was named after its main town of Daventry, where the council was based.The district was created on 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, by a merger of the historic municipal borough of Daventry with the Daventry Rural District and most of the Brixworth Rural District. The town of Daventry became an unparished area with Charter Trustees and remained so until 2003 when a civil parish was created, roughly corresponding with the boundaries of the former borough, so allowing Daventry to have its own town council.[1]","title":"Daventry District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"suspension of the County Council arising from its becoming insolvent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonshire#De_facto_bankruptcy"},{"link_name":"Sajid Javid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajid_Javid"},{"link_name":"unitary authorities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Northampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton_Borough_Council"},{"link_name":"South Northamptonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"West Northamptonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"North Northamptonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"Corby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corby_(borough)"},{"link_name":"East Northamptonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"Kettering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_of_Kettering"},{"link_name":"Wellingborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_of_Wellingborough"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In March 2018, following suspension of the County Council arising from its becoming insolvent, due to financial and cultural mismanagement by the cabinet and officers, the then Secretary of State for Local Government, Sajid Javid, sent commissioner Max Caller into the council, who recommended the county council and all district and borough councils in the county be abolished, and replaced by two unitary authorities, one covering the West, and one the North of the county.[2] These proposals were approved in April 2019. It meant that the districts of Daventry, Northampton and South Northamptonshire were merged to form a new unitary authority called West Northamptonshire, whilst the second unitary authority North Northamptonshire consists of Corby, East Northamptonshire, Kettering and Wellingborough districts. These new authorities came into being on 1 April 2021.[3] Elections for the new authorities were due to be held on 7 May 2020, but were delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[4] These elections were later held on 6 May 2021.","title":"Abolition and replacement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2011"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Brixworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brixworth"},{"link_name":"Long Buckby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Buckby"},{"link_name":"Weedon Bec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weedon_Bec"}],"text":"At the 2011 Census, the district had a population of 77,843, a little under a third of whom (25,026) lived in the town of Daventry.[5] Other significant settlements included Brixworth, Long Buckby and Weedon Bec. The rest of the district was predominantly rural.","title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ethnicity","title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"housing stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_housing"},{"link_name":"registered social landlord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_social_landlord"},{"link_name":"Large Scale Voluntary Transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Scale_Voluntary_Transfer"},{"link_name":"pensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pension"},{"link_name":"England and Wales Court of Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_and_Wales_Court_of_Appeal"},{"link_name":"mutual or unilateral mistake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistake_(contract_law)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In 2007, the Council housing stock owned by the Council was transferred to Daventry & District Housing Ltd., a specially formed registered social landlord, under a Large Scale Voluntary Transfer. A subsequent dispute about the provisions made in the transfer contract for employees' pensions led to a legal case heard in the England and Wales Court of Appeal concerning the legal doctrines of mutual or unilateral mistake.[9][10]","title":"Housing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Althorp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Althorp_(lost_settlement)"},{"link_name":"Arthingworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthingworth"},{"link_name":"Ashby St Ledgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashby_St_Ledgers"},{"link_name":"Badby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badby"},{"link_name":"Barby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barby,_Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"Boughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boughton,_Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"Braunston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunston,_Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"Brington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brington,_Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"Brixworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brixworth"},{"link_name":"Brockhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockhall,_Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"Byfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byfield,_Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"Canons Ashby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canons_Ashby"},{"link_name":"Chapel Brampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel_Brampton"},{"link_name":"Charwelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charwelton"},{"link_name":"Church Brampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Brampton"},{"link_name":"Church Stowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Stowe"},{"link_name":"Clay Coton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_Coton"},{"link_name":"Clipston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipston,_Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"Cold Ashby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Ashby"},{"link_name":"Coton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coton,_Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"Cottesbrooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottesbrooke"},{"link_name":"Creaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creaton"},{"link_name":"Crick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crick,_Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"Daventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daventry"},{"link_name":"Dodford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodford,_Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"Draughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draughton,_Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"East Farndon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Farndon"},{"link_name":"East Haddon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Haddon"},{"link_name":"Elkington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elkington,_Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"Everdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everdon"},{"link_name":"Farthingstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farthingstone"},{"link_name":"Fawsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fawsley"},{"link_name":"Flore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flore,_Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"Great Brington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Brington"},{"link_name":"Great Oxendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Oxendon"},{"link_name":"Guilsborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilsborough"},{"link_name":"Hanging Houghton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging_Houghton"},{"link_name":"Hannington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannington,_Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"Harlestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlestone"},{"link_name":"Haselbech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haselbech"},{"link_name":"Hellidon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellidon"},{"link_name":"Holcot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holcot"},{"link_name":"Holdenby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holdenby"},{"link_name":"Hollowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollowell"},{"link_name":"Kelmarsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelmarsh"},{"link_name":"Kilsby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilsby"},{"link_name":"Lamport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamport,_Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"Lilbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilbourne"},{"link_name":"Little 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizuna_Bridge | Kizuna Bridge | ["1 Construction","2 Gallery","3 Notes","4 References"] | Coordinates: 12°00′00″N 105°27′00″E / 12.00000°N 105.45000°E / 12.00000; 105.45000Bridge in Kampong Cham, Cambodia
Kizuna Bridgeស្ពានគីហ្សុណាCoordinates12°00′00″N 105°27′00″E / 12.00000°N 105.45000°E / 12.00000; 105.45000CrossesMekong RiverLocaleKampong Cham, CambodiaCharacteristicsTotal length1,500 mLongest span170 mHistoryOpened4 December 2001Location
The Kizuna Bridge is a bridge on the Mekong River in the city of Kampong Cham, Kampong Cham Province.
It was opened in 2001 and was the first bridge to be built over the Mekong river in Cambodia.
Construction
Construction of the bridge was funded by a $56-million grant from the Japanese government. At 1500 metres it was the longest bridge in Cambodia until the 2002 construction of the Koh Kong Bridge, a 1900-metre Thai-Cambodian bridge in Koh Kong. The Kizuna bridge links eastern and western Cambodia by road for the first time. Construction of the bridge began in 1999 and took three years to complete. An estimated 10,000 people crowded the bridge for the opening ceremony.
Gallery
Kizuna Bridge in 2020
Aerial View of Kizuna Bridge and Kampong Cham City
Kizuna Bridge
Panoramic View of Kizuna Bridge and Kampong Cham
Notes
^ Khmer: ស្ពានគីហ្សុណា, romanized: Spéan Kihsŏna; Khmer pronunciation:
References
^ Streeby, Richard (9 December 2001). "First Bridge over Mekong". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
^ "First Mekong bridge opens in Cambodia". BBC News. 4 December 2001. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
^ "First bridge over Mekong in Cambodia opens amid celebrations". Associated Press. 4 December 2001. Archived from the original on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
Authority control databases: Geographic
Structurae | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Mekong River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekong_River"},{"link_name":"Kampong Cham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampong_Cham_(city)"},{"link_name":"Kampong Cham Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampong_Cham_Province"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Bridge in Kampong Cham, CambodiaThe Kizuna Bridge[a] is a bridge on the Mekong River in the city of Kampong Cham, Kampong Cham Province.It was opened in 2001 and was the first bridge to be built over the Mekong river in Cambodia.[1]","title":"Kizuna Bridge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Koh Kong Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koh_Kong_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Koh Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koh_Kong_(city)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Construction of the bridge was funded by a $56-million grant from the Japanese government. At 1500 metres it was the longest bridge in Cambodia until the 2002 construction of the Koh Kong Bridge, a 1900-metre Thai-Cambodian bridge in Koh Kong.[2] The Kizuna bridge links eastern and western Cambodia by road for the first time. Construction of the bridge began in 1999 and took three years to complete. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachycarpus_fortunei_%27Wagnerianus%27 | Trachycarpus fortunei 'Wagnerianus' | ["1 Description","2 See also","3 References"] | Palm cultivar
Trachycarpus fortunei 'Wagnerianus'Young Trachycarpus 'Wagnerianus'SpeciesTrachycarpus fortuneiCultivar group'Wagnerianus'OriginJapan
Trachycarpus fortunei 'Wagnerianus' is unknown in the wild, but may have originated in cultivation in Japan, where it was first discovered by the horticulturalist Albert Wagner of Leipzig, Germany in the second half of the 19th century (in 1873). Wagner made several collecting trips to Japan and China in the 3rd quarter of the 19th century (as well as frequent trips to the Caribbean and South America.) He had a flourishing business growing palms in his steam-heated greenhouses in northern Germany. It has remained in comparative obscurity until recently, when its qualities as a garden plant were at last realized.
Description
Trachycarpus 'Wagnerianus' is an easily identified cultivar, with small, stiff leaves (much unlike that of Trachycarpus fortunei). The leaves of younger are nearly circular, but those of older plants tend to be hemispherical. At all ages they are relatively small, from 50 to 70 cm (18 to 26 in) wide. and are borne on 60-to-90-centimeter-long (2 to 3 ft) petioles.
The leaf crown is hemispherical and often extended, especially in younger individuals. New growth is margined with a short but dense white woolly tomentum.
The palm's trunk grows to 9 m (30 ft) tall, or more sometimes, and is 20–25 cm (8–10 in) in diameter, when free of the leaf base fibers that tend to remain for a good while.
Mature trunk, with leaf base fibers.
See also
Hardy palms
References
^ Martin Gibbons. A pocket guide to Palms.
^ Robert Lee Riffle & Paul Craft. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms.
Taxon identifiersTrachycarpus wagnerianus
Wikidata: Q736133
BOLD: 899307
CoL: 7CL8Y
FNA: 242414514
GBIF: 2739074
GRIN: 423569
IPNI: 670188-1
ITIS: 817206
MoBotPF: 293639
NCBI: 54807
Open Tree of Life: 154038
Plant List: kew-207168
PLANTS: TRWA4
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:670188-1
WFO: wfo-0000326539 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trachycarpus fortunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachycarpus_fortunei"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Leipzig, Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig,_Germany"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Trachycarpus fortunei 'Wagnerianus' is unknown in the wild, but may have originated in cultivation in Japan, where it was first discovered by the horticulturalist Albert Wagner of Leipzig, Germany in the second half of the 19th century (in 1873). Wagner made several collecting trips to Japan and China in the 3rd quarter of the 19th century (as well as frequent trips to the Caribbean and South America.) He had a flourishing business growing palms in his steam-heated greenhouses in northern Germany. It has remained in comparative obscurity until recently, when its qualities as a garden plant were at last realized.[1]","title":"Trachycarpus fortunei 'Wagnerianus'"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trachycarpus fortunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachycarpus_fortunei"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trachycarpus_fortunei_Gardenology.org-IMG_2681.jpg"}],"text":"Trachycarpus 'Wagnerianus' is an easily identified cultivar, with small, stiff leaves (much unlike that of Trachycarpus fortunei). The leaves of younger are nearly circular, but those of older plants tend to be hemispherical. At all ages they are relatively small, from 50 to 70 cm (18 to 26 in) wide. and are borne on 60-to-90-centimeter-long (2 to 3 ft) petioles.The leaf crown is hemispherical and often extended, especially in younger individuals. New growth is margined with a short but dense white woolly tomentum.[2]The palm's trunk grows to 9 m (30 ft) tall, or more sometimes, and is 20–25 cm (8–10 in) in diameter, when free of the leaf base fibers that tend to remain for a good while.Mature trunk, with leaf base fibers.","title":"Description"}] | [{"image_text":"Mature trunk, with leaf base fibers.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Trachycarpus_fortunei_Gardenology.org-IMG_2681.jpg/220px-Trachycarpus_fortunei_Gardenology.org-IMG_2681.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Hardy palms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy_palms"}] | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=899307","external_links_name":"899307"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7CL8Y","external_links_name":"7CL8Y"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242414514","external_links_name":"242414514"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2739074","external_links_name":"2739074"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=423569","external_links_name":"423569"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/670188-1","external_links_name":"670188-1"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=817206","external_links_name":"817206"},{"Link":"https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=293639","external_links_name":"293639"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=54807","external_links_name":"54807"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=154038","external_links_name":"154038"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-207168","external_links_name":"kew-207168"},{"Link":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=TRWA4","external_links_name":"TRWA4"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A670188-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:670188-1"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000326539","external_links_name":"wfo-0000326539"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suluan_Island | Suluan | ["1 History","2 Super Typhoon","3 References"] | Coordinates: 10°45′49″N 125°57′23″E / 10.76361°N 125.95639°E / 10.76361; 125.95639Island in Eastern Samar, Philippines
Suluan IslandNative name: Isla han Sulu-anSuluan IslandLocation within the PhilippinesGeographyCoordinates10°45′49″N 125°57′23″E / 10.76361°N 125.95639°E / 10.76361; 125.95639ArchipelagoPhilippinesAdjacent toLeyte GulfPhilippine SeaRegionEastern Visayas Region VIIIProvinceSamarMunicipalityGuiuan, Eastern SamarBarangaySulu-anDemographicsDemonymSulu-anon
Suluan is an island barangay in the Philippines, in the municipality of Guiuan, Eastern Samar. It lies east of Leyte Gulf and west of Emden Deep. The inhabitants of the island were the first Filipinos to trade and interact with Ferdinand Magellan's expedition which anchored on the nearby (then uninhabited) island of Homonhon on March 16, 1521.
History
Historical marker installed in 2021 to commemorate the 500th anniversary of the arrival of Magellan in the waters of the island.
On March 16, 1521, after 98 days of crossing the Pacific Ocean, Magellan's voyage dropped anchor on the island of Homonhon ("Humunu" in Pigafetta's account). Although Samar ("Zamal") was their first land sighting from afar, Magellan's choice of anchoring on a much smaller island was meant as a security precaution as the island was then uninhabited. On March 18, they were spotted by fishermen from the nearby island of Suluan ("Zuluan").
The islanders called their other leaders together and met with Magellan's crew. Magellan gave them gifts of small trade items. In return, the people of Suluan gave fish, a jar of "uraca" (coconut liquor), bananas (which Pigafetta called "figs"), and two coconuts (which Pigafetta described in great detail). They conversed extensively with the crew and gave them the names of the islands, in return, Magellan gave them a tour of the ship, showing them their spices and the firing the ship's mortars for them. They promised to return with more supplies later, as they did not bring much since they were just fishing. They returned on March 22 with other supplies to trade, including more coconuts, palm liquor, sweet oranges, and a rooster. Magellan and his crew spent a week interacting with the tattooed locals of Suluan, whom they described "pleasant and conversable," before they left for Limasawa.: 132–135
The name of the island is derived from the word sulu, the Waray-waray word for a coconut-oil "torch" which the locals would have used during fishing at night. Suluan, therefore, means torch-bearing people in reference to the local fishermen.
During World War II, Suluan was among the first Philippine islands liberated from the Japanese. On October 17, 1944, the 6th Ranger Battalion landed on Dinagat, Homonhon and Suluan, securing the entrance to Leyte Gulf for General Douglas MacArthur's forces. The main landings on Leyte followed three days later.
Super Typhoon
Eastern Samar tends to be battered by tropical storms during Pacific typhoon season. Most times, 90% of a storm landfall is likely to be Suluan Island. On November 8, 2013, Suluan Island was the first victim of the Typhoon Haiyan (Super Typhoon Yolanda) before navigating to Guiuan which had a tremendous impact not only on the island's economy but also to the people's lives. International organizations created an overwhelming drive to help rehabilitate the people and their livelihood.
References
^ a b Nowell, C. E. (1962). "Antonio Pigafetta's account". Magellan's Voyage Around the World. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. hdl:2027/mdp.39015008001532. OCLC 347382.
This article about a location in Eastern Visayas region is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"barangay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barangay"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Guiuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiuan"},{"link_name":"Eastern Samar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Samar"},{"link_name":"Leyte Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyte_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Emden Deep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Trench"},{"link_name":"Filipinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_people"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Magellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan"},{"link_name":"Homonhon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonhon"}],"text":"Island in Eastern Samar, PhilippinesSuluan is an island barangay in the Philippines, in the municipality of Guiuan, Eastern Samar. It lies east of Leyte Gulf and west of Emden Deep. The inhabitants of the island were the first Filipinos to trade and interact with Ferdinand Magellan's expedition which anchored on the nearby (then uninhabited) island of Homonhon on March 16, 1521.","title":"Suluan"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suluan_quincentennial_monument_and_historical_marker.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Homonhon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonhon"},{"link_name":"Pigafetta's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Pigafetta"},{"link_name":"Samar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nowell-1"},{"link_name":"coconut liquor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambanog"},{"link_name":"bananas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana"},{"link_name":"coconuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut"},{"link_name":"mortars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"sweet oranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalandan"},{"link_name":"Limasawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limasawa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nowell-1"},{"link_name":"Waray-waray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waray_language"},{"link_name":"torch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torch"},{"link_name":"6th Ranger Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Ranger_Battalion"},{"link_name":"Dinagat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinagat_Island"},{"link_name":"Leyte Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyte_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Douglas MacArthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur"},{"link_name":"main landings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte"},{"link_name":"Leyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyte"}],"text":"Historical marker installed in 2021 to commemorate the 500th anniversary of the arrival of Magellan in the waters of the island.On March 16, 1521, after 98 days of crossing the Pacific Ocean, Magellan's voyage dropped anchor on the island of Homonhon (\"Humunu\" in Pigafetta's account). Although Samar (\"Zamal\") was their first land sighting from afar, Magellan's choice of anchoring on a much smaller island was meant as a security precaution as the island was then uninhabited. On March 18, they were spotted by fishermen from the nearby island of Suluan (\"Zuluan\").[1]The islanders called their other leaders together and met with Magellan's crew. Magellan gave them gifts of small trade items. In return, the people of Suluan gave fish, a jar of \"uraca\" (coconut liquor), bananas (which Pigafetta called \"figs\"), and two coconuts (which Pigafetta described in great detail). They conversed extensively with the crew and gave them the names of the islands, in return, Magellan gave them a tour of the ship, showing them their spices and the firing the ship's mortars for them. They promised to return with more supplies later, as they did not bring much since they were just fishing. They returned on March 22 with other supplies to trade, including more coconuts, palm liquor, sweet oranges, and a rooster. Magellan and his crew spent a week interacting with the tattooed locals of Suluan, whom they described \"pleasant and conversable,\" before they left for Limasawa.[1]: 132–135The name of the island is derived from the word sulu, the Waray-waray word for a coconut-oil \"torch\" which the locals would have used during fishing at night. Suluan, therefore, means torch-bearing people in reference to the local fishermen.During World War II, Suluan was among the first Philippine islands liberated from the Japanese. On October 17, 1944, the 6th Ranger Battalion landed on Dinagat, Homonhon and Suluan, securing the entrance to Leyte Gulf for General Douglas MacArthur's forces. The main landings on Leyte followed three days later.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Typhoon Haiyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Haiyan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Eastern Samar tends to be battered by tropical storms during Pacific typhoon season. Most times, 90% of a storm landfall is likely to be Suluan Island. On November 8, 2013, Suluan Island was the first victim of the Typhoon Haiyan (Super Typhoon Yolanda) before navigating to Guiuan which had a tremendous impact not only on the island's economy but also to the people's lives. International organizations created an overwhelming drive to help rehabilitate the people and their livelihood.[citation needed]","title":"Super Typhoon"}] | [{"image_text":"Historical marker installed in 2021 to commemorate the 500th anniversary of the arrival of Magellan in the waters of the island.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Suluan_quincentennial_monument_and_historical_marker.jpg/220px-Suluan_quincentennial_monument_and_historical_marker.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Nowell, C. E. (1962). \"Antonio Pigafetta's account\". Magellan's Voyage Around the World. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. hdl:2027/mdp.39015008001532. OCLC 347382.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015008001532","url_text":"2027/mdp.39015008001532"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/347382","url_text":"347382"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Suluan¶ms=10_45_49_N_125_57_23_E_type:isle_region:PH","external_links_name":"10°45′49″N 125°57′23″E / 10.76361°N 125.95639°E / 10.76361; 125.95639"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Suluan¶ms=10_45_49_N_125_57_23_E_type:isle_region:PH","external_links_name":"10°45′49″N 125°57′23″E / 10.76361°N 125.95639°E / 10.76361; 125.95639"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015008001532","external_links_name":"2027/mdp.39015008001532"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/347382","external_links_name":"347382"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suluan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_brain_development_timeline | Mouse brain development timeline | ["1 Stages in brain development","2 References","3 See also"] | Developmental stage in mice
The house mouse (Mus musculus) has a gestation period of 19 to 21 days. Key events in mouse brain development occur both before and after birth, beginning with peak neurogenesis of the cranial motor nuclei 9 days after conception, up to eye opening which occurs after birth and about 30 days after conception.
Stages in brain development
Days post conception
Event
Reference
9
cranial motor nuclei - peak of neurogenesis
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
10
subplate -start of neurogenesis
Bayer and Altman (1991)
10
inferior olivary nucleus - peak of neurogenesis
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
10.5
retinal ganglion cell generation - start of neurogenesis
Robinson and Dreher (1990)
10.5
superficial superior colliculus (SC) laminae- start of neurogenesis
Robinson and Dreher (1990)
10.5
dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) - start of neurogenesis
Robinson and Dreher (1990)
10.5
Purkinje cells - peak of neurogenesis
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
11
cranial sensory nuclei - peak of neurogenesis
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
11
subplate - peak of neurogenesis
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
11
reticular nuclei - peak of neurogenesis
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
11
medial geniculate nucleus - peak of neurogenesis
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
11
globus pallidus - peak of neurogenesis
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
11.5
ventral LGN - peak of neurogenesis
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
12
dLGN - peak of neurogenesis
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
12
cochlear nuclei - peak of neurogenesis
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
12
mitral cells - peak of neurogenesis
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
12
amygdala - peak of neurogenesis
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
12
subplate - end of neurogenesis
Bayer and Altman (1991)
12.3
axons in optic stalk
Dunlop et al. (1997)
12.5
ventral posterior nucleus (VP) and ventrobasal nucleus (VB) of the thalamus - peak of neurogenesis
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
12.5
nucleus of lateral olfactory tract - peak of neurogenesis
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
12.5
claustrum - peak of neurogenesis
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
12.5
neurogenesis cortical layer VI - peak (VC) of neurogenesis
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
12.5
dLGN- end of neurogenesis
Robinson and Dreher (1990)
12.5
preoptic nucleus - peak of neurogenesis
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
13
medial forebrain bundle appears
Ashwell et al. (1996)
13
suprachiasmatic nucleus - peak of neurogenesis
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
13
optic axons at chiasm of optic tract
Dunlop et al. (1997)
13
superior colliculus - peak of neurogenesis
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
13
retinal ganglion cells - peak of neurogenesis
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
13
septal nuclei - peak of neurogenesis
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
13
entorhinal cortex - peak of neurogenesis
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
13
subiculum – peak of neurogenesis
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
13
neurogenesis cortical layer V - peak (VC) of neurogenesis
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
13
neurogenesis cortical lamina VI - end (VC) of neurogenesis
Caviness (1982)
13.5
raphe complex - peak of neurogenesis
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
13.5
anterior olfactory nucleus - peak of neurogenesis
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
13.5
anteroventral (AV), anterodorsal (AD) and anteromedial (AM) thalamic nuclei - peak of neurogenesis
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
13.5
pontine nuclei – peak of neurogenesis
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
13.5
parasubiculum – peak of neurogenesis
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
13.5
stria terminalis appears
Ashwell et al. (1996)
13.5
presubiculum – peak of neurogenesis
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
14
fasciculus retroflexus appears
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
14
caudoputamen – peak of neurogenesis
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
14
superficial SC laminae - end of neurogenesis
Robinson and Dreher (1990)
14
fornix appears
Ashwell et al. (1996)
14
cones - peak of neurogenesis
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
14
neurogenesis cortical layer V - end (VC) of neurogenesis
Caviness (1982)
14.5
optic axons reach dLGN and SC
Robinson and Dreher (1990)
14.5
anterior commissure appears
Ashwell et al. (1996)
15
neurogenesis cortical lamina IV - start (VC) of neurogenesis
Caviness (1982)
15
CA 1, CA 2 of hippocampus - peak of neurogenesis
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
15
retinal amacrine cells - peak of neurogenesis
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
15
hippocampal commissure appears
Ashwell et al. (1996)
15
neurogenesis cortical layer II /III - peak (VC) of neurogenesis
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
15.5
optic axons invade visual centers
Dunlop et al. (1997)
16
nucleus accumbens - peak of neurogenesis
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
16
tufted cells - peak of neurogenesis
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
16
isles of Calleja - peak of neurogenesis
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
17
neurogenesis cortical layer IV - peak (VC) of neurogenesis
Caviness (1982)
17
corpus callosum appears
Ashwell et al. (1996)
17
neurogenesis cortical layer IV - end (VC) of neurogenesis
Bayer and Altman (1991)
18.5
retinal ganglion cell generation - end of neurogenesis
Robinson and Dreher (1990)
19
initial differentiation of layer V (S1)
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
19
rods - peak of neurogenesis
Finlay and Darlington (1995)
21
complete separation of layer V (S1)
Rice et al. (1985)
22
onset of barrels (S1)
Rice et al. (1985)
22
onset of sublayers in layer V (S1)
Rice et al. (1985)
22
onset of trilaminar plate (S1)
Rice et al. (1985)
24
onset of barrel field septa (S1)
Rice et al. (1985)
25.5
ipsi/contra segregation in LGN and SC
Robinson and Dreher (1990)
30
eye opening
Dunlop et al. (1997)
References
Ashwell, K.W.S.; Waite, P.M.E.; Marotte, L. (1996). "Ontogeny of the Projection Tracts and Commissural Fibres in the Forebrain of the Tammar Wallaby (Macropus eugenii): Timing in Comparison with Other Mammals". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 47 (1). S. Karger AG: 8–22. doi:10.1159/000113225. ISSN 0006-8977. PMID 8834781.
Clancy, B., Kersh, B., Hyde, J., Darlington, R.B., Anand, K.J.S., Finlay, B.L., 2007. Web-Based Method For Translating Neurodevelopment From Laboratory Species To Humans. Neuroinformatics. 5, pp. 79–94.
Dunlop, S.A.; Tee, L.B.; Lund, R.D.; Beazley, L.D. (1997). "Development of primary visual projections occurs entirely postnatally in the fat-tailed dunnart, a marsupial mouse, Sminthopsis crassicaudata". J. Comp. Neurol. 384 (1): 26–40. doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19970721)384:1<26::aid-cne2>3.0.co;2-n. PMID 9214538. S2CID 38381685.
Finlay, BL; Darlington, RB (1995-06-16). "Linked regularities in the development and evolution of mammalian brains". Science. 268 (5217): 1578–84. Bibcode:1995Sci...268.1578F. doi:10.1126/science.7777856. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 7777856.
Robinson, Stephen R.; Dreher, Bogdan (1990). "The Visual Pathways of Eutherian Mammals and Marsupials Develop According to a Common Timetable". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 36 (4). S. Karger AG: 177–195. doi:10.1159/000115306. ISSN 1421-9743. PMID 2279233.
See also
Brain development timelines
Neural development
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PMID 7777856.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Sci...268.1578F","url_text":"1995Sci...268.1578F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7777856","url_text":"10.1126/science.7777856"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075","url_text":"0036-8075"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7777856","url_text":"7777856"}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Stephen R.; Dreher, Bogdan (1990). \"The Visual Pathways of Eutherian Mammals and Marsupials Develop According to a Common Timetable\". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 36 (4). S. Karger AG: 177–195. doi:10.1159/000115306. ISSN 1421-9743. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qanate_Kurdo | Qanate Kurdo | ["1 Biography","2 References","3 Sources","4 Further reading"] | Kurdish philologist (1909-1985)
Курдоев, Канат КалашевичQanatê KurdoQanate KurdoBorn12 September 1909Kars Oblast, Russian EmpireDied31 October 1985 (1985-11-01) (aged 76)Leningrad, Soviet UnionNationalitySoviet
Qanate Kurdo, (Kurdish: Qanatê Kurdo, Russian: Кана́т Кала́шевич Курдо́ев, romanized: Kanat Kalashevich Kurdoev; 12 September 1909 - 31 October 1985), was a Soviet philologist and professor of Kurdish language. He was born in Susuz in Russian Empire and developed Kurdish studies in various fields.
Biography
In 1928, he went to Saint Petersburg to continue his studies, where he attended the Language, history and literature department of University of Leningrad. He received his PhD in 1941. When World War II was reaching its end, Kurdo became part of the "Faculty of Oriental Studies in Leningrad where he taught Kurdish in the Department of Iranian Studies". In 1961, he became the head of the new Kurdology section of the faculty (Kurdskij Kabinet), "which Joseph Orbeli had established in 1959".
References
^ a b c Blau 2006.
Sources
Blau, Joyce (2006). "KURDOEV, QENĀTĒ". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
Further reading
Boyik, Eskerê (October 27, 2004), QANATÊ KURDO: ZANYARÊ KURD Ê BI NAV Û DENG (PDF) (in Kurdish), Peyama Kurd (published November 5, 2004), p. 15, archived from the original (PDF) on May 16, 2005, retrieved June 28, 2009Note – for best results, download the PDF rather than opening it directly.
Hin lêkolîn û berhemên li ser zimanê Kurdî (List of works on the Kurdish language) (see Kurdoev)
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
Germany
Israel
United States
Netherlands
Poland
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet"},{"link_name":"philologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philology"},{"link_name":"Kurdish language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_language"},{"link_name":"Susuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susuz"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Kurdish studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlau2006-1"}],"text":"Qanate Kurdo, (Kurdish: Qanatê Kurdo, Russian: Кана́т Кала́шевич Курдо́ев, romanized: Kanat Kalashevich Kurdoev; 12 September 1909 - 31 October 1985), was a Soviet philologist and professor of Kurdish language. 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When World War II was reaching its end, Kurdo became part of the \"Faculty of Oriental Studies in Leningrad where he taught Kurdish in the Department of Iranian Studies\".[1] In 1961, he became the head of the new Kurdology section of the faculty (Kurdskij Kabinet), \"which Joseph Orbeli had established in 1959\".[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Encyclopaedia Iranica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kurdoev-qenate"}],"text":"Blau, Joyce (2006). \"KURDOEV, QENĀTĒ\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyla_Lerrol | Lyla Lerrol | ["1 Pre-Crisis version","2 Post-Crisis version","3 References"] | Fictional character
Comics character
Lyla LerrolLyla Lerrol in Superman #141, art by Wayne Boring.Publication informationPublisherDC ComicsFirst appearanceSuperman #141 (November 1960)Created byJerry SiegelWayne BoringIn-story informationSpeciesKryptonianPlace of originKrypton
Lyla Lerrol (alternatively Lyla Ler-Rol) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. She first appeared in the Superman daily newspaper strip on August 27, 1960 before her comics debut in Superman #141, publication date September 15 the same year. She is one of the many Superman characters with the initials "LL" (others include Lois Lane, Lex Luthor, Lori Lemaris, and Lana Lang).
Pre-Crisis version
In the story "Superman's Return to Krypton!", Lyla Lerrol is introduced as the most famous actress on Krypton. Superman meets her after he accidentally breaks the time barrier and becomes stranded on Krypton shortly before its destruction. While attempting to aid his father Jor-El in his effort to develop a rocket ship, he accidentally meets Lyla. The two immediately feel an attraction to each other, one which quickly grows into love after Superman saves Lyla when their rocket goes out of control.
Resigned to being stranded on Krypton, Superman is prepared to marry Lyla when fate intervenes again. While working on the set of one of Lyla's films, Superman becomes trapped inside a full-sized model rocket with a Kryptonian Flame Beast. The force of the Flame Beast's breath acts as a rocket blast and propels the ship away from Krypton. Once he approaches a yellow sun, Superman's powers return. However, he realizes that it is impossible for him to return to Krypton and save Lyla.
Lyla is described as being very beautiful, with blue eyes and blonde hair, but she has also been seen in flashback with black hair.
In Superman #189 (August 1966), Superman meets a robot double of Lyla on Krypton II, a "decoy" planet created by Jor-El as a defense against alien invaders. Lyla makes no other active appearances in the pre-Crisis Superman canon. She would later be revealed to be a clone of Lyla Michaels aka Harbinger, conditioning Superman to greater heights with her influence.
In 1979, the Justice League encountered Lyla on the night before Krypton exploded, and she learned Kal-El's fate (Super Friends #17, February 1979).
In Alan Moore's story "For the Man Who Has Everything" in Superman Annual #11, Superman is attacked by an alien plant called the "Black Mercy", which causes Superman to enter a dream-like state. In his fantasy life, Krypton never exploded, and a grown Kal-El is married to Lyla Lerrol (spelled Ler-Rol in this story).
Post-Crisis version
In the post-Crisis continuity, a version of Lyla appears in the six part story arc Superman: Godfall (2004), written by Joe Kelly and Michael Turner, with art by Talent Caldwell. This Lyla, whose last name is not revealed, is an alien empath to a society that persecuted all aliens, but empaths in particular. Simply being one was to have a death sentence. Her father told her all of the old myths about the Superman as she grew up and she became steeped in the belief of a power greater than her that was guiding her life. Her faith was destroyed when her father was murdered by a Kandorian.
After that, she began to dream of Superman. They were visions that connected her to him. She called to him and he appeared, broken and exhausted. She nursed him back to health and brain-washed him to believe he was a low-level official working for the Kryptonian government and that Krypton had never been destroyed. She made him believe he was nothing more than a nobody in a menial job with no future and no dreams. She infused him with her own frustrations about the futility of existence.
When she was ready, she stole his powers and used his connection to the real world to break out into the Fortress of Solitude. She flew to Metropolis, wanting to have people worship her, only to discover the real truth: Superman wasn't a god at all, people didn't worship him, he'd earned their love and trust but no more.
When Superman and the group of alien Kandor rebels arrive to confront her, she fights back with the powers she stole from him. She stops Preus from killing him but blows both Preus and herself up in an attempt to protect Superman. Her current whereabouts is unknown but Superman believes she survived and will come back one day.
References
^ Superman Annual #11 (1985)
^ Superman #141 (November 1960)
^ Fleisher, Michael L. (2007). The Original Encyclopedia of Comic Book Heroes, Volume Three: Superman. DC Comics. pp. 215–216, 421. ISBN 978-1-4012-1389-3.
^ Greenberger, Robert; Pasko, Martin (2010). The Essential Superman Encyclopedia. Del Rey. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-345-50108-0.
^ Wells, John (2015). American Comic Book Chronicles: 1960-64. TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 26. ISBN 978-1605490458.
^ Eury, Michael (2006). The Krypton Companion. TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 9781893905610.
^ Originally appeared in Action Comics #812-813, The Adventures of Superman #625-626, and Superman (vol. 2) #202-203.
^ Action Comics #812
^ Action Comics #813
^ The Adventures of Superman #625
^ The Adventures of Superman #626
^ Superman (vol. 2) #203
vteSuperman charactersSuperman familyBy codename
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Kryptonians
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"American comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_comic_book"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Lois Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois_Lane"},{"link_name":"Lex Luthor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Luthor"},{"link_name":"Lori Lemaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lori_Lemaris"},{"link_name":"Lana Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lana_Lang"}],"text":"Comics characterLyla Lerrol (alternatively Lyla Ler-Rol)[1] is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. She first appeared in the Superman daily newspaper strip on August 27, 1960 before her comics debut in Superman #141, publication date September 15 the same year.[2][3] She is one of the many Superman characters with the initials \"LL\" (others include Lois Lane, Lex Luthor, Lori Lemaris, and Lana Lang).","title":"Lyla Lerrol"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Krypton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krypton_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jor-El","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jor-El"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Justice League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_League"},{"link_name":"Super Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Friends"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Alan Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Moore"},{"link_name":"For the Man Who Has Everything","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_the_Man_Who_Has_Everything"}],"text":"In the story \"Superman's Return to Krypton!\", Lyla Lerrol is introduced as the most famous actress on Krypton.[4] Superman meets her after he accidentally breaks the time barrier and becomes stranded on Krypton shortly before its destruction. While attempting to aid his father Jor-El in his effort to develop a rocket ship, he accidentally meets Lyla. The two immediately feel an attraction to each other, one which quickly grows into love after Superman saves Lyla when their rocket goes out of control.Resigned to being stranded on Krypton, Superman is prepared to marry Lyla when fate intervenes again. While working on the set of one of Lyla's films, Superman becomes trapped inside a full-sized model rocket with a Kryptonian Flame Beast. The force of the Flame Beast's breath acts as a rocket blast and propels the ship away from Krypton. Once he approaches a yellow sun, Superman's powers return. However, he realizes that it is impossible for him to return to Krypton and save Lyla.[5]Lyla is described as being very beautiful, with blue eyes and blonde hair, but she has also been seen in flashback with black hair.In Superman #189 (August 1966), Superman meets a robot double of Lyla on Krypton II, a \"decoy\" planet created by Jor-El as a defense against alien invaders. Lyla makes no other active appearances in the pre-Crisis Superman canon. She would later be revealed to be a clone of Lyla Michaels aka Harbinger, conditioning Superman to greater heights with her influence.In 1979, the Justice League encountered Lyla on the night before Krypton exploded, and she learned Kal-El's fate (Super Friends #17, February 1979).[6]In Alan Moore's story \"For the Man Who Has Everything\" in Superman Annual #11, Superman is attacked by an alien plant called the \"Black Mercy\", which causes Superman to enter a dream-like state. In his fantasy life, Krypton never exploded, and a grown Kal-El is married to Lyla Lerrol (spelled Ler-Rol in this story).","title":"Pre-Crisis version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_on_Infinite_Earths"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Joe Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Kelly_(comics_writer)"},{"link_name":"Michael Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Turner_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Talent Caldwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talent_Caldwell"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Fortress of Solitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortress_of_Solitude"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Preus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DC_Comics_characters:_P"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In the post-Crisis continuity, a version of Lyla appears in the six part story arc Superman: Godfall (2004),[7] written by Joe Kelly and Michael Turner, with art by Talent Caldwell. This Lyla, whose last name is not revealed, is an alien empath to a society that persecuted all aliens, but empaths in particular. Simply being one was to have a death sentence. Her father told her all of the old myths about the Superman as she grew up and she became steeped in the belief of a power greater than her that was guiding her life. Her faith was destroyed when her father was murdered by a Kandorian.[8]After that, she began to dream of Superman.[9] They were visions that connected her to him. She called to him and he appeared, broken and exhausted. She nursed him back to health and brain-washed him to believe he was a low-level official working for the Kryptonian government and that Krypton had never been destroyed. She made him believe he was nothing more than a nobody in a menial job with no future and no dreams. She infused him with her own frustrations about the futility of existence.[10]When she was ready, she stole his powers and used his connection to the real world to break out into the Fortress of Solitude. She flew to Metropolis, wanting to have people worship her, only to discover the real truth: Superman wasn't a god at all, people didn't worship him, he'd earned their love and trust but no more.[11]When Superman and the group of alien Kandor rebels arrive to confront her, she fights back with the powers she stole from him. She stops Preus from killing him but blows both Preus and herself up in an attempt to protect Superman. Her current whereabouts is unknown but Superman believes she survived and will come back one day.[12]","title":"Post-Crisis version"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Fleisher, Michael L. (2007). The Original Encyclopedia of Comic Book Heroes, Volume Three: Superman. DC Comics. pp. 215–216, 421. ISBN 978-1-4012-1389-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4012-1389-3","url_text":"978-1-4012-1389-3"}]},{"reference":"Greenberger, Robert; Pasko, Martin (2010). The Essential Superman Encyclopedia. Del Rey. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-345-50108-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-50108-0","url_text":"978-0-345-50108-0"}]},{"reference":"Wells, John (2015). American Comic Book Chronicles: 1960-64. TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 26. ISBN 978-1605490458.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1605490458","url_text":"978-1605490458"}]},{"reference":"Eury, Michael (2006). The Krypton Companion. TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 9781893905610.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781893905610","url_text":"9781893905610"}]}] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mecklin | John Mecklin | ["1 Biography","2 Krulak Menenhall mission","3 References","4 Sources"] | American journalist
For the editor of Miller-McCune, see John Mecklin (journalist).
John MecklinBornJohn Martin MecklinJanuary 29, 1918Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaDiedOctober 29, 1971Fairfield, ConnecticutNationalityAmericanOccupation(s)Journalist and diplomat
John Martin Mecklin (January 29, 1918 – October 29, 1971) was an American journalist and diplomat.
Biography
Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Mecklin graduated from Deerfield Academy, in Deerfield, Massachusetts in 1935. He then graduated from Dartmouth College in 1939. He was a war correspondent for the Chicago Sun in 1944-1946 and wrote for the Rome Daily American in 1946 -1947 before returning to the United States to write for The New York Times. He then went to Time from 1948 to 1966 and was on the staff of Fortune from 1966 to 1968, when he was named to the magazine's Board of Editors. While on leave from Time in the early 1960s he served as the Public Affairs Advisor for the U.S. Mission to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development of the United States Information Agency in Paris, between 1961 and 1962. He then became the Public Affairs Officer at the US Embassy, Saigon South Vietnam from 1962 to 1964. He died of cancer, in a hospital in Fairfield, Connecticut, on October 29, 1971, at the age of 53.
Krulak Menenhall mission
Main article: Krulak Mendenhall mission
References
^ Papers of John Mecklin
^ 'John Mecklin, reporter, dies,' Lowell Sun (Massachusetts), October 31, 1971, pg. 59
^ 'John Mecklin, a Fortune and Foreign Correspondent, 52,' The New York Times, October 31, 1971
Sources
The Papers of John Martin Mecklin at Dartmouth College Library
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Czech Republic
This article about a United States journalist born in the 1910s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This American diplomat–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Mecklin (journalist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mecklin_(journalist)"}],"text":"For the editor of Miller-McCune, see John Mecklin (journalist).John Martin Mecklin (January 29, 1918 – October 29, 1971) was an American journalist and diplomat.","title":"John Mecklin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Deerfield Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deerfield_Academy"},{"link_name":"Deerfield, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deerfield,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Dartmouth College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College"},{"link_name":"Chicago Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_magazine"},{"link_name":"Fortune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_magazine"},{"link_name":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development"},{"link_name":"United States Information Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Information_Agency"},{"link_name":"US Embassy, Saigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Embassy,_Saigon"},{"link_name":"South Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Fairfield, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Mecklin graduated from Deerfield Academy, in Deerfield, Massachusetts in 1935. He then graduated from Dartmouth College in 1939. He was a war correspondent for the Chicago Sun in 1944-1946 and wrote for the Rome Daily American in 1946 -1947 before returning to the United States to write for The New York Times. He then went to Time from 1948 to 1966 and was on the staff of Fortune from 1966 to 1968, when he was named to the magazine's Board of Editors. While on leave from Time in the early 1960s he served as the Public Affairs Advisor for the U.S. Mission to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development of the United States Information Agency in Paris, between 1961 and 1962. He then became the Public Affairs Officer at the US Embassy, Saigon South Vietnam from 1962 to 1964. He died of cancer, in a hospital in Fairfield, Connecticut, on October 29, 1971, at the age of 53.[1][2][3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Krulak Menenhall mission"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Papers of John Martin Mecklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/272"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6248363#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/7777164357857813250009"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0282366&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Mecklin&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:US-journalist-1910s-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:US-journalist-1910s-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US-journalist-1910s-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_personal.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Mecklin&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:US-diplomat-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:US-diplomat-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US-diplomat-stub"}],"text":"The Papers of John Martin Mecklin at Dartmouth College LibraryAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nCzech RepublicThis article about a United States journalist born in the 1910s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis American diplomat–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://ead.dartmouth.edu/html/ml28_biohist.html","external_links_name":"Papers of John Mecklin"},{"Link":"https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/272","external_links_name":"The Papers of John Martin Mecklin"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/7777164357857813250009","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0282366&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Mecklin&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Mecklin&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_and_Shove_(album) | Push and Shove (album) | ["1 Background and development","2 Recording","3 Release and promotion","3.1 Singles","4 Critical reception","5 Commercial performance","6 Track listing","7 Personnel","7.1 Deluxe edition bonus disc","8 Charts","8.1 Weekly charts","8.2 Year-end charts","9 Release history","10 Notes","11 References"] | 2012 studio album by No DoubtPush and ShoveStudio album by No DoubtReleasedSeptember 21, 2012 (2012-09-21)RecordedJanuary 4, 2011 – July 13, 2012Studio
Kingsbury (Los Feliz, California)
Henson (Hollywood, California)
Mixsuite LA (Santa Monica, California)
The Nook (Studio City, California)
The Sideshack (Long Beach, California)
Kingston Sound (Los Angeles, California)
The Pass (Los Angeles, California)
Record One (Sherman Oaks, California)
Mad Decent (Atwater Village, California)
Heavy Duty (Burbank, California)
Penthouse (Kingston, Jamaica)
Paramount (Hollywood, California)
Chalice (Hollywood, California)
Genre
Ska
dancehall
electropop
pop
Length51:50LabelInterscopeProducer
Anthony Gorry
Major Lazer
No Doubt
Ariel Rechtshaid
Mark "Spike" Stent
No Doubt chronology
Everything in Time(2004)
Push and Shove(2012)
Singles from Push and Shove
"Settle Down"Released: July 16, 2012
"Looking Hot"Released: November 6, 2012
Push and Shove is the sixth studio album by American rock band No Doubt. It was released on September 21, 2012, by Interscope Records. The album serves as a comeback album for the band, as their last album, Rock Steady, was released 11 years prior. A deluxe edition of Push and Shove features acoustic versions and remixes of several tracks, as well as "Stand and Deliver", a song No Doubt had covered in 2009.
The album debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 with 115,000 copies sold in its first week. "Settle Down" was released in July 2012 as the album's lead single, debuting and peaking at number 34 on the Billboard Hot 100. The album's title track features Major Lazer and Jamaican reggae artist Busy Signal, and was released as a promotional single the following month. "Looking Hot" was released as the second single from the album.
Background and development
No Doubt released their fifth studio album, Rock Steady, in December 2001. The album has sold three million copies worldwide and has been certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). In April 2003, No Doubt went into hiatus to take a break to spend time with their families before starting to compile Everything in Time; The Singles 1992–2003, a greatest hits album featuring songs from their previous studio albums; and Boom Box, a box set compiling The Singles 1992–2003, Everything in Time, The Videos 1992–2003 and Live in the Tragic Kingdom, which would all be released on the same date. The main reason to go into hiatus was that in early 2003, lead singer Gwen Stefani started work on her 1980s-inspired new wave/dance-pop music side project, under which she released two solo albums: Love. Angel. Music. Baby. (2004) and The Sweet Escape (2006).
Kanal and Stefani performing during the No Doubt 2009 Summer Tour
While Stefani was promoting The Sweet Escape, the other band members began initial work on a new album without her and planned to complete it after Stefani finished her The Sweet Escape Tour. Stefani revealed in March 2008 that the songwriting process for the album had begun, but was being done relatively slow on her end because she was, at the time, pregnant with her second child. The band's manager Jim Guerinot announced that the album would be produced by Mark "Spike" Stent, who helped produce and mix Rock Steady. However, the sessions stalled as the band suffered from writer's block, and they decided to return to touring. Through their website, No Doubt announced their 2009 Summer Tour with opening acts Paramore, The Sounds, Janelle Monáe, Bedouin Soundclash, Katy Perry, Panic! at the Disco, and Matt Costa, all while finishing their upcoming album, which was set for release in 2010. As a special promotion for the tour, the band was giving away their entire music catalog as a free digital download with purchase of top tier seating.
Recording
When the band finally began to slowly write songs, they became anxious to start recording them. The group entered the studio in May 2010 to begin recording Push and Shove, and Stefani stated publicly that she wanted to complete the project by the end of the year. On January 4, 2011, Tom Dumont posted on the band's official website that they had spent most of 2010 writing and making demos, and that the "real" recording sessions had begun that same day. The band's process was very informal, with Stefani jokingly describing it as "a series of accidents and mistakes."
Release and promotion
No Doubt announced on May 4, 2012 that their then-untitled sixth studio would be released on September 25, 2012. A month later, the band announced the album's title to be Push and Shove. "Push and Shove" was released as a promotional single for the album on August 29, 2012. A limited edition of 2500 (individually numbered) Speaker Box sets and a deluxe edition were also released at the same time. The deluxe edition contains four additional tracks and a hardbound 24-page booklet which includes information on the birth of the concept for the "Settle Down" video as well as Lance Slaton's concept artwork for the video. The Speaker Box set contains three bonus tracks for a total of 14 tracks along with a slew of other items in a "hand assembled" working audio speaker box with a standard mini-jack connection. The items included were a custom 4GB flash drive containing album audio in WAV and MP3 formats with digital booklet, the hardbound 24 page booklet with CD, a pearlized guitar pick featuring black foil stamping including facsimile printed band signatures, commemorative laminate with printed lanyard (collector's item – no backstage access), a fold-out poster, accordion fold five-postcard set, vinyl sticker all in a custom-cut charcoal foam contents tray.
The cover artwork for the album was created by graffiti artist Miles "Mac" MacGregor ("El Mac") based on a photo shoot he had taken of the band.
Singles
"Settle Down", the album's lead single, debuted on July 16, 2012. The music video, which was shot over the week of June 11, 2012, was directed by Sophie Muller, who had previously directed many of No Doubt's music videos including "Don't Speak" and "Underneath It All". They released a behind-the-scenes video of the set of "Settle Down" on June 30, 2012. No Doubt performed the song live for the first time during the 2012 Teen Choice Awards on July 22. They also performed the song on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon on July 26 and on Good Morning America on July 27.
"Looking Hot" was released as the official second single from Push and Shove. The song was sent to contemporary hit radio in the United States on November 6, 2012. The band performed the song on The X Factor UK on November 4, 2012. One day after the premiere of the "Looking Hot" official music video, No Doubt announced on their website on November 3 that they had decided to pull down the video due to its possible offensive nature to Native Americans, despite their efforts to include expert input on Native American culture.
Critical reception
Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingMetacritic61/100Review scoresSourceRatingAllMusicThe Daily TelegraphEntertainment WeeklyB+The GuardianThe IndependentLos Angeles TimesPaste6.7/10PopMatters4/10Rolling StoneSlant MagazineSpin7/10
Push and Shove received generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 61, based on 23 reviews. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic compared the album favorably to Stefani's solo albums, calling it "a modest, mature comeback, highlighted by the band's keen awareness of their strengths and subtle, unstated acknowledgment of encroaching middle age." Entertainment Weekly's Melissa Maerz commented that on Push and Shove, Stefani "pogos as hard as she did in her Anaheim-strip-mall ska days. But she's also just as neurotic, which adds depth to her love songs." Mikael Wood of the Los Angeles Times opined, "At its best, Push and Shove channels some of the infectiously restless energy of Rock Steady And it further polishes a bold mix-and-match aesthetic that feels familiar today in part because of records such as Tragic Kingdom." Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine found that "the more interesting tracks are stacked on the front end of Push and Shove, and the songs on the second half of the album are comparably safer, blurring together upon first listen."
Theon Weber of Spin concluded, "This isn't a great album It's also—in its confidence, its playfulness, and the slightly stoned degree to which it is relaxed—No Doubt's most accomplished party." Ryan Reed of Paste dubbed the album "a welcome return, even if it's a tad exhausting", adding that "No Doubt has always been more than a platform for a gifted frontwoman, a fact Push and Shove seems to forget at times, downplaying the band's fluid chemistry in favor of soaring hooks and 'cranked to 11' dynamics." In a mixed review, Helen Brown of The Daily Telegraph felt that "too much of the record sounds like generic, Katy Perry-esque power-pop." The Guardian's Caroline Sullivan remarked that "this record simply takes up where 2001's Rock Steady left off", but ultimately stated, "As a comeback, this is nice work." The Independent's Andy Gill commented that the album finds No Doubt "making only the most tentative divergences from previously tried and tested strategies, which gives Push and Shove a character that could be described as either dated or timeless." Rolling Stone critic Jody Rosen expressed, "The songs are catchy, but Gwen Stefani doesn't have the voice, or the gravitas, for grandiose tunes." Maria Schurr of PopMatters panned the lyrics as "abysmally bad" and remarked, "After 'One More Summer' and the inconsistent but decent title song, the album becomes so filler-centric that even the tracks' titles are interchangeable."
Commercial performance
Push and Shove debuted at number three on the Billboard 200, selling 115,000 copies in its first week. The album debuted at number 16 on the UK Albums Chart, selling 6,635 copies. In Canada, the album entered the Canadian Albums Chart at number five with first-week sales of 8,000 copies.
Track listing
All tracks are written by Gwen Stefani, Tony Kanal, and Tom Dumont, except where notedNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Settle Down" Mark "Spike" Stent6:002."Looking Hot" StentAnthony Gorry4:423."One More Summer" Stent4:394."Push and Shove" (featuring Busy Signal and Major Lazer)Stefani, Kanal, Dumont, Reanno Gordon, Thomas Pentz, David Taylor, Ariel RechtshaidStentMajor LazerRechtshaid5:065."Easy" Stent5:106."Gravity" StentGorry4:257."Undercover" Stent3:318."Undone" Stent4:379."Sparkle"Stefani, David Stewart, DumontStent4:0810."Heaven" Stent4:0711."Dreaming the Same Dream" Stent5:27Total length:51:52
Japanese edition bonus trackNo.TitleProducer(s)Length12."Settle Down" (Jonas Quant Remix)Stent4:33
Deluxe edition bonus discNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Stand and Deliver" (Adam and the Ants cover)Adam Ant, Marco PirroniStent3:212."Settle Down" (Acoustic – Santa Monica Sessions) No Doubt4:023."Looking Hot" (Acoustic – Santa Monica Sessions) No Doubt4:204."One More Summer" (Acoustic – Santa Monica Sessions) No Doubt4:205."Easy" (Acoustic – Santa Monica Sessions) No Doubt4:486."Looking Hot" (Jonas Quant Remix) StentGorry4:487."One More Summer" (Jonas Quant Remix) Stent4:368."Push and Shove" (Anthony Gorry Remix)Stefani, Kanal, Dumont, Gordon, Pentz, Taylor, RechtshaidStentMajor LazerRechtshaid5:34Total length:87:41
Notes
^a signifies an additional producer
In the United States, the physical deluxe edition was released exclusively to Target.
Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of the deluxe edition of Push and Shove.
No Doubt
Gwen Stefani – vocals
Tony Kanal – bass guitar
Tom Dumont – guitar (unspecified tracks); synthesizer (tracks 1, 10)
Adrian Young – drums, percussion (unspecified tracks); V-Drums (tracks 3, 4, 6, 9)
Additional musicians
Anthony Gorry – programming, keyboards (tracks 1–4, 6–9, 11)
Jonas Quant – programming, keyboards (tracks 1–3, 10)
Neil Kanal – additional programming (track 1)
Stephen Hilton – strings (track 1); programming, keyboards (track 5); additional strings (track 11)
Gabrial McNair – trombone (tracks 2, 4, 5, 9); melodica (track 2)
Stephen Bradley – trumpet (tracks 2, 4, 5, 9)
Wayne Wilkins – programming, keyboards (track 3)
Busy Signal – vocals (track 4)
David Moyer – baritone saxophone (track 4)
David Emery – programming, keyboards (tracks 9, 10)
Technical
Greg Collins – engineering, vocal recording (tracks 1, 11)
Anthony Gorry – additional production (tracks 2, 6)
Ariel Rechtshaid – additional production, additional recording (track 4)
Diplo – additional recording (track 4)
Shane C. Brown – additional recording (track 4)
Mark "Spike" Stent – production, mixing
Major Lazer – production (track 4)
Matty Green – recording, mix engineering
Neil Kanal – recording engineering
Brian Gardner – mastering
Donnie Spada – studio backline
Daniel Jensen – studio backline
Pierre Eiras – studio assistance
Kevin Mills – studio assistance
Rouble Kapoor – studio assistance
Kiki Cholewka – studio assistance
Artwork
Jolie Clemens – art direction, layout
Emily Frye – art direction, layout
El Mac – cover painting
Yu Tsai – photographs
Deluxe edition bonus disc
No Doubt
Gwen Stefani – vocals
Tom Dumont – acoustic guitar (tracks 2–4); electric guitar (track 5)
Tony Kanal – acoustic bass guitar (tracks 2–5)
Adrian Young – drums (tracks 2, 3, 5); trigger pad, percussion (track 2); tambourine (tracks 3, 5); shaker (track 5)
Additional musicians
Wayne Wilkins – programming (track 1)
Fabien Waltmann – programming (track 1)
Gabrial McNair – trombone (tracks 1, 3, 5); piano, backing vocals (tracks 2, 3, 5); keyboards, strings (track 4)
Stephen Bradley – backing vocals (tracks 2, 3, 5); trumpet (tracks 3–5); castanets (track 3)
Busy Signal – vocals (track 8)
Technical
Mark "Spike" Stent – production, mixing (track 1)
Matty Green – recording (track 1); mixing (tracks 2–5)
No Doubt – production (tracks 2–5)
Jonas Quant – remix (tracks 6, 7)
Anthony Gorry – remix (track 8)
L. Henry Sarmiento II – mix engineering (track 8)
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (2012)
Peakposition
Australian Albums (ARIA)
8
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)
11
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)
41
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)
44
Canadian Albums (Billboard)
5
Croatian Albums (HDU)
33
Czech Albums (ČNS IFPI)
48
Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)
28
French Albums (SNEP)
33
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)
11
Greek Albums (IFPI)
26
Irish Albums (IRMA)
23
Italian Albums (FIMI)
37
Japanese Albums (Oricon)
44
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)
11
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)
32
Scottish Albums (OCC)
18
South Korean Albums (Circle)
63
South Korean Albums (Circle) Deluxe edition
45
South Korean International Albums (Circle)
12
South Korean International Albums (Circle) Deluxe edition
7
Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)
30
Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)
55
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)
9
UK Albums (OCC)
16
US Billboard 200
3
US Top Alternative Albums (Billboard)
3
US Top Rock Albums (Billboard)
3
Year-end charts
Chart (2012)
Position
US Billboard 200
155
US Top Alternative Albums (Billboard)
25
US Top Rock Albums (Billboard)
46
Release history
Region
Date
Format(s)
Edition(s)
Label
Ref.
Australia
September 21, 2012
CDdigital download
Standarddeluxe
Universal
Germany
Netherlands
France
September 24, 2012
United Kingdom
Polydor
Canada
September 25, 2012
CDLPdigital download
Universal
Italy
CDdigital download
Standard
Poland
Standarddeluxe
United States
Interscope
Japan
September 26, 2012
Universal
Sweden
Italy
October 2, 2012
Deluxe
United States
LP
Standard
Interscope
United Kingdom
October 4, 2012
Polydor
Germany
October 5, 2012
Universal
Netherlands
France
October 8, 2012
Sweden
Notes
^ Tracks 1–4, 6, 7, 10 and 11
^ Tracks 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10
^ Tracks 1–11
^ Tracks 1 and 11
^ Track 2
^ Tracks 2, 3, 5, 8, 10 and 11
^ Tracks 3 and 10
^ Tracks 3, 4, 6, 7, 9 and 10
^ a b c Track 4
^ a b "Stand and Deliver"
References
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^ a b c Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Push and Shove – No Doubt". AllMusic. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
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^ "No Doubt: Timeline". NoDoubt.com. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
^ Moss, Corey; Downey, Ryan J. (April 18, 2003). "Gwen Stefani Recording Solo Material". MTV News. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
^ Jeffries, David. "Gwen Stefani | Biography & History". AllMusic. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
^ Vineyard, Jennifer; Richard, Yasmine (May 12, 2006). "No Doubt — Minus Gwen — In Early Stages Of New Album". MTV News. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
^ Cohen, Jonathan (December 12, 2006). "Stefani: No Timetable For No Doubt Reunion". Billboard. Retrieved September 18, 2012.
^ a b Kreps, Daniel (May 13, 2010). "No Doubt Hit Hollywood Studio to Record New Tracks". Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
^ Stefani, Gwen (March 28, 2008). "Hey No Doubters". No Doubt Community. Archived from the original on June 19, 2012. Retrieved July 16, 2012.
^ Kaufman, Gil (April 1, 2008). "Gwen Stefani Says No Doubt Are In The Studio 'Every Day,' Working On Album Expected In 2009". MTV News. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
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^ "No Doubt Announces 2009 Summer Tour". NoDoubt.com. January 21, 2009. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
^ "Receive No Doubt's Entire Digital Catalog For Free With Online Ticket Purchase". NoDoubt.com. March 2, 2009. Archived from the original on July 7, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
^ L., Seraphina (September 20, 2010). "Gwen Stefani Talks About Upcoming No Doubt Album". BeatCrave. Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
^ Dumont, Tom (January 4, 2011). "Studio Update From the Band". NoDoubt.com. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
^ Montgomery, James (September 13, 2012). "No Doubt Call Push And Shove 'A Series Of Accidents And Mistakes'". MTV News. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
^ "Release date announcement and Updated Home Page". NoDoubt.com. May 4, 2012. Archived from the original on June 7, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
^ a b "Album And Single Announcement!". NoDoubt.com. June 11, 2012. Archived from the original on June 15, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
^ "Push and Shove (feat. Busy Signal, Major Lazer) – Single by No Doubt". iTunes Store (US). Archived from the original on September 6, 2012. Retrieved August 30, 2012.
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^ "Clips from the "Settle Down" Music Video". NoDoubt.com. June 30, 2012. Archived from the original on July 8, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
^ Bain, Becky (July 2, 2012). "No Doubt Tease "Settle Down" Video". Idolator. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
^ Montgomery, James (September 21, 2012). "No Doubt Say New Single 'Looking Hot' Was 'Almost Thrown Away'". MTV News. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
^ "Top 40/M Future Releases". All Access Music Group. Archived from the original on September 11, 2012. Retrieved October 10, 2012.
^ Coleman, Miriam (November 4, 2012). "No Doubt Will Perform on The X Factor UK Tonight". NoDoubt.com. Archived from the original on November 20, 2012. Retrieved November 4, 2012.
^ "In Regards to Our "Looking Hot" Music Video". NoDoubt.com. November 3, 2012. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved November 4, 2012.
^ Coleman, Miriam (November 4, 2012). "No Doubt Pull 'Looking Hot' Video After Offending Native Americans". Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
^ a b "Push and Shove – No Doubt". Metacritic. Retrieved September 22, 2012.
^ a b Brown, Helen (September 28, 2012). "Pop CD reviews: Van Morrison, No Doubt, Beth Orton, Rickie Lee Jones, Krar Collective". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved September 29, 2012.
^ a b Maerz, Melissa (September 28, 2012). "Green Day & No Doubt Return". Entertainment Weekly. No. 1226. p. 72. ISSN 1049-0434. Retrieved September 22, 2012.
^ a b Sullivan, Caroline (September 27, 2012). "No Doubt: Push and Shove – review". The Guardian. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
^ a b Gill, Andy (September 21, 2012). "Album: No Doubt, Push and Shove (Polydor/Interscope)". The Independent. Retrieved September 22, 2012.
^ a b Wood, Mikael (September 25, 2012). "Review: No doubt that No Doubt is back on 'Push and Shove'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 26, 2012.
^ a b Reed, Ryan (September 25, 2012). "No Doubt: Push and Shove". Paste. Retrieved September 26, 2012.
^ a b Schurr, Maria (September 26, 2012). "No Doubt: Push and Shove". PopMatters. Archived from the original on September 29, 2012. Retrieved September 26, 2012.
^ a b Rosen, Jody (September 25, 2012). "Push and Shove". Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
^ a b Cinquemani, Sal (September 17, 2012). "Review: No Doubt, Push and Shove". Slant Magazine. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
^ a b Weber, Theon (September 26, 2012). "No Doubt, 'Push and Shove' (Interscope)". Spin. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
^ Caulfield, Keith (October 3, 2012). "Mumford & Sons, Green Day, No Doubt Debut at Nos. 1–3 on Billboard 200 Chart". Billboard. Retrieved October 4, 2012.
^ Jones, Alan (October 1, 2012). "Official Charts Analysis: Mumford & Sons sell 158k, Gangnam Style makes history". Music Week. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
^ Williams, John (October 3, 2012). "Mumford & Sons, Deadmau5, Green Day explode onto charts". Canoe.ca. Archived from the original on December 20, 2013. Retrieved October 7, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ a b "プッシュ・アンド・ショウヴ 【CD】" ] (in Japanese). Universal Music Japan. Retrieved September 18, 2012.
^ "Push & Shove – No Doubt". AllMusic. Retrieved January 3, 2012.
^ a b "No Doubt – Push & Shove Deluxe – with 5 bonus tracks – Only at Target". Target. Archived from the original on March 5, 2013. Retrieved January 3, 2012.
^ Push and Shove (deluxe edition liner notes). No Doubt. Interscope Records. 2012. B0017412-72.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ "Australiancharts.com – No Doubt – Push and Shove". Hung Medien. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
^ "Austriancharts.at – No Doubt – Push and Shove" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
^ "Ultratop.be – No Doubt – Push and Shove" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
^ "Ultratop.be – No Doubt – Push and Shove" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
^ "No Doubt Chart History (Canadian Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
^ "Top Kombiniranih – Tjedan 41. 2012" (in Croatian). Top of the Shops. Archived from the original on August 17, 2017. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
^ "Czech Albums – Top 100". ČNS IFPI. Note: On the chart page, select 39.Týden 2012 on the field besides the words "CZ – ALBUMS – TOP 100" to retrieve the correct chart. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
^ "Dutchcharts.nl – No Doubt – Push and Shove" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
^ "Lescharts.com – No Doubt – Push and Shove". Hung Medien. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
^ "Offiziellecharts.de – No Doubt – Push and Shove" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
^ "Top-75 Albums Sales Chart – Εβδομάδα 44/2012" (in Greek). IFPI Greece. Archived from the original on November 20, 2012. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
^ "GFK Chart-Track Albums: Week 39, 2012". Chart-Track. IRMA. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
^ "Italiancharts.com – No Doubt – Push and Shove". Hung Medien. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
^ プッシュ・アンド・ショウヴ | ノー・ダウト (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
^ "Charts.nz – No Doubt – Push and Shove". Hung Medien. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
^ "Norwegiancharts.com – No Doubt – Push and Shove". Hung Medien. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
^ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
^ a b "South Korea Circle Album Chart". On the page, select "2012.09.23~2012.09.29" to obtain the corresponding chart. Circle Chart Retrieved September 30, 2017.
^ a b "South Korea Circle International Album Chart". On the page, select "2012.09.23~2012.09.29" to obtain the corresponding chart. Circle Chart Retrieved September 30, 2017.
^ "Spanishcharts.com – No Doubt – Push and Shove". Hung Medien. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
^ "Swedishcharts.com – No Doubt – Push and Shove". Hung Medien. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
^ "Swisscharts.com – No Doubt – Push and Shove". Hung Medien. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
^ "No Doubt Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
^ "No Doubt Chart History (Top Alternative Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
^ "No Doubt Chart History (Top Rock Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
^ "Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2012". Billboard. Archived from the original on September 17, 2018. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
^ "Alternative Albums – Year-End 2012". Billboard. Archived from the original on June 29, 2018. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
^ "Top Rock Albums – Year-End 2012". Billboard. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
^ "Push And Shove – No Doubt". JB Hi-Fi. Archived from the original on December 30, 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2012.
^ "Push And Shove (Deluxe Edition) – No Doubt". JB Hi-Fi. Archived from the original on December 31, 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2012.
^ "No Doubt | Push And Shove (Standard Edt.)" (in German). Universal Music Germany. Archived from the original on October 9, 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2012.
^ "No Doubt | Push And Shove (Deluxe International Version)" (in German). Universal Music Germany. Archived from the original on October 25, 2015. Retrieved September 18, 2012.
^ "Push & Shove | No Doubt" (in Dutch). Free Record Shop. Retrieved September 18, 2012.
^ "Push & Shove -Deluxe- | No Doubt" (in Dutch). Free Record Shop. Retrieved September 18, 2012.
^ "Push and shove – No Doubt" (in French). Fnac. Retrieved September 18, 2012.
^ "Push and shove – Deluxe – No Doubt" (in French). Fnac. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
^ "No Doubt: Push & Shove". HMV. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
^ "Push And Shove (Deluxe Edition): No Doubt". Amazon (UK). Retrieved February 5, 2019.
^ "Push And Shove: No Doubt (CD)". Amazon (Canada). Retrieved February 5, 2019.
^ "Push And Shove (Vinyl Picture Disc): No Doubt". Amazon (Canada). Retrieved February 5, 2019.
^ Push And Shove (Deluxe 2CD): No Doubt. Amazon (Canada). 25 September 2012. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
^ "Push and Shove – No Doubt" (in Italian). IBS.it. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
^ "No Doubt – Dyskografia" (in Polish). Universal Music Poland. Retrieved September 18, 2012.
^ "Push And Shove: No Doubt (CD)". Amazon (US). Retrieved February 5, 2019.
^ "プッシュ・アンド・ショウヴ-デラックス・エディション 【CD】" ] (in Japanese). Universal Music Japan. Retrieved September 18, 2012.
^ "Push And Shove – No Doubt" (in Swedish). CDON.com (Sweden). Archived from the original on September 23, 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2012.
^ "Push And Shove (Deluxe Edition) (2CD) – No Doubt" (in Swedish). CDON.com (Sweden). Archived from the original on September 18, 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2012.
^ "Push and Shove (Deluxe Edition) – No Doubt" (in Italian). IBS.it. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
^ "Push And Shove: No Doubt (Vinyl)". Amazon (US). Retrieved February 5, 2019.
^ "Push And Shove : No Doubt". Amazon (UK). Retrieved February 5, 2019.
^ "Push and Shove : No Doubt" (in German). Amazon (Germany). Retrieved February 5, 2019.
^ "Push & Shove -LTD- | No Doubt" (in Dutch). Free Record Shop. Retrieved September 18, 2012.
^ "Push and shove – Picture disc – No Doubt" (in French). Fnac. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
^ "Push And Shove (Vinyl LP) – No Doubt" (in Swedish). CDON.com (Sweden). Archived from the original on September 23, 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2012.
vteNo Doubt
Gwen Stefani
Tony Kanal
Tom Dumont
Adrian Young
Eric Stefani
Studio albums
No Doubt
The Beacon Street Collection
Tragic Kingdom
Return of Saturn
Rock Steady
Push and Shove
Compilations
The Singles 1992–2003
Boom Box
Everything in Time
Video albums
Live in the Tragic Kingdom
Rock Steady Live
The Videos 1992–2003
Singles
"Trapped in a Box"
"Squeal"
"Doghouse"
"Just a Girl"
"Spiderwebs"
"Don't Speak"
"Excuse Me Mr."
"Sunday Morning"
"Happy Now?"
"Hey You!"
"New"
"Ex-Girlfriend"
"Simple Kind of Life"
"Bathwater"
"Hey Baby"
"Hella Good"
"Underneath It All"
"Running"
"It's My Life"
"Settle Down"
"Looking Hot"
Promotional singles
"Making Out"
"Stand and Deliver"
"Push and Shove"
Concert tours
Summer Tour 2004
2009 Summer Tour
Seven Night Stand
Related articles
Discography
Awards
Songs
Dreamcar
Super Bowl XXXVII halftime show
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"No Doubt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Doubt"},{"link_name":"Interscope Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interscope_Records"},{"link_name":"Rock Steady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Steady_(album)"},{"link_name":"acoustic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_music"},{"link_name":"Stand and Deliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand_and_Deliver_(Adam_and_the_Ants_song)"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"Settle Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settle_Down_(No_Doubt_song)"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"title track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_and_Shove_(song)"},{"link_name":"Major Lazer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Lazer"},{"link_name":"Busy Signal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busy_Signal"},{"link_name":"Looking Hot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looking_Hot"}],"text":"Push and Shove is the sixth studio album by American rock band No Doubt. It was released on September 21, 2012, by Interscope Records. The album serves as a comeback album for the band, as their last album, Rock Steady, was released 11 years prior. A deluxe edition of Push and Shove features acoustic versions and remixes of several tracks, as well as \"Stand and Deliver\", a song No Doubt had covered in 2009.The album debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 with 115,000 copies sold in its first week. \"Settle Down\" was released in July 2012 as the album's lead single, debuting and peaking at number 34 on the Billboard Hot 100. The album's title track features Major Lazer and Jamaican reggae artist Busy Signal, and was released as a promotional single the following month. \"Looking Hot\" was released as the second single from the album.","title":"Push and Shove (album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rock Steady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Steady_(album)"},{"link_name":"Recording Industry Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Everything in Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_in_Time"},{"link_name":"The Singles 1992–2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Singles_1992%E2%80%932003"},{"link_name":"greatest hits album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_hits_album"},{"link_name":"Boom Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boom_Box_(No_Doubt_album)"},{"link_name":"box set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_set"},{"link_name":"The Videos 1992–2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Videos_1992%E2%80%932003"},{"link_name":"Live in the Tragic Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_in_the_Tragic_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-recording-16"},{"link_name":"Gwen Stefani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwen_Stefani"},{"link_name":"new wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_wave_music"},{"link_name":"dance-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance-pop"},{"link_name":"Love. Angel. Music. Baby.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love._Angel._Music._Baby."},{"link_name":"The Sweet Escape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sweet_Escape"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Summer_Tour_2009_5.png"},{"link_name":"No Doubt 2009 Summer Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Doubt_2009_Summer_Tour"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"The Sweet Escape Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sweet_Escape_Tour"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rs2010-20"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Mark \"Spike\" Stent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Stent"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"writer's block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writer%27s_block"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mtv-montgomery-23"},{"link_name":"2009 Summer Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Doubt_2009_Summer_Tour"},{"link_name":"Paramore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramore"},{"link_name":"The Sounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sounds"},{"link_name":"Janelle Monáe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janelle_Mon%C3%A1e"},{"link_name":"Bedouin Soundclash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouin_Soundclash"},{"link_name":"Katy Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katy_Perry"},{"link_name":"Panic! at the Disco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic!_at_the_Disco"},{"link_name":"Matt Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Costa"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"No Doubt released their fifth studio album, Rock Steady, in December 2001. The album has sold three million copies worldwide and has been certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[3][4] In April 2003, No Doubt went into hiatus to take a break to spend time with their families before starting to compile Everything in Time; The Singles 1992–2003, a greatest hits album featuring songs from their previous studio albums; and Boom Box, a box set compiling The Singles 1992–2003, Everything in Time, The Videos 1992–2003 and Live in the Tragic Kingdom, which would all be released on the same date.[5] The main reason to go into hiatus was that in early 2003,[6] lead singer Gwen Stefani started work on her 1980s-inspired new wave/dance-pop music side project, under which she released two solo albums: Love. Angel. Music. Baby. (2004) and The Sweet Escape (2006).[7]Kanal and Stefani performing during the No Doubt 2009 Summer TourWhile Stefani was promoting The Sweet Escape, the other band members began initial work on a new album without her[8] and planned to complete it after Stefani finished her The Sweet Escape Tour.[9] Stefani revealed in March 2008 that the songwriting process for the album had begun, but was being done relatively slow on her end because she was, at the time, pregnant with her second child.[10][11] The band's manager Jim Guerinot announced that the album would be produced by Mark \"Spike\" Stent, who helped produce and mix Rock Steady.[12] However, the sessions stalled as the band suffered from writer's block, and they decided to return to touring.[13] Through their website, No Doubt announced their 2009 Summer Tour with opening acts Paramore, The Sounds, Janelle Monáe, Bedouin Soundclash, Katy Perry, Panic! at the Disco, and Matt Costa, all while finishing their upcoming album, which was set for release in 2010.[14] As a special promotion for the tour, the band was giving away their entire music catalog as a free digital download with purchase of top tier seating.[15]","title":"Background and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mtv-montgomery-23"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rs2010-20"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Tom Dumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Dumont"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"When the band finally began to slowly write songs, they became anxious to start recording them.[13] The group entered the studio in May 2010 to begin recording Push and Shove,[10] and Stefani stated publicly that she wanted to complete the project by the end of the year.[16] On January 4, 2011, Tom Dumont posted on the band's official website that they had spent most of 2010 writing and making demos, and that the \"real\" recording sessions had begun that same day.[17] The band's process was very informal, with Stefani jokingly describing it as \"a series of accidents and mistakes.\"[18]","title":"Recording"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-announcement-30"},{"link_name":"Push and Shove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_and_Shove_(song)"},{"link_name":"promotional single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotional_single"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"graffiti artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti_artist"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"No Doubt announced on May 4, 2012 that their then-untitled sixth studio would be released on September 25, 2012.[19] A month later, the band announced the album's title to be Push and Shove.[20] \"Push and Shove\" was released as a promotional single for the album on August 29, 2012.[21] A limited edition of 2500 (individually numbered) Speaker Box sets and a deluxe edition were also released at the same time. The deluxe edition contains four additional tracks and a hardbound 24-page booklet which includes information on the birth of the concept for the \"Settle Down\" video as well as Lance Slaton's concept artwork for the video. The Speaker Box set contains three bonus tracks for a total of 14 tracks along with a slew of other items in a \"hand assembled\" working audio speaker box with a standard mini-jack connection. The items included were a custom 4GB flash drive containing album audio in WAV and MP3 formats with digital booklet, the hardbound 24 page booklet with CD, a pearlized guitar pick featuring black foil stamping including facsimile printed band signatures, commemorative laminate with printed lanyard (collector's item – no backstage access), a fold-out poster, accordion fold five-postcard set, vinyl sticker all in a custom-cut charcoal foam contents tray.The cover artwork for the album was created by graffiti artist Miles \"Mac\" MacGregor (\"El Mac\") based on a photo shoot he had taken of the band.[22]","title":"Release and promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Settle Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settle_Down_(No_Doubt_song)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-announcement-30"},{"link_name":"Sophie Muller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Muller"},{"link_name":"Don't Speak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Speak"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"2012 Teen Choice Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Teen_Choice_Awards"},{"link_name":"Late Night with Jimmy Fallon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Night_with_Jimmy_Fallon"},{"link_name":"Good Morning America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Morning_America"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Looking Hot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looking_Hot"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"contemporary hit radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"The X Factor UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X_Factor_(UK_series_9)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Native Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"\"Settle Down\", the album's lead single, debuted on July 16, 2012.[20] The music video, which was shot over the week of June 11, 2012, was directed by Sophie Muller, who had previously directed many of No Doubt's music videos including \"Don't Speak\" and \"Underneath It All\". They released a behind-the-scenes video of the set of \"Settle Down\" on June 30, 2012.[23] No Doubt performed the song live for the first time during the 2012 Teen Choice Awards on July 22. They also performed the song on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon on July 26 and on Good Morning America on July 27.[24]\"Looking Hot\" was released as the official second single from Push and Shove.[25] The song was sent to contemporary hit radio in the United States on November 6, 2012.[26] The band performed the song on The X Factor UK on November 4, 2012.[27] One day after the premiere of the \"Looking Hot\" official music video, No Doubt announced on their website on November 3 that they had decided to pull down the video due to its possible offensive nature to Native Americans, despite their efforts to include expert input on Native American culture.[28][29]","title":"Release and promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"normalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_score"},{"link_name":"average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_arithmetic_mean"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC-40"},{"link_name":"Stephen Thomas Erlewine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-12"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"Anaheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaheim,_California"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ew-42"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"Tragic Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragic_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes-45"},{"link_name":"Slant Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slant_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slant-49"},{"link_name":"Spin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spin-50"},{"link_name":"Paste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paste_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paste-46"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"Katy Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katy_Perry"},{"link_name":"power-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_pop"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-41"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-43"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent-44"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"Jody Rosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jody_Rosen"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rs-48"},{"link_name":"PopMatters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-popmatters-47"}],"text":"Push and Shove received generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 61, based on 23 reviews.[30] Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic compared the album favorably to Stefani's solo albums, calling it \"a modest, mature comeback, highlighted by the band's keen awareness of their strengths and subtle, unstated acknowledgment of encroaching middle age.\"[2] Entertainment Weekly's Melissa Maerz commented that on Push and Shove, Stefani \"pogos as hard as she did in her Anaheim-strip-mall ska days. But she's also just as neurotic, which adds depth to her love songs.\"[32] Mikael Wood of the Los Angeles Times opined, \"At its best, Push and Shove channels some of the infectiously restless energy of Rock Steady [...] And it further polishes a bold mix-and-match aesthetic that feels familiar today in part because of records such as Tragic Kingdom.\"[35] Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine found that \"the more interesting tracks are stacked on the front end of Push and Shove, and the songs on the second half of the album are comparably safer, blurring together upon first listen.\"[39]Theon Weber of Spin concluded, \"This isn't a great album [...] It's also—in its confidence, its playfulness, and the slightly stoned degree to which it is relaxed—No Doubt's most accomplished party.\"[40] Ryan Reed of Paste dubbed the album \"a welcome return, even if it's a tad exhausting\", adding that \"No Doubt has always been more than a platform for a gifted frontwoman, a fact Push and Shove seems to forget at times, downplaying the band's fluid chemistry in favor of soaring hooks and 'cranked to 11' dynamics.\"[36] In a mixed review, Helen Brown of The Daily Telegraph felt that \"too much of the record sounds like generic, Katy Perry-esque power-pop.\"[31] The Guardian's Caroline Sullivan remarked that \"this record simply takes up where 2001's Rock Steady left off\", but ultimately stated, \"As a comeback, this is nice work.\"[33] The Independent's Andy Gill commented that the album finds No Doubt \"making only the most tentative divergences from previously tried and tested strategies, which gives Push and Shove a character that could be described as either dated or timeless.\"[34] Rolling Stone critic Jody Rosen expressed, \"The songs are catchy, but Gwen Stefani doesn't have the voice, or the gravitas, for grandiose tunes.\"[38] Maria Schurr of PopMatters panned the lyrics as \"abysmally bad\" and remarked, \"After 'One More Summer' [...] and the inconsistent but decent title song, the album becomes so filler-centric that even the tracks' titles [...] are interchangeable.\"[37]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"UK Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Canadian Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"Push and Shove debuted at number three on the Billboard 200, selling 115,000 copies in its first week.[41] The album debuted at number 16 on the UK Albums Chart, selling 6,635 copies.[42] In Canada, the album entered the Canadian Albums Chart at number five with first-week sales of 8,000 copies.[43]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gwen Stefani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwen_Stefani"},{"link_name":"Tony Kanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Kanal"},{"link_name":"Tom Dumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Dumont"},{"link_name":"Settle Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settle_Down_(No_Doubt_song)"},{"link_name":"Mark \"Spike\" Stent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Stent"},{"link_name":"Looking Hot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looking_Hot"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"Push and Shove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_and_Shove_(song)"},{"link_name":"Busy Signal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busy_Signal"},{"link_name":"Major Lazer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Lazer"},{"link_name":"Reanno Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busy_Signal"},{"link_name":"Thomas Pentz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplo"},{"link_name":"David Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch_(house_DJ)"},{"link_name":"Ariel Rechtshaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Rechtshaid"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"David Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Stewart_(Eurythmics)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-umjp-54"},{"link_name":"Jonas Quant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Quant"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Stand and Deliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand_and_Deliver_(Adam_and_the_Ants_song)"},{"link_name":"Adam and the Ants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_and_the_Ants"},{"link_name":"Adam Ant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Ant"},{"link_name":"Marco Pirroni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Pirroni"},{"link_name":"No Doubt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Doubt"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_a"},{"link_name":"^a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_a"},{"link_name":"Target","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-target-56"}],"text":"All tracks are written by Gwen Stefani, Tony Kanal, and Tom Dumont, except where notedNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Settle Down\" Mark \"Spike\" Stent6:002.\"Looking Hot\" StentAnthony Gorry[a]4:423.\"One More Summer\" Stent4:394.\"Push and Shove\" (featuring Busy Signal and Major Lazer)Stefani, Kanal, Dumont, Reanno Gordon, Thomas Pentz, David Taylor, Ariel RechtshaidStentMajor LazerRechtshaid[a]5:065.\"Easy\" Stent5:106.\"Gravity\" StentGorry[a]4:257.\"Undercover\" Stent3:318.\"Undone\" Stent4:379.\"Sparkle\"Stefani, David Stewart, DumontStent4:0810.\"Heaven\" Stent4:0711.\"Dreaming the Same Dream\" Stent5:27Total length:51:52Japanese edition bonus track[44]No.TitleProducer(s)Length12.\"Settle Down\" (Jonas Quant Remix)Stent4:33Deluxe edition bonus disc[45]No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Stand and Deliver\" (Adam and the Ants cover)Adam Ant, Marco PirroniStent3:212.\"Settle Down\" (Acoustic – Santa Monica Sessions) No Doubt4:023.\"Looking Hot\" (Acoustic – Santa Monica Sessions) No Doubt4:204.\"One More Summer\" (Acoustic – Santa Monica Sessions) No Doubt4:205.\"Easy\" (Acoustic – Santa Monica Sessions) No Doubt4:486.\"Looking Hot\" (Jonas Quant Remix) StentGorry[a]4:487.\"One More Summer\" (Jonas Quant Remix) Stent4:368.\"Push and Shove\" (Anthony Gorry Remix)Stefani, Kanal, Dumont, Gordon, Pentz, Taylor, RechtshaidStentMajor LazerRechtshaid[a]5:34Total length:87:41Notes^a signifies an additional producer\nIn the United States, the physical deluxe edition was released exclusively to Target.[46]","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Gwen Stefani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwen_Stefani"},{"link_name":"Tony Kanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Kanal"},{"link_name":"Tom Dumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Dumont"},{"link_name":"Adrian Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Young"},{"link_name":"V-Drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_V-Drums"},{"link_name":"Jonas Quant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Quant"},{"link_name":"Gabrial McNair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrial_McNair"},{"link_name":"melodica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodica"},{"link_name":"Stephen Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Bradley_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Wayne Wilkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Wilkins"},{"link_name":"Busy Signal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busy_Signal"},{"link_name":"baritone saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritone_saxophone"},{"link_name":"Greg Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Collins_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Ariel Rechtshaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Rechtshaid"},{"link_name":"Diplo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplo_(DJ)"},{"link_name":"Mark \"Spike\" Stent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Stent"},{"link_name":"Major Lazer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Lazer"},{"link_name":"Brian Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Gardner"},{"link_name":"backline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backline_(stage)"},{"link_name":"Yu Tsai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Tsai"}],"text":"Credits adapted from the liner notes of the deluxe edition of Push and Shove.[47]No DoubtGwen Stefani – vocals\nTony Kanal – bass guitar\nTom Dumont – guitar (unspecified tracks); synthesizer (tracks 1, 10)\nAdrian Young – drums, percussion (unspecified tracks); V-Drums (tracks 3, 4, 6, 9)Additional musiciansAnthony Gorry – programming, keyboards (tracks 1–4, 6–9, 11)\nJonas Quant – programming, keyboards (tracks 1–3, 10)\nNeil Kanal – additional programming (track 1)\nStephen Hilton – strings (track 1); programming, keyboards (track 5); additional strings (track 11)\nGabrial McNair – trombone (tracks 2, 4, 5, 9); melodica (track 2)\nStephen Bradley – trumpet (tracks 2, 4, 5, 9)\nWayne Wilkins – programming, keyboards (track 3)\nBusy Signal – vocals (track 4)\nDavid Moyer – baritone saxophone (track 4)\nDavid Emery – programming, keyboards (tracks 9, 10)TechnicalGreg Collins – engineering, vocal recording (tracks 1, 11)\nAnthony Gorry – additional production (tracks 2, 6)\nAriel Rechtshaid – additional production, additional recording (track 4)\nDiplo – additional recording (track 4)\nShane C. Brown – additional recording (track 4)\nMark \"Spike\" Stent – production, mixing\nMajor Lazer – production (track 4)\nMatty Green – recording, mix engineering\nNeil Kanal – recording engineering\nBrian Gardner – mastering\nDonnie Spada – studio backline\nDaniel Jensen – studio backline\nPierre Eiras – studio assistance\nKevin Mills – studio assistance\nRouble Kapoor – studio assistance\nKiki Cholewka – studio assistanceArtworkJolie Clemens – art direction, layout\nEmily Frye – art direction, layout\nEl Mac – cover painting\nYu Tsai – photographs","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trigger pad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigger_pad"},{"link_name":"shaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaker_(musical_instrument)"},{"link_name":"castanets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castanets"}],"sub_title":"Deluxe edition bonus disc","text":"No DoubtGwen Stefani – vocals\nTom Dumont – acoustic guitar (tracks 2–4); electric guitar (track 5)\nTony Kanal – acoustic bass guitar (tracks 2–5)\nAdrian Young – drums (tracks 2, 3, 5); trigger pad, percussion (track 2); tambourine (tracks 3, 5); shaker (track 5)Additional musiciansWayne Wilkins – programming (track 1)\nFabien Waltmann – programming (track 1)\nGabrial McNair – trombone (tracks 1, 3, 5); piano, backing vocals (tracks 2, 3, 5); keyboards, strings (track 4)\nStephen Bradley – backing vocals (tracks 2, 3, 5); trumpet (tracks 3–5); castanets (track 3)\nBusy Signal – vocals (track 8)TechnicalMark \"Spike\" Stent – production, mixing (track 1)\nMatty Green – recording (track 1); mixing (tracks 2–5)\nNo Doubt – production (tracks 2–5)\nJonas Quant – remix (tracks 6, 7)\nAnthony Gorry – remix (track 8)\nL. Henry Sarmiento II – mix engineering (track 8)","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Push_and_Shove_(album)&action=edit§ion=11"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Australia_No_Doubt-58"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Austria_No_Doubt-59"},{"link_name":"Ultratop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Flanders_No_Doubt-60"},{"link_name":"Ultratop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Wallonia_No_Doubt-61"},{"link_name":"Canadian Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardCanada_No_Doubt-62"},{"link_name":"HDU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_of_the_Shops"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"ČNS IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Czech_-64"},{"link_name":"Album Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Album_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Netherlands_No_Doubt-65"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_France_No_Doubt-66"},{"link_name":"Offizielle Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Germany4_No_Doubt-67"},{"link_name":"IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Greece"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Recorded_Music_Association"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Ireland_-69"},{"link_name":"FIMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Italy_No_Doubt-70"},{"link_name":"Oricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"RMNZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_New_Zealand_No_Doubt-72"},{"link_name":"VG-lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG-lista"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Norway_No_Doubt-73"},{"link_name":"Scottish Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Scotland_-74"},{"link_name":"Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Korea_-75"},{"link_name":"Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Korea_-75"},{"link_name":"Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_KoreaInt_-76"},{"link_name":"Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_KoreaInt_-76"},{"link_name":"PROMUSICAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Spain_No_Doubt-77"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Sweden_No_Doubt-78"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Switzerland_No_Doubt-79"},{"link_name":"UK Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_UK2_-80"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Billboard200_No_Doubt-81"},{"link_name":"Top Alternative Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Alternative_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardAlternative_No_Doubt-82"},{"link_name":"Top Rock Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Rock_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardRock_No_Doubt-83"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Push_and_Shove_(album)&action=edit§ion=12"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2012)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (ARIA)[48]\n\n8\n\n\nAustrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[49]\n\n11\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[50]\n\n41\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[51]\n\n44\n\n\nCanadian Albums (Billboard)[52]\n\n5\n\n\nCroatian Albums (HDU)[53]\n\n33\n\n\nCzech Albums (ČNS IFPI)[54]\n\n48\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[55]\n\n28\n\n\nFrench Albums (SNEP)[56]\n\n33\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[57]\n\n11\n\n\nGreek Albums (IFPI)[58]\n\n26\n\n\nIrish Albums (IRMA)[59]\n\n23\n\n\nItalian Albums (FIMI)[60]\n\n37\n\n\nJapanese Albums (Oricon)[61]\n\n44\n\n\nNew Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[62]\n\n11\n\n\nNorwegian Albums (VG-lista)[63]\n\n32\n\n\nScottish Albums (OCC)[64]\n\n18\n\n\nSouth Korean Albums (Circle)[65]\n\n63\n\n\nSouth Korean Albums (Circle)[65] Deluxe edition\n\n45\n\n\nSouth Korean International Albums (Circle)[66]\n\n12\n\n\nSouth Korean International Albums (Circle)[66] Deluxe edition\n\n7\n\n\nSpanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[67]\n\n30\n\n\nSwedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[68]\n\n55\n\n\nSwiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[69]\n\n9\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[70]\n\n16\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[71]\n\n3\n\n\nUS Top Alternative Albums (Billboard)[72]\n\n3\n\n\nUS Top Rock Albums (Billboard)[73]\n\n3\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2012)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[74]\n\n155\n\n\nUS Top Alternative Albums (Billboard)[75]\n\n25\n\n\nUS Top Rock Albums (Billboard)[76]\n\n46","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Track_4_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Track_4_9-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Track_4_9-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SaD_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SaD_10-1"}],"text":"^ Tracks 1–4, 6, 7, 10 and 11\n\n^ Tracks 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10\n\n^ Tracks 1–11\n\n^ Tracks 1 and 11\n\n^ Track 2\n\n^ Tracks 2, 3, 5, 8, 10 and 11\n\n^ Tracks 3 and 10\n\n^ Tracks 3, 4, 6, 7, 9 and 10\n\n^ a b c Track 4\n\n^ a b \"Stand and Deliver\"","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Kanal and Stefani performing during the No Doubt 2009 Summer Tour","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Summer_Tour_2009_5.png/220px-Summer_Tour_2009_5.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"No Doubt's 'Push and Shove': What the Critics are Saying\". The Hollywood Reporter. 25 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/no-doubt-push-shove-reviews-374088","url_text":"\"No Doubt's 'Push and Shove': What the Critics are Saying\""}]},{"reference":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. \"Push and Shove – No Doubt\". AllMusic. Retrieved October 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine","url_text":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas"},{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/push-and-shove-mw0002412007","url_text":"\"Push and Shove – No Doubt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"316) Rock Steady\". Rolling Stone. November 1, 2003. Archived from the original on July 27, 2008. Retrieved July 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080727165930/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/6599207/316_rock_steady","url_text":"\"316) Rock Steady\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/6599207/316_rock_steady","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"American certifications – No Doubt – Rock Steady\". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved February 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=No+Doubt&ti=Rock+Steady&format=&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American certifications – No Doubt – Rock Steady\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]},{"reference":"\"No Doubt: Timeline\". NoDoubt.com. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716060243/http://www.nodoubt.com/band/","url_text":"\"No Doubt: Timeline\""},{"url":"http://www.nodoubt.com/band/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Moss, Corey; Downey, Ryan J. (April 18, 2003). \"Gwen Stefani Recording Solo Material\". MTV News. Retrieved February 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/1471367/gwen-stefani-recording-solo-material/","url_text":"\"Gwen Stefani Recording Solo Material\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_News","url_text":"MTV News"}]},{"reference":"Jeffries, David. \"Gwen Stefani | Biography & History\". AllMusic. Retrieved February 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/gwen-stefani-mn0000546214/biography","url_text":"\"Gwen Stefani | Biography & History\""}]},{"reference":"Vineyard, Jennifer; Richard, Yasmine (May 12, 2006). \"No Doubt — Minus Gwen — In Early Stages Of New Album\". MTV News. Retrieved February 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/1531578/no-doubt-minus-gwen-in-early-stages-of-new-album/","url_text":"\"No Doubt — Minus Gwen — In Early Stages Of New Album\""}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Jonathan (December 12, 2006). \"Stefani: No Timetable For No Doubt Reunion\". Billboard. Retrieved September 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/56461/stefani-no-timetable-for-no-doubt-reunion","url_text":"\"Stefani: No Timetable For No Doubt Reunion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Kreps, Daniel (May 13, 2010). \"No Doubt Hit Hollywood Studio to Record New Tracks\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/no-doubt-hit-hollywood-studio-to-record-new-tracks-98408/","url_text":"\"No Doubt Hit Hollywood Studio to Record New Tracks\""}]},{"reference":"Stefani, Gwen (March 28, 2008). \"Hey No Doubters\". No Doubt Community. Archived from the original on June 19, 2012. Retrieved July 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwen_Stefani","url_text":"Stefani, Gwen"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120619081554/http://forums.nodoubt.com/forums/1439982/ShowPost.aspx","url_text":"\"Hey No Doubters\""},{"url":"http://forums.nodoubt.com/forums/1439982/ShowPost.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kaufman, Gil (April 1, 2008). \"Gwen Stefani Says No Doubt Are In The Studio 'Every Day,' Working On Album Expected In 2009\". MTV News. Retrieved February 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/1584561/gwen-stefani-says-no-doubt-are-in-the-studio-every-day-working-on-album-expected-in-2009/","url_text":"\"Gwen Stefani Says No Doubt Are In The Studio 'Every Day,' Working On Album Expected In 2009\""}]},{"reference":"Montgomery, James (September 24, 2012). \"No Doubt Reveal Inspiration Behind Push And Shove Title\". MTV News. Retrieved September 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/1694319/no-doubt-push-shove/","url_text":"\"No Doubt Reveal Inspiration Behind Push And Shove Title\""}]},{"reference":"\"No Doubt Announces 2009 Summer Tour\". NoDoubt.com. January 21, 2009. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716061110/http://www.nodoubt.com/news/default.aspx?nid=20198","url_text":"\"No Doubt Announces 2009 Summer Tour\""},{"url":"http://www.nodoubt.com/news/default.aspx?nid=20198","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Receive No Doubt's Entire Digital Catalog For Free With Online Ticket Purchase\". NoDoubt.com. March 2, 2009. Archived from the original on July 7, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120707091503/http://www.nodoubt.com/news/default.aspx?nid=20646","url_text":"\"Receive No Doubt's Entire Digital Catalog For Free With Online Ticket Purchase\""},{"url":"http://www.nodoubt.com/news/default.aspx?nid=20646","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"L., Seraphina (September 20, 2010). \"Gwen Stefani Talks About Upcoming No Doubt Album\". BeatCrave. Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120913144413/http://beatcrave.com/2010-09-20/gwen-stefani-talks-about-upcoming-no-doubt-album/","url_text":"\"Gwen Stefani Talks About Upcoming No Doubt Album\""},{"url":"http://beatcrave.com/2010-09-20/gwen-stefani-talks-about-upcoming-no-doubt-album/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dumont, Tom (January 4, 2011). \"Studio Update From the Band\". NoDoubt.com. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Dumont","url_text":"Dumont, Tom"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120314013504/http://www.nodoubt.com/blog/default.aspx?nid=33112","url_text":"\"Studio Update From the Band\""},{"url":"http://www.nodoubt.com/blog/default.aspx?nid=33112","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Montgomery, James (September 13, 2012). \"No Doubt Call Push And Shove 'A Series Of Accidents And Mistakes'\". MTV News. Retrieved September 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/1693809/no-doubt-push-shove/","url_text":"\"No Doubt Call Push And Shove 'A Series Of Accidents And Mistakes'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Release date announcement and Updated Home Page\". NoDoubt.com. May 4, 2012. Archived from the original on June 7, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120607194103/http://www.nodoubt.com/news/default.aspx?nid=38421","url_text":"\"Release date announcement and Updated Home Page\""},{"url":"http://www.nodoubt.com/news/default.aspx?nid=38421","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Album And Single Announcement!\". NoDoubt.com. June 11, 2012. Archived from the original on June 15, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120615172451/http://www.nodoubt.com/news/default.aspx?nid=38748","url_text":"\"Album And Single Announcement!\""},{"url":"http://www.nodoubt.com/news/default.aspx?nid=38748","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Push and Shove (feat. Busy Signal, Major Lazer) – Single by No Doubt\". iTunes Store (US). Archived from the original on September 6, 2012. Retrieved August 30, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120906011009/http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/push-shove-feat.-busy-signal/id557390756","url_text":"\"Push and Shove (feat. Busy Signal, Major Lazer) – Single by No Doubt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store","url_text":"iTunes Store"},{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/push-shove-feat.-busy-signal/id557390756","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"No Doubt – Webisode 5: Push And Shove Album Cover\". YouTube. August 9, 2012. Retrieved September 30, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hYFzNQLlvhs","url_text":"\"No Doubt – Webisode 5: Push And Shove Album Cover\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"Clips from the \"Settle Down\" Music Video\". NoDoubt.com. June 30, 2012. Archived from the original on July 8, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120708203440/http://www.nodoubt.com/news/default.aspx?nid=38895","url_text":"\"Clips from the \"Settle Down\" Music Video\""},{"url":"http://www.nodoubt.com/news/default.aspx?nid=38895","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bain, Becky (July 2, 2012). \"No Doubt Tease \"Settle Down\" Video\". Idolator. Retrieved July 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://idolator.com/6682492/no-doubt-tease-settle-down-video","url_text":"\"No Doubt Tease \"Settle Down\" Video\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idolator_(website)","url_text":"Idolator"}]},{"reference":"Montgomery, James (September 21, 2012). \"No Doubt Say New Single 'Looking Hot' Was 'Almost Thrown Away'\". MTV News. Retrieved February 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/1694239/no-doubt-looking-hot-single/","url_text":"\"No Doubt Say New Single 'Looking Hot' Was 'Almost Thrown Away'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 40/M Future Releases\". All Access Music Group. Archived from the original on September 11, 2012. Retrieved October 10, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allaccess.com/top40-rhythmic/future-releases","url_text":"\"Top 40/M Future Releases\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120911112820/http://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Coleman, Miriam (November 4, 2012). \"No Doubt Will Perform on The X Factor UK Tonight\". NoDoubt.com. Archived from the original on November 20, 2012. Retrieved November 4, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121120115601/http://www.nodoubt.com/news/default.aspx?nid=39660","url_text":"\"No Doubt Will Perform on The X Factor UK Tonight\""},{"url":"http://www.nodoubt.com/news/default.aspx?nid=39660","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"In Regards to Our \"Looking Hot\" Music Video\". NoDoubt.com. November 3, 2012. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved November 4, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121104211438/http://www.nodoubt.com/news/default.aspx?nid=39659","url_text":"\"In Regards to Our \"Looking Hot\" Music Video\""},{"url":"http://www.nodoubt.com/news/default.aspx?nid=39659","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Coleman, Miriam (November 4, 2012). \"No Doubt Pull 'Looking Hot' Video After Offending Native Americans\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/no-doubt-pull-looking-hot-video-after-offending-native-americans-245458/","url_text":"\"No Doubt Pull 'Looking Hot' Video After Offending Native Americans\""}]},{"reference":"\"Push and Shove – No Doubt\". Metacritic. Retrieved September 22, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/push-and-shove/no-doubt","url_text":"\"Push and Shove – No Doubt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Helen (September 28, 2012). \"Pop CD reviews: Van Morrison, No Doubt, Beth Orton, Rickie Lee Jones, Krar Collective\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved September 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/cdreviews/9571640/Pop-CD-reviews-Van-Morrison-No-Doubt-Beth-Orton-Rickie-Lee-Jones-Krar-Collective.html","url_text":"\"Pop CD reviews: Van Morrison, No Doubt, Beth Orton, Rickie Lee Jones, Krar Collective\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Maerz, Melissa (September 28, 2012). \"Green Day & No Doubt Return\". Entertainment Weekly. No. 1226. p. 72. ISSN 1049-0434. Retrieved September 22, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/article/2012/09/21/double-comeback-green-day-no-doubt-return/","url_text":"\"Green Day & No Doubt Return\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1049-0434","url_text":"1049-0434"}]},{"reference":"Sullivan, Caroline (September 27, 2012). \"No Doubt: Push and Shove – review\". The Guardian. Retrieved December 16, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/sep/27/no-doubt-push-shove-review","url_text":"\"No Doubt: Push and Shove – review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Gill, Andy (September 21, 2012). \"Album: No Doubt, Push and Shove (Polydor/Interscope)\". The Independent. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_tag | Card stock | ["1 Measurements","2 See also","3 References"] | Paper, thicker and more durable than normal writing or printing paper
"Pasteboard" redirects here. For the software tool, see Clipboard (computing). For the bowling ball surface (coverstock), see Bowling ball § Coverstock technology.
Card stock for craft use comes in a wide variety of textures and colors.
An Oscar Friedheim card cutting and scoring machine from 1889
Card stock, also called cover stock and pasteboard, is paper that is thicker and more durable than normal writing and printing paper, but thinner and more flexible than other forms of paperboard.
Card stock is often used for business cards, postcards, playing cards, catalogue covers, scrapbooking, and other applications requiring more durability than regular paper gives. The surface usually is smooth; it may be textured, metallic, or glossy. When card stock is labeled cover stock, it often has a glossy coating on one or both sides (C1S or C2S, for "coated: one side" or "coated: two sides"); this is used especially in business cards and book covers.
Measurements
Most nations describe paper in terms of grammage—the weight in grams of one sheet of the paper measuring one square meter.
Other people, especially in the United States, describe paper in terms of pound weight—the weight in pounds per ream (500 sheets) of the paper with a given area (based on historical production sizes before trimming): for card stock, this is 20 by 26 in (508 by 660 mm); as compared to newsprint (thinner paper) of 24 by 36 in (610 by 914 mm). In describing paper, the pound is often symbolized by the pound symbol, #. Because of the difference in the way pound weight is determined, a sheet of 65# card stock is thicker and heavier than a sheet of 80# newsprint.
The weight of cardstock ranges from 50# to 110# (about 135 to 300 g/m2).
Rather than as a function of weight per sheet of a given area, paper thickness can be measured and stated directly, in units of linear measure. In the United States, this usually is expressed in thousandths of an inch, often abbreviated thou points (pt. and pts.) and mils. For example, a 10 pt. card is 0.010 in (0.254 mm) thick (corresponding to a weight of about 250 g/m2), and 12 pt. is 0.012 in (0.3048 mm). The thou point (1/1,000 inch) differs from the typographical point (1/12 traditional pica = exactly 0.01383 inch = 0.35136 mm).
The length and width of card stock often are stated in terms of the ISO system of paper sizes, in which specific dimensions are implied by numbers prefixed with the letter A. Card stock labeled A3, for example, measures 420 × 297 mm (16.5 × 11.7 in).
See also
Construction paper
Paper density
References
^ "Paper Weight, Paper Size, Coated Paper, Matte Paper". Printing Industry Exchange, LLC. Nov 2004. Archived from the original on 2023-06-01. Retrieved 2013-04-04.
^ "Paper and Card Stock Comparison Chart" (PDF). The Paper Mill Store. 1 March 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
^ "Paper Sizes". Archived from the original on 2016-10-29. Retrieved 2013-04-04.
^ "Understanding Card Stock Weights". Archived from the original on 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2020-11-11.
vtePaper
Paper engineering / Papermaking
History
Battle of Talas
Missal of Silos
Originators
Cai Lun (Zuo Bo/Tso Po/Tso Tzǔ-yi)
Damjing
Developers
Matthias Koops
Friedrich Gottlob Keller
Charles Fenerty
Scholars
Thomas Francis Carter
Dard Hunter
Tsien Tsuen-hsuin
Types
Acid-free
Air-laid
Amate
Asphalt
Banana
Bible
Blotting
Bond
Bristol
Carbon
Cardboard
Cardstock
Cartridge
Coated
Construction
Contact
Copy
Carbonless
Correction
Cotton (rag)
Crêpe
Display
Dó
Electrical insulation
Genkō yōshi
Glassine
Graph
Greaseproof
Hemp
India
Inkjet
Ingres
Korean
Kraft
Butcher
Laid
Lokta
Manila
Mummy
Newsprint
Onionskin
Origami
Paperboard
Parchment
Photographic
Plastic-coated
Red rosin
Rice
Rolling
Scritta
Security
Seed
Stone
Tar
Thermal
Tissue
Tracing
Transfer
Tree-free
Wallpaper
Washi
Wasli
Waterproof
Wax
Wood-free
Wove
Writing
Xuan
Materials
China clay
Corrugated fiberboard
Fiber crop
Paper chemicals
Papyrus
Wood pulp
Specifications
Density
Grammage
Paper sizes
Surface chemistry of paper
Units of paper quantity
Wet strength
Manufactureand process
Bleaching of wood pulp
Calender
Conical refiner
Deinking
Elemental chlorine free
Environmental impact of paper
Handmade paper
Hollander beater
Kraft process
Organosolv
Paper machine
Paper recycling
Papermaking
Soda pulping
Sulfite process
Industry
Paper industry
Canada
Europe
India
Japan
United States
Paper mill
List
Uses
Lined paper
Paper towels
Papier-mâché
Cardboard
Clothing
Tissues
Notebooks
Watercolor paper
Paper money
Beverage cartons
Category
Commons
Authority control databases: National
Japan | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clipboard (computing)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipboard_(computing)"},{"link_name":"Bowling ball § Coverstock technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_ball#Coverstock_technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coloured,_textured_craft_card.jpg"},{"link_name":"craft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craft"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Art_of_Bookbinding_p239_Oscar_Friedheim.png"},{"link_name":"Oscar Friedheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"paperboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperboard"},{"link_name":"business cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_card"},{"link_name":"postcards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcard"},{"link_name":"playing cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playing_cards"},{"link_name":"scrapbooking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrapbooking"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paper_Weight,_Paper_Size,_Coated_Paper,_Matte_Paper-1"}],"text":"\"Pasteboard\" redirects here. 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In describing paper, the pound is often symbolized by the pound symbol, #. Because of the difference in the way pound weight is determined, a sheet of 65# card stock is thicker and heavier than a sheet of 80# newsprint.The weight of cardstock ranges from 50# to 110# (about 135 to 300 g/m2).[2]Rather than as a function of weight per sheet of a given area, paper thickness can be measured and stated directly, in units of linear measure. In the United States, this usually is expressed in thousandths of an inch, often abbreviated thou points (pt. and pts.) and mils. For example, a 10 pt. card is 0.010 in (0.254 mm) thick (corresponding to a weight of about 250 g/m2), and 12 pt. is 0.012 in (0.3048 mm). The thou point (1/1,000 inch) differs from the typographical point (1/12 traditional pica = exactly 0.01383 inch = 0.35136 mm).The length and width of card stock often are stated in terms of the ISO system of paper sizes, in which specific dimensions are implied by numbers prefixed with the letter A. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.M._Krishna | T. M. Krishna | ["1 Background and personal life","2 Career","2.1 Books","2.2 Articles and lectures","2.3 Initiatives and collaborations","3 Activism","4 Political views","5 References","6 External links"] | Carnatic Vocalist
T.M. KrishnaTM Krishna At Kollam, Kerala 2021Background informationAlso known asTMKBorn (1976-01-22) 22 January 1976 (age 48)Madras (now Chennai),Tamil Nadu, IndiaGenresIndian classicalOccupation(s)Singer, Lecturer, Author, Activist, WriterYears active1988–presentWebsitetmkrishna.comMusical artist
Thodur Madabusi Krishna (born 22 January 1976) is an Indian Carnatic vocalist, writer, activist, author and Ramon Magsaysay awardee.
In the year 2016 he was awarded with the Ramon Magsaysay Award for “his forceful commitment as artist and advocate to art’s power to heal India’s deep social divisions, breaking barriers of caste and class to unleash what music has to offer not just for some but for all”. As a vocalist, he has made a large number of innovations in both the style and substance of his concerts, thereby inviting controversy from some quarters.
Krishna was conferred the Sangita Kalanidhi award for 2024 by the Madras Music Academy.
Background and personal life
Krishna was born in Madras (now Chennai) on 22 January 1976, the son of T. M. Rangachari and his wife Prema Rangachari. His mother and maternal uncle Dr. Sriram Subramaniam founded and ran a school named Vidya Vanam for tribal and underprivileged students in Anaikatti, Tamil Nadu. Krishna is the grand nephew of Congress politician and freedom fighter T. T. Krishnamachari (former Indian finance minister and industrialist), who was also one of the founding members of the Madras Music Academy.
Krishna is an alumnus of The School (Krishnamurti Foundation of India), Chennai. Krishna received his B.A. degree in economics from Vivekananda College, University of Madras. He is married to Sangeetha Sivakumar, a reputed carnatic musician and they have two daughters.
Career
T.M. Krishna sings at Kollam,Kerala 2021
Both of Krishna's parents had deep interest in the arts, especially Carnatic music. His mother had received music lessons in her childhood in the typical south Indian style, and had even taken a degree in Carnatic Music. Krishna's parents ensured that he received exposure to the classical arts from a young age. They arranged for him to receive music lessons from a very young age. Krishna began his musical training under Bhagavathula Seetharama Sharma. He later underwent special Ragam Thanam Pallavi grooming under Chingleput Ranganathan and Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer.
Krishna's performing career began at the age of 12 with his debut concert at the Spirit of Youth series organised by the Music Academy, Chennai (India). He has since performed widely at various festivals and venues across the world, including the Madras Music Academy, National Centre for the Performing Arts (India), John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, Esplanade – Theatres on the Bay, to name a few.
His music is often appraised as being soulful and full of 'raga bhava'. Among his many renditions, some of the most popular among his listeners include 'Jambupathe' in Yamunakalyani and 'Manavinala' in Nalinakanthi. His music during the last decade was reputed for his powerful, deep voice and his ability to sing rapid swaras in many rare ragas. He now shows a focus on Neraval, an improvisational form which he believes has been distorted over the ages. He is also famous for his 'innovations' in the method he presents his concerts, one of the primary issues that purists have being that he renders varnams (traditionally introductory pieces) in the middle of a concert. He is also working towards a project in which Dikshithar compositions from the Sangeetha Sampradaya Pradarshini are rendered exactly according to their notation in the book.
Krishna speaks and writes about a wide range of issues, not confined to the cultural sphere. His interests span the breadth of leftwing activism, be it the environment, the caste system, social reform, religious reform, combating communalism, innovation in classical music and so on. He has started and is involved in many organizations whose work is spread across the spectrum of music and culture. Recently, he has spoken out against the revocation of Article 370, and the destruction of statues of Lenin, Ambedkar, Gandhi and Periyar.
Krishna is part of the team of activists that organizes the Urur-Olcott Kuppam Festival in Chennai and the Svanubhava initiative in Chennai. He has been part of inspiring collaborations, such as the Chennai Poromboke Paadal with environmentalist Nityanand Jayaraman. He has collaborated for performances with the Jogappas (transgender musicians) and has brought on to the concert stage the poetry of Perumal Murugan. He also speaks in various conferences and academic institutions, including Harvard University, Chennai Mathematical Institute, the Indian Institutes of Technology, and the Indian Institutes of Management.
Among his awards are the prestigious Ramon Magsaysay Award (2016) in recognition of ‘his forceful commitment as artist and advocate to art’s power to heal India’s deep social divisions’, the Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration (2017) for his services in promoting and preserving national integration in the country, and the Professor V. Aravindakshan Memorial Award (2017) for connecting Carnatic music with the common man.
The song 'Venpura' of the movie Gypsy (2019 film) directed by Raju Murugan is Krishna's first playback song. Santhosh Narayanan is the music director.
Books
Sebastian And Sons: A brief history of Mrdangam makers. In his most recent book, T.M. Krishna talks about the integrity of the Mrdangam on the Karnatik stage and the Dalit Christian communities involved in the making of the percussion instrument. ISBN 9389152186
Reshaping Art (2018). T.M. Krishna raises questions about how art is made, performed and disseminated, and addressing such issues as caste, class and gender within society while exploring the contours of democracy, culture and learning. The book was published by Aleph Book Company.
Katrinile Karainda Tuyar (2018). Krishna's long-form essay 'MS understood' was translated into Tamil and published as a book ‘Katrinile Karainda Tuyar’ by Kalachuvadu Publications.
MS understood (2017). His long-form essay 'MS understood', for The Caravan was featured in The Caravan Book of Profiles published by Penguin in 2017, as one of their “twelve definitive profiles.”
A Southern Music: The Carnatic Story (2013). Published in 2013 by Harper Collins, the book was released by Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen and Chairman of Kalakshetra, Gopalkrishna Gandhi. It discusses the philosophy, aesthetics, sociology and history of Carnatic music. The book was awarded the 2014 Tata Literature Award for Best First Book in the non-fiction category.
Voices Within (2007). Carnatic singers Bombay Jayashri and T.M. Krishna along with Mythili Chandrasekhar, got together to publish the first-ever coffee table book on Carnatic Music in January 2007. The book is a labour of love and pays tributes to seven Carnatic music maestros. The first copy of the book was received by the former President of India, Abdul Kalam at the Rashtrapati Bhavan. This book was later translated in Tamil and published by Ananda Vikatan Publications in the year 2011.
Ashis Nandy: A Life in Dissent (2018). Krishna has contributed one chapter to this book, which contains several essays by various people, all written in praise of the Indian sociologist Ashis Nandy. The book is a reflection on Ashis Nandy's life work as a thinker.
Articles and lectures
Krishna also frequently writes on topics ranging from music (including its practice, musicians, history and future) to society, culture, politics and religion. His articles have been published across most leading Indian newspapers and magazines such as The Indian Express, The Hindu, The Hindustan Times, Outlook, India Today, and Open, as well as several online portals such as Scroll, The Wire, DailyO, and Firstpost. Krishna has also delivered lectures at a variety of institutions, including leading universities across the world. Noteworthy among these lectures are:
Art Politics and Society (2020) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=veH0rBkyOLo Tata Literature Live
Neelan Tiruchelvam Memorial Lecture (2018)
AK Ramanujan Lecture (2018)
Professor Ram Bapat Memorial Lecture (2017)
Dr. Ashok Da Ranade Memorial Lecture (2016)
Kumar Gandharva Memorial Lecture (2014)
In 2016, along with Gita Jayaraj, Dr A. Mangai, S. Nandagopal, and Baradwaj Rangan, Krishna taught a semester long course called Indian Art in Context at Chennai Mathematical Institute.
Initiatives and collaborations
Chennai Poromboke Paadal
The Chennai Poromboke Paadal music video was released on 14 January 2017 on YouTube. An initiative by T.M.Krishna and environmental activist Nityanand Jayaraman - the Tamil song was written by Kaber Vasuki and composed by R. K. Shriramkumar, and the video was directed by Rathindran Prasad. The video featured Krishna performing in and around the Ennore creek and highlighted the environmental damage done to the creek by the power plant in that region, Ennore Thermal Power Station. The music video trended on YouTube India for a week after its release becoming the first Carnatic song to trend on YouTube. The song's title contained the word "Poromboke" which formerly meant land of the commons but has become a popular swear word. The music video also garnered attention for combining Tamil slang dialect with carnatic music. The song is a raga-malika and is based on the ragas Anandabhairavi, Begada, Hamir Kalyani, Devagandhari, Salagabhairavi and Sindhubhairavi.
Kodaikanal Still Won't
Krishna collaborated with rap and gaana kuthu artists in this multi-genre music video in protest of multinational Unilever's double standards and its refusal to apply the globally accepted environmental standards in India. Directed by film maker Rathindra Prasad, this was a second video after the original Kodaikanal Won't video which protested Unilever's 2001 dumping of toxic mercury in the South Indian hill town of Kodaikanal, which is said to have poisoned its workers and the forest.
Chennai Kalai Theru Vizha (formerly Urur Olcott Kuppam Vizha)
Krishna was part of the team that started this festival with an aim to heal art, and help art heal by opening art and artists to new audiences and different environments. The festival made its debut in January 2015 at Urur-Olcott Kuppam in Chennai. In 2016, it was designed also as a celebration to help relieve some of the trauma suffered by people hurt by the 2015 floods, and as a thanksgiving to the many who assisted with relief, rescue and rehabilitation efforts. Today, the Urur Olcott Kuppam Vizha is now Chennai Kalai Theruvizha, a new avatar that will begin exploring new locations around the city in collaboration with local communities.
Activism
TM Krishna speak in Jay Kisan image exhibition at Kollam 2021
T. M. Krishna is an activist against caste discrimination. He also advocates for environmental activism and LGBTQ+ rights. He received media spotlight when he boycotted the Chennai Music Season citing caste favouritism in the Carnatic Music system. He was involved with various organisations to bring Carnatic Music across the rural areas and to support underprivileged artists.
Political views
He has been a strong critic of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Sangh Parivar. He accused them of launching an unrelenting offense of hate and violence against minorities, their cultures, identities and their rights as India's equal citizens. He also alleged that they have made people believe that Hindus are under threat and have made mostly Muslims and Dalits as their main targets. In August 2018, Krishna received threats from right-wing groups after he sang Christmas hymns. He announced that he would release one Carnatic song about Jesus and Allah every month.
In April 2019, he asked the people of Kerala to vote wisely and not to believe in the alleged misinformation propagated by the BJP that Hinduism is not safe in Kerala.
Krishna is a critic of Israeli policy. In 2022, Krishna signed onto the Musicians For Palestine pledge, refusing to perform in Israel following the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis.
References
^ a b "TM Krishna, the man who used music to heal India's deep social divisions". The Indian Express. 27 July 2016.
^ "Sangita Kalanidhi award for T.M. Krishna, Nritya Kalanidhi for Neena Prasad". The Hindu. 17 March 2024.
^ "Vidya Vanam - School For Underprivileged Children - Provide Schooling For Underprivileged Rural Indian Children". Vidya Vanam - School for Underprivileged children. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
^ "Vidya Vanam - School for underprivileged children". Vidya Vanam - School for Underprivileged children.
^ a b "Indian Classical Music Society of Chicago - T.M. Krishna".
^ "Sangeetha Sivakumar". www.facebook.com.
^ "Jnanarnava Trust - Home". jnanarnava.org. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
^ "Article 370 revoked: Carnatic vocalist TM Krishna responds to the crisis in Jammu and Kashmir through poetry, music". 7 August 2019.
^ "Perumal Murugan's Poem in Solidarity with Statues Set to Music by T.M. Krishna".
^ Nath, Parshathy J. (18 January 2018). "An alternate space for art to thrive". The Hindu – via www.thehindu.com.
^ "For the young, by the young". The Hindu. 2 November 2017 – via www.thehindu.com.
^ a b Vettiver Collective (14 January 2017). "Chennai Poromboke Paadal ft. TM Krishna". Archived from the original on 21 December 2021 – via YouTube.
^ Govind, Ranjani (17 February 2016). "T.M. Krishna to lead a concert for equality in Bengaluru". The Hindu – via www.thehindu.com.
^ Correspondent, Special. "Magsaysay award for Wilson, T.M. Krishna". The Hindu. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
^ Ramanujam, Srinivasa (28 May 2019). "Every artist would love to be a gypsy in spirit, says TM Krishna". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
^ Dhar, Arshia (3 February 2020). "In his new book, TM Krishna explores how caste oppression invisibilised India's mridangam-makers". Firstpost.
^ "Keeping the cow and brahmin apart". The Hindu. 30 January 2020.
^ Sivaramakrishnan, Murali (7 April 2018). "Reshaping Art review: The art world as a free space". The Hindu – via www.thehindu.com.
^ RESHAPING ART: Harnessing art for social change. ALEPH. 1 September 2018. ISBN 978-9386021977.
^ "The myths and misconceptions around MS Subbulakshmi, India's most acclaimed musician".
^ "Make classical music accessible to the masses: Amartya Sen". The Hindu. 17 December 2013 – via www.thehindu.com.
^ Krishna, T. M. (21 April 2015). A Southern Music: Exploring the Karnatik Tradition. Harpercollins. ISBN 978-9350298213.
^ RAMIN (1 September 2018). ASHIS NANDY- A LIFE IN DISSENT. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS. ISBN 978-0199483945.
^ "Book Review: Ashis Nandy: A Life in Dissent". 13 May 2018.
^ "19th Neelan Tiruchelvam Memorial Lecture today:Carnatic musician T. M. Krishna will deliver the Oration". 28 July 2018.
^ "Nationalism debate rages at Ramjas - Times of India". The Times of India. 21 February 2018.
^ "Crossing the line".
^ "T M Krishna – Dr. Ashok da Ranade Memorial Trust". ashokdaranade.org.
^ "Kumar Gandharva Memorial Lecture". The Hindu. 20 September 2014 – via www.thehindu.com.
^ "Chennai Mathematical Institute". www.cmi.ac.in. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
^ "Here comes the Chennai Porombokkku Paadal - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
^ Rangan, Baradwaj. "Notes from the south". The Hindu. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
^ jhatkaa (29 June 2018). "Kodaikanal Still Won't". Archived from the original on 21 December 2021 – via YouTube.
^ "Kodaikanal Won't– It still won't". 24 June 2018.
^ "Who is TM Krishna?". The Indian Express. 15 November 2018.
^ "Request people to reject PM Modi, BJP: Musician TM Krishna". India Today. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
^ Krishna, T. M. (25 July 2017). "The TM Krishna column: Why the Hindu majority must push back against the BJP's politics of hate". Scroll.in. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
^ Tilak, Sudha G. (15 August 2018). "Indian musicians threatened over Christian hymns". BBC News. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
^ "'Hinduism safe in Kerala, don't believe lies propagated by BJP': T.M. Krishna". The Week. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
^ Krishna, T. M. "On Israel-Palestine, false equivalences based on ignorance, prejudice". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
^ "T.M. Krishna writes about the human impact of the Israel-Palestine crisis". The Hindu. 1 July 2017. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
^ "Our names". Musicians for Palestine. Archived from the original on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
Iyengar, B.R.C., "Dulcet Tones", Kalasagaram, 2004
Kumar, S. Vinaya, "Seasoned Musician", The Hindu
Collection of T.M.Krishna songs On HI5SONGS
Nisshanka, "TM Krishna: Bravado and Loudness", Chennai Online
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thodur Madabusi Krishna.
SVANUBHAVA https://web.archive.org/web/20130719064546/http://www.svanubhava.org/
Matrka Website
Youtube Channel
Jnanarnava Website
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MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_people"},{"link_name":"Carnatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnatic_music"},{"link_name":"activist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activist"},{"link_name":"Ramon Magsaysay Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay_Award"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Madras Music Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_Music_Academy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Musical artistThodur Madabusi Krishna (born 22 January 1976) is an Indian Carnatic vocalist, writer, activist, author and Ramon Magsaysay awardee.In the year 2016 he was awarded with the Ramon Magsaysay Award for “his forceful commitment as artist and advocate to art’s power to heal India’s deep social divisions, breaking barriers of caste and class to unleash what music has to offer not just for some but for all”.[1] As a vocalist, he has made a large number of innovations in both the style and substance of his concerts, thereby inviting controversy from some quarters.Krishna was conferred the Sangita Kalanidhi award for 2024 by the Madras Music Academy.[2]","title":"T. 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Krishnamachari (former Indian finance minister and industrialist), who was also one of the founding members of the Madras Music Academy.[5]Krishna is an alumnus of The School (Krishnamurti Foundation of India), Chennai. Krishna received his B.A. degree in economics from Vivekananda College, University of Madras. He is married to Sangeetha Sivakumar, a reputed carnatic musician[6] and they have two daughters.","title":"Background and personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carnatic music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnatic_music"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icmschicago.org-5"},{"link_name":"Ragam Thanam Pallavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragam_Thanam_Pallavi"},{"link_name":"Chingleput Ranganathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chingleput_Ranganathan"},{"link_name":"Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semmangudi_Srinivasa_Iyer"},{"link_name":"Madras Music Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_Music_Academy"},{"link_name":"National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Centre_for_the_Performing_Arts_(India)"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts"},{"link_name":"Esplanade – Theatres on the Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esplanade_%E2%80%93_Theatres_on_the_Bay"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Chennai Mathematical Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai_Mathematical_Institute"},{"link_name":"Indian Institutes of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Indian Institutes of Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Management"},{"link_name":"Ramon Magsaysay Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay_Award"},{"link_name":"Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_Award_for_National_Integration"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Gypsy (2019 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsy_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"Raju Murugan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raju_Murugan"},{"link_name":"Santhosh Narayanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santhosh_Narayanan"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"T.M. Krishna sings at Kollam,Kerala 2021Both of Krishna's parents had deep interest in the arts, especially Carnatic music. His mother had received music lessons in her childhood in the typical south Indian style, and had even taken a degree in Carnatic Music.[5] Krishna's parents ensured that he received exposure to the classical arts from a young age. They arranged for him to receive music lessons from a very young age. Krishna began his musical training under Bhagavathula Seetharama Sharma. He later underwent special Ragam Thanam Pallavi grooming under Chingleput Ranganathan and Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer.Krishna's performing career began at the age of 12 with his debut concert at the Spirit of Youth series organised by the Music Academy, Chennai (India). He has since performed widely at various festivals and venues across the world, including the Madras Music Academy, National Centre for the Performing Arts (India), John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, Esplanade – Theatres on the Bay, to name a few.His music is often appraised as being soulful and full of 'raga bhava'. Among his many renditions, some of the most popular among his listeners include 'Jambupathe' in Yamunakalyani and 'Manavinala' in Nalinakanthi. His music during the last decade was reputed for his powerful, deep voice and his ability to sing rapid swaras in many rare ragas. He now shows a focus on Neraval, an improvisational form which he believes has been distorted over the ages. He is also famous for his 'innovations' in the method he presents his concerts, one of the primary issues that purists have being that he renders varnams (traditionally introductory pieces) in the middle of a concert. He is also working towards a project in which Dikshithar compositions from the Sangeetha Sampradaya Pradarshini are rendered exactly according to their notation in the book.[7]Krishna speaks and writes about a wide range of issues, not confined to the cultural sphere. His interests span the breadth of leftwing activism, be it the environment, the caste system, social reform, religious reform, combating communalism, innovation in classical music and so on. He has started and is involved in many organizations whose work is spread across the spectrum of music and culture. Recently, he has spoken out against the revocation of Article 370,[8] and the destruction of statues of Lenin, Ambedkar, Gandhi and Periyar.[9]Krishna is part of the team of activists that organizes the Urur-Olcott Kuppam Festival in Chennai and the Svanubhava initiative in Chennai.[10][11] He has been part of inspiring collaborations, such as the Chennai Poromboke Paadal with environmentalist Nityanand Jayaraman.[12] He has collaborated for performances with the Jogappas (transgender musicians) and has brought on to the concert stage the poetry of Perumal Murugan.[13] He also speaks in various conferences and academic institutions, including Harvard University, Chennai Mathematical Institute, the Indian Institutes of Technology, and the Indian Institutes of Management.Among his awards are the prestigious Ramon Magsaysay Award (2016) in recognition of ‘his forceful commitment as artist and advocate to art’s power to heal India’s deep social divisions’, the Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration (2017) for his services in promoting and preserving national integration in the country, and the Professor V. Aravindakshan Memorial Award (2017) for connecting Carnatic music with the common man.[14]The song 'Venpura' of the movie Gypsy (2019 film) directed by Raju Murugan is Krishna's first playback song. Santhosh Narayanan is the music director.[15]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9389152186","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9389152186"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"'MS understood'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//caravanmagazine.in/reportage/ms-understood-ms-subbulakshmi"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"A Southern Music: The Carnatic Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Southern_Music:_The_Carnatic_Story"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Bombay Jayashri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_Jayashri"},{"link_name":"Mythili Chandrasekhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mythili_Chandrasekhar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ashis Nandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashis_Nandy"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"Sebastian And Sons: A brief history of Mrdangam makers. In his most recent book, T.M. Krishna talks about the integrity of the Mrdangam on the Karnatik stage and the Dalit Christian communities involved in the making of the percussion instrument. ISBN 9389152186[16][17]\nReshaping Art (2018). T.M. Krishna raises questions about how art is made, performed and disseminated, and addressing such issues as caste, class and gender within society while exploring the contours of democracy, culture and learning.[18][19] The book was published by Aleph Book Company.\nKatrinile Karainda Tuyar (2018). Krishna's long-form essay 'MS understood' was translated into Tamil and published as a book ‘Katrinile Karainda Tuyar’ by Kalachuvadu Publications.\nMS understood (2017). His long-form essay 'MS understood', for The Caravan was featured in The Caravan Book of Profiles published by Penguin in 2017, as one of their “twelve definitive profiles.”[20]\nA Southern Music: The Carnatic Story (2013). Published in 2013 by Harper Collins, the book was released by Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen and Chairman of Kalakshetra, Gopalkrishna Gandhi.[21] It discusses the philosophy, aesthetics, sociology and history of Carnatic music. The book was awarded the 2014 Tata Literature Award for Best First Book in the non-fiction category.[22]\nVoices Within (2007). Carnatic singers Bombay Jayashri and T.M. Krishna along with Mythili Chandrasekhar, got together to publish the first-ever coffee table book on Carnatic Music in January 2007. The book is a labour of love and pays tributes to seven Carnatic music maestros. The first copy of the book was received by the former President of India, Abdul Kalam at the Rashtrapati Bhavan. This book was later translated in Tamil and published by Ananda Vikatan Publications in the year 2011.\nAshis Nandy: A Life in Dissent (2018). Krishna has contributed one chapter to this book, which contains several essays by various people, all written in praise of the Indian sociologist Ashis Nandy. The book is a reflection on Ashis Nandy's life work as a thinker.[23][24]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=veH0rBkyOLo"},{"link_name":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=veH0rBkyOLo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=veH0rBkyOLo"},{"link_name":"Tata Literature Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//tatalitlive.in"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"S. Nandagopal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Nandagopal"},{"link_name":"Baradwaj Rangan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baradwaj_Rangan"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Articles and lectures","text":"Krishna also frequently writes on topics ranging from music (including its practice, musicians, history and future) to society, culture, politics and religion. His articles have been published across most leading Indian newspapers and magazines such as The Indian Express, The Hindu, The Hindustan Times, Outlook, India Today, and Open, as well as several online portals such as Scroll, The Wire, DailyO, and Firstpost. Krishna has also delivered lectures at a variety of institutions, including leading universities across the world. Noteworthy among these lectures are:Art Politics and Society (2020) [1]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=veH0rBkyOLo Tata Literature Live\nNeelan Tiruchelvam Memorial Lecture (2018)[25]\nAK Ramanujan Lecture (2018)[26]\nProfessor Ram Bapat Memorial Lecture (2017)[27]\nDr. Ashok Da Ranade Memorial Lecture (2016)[28]\nKumar Gandharva Memorial Lecture (2014)[29]In 2016, along with Gita Jayaraj, Dr A. Mangai, S. Nandagopal, and Baradwaj Rangan, Krishna taught a semester long course called Indian Art in Context at Chennai Mathematical Institute.[30]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-12"},{"link_name":"Kaber Vasuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaber_Vasuki"},{"link_name":"R. K. Shriramkumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._K._Shriramkumar"},{"link_name":"Ennore Thermal Power Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennore_Thermal_Power_Station"},{"link_name":"Anandabhairavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandabhairavi"},{"link_name":"Begada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begada"},{"link_name":"Hamir Kalyani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamir_Kalyani"},{"link_name":"Devagandhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devagandhari"},{"link_name":"Salagabhairavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salagabhairavi"},{"link_name":"Sindhubhairavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhu_Bhairavi_(raga)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Initiatives and collaborations","text":"Chennai Poromboke Paadal[12]The Chennai Poromboke Paadal music video was released on 14 January 2017 on YouTube. An initiative by T.M.Krishna and environmental activist Nityanand Jayaraman - the Tamil song was written by Kaber Vasuki and composed by R. K. Shriramkumar, and the video was directed by Rathindran Prasad. The video featured Krishna performing in and around the Ennore creek and highlighted the environmental damage done to the creek by the power plant in that region, Ennore Thermal Power Station. The music video trended on YouTube India for a week after its release becoming the first Carnatic song to trend on YouTube. The song's title contained the word \"Poromboke\" which formerly meant land of the commons but has become a popular swear word. The music video also garnered attention for combining Tamil slang dialect with carnatic music. The song is a raga-malika and is based on the ragas Anandabhairavi, Begada, Hamir Kalyani, Devagandhari, Salagabhairavi and Sindhubhairavi.[31][32]Kodaikanal Still Won't[33]Krishna collaborated with rap and gaana kuthu artists in this multi-genre music video in protest of multinational Unilever's double standards and its refusal to apply the globally accepted environmental standards in India. Directed by film maker Rathindra Prasad, this was a second video after the original Kodaikanal Won't video which protested Unilever's 2001 dumping of toxic mercury in the South Indian hill town of Kodaikanal, which is said to have poisoned its workers and the forest.[34]Chennai Kalai Theru Vizha (formerly Urur Olcott Kuppam Vizha)Krishna was part of the team that started this festival with an aim to heal art, and help art heal by opening art and artists to new audiences and different environments. The festival made its debut in January 2015 at Urur-Olcott Kuppam in Chennai. In 2016, it was designed also as a celebration to help relieve some of the trauma suffered by people hurt by the 2015 floods, and as a thanksgiving to the many who assisted with relief, rescue and rehabilitation efforts. Today, the Urur Olcott Kuppam Vizha is now Chennai Kalai Theruvizha, a new avatar that will begin exploring new locations around the city in collaboration with local communities.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"TM Krishna speak in Jay Kisan image exhibition at Kollam 2021T. M. Krishna is an activist against caste discrimination. He also advocates for environmental activism and LGBTQ+ rights. He received media spotlight when he boycotted the Chennai Music Season citing caste favouritism in the Carnatic Music system.[35] He was involved with various organisations to bring Carnatic Music across the rural areas and to support underprivileged artists.[1]","title":"Activism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bharatiya Janata Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party"},{"link_name":"Sangh Parivar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangh_Parivar"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"2021 Israel–Palestine crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"He has been a strong critic of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Sangh Parivar. He accused them of launching an unrelenting offense of hate and violence against minorities, their cultures, identities and their rights as India's equal citizens. He also alleged that they have made people believe that Hindus are under threat and have made mostly Muslims and Dalits as their main targets.[36][37] In August 2018, Krishna received threats from right-wing groups after he sang Christmas hymns. He announced that he would release one Carnatic song about Jesus and Allah every month.[38]In April 2019, he asked the people of Kerala to vote wisely and not to believe in the alleged misinformation propagated by the BJP that Hinduism is not safe in Kerala.[39]Krishna is a critic of Israeli policy.[40][41] In 2022, Krishna signed onto the Musicians For Palestine pledge, refusing to perform in Israel following the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis.[42]","title":"Political views"}] | [{"image_text":"T.M. Krishna sings at Kollam,Kerala 2021"},{"image_text":"TM Krishna speak in Jay Kisan image exhibition at Kollam 2021"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"TM Krishna, the man who used music to heal India's deep social divisions\". The Indian Express. 27 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/tm-krishna-magsaysay-awardee-profile-2938049/","url_text":"\"TM Krishna, the man who used music to heal India's deep social divisions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sangita Kalanidhi award for T.M. Krishna, Nritya Kalanidhi for Neena Prasad\". The Hindu. 17 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/sangita-kalanidhi-award-for-tm-krishna-nritya-kalanidhi-for-neena-prasad/article67960817.ece","url_text":"\"Sangita Kalanidhi award for T.M. Krishna, Nritya Kalanidhi for Neena Prasad\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vidya Vanam - School For Underprivileged Children - Provide Schooling For Underprivileged Rural Indian Children\". Vidya Vanam - School for Underprivileged children. Retrieved 1 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vidyavanam.org/","url_text":"\"Vidya Vanam - School For Underprivileged Children - Provide Schooling For Underprivileged Rural Indian Children\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vidya Vanam - School for underprivileged children\". Vidya Vanam - School for Underprivileged children.","urls":[{"url":"https://vidyavanam.org/governance","url_text":"\"Vidya Vanam - School for underprivileged children\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indian Classical Music Society of Chicago - T.M. Krishna\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.icmschicago.org/Artists/krishna.html","url_text":"\"Indian Classical Music Society of Chicago - T.M. Krishna\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sangeetha Sivakumar\". www.facebook.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/Sangeetha-Sivakumar-160337897331613/","url_text":"\"Sangeetha Sivakumar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jnanarnava Trust - Home\". jnanarnava.org. Retrieved 19 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://jnanarnava.org/","url_text":"\"Jnanarnava Trust - Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Article 370 revoked: Carnatic vocalist TM Krishna responds to the crisis in Jammu and Kashmir through poetry, music\". 7 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.firstpost.com/living/article-370-revoked-carnatic-vocalist-tm-krishna-responds-to-the-crisis-in-jammu-and-kashmir-through-poetry-music-7125401.html","url_text":"\"Article 370 revoked: Carnatic vocalist TM Krishna responds to the crisis in Jammu and Kashmir through poetry, music\""}]},{"reference":"\"Perumal Murugan's Poem in Solidarity with Statues Set to Music by T.M. Krishna\".","urls":[{"url":"https://thewire.in/culture/perumal-murugans-poem-in-solidarity-with-statues-set-to-music-by-t-m-krishna","url_text":"\"Perumal Murugan's Poem in Solidarity with Statues Set to Music by T.M. Krishna\""}]},{"reference":"Nath, Parshathy J. (18 January 2018). \"An alternate space for art to thrive\". The Hindu – via www.thehindu.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/urur-olcott-kuppam-vizha-an-alternate-space-for-art-to-thrive-in-chennai/article22464309.ece","url_text":"\"An alternate space for art to thrive\""}]},{"reference":"\"For the young, by the young\". The Hindu. 2 November 2017 – via www.thehindu.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/an-art-festival-for-the-young/article19967852.ece","url_text":"\"For the young, by the young\""}]},{"reference":"Vettiver Collective (14 January 2017). \"Chennai Poromboke Paadal ft. TM Krishna\". Archived from the original on 21 December 2021 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=82jFyeV5AHM","url_text":"\"Chennai Poromboke Paadal ft. TM Krishna\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/82jFyeV5AHM","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Govind, Ranjani (17 February 2016). \"T.M. Krishna to lead a concert for equality in Bengaluru\". The Hindu – via www.thehindu.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tm-krishna-to-lead-a-concert-for-equality-in-bengaluru/article8245966.ece","url_text":"\"T.M. Krishna to lead a concert for equality in Bengaluru\""}]},{"reference":"Correspondent, Special. \"Magsaysay award for Wilson, T.M. Krishna\". The Hindu. Retrieved 1 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Magsaysay-award-for-Wilson-T.M.-Krishna/article14511463.ece","url_text":"\"Magsaysay award for Wilson, T.M. Krishna\""}]},{"reference":"Ramanujam, Srinivasa (28 May 2019). \"Every artist would love to be a gypsy in spirit, says TM Krishna\". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 29 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tm-krishna-on-debuting-in-tamil-cinema-as-a-singer-in-gypsy/article27273908.ece","url_text":"\"Every artist would love to be a gypsy in spirit, says TM Krishna\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"}]},{"reference":"Dhar, Arshia (3 February 2020). \"In his new book, TM Krishna explores how caste oppression invisibilised India's mridangam-makers\". Firstpost.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.firstpost.com/living/in-his-new-book-tm-krishna-explores-how-caste-oppression-invisibilised-indias-mridangam-makers-7974311.html","url_text":"\"In his new book, TM Krishna explores how caste oppression invisibilised India's mridangam-makers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Keeping the cow and brahmin apart\". The Hindu. 30 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/keeping-the-cow-and-brahmin-apart/article30686002.ece","url_text":"\"Keeping the cow and brahmin apart\""}]},{"reference":"Sivaramakrishnan, Murali (7 April 2018). \"Reshaping Art review: The art world as a free space\". The Hindu – via www.thehindu.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/reshaping-art-review-the-art-world-as-a-free-space/article23464582.ece","url_text":"\"Reshaping Art review: The art world as a free space\""}]},{"reference":"RESHAPING ART: Harnessing art for social change. ALEPH. 1 September 2018. ISBN 978-9386021977.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9386021977","url_text":"978-9386021977"}]},{"reference":"\"The myths and misconceptions around MS Subbulakshmi, India's most acclaimed musician\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reportage/ms-understood-ms-subbulakshmi","url_text":"\"The myths and misconceptions around MS Subbulakshmi, India's most acclaimed musician\""}]},{"reference":"\"Make classical music accessible to the masses: Amartya Sen\". The Hindu. 17 December 2013 – via www.thehindu.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/make-classical-music-accessible-to-the-masses-amartya-sen/article5467278.ece","url_text":"\"Make classical music accessible to the masses: Amartya Sen\""}]},{"reference":"Krishna, T. M. (21 April 2015). A Southern Music: Exploring the Karnatik Tradition. Harpercollins. ISBN 978-9350298213.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9350298213","url_text":"978-9350298213"}]},{"reference":"RAMIN (1 September 2018). ASHIS NANDY- A LIFE IN DISSENT. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS. ISBN 978-0199483945.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199483945","url_text":"978-0199483945"}]},{"reference":"\"Book Review: Ashis Nandy: A Life in Dissent\". 13 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/book-review-ashis-nandy-a-life-in-dissent/1165106/","url_text":"\"Book Review: Ashis Nandy: A Life in Dissent\""}]},{"reference":"\"19th Neelan Tiruchelvam Memorial Lecture today:Carnatic musician T. M. Krishna will deliver the Oration\". 28 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives1.sundayobserver.lk/2018/07/29/news/19th-neelan-tiruchelvam-memorial-lecture-todaycarnatic-musician-t-m-krishna-will","url_text":"\"19th Neelan Tiruchelvam Memorial Lecture today:Carnatic musician T. M. Krishna will deliver the Oration\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nationalism debate rages at Ramjas - Times of India\". The Times of India. 21 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/nationalism-debate-rages-at-ramjas/articleshow/63005228.cms","url_text":"\"Nationalism debate rages at Ramjas - Times of India\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"\"Crossing the line\".","urls":[{"url":"https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/crossing-the-line/articleshow/59612567.cms","url_text":"\"Crossing the line\""}]},{"reference":"\"T M Krishna – Dr. Ashok da Ranade Memorial Trust\". ashokdaranade.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://ashokdaranade.org/wordpress/index.php/lectures/t-m-krishna/","url_text":"\"T M Krishna – Dr. Ashok da Ranade Memorial Trust\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kumar Gandharva Memorial Lecture\". The Hindu. 20 September 2014 – via www.thehindu.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/kumar-gandharva-memorial-lecture/article6427733.ece","url_text":"\"Kumar Gandharva Memorial Lecture\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chennai Mathematical Institute\". www.cmi.ac.in. Retrieved 18 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cmi.ac.in//activities/arts-initiative/indian-art-in-context-2016.php","url_text":"\"Chennai Mathematical Institute\""}]},{"reference":"\"Here comes the Chennai Porombokkku Paadal - Times of India\". The Times of India. Retrieved 9 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/here-comes-the-chennai-porombokkku-paadal/articleshow/56563269.cms","url_text":"\"Here comes the Chennai Porombokkku Paadal - Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"Rangan, Baradwaj. \"Notes from the south\". The Hindu. Retrieved 9 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Notes-from-the-south/article17103275.ece#!","url_text":"\"Notes from the south\""}]},{"reference":"jhatkaa (29 June 2018). \"Kodaikanal Still Won't\". Archived from the original on 21 December 2021 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UhZz5vKi01c","url_text":"\"Kodaikanal Still Won't\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/UhZz5vKi01c","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kodaikanal Won't– It still won't\". 24 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/240618/kodaikanal-wont-it-still-wont.html","url_text":"\"Kodaikanal Won't– It still won't\""}]},{"reference":"\"Who is TM Krishna?\". The Indian Express. 15 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/who-is-tm-krishna-5447177/","url_text":"\"Who is TM Krishna?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Request people to reject PM Modi, BJP: Musician TM Krishna\". India Today. Retrieved 27 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/video/request-people-to-reject-pm-modi-bjp-musician-tm-krishna-1493383-2019-04-03","url_text":"\"Request people to reject PM Modi, BJP: Musician TM Krishna\""}]},{"reference":"Krishna, T. M. (25 July 2017). \"The TM Krishna column: Why the Hindu majority must push back against the BJP's politics of hate\". Scroll.in. Retrieved 27 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://scroll.in/article/844858/the-tm-krishna-column-why-the-hindu-majority-must-push-back-against-the-bjps-politics-of-hate","url_text":"\"The TM Krishna column: Why the Hindu majority must push back against the BJP's politics of hate\""}]},{"reference":"Tilak, Sudha G. (15 August 2018). \"Indian musicians threatened over Christian hymns\". BBC News. Retrieved 27 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-45179051","url_text":"\"Indian musicians threatened over Christian hymns\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Hinduism safe in Kerala, don't believe lies propagated by BJP': T.M. Krishna\". The Week. Retrieved 27 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2019/04/22/hinduism-safe-kerala-do-not-believe-lies-propagated-bjp-tm-krishna.html","url_text":"\"'Hinduism safe in Kerala, don't believe lies propagated by BJP': T.M. Krishna\""}]},{"reference":"Krishna, T. M. \"On Israel-Palestine, false equivalences based on ignorance, prejudice\". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 7 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/on-israel-palestine-false-equivalences-based-on-ignorance-prejudice-2737031","url_text":"\"On Israel-Palestine, false equivalences based on ignorance, prejudice\""}]},{"reference":"\"T.M. Krishna writes about the human impact of the Israel-Palestine crisis\". The Hindu. 1 July 2017. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 7 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/society/whose-land-is-it-anyway/article19186990.ece","url_text":"\"T.M. Krishna writes about the human impact of the Israel-Palestine crisis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"}]},{"reference":"\"Our names\". Musicians for Palestine. Archived from the original on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220927125619/https://musiciansforpalestine.com/our-names-2-0","url_text":"\"Our names\""},{"url":"https://musiciansforpalestine.com/our-names-2-0","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://tmkrishna.com/","external_links_name":"tmkrishna.com"},{"Link":"https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/ms-understood-ms-subbulakshmi","external_links_name":"'MS understood'"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=veH0rBkyOLo","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=veH0rBkyOLo","external_links_name":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=veH0rBkyOLo"},{"Link":"http://tatalitlive.in/","external_links_name":"Tata Literature Live"},{"Link":"https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/tm-krishna-magsaysay-awardee-profile-2938049/","external_links_name":"\"TM Krishna, the man who used music to heal India's deep social divisions\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/sangita-kalanidhi-award-for-tm-krishna-nritya-kalanidhi-for-neena-prasad/article67960817.ece","external_links_name":"\"Sangita Kalanidhi award for T.M. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_record_labels | List of hip hop record labels | [] | This is a list of notable hip hop music record labels:
Contents:
Top
0–9
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
0–9
4th & Broadway
75 Ark
300 Entertainment
1017 Brick Squad Records
A
Aftermath Entertainment
Aggro Berlin
Ahdasee Records
Allido Records
Amalgam Digital
Amaru Entertainment
American King Music
ANTI-
Anticon
Arista
Asylum Records
ATIC Records
Atlantic Records
Avatar Records
B
B-Boy Records
B.O.S.S.
Babygrande Records
Bad Boy Records
Barely Breaking Even
Beluga Heights Records
Big Beat Records
Big Dada
Big Hit Entertainment
Big Up Entertainment
Billion Headz Music Group
Black Butter Records
Black Jays
Black Kapital Records
The Black Wall Street Records
Blacksmith Records
Block Entertainment
Bloodline Records
BME Recordings
BMG
Body Head Entertainment
Brick Squad Monopoly
Bruc Records
Bungalo Records
BTNH Worldwide
Boy Better Know
C
Cactus Jack Records
Capitol Hill Music
Cash Money Records
Celestial Recordings
Chamillitary Entertainment
Chopper City Records
Cold Chillin' Records
Columbia Records
Cross Movement Records
Czar Entertainment
D
D-Block Records
Dame Dash Music Group
Dawn Raid Entertainment
Death Row Records
Def Jam Recordings
Def Jam South
Definitive Jux
Delicious Vinyl
Deluxe Records
Dented Records
Derrty Ent.
Desert Storm
Diplomat Records
Disturbing tha Peace
Doggystyle Records
Doomtree
D.P.G. Recordz
Dragon Mob Records
Dream Chasers Records
Dreamville Records
Duck Down Records
Dunk Yer Funk Records
E
Eastern Conference Records
EG Records
Elefant Traks
Elektra Entertainment
Enjoy Records
Epic Records
Epidemic Records
Ersguterjunge
F
FFRR Records
Finger Lickin' Records
First Priority Music
Fitamin Un
Flipmode Entertainment
Fondle 'Em Records
Fort Knocks Entertainment
Four Music
Freebandz
Fresh Records
Frontline Records
Fueled by Ramen
Full Surface Records
Funk Volume
G
G-Funk Entertainment
G-Unit Records
Gangsta Advisory Records
Gee Street Records
Geffen Records
Get Low Recordz
The Goldmind Inc.
GOOD Music
Godzilla Entertainment
Good Hands Records
Grade A Productions
Grand Hustle Records
Greenhouse Music
Griselda Records
H
Hefty Records
Hidden Beach Recordings
Hieroglyphics Imperium Recordings
Hollywood BASIC
Hoo-Bangin' Records
Humble Beast
Hydra Entertainment
Hypnotize Minds
I
Ice Age Entertainment
Ill Flava Records
Ill Will Records
Imperial Records
Infinity Records
Internet Money
Interscope Records
It's A Wonderful World Music Group
The Inc. Records
J
J Records
JDC Records
Jive Records
Joe & Joey Records
K
Kennis Music
Kon Live Distribution
Konvict Muzik
Kross Over Entertainment
L
LaFace Records
Legendary Music
Legit Ballin'
Lench Mob Records
Lex Records
Loud Records
Low Life Records
Luke Records
Love Renaissance
M
M3 Records
Machete Music
Mango Records
Maybach Music Group
Mello Music Group
Merck Records
Millennium Records
Mo' Wax
Moda Records
Mosley Music Group
Motown Records
Mush Records
Music from the Corner
Music of Life
Mo Thugs Records
N
Nature Sounds
Nervous Records
Never Broke Again
Next Plateau Entertainment
Ninja Tune
No Limit Records
Noo Trybe Records
O
Obese Records
ODA/Capalot Records
OFWGKTA
Ogopa DJs
One Records
Open Bar Entertainment
OVO Sound
Oxygen Music Works
P
Peanuts & Corn Records
Poe Boy Entertainment
Polo Grounds Music
Positive Tone
Priority Records
Prism Records
Profile Records
Project Blowed
Prosto Records
Psycho+Logical-Records
Psychopathic Records
Purple Ribbon Records
Q
QN5
Quannum Projects
Queen Bee Entertainment
Quality Control Music
R
Racetrack Records
Rap-A-Lot Records
Rawkus Records
Re-Up Records
Reach Records
Relentless Records
Remedy Records
Rhymesayers Entertainment
Rhythm King
Roc Nation
Roc-A-Fella Records
Roc-La-Familia
Rock Bottom Entertainment
Ropeadope Records
Rowdy Records
Royal Empire Records
Rude Boy Records
RuffNation Records
Ruff Ryders Entertainment
Russell Simmons Music Group
Ruthless Records
S
S. Carter Records
Select Records
Selfmade Records
Shady Records
Sho'nuff Records
Sleeping Bag Records
Slip-N-Slide Records
Smoke-A-Lot Records
So So Def Recordings
SoBe Entertainment
SRC Records
Stacks on Deck Entertainment
Star Trak Entertainment
Stones Throw Records
Storch Music Company
Strange Famous Records
Strange Music
Street Records Corporation
Street Sounds (Record Label)
Streetsweepers Entertainment
Suave House Records
Sub Verse Music
Suburban Noize Records
Sugar Hill Records
Swishahouse
T
Take Fo' Records
Tan Cressida
Taylor Gang Records
Tayster and Rojac Records
Tee Productions
Ten12 Records
Thizz Entertainment
Thump Records
Tokyo Dawn Records
Tommy Boy Records
Top Dawg Entertainment
Trend Records
Tres Records
Trill Entertainment
Tru 'Dat' Entertainment
Tuff City Records
Thug Line Records
U
The Ultimate Group
Uncensored Records
Uncle Howie Records
Unda K9 Records
Undercover Prodigy
Unidisc Music Inc.
Up Above Records
UpFront Records
Uptown Records
URBNET Records
UTP Records
V
Villain Entertainment
Visionary Music Group
W
Wall of Sound
Web Entertainment
Wild Pitch Records
Winley Records
Wu-Tang Records
X
XO Records
Y
YG Entertainment
Young Money Entertainment
YSL Records
Z
Zomba Recording
ZYX Music
Contents:
Top
0–9
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
See also
Record production portal
List of record labels
List of electronic music record labels
List of independent UK record labels | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"0–9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#0%E2%80%939"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Contents: \n\nTop\n0–9\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"List of hip hop record labels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"4th & Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_%26_Broadway"},{"link_name":"75 Ark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/75_Ark"},{"link_name":"300 Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/300_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"1017 Brick Squad Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1017_Brick_Squad_Records"}],"text":"4th & Broadway\n75 Ark\n300 Entertainment\n1017 Brick Squad Records","title":"0–9"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aftermath Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Aggro Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggro_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Ahdasee Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahdasee_Records"},{"link_name":"Allido Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allido_Records"},{"link_name":"Amalgam Digital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgam_Digital"},{"link_name":"Amaru Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaru_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"American King Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_King_Music"},{"link_name":"ANTI-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANTI-"},{"link_name":"Anticon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticon"},{"link_name":"Arista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arista_Records"},{"link_name":"Asylum Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asylum_Records"},{"link_name":"ATIC Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATIC_Records"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Records"},{"link_name":"Avatar Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar_Records"}],"text":"Aftermath Entertainment\nAggro Berlin\nAhdasee Records\nAllido Records\nAmalgam Digital\nAmaru Entertainment\nAmerican King Music\nANTI-\nAnticon\nArista\nAsylum Records\nATIC Records\nAtlantic Records\nAvatar Records","title":"A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"B-Boy Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-Boy_Records"},{"link_name":"B.O.S.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.O.S.S._(record_label)"},{"link_name":"Babygrande Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babygrande_Records"},{"link_name":"Bad Boy Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Boy_Records"},{"link_name":"Barely Breaking Even","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barely_Breaking_Even"},{"link_name":"Beluga Heights Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beluga_Heights_Records"},{"link_name":"Big Beat Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Beat_Records_(Atlantic_subsidiary)"},{"link_name":"Big Dada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Dada"},{"link_name":"Big Hit Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Hit_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Big Up Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Up_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Billion Headz Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sfera_Ebbasta"},{"link_name":"Black Butter Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Butter_Records"},{"link_name":"Black Jays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Jays"},{"link_name":"Black Kapital Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Kapital_Records"},{"link_name":"The Black Wall Street Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Wall_Street_Records"},{"link_name":"Blacksmith Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksmith_Records"},{"link_name":"Block Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Bloodline Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodline_Records"},{"link_name":"BME Recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BME_Recordings"},{"link_name":"BMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertelsmann_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"Body Head Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Head_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Brick Squad Monopoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick_Squad_Monopoly"},{"link_name":"Bruc Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruc_Records"},{"link_name":"Bungalo Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungalo_Records"},{"link_name":"BTNH Worldwide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTNH_Worldwide"},{"link_name":"Boy Better Know","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Better_Know"}],"text":"B-Boy Records\nB.O.S.S.\nBabygrande Records\nBad Boy Records\nBarely Breaking Even\nBeluga Heights Records\nBig Beat Records\nBig Dada\nBig Hit Entertainment\nBig Up Entertainment\nBillion Headz Music Group\nBlack Butter Records\nBlack Jays\nBlack Kapital Records\nThe Black Wall Street Records\nBlacksmith Records\nBlock Entertainment\nBloodline Records\nBME Recordings\nBMG\nBody Head Entertainment\nBrick Squad Monopoly\nBruc Records\nBungalo Records\nBTNH Worldwide\nBoy Better Know","title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cactus Jack Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus_Jack_Records"},{"link_name":"Capitol Hill Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Hill_Music"},{"link_name":"Cash Money Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Money_Records"},{"link_name":"Celestial Recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_Recordings"},{"link_name":"Chamillitary Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamillitary_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Chopper City Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chopper_City_Records"},{"link_name":"Cold Chillin' Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Chillin%27_Records"},{"link_name":"Columbia Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"Cross Movement Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Movement_Records"},{"link_name":"Czar Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czar_Entertainment"}],"text":"Cactus Jack Records\nCapitol Hill Music\nCash Money Records\nCelestial Recordings\nChamillitary Entertainment\nChopper City Records\nCold Chillin' Records\nColumbia Records\nCross Movement Records\nCzar Entertainment","title":"C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"D-Block Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Block_Records"},{"link_name":"Dame Dash Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dame_Dash_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"Dawn Raid Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_Raid_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Death Row Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Row_Records"},{"link_name":"Def Jam Recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Def_Jam_Recordings"},{"link_name":"Def Jam South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Def_Jam_South"},{"link_name":"Definitive Jux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitive_Jux"},{"link_name":"Delicious Vinyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delicious_Vinyl"},{"link_name":"Deluxe Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deluxe_Records"},{"link_name":"Dented Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dented_Records"},{"link_name":"Derrty Ent.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrty_Ent."},{"link_name":"Desert Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Storm_(record_label)"},{"link_name":"Diplomat Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomat_Records"},{"link_name":"Disturbing tha Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disturbing_tha_Peace"},{"link_name":"Doggystyle Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doggystyle_Records"},{"link_name":"Doomtree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doomtree"},{"link_name":"D.P.G. Recordz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.P.G._Recordz"},{"link_name":"Dragon Mob Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Mob_Records"},{"link_name":"Dream Chasers Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Chasers_Records"},{"link_name":"Dreamville Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamville_Records"},{"link_name":"Duck Down Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_Down_Records"},{"link_name":"Dunk Yer Funk Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunk_Yer_Funk_Records"}],"text":"D-Block Records\nDame Dash Music Group\nDawn Raid Entertainment\nDeath Row Records\nDef Jam Recordings\nDef Jam South\nDefinitive Jux\nDelicious Vinyl\nDeluxe Records\nDented Records\nDerrty Ent.\nDesert Storm\nDiplomat Records\nDisturbing tha Peace\nDoggystyle Records\nDoomtree\nD.P.G. Recordz\nDragon Mob Records\nDream Chasers Records\nDreamville Records\nDuck Down Records\nDunk Yer Funk Records","title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Conference Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Conference_Records"},{"link_name":"EG Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EG_Records"},{"link_name":"Elefant Traks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elefant_Traks"},{"link_name":"Elektra Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektra_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Enjoy Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enjoy_Records"},{"link_name":"Epic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Records"},{"link_name":"Epidemic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemic_Records"},{"link_name":"Ersguterjunge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ersguterjunge"}],"text":"Eastern Conference Records\nEG Records\nElefant Traks\nElektra Entertainment\nEnjoy Records\nEpic Records\nEpidemic Records\nErsguterjunge","title":"E"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FFRR Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FFRR_Records"},{"link_name":"Finger Lickin' Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger_Lickin%27_Records"},{"link_name":"First Priority Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Priority_Music"},{"link_name":"Fitamin Un","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitamin_Un"},{"link_name":"Flipmode Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flipmode_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Fondle 'Em Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondle_%27Em_Records"},{"link_name":"Fort Knocks Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Knocks_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Four Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Music"},{"link_name":"Freebandz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freebandz"},{"link_name":"Fresh Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_Records_(US)"},{"link_name":"Frontline Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontline_Records"},{"link_name":"Fueled by Ramen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fueled_by_Ramen"},{"link_name":"Full Surface Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Surface_Records"},{"link_name":"Funk Volume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk_Volume"}],"text":"FFRR Records\nFinger Lickin' Records\nFirst Priority Music\nFitamin Un\nFlipmode Entertainment\nFondle 'Em Records\nFort Knocks Entertainment\nFour Music\nFreebandz\nFresh Records\nFrontline Records\nFueled by Ramen\nFull Surface Records\nFunk Volume","title":"F"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"G-Funk Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-Funk_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"G-Unit Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-Unit_Records"},{"link_name":"Gangsta Advisory Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangsta_Advisory_Records"},{"link_name":"Gee Street Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gee_Street_Records"},{"link_name":"Geffen Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geffen_Records"},{"link_name":"Get Low Recordz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Low_Recordz"},{"link_name":"The Goldmind Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Goldmind_Inc."},{"link_name":"GOOD Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOOD_Music"},{"link_name":"Godzilla Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godzilla_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Good Hands Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Hands_Records"},{"link_name":"Grade A Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_A_Productions"},{"link_name":"Grand Hustle Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Hustle_Records"},{"link_name":"Greenhouse Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_Music"},{"link_name":"Griselda Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griselda_Records"}],"text":"G-Funk Entertainment\nG-Unit Records\nGangsta Advisory Records\nGee Street Records\nGeffen Records\nGet Low Recordz\nThe Goldmind Inc.\nGOOD Music\nGodzilla Entertainment\nGood Hands Records\nGrade A Productions\nGrand Hustle Records\nGreenhouse Music\nGriselda Records","title":"G"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hefty Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hefty_Records"},{"link_name":"Hidden Beach Recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_Beach_Recordings"},{"link_name":"Hieroglyphics Imperium Recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieroglyphics_Imperium_Recordings"},{"link_name":"Hollywood BASIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Records#Hollywood_Basic"},{"link_name":"Hoo-Bangin' Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoo-Bangin%27_Records"},{"link_name":"Humble Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humble_Beast"},{"link_name":"Hydra Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydra_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Hypnotize Minds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnotize_Minds"}],"text":"Hefty Records\nHidden Beach Recordings\nHieroglyphics Imperium Recordings\nHollywood BASIC\nHoo-Bangin' Records\nHumble Beast\nHydra Entertainment\nHypnotize Minds","title":"H"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ice Age Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Age_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Ill Flava Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ill_Flava_Records"},{"link_name":"Ill Will Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ill_Will_Records"},{"link_name":"Imperial Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Records"},{"link_name":"Infinity Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity_Records"},{"link_name":"Internet Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Money"},{"link_name":"Interscope Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interscope_Records"},{"link_name":"It's A Wonderful World Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_A_Wonderful_World_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"The Inc. Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Inc._Records"}],"text":"Ice Age Entertainment\nIll Flava Records\nIll Will Records\nImperial Records\nInfinity Records\nInternet Money\nInterscope Records\nIt's A Wonderful World Music Group\nThe Inc. Records","title":"I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J_Records"},{"link_name":"JDC Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JDC_Records"},{"link_name":"Jive Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jive_Records"},{"link_name":"Joe & Joey Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopathic_Rydas"}],"text":"J Records\nJDC Records\nJive Records\nJoe & Joey Records","title":"J"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kennis Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennis_Music"},{"link_name":"Kon Live Distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kon_Live_Distribution"},{"link_name":"Konvict Muzik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvict_Muzik"},{"link_name":"Kross Over Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kross_Over_Entertainment"}],"text":"Kennis Music\nKon Live Distribution\nKonvict Muzik\nKross Over Entertainment","title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LaFace Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaFace_Records"},{"link_name":"Legendary Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendary_Music"},{"link_name":"Legit Ballin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legit_Ballin%27"},{"link_name":"Lench Mob Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lench_Mob_Records"},{"link_name":"Lex Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Records"},{"link_name":"Loud Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loud_Records"},{"link_name":"Low Life Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Life_Records"},{"link_name":"Luke Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Records"},{"link_name":"Love Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Renaissance"}],"text":"LaFace Records\nLegendary Music\nLegit Ballin'\nLench Mob Records\nLex Records\nLoud Records\nLow Life Records\nLuke Records\nLove Renaissance","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M3 Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M3_Records"},{"link_name":"Machete Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machete_Music"},{"link_name":"Mango Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango_Records"},{"link_name":"Maybach Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maybach_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"Mello Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mello_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"Merck Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merck_Records"},{"link_name":"Millennium Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Records"},{"link_name":"Mo' Wax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%27_Wax"},{"link_name":"Moda Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moda_Records"},{"link_name":"Mosley Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosley_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"Motown Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown_Records"},{"link_name":"Mush Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mush_Records"},{"link_name":"Music from the Corner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_from_the_Corner"},{"link_name":"Music of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Life"},{"link_name":"Mo Thugs Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_Thugs_Records"}],"text":"M3 Records\nMachete Music\nMango Records\nMaybach Music Group\nMello Music Group\nMerck Records\nMillennium Records\nMo' Wax\nModa Records\nMosley Music Group\nMotown Records\nMush Records\nMusic from the Corner\nMusic of Life\nMo Thugs Records","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nature Sounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Sounds"},{"link_name":"Nervous Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_Records_(US)"},{"link_name":"Never Broke Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Broke_Again"},{"link_name":"Next Plateau Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Plateau_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Ninja Tune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja_Tune"},{"link_name":"No Limit Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Limit_Records"},{"link_name":"Noo Trybe Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noo_Trybe_Records"}],"text":"Nature Sounds\nNervous Records\nNever Broke Again\nNext Plateau Entertainment\nNinja Tune\nNo Limit Records\nNoo Trybe Records","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Obese Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obese_Records"},{"link_name":"ODA/Capalot Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ODA_(record_label)"},{"link_name":"OFWGKTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFWGKTA"},{"link_name":"Ogopa DJs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogopa_DJs"},{"link_name":"One Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Records_(Serbia)"},{"link_name":"Open Bar Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Bar_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"OVO Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OVO_Sound"},{"link_name":"Oxygen Music Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_Music_Works"}],"text":"Obese Records\nODA/Capalot Records\nOFWGKTA\nOgopa DJs\nOne Records\nOpen Bar Entertainment\nOVO Sound\nOxygen Music Works","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peanuts & Corn Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanuts_%26_Corn_Records"},{"link_name":"Poe Boy Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poe_Boy_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Polo Grounds Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_Grounds_Music"},{"link_name":"Positive Tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_Tone"},{"link_name":"Priority Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priority_Records"},{"link_name":"Prism Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prism_Records"},{"link_name":"Profile Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profile_Records"},{"link_name":"Project Blowed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Blowed"},{"link_name":"Prosto Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosto_Records"},{"link_name":"Psycho+Logical-Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psycho%2BLogical-Records"},{"link_name":"Psychopathic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopathic_Records"},{"link_name":"Purple Ribbon Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Ribbon_Records"}],"text":"Peanuts & Corn Records\nPoe Boy Entertainment\nPolo Grounds Music\nPositive Tone\nPriority Records\nPrism Records\nProfile Records\nProject Blowed\nProsto Records\nPsycho+Logical-Records\nPsychopathic Records\nPurple Ribbon Records","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"QN5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QN5"},{"link_name":"Quannum Projects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quannum_Projects"},{"link_name":"Queen Bee Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Bee_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Quality Control Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_Control_Music"}],"text":"QN5\nQuannum Projects\nQueen Bee Entertainment\nQuality Control Music","title":"Q"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Racetrack Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racetrack_Records"},{"link_name":"Rap-A-Lot Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap-A-Lot_Records"},{"link_name":"Rawkus Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawkus_Records"},{"link_name":"Re-Up Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re-Up_Records"},{"link_name":"Reach Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reach_Records"},{"link_name":"Relentless Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relentless_Records"},{"link_name":"Remedy Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remedy_Records_(US)"},{"link_name":"Rhymesayers Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhymesayers_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Rhythm King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_King"},{"link_name":"Roc Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roc_Nation"},{"link_name":"Roc-A-Fella Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roc-A-Fella_Records"},{"link_name":"Roc-La-Familia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roc-La-Familia"},{"link_name":"Rock Bottom Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Bottom_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Ropeadope Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropeadope_Records"},{"link_name":"Rowdy Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowdy_Records"},{"link_name":"Royal Empire Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Empire_Records"},{"link_name":"Rude Boy Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rude_Boy_Records"},{"link_name":"RuffNation Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuffNation_Records"},{"link_name":"Ruff Ryders Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruff_Ryders_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Russell Simmons Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Simmons_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"Ruthless Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthless_Records"}],"text":"Racetrack Records\nRap-A-Lot Records\nRawkus Records\nRe-Up Records\nReach Records\nRelentless Records\nRemedy Records\nRhymesayers Entertainment\nRhythm King\nRoc Nation\nRoc-A-Fella Records\nRoc-La-Familia\nRock Bottom Entertainment\nRopeadope Records\nRowdy Records\nRoyal Empire Records\nRude Boy Records\nRuffNation Records\nRuff Ryders Entertainment\nRussell Simmons Music Group\nRuthless Records","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"S. Carter Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Carter_Records"},{"link_name":"Select Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Select_Records"},{"link_name":"Selfmade Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfmade_Records"},{"link_name":"Shady Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shady_Records"},{"link_name":"Sho'nuff Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sho%27nuff_Records"},{"link_name":"Sleeping Bag Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_Bag_Records"},{"link_name":"Slip-N-Slide Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip-N-Slide_Records"},{"link_name":"Smoke-A-Lot Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke-A-Lot_Records"},{"link_name":"So So Def Recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_So_Def_Recordings"},{"link_name":"SoBe Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoBe_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"SRC Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRC_Records"},{"link_name":"Stacks on Deck Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacks_on_Deck_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Star Trak Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trak_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Stones Throw Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stones_Throw_Records"},{"link_name":"Storch Music Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storch_Music_Company"},{"link_name":"Strange Famous Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Famous_Records"},{"link_name":"Strange Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Music"},{"link_name":"Street Records Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Records_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Street Sounds (Record Label)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Sounds_(Record_Label)"},{"link_name":"Streetsweepers Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetsweepers_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Suave House Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suave_House_Records"},{"link_name":"Sub Verse Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub_Verse_Music"},{"link_name":"Suburban Noize Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburban_Noize_Records"},{"link_name":"Sugar Hill Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Hill_Records_(rap)"},{"link_name":"Swishahouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swishahouse"}],"text":"S. Carter Records\nSelect Records\nSelfmade Records\nShady Records\nSho'nuff Records\nSleeping Bag Records\nSlip-N-Slide Records\nSmoke-A-Lot Records\nSo So Def Recordings\nSoBe Entertainment\nSRC Records\nStacks on Deck Entertainment\nStar Trak Entertainment\nStones Throw Records\nStorch Music Company\nStrange Famous Records\nStrange Music\nStreet Records Corporation\nStreet Sounds (Record Label)\nStreetsweepers Entertainment\nSuave House Records\nSub Verse Music\nSuburban Noize Records\nSugar Hill Records\nSwishahouse","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Take Fo' Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Fo%27_Records"},{"link_name":"Tan Cressida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Cressida"},{"link_name":"Taylor Gang Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Gang_Records"},{"link_name":"Tayster and Rojac Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayster_and_Rojac_Records"},{"link_name":"Tee Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tee_Productions"},{"link_name":"Ten12 Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten12_Records"},{"link_name":"Thizz Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thizz_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Thump Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thump_Records"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Dawn Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Dawn_Records"},{"link_name":"Tommy Boy Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Boy_Records"},{"link_name":"Top Dawg Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Dawg_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Trend Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trend_Records"},{"link_name":"Tres Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tres_Records"},{"link_name":"Trill Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trill_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Tru 'Dat' Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tru_%27Dat%27_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Tuff City Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuff_City_Records"},{"link_name":"Thug Line Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thug_Line_Records"}],"text":"Take Fo' Records\nTan Cressida\nTaylor Gang Records\nTayster and Rojac Records\nTee Productions\nTen12 Records\nThizz Entertainment\nThump Records\nTokyo Dawn Records\nTommy Boy Records\nTop Dawg Entertainment\nTrend Records\nTres Records\nTrill Entertainment\nTru 'Dat' Entertainment\nTuff City Records\nThug Line Records","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Ultimate Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ultimate_Group"},{"link_name":"Uncensored Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncensored_Records"},{"link_name":"Uncle Howie Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Howie_Records"},{"link_name":"Unda K9 Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unda_K9_Records"},{"link_name":"Undercover Prodigy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undercover_Prodigy"},{"link_name":"Unidisc Music Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidisc_Music_Inc."},{"link_name":"Up Above Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_Above_Records"},{"link_name":"UpFront Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UpFront_Records"},{"link_name":"Uptown Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uptown_Records"},{"link_name":"URBNET Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URBNET_Records"},{"link_name":"UTP Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTP_Records"}],"text":"The Ultimate Group\nUncensored Records\nUncle Howie Records\nUnda K9 Records\nUndercover Prodigy\nUnidisc Music Inc.\nUp Above Records\nUpFront Records\nUptown Records\nURBNET Records\nUTP Records","title":"U"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Villain Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villain_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Visionary Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visionary_Music_Group"}],"text":"Villain Entertainment\nVisionary Music Group","title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wall of Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_of_Sound_(record_label)"},{"link_name":"Web Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Wild Pitch Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Pitch_Records"},{"link_name":"Winley Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winley_Records"},{"link_name":"Wu-Tang Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu-Tang_Records"}],"text":"Wall of Sound\nWeb Entertainment\nWild Pitch Records\nWinley Records\nWu-Tang Records","title":"W"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"XO Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XO_(record_label)"}],"text":"XO Records","title":"X"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"YG Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YG_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Young Money Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Money_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"YSL Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YSL_Records"}],"text":"YG Entertainment\nYoung Money Entertainment\nYSL Records","title":"Y"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zomba Recording","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zomba_Recording"},{"link_name":"ZYX Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZYX_Music"},{"link_name":"Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"0–9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#0%E2%80%939"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Zomba Recording\nZYX MusicContents: \n\nTop\n0–9\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"Z"}] | [] | [{"title":"Record production portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Record_production"},{"title":"List of record labels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_record_labels"},{"title":"List of electronic music record labels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_electronic_music_record_labels"},{"title":"List of independent UK record labels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_independent_UK_record_labels"}] | [] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisiutl | Sisiutl | ["1 Design","2 Indigenous practices","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Legendary creature in indigenous cultures of the Pacific Northwest
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A Kwakwaka'wakw Sisiutl dance mask made of cedar by Oscar Matilpi.
The sisiutl is a legendary creature found in many cultures of the Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, notably the Kwakwakaʼwakw. Typically, it is depicted as a double-headed sea serpent. Sometimes, the symbol features an additional central face of a supernatural being. The sisiutl features prominently in Pacific Northwest art, dances and songs. The sisiutl is closely associated with shamans because both are seen as mediators between the natural and supernatural worlds.
Design
The sisiutl is typically depicted as a double-headed serpent, although it is sometimes shown with just one head. Kwakwaka'wakw depictions often show a central, humanoid face between the double heads. All three heads are usually horned, and the serpent heads typically have protruding tongues and spiral or upturned noses, with crescents along the body. Among Pacific Northwest cultures, horns or plumes indicate a supernatural being. The spiral nose (or "inflated nostrils") motif is used on Hamatsa masks depicting Baxbaxwalanuksiwe, where it indicates hunger (dilated nostrils to sniff out food). The protruding tongue is associated with lightning, supernatural power, and the transfer of power from an animal source to a novice. Crescents may represent stylised scales or the segments of a caterpillar.
Other depictions, by the Kwakwaka'wakw or other Pacific Northwest peoples, omit or modify some of these features. The Tlingit "grubworm" or "woodworm" (caterpillar) is a "peculiarly northern" variation that lacks the central head, and has an insatiable appetite.
Where a central humanoid head is depicted, it most often is taken to represent Baxbaxwalanuksiwe, although it has also been associated with Qomoqua. In the northern grubworm variant, the central head is believed to be the princess who suckled the grubworm.
The sisiutl also sometimes takes the form of a canoe, as in a myth where it returns a woman from Qomoqua's spiritual realm to her home village, or a squirrel.
Indigenous practices
Shamans of various indigenous tribes believed that killing the sisiutl would transfer its healing magic to them. Warriors similarly believed that its blood would make them invincible in battle, and they would often accessorize their cultural garb with images of the sisiutl for this magical protection. Similar designs were painted onto canoes or carved into wooden entrances to ward off evil spirits. For some tribes, the beach mineral mica was believed to be the scales of the sisiutl, and as such would be incorporated into these aforementioned traditions accordingly.
See also
Winalagalis
Dantsikw
References
^ a b "The Sisiutl or Sea Serpent Symbol". Spirits of the West Coast Art Gallery Inc. Retrieved 2024-06-17.
^ a b c d e f Paterson, Roderick Paul (1975). The northwest coast sisiutl (Thesis). University of British Columbia.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sisiutl.
Mask Edward Curtis 1914
Alert Bay grave totem pole
Button blanket
Headdress painting.
Sisiutl board (pre 1900)
Modern house beam
Sisiutl as Archetypal Image | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sisiutl_mask.jpg"},{"link_name":"legendary creature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendary_creature"},{"link_name":"Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Pacific_Northwest_Coast"},{"link_name":"Kwakwakaʼwakw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"sea serpent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_serpent"},{"link_name":"shamans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamanism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"A Kwakwaka'wakw Sisiutl dance mask made of cedar by Oscar Matilpi.The sisiutl is a legendary creature found in many cultures of the Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, notably the Kwakwakaʼwakw.[1] Typically, it is depicted as a double-headed sea serpent. 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The Tlingit \"grubworm\" or \"woodworm\" (caterpillar) is a \"peculiarly northern\" variation that lacks the central head, and has an insatiable appetite.[2]Where a central humanoid head is depicted, it most often is taken to represent Baxbaxwalanuksiwe, although it has also been associated with Qomoqua. In the northern grubworm variant, the central head is believed to be the princess who suckled the grubworm.[2]The sisiutl also sometimes takes the form of a canoe, as in a myth where it returns a woman from Qomoqua's spiritual realm to her home village, or a squirrel.[2]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mica"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"}],"text":"Shamans of various indigenous tribes believed that killing the sisiutl would transfer its healing magic to them. Warriors similarly believed that its blood would make them invincible in battle, and they would often accessorize their cultural garb with images of the sisiutl for this magical protection. Similar designs were painted onto canoes or carved into wooden entrances to ward off evil spirits. For some tribes, the beach mineral mica was believed to be the scales of the sisiutl, and as such would be incorporated into these aforementioned traditions accordingly.[1]","title":"Indigenous practices"}] | [{"image_text":"A Kwakwaka'wakw Sisiutl dance mask made of cedar by Oscar Matilpi.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sisiutl_mask.jpg/400px-Sisiutl_mask.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Winalagalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winalagalis"},{"title":"Dantsikw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dantsikw"}] | [{"reference":"\"The Sisiutl or Sea Serpent Symbol\". Spirits of the West Coast Art Gallery Inc. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limanton | Limanton | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Coordinates: 46°59′27″N 3°44′21″E / 46.9908°N 3.7392°E / 46.9908; 3.7392
Commune in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, FranceLimantonCommuneThe old church of Anizy, in LimantonLocation of Limanton
LimantonShow map of FranceLimantonShow map of Bourgogne-Franche-ComtéCoordinates: 46°59′27″N 3°44′21″E / 46.9908°N 3.7392°E / 46.9908; 3.7392CountryFranceRegionBourgogne-Franche-ComtéDepartmentNièvreArrondissementChâteau-Chinon (Ville)CantonChâteau-ChinonGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Marie-Agnès MichotArea146.93 km2 (18.12 sq mi)Population (2021)240 • Density5.1/km2 (13/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code58142 /58290Elevation204–297 m (669–974 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
Limanton (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Nièvre department in central France.
On 1 January 2019, the estimated population was 239.
See also
Communes of the Nièvre department
References
^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.
^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
^ INSEE commune file
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Limanton.
vte Communes of the Nièvre department
Achun
Alligny-Cosne
Alligny-en-Morvan
Alluy
Amazy
Anlezy
Annay
Anthien
Arbourse
Arleuf
Armes
Arquian
Arthel
Arzembouy
Asnan
Asnois
Aunay-en-Bazois
Authiou
Avrée
Avril-sur-Loire
Azy-le-Vif
Bazoches
Bazolles
Béard
Beaulieu
Beaumont-la-Ferrière
Beaumont-Sardolles
Beuvron
Biches
Billy-Chevannes
Billy-sur-Oisy
Bitry
Blismes
Bona
Bouhy
Brassy
Breugnon
Brèves
Brinay
Brinon-sur-Beuvron
Bulcy
Bussy-la-Pesle
La Celle-sur-Loire
La Celle-sur-Nièvre
Cercy-la-Tour
Cervon
Cessy-les-Bois
Chalaux
Challement
Challuy
Champallement
Champlemy
Champlin
Champvert
Champvoux
Chantenay-Saint-Imbert
La Chapelle-Saint-André
La Charité-sur-Loire
Charrin
Chasnay
Château-Chinon (Campagne)
Château-Chinon (Ville)subpr
Châteauneuf-Val-de-Bargis
Châtillon-en-Bazois
Châtin
Chaulgnes
Chaumard
Chaumot
Chazeuil
Chevannes-Changy
Chevenon
Chevroches
Chiddes
Chitry-les-Mines
Chougny
Ciez
Cizely
Clamecysubpr
La Collancelle
Colméry
Corancy
Corbigny
Corvol-d'Embernard
Corvol-l'Orgueilleux
Cosne-Cours-sur-Loiresubpr
Cossaye
Coulanges-lès-Nevers
Couloutre
Courcelles
Crux-la-Ville
Cuncy-lès-Varzy
Dampierre-sous-Bouhy
Decize
Devay
Diennes-Aubigny
Dirol
Dommartin
Dompierre-sur-Nièvre
Donzy
Dornecy
Dornes
Druy-Parigny
Dun-les-Places
Dun-sur-Grandry
Empury
Entrains-sur-Nohain
Epiry
Fâchin
La Fermeté
Fertrève
Fléty
Fleury-sur-Loire
Flez-Cuzy
Fourchambault
Fours
Frasnay-Reugny
Gâcogne
Garchizy
Garchy
Germenay
Germigny-sur-Loire
Gien-sur-Cure
Gimouille
Giry
Glux-en-Glenne
Gouloux
Grenois
Guérigny
Guipy
Héry
Imphy
Isenay
Jailly
Lamenay-sur-Loire
Langeron
Lanty
Larochemillay
Lavault-de-Frétoy
Limanton
Limon
Livry
Lormes
Lucenay-lès-Aix
Lurcy-le-Bourg
Luthenay-Uxeloup
Luzy
Lys
La Machine
Magny-Cours
Magny-Lormes
La Maison-Dieu
La Marche
Marcy
Marigny-l'Église
Marigny-sur-Yonne
Mars-sur-Allier
Marzy
Maux
Menestreau
Menou
Mesves-sur-Loire
Metz-le-Comte
Mhère
Millay
Moissy-Moulinot
Monceaux-le-Comte
Montambert
Montapas
Montaron
Montenoison
Mont-et-Marré
Montigny-aux-Amognes
Montigny-en-Morvan
Montigny-sur-Canne
Montreuillon
Montsauche-les-Settons
Moraches
Moulins-Engilbert
Mouron-sur-Yonne
Moussy
Moux-en-Morvan
Murlin
Myennes
Nannay
Narcy
Neuffontaines
Neuilly
Neuville-lès-Decize
Neuvy-sur-Loire
Neverspref
La Nocle-Maulaix
Nolay
Nuars
Oisy
Onlay
Ouagne
Oudan
Ougny
Oulon
Ouroux-en-Morvan
Parigny-la-Rose
Parigny-les-Vaux
Pazy
Perroy
Planchez
Poil
Poiseux
Pougny
Pougues-les-Eaux
Pouilly-sur-Loire
Pouques-Lormes
Pousseaux
Prémery
Préporché
Raveau
Rémilly
Rix
Rouy
Ruages
Saincaize-Meauce
Saint-Agnan
Saint-Amand-en-Puisaye
Saint-Andelain
Saint-André-en-Morvan
Saint-Aubin-des-Chaumes
Saint-Aubin-les-Forges
Saint-Benin-d'Azy
Saint-Benin-des-Bois
Saint-Bonnot
Saint-Brisson
Saint-Didier
Sainte-Colombe-des-Bois
Saint-Éloi
Sainte-Marie
Saint-Firmin
Saint-Franchy
Saint-Germain-Chassenay
Saint-Germain-des-Bois
Saint-Gratien-Savigny
Saint-Hilaire-en-Morvan
Saint-Hilaire-Fontaine
Saint-Honoré-les-Bains
Saint-Jean-aux-Amognes
Saint-Laurent-l'Abbaye
Saint-Léger-de-Fougeret
Saint-Léger-des-Vignes
Saint-Loup-des-Bois
Saint-Malo-en-Donziois
Saint-Martin-d'Heuille
Saint-Martin-du-Puy
Saint-Martin-sur-Nohain
Saint-Maurice
Saint-Ouen-sur-Loire
Saint-Parize-en-Viry
Saint-Parize-le-Châtel
Saint-Père
Saint-Péreuse
Saint-Pierre-du-Mont
Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier
Saint-Quentin-sur-Nohain
Saint-Révérien
Saint-Saulge
Saint-Seine
Saint-Sulpice
Saint-Vérain
Saizy
Sardy-lès-Épiry
Sauvigny-les-Bois
Savigny-Poil-Fol
Saxi-Bourdon
Sémelay
Sermages
Sermoise-sur-Loire
Sichamps
Sougy-sur-Loire
Suilly-la-Tour
Surgy
Taconnay
Talon
Tamnay-en-Bazois
Tannay
Tazilly
Teigny
Ternant
Thaix
Thianges
Tintury
Toury-Lurcy
Toury-sur-Jour
Tracy-sur-Loire
Tresnay
Trois-Vèvres
Tronsanges
Trucy-l'Orgueilleux
Urzy
Vandenesse
Varennes-lès-Narcy
Varennes-Vauzelles
Varzy
Vauclaix
Vaux d'Amognes
Verneuil
Vielmanay
Vignol
Villapourçon
Ville-Langy
Villiers-le-Sec
Villiers-sur-Yonne
Vitry-Laché
pref: prefecture
subpr: subprefecture
Authority control databases: National
France
BnF data
This Nièvre geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[limɑ̃tɔ̃]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Nièvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%A8vre"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Commune in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, FranceLimanton (French pronunciation: [limɑ̃tɔ̃]) is a commune in the Nièvre department in central France.[3]On 1 January 2019, the estimated population was 239.","title":"Limanton"}] | [] | [{"title":"Communes of the Nièvre department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Ni%C3%A8vre_department"}] | [{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-58142","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Limanton¶ms=46.9908_N_3.7392_E_type:city(240)_region:FR-BFC","external_links_name":"46°59′27″N 3°44′21″E / 46.9908°N 3.7392°E / 46.9908; 3.7392"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Limanton¶ms=46.9908_N_3.7392_E_type:city(240)_region:FR-BFC","external_links_name":"46°59′27″N 3°44′21″E / 46.9908°N 3.7392°E / 46.9908; 3.7392"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-58142","external_links_name":"58142"},{"Link":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","external_links_name":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-58142","external_links_name":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/cog/commune/COM58142-limanton","external_links_name":"INSEE commune file"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15266407d","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15266407d","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limanton&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Riigikogu | X Riigikogu | ["1 Election results","2 Officers","3 List of members of the Riigikogu","4 References"] | Parliament of Estonia 2003–2007
X Riigikogu was the tenth legislature of the Estonian Parliament (Riigikogu). The legislature was elected after 2003 election.
Election results
Party
Votes
%
Seats
+/–
Estonian Centre Party
125,709
25.4
28
0
Res Publica Party
121,856
24.6
28
New
Estonian Reform Party
87,551
17.7
19
+1
People's Union of Estonia
64,463
13.0
13
+6
Pro Patria Union
36,169
7.3
7
–11
Moderate People's Party
34,837
7.0
6
–11
Estonian United People's Party
11,113
2.2
0
–6
Estonian Christian People's Party
5,725
1.1
0
0
Estonian Independence Party
2,705
0.5
0
New
Social Democratic Labour Party
2,059
0.4
0
New
Russian Party in Estonia
990
0.2
0
0
Independents
2,161
0.4
0
0
Invalid/blank votes
5,798
–
–
–
Total
500,686
100
101
0
Registered voters/turnout
859,714
58.2
–
–
Source: Nohlen & Stöver
Officers
Speaker of the Riigikogu: Ene Ergma.
List of members of the Riigikogu
Main article: List of members of the Riigikogu, 2003–2007
References
^ "Varasemad valimised - Arhiiv - Vabariigi Valimiskomisjon". www.vvk.ee. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
^ Nohlen, D & Stöver, P (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, pp585–588 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
vteLegislatures of RiigikoguI Riigikogu • II Riigikogu • III Riigikogu • IV Riigikogu • V Riigikogu • VI Riigikogu • VII Riigikogu • VIII Riigikogu • IX Riigikogu • X Riigikogu • XI Riigikogu • XII Riigikogu • XIII Riigikogu • XIV Riigikogu • XV Riigikogu | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Riigikogu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riigikogu"},{"link_name":"2003 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Estonian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vvk.ee-1"}],"text":"X Riigikogu was the tenth legislature of the Estonian Parliament (Riigikogu). The legislature was elected after 2003 election.[1]","title":"X Riigikogu"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ene Ergma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ene_Ergma"}],"text":"Speaker of the Riigikogu: Ene Ergma.","title":"Officers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of members of the Riigikogu"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Varasemad valimised - Arhiiv - Vabariigi Valimiskomisjon\". www.vvk.ee. Retrieved 11 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vvk.ee/varasemad/?v=r03","url_text":"\"Varasemad valimised - Arhiiv - Vabariigi Valimiskomisjon\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.vvk.ee/varasemad/?v=r03","external_links_name":"\"Varasemad valimised - Arhiiv - Vabariigi Valimiskomisjon\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halstock | Halstock | [] | Coordinates: 50°52′07″N 2°39′20″W / 50.8687°N 2.6555°W / 50.8687; -2.6555Village in Dorset, England
Human settlement in EnglandHalstockParish church of St Juthware and St MaryHalstockLocation within DorsetPopulation546 OS grid referenceST538080Unitary authorityDorsetShire countyDorsetRegionSouth WestCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townYEOVILPostcode districtBA22Dialling code01935PoliceDorsetFireDorset and WiltshireAmbulanceSouth Western
UK ParliamentWest Dorset
List of places
UK
England
Dorset
50°52′07″N 2°39′20″W / 50.8687°N 2.6555°W / 50.8687; -2.6555
Halstock is a village and civil parish in the county of Dorset in southern England, situated approximately five miles (8.0 km) south of Yeovil in Somerset. It lies on the route of the ancient Harrow Way. In the 2011 census the parish had a population of 546.
Halstock formerly constituted a liberty, containing only the parish itself. It was the site of the martyrdom of Saint Juthwara (Juthware), and a Romano-British Villa excavated between 1967 and 1985.
The village formerly had two inns, "The New Inn" (New Inn Farm), which closed in the late 1950s, and the unusually named "The Quiet Woman" (usually taken as a reference to St Juthware)
In July 2012, Halstock's Parish church of St Mary was rededicated by the Bishop of Sherborne to become "St Juthware and St Mary", in recognition of the local tradition. Much of the church was rebuilt in 1770, with only the 15th-century west tower not being affected. The nave and chancel were rebuilt again on separate dates in the 19th century.
Halstock lies within an electoral ward of the same name, which also contains several nearby parishes including Corscombe, Evershot and Hilfield. The population of this ward at the 2011 census was 1,848. This ward is one of 32 that comprise the West Dorset parliamentary constituency, which is currently represented in the UK national parliament by the Conservative Chris Loder, who succeeded Oliver Letwin in 2019.
See also
List of liberties in Dorset
Notes
^ a b "Area: Halstock (Parish), Key Figures for 2011 Census: Key Statistics". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
^ Lemmey (1984), p. 2
^ Lemmey (1984), pp. 8–11
^ Lemmey (1984), pp. 2–6.
^ Lucas (1993)
^ Lemmey (1984), p. 47
^ "'Halstock', An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in Dorset, Volume 1: West (1952), pp. 121–122". British History Online. University of London & History of Parliament Trust. November 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
^ "Halstock". ukcensusdata.com. Retrieved 26 February 2015.
References
Lemmey, Pam (1984), A History of Halstock, P.R. Lemmey, Liberty Farm, Halstock, ISBN 0-951-2063-0-3
Lucas, R.N. (1993), The Romano-British villa at Halstock, Dorset Excavations 1967-1985 (Monograph Series:No.13), Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, ISBN 0-900341-37-8
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Halstock.
Corscombe & Halstock village website
vteCeremonial county of DorsetUnitary authorities
Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole (areas and suburbs)
Dorset
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Bridport
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Corfe Mullen
Dorchester
Ferndown
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Highcliffe
Lyme Regis
Merley
Poole
Shaftesbury
Sherborne
Stalbridge
Sturminster Newton
Swanage
Upton
Verwood
Wareham
Weymouth
Wimborne MinsterSee also: List of civil parishes in Dorset
Rivers
Allen
Asker
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Axe
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This Dorset location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_England"},{"link_name":"county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_county"},{"link_name":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset"},{"link_name":"Yeovil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeovil"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset"},{"link_name":"Harrow Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_Way"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemmey19842-2"},{"link_name":"2011 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2011"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ONS-1"},{"link_name":"liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_(division)"},{"link_name":"Juthwara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juthwara"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemmey19848%E2%80%9311-3"},{"link_name":"Romano-British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano-British"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemmey19842%E2%80%936-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELucas1993-5"},{"link_name":"inns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inn"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemmey198447-6"},{"link_name":"Parish church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_church"},{"link_name":"St Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Sherborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Sherborne_(modern)"},{"link_name":"nave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave"},{"link_name":"chancel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancel"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"electoral ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_ward"},{"link_name":"Corscombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corscombe"},{"link_name":"Evershot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evershot"},{"link_name":"Hilfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilfield"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"West Dorset parliamentary constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Dorset_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Chris Loder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Loder"},{"link_name":"Oliver Letwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Letwin"}],"text":"Village in Dorset, EnglandHuman settlement in EnglandHalstock is a village and civil parish in the county of Dorset in southern England, situated approximately five miles (8.0 km) south of Yeovil in Somerset. It lies on the route of the ancient Harrow Way.[2] In the 2011 census the parish had a population of 546.[1]Halstock formerly constituted a liberty, containing only the parish itself. It was the site of the martyrdom of Saint Juthwara (Juthware),[3] and a Romano-British Villa excavated between 1967 and 1985.[4][5]The village formerly had two inns, \"The New Inn\" (New Inn Farm), which closed in the late 1950s,[6] and the unusually named \"The Quiet Woman\" (usually taken as a reference to St Juthware)In July 2012, Halstock's Parish church of St Mary was rededicated by the Bishop of Sherborne to become \"St Juthware and St Mary\", in recognition of the local tradition. Much of the church was rebuilt in 1770, with only the 15th-century west tower not being affected. The nave and chancel were rebuilt again on separate dates in the 19th century.[7]Halstock lies within an electoral ward of the same name, which also contains several nearby parishes including Corscombe, Evershot and Hilfield. The population of this ward at the 2011 census was 1,848.[8] This ward is one of 32 that comprise the West Dorset parliamentary constituency, which is currently represented in the UK national parliament by the Conservative Chris Loder, who succeeded Oliver Letwin in 2019.","title":"Halstock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ONS_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ONS_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Area: Halstock (Parish), Key Figures for 2011 Census: Key Statistics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11124144&c=Halstock&d=16&e=62&g=6418476&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1391248295957&enc=1"},{"link_name":"Office for National Statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemmey19842_2-0"},{"link_name":"Lemmey (1984)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLemmey1984"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemmey19848%E2%80%9311_3-0"},{"link_name":"Lemmey (1984)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLemmey1984"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemmey19842%E2%80%936_4-0"},{"link_name":"Lemmey (1984)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLemmey1984"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELucas1993_5-0"},{"link_name":"Lucas (1993)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLucas1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemmey198447_6-0"},{"link_name":"Lemmey (1984)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLemmey1984"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"'Halstock', An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in Dorset, Volume 1: West (1952), pp. 121–122\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=127232"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Halstock\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ukcensusdata.com/halstock-e05003756#sthash.GMrw9ss2.dpbs"}],"text":"^ a b \"Area: Halstock (Parish), Key Figures for 2011 Census: Key Statistics\". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 1 February 2014.\n\n^ Lemmey (1984), p. 2\n\n^ Lemmey (1984), pp. 8–11\n\n^ Lemmey (1984), pp. 2–6.\n\n^ Lucas (1993)\n\n^ Lemmey (1984), p. 47\n\n^ \"'Halstock', An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in Dorset, Volume 1: West (1952), pp. 121–122\". British History Online. University of London & History of Parliament Trust. November 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2014.\n\n^ \"Halstock\". ukcensusdata.com. Retrieved 26 February 2015.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of liberties in Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_liberties_in_Dorset"}] | [{"reference":"\"Area: Halstock (Parish), Key Figures for 2011 Census: Key Statistics\". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 1 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11124144&c=Halstock&d=16&e=62&g=6418476&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1391248295957&enc=1","url_text":"\"Area: Halstock (Parish), Key Figures for 2011 Census: Key Statistics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics","url_text":"Office for National Statistics"}]},{"reference":"\"'Halstock', An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in Dorset, Volume 1: West (1952), pp. 121–122\". British History Online. University of London & History of Parliament Trust. November 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=127232","url_text":"\"'Halstock', An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in Dorset, Volume 1: West (1952), pp. 121–122\""}]},{"reference":"\"Halstock\". ukcensusdata.com. Retrieved 26 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ukcensusdata.com/halstock-e05003756#sthash.GMrw9ss2.dpbs","url_text":"\"Halstock\""}]},{"reference":"Lemmey, Pam (1984), A History of Halstock, P.R. Lemmey, Liberty Farm, Halstock, ISBN 0-951-2063-0-3","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-951-2063-0-3","url_text":"0-951-2063-0-3"}]},{"reference":"Lucas, R.N. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-bellied_green_pigeon | White-bellied green pigeon | ["1 References"] | Species of bird
White-bellied green pigeon
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Columbiformes
Family:
Columbidae
Genus:
Treron
Species:
T. sieboldii
Binomial name
Treron sieboldii(Temminck, 1835)
The white-bellied green pigeon (Treron sieboldii) is a species of bird in the family Columbidae. It is found in China, Japan, South Korea, Laos, Russia, Taiwan, Thailand, India and Vietnam.
Its natural habitat is temperate forests. Its population has increased significantly since 2000.
White-bellied green pigeon in Ōiso, 2023
The pigeon is known for its unusual habit of drinking saltwater. A well-known location where the pigeons do this in Japan is Terugasaki in Ōiso in Kanagawa Prefecture.
References
^ BirdLife International (2016). "Treron sieboldii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22691283A93308026. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691283A93308026.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ Ueta, Mutsuyuki (2020), "Avifauna at Ooyamazawa: Decline of Birds that Forage in Bushy Understories", Long-Term Ecosystem Changes in Riparian Forests, Singapore: Springer Singapore, pp. 201–211, ISBN 978-981-15-3008-1, retrieved 2023-08-21
^ "Japanese Green Pigeon". Retrieved March 21, 2018.
^ "White-bellied green pigeons battle waves in Kanagawa". Mainichi Shimbun. November 4, 2015. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
Taxon identifiersTreron sieboldii
Wikidata: Q997448
Wikispecies: Treron sieboldii
ADW: Treron_sieboldii
Avibase: 002105C7265C091E
BirdLife: 22691283
BOLD: 113944
BOW: whbpig1
CoL: 584D6
eBird: whbpig1
EURING: 7050
GBIF: 2495812
iNaturalist: 3424
IRMNG: 11431989
ITIS: 177301
IUCN: 22691283
NCBI: 228418
Open Tree of Life: 371964
Xeno-canto: Treron-sieboldii
This Columbiformes-related article is a stub. 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It is found in China, Japan, South Korea, Laos, Russia, Taiwan, Thailand, India and Vietnam.\nIts natural habitat is temperate forests. Its population has increased significantly since 2000.[2]White-bellied green pigeon in Ōiso, 2023The pigeon is known for its unusual habit of drinking saltwater. A well-known location where the pigeons do this in Japan is Terugasaki in Ōiso in Kanagawa Prefecture.[3][4]","title":"White-bellied green pigeon"}] | [{"image_text":"White-bellied green pigeon in Ōiso, 2023"}] | null | [{"reference":"BirdLife International (2016). \"Treron sieboldii\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22691283A93308026. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691283A93308026.en. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_system_of_parameters | Regular local ring | ["1 Characterizations","2 Examples","3 Non-examples","4 Basic properties","5 Origin of basic notions","6 Regular ring","7 See also","8 Notes","9 Citations","10 References"] | In commutative algebra, a regular local ring is a Noetherian local ring having the property that the minimal number of generators of its maximal ideal is equal to its Krull dimension. In symbols, let A be a Noetherian local ring with maximal ideal m, and suppose a1, ..., an is a minimal set of generators of m. Then by Krull's principal ideal theorem n ≥ dim A, and A is defined to be regular if n = dim A.
The appellation regular is justified by the geometric meaning. A point x on an algebraic variety X is nonsingular if and only if the local ring
O
X
,
x
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{X,x}}
of germs at x is regular. (See also: regular scheme.) Regular local rings are not related to von Neumann regular rings.
For Noetherian local rings, there is the following chain of inclusions:
Universally catenary rings ⊃ Cohen–Macaulay rings ⊃ Gorenstein rings ⊃ complete intersection rings ⊃ regular local rings
Characterizations
There are a number of useful definitions of a regular local ring, one of which is mentioned above. In particular, if
A
{\displaystyle A}
is a Noetherian local ring with maximal ideal
m
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {m}}}
, then the following are equivalent definitions:
Let
m
=
(
a
1
,
…
,
a
n
)
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {m}}=(a_{1},\ldots ,a_{n})}
where
n
{\displaystyle n}
is chosen as small as possible. Then
A
{\displaystyle A}
is regular if
dim
A
=
n
{\displaystyle \dim A=n\,}
,
where the dimension is the Krull dimension. The minimal set of generators of
a
1
,
…
,
a
n
{\displaystyle a_{1},\ldots ,a_{n}}
are then called a regular system of parameters.
Let
k
=
A
/
m
{\displaystyle k=A/{\mathfrak {m}}}
be the residue field of
A
{\displaystyle A}
. Then
A
{\displaystyle A}
is regular if
dim
k
m
/
m
2
=
dim
A
{\displaystyle \dim _{k}{\mathfrak {m}}/{\mathfrak {m}}^{2}=\dim A\,}
,
where the second dimension is the Krull dimension.
Let
gl dim
A
:=
sup
{
pd
M
∣
M
is an
A
-module
}
{\displaystyle {\mbox{gl dim }}A:=\sup\{\operatorname {pd} M\mid M{\text{ is an }}A{\text{-module}}\}}
be the global dimension of
A
{\displaystyle A}
(i.e., the supremum of the projective dimensions of all
A
{\displaystyle A}
-modules.) Then
A
{\displaystyle A}
is regular if
gl dim
A
<
∞
{\displaystyle {\mbox{gl dim }}A<\infty \,}
,
in which case,
gl dim
A
=
dim
A
{\displaystyle {\mbox{gl dim }}A=\dim A}
.
Multiplicity one criterion states: if the completion of a Noetherian local ring A is unimixed (in the sense that there is no embedded prime divisor of the zero ideal and for each minimal prime p,
dim
A
^
/
p
=
dim
A
^
{\displaystyle \dim {\widehat {A}}/p=\dim {\widehat {A}}}
) and if the multiplicity of A is one, then A is regular. (The converse is always true: the multiplicity of a regular local ring is one.) This criterion corresponds to a geometric intuition in algebraic geometry that a local ring of an intersection is regular if and only if the intersection is a transversal intersection.
In the positive characteristic case, there is the following important result due to Kunz: A Noetherian local ring
R
{\displaystyle R}
of positive characteristic p is regular if and only if the Frobenius morphism
R
→
R
,
r
↦
r
p
{\displaystyle R\to R,r\mapsto r^{p}}
is flat and
R
{\displaystyle R}
is reduced. No similar result is known in characteristic zero (it is unclear how one should replace the Frobenius morphism).
Examples
Every field is a regular local ring. These have (Krull) dimension 0. In fact, the fields are exactly the regular local rings of dimension 0.
Any discrete valuation ring is a regular local ring of dimension 1 and the regular local rings of dimension 1 are exactly the discrete valuation rings. Specifically, if k is a field and X is an indeterminate, then the ring of formal power series k] is a regular local ring having (Krull) dimension 1.
If p is an ordinary prime number, the ring of p-adic integers is an example of a discrete valuation ring, and consequently a regular local ring, which does not contain a field.
More generally, if k is a field and X1, X2, ..., Xd are indeterminates, then the ring of formal power series k] is a regular local ring having (Krull) dimension d.
If A is a regular local ring, then it follows that the formal power series ring A] is regular local.
If Z is the ring of integers and X is an indeterminate, the ring Z(2, X) (i.e. the ring Z localized in the prime ideal (2, X) ) is an example of a 2-dimensional regular local ring which does not contain a field.
By the structure theorem of Irvin Cohen, a complete regular local ring of Krull dimension d that contains a field k is a power series ring in d variables over an extension field of k.
Non-examples
The ring
A
=
k
[
x
]
/
(
x
2
)
{\displaystyle A=k/(x^{2})}
is not a regular local ring since it is finite dimensional but does not have finite global dimension. For example, there is an infinite resolution
⋯
→
⋅
x
k
[
x
]
(
x
2
)
→
⋅
x
k
[
x
]
(
x
2
)
→
k
→
0
{\displaystyle \cdots {\xrightarrow {\cdot x}}{\frac {k}{(x^{2})}}{\xrightarrow {\cdot x}}{\frac {k}{(x^{2})}}\to k\to 0}
Using another one of the characterizations,
A
{\displaystyle A}
has exactly one prime ideal
m
=
(
x
)
(
x
2
)
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {m}}={\frac {(x)}{(x^{2})}}}
, so the ring has Krull dimension
0
{\displaystyle 0}
, but
m
2
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {m}}^{2}}
is the zero ideal, so
m
/
m
2
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {m}}/{\mathfrak {m}}^{2}}
has
k
{\displaystyle k}
dimension at least
1
{\displaystyle 1}
. (In fact it is equal to
1
{\displaystyle 1}
since
x
+
m
{\displaystyle x+{\mathfrak {m}}}
is a basis.)
Basic properties
The Auslander–Buchsbaum theorem states that every regular local ring is a unique factorization domain.
Every localization, as well as the completion, of a regular local ring is regular.
If
(
A
,
m
)
{\displaystyle (A,{\mathfrak {m}})}
is a complete regular local ring that contains a field, then
A
≅
k
[
[
x
1
,
…
,
x
d
]
]
{\displaystyle A\cong k]}
,
where
k
=
A
/
m
{\displaystyle k=A/{\mathfrak {m}}}
is the residue field, and
d
=
dim
A
{\displaystyle d=\dim A}
, the Krull dimension.
See also: Serre's inequality on height and Serre's multiplicity conjectures.
Origin of basic notions
See also: smooth scheme
Regular local rings were originally defined by Wolfgang Krull in 1937, but they first became prominent in the work of Oscar Zariski a few years later, who showed that geometrically, a regular local ring corresponds to a smooth point on an algebraic variety. Let Y be an algebraic variety contained in affine n-space over a perfect field, and suppose that Y is the vanishing locus of the polynomials f1,...,fm. Y is nonsingular at P if Y satisfies a Jacobian condition: If M = (∂fi/∂xj) is the matrix of partial derivatives of the defining equations of the variety, then the rank of the matrix found by evaluating M at P is n − dim Y. Zariski proved that Y is nonsingular at P if and only if the local ring of Y at P is regular. (Zariski observed that this can fail over non-perfect fields.) This implies that smoothness is an intrinsic property of the variety, in other words it does not depend on where or how the variety is embedded in affine space. It also suggests that regular local rings should have good properties, but before the introduction of techniques from homological algebra very little was known in this direction. Once such techniques were introduced in the 1950s, Auslander and Buchsbaum proved that every regular local ring is a unique factorization domain.
Another property suggested by geometric intuition is that the localization of a regular local ring should again be regular. Again, this lay unsolved until the introduction of homological techniques. It was Jean-Pierre Serre who found a homological characterization of regular local rings: A local ring A is regular if and only if A has finite global dimension, i.e. if every A-module has a projective resolution of finite length. It is easy to show that the property of having finite global dimension is preserved under localization, and consequently that localizations of regular local rings at prime ideals are again regular.
This justifies the definition of regularity for non-local commutative rings given in the next section.
Regular ring
For the unrelated regular rings introduced by John von Neumann, see von Neumann regular ring.
In commutative algebra, a regular ring is a commutative Noetherian ring, such that the localization at every prime ideal is a regular local ring: that is, every such localization has the property that the minimal number of generators of its maximal ideal is equal to its Krull dimension.
The origin of the term regular ring lies in the fact that an affine variety is nonsingular (that is every point is regular) if and only if its ring of regular functions is regular.
For regular rings, Krull dimension agrees with global homological dimension.
Jean-Pierre Serre defined a regular ring as a commutative noetherian ring of finite global homological dimension. His definition is stronger than the definition above, which allows regular rings of infinite Krull dimension.
Examples of regular rings include fields (of dimension zero) and Dedekind domains. If A is regular then so is A, with dimension one greater than that of A.
In particular if k is a field, the ring of integers, or a principal ideal domain, then the polynomial ring
k
[
X
1
,
…
,
X
n
]
{\displaystyle k}
is regular. In the case of a field, this is Hilbert's syzygy theorem.
Any localization of a regular ring is regular as well.
A regular ring is reduced but need not be an integral domain. For example, the product of two regular integral domains is regular, but not an integral domain.
See also
Geometrically regular ring
Notes
^ A local von Neumann regular ring is a division ring, so the two conditions are not very compatible.
^ since a ring is reduced if and only if its localizations at prime ideals are.
Citations
^ Atiyah & Macdonald 1969, p. 123, Theorem 11.22.
^ Herrmann, M., S. Ikeda, and U. Orbanz: Equimultiplicity and Blowing Up. An Algebraic Study with an Appendix by B. Moonen. Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New-York, 1988. Theorem 6.8.
^ Krull, Wolfgang (1937), "Beiträge zur Arithmetik kommutativer Integritätsbereiche III", Math. Z.: 745–766, doi:10.1007/BF01160110
^ Zariski, Oscar (1940), "Algebraic varieties over ground fields of characteristic 0", Amer. J. Math., 62: 187–221, doi:10.2307/2371447
^ Zariski, Oscar (1947), "The concept of a simple point of an abstract algebraic variety", Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 62: 1–52, doi:10.1090/s0002-9947-1947-0021694-1
^ Is a regular ring a domain
References
Atiyah, Michael F.; Macdonald, Ian G. (1969), Introduction to Commutative Algebra, Addison-Wesley, MR 0242802
Kunz, Characterizations of regular local rings of characteristic p. Amer. J. Math. 91 (1969), 772–784.
Tsit-Yuen Lam, Lectures on Modules and Rings, Springer-Verlag, 1999, ISBN 978-1-4612-0525-8. Chap.5.G.
Jean-Pierre Serre, Local algebra, Springer-Verlag, 2000, ISBN 3-540-66641-9. Chap.IV.D.
Regular rings at The Stacks Project | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"algebraic variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_variety"},{"link_name":"nonsingular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular_point_of_an_algebraic_variety"},{"link_name":"germs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"regular scheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_scheme"},{"link_name":"von Neumann regular rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_regular_ring"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Universally catenary rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universally_catenary_ring"},{"link_name":"Cohen–Macaulay rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohen%E2%80%93Macaulay_ring"},{"link_name":"Gorenstein rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorenstein_ring"},{"link_name":"complete intersection rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_intersection_ring"},{"link_name":"regular local rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"}],"text":"The appellation regular is justified by the geometric meaning. A point x on an algebraic variety X is nonsingular if and only if the local ring \n \n \n \n \n \n \n O\n \n \n \n X\n ,\n x\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {O}}_{X,x}}\n \n of germs at x is regular. (See also: regular scheme.) Regular local rings are not related to von Neumann regular rings.[a]For Noetherian local rings, there is the following chain of inclusions:Universally catenary rings ⊃ Cohen–Macaulay rings ⊃ Gorenstein rings ⊃ complete intersection rings ⊃ regular local rings","title":"Regular local ring"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Krull dimension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krull_dimension"},{"link_name":"global dimension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_dimension"},{"link_name":"projective dimensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projective_dimension"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"completion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Completion_(algebra)"},{"link_name":"multiplicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%E2%80%93Samuel_multiplicity"},{"link_name":"intersection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheme-theoretic_intersection"},{"link_name":"transversal intersection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transversality_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"characteristic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_(algebra)"},{"link_name":"Frobenius morphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frobenius_morphism"},{"link_name":"flat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_ring_homomorphism"},{"link_name":"reduced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduced_ring"}],"text":"There are a number of useful definitions of a regular local ring, one of which is mentioned above. In particular, if \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n is a Noetherian local ring with maximal ideal \n \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {m}}}\n \n, then the following are equivalent definitions:Let \n \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n \n =\n (\n \n a\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n a\n \n n\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {m}}=(a_{1},\\ldots ,a_{n})}\n \n where \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n is chosen as small as possible. Then \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n is regular ifdim\n \n A\n =\n n\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\dim A=n\\,}\n \n,\nwhere the dimension is the Krull dimension. The minimal set of generators of \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n a\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle a_{1},\\ldots ,a_{n}}\n \n are then called a regular system of parameters.Let \n \n \n \n k\n =\n A\n \n /\n \n \n \n m\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k=A/{\\mathfrak {m}}}\n \n be the residue field of \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n. Then \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n is regular ifdim\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n \n \n /\n \n \n \n \n m\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n dim\n \n A\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\dim _{k}{\\mathfrak {m}}/{\\mathfrak {m}}^{2}=\\dim A\\,}\n \n,\nwhere the second dimension is the Krull dimension.Let \n \n \n \n \n \n gl dim \n \n \n A\n :=\n sup\n {\n pd\n \n M\n ∣\n M\n \n is an \n \n A\n \n -module\n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mbox{gl dim }}A:=\\sup\\{\\operatorname {pd} M\\mid M{\\text{ is an }}A{\\text{-module}}\\}}\n \n be the global dimension of \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n (i.e., the supremum of the projective dimensions of all \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n-modules.) Then \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n is regular ifgl dim \n \n \n A\n <\n ∞\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mbox{gl dim }}A<\\infty \\,}\n \n,\nin which case, \n \n \n \n \n \n gl dim \n \n \n A\n =\n dim\n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mbox{gl dim }}A=\\dim A}\n \n.Multiplicity one criterion states:[2] if the completion of a Noetherian local ring A is unimixed (in the sense that there is no embedded prime divisor of the zero ideal and for each minimal prime p, \n \n \n \n dim\n \n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n \n /\n \n p\n =\n dim\n \n \n \n \n A\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\dim {\\widehat {A}}/p=\\dim {\\widehat {A}}}\n \n) and if the multiplicity of A is one, then A is regular. (The converse is always true: the multiplicity of a regular local ring is one.) This criterion corresponds to a geometric intuition in algebraic geometry that a local ring of an intersection is regular if and only if the intersection is a transversal intersection.In the positive characteristic case, there is the following important result due to Kunz: A Noetherian local ring \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R}\n \n of positive characteristic p is regular if and only if the Frobenius morphism \n \n \n \n R\n →\n R\n ,\n r\n ↦\n \n r\n \n p\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle R\\to R,r\\mapsto r^{p}}\n \n is flat and \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R}\n \n is reduced. No similar result is known in characteristic zero (it is unclear how one should replace the Frobenius morphism).","title":"Characterizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"discrete valuation ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_valuation_ring"},{"link_name":"formal power series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_power_series"},{"link_name":"p-adic integers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-adic_integer"},{"link_name":"formal power series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_power_series"},{"link_name":"localized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localization_of_a_ring_and_a_module"},{"link_name":"structure theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohen_structure_theorem"},{"link_name":"Irvin Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvin_Cohen"},{"link_name":"complete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Completion_(ring_theory)"},{"link_name":"extension field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extension_field"}],"text":"Every field is a regular local ring. These have (Krull) dimension 0. In fact, the fields are exactly the regular local rings of dimension 0.\nAny discrete valuation ring is a regular local ring of dimension 1 and the regular local rings of dimension 1 are exactly the discrete valuation rings. Specifically, if k is a field and X is an indeterminate, then the ring of formal power series k[[X]] is a regular local ring having (Krull) dimension 1.\nIf p is an ordinary prime number, the ring of p-adic integers is an example of a discrete valuation ring, and consequently a regular local ring, which does not contain a field.\nMore generally, if k is a field and X1, X2, ..., Xd are indeterminates, then the ring of formal power series k[[X1, X2, ..., Xd]] is a regular local ring having (Krull) dimension d.\nIf A is a regular local ring, then it follows that the formal power series ring A[[x]] is regular local.\nIf Z is the ring of integers and X is an indeterminate, the ring Z[X](2, X) (i.e. the ring Z[X] localized in the prime ideal (2, X) ) is an example of a 2-dimensional regular local ring which does not contain a field.\nBy the structure theorem of Irvin Cohen, a complete regular local ring of Krull dimension d that contains a field k is a power series ring in d variables over an extension field of k.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The ring \n \n \n \n A\n =\n k\n [\n x\n ]\n \n /\n \n (\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A=k[x]/(x^{2})}\n \n is not a regular local ring since it is finite dimensional but does not have finite global dimension. For example, there is an infinite resolution⋯\n \n \n →\n \n ⋅\n x\n \n \n \n \n \n \n k\n [\n x\n ]\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n →\n \n ⋅\n x\n \n \n \n \n \n \n k\n [\n x\n ]\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n →\n k\n →\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\cdots {\\xrightarrow {\\cdot x}}{\\frac {k[x]}{(x^{2})}}{\\xrightarrow {\\cdot x}}{\\frac {k[x]}{(x^{2})}}\\to k\\to 0}Using another one of the characterizations, \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n has exactly one prime ideal \n \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {m}}={\\frac {(x)}{(x^{2})}}}\n \n, so the ring has Krull dimension \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0}\n \n, but \n \n \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {m}}^{2}}\n \n is the zero ideal, so \n \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n \n \n /\n \n \n \n \n m\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {m}}/{\\mathfrak {m}}^{2}}\n \n has \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n dimension at least \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1}\n \n. (In fact it is equal to \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1}\n \n since \n \n \n \n x\n +\n \n \n m\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x+{\\mathfrak {m}}}\n \n is a basis.)","title":"Non-examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Auslander–Buchsbaum theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auslander%E2%80%93Buchsbaum_theorem"},{"link_name":"unique factorization domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unique_factorization_domain"},{"link_name":"localization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localization_of_a_ring"},{"link_name":"completion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Completion_(ring_theory)"},{"link_name":"residue field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residue_field"},{"link_name":"Serre's inequality on height","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serre%27s_inequality_on_height"},{"link_name":"Serre's multiplicity conjectures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serre%27s_multiplicity_conjectures"}],"text":"The Auslander–Buchsbaum theorem states that every regular local ring is a unique factorization domain.Every localization, as well as the completion, of a regular local ring is regular.If \n \n \n \n (\n A\n ,\n \n \n m\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (A,{\\mathfrak {m}})}\n \n is a complete regular local ring that contains a field, thenA\n ≅\n k\n [\n [\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n d\n \n \n ]\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A\\cong k[[x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{d}]]}\n \n,where \n \n \n \n k\n =\n A\n \n /\n \n \n \n m\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k=A/{\\mathfrak {m}}}\n \n is the residue field, and \n \n \n \n d\n =\n dim\n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d=\\dim A}\n \n, the Krull dimension.See also: Serre's inequality on height and Serre's multiplicity conjectures.","title":"Basic properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"smooth scheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_scheme"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Krull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Krull"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Oscar Zariski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Zariski"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"algebraic variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_variety"},{"link_name":"algebraic variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_variety"},{"link_name":"perfect field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_field"},{"link_name":"Jacobian condition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobian_variety"},{"link_name":"homological algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homological_algebra"},{"link_name":"unique factorization domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unique_factorization_domain"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Serre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Serre"},{"link_name":"global dimension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_dimension"}],"text":"See also: smooth schemeRegular local rings were originally defined by Wolfgang Krull in 1937,[3] but they first became prominent in the work of Oscar Zariski a few years later,[4][5] who showed that geometrically, a regular local ring corresponds to a smooth point on an algebraic variety. Let Y be an algebraic variety contained in affine n-space over a perfect field, and suppose that Y is the vanishing locus of the polynomials f1,...,fm. Y is nonsingular at P if Y satisfies a Jacobian condition: If M = (∂fi/∂xj) is the matrix of partial derivatives of the defining equations of the variety, then the rank of the matrix found by evaluating M at P is n − dim Y. Zariski proved that Y is nonsingular at P if and only if the local ring of Y at P is regular. (Zariski observed that this can fail over non-perfect fields.) This implies that smoothness is an intrinsic property of the variety, in other words it does not depend on where or how the variety is embedded in affine space. It also suggests that regular local rings should have good properties, but before the introduction of techniques from homological algebra very little was known in this direction. Once such techniques were introduced in the 1950s, Auslander and Buchsbaum proved that every regular local ring is a unique factorization domain.Another property suggested by geometric intuition is that the localization of a regular local ring should again be regular. Again, this lay unsolved until the introduction of homological techniques. It was Jean-Pierre Serre who found a homological characterization of regular local rings: A local ring A is regular if and only if A has finite global dimension, i.e. if every A-module has a projective resolution of finite length. It is easy to show that the property of having finite global dimension is preserved under localization, and consequently that localizations of regular local rings at prime ideals are again regular.This justifies the definition of regularity for non-local commutative rings given in the next section.","title":"Origin of basic notions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"von Neumann regular ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_regular_ring"},{"link_name":"commutative algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_algebra"},{"link_name":"Noetherian ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noetherian_ring"},{"link_name":"localization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localization_of_a_ring"},{"link_name":"prime ideal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_ideal"},{"link_name":"Krull dimension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krull_dimension"},{"link_name":"affine variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine_variety"},{"link_name":"nonsingular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsingular_variety"},{"link_name":"regular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_point_of_an_algebraic_variety"},{"link_name":"ring of regular functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_of_regular_functions"},{"link_name":"global homological dimension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_homological_dimension"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Serre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Serre"},{"link_name":"Dedekind domains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedekind_domain"},{"link_name":"principal ideal domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_ideal_domain"},{"link_name":"polynomial ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial_ring"},{"link_name":"Hilbert's syzygy theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%27s_syzygy_theorem"},{"link_name":"reduced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduced_ring"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"For the unrelated regular rings introduced by John von Neumann, see von Neumann regular ring.In commutative algebra, a regular ring is a commutative Noetherian ring, such that the localization at every prime ideal is a regular local ring: that is, every such localization has the property that the minimal number of generators of its maximal ideal is equal to its Krull dimension.The origin of the term regular ring lies in the fact that an affine variety is nonsingular (that is every point is regular) if and only if its ring of regular functions is regular.For regular rings, Krull dimension agrees with global homological dimension.Jean-Pierre Serre defined a regular ring as a commutative noetherian ring of finite global homological dimension. His definition is stronger than the definition above, which allows regular rings of infinite Krull dimension.Examples of regular rings include fields (of dimension zero) and Dedekind domains. If A is regular then so is A[X], with dimension one greater than that of A.In particular if k is a field, the ring of integers, or a principal ideal domain, then the polynomial ring \n \n \n \n k\n [\n \n X\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n X\n \n n\n \n \n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k[X_{1},\\ldots ,X_{n}]}\n \n is regular. In the case of a field, this is Hilbert's syzygy theorem.Any localization of a regular ring is regular as well.A regular ring is reduced[b] but need not be an integral domain. For example, the product of two regular integral domains is regular, but not an integral domain.[6]","title":"Regular ring"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"}],"text":"^ A local von Neumann regular ring is a division ring, so the two conditions are not very compatible.\n\n^ since a ring is reduced if and only if its localizations at prime ideals are.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtiyahMacdonald1969123Theorem_11.22_1-0"},{"link_name":"Atiyah & Macdonald 1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAtiyahMacdonald1969"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Krull, Wolfgang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Krull"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/BF01160110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01160110"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Zariski, Oscar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Zariski"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2371447","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2371447"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Zariski, Oscar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Zariski"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1090/s0002-9947-1947-0021694-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9947-1947-0021694-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Is a regular ring a domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//math.stackexchange.com/q/18657"}],"text":"^ Atiyah & Macdonald 1969, p. 123, Theorem 11.22.\n\n^ Herrmann, M., S. Ikeda, and U. Orbanz: Equimultiplicity and Blowing Up. An Algebraic Study with an Appendix by B. Moonen. Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New-York, 1988. Theorem 6.8.\n\n^ Krull, Wolfgang (1937), \"Beiträge zur Arithmetik kommutativer Integritätsbereiche III\", Math. Z.: 745–766, doi:10.1007/BF01160110\n\n^ Zariski, Oscar (1940), \"Algebraic varieties over ground fields of characteristic 0\", Amer. J. Math., 62: 187–221, doi:10.2307/2371447\n\n^ Zariski, Oscar (1947), \"The concept of a simple point of an abstract algebraic variety\", Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 62: 1–52, doi:10.1090/s0002-9947-1947-0021694-1\n\n^ Is a regular ring a domain","title":"Citations"}] | [] | [{"title":"Geometrically regular ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometrically_regular_ring"}] | [{"reference":"Krull, Wolfgang (1937), \"Beiträge zur Arithmetik kommutativer Integritätsbereiche III\", Math. Z.: 745–766, doi:10.1007/BF01160110","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Krull","url_text":"Krull, Wolfgang"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01160110","url_text":"10.1007/BF01160110"}]},{"reference":"Zariski, Oscar (1940), \"Algebraic varieties over ground fields of characteristic 0\", Amer. J. Math., 62: 187–221, doi:10.2307/2371447","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Zariski","url_text":"Zariski, Oscar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2371447","url_text":"10.2307/2371447"}]},{"reference":"Zariski, Oscar (1947), \"The concept of a simple point of an abstract algebraic variety\", Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 62: 1–52, doi:10.1090/s0002-9947-1947-0021694-1","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Zariski","url_text":"Zariski, Oscar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9947-1947-0021694-1","url_text":"10.1090/s0002-9947-1947-0021694-1"}]},{"reference":"Atiyah, Michael F.; Macdonald, Ian G. (1969), Introduction to Commutative Algebra, Addison-Wesley, MR 0242802","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Atiyah","url_text":"Atiyah, Michael F."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_G._Macdonald","url_text":"Macdonald, Ian G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison-Wesley","url_text":"Addison-Wesley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0242802","url_text":"0242802"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01160110","external_links_name":"10.1007/BF01160110"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2371447","external_links_name":"10.2307/2371447"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9947-1947-0021694-1","external_links_name":"10.1090/s0002-9947-1947-0021694-1"},{"Link":"https://math.stackexchange.com/q/18657","external_links_name":"Is a regular ring a domain"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0242802","external_links_name":"0242802"},{"Link":"http://stacks.math.columbia.edu/tag/065U","external_links_name":"Regular rings at The Stacks Project"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_F%C3%A9minines | Paris Saint-Germain F.C. (women) | ["1 History","1.1 Foundation and rise to Division 1 (1971–2001)","1.2 From mid-table team to first major title (2001–2010)","1.3 European debut and Qatari takeover (2010–2013)","1.4 Power struggle with Lyon and second cup title (2013–2018)","1.5 Maiden league championship and third cup triumph (2018–present)","2 Identity","3 Grounds","3.1 Stadiums","3.2 Training facilities","4 Records and statistics","5 Supporters","6 Rivalries","7 Ownership and finances","8 Honours","9 Players","9.1 First-team squad","9.2 Out on loan","10 Personnel","10.1 Management","10.2 Technical staff","11 References","12 External links"] | Women's department of Paris Saint-Germain
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Football clubParis Saint-GermainFull nameParis Saint-Germain Football ClubNickname(s)Les Parisiennes (The Parisians) Les Rouge-et-Bleu (The Red and Blues)Short namePSGFounded1971; 53 years ago (1971)GroundStade Jean-BouinCapacity20,000OwnerQatar Sports Investments (87.5%)Arctos Partners (12.5%)PresidentNasser Al-KhelaifiCoachJocelyn PrêcheurLeagueDivision 1 Féminine2023–24Division 1 Féminine, 2nd of 12WebsiteClub website
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Paris Saint-Germain Football Club (French pronunciation: ), commonly referred to as Paris Saint-Germain or simply PSG, are a French professional women's football club based in Paris. Founded in 1971, they compete in Division 1 Féminine, the top division of French football. Their home ground is the Stade Jean-Bouin. They are the women's department of Paris Saint-Germain.
PSG have played in the top flight since 2001, when they won the Division 2 title. The Parisians won their first major honour, the Coupe de France, in 2010. This trophy, coupled with the club's takeover, signalled the start of a new era. PSG went from being a mid-table side to becoming one of the best teams in European football. The Red and Blues have since been crowned Division 1 champions for the first time in 2021, won two more cup titles in 2018 and 2022, and reached the UEFA Women's Champions League final twice.
The club's home kit colours are red, blue and white. PSG's crest features the Eiffel Tower and a fleur de lys. PSG have an intense rivalry with Olympique Lyonnais. The duo contest French football's most notorious match, known as Le Classique. They also have a strong rivalry with Paris FC, a fixture referred to as the Parisian Derby.
Since 2011, Paris Saint-Germain have been majority-owned by Qatari government-backed investment fund Qatar Sports Investments, which currently holds 87.5% of the shares. American investment firm Arctos Partners owns the remaining 12.5%. QSI took control of the women's team in 2012. PSG are the richest club in France and one of the wealthiest in the world.
History
Foundation and rise to Division 1 (1971–2001)
A year after the foundation of the club, Paris Saint-Germain created their women's section in the summer of 1971 after the French Football Federation (FFF) gave the green light to female football. PSG signed 33 women for the 1971–72 season and the newly formed team began life in the Ligue de Paris Île-de-France, the lowest level of the football pyramid. They finished second that campaign, their best result ever, and continued life in the Parisian championship for seven more years, albeit with less success.
Ahead of the 1979–80 season, PSG were promoted to the top flight of French football, the Division 1, after it went from 20 to 48 teams. Their inaugural stint, however, only lasted three seasons, and PSG were relegated back to Division 2 in 1982. The Red and Blues bounced between the two top divisions over the next 19 years. Following a dramatic 1999–2000 season in which they missed promotion to the elite by losing their last match against promotion contenders Schiltigheim, PSG finally steadied the ship in 2001. Led by coach Sébastien Thierry and young defender Laura Georges, the team won 16 out of 18 games played in Group A to claim back their place amongst the best in France. PSG would then clinch the 2000–01 Division 2 title by defeating Group C leader Tours in the final. Since then, Paris SG have never been relegated from Division 1.
From mid-table team to first major title (2001–2010)
PSG won the French Cup in 2010
Under incoming manager Cyril Combettes, Paris Saint-Germain remained without major problems in Division 1 but nowhere near the top teams. In the summer of 2005, starlets Sabrina Delannoy and Laure Boulleau signed from CNFE Clairefontaine. Together, they played more than 400 matches with PSG, being their two most capped players. The defending duo experienced everything with the capital side: relegation battles, mid-table finishes, title races and the club's first major trophy. Men and women confounded, Delannoy is PSG's sixth most capped player ever, only behind male counterparts Jean-Marc Pilorget, Sylvain Armand, Safet Sušić, Paul Le Guen and Marco Verratti.
At the end of March 2007, Cyril Combettes resigned due to relationship problems with the players. He was replaced by Eric Leroy for the 2007–08 season. Despite a difficult start, including a heavy defeat to Montpellier in the first match, the season was a success. Under Leroy's direction, the team finished in fifth place and reached their maiden Challenge de France final. Having crashed out at the same stage in 2005, the Red and Blues learned their lesson and defeated Parisian Derby rivals Paris FC (at the time called Juvisy) in the semi-finals. Olympique Lyonnais, however, proved too strong for PSG in the title-decider at the Stade de France, easily taking home the cup with three unanswered strikes.
Following a disappointing 2008–09 season, Camillo Vaz replaced Éric Leroy in June 2009. PSG recruited French internationals Élise Bussaglia, Julie Soyer and Jessica Houara during that summer. The women's team then celebrated their 38th birthday by making their debut at the Parc des Princes. Usually reserved for the men's side, PSG hosted city rivals Paris FC at the stadium on October 18, 2009. In front of 5,892 spectators, they defeated their guests thanks to an early goal from Camille Abily. The 2009–10 campaign ended with a third place, a first for them on the podium. Better yet, the Parisians also reached their second Challenge de France final after eliminating juggernauts Lyon in the semi-finals.
Noilhan had left the club shortly before the final, leaving Vaz as the sole coach. This, however, did not stop PSG from crushing defending champions Montpellier at the Stade Robert Bobin to claim their first major title as well as their second trophy ever and their first since 2001. Emblematic club striker Ingrid Boyeldieu, who would retire at the end of the season, opened the scoring in the first half. After the break, PSG added four more goals for a brutal 5–0 scoreline, the largest victory in the history of cup finals.
European debut and Qatari takeover (2010–2013)
The 2010–11 season marked a turning point for Paris. In the summer, Brazilian star Kátia joined on a free signing from Lyon. PSG finished league runners-up behind heavyweights Olympique Lyonnais and qualified to the UEFA Women's Champions League for the first time in their history. The Parisians dramatically defeated second-placed Montpellier in the final game of the season, with team captain Sabrina Delannoy scoring the winning penalty in stoppage time. Élise Bussaglia was named Division 1 Féminine Player of the Season.
Exempted from the group stage, PSG made their European debut by comfortably eliminating Irish side Peamount in the Round of 16, before being themselves ousted by German giants and future finalists 1. FFC Frankfurt. The rest of the 2011–12 campaign, however, was not as successful. Undermined by the injuries of key players Léa Rubio, Laure Lepailleur and Caroline Pizzala, the team lost its grip and finished in fourth place after suffering a heavy defeat at home to Île-de-France rivals Paris FC. As a result, coach Camillo Vaz left the club at the end of the season.
PSG bounced back immediately with the professionalisation of the team by new club owners Qatar Sports Investments (QSI) ahead of the 2012–13 campaign. They spent big to build a team capable of competing with the best clubs in France and Europe, including Lyon, and signed its 21 players to a federal contract, something unprecedented in women's football. Renowned international players Shirley Cruz, Kosovare Asllani, Annike Krahn and Linda Bresonik were the first to arrive, as well as Farid Benstiti, the coach who guided Lyon to four consecutive league titles. A season later, PSG recruited Marie-Laure Delie, the first women's football transfer in France, for €50k. As part of this revolution, PSG also moved to the Stade Sébastien Charléty in 2012 and then to the Stade Jean-Bouin in 2018, abandoning the smaller Stade Georges Lefèvre, which had been their home stadium since 1971.
Power struggle with Lyon and second cup title (2013–2018)
PSG players celebrate their first Champions League qualification in 2011.
These investments allowed PSG to challenge Olympique Lyonnais, with the duo developing a heated rivalry dubbed as Le Classique. Lyon still kept a head start over Paris during the 2010s, clinching a record 14 consecutive league titles between 2007 and 2020. PSG managed a few important victories during that time, though. League and cup runners-up behind Lyon in 2013–14, they recorded their first ever win over the champions in January 2014, with a solitary goal from Laura Georges at the Stade de Gerland. It was Lyon's first league defeat at home since March 2010, an unbeaten streak spanning 87 matches.
PSG repeated the feat in 2014–15, this time in the Champions League, as Fatmire Alushi scored the only goal at Gerland to eliminate Lyon in the last 16. Nonetheless, the season ended in disappointment; Paris finished second to Lyon and lost the 2015 UEFA Women's Champions League Final to Frankfurt at the last second. Lyon retaliated in 2015–16 by claiming the championship and then crushing PSG in the Champions League semi-finals. They scored seven times without response, inflicting PSG's biggest defeat in the continental competition and one of their biggest ever. Even worse, Paris finished third in the league and missed qualification to the Champions League. The club did not renew Farid Benstiti's contract and was replaced by Patrice Lair, another former Lyon coach.
The two sides were back at it again in 2016–17. PSG first beat their rivals, also by a 1–0 margin, in December 2016 despite Lyon still managing to retain the league title. Then, they crossed paths in the French Cup final, won by Lyon after an endless penalty shoot-out, and in the 2017 UEFA Women's Champions League Final, which also had to be decided on penalties. The teams could not be separated after seven kicks each until PSG goalkeeper Katarzyna Kiedrzynek stepped up and missed. Her counterpart Sarah Bouhaddi converted her effort and handed Lyon the European victory. With Bernard Mendy on the bench, filling in after the surprise departure of Lair, the capital outfit exacted revenge on Lyon in the 2017–18 season by defeating them in the French Cup final in May 2018, with a solitary goal from French international striker Marie-Antoinette Katoto.
Maiden league championship and third cup triumph (2018–present)
Olivier Echouafni was named manager in June 2018, while Mendy stayed on as his assistant. Paris finished league runners-up in 2018–19 and 2019–20, while losing the French Cup and French Super Cup titles to Lyon as well. In Echouafni's third season in charge, PSG ended Lyon's 80-game unbeaten league streak in November 2020 to leapfrog them and go top of the table. Once more, Katoto scored the lone goal of a game played behind closed doors at the Parc des Princes. The Parisians then held on for a crucial goalless draw away at Lyon and beat Dijon in the final match to win the Division 1 crown for the first time, ending their rivals' run of 14 consecutive league titles. They also ended Lyon's stranglehold on the Champions League with a stunning comeback to prevent their rivals from a sixth consecutive European title. PSG were, however, eliminated by Barcelona in the semifinals.
In the 2021–22 season, featuring yet another face-off with Lyon, the capital side failed to defend their crown, losing both league ties by an aggregate score of 7–1. PSG hit back in the French Cup, ousting Lyon at the last-16 stage (3–0) and then cruising to their third cup title with an 8–0 win over second-tier side Yzeure in the final. Lyon had the last word, though, eliminating Paris from the Champions League semi-finals 5–3 on aggregate on their way to another continental triumph.
Identity
Main article: Paris Saint-Germain § Identity
Parent club Paris Saint-Germain represent both the city of Paris and the nearby royal town of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. As a result, red, blue and white are the club's traditional colours. The red and blue are Parisian colours, a nod to revolutionary figures Lafayette and Jean Sylvain Bailly, and the white is a symbol of French royalty and Saint-Germain-en-Laye.
On the club's crest, the Eiffel Tower in red and the blue background represent Paris, while the fleur de lys in white is a hint to the coat of arms of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. The fleur de lys is a royal symbol as well and recalls that French King Louis XIV was born in the town. Throughout its history, PSG have brandished several different crests, but all of them have featured the club's three historical colours. Likewise, PSG's most iconic shirts have been predominantly red, blue or white, with the remaining two colours included as well. The club's official mascot, Germain the Lynx, also sports PSG's traditional colours.
Grounds
Stadiums
Main articles: Parc des Princes, Stade Jean-Bouin (Paris), Stade Sébastien Charléty, and Stade Georges Lefèvre
Between 1971 and 2012, Paris Saint-Germain mostly played their home matches at the Stade Georges Lefèvre, located in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, just across the street from the Camp des Loges, the club's training ground, but also at the Stade de la Banque de France, the main stadium of the Cercle Bougival training center in Bougival. When the team professionalised ahead of the 2012–13 season, PSG relocated to the Stade Sébastien Charléty. They returned to the Georges Lefèvre during 2017–18, before moving out again at the start of 2018–19 to the Stade Jean-Bouin, located across the street from the Parc des Princes, home to the men's first football team. PSG continued to use the Georges Lefèvre whenever the Jean-Bouin wasn't available until January 2024, when they moved to Campus PSG, the club's new training ground in nearby Poissy. Campus PSG is now the backup to the Jean-Bouin. They played their first game at Campus PSG on January 9, 2024, cruising to a 6–0 win over Lille OSC in Division 1 Féminine. This was also the very first official match played at the training facility.
Usually reserved for the men's side, the Parc des Princes serves as the women's home ground for big domestic and European matches. After 38 years of existence, PSG made their debut at the stadium in a Division 1 game against Parisian Derby rivals Paris FC on October 18, 2009. Camille Abily scored the only goal of the match to hand PSG the win (1–0). Their European debut, and second game overall, came on March 28, 2015, against Glasgow City for the quarterfinals of the 2014–15 UEFA Women's Champions League. PSG won 5–0. Another big night at the arena was the club's 1–0 league victory – courtesy of Marie-Antoinette Katoto's lone goal – over Le Classique rivals Olympique Lyonnais in November 2020. PSG also broke the national home attendance record when they hosted Lyon at the Parc des Princes on April 30, 2022. The UEFA Champions League clash attracted 43,254 spectators, who saw the Parisians fell to a 1–2 defeat. As of their match against Lyon on April 28, 2024, PSG have won eleven of their nineteen matches played at the Parc des Princes, drawing one and losing the remaining seven.
Training facilities
Main articles: Campus PSG and Camp des Loges
Campus PSG has been the club's training ground since January 2024. Located in Poissy, it replaced the Camp des Loges, PSG's historical training facility. Owned and financed by the club, the venue brings together PSG's male and female football, handball and judo teams, as well as the football and handball academies. Each division have its own dedicated facilities. Campus PSG will have a stadium, which will complement the club's home ground of the Parc des Princes. It is due to be built during the second phase of the project, after 2024. With a total capacity of 5,000, including over 3,000 seats, the stadium will host matches for PSG's academy and female sides in the UEFA Youth League and the UEFA Women's Champions League.
Previously, PSG bounced back and forth between the Camp des Loges in Saint-Germain-en-Laye and the Cercle Bougival training center in Bougival. The Camp des Loges was the club's home base from 1971 until 2012, when they moved to Cercle Bougival. PSG briefly returned to the Camp des Loges in June 2023, before definitely moving into Campus PSG in January 2024. Rugby union club Stade Français are expected to become the new tenants of the Camp des Loges in the summer of 2024, while fellow Parisian football club Versailles took PSG's place at Cercle Bougival in June 2023.
Records and statistics
Main article: List of Paris Saint-Germain F.C. (women) records and statistics
See also: List of Paris Saint-Germain F.C. (women) seasons
Since their inception, Paris Saint-Germain have played 52 seasons, all of them within the top three levels of the French football league system: Division 1, Division 2 and Ligue de Paris Île-de-France. PSG began life in the Ligue de Paris in 1971–72, playing regional league football during eight seasons. They were promoted to Division 1 for the first time ahead of the 1979–80 campaign and have now played 32 seasons in the top flight. PSG have been relegated to Division 2 three times, playing a total of twelve seasons in the second tier. They returned to Division 1 in 2001–02 and have never looked back since. The club's worst D1 finish to date is 12th, its placing at the end of the 1994–95 season.
PSG have won six titles. Domestically, the capital side have clinched one Division 1 championship, four French Cups, and one Division 2 title. In international club football, PSG have reached the UEFA Champions League final twice (2015 and 2017). Additionally, PSG have won one unofficial title. Influential officials and players in the club's history include most decorated president Nasser Al-Khelaifi, trophy-winning managers Sébastien Thierry, Camillo Vaz, Bernard Mendy, Olivier Echouafni, Didier Ollé-Nicolle and Jocelyn Prêcheur, record appearance maker and longest-serving captain Sabrina Delannoy, and all-time top scorer Marie-Antoinette Katoto.
Supporters
Main article: Paris Saint-Germain F.C. supporters
Between 2010 and 2016, with the impossibility of supporting the men's team at home or away, the ultras turned to the women's team, and to a lesser extent to the Paris Saint-Germain Academy sides, being the very rare case of fan groups attending games of their club's women's team. Liberté Pour les Abonnés and Nautecia, which were among several groups that reunited Boulogne and Auteuil supporters, were behind this initiative. PSG ultras have also occasionally attended big matches of Paris Saint-Germain Handball, the club's handball team.
The CUP versus the women's team of Bayern Munich in March 2022.
Unlike some fans who switched allegiance to other Parisian clubs such as Paris FC or Créteil, Liberté Pour les Abonnés and Nautecia chose to stay with PSG by supporting the women in France and abroad, from league clashes against rivals Lyon to the 2014–15 UEFA Women's Champions League semifinals versus Wolfsburg and the grand finale in Berlin, where they narrowly lost to Eintracht Frankfurt (2–1).
A marriage of convenience at first, the ultras began to really enjoy supporting the women for three main reasons: their proximity compared to the men, being able to easily approach female players; their appreciation for the fans, always thanking them after every match; and their solidarity with the ultra movement, publicly supporting a return to the Parc des Princes for men's team games in interviews and social media, in contrast to male players whose communication was more controlled by the club.
The ultras have also continued to support the women's side since their return to the stadium under the banner of the Collectif Ultras Paris (CUP). During the club's 2016–17 UEFA Women's Champions League campaign, they were at the Parc des Princes for the quarterfinals and semifinals versus Bayern Munich and Barcelona respectively. 300 ultras then travelled to Cardiff in June 2017 to cheer the team at the final, which PSG lost to Lyon in the penalty shootout (0–0; 7–6 on penalties).
Despite their protests against the management and the attitude of male players in 2022, the CUP were still behind the "exemplary" women's team. They went en masse to the Parc des Princes for the 2021–22 UEFA Women's Champions League quarterfinals against Bayern Munich in March, and then for the semifinals versus Lyon in April. In the latter match, the ultras were part of the club record 43,254 spectators in attendance. Before kick-off, they unfurled a banner reading: "Proud of our colors and proud of our female players."
Rivalries
Paris Saint-Germain shares an intense rivalry with Olympique Lyonnais; matches between the two teams are referred to as Le Classique. It is the female version of the rivalry between parent club Paris Saint-Germain and Olympique de Marseille in men's football, also called Le Classique. Lyon have been the dominant force in French and European football ever since their foundation in 2004, being champions of the Division 1 Féminine in 14 consecutive seasons between 2007 and 2020 as well as winning the UEFA Women's Champions League seven times, five of which were in a row. On the other hand, PSG only began to challenge Lyon's hegemony after 2012, when Qatar Sports Investments (QSI) took over the team. Now with serious financial backing, Paris became a team capable of competing with the best clubs in the world, including Lyon, and thus a fierce rivalry emerged between the two sides in the 2010s.
The Red and Blues also have a strong rivalry with fellow Île-de-France outfit Paris FC (called Juvisy until 2017). Known as the Parisian Derby, the duo compete for recognition as the capital's top team. Prior to the appearance of Lyon in the 2000s and the rise of PSG into an elite club in the 2010s, Paris FC were the biggest team in the land and usually had the upper hand against their city rivals. They were the last side to win the league title, aside from Lyon in 2006, before PSG claimed their first crown in 2021. Nowadays, PSG dominate the derby thanks to the huge gulf created between them by the investment of their Qatari owners, while Paris FC are trying to establish themselves as France's third team.
Ownership and finances
Main article: Paris Saint-Germain F.C. ownership and finances
Qatari government-backed investment fund Qatar Sports Investments (QSI) have been the majority owners of PSG since 2011, currently holding 87.5% of the shares. PSG are therefore a state-owned club, which makes them one of the wealthiest teams in the world. Arctos Partners owns the remaining 12.5%. QSI took control of the women's team in 2012. In 2019, the club announced a long-term contract extension with kit manufacturer Nike, which is now one of European football's most lucrative and the biggest sponsorship agreement in its history. PSG are now tied to Nike until 2032 with an annual figure of €80 million. The new deal covers the men's and women's football teams as well as their handball outfit. PSG's female side currently have the seventh-highest revenue in the footballing world with an annual revenue of €3.7m according to Deloitte, a slight increase from the €3.6m they made in 2023.
Honours
See also: List of Paris Saint-Germain F.C. (women) records and statistics
As of 2023–24 Coupe de France féminine.
Type
Competitions
Titles
Seasons
National
Division 1 Féminine
1
2020–21
Division 2 Féminine
1
2000–01
Coupe de France féminine
4
2009–10, 2017–18, 2021–22, 2023–24
record
S shared record
Players
For a list of all former and current Paris Saint-Germain F.C. (women) players with a Wikipedia article, see Category:Paris Saint-Germain Féminine players.
As of 26 April 2024.
First-team squad
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
1
GK
POL
Katarzyna Kiedrzynek
2
DF
FRA
Thiniba Samoura
4
DF
POL
Paulina Dudek
5
DF
FRA
Élisa De Almeida
6
MF
FRA
Oriane Jean-François
7
DF
FRA
Sakina Karchaoui
8
MF
FRA
Grace Geyoro (captain)
9
FW
FRA
Marie-Antoinette Katoto
11
FW
NED
Lieke Martens
14
MF
NED
Jackie Groenen
15
DF
AUS
Clare Hunt
16
GK
FRA
Constance Picaud
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
18
MF
FRA
Laurina Fazer
19
DF
USA
Eva Gaetino
20
FW
DEN
Amalie Vangsgaard
21
MF
FRA
Sandy Baltimore
22
FW
MWI
Tabitha Chawinga (on loan from Wuhan Jianghan University)
23
DF
FRA
Aïssatou Tounkara
24
MF
USA
Korbin Albert
25
MF
FRA
Magnaba Folquet
26
MF
FRA
Anaïs Ebayilin
28
DF
FRA
Jade Le Guilly
29
FW
FRA
Manssita Traoré
30
GK
POL
Oliwia Szperkowska
Out on loan
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
—
GK
FRA
Océane Toussaint (on loan at Le Havre until 30 June 2024)
—
DF
SUI
Viola Calligaris (on loan at Juventus until 30 June 2024)
—
DF
NGA
Nicole Payne (on loan at Portland Thorns until 31 December 2024)
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
—
MF
BRA
Ana Vitória (on loan at Atlético Madrid until 30 June 2024)
—
MF
FRA
Baby Jordy Benera (on loan at Saint-Étienne until 30 June 2024)
—
FW
FRA
Océane Hurtré (on loan at Bordeaux until 30 June 2024)
Personnel
See also: List of Paris Saint-Germain F.C. (women) managers and List of Paris Saint-Germain F.C. (women) presidents
As of 13 December 2023.
Management
Jocelyn Prêcheur
Position
Name
President
Nasser Al-Khelaifi
Sporting director
Angelo Castellazzi
Deputy sporting director
Sabrina Delannoy
Youth academy technical director
Sonia Haziraj
Administrative manager
Sophie Perrichon
Team manager
Cédric Martin
Technical staff
Position
Name
Head coach
Jocelyn Prêcheur
Goalkeeping coach
Guillaume Lemire
Fitness coach
Guillaume Denis
Assistant fitness coach
Paul Margotteau
Video analyst
Julien Roger
Performance manager
Pauline Clavel
Technical assistant
Shirley Cruz
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^ a b c "Clap de fin au Camp des Loges". PSG.FR. 2 June 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
^ "Jour de reprise !". PSG.FR. 10 July 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
^ a b "Qu'est-ce que le Paris Saint-Germain Training Center ?". PSG.FR. Archived from the original on 11 August 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
^ "Le centre d'entraînement du PSG à Poissy sera finalement livré en 2022". Le Parisien. 16 July 2019. Archived from the original on 18 July 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
^ "Qui sera accueilli au Training Center ?". PSG.FR. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
^ "Le Stade". PSG.FR. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
^ "Quels matchs se dérouleront au Stade du Training Center ?". PSG.FR. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
^ "Foot féminin : pourquoi Lair est resté au PSG". Le Parisien. 5 February 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
^ "Le Stade Français bien parti pour s'installer au Camp des Loges". CulturePSG. 6 June 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
^ "Après le départ des filles du PSG, Versailles débarque à Bougival". Le Parisien. 29 June 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
^ "France - List of Women Final Tables". RSSSF. 16 August 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
^ "France - List of Women Second Level (N1B) Final Tables". RSSSF. 25 May 2001. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
^ a b "Le Paris Saint-Germain remporte la Coupe de France Féminine". PSG.FR. 4 May 2024. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
^ "PSG/Atlético Madrid (4-1 Gipuzkoa Elite Cup), le PSG remporte la première édition de la Gipuzkoa Elite Cup". CulturePSG. 19 August 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
^ "Les présidents du PSG". Histoire du PSG. 6 June 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
^ "Présidents + entraîneurs". PSGFC. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
^ "Bernard Mendy prochain entraîneur de l'équipe féminine du PSG ?". L'Équipe. 2 June 2018. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
^ "Sabrina Delannoy". Footofeminin.fr. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
^ "Delannoy a rendu le brassard de capitaine". SO FOOT.com. 16 August 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
^ "Marie Antoinette Katoto". Footofeminin.fr. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
^ a b c d e "PSG: Entre les ultras du CUP et les féminines, c'est l'amour fou". 20 Minutes. 29 April 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
^ "Histoire". PSG Handball. Archived from the original on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
^ "Ces déçus du Parc des Princes qui migrent vers le PSG Hand". 20 Minutes. 12 March 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
^ "Devant le CUP, le PSG Hand se réinvite au Final Four de la Champions League". CulturePSG. 29 April 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
^ "Paris beat Barcelona to reach Cardiff final". PSG.FR. 29 April 2017. Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
^ "Uefa Women's Champions League final: Lyon v PSG –as it happened". The Guardian. 1 June 2017. Archived from the original on 13 October 2019. Retrieved 13 October 2019.
^ "PSG féminin : le CUP appelle à la mobilisation pour la demi-finale retour contre l'OL". Le Parisien. 19 April 2022. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
^ "Ligue des Champions féminine : record d'affluence pour le PSG féminin". Le Figaro. 30 March 2022. Archived from the original on 3 April 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
^ a b "Record attendance for women's club football match at Parc des Princes". Get French Football News. 1 May 2022. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
^ "Ligue des champions féminine : "tous derrière les filles"... quand le PSG retrouve ses supporters". Le Parisien. 30 April 2022. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
^ "Le Qatar sans limite". Le Parisien. 7 March 2012. Archived from the original on 6 December 2016. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
^ "Paris Saint-Germain, having conquered France, are still working on Qatar". The National. 30 December 2015. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
^ "'PSG is a club-state': La Liga chief is still furious over Neymar's record move from Barcelona". Scroll.in. 4 August 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
^ "Paris Saint-Germain: Can world's richest club rule Europe?". The Independent. 7 August 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
^ "PSG v Manchester City emblematic of how Gulf rivals are fuelling football". The Guardian. 5 April 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
^ "US firm Arctos Partners takes minority stake in Paris Saint-Germain". France 24. 7 December 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
^ a b c "PSG seal record €80m per year Nike kit deal". ESPN.com. 28 June 2019. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
^ "Accor sponsor du psg : un contrat, des questions". Le Parisien. 22 February 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
^ "Deloitte Football Money League 2024 - The professionalisation acceleration of women's football clubs". Deloitte. 25 January 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
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^ "Shirley Cruz intègre le staff du Paris Saint-Germain". PSG.FR. 8 December 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paris Saint-Germain F.C. (women).
Official website
Paris Saint-Germain (Women) at UEFA.com
vteParis Saint-Germain Football Club
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vteParis Saint-Germain F.C. (women) – current squad
1 Kiedrzynek
2 Samoura
4 Dudek
5 De Almeida
6 Jean-François
7 Karchaoui
8 Geyoro
9 Katoto
11 Martens
14 Groenen
15 Hunt
16 Picaud
18 Fazer
19 Gaetino
20 Vangsgaard
21 Baltimore
22 Chawinga
23 Tounkara
24 Albert
25 Folquet
26 Ebayilin
28 Le Guilly
29 Traoré
30 Szperkowska
Manager: Prêcheur
vteDivision 1 Féminine teams2023–24 clubs
Bordeaux
Dijon
Fleury
Guingamp
Le Havre
Lille
Lyon
Montpellier
Paris FC
Paris Saint-Germain
Reims
Saint-Étienne
Former clubs
Albi
Arras
Hénin-Beaumont
CNFE Clairefontaine
La Roche-sur-Yon
Issy
Marseille
Metz
Montigny-le-Bretonneux
Muret
Nîmes
Rodez
Rouen
Saint-Maur
Soyaux
Toulouse
Vendenheim
Yzeure Allier Auvergne | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris Saint-Germain F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C."},{"link_name":"Paris Saint-Germain (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[paʁi sɛ̃ ʒɛʁmɛ̃]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_France"},{"link_name":"women's football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_association_football"},{"link_name":"club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_France"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Division 1 Féminine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_1_F%C3%A9minine"},{"link_name":"top division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_football_league_system"},{"link_name":"French football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_France"},{"link_name":"Stade Jean-Bouin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Jean-Bouin_(Paris)"},{"link_name":"Paris Saint-Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C."},{"link_name":"Division 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championnat_de_France_de_football_f%C3%A9minin_D2"},{"link_name":"Coupe de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_de_France_F%C3%A9minine"},{"link_name":"UEFA Women's Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Eiffel Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Tower"},{"link_name":"fleur de lys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleur-de-lis"},{"link_name":"Olympique Lyonnais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympique_Lyonnais_(ladies)"},{"link_name":"Paris FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_FC_(women)"},{"link_name":"Qatar Sports Investments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Sports_Investments"}],"text":"This article is about the women's football team. For the men's football team, see Paris Saint-Germain F.C. For other uses, see Paris Saint-Germain (disambiguation).Football clubParis Saint-Germain Football Club (French pronunciation: [paʁi sɛ̃ ʒɛʁmɛ̃]), commonly referred to as Paris Saint-Germain or simply PSG, are a French professional women's football club based in Paris. Founded in 1971, they compete in Division 1 Féminine, the top division of French football. Their home ground is the Stade Jean-Bouin. They are the women's department of Paris Saint-Germain.PSG have played in the top flight since 2001, when they won the Division 2 title. The Parisians won their first major honour, the Coupe de France, in 2010. This trophy, coupled with the club's takeover, signalled the start of a new era. PSG went from being a mid-table side to becoming one of the best teams in European football. The Red and Blues have since been crowned Division 1 champions for the first time in 2021, won two more cup titles in 2018 and 2022, and reached the UEFA Women's Champions League final twice.The club's home kit colours are red, blue and white. PSG's crest features the Eiffel Tower and a fleur de lys. PSG have an intense rivalry with Olympique Lyonnais. The duo contest French football's most notorious match, known as Le Classique. They also have a strong rivalry with Paris FC, a fixture referred to as the Parisian Derby.Since 2011, Paris Saint-Germain have been majority-owned by Qatari government-backed investment fund Qatar Sports Investments, which currently holds 87.5% of the shares. American investment firm Arctos Partners owns the remaining 12.5%. QSI took control of the women's team in 2012. PSG are the richest club in France and one of the wealthiest in the world.","title":"Paris Saint-Germain F.C. (women)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris Saint-Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C."},{"link_name":"French Football Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fem-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dates-2"},{"link_name":"Ligue de Paris Île-de-France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_de_Paris_%C3%8Ele-de-France_de_football"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fem-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dates-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psgf-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psgf-3"},{"link_name":"Division 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_1_F%C3%A9minine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fem-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dates-2"},{"link_name":"Division 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championnat_de_France_de_football_f%C3%A9minin_D2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dates-2"},{"link_name":"Schiltigheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_Club_Schiltigheim_(f%C3%A9minines)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psgf-3"},{"link_name":"Laura Georges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Georges"},{"link_name":"2000–01 Division 2 title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championnat_de_France_de_football_f%C3%A9minin_D2_2000-2001"},{"link_name":"Tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tours_Football_Club_(f%C3%A9minines)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dates-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psgf-3"}],"sub_title":"Foundation and rise to Division 1 (1971–2001)","text":"A year after the foundation of the club, Paris Saint-Germain created their women's section in the summer of 1971 after the French Football Federation (FFF) gave the green light to female football.[1][2] PSG signed 33 women for the 1971–72 season and the newly formed team began life in the Ligue de Paris Île-de-France, the lowest level of the football pyramid.[1][2][3] They finished second that campaign, their best result ever, and continued life in the Parisian championship for seven more years, albeit with less success.[3]Ahead of the 1979–80 season, PSG were promoted to the top flight of French football, the Division 1, after it went from 20 to 48 teams.[1][2] Their inaugural stint, however, only lasted three seasons, and PSG were relegated back to Division 2 in 1982.[2] The Red and Blues bounced between the two top divisions over the next 19 years. Following a dramatic 1999–2000 season in which they missed promotion to the elite by losing their last match against promotion contenders Schiltigheim, PSG finally steadied the ship in 2001.[3] Led by coach Sébastien Thierry and young defender Laura Georges, the team won 16 out of 18 games played in Group A to claim back their place amongst the best in France. PSG would then clinch the 2000–01 Division 2 title by defeating Group C leader Tours in the final. Since then, Paris SG have never been relegated from Division 1.[2][3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PSG_f%C3%A9minines_CFF_2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"French Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Challenge_de_France"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fem-1"},{"link_name":"Sabrina Delannoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina_Delannoy"},{"link_name":"Laure Boulleau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laure_Boulleau"},{"link_name":"CNFE Clairefontaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNFE_Clairefontaine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psgf-3"},{"link_name":"Jean-Marc Pilorget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marc_Pilorget"},{"link_name":"Sylvain Armand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvain_Armand"},{"link_name":"Safet Sušić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safet_Su%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Paul Le Guen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Le_Guen"},{"link_name":"Marco Verratti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Verratti"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dates-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apps-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fem-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psgf-3"},{"link_name":"Montpellier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montpellier_HSC_(Women)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psgf-3"},{"link_name":"Challenge de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_de_France_F%C3%A9minine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fem-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psgf-3"},{"link_name":"Paris FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_FC_(women)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dates-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thiney-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-francilien-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PFC-7"},{"link_name":"Olympique Lyonnais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympique_Lyonnais_(ladies)"},{"link_name":"Stade de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_de_France"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fem-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dates-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psgf-3"},{"link_name":"Camillo Vaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Vaz"},{"link_name":"Élise Bussaglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lise_Bussaglia"},{"link_name":"Julie Soyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Soyer"},{"link_name":"Jessica Houara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Houara"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fem-1"},{"link_name":"Parc des Princes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_des_Princes"},{"link_name":"Camille Abily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Abily"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psgf-3"},{"link_name":"second Challenge de France final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Challenge_de_France_Final"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dates-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats2-9"},{"link_name":"Stade Robert Bobin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Robert_Bobin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dates-2"},{"link_name":"Ingrid Boyeldieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid_Boyeldieu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fem-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psgf-3"}],"sub_title":"From mid-table team to first major title (2001–2010)","text":"PSG won the French Cup in 2010Under incoming manager Cyril Combettes, Paris Saint-Germain remained without major problems in Division 1 but nowhere near the top teams.[1] In the summer of 2005, starlets Sabrina Delannoy and Laure Boulleau signed from CNFE Clairefontaine. Together, they played more than 400 matches with PSG, being their two most capped players. The defending duo experienced everything with the capital side: relegation battles, mid-table finishes, title races and the club's first major trophy.[3] Men and women confounded, Delannoy is PSG's sixth most capped player ever, only behind male counterparts Jean-Marc Pilorget, Sylvain Armand, Safet Sušić, Paul Le Guen and Marco Verratti.[2][4]At the end of March 2007, Cyril Combettes resigned due to relationship problems with the players. He was replaced by Eric Leroy for the 2007–08 season.[1][3] Despite a difficult start, including a heavy defeat to Montpellier in the first match, the season was a success.[3] Under Leroy's direction, the team finished in fifth place and reached their maiden Challenge de France final.[1][3] Having crashed out at the same stage in 2005, the Red and Blues learned their lesson and defeated Parisian Derby rivals Paris FC (at the time called Juvisy) in the semi-finals.[2][5][6][7] Olympique Lyonnais, however, proved too strong for PSG in the title-decider at the Stade de France, easily taking home the cup with three unanswered strikes.[1][2][3]Following a disappointing 2008–09 season, Camillo Vaz replaced Éric Leroy in June 2009. PSG recruited French internationals Élise Bussaglia, Julie Soyer and Jessica Houara during that summer.[1] The women's team then celebrated their 38th birthday by making their debut at the Parc des Princes. Usually reserved for the men's side, PSG hosted city rivals Paris FC at the stadium on October 18, 2009. In front of 5,892 spectators, they defeated their guests thanks to an early goal from Camille Abily. The 2009–10 campaign ended with a third place, a first for them on the podium.[3] Better yet, the Parisians also reached their second Challenge de France final after eliminating juggernauts Lyon in the semi-finals.[2]Noilhan had left the club shortly before the final, leaving Vaz as the sole coach.[8][9] This, however, did not stop PSG from crushing defending champions Montpellier at the Stade Robert Bobin to claim their first major title as well as their second trophy ever and their first since 2001.[2] Emblematic club striker Ingrid Boyeldieu, who would retire at the end of the season, opened the scoring in the first half. After the break, PSG added four more goals for a brutal 5–0 scoreline, the largest victory in the history of cup finals.[1][3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kátia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1tia_Cilene_Teixeira"},{"link_name":"Olympique Lyonnais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympique_Lyonnais_(ladies)"},{"link_name":"UEFA Women's Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Élise Bussaglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lise_Bussaglia"},{"link_name":"Division 1 Féminine Player of the Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troph%C3%A9es_UNFP_du_football"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fem-1"},{"link_name":"Peamount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peamount_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"1. FFC Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eintracht_Frankfurt_(women)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dates-2"},{"link_name":"Léa Rubio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9a_Rubio"},{"link_name":"Laure Lepailleur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laure_Lepailleur"},{"link_name":"Caroline Pizzala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Pizzala"},{"link_name":"Île-de-France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France"},{"link_name":"Paris FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_FC_(women)"},{"link_name":"Camillo Vaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Vaz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fem-1"},{"link_name":"Qatar Sports Investments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Sports_Investments"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dates-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psgf-3"},{"link_name":"Shirley Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Cruz"},{"link_name":"Kosovare Asllani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovare_Asllani"},{"link_name":"Annike Krahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annike_Krahn"},{"link_name":"Linda Bresonik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Bresonik"},{"link_name":"Farid Benstiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farid_Benstiti"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psgf-3"},{"link_name":"Marie-Laure Delie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Laure_Delie"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fem-1"},{"link_name":"Stade Sébastien Charléty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_S%C3%A9bastien_Charl%C3%A9ty"},{"link_name":"Stade Jean-Bouin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Jean-Bouin_(Paris)"},{"link_name":"Stade Georges Lefèvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Georges_Lef%C3%A8vre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fem-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HSJB-10"}],"sub_title":"European debut and Qatari takeover (2010–2013)","text":"The 2010–11 season marked a turning point for Paris. In the summer, Brazilian star Kátia joined on a free signing from Lyon. PSG finished league runners-up behind heavyweights Olympique Lyonnais and qualified to the UEFA Women's Champions League for the first time in their history. The Parisians dramatically defeated second-placed Montpellier in the final game of the season, with team captain Sabrina Delannoy scoring the winning penalty in stoppage time. Élise Bussaglia was named Division 1 Féminine Player of the Season.[1]Exempted from the group stage, PSG made their European debut by comfortably eliminating Irish side Peamount in the Round of 16, before being themselves ousted by German giants and future finalists 1. FFC Frankfurt.[2] The rest of the 2011–12 campaign, however, was not as successful. Undermined by the injuries of key players Léa Rubio, Laure Lepailleur and Caroline Pizzala, the team lost its grip and finished in fourth place after suffering a heavy defeat at home to Île-de-France rivals Paris FC. As a result, coach Camillo Vaz left the club at the end of the season.[1]PSG bounced back immediately with the professionalisation of the team by new club owners Qatar Sports Investments (QSI) ahead of the 2012–13 campaign. They spent big to build a team capable of competing with the best clubs in France and Europe, including Lyon, and signed its 21 players to a federal contract, something unprecedented in women's football.[2][3] Renowned international players Shirley Cruz, Kosovare Asllani, Annike Krahn and Linda Bresonik were the first to arrive, as well as Farid Benstiti, the coach who guided Lyon to four consecutive league titles.[3] A season later, PSG recruited Marie-Laure Delie, the first women's football transfer in France, for €50k.[1] As part of this revolution, PSG also moved to the Stade Sébastien Charléty in 2012 and then to the Stade Jean-Bouin in 2018, abandoning the smaller Stade Georges Lefèvre, which had been their home stadium since 1971.[1][10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victoire_PSG_f%C3%A9minines_Montpellier.jpg"},{"link_name":"Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Olympique Lyonnais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympique_Lyonnais_(ladies)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Houara-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Top-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-longue-13"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psgf-3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unbeaten-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-invincibility-15"},{"link_name":"Laura Georges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Georges"},{"link_name":"Stade de Gerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_de_Gerland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fem-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psgf-3"},{"link_name":"Fatmire Alushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatmire_Alushi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fem-1"},{"link_name":"2015 UEFA Women's Champions League Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League_Final"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fem-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dates-2"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats-8"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats2-9"},{"link_name":"Farid Benstiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farid_Benstiti"},{"link_name":"Patrice Lair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lair"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats2-9"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-longue-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unbeaten-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-invincibility-15"},{"link_name":"French Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_de_France_F%C3%A9minine"},{"link_name":"2017 UEFA Women's Champions League Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League_Final"},{"link_name":"Katarzyna Kiedrzynek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarzyna_Kiedrzynek"},{"link_name":"Sarah Bouhaddi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Bouhaddi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dates-2"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Bernard Mendy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Mendy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats2-9"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Marie-Antoinette Katoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Antoinette_Katoto"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unbeaten-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-invincibility-15"}],"sub_title":"Power struggle with Lyon and second cup title (2013–2018)","text":"PSG players celebrate their first Champions League qualification in 2011.These investments allowed PSG to challenge Olympique Lyonnais, with the duo developing a heated rivalry dubbed as Le Classique.[11][12][13] Lyon still kept a head start over Paris during the 2010s, clinching a record 14 consecutive league titles between 2007 and 2020.[3][14][15] PSG managed a few important victories during that time, though. League and cup runners-up behind Lyon in 2013–14, they recorded their first ever win over the champions in January 2014, with a solitary goal from Laura Georges at the Stade de Gerland. It was Lyon's first league defeat at home since March 2010, an unbeaten streak spanning 87 matches.[1][3]PSG repeated the feat in 2014–15, this time in the Champions League, as Fatmire Alushi scored the only goal at Gerland to eliminate Lyon in the last 16.[1] Nonetheless, the season ended in disappointment; Paris finished second to Lyon and lost the 2015 UEFA Women's Champions League Final to Frankfurt at the last second.[1][2][16] Lyon retaliated in 2015–16 by claiming the championship and then crushing PSG in the Champions League semi-finals. They scored seven times without response, inflicting PSG's biggest defeat in the continental competition and one of their biggest ever.[8][17] Even worse, Paris finished third in the league and missed qualification to the Champions League.[8][9] The club did not renew Farid Benstiti's contract and was replaced by Patrice Lair, another former Lyon coach.[8][9][13]The two sides were back at it again in 2016–17. PSG first beat their rivals, also by a 1–0 margin, in December 2016 despite Lyon still managing to retain the league title.[14][15] Then, they crossed paths in the French Cup final, won by Lyon after an endless penalty shoot-out, and in the 2017 UEFA Women's Champions League Final, which also had to be decided on penalties. The teams could not be separated after seven kicks each until PSG goalkeeper Katarzyna Kiedrzynek stepped up and missed. Her counterpart Sarah Bouhaddi converted her effort and handed Lyon the European victory.[2][18] With Bernard Mendy on the bench, filling in after the surprise departure of Lair,[8][9][19] the capital outfit exacted revenge on Lyon in the 2017–18 season by defeating them in the French Cup final in May 2018, with a solitary goal from French international striker Marie-Antoinette Katoto.[14][15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olivier Echouafni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Echouafni"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"French Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troph%C3%A9e_des_Championnes"},{"link_name":"go top of the table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Division_1_F%C3%A9minine"},{"link_name":"Parc des Princes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_des_Princes"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unbeaten-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-invincibility-15"},{"link_name":"Dijon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijon_FCO_(women)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSG2021-21"},{"link_name":"stunning comeback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona_Femen%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Yzeure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FF_Yzeure_Allier_Auvergne"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Maiden league championship and third cup triumph (2018–present)","text":"Olivier Echouafni was named manager in June 2018, while Mendy stayed on as his assistant.[20] Paris finished league runners-up in 2018–19 and 2019–20, while losing the French Cup and French Super Cup titles to Lyon as well. In Echouafni's third season in charge, PSG ended Lyon's 80-game unbeaten league streak in November 2020 to leapfrog them and go top of the table. Once more, Katoto scored the lone goal of a game played behind closed doors at the Parc des Princes.[14][15] The Parisians then held on for a crucial goalless draw away at Lyon and beat Dijon in the final match to win the Division 1 crown for the first time, ending their rivals' run of 14 consecutive league titles.[21] They also ended Lyon's stranglehold on the Champions League with a stunning comeback to prevent their rivals from a sixth consecutive European title.[22] PSG were, however, eliminated by Barcelona in the semifinals.[23]In the 2021–22 season, featuring yet another face-off with Lyon, the capital side failed to defend their crown, losing both league ties by an aggregate score of 7–1.[24][25] PSG hit back in the French Cup, ousting Lyon at the last-16 stage (3–0) and then cruising to their third cup title with an 8–0 win over second-tier side Yzeure in the final.[26][27] Lyon had the last word, though, eliminating Paris from the Champions League semi-finals 5–3 on aggregate on their way to another continental triumph.[28]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris Saint-Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C."},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Saint-Germain-en-Laye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Germain-en-Laye"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psgfc-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lepsg-30"},{"link_name":"Lafayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette"},{"link_name":"Jean Sylvain Bailly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly"},{"link_name":"French royalty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lepsg-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-know-31"},{"link_name":"Eiffel Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Tower"},{"link_name":"fleur de lys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleur-de-lis"},{"link_name":"coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-know-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lepsg-30"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lepsg-30"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psghe-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sofoot-33"},{"link_name":"Lynx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynx"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-know-31"}],"text":"Parent club Paris Saint-Germain represent both the city of Paris and the nearby royal town of Saint-Germain-en-Laye.[29] As a result, red, blue and white are the club's traditional colours.[30] The red and blue are Parisian colours, a nod to revolutionary figures Lafayette and Jean Sylvain Bailly, and the white is a symbol of French royalty and Saint-Germain-en-Laye.[30][31]On the club's crest, the Eiffel Tower in red and the blue background represent Paris, while the fleur de lys in white is a hint to the coat of arms of Saint-Germain-en-Laye.[31][30] The fleur de lys is a royal symbol as well and recalls that French King Louis XIV was born in the town.[30] Throughout its history, PSG have brandished several different crests, but all of them have featured the club's three historical colours.[32] Likewise, PSG's most iconic shirts have been predominantly red, blue or white, with the remaining two colours included as well.[33] The club's official mascot, Germain the Lynx, also sports PSG's traditional colours.[31]","title":"Identity"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Grounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stade Georges Lefèvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Georges_Lef%C3%A8vre"},{"link_name":"Saint-Germain-en-Laye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Germain-en-Laye"},{"link_name":"Camp des Loges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_des_Loges"},{"link_name":"training ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training_ground_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Bougival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougival"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats2-9"},{"link_name":"Stade Sébastien Charléty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_S%C3%A9bastien_Charl%C3%A9ty"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fem-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dates-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psgf-3"},{"link_name":"Stade Jean-Bouin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Jean-Bouin_(Paris)"},{"link_name":"Parc des Princes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_des_Princes"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HSJB-10"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rester-34"},{"link_name":"Campus PSG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_PSG"},{"link_name":"training ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training_ground_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Poissy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poissy"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HSGL-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FirstDay-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HCPSG-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Lille OSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lille_OSC_(women)"},{"link_name":"Division 1 Féminine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_1_F%C3%A9minine"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CampusDebut-39"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HCPSG-37"},{"link_name":"Paris FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_FC_(women)"},{"link_name":"Camille Abily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Abily"},{"link_name":"Glasgow City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"2014–15 UEFA Women's Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psgf-3"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parisiennes-40"},{"link_name":"Marie-Antoinette Katoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Antoinette_Katoto"},{"link_name":"Olympique Lyonnais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympique_Lyonnais_(ladies)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unbeaten-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-invincibility-15"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parisiennes-40"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RecordAtt-41"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats-8"}],"sub_title":"Stadiums","text":"Between 1971 and 2012, Paris Saint-Germain mostly played their home matches at the Stade Georges Lefèvre, located in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, just across the street from the Camp des Loges, the club's training ground, but also at the Stade de la Banque de France, the main stadium of the Cercle Bougival training center in Bougival.[8][9] When the team professionalised ahead of the 2012–13 season, PSG relocated to the Stade Sébastien Charléty.[1][2][3] They returned to the Georges Lefèvre during 2017–18, before moving out again at the start of 2018–19 to the Stade Jean-Bouin, located across the street from the Parc des Princes, home to the men's first football team.[10][34] PSG continued to use the Georges Lefèvre whenever the Jean-Bouin wasn't available until January 2024, when they moved to Campus PSG, the club's new training ground in nearby Poissy.[35][36] Campus PSG is now the backup to the Jean-Bouin.[37][38] They played their first game at Campus PSG on January 9, 2024, cruising to a 6–0 win over Lille OSC in Division 1 Féminine.[39] This was also the very first official match played at the training facility.[37]Usually reserved for the men's side, the Parc des Princes serves as the women's home ground for big domestic and European matches. After 38 years of existence, PSG made their debut at the stadium in a Division 1 game against Parisian Derby rivals Paris FC on October 18, 2009. Camille Abily scored the only goal of the match to hand PSG the win (1–0). Their European debut, and second game overall, came on March 28, 2015, against Glasgow City for the quarterfinals of the 2014–15 UEFA Women's Champions League. PSG won 5–0.[3][40] Another big night at the arena was the club's 1–0 league victory – courtesy of Marie-Antoinette Katoto's lone goal – over Le Classique rivals Olympique Lyonnais in November 2020.[14][15][40] PSG also broke the national home attendance record when they hosted Lyon at the Parc des Princes on April 30, 2022. The UEFA Champions League clash attracted 43,254 spectators, who saw the Parisians fell to a 1–2 defeat.[41] As of their match against Lyon on April 28, 2024, PSG have won eleven of their nineteen matches played at the Parc des Princes, drawing one and losing the remaining seven.[8]","title":"Grounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Campus PSG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_PSG"},{"link_name":"training ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training_ground_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FirstDay-36"},{"link_name":"Poissy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poissy"},{"link_name":"Camp des Loges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_des_Loges"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheEnd-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reprise-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-what-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psg2022-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Parc des Princes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_des_Princes"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-what-44"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeStade-47"},{"link_name":"academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSG_Academy"},{"link_name":"UEFA Youth League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Youth_League"},{"link_name":"UEFA Women's Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Saint-Germain-en-Laye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Germain-en-Laye"},{"link_name":"Bougival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougival"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats2-9"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheEnd-42"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats2-9"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lair-49"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FirstDay-36"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheEnd-42"},{"link_name":"Rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Stade Français","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Fran%C3%A7ais"},{"link_name":"Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Versailles_78"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Training facilities","text":"Campus PSG has been the club's training ground since January 2024.[36] Located in Poissy, it replaced the Camp des Loges, PSG's historical training facility.[42][43] Owned and financed by the club, the venue brings together PSG's male and female football, handball and judo teams, as well as the football and handball academies.[44][45] Each division have its own dedicated facilities.[46] Campus PSG will have a stadium, which will complement the club's home ground of the Parc des Princes.[44] It is due to be built during the second phase of the project, after 2024.[47] With a total capacity of 5,000, including over 3,000 seats, the stadium will host matches for PSG's academy and female sides in the UEFA Youth League and the UEFA Women's Champions League.[48]Previously, PSG bounced back and forth between the Camp des Loges in Saint-Germain-en-Laye and the Cercle Bougival training center in Bougival.[8][9][42] The Camp des Loges was the club's home base from 1971 until 2012, when they moved to Cercle Bougival.[8][9][49] PSG briefly returned to the Camp des Loges in June 2023, before definitely moving into Campus PSG in January 2024.[36][42] Rugby union club Stade Français are expected to become the new tenants of the Camp des Loges in the summer of 2024, while fellow Parisian football club Versailles took PSG's place at Cercle Bougival in June 2023.[50][51]","title":"Grounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Paris Saint-Germain F.C. (women) seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C._(women)_seasons"},{"link_name":"French football league system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_football_league_system"},{"link_name":"Division 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_1_F%C3%A9minine"},{"link_name":"Division 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championnat_de_France_de_football_f%C3%A9minin_D2"},{"link_name":"Ligue de Paris Île-de-France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_de_Paris_%C3%8Ele-de-France_de_football"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fem-1"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats3-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats4-53"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fem-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fem-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psgf-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fem-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psgf-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats2-9"},{"link_name":"French Cups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_de_France_F%C3%A9minine"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-palmares-54"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League_Final"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League_Final"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats-8"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Nasser Al-Khelaifi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasser_Al-Khelaifi"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-presidents-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ceo-57"},{"link_name":"Camillo Vaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Vaz"},{"link_name":"Bernard Mendy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Mendy"},{"link_name":"Olivier Echouafni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Echouafni"},{"link_name":"Didier Ollé-Nicolle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didier_Oll%C3%A9-Nicolle"},{"link_name":"Jocelyn Prêcheur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jocelyn_Pr%C3%AAcheur"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats2-9"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mendy-58"},{"link_name":"Sabrina Delannoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina_Delannoy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats2-9"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-delannoy-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Marie-Antoinette Katoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Antoinette_Katoto"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Katoto-61"}],"text":"See also: List of Paris Saint-Germain F.C. (women) seasonsSince their inception, Paris Saint-Germain have played 52 seasons, all of them within the top three levels of the French football league system: Division 1, Division 2 and Ligue de Paris Île-de-France.[1][52][53] PSG began life in the Ligue de Paris in 1971–72, playing regional league football during eight seasons.[1] They were promoted to Division 1 for the first time ahead of the 1979–80 campaign and have now played 32 seasons in the top flight.[1][3][8] PSG have been relegated to Division 2 three times, playing a total of twelve seasons in the second tier. They returned to Division 1 in 2001–02 and have never looked back since. The club's worst D1 finish to date is 12th, its placing at the end of the 1994–95 season.[1][3][8][9]PSG have won six titles. Domestically, the capital side have clinched one Division 1 championship, four French Cups, and one Division 2 title.[54] In international club football, PSG have reached the UEFA Champions League final twice (2015 and 2017).[8] Additionally, PSG have won one unofficial title.[55] Influential officials and players in the club's history include most decorated president Nasser Al-Khelaifi,[56][57] trophy-winning managers Sébastien Thierry, Camillo Vaz, Bernard Mendy, Olivier Echouafni, Didier Ollé-Nicolle and Jocelyn Prêcheur,[8][9][58] record appearance maker and longest-serving captain Sabrina Delannoy,[9][59][60] and all-time top scorer Marie-Antoinette Katoto.[61]","title":"Records and statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"men's team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C."},{"link_name":"Paris Saint-Germain Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_Academy"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ultras-62"},{"link_name":"Paris Saint-Germain Handball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_Handball"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Match_Football_F%C3%A9minin_Paris_SG_x_FC_Bayern_Munich_-_Stade_Parc_Princes_-_Paris_XVI_(FR75)_-_2022-03-30_-_9.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bayern Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich_(women)"},{"link_name":"Paris FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_FC"},{"link_name":"Créteil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Cr%C3%A9teil-Lusitanos"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympique_Lyonnais_(ladies)"},{"link_name":"2014–15 UEFA Women's Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Wolfsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VfL_Wolfsburg_(women)"},{"link_name":"grand finale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League_Final"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Eintracht Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eintracht_Frankfurt_(women)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ultras-62"},{"link_name":"Parc des Princes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_des_Princes"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ultras-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ultras-62"},{"link_name":"2016–17 UEFA Women's Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Bayern Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich_(women)"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona_Femen%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ultras-62"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff"},{"link_name":"final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League_Final"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympique_Lyonnais_(ladies)"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Parc des Princes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_des_Princes"},{"link_name":"2021–22 UEFA Women's Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Bayern Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich_(women)"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympique_Lyonnais_F%C3%A9minin"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-attendance-70"},{"link_name":"club record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C._(women)_records_and_statistics#Matches"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-attendance-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"text":"Between 2010 and 2016, with the impossibility of supporting the men's team at home or away, the ultras turned to the women's team, and to a lesser extent to the Paris Saint-Germain Academy sides, being the very rare case of fan groups attending games of their club's women's team. Liberté Pour les Abonnés and Nautecia, which were among several groups that reunited Boulogne and Auteuil supporters, were behind this initiative.[62] PSG ultras have also occasionally attended big matches of Paris Saint-Germain Handball, the club's handball team.[63][64][65]The CUP versus the women's team of Bayern Munich in March 2022.Unlike some fans who switched allegiance to other Parisian clubs such as Paris FC or Créteil, Liberté Pour les Abonnés and Nautecia chose to stay with PSG by supporting the women in France and abroad, from league clashes against rivals Lyon to the 2014–15 UEFA Women's Champions League semifinals versus Wolfsburg and the grand finale in Berlin, where they narrowly lost to Eintracht Frankfurt (2–1).[62]A marriage of convenience at first, the ultras began to really enjoy supporting the women for three main reasons: their proximity compared to the men, being able to easily approach female players; their appreciation for the fans, always thanking them after every match; and their solidarity with the ultra movement, publicly supporting a return to the Parc des Princes for men's team games in interviews and social media, in contrast to male players whose communication was more controlled by the club.[62]The ultras have also continued to support the women's side since their return to the stadium under the banner of the Collectif Ultras Paris (CUP).[62] During the club's 2016–17 UEFA Women's Champions League campaign, they were at the Parc des Princes for the quarterfinals and semifinals versus Bayern Munich and Barcelona respectively.[62][66] 300 ultras then travelled to Cardiff in June 2017 to cheer the team at the final, which PSG lost to Lyon in the penalty shootout (0–0; 7–6 on penalties).[67]Despite their protests against the management and the attitude of male players in 2022, the CUP were still behind the \"exemplary\" women's team.[68] They went en masse to the Parc des Princes for the 2021–22 UEFA Women's Champions League quarterfinals against Bayern Munich in March, and then for the semifinals versus Lyon in April.[69][70] In the latter match, the ultras were part of the club record 43,254 spectators in attendance.[70] Before kick-off, they unfurled a banner reading: \"Proud of our colors and proud of our female players.\"[71]","title":"Supporters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olympique Lyonnais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympique_Lyonnais_(ladies)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Houara-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Top-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-longue-13"},{"link_name":"Paris Saint-Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C."},{"link_name":"Olympique de Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympique_de_Marseille"},{"link_name":"Le Classique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Classique"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-longue-13"},{"link_name":"Division 1 Féminine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_1_F%C3%A9minine"},{"link_name":"UEFA Women's Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-longue-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unbeaten-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-invincibility-15"},{"link_name":"Qatar Sports Investments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Sports_Investments"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fem-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dates-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psgf-3"},{"link_name":"Île-de-France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France"},{"link_name":"Paris FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_FC_(women)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thiney-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-francilien-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PFC-7"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSG2021-21"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thiney-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-francilien-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PFC-7"}],"text":"Paris Saint-Germain shares an intense rivalry with Olympique Lyonnais; matches between the two teams are referred to as Le Classique.[11][12][13] It is the female version of the rivalry between parent club Paris Saint-Germain and Olympique de Marseille in men's football, also called Le Classique.[13] Lyon have been the dominant force in French and European football ever since their foundation in 2004, being champions of the Division 1 Féminine in 14 consecutive seasons between 2007 and 2020 as well as winning the UEFA Women's Champions League seven times, five of which were in a row.[13][14][15] On the other hand, PSG only began to challenge Lyon's hegemony after 2012, when Qatar Sports Investments (QSI) took over the team. Now with serious financial backing, Paris became a team capable of competing with the best clubs in the world, including Lyon, and thus a fierce rivalry emerged between the two sides in the 2010s.[1][2][3]The Red and Blues also have a strong rivalry with fellow Île-de-France outfit Paris FC (called Juvisy until 2017). Known as the Parisian Derby, the duo compete for recognition as the capital's top team. Prior to the appearance of Lyon in the 2000s and the rise of PSG into an elite club in the 2010s, Paris FC were the biggest team in the land and usually had the upper hand against their city rivals. They were the last side to win the league title, aside from Lyon in 2006, before PSG claimed their first crown in 2021.[5][6][7][21] Nowadays, PSG dominate the derby thanks to the huge gulf created between them by the investment of their Qatari owners, while Paris FC are trying to establish themselves as France's third team.[5][6][7]","title":"Rivalries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qatar Sports Investments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Sports_Investments"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qatar-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-money-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-state-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rule-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gulf-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arctos-77"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dates-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psgf-3"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-record-78"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-record-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-all-79"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-record-78"},{"link_name":"seventh-highest revenue in the footballing world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deloitte_Football_Money_League"},{"link_name":"Deloitte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deloitte"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"}],"text":"Qatari government-backed investment fund Qatar Sports Investments (QSI) have been the majority owners of PSG since 2011, currently holding 87.5% of the shares.[72] PSG are therefore a state-owned club, which makes them one of the wealthiest teams in the world.[73][74][75][76] Arctos Partners owns the remaining 12.5%.[77] QSI took control of the women's team in 2012.[2][3] In 2019, the club announced a long-term contract extension with kit manufacturer Nike, which is now one of European football's most lucrative and the biggest sponsorship agreement in its history.[78] PSG are now tied to Nike until 2032 with an annual figure of €80 million.[78][79] The new deal covers the men's and women's football teams as well as their handball outfit.[78] PSG's female side currently have the seventh-highest revenue in the footballing world with an annual revenue of €3.7m according to Deloitte, a slight increase from the €3.6m they made in 2023.[80][81]","title":"Ownership and finances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Paris Saint-Germain F.C. (women) records and statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C._(women)_records_and_statistics"},{"link_name":"2023–24 Coupe de France féminine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_de_France_f%C3%A9minine_de_football_2023-2024"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-palmares-54"}],"text":"See also: List of Paris Saint-Germain F.C. (women) records and statisticsAs of 2023–24 Coupe de France féminine.[54]record\nS shared record","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Paris Saint-Germain Féminine players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Paris_Saint-Germain_F%C3%A9minine_players"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-team-85"}],"text":"For a list of all former and current Paris Saint-Germain F.C. (women) players with a Wikipedia article, see Category:Paris Saint-Germain Féminine players.As of 26 April 2024.[85]","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"First-team squad","text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Out on loan","text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Paris Saint-Germain F.C. (women) managers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C._(women)_managers"},{"link_name":"List of Paris Saint-Germain F.C. (women) presidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C._(women)_presidents"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-team-85"}],"text":"See also: List of Paris Saint-Germain F.C. (women) managers and List of Paris Saint-Germain F.C. (women) presidentsAs of 13 December 2023.[85]","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jocelyn_Pr%C3%AAcheur_PSG-ManU.png"},{"link_name":"Jocelyn Prêcheur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jocelyn_Pr%C3%AAcheur"}],"sub_title":"Management","text":"Jocelyn Prêcheur","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Technical staff","title":"Personnel"}] | [{"image_text":"PSG won the French Cup in 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/PSG_f%C3%A9minines_CFF_2010.jpg/220px-PSG_f%C3%A9minines_CFF_2010.jpg"},{"image_text":"PSG players celebrate their first Champions League qualification in 2011.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Victoire_PSG_f%C3%A9minines_Montpellier.jpg/280px-Victoire_PSG_f%C3%A9minines_Montpellier.jpg"},{"image_text":"The CUP versus the women's team of Bayern Munich in March 2022.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Match_Football_F%C3%A9minin_Paris_SG_x_FC_Bayern_Munich_-_Stade_Parc_Princes_-_Paris_XVI_%28FR75%29_-_2022-03-30_-_9.jpg/250px-Match_Football_F%C3%A9minin_Paris_SG_x_FC_Bayern_Munich_-_Stade_Parc_Princes_-_Paris_XVI_%28FR75%29_-_2022-03-30_-_9.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jocelyn Prêcheur","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Jocelyn_Pr%C3%AAcheur_PSG-ManU.png/220px-Jocelyn_Pr%C3%AAcheur_PSG-ManU.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Historique\". psgfc.fr. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debtor_(band) | Debtor (band) | ["1 Background","2 Music history","3 Members","4 Discography","5 References","6 External links"] | American Christian hardcore band
DebtorOriginPhiladelphia, PennsylvaniaGenresChristian hardcore, hardcore punk, melodic hardcoreYears active2007 (2007)–presentLabelsBlood & Ink RecordsMembersAlanScottJoeJoshJasonWebsitefacebook.com/debtorhc
Debtor is an American Christian hardcore band, and they primarily play hardcore punk and melodic hardcore. They come from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The band started making music in 2007. The band released an extended play, Deliverance, in 2009, with Blood and Ink Records. Their first studio album, Bloodseeds, was released by Blood and Ink Records, in 2011.
Background
Debtor is a Christian hardcore band from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They count as their members Alan Popoli, Scott Rudy, Joe Motson, Josh Galloway, and Jason Warner.
Music history
The band commenced as a musical entity in September 2007, with their first release, Deliverance, an extended play, that was released on December 9, 2009, from Blood and Ink Records. Their subsequent release, a studio album, Bloodseeds, was released by Blood and Ink Records on July 9, 2011.
Members
Current members
Alan Popoli - Vocals
Scott Rudy - Bass
Joe Motson - Guitar
Josh Galloway - Drums
Jason Warner - Guitar
Discography
Studio albums
Bloodseeds (July 9, 2011, Blood and Ink)
EPs
Deliverance (December 9, 2009, Blood and Ink)
References
^ a b Steve (December 28, 2009). "Review : Debtor - Deliverance". Indie Vision Music. Retrieved July 20, 2015.
^ a b c Debtor. "About". Facebook. Retrieved July 20, 2015.
^ David M (July 11, 2011). "Review : Debtor - Bloodseeds". Indie Vision Music. Retrieved July 20, 2015.
^ Fritz, Nicholas (July 1, 2011). "Debtor - Bloodseeds Review". Decoy Music. Archived from the original on July 22, 2015. Retrieved July 20, 2015.
External links
Facebook page | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian hardcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_hardcore"},{"link_name":"hardcore punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_punk"},{"link_name":"melodic hardcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodic_hardcore"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"extended play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"Blood and Ink Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_and_Ink_Records"},{"link_name":"studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"}],"text":"Debtor is an American Christian hardcore band, and they primarily play hardcore punk and melodic hardcore. They come from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The band started making music in 2007. The band released an extended play, Deliverance, in 2009, with Blood and Ink Records. Their first studio album, Bloodseeds, was released by Blood and Ink Records, in 2011.","title":"Debtor (band)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian hardcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_hardcore"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IVM_EP-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Facebook_About-2"}],"text":"Debtor is a Christian hardcore band from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[1] They count as their members Alan Popoli, Scott Rudy, Joe Motson, Josh Galloway, and Jason Warner.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Facebook_About-2"},{"link_name":"extended play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"Blood and Ink Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_and_Ink_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IVM_EP-1"},{"link_name":"studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IVM_One-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Decoy_Music-4"}],"text":"The band commenced as a musical entity in September 2007,[2] with their first release, Deliverance, an extended play, that was released on December 9, 2009, from Blood and Ink Records.[1] Their subsequent release, a studio album, Bloodseeds, was released by Blood and Ink Records on July 9, 2011.[3][4]","title":"Music history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Facebook_About-2"}],"text":"Current members[2]Alan Popoli - Vocals\nScott Rudy - Bass\nJoe Motson - Guitar\nJosh Galloway - Drums\nJason Warner - Guitar","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blood and Ink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_and_Ink_Records"}],"text":"Studio albumsBloodseeds (July 9, 2011, Blood and Ink)EPsDeliverance (December 9, 2009, Blood and Ink)","title":"Discography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Steve (December 28, 2009). \"Review : Debtor - Deliverance\". Indie Vision Music. Retrieved July 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indievisionmusic.com/2009/12/28/debtor-deliverance/","url_text":"\"Review : Debtor - Deliverance\""}]},{"reference":"Debtor. \"About\". Facebook. Retrieved July 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/debtorhc/info?tab=page_info","url_text":"\"About\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"}]},{"reference":"David M (July 11, 2011). \"Review : Debtor - Bloodseeds\". Indie Vision Music. Retrieved July 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indievisionmusic.com/2011/07/11/debtor-bloodseeds/","url_text":"\"Review : Debtor - Bloodseeds\""}]},{"reference":"Fritz, Nicholas (July 1, 2011). \"Debtor - Bloodseeds Review\". Decoy Music. Archived from the original on July 22, 2015. Retrieved July 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150722061231/http://www.decoymusic.com/reviews/debtor-bloodseeds","url_text":"\"Debtor - Bloodseeds Review\""},{"url":"http://www.decoymusic.com/reviews/debtor-bloodseeds","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://facebook.com/debtorhc","external_links_name":"facebook.com/debtorhc"},{"Link":"http://www.indievisionmusic.com/2009/12/28/debtor-deliverance/","external_links_name":"\"Review : Debtor - Deliverance\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/debtorhc/info?tab=page_info","external_links_name":"\"About\""},{"Link":"http://www.indievisionmusic.com/2011/07/11/debtor-bloodseeds/","external_links_name":"\"Review : Debtor - Bloodseeds\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150722061231/http://www.decoymusic.com/reviews/debtor-bloodseeds","external_links_name":"\"Debtor - Bloodseeds Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.decoymusic.com/reviews/debtor-bloodseeds","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/debtorhc/","external_links_name":"Facebook page"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Do_You_Spell_Heaven | How Do You Spell Heaven | ["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References"] | 2017 studio album by Guided by VoicesHow Do You Spell HeavenStudio album by Guided by VoicesReleasedAugust 11, 2017 (2017-08-11)Recorded2017StudioSerious Business Music in Brooklyn, New York and The Stillwater River Lodge in Dayton, OhioGenreIndie rock, lo-fiLength37:04LabelRockathon RecordsGuided by Voices chronology
August by Cake(2017)
How Do You Spell Heaven(2017)
Space Gun(2018)
Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingMetacritic75/100Review scoresSourceRatingPitchfork7.4/10AllMusic
How Do You Spell Heaven is the 25th album to be released by lo-fi band Guided By Voices. It was released on August 11, 2017.
It was recorded and mixed by Travis Harrison at Serious Business Music, NY, and Stillwater Lodge.
Track listing
All tracks written by Robert Pollard, except "Pearly Gates Smoke Machine" by Doug Gillard & Pollard.
"The Birthday Democrats" – 2:30
"King 007" – 2:51
"Boy W" – 2:33
"Steppenwolf Mausoleum" – 3:21
"Cretinous Number Ones" – 1:45
"They Fall Silent" – 0:55
"Diver Dan" – 2:03
"How to Murder a Man (In 3 Acts)" – 2:43
"Pearly Gates Smoke Machine" – 4:02
"Tenth Century" – 2:37
"How Do You Spell Heaven" – 1:52
"Paper Cutz" – 2:36
"Low Flying Perfection" – 2:36
"Nothing Gets You Real" – 2:23
"Just to Show You" – 2:17
Personnel
Bobby Bare Jr. – guitar
Doug Gillard – guitar
Kevin March – drums
Robert Pollard – vocals
Mark Shue – bass guitar
References
^ "How do You Spell Heaven by Guided by Voices". Metacritic.
^ "Guided by Voices: How do You Spell Heaven". Pitchfork.
^ "How do You Spell Heaven - Guided by Voices | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic.
^ "Guided By Voices: How Do You Spell Heaven". Pitchfork. Retrieved 2017-10-26.
^ "Guided By Voices Database". Retrieved 2018-02-06.
vteGuided by Voices
Robert Pollard
Doug Gillard
Mark Shue
Bobby Bare Jr.
Kevin March
Tobin Sprout
Mitch Mitchell
Greg Demos
Kevin Fennell
Jim Macpherson
James Greer
Discography
Studio albums
Devil Between My Toes (1987)
Sandbox (1987)
Self-Inflicted Aerial Nostalgia (1989)
Same Place the Fly Got Smashed (1990)
Propeller (1992)
Vampire on Titus (1993)
Bee Thousand (1994)
Alien Lanes (1995)
Under the Bushes Under the Stars (1996)
Tonics & Twisted Chasers (1996)
Mag Earwhig! (1997)
Do the Collapse (1999)
Isolation Drills (2001)
Universal Truths and Cycles (2002)
Earthquake Glue (2003)
Half Smiles of the Decomposed (2004)
Let's Go Eat the Factory (2012)
Class Clown Spots a UFO (2012)
The Bears for Lunch (2012)
English Little League (2013)
Motivational Jumpsuit (2014)
Cool Planet (2014)
Please Be Honest (2016)
August by Cake (2017)
How Do You Spell Heaven (2017)
Space Gun (2018)
Zeppelin Over China (2019)
Warp and Woof (2019)
Sweating the Plague (2019)
Surrender Your Poppy Field (2020)
Mirrored Aztec (2020)
Styles We Paid For (2020)
Earth Man Blues (2021)
It's Not Them. It Couldn't Be Them. It Is Them! (2021)
Crystal Nuns Cathedral (2022)
Tremblers and Goggles by Rank (2022)
La La Land (2023)
Welshpool Frillies (2023)
Nowhere to Go but Up (2023)
Strut of Kings (2024)
EPs
Forever Since Breakfast (1986)
The Grand Hour (1993)
Static Airplane Jive (1993)
Get Out of My Stations (1994)
Fast Japanese Spin Cycle (1994)
Clown Prince of the Menthol Trailer (1994)
I Am a Scientist (1994)
Tigerbomb (1995)
Sunfish Holy Breakfast (1996)
Plantations of Pale Pink (1996)
Wish in One Hand… (1997)
Plugs for the Program (1999)
Hold on Hope (2000)
Dayton, Ohio–19 Something and 5 (2000)
Daredevil Stamp Collector (2001)
The Pipe Dreams of Instant Prince Whippet (2002)
Down by the Racetrack (2013)
Wine Cork Stonehenge (2018)
100 Dougs (2018)
1901 Acid Rock (2019)
Umlaut Over the Ozone (2019)
Live albums
Live from Austin, TX (2007)
Compilation albums
The Best of Guided by Voices: Human Amusements at Hourly Rates (2003)
Crickets: Best of the Fading Captain Series 1999–2007 (2007)
Scalping the Guru (2022)
Box sets
Box (1995)
Suitcase: Failed Experiments and Trashed Aircraft (2000)
Hardcore UFOs: Revelations, Epiphanies and Fast Food in the Western Hemisphere (2003)
Suitcase 2: American Superdream Wow (2005)
Suitcase 3: Up We Go Now (2009)
Suitcase 4: Captain Kangaroo Won the War (2015)
Robert Pollardsolo albums
Not in My Airforce (1996)
Waved Out (1998)
Kid Marine (1999)
Motel of Fools (2003)
Fiction Man (2004)
Relaxation of the Asshole (2005)
From a Compound Eye (2006)
Normal Happiness (2006)
Silverfish Trivia (2007)
Standard Gargoyle Decisions (2007)
Coast to Coast Carpet of Love (2007)
Superman Was a Rocker (2008)
Weatherman and Skin Goddess (2008)
Robert Pollard Is Off to Business (2008)
The Crawling Distance (2009)
Elephant Jokes (2009)
We All Got Out of the Army (2010)
Moses on a Snail (2010)
Space City Kicks (2011)
Lord of the Birdcage (2011)
Mouseman Cloud (2012)
Jack Sells the Cow (2012)
Honey Locust Honky Tonk (2013)
Blazing Gentlemen (2013)
Faulty Superheroes (2015)
Of Course You Are (2016)
Tobin Sprout albums
Carnival Boy (1996)
Moonflower Plastic (1997)
Let's Welcome the Circus People (1999)
Lost Planets & Phantom Voices (2003)
The Bluebirds of Happiness Tried to Land on My Shoulder (2010)
The Universe & Me (2017)
Airport 5 albums
Tower in the Fountain of Sparks (2001)
Life Starts Here (2002)
Boston Spaceships albums
Brown Submarine (2008)
The Planets are Blasted (2009)
Zero to 99 (2009)
Our Cubehouse Still Rocks (2010)
Let It Beard (2011)
Lifeguards andDoug Gillard albums
Speak Kindly of Your Volunteer Fire Department (1999)
Mist King Urth (2003)
Waving at the Astronauts (2011)
Robert Pollard side projects
In Shop We Build Electric Chairs: Professional Music by Nightwalker 1984–1993 (1999)
Big Trouble (2000)
Choreographed Man of War (2001)
Calling Zero (2002)
Blues and Boogie Shoes (2006)
Circus Devils albums
Ringworm Interiors (2001)
The Harold Pig Memorial (2002)
Pinball Mars (2004)
Five (2005)
Sgt. Disco (2007)
Ataxia (2008)
Gringo (2009)
Mother Skinny (2010)
Capsized! (2011)
When Machines Attack (2013)
My Mind Has Seen the White Trick (2013)
Escape (2014)
Stomping Grounds (2015)
Laughs Last (2017)
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guided By Voices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guided_By_Voices"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"How Do You Spell Heaven is the 25th album to be released by lo-fi band Guided By Voices. It was released on August 11, 2017.[4]It was recorded and mixed by Travis Harrison at Serious Business Music, NY, and Stillwater Lodge.[5]","title":"How Do You Spell Heaven"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Pollard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Pollard"},{"link_name":"Doug Gillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Gillard"}],"text":"All tracks written by Robert Pollard, except \"Pearly Gates Smoke Machine\" by Doug Gillard & Pollard.\"The Birthday Democrats\" – 2:30\n\"King 007\" – 2:51\n\"Boy W\" – 2:33\n\"Steppenwolf Mausoleum\" – 3:21\n\"Cretinous Number Ones\" – 1:45\n\"They Fall Silent\" – 0:55\n\"Diver Dan\" – 2:03\n\"How to Murder a Man (In 3 Acts)\" – 2:43\n\"Pearly Gates Smoke Machine\" – 4:02\n\"Tenth Century\" – 2:37\n\"How Do You Spell Heaven\" – 1:52\n\"Paper Cutz\" – 2:36\n\"Low Flying Perfection\" – 2:36\n\"Nothing Gets You Real\" – 2:23\n\"Just to Show You\" – 2:17","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bobby Bare Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Bare_Jr."},{"link_name":"Doug Gillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Gillard"},{"link_name":"Kevin March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_March_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Robert Pollard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Pollard"}],"text":"Bobby Bare Jr. – guitar\nDoug Gillard – guitar\nKevin March – drums\nRobert Pollard – vocals\nMark Shue – bass guitar","title":"Personnel"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"How do You Spell Heaven by Guided by Voices\". Metacritic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/how-do-you-spell-heaven/guided-by-voices","url_text":"\"How do You Spell Heaven by Guided by Voices\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"\"Guided by Voices: How do You Spell Heaven\". Pitchfork.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/guided-by-voices-how-do-you-spell-heaven/","url_text":"\"Guided by Voices: How do You Spell Heaven\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]},{"reference":"\"How do You Spell Heaven - Guided by Voices | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\". AllMusic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/how-do-you-spell-heaven-mw0003067767","url_text":"\"How do You Spell Heaven - Guided by Voices | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Guided By Voices: How Do You Spell Heaven\". Pitchfork. Retrieved 2017-10-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/guided-by-voices-how-do-you-spell-heaven/","url_text":"\"Guided By Voices: How Do You Spell Heaven\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]},{"reference":"\"Guided By Voices Database\". Retrieved 2018-02-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gbvdb.com/album.asp?albumid=3289","url_text":"\"Guided By Voices Database\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/how-do-you-spell-heaven/guided-by-voices","external_links_name":"\"How do You Spell Heaven by Guided by Voices\""},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/guided-by-voices-how-do-you-spell-heaven/","external_links_name":"\"Guided by Voices: How do You Spell Heaven\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/how-do-you-spell-heaven-mw0003067767","external_links_name":"\"How do You Spell Heaven - Guided by Voices | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\""},{"Link":"https://www.pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/guided-by-voices-how-do-you-spell-heaven/","external_links_name":"\"Guided By Voices: How Do You Spell Heaven\""},{"Link":"http://www.gbvdb.com/album.asp?albumid=3289","external_links_name":"\"Guided By Voices Database\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/947ec277-8862-48a7-821d-cd3f55ec0c4f","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epulum_Jovis | Epulum Jovis | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Ritual feast offered to Jupiter
In ancient Roman religion, the Epulum Jovis (also Epulum Iovis) was a sumptuous ritual feast offered to Jove on the Ides of September (September 13) and a smaller feast on the Ides of November (November 13). It was celebrated during the Ludi Romani ("Roman Games") and the Ludi Plebeii ("Plebeian Games").
The gods were formally invited, and attended in the form of statues. These were arranged on luxurious couches (pulvinaria) placed at the most honorable part of the table. Fine food was served, as if they were able to eat. The priests designated as epulones, or masters of the feast, organized and carried out the ritual, and acted as "gastronomic proxies" in eating the food.
See also
Lectisternium
Sellisternium
Religion in ancient Rome
Glossary of ancient Roman religion
References
^ Greswell, Edward (1854). Origines kalendariæ italicæ: nundinal calendars of ancient Italy, nundinal calendar of Romulus, calendar of Numa Pompilius, calendar of the decemvirs, irregular Roman calendar, and Julian correction. Tables of the Roman calendar, from U.C. 4 of Varro B.C. 750 to U.C. 1108 A.D. 355, Volume 3. New York: University Press. p. 397. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
^ Origines Kalendariae Italicae Nundinal Calendars of Ancient Italy, Nundinal of Calendar of Romulus, Calendar of Numa Pompilius, Calendar of the Decemvirs, Irregular Roman Calendar, and Julian Correctio Tables of the Roman Calendar, from V. C. 4 of Varro, B. C. 750, to V. C. 1108 A. D 355. 4 by Edward Greswell, B.D: Vol. 3. University Press. 1854. pp. 397–.
^ William Warde Fowler (1899). The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic: An Introduction to the Study of the Religion of the Romans. Macmillan. pp. 218–.
vteRoman festivals and games (ludi)
Agonalia
Ambarvalia
Amburbium
Argei
Armilustrium
Augustalia
Bacchanalia
Brumalia
Capitoline Games
Caprotinia
Caristia
Carmentalia
Cerealia
Compitalia
Consualia
Decennalia
Divalia
Epulum Jovis
Equirria
Februa
Feralia
Floralia
Fordicidia
Fornacalia
Furrinalia
Ieiunium Cereris
Junonalia
Larentalia
Latin Festival
Lemuria
Liberalia
Lucaria
Ludi Apollinares
Ludi Romani
Lupercalia
Lusus Troiae
Matronalia
Meditrinalia
Megalesia
Mercuralia
Navigium Isidis
Nemoralia
Neptunalia
October Horse
Opiconsivia
Parentalia
Parilia
Poplifugia
Plebeian Games
Quinquatria
Quinquennial Neronia
Regifugium
Robigalia
Saturnalia
Rosalia
Secular Games
Sementivae
Septimontium
Taurian Games
Terminalia
Tiberinalia
Tricennalia
Tubilustrium
Veneralia
Vestalia
Vicennalia
Vinalia
Volturnalia
Vulcanalia
This Ancient Rome–related article is a stub. 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D 355. 4 by Edward Greswell, B.D: Vol. 3"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_GHQ9uNQ9sckC/page/n398","external_links_name":"397"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/romanfestivalsp01fowlgoog","external_links_name":"The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic: An Introduction to the Study of the Religion of the Romans"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/romanfestivalsp01fowlgoog/page/n236","external_links_name":"218"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epulum_Jovis&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-Ball_Andy | Eight-Ball Andy | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Notes","4 External links"] | 1948 film
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Eight-Ball Andy is an American comedy short released by Columbia Pictures on March 11, 1948. It stars Andy Clyde, Dick Wessel, Maude Prickett, Florence Auer, and Vernon Dent.
Plot
Andy and his wife, Ruthie (Prickett) are busy moving into their new apartment. The cause of this was Andy's brother-in-law Claude Beasley (Wessel) who was learning to play the trombone in all hours of the night that the landlord kicked all of them out of their old one. Also living with them is Ruth's mother Mrs. Beasley (Auer) who strongly despises Andy. Thinking that Claude is away living at another apartment, Andy discovers that Claude has returned and plans to invent a state-of-the-art termite spray.
Later on, Claude tries out the formula by dumping a jar of termites onto a wooden plank that Andy was using to reach the ceiling while painting it. The spray, however, causes the plank to melt in half and Andy crashes to the floor. While Claude is out of the room, Andy substitutes the broken plank for a new one. Claude comes back in, looks at the plank, not knowing it was replaced, and thinking that the spray worked, he happily decides to try to sell the formula to Andy's boss Mr. Bradshaw (Dent) when hey invite him over to dinner, which Andy is strongly against.
At dinner, several things go wrong, Bradshaw impacts a couple breakaway chairs. The second one causes a jar of termites to fall and crawl all over Mr. Bradshaw clothes and he bolts to the kitchen. Angry, Andy tosses the termite spray on the other side of the room, causing it to melt the floor. He discovers that he used the table to spray for termites, which just collapses. Enraged, Andy walks towards the kitchen but falls through the floor and to the downstairs apartment, spooking and fainting a lady ironing her dress. Bewildered, Andy looks around for help. Her jealous husband, in the middle of his daily shave, hears the crash and chases Andy out of the apartment. Soon after, Claude and Bradshaw accidentally fall down to the same apartment and both get beaten to a pulp by the jealous husband. When they re-enter Andy's apartment, Bradshaw angrily informs him to get rid of Claude or Andy is fired, Andy jumps at the chance and orders Claude and Mrs. Beasley out of the apartment. Before they leave, Claude tells Andy he invented a new gasoline and tried it out on his mother's car. It soon explodes and Mrs. Beasley physically scolds Claude form off-screen.
Soon after, Andy discovers that the Chicken is still in the oven. But, he falls to the downstairs apartment. He wearily says his trademark line "Oh, my, oh, my, my." as the short ends.
Cast
Andy Clyde as Andy
Dick Wessel as Claude Beasley
Maudie Prickett as Ruth Clyde
Florence Auer as Mrs. Beasley
Vernon Dent as Mr. Bradshaw (uncredited)
Ralph Volkie as Wilbur, Jealous Husband (uncredited)
Notes
This was remade in 1956 as Andy Goes Wild. Producer/director Jules White had brought in Wessel and Prickett to film the new footage. Auer and Dent appear only in archive footage.
External links
Eight-Ball Andy at IMDb
Andy Goes Wild at IMDb | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andy Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Clyde"},{"link_name":"Dick Wessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Wessel"},{"link_name":"Florence Auer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Auer"},{"link_name":"Vernon Dent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_Dent"}],"text":"Eight-Ball Andy is an American comedy short released by Columbia Pictures on March 11, 1948. It stars Andy Clyde, Dick Wessel, Maude Prickett, Florence Auer, and Vernon Dent.","title":"Eight-Ball Andy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Andy and his wife, Ruthie (Prickett) are busy moving into their new apartment. The cause of this was Andy's brother-in-law Claude Beasley (Wessel) who was learning to play the trombone in all hours of the night that the landlord kicked all of them out of their old one. Also living with them is Ruth's mother Mrs. Beasley (Auer) who strongly despises Andy. Thinking that Claude is away living at another apartment, Andy discovers that Claude has returned and plans to invent a state-of-the-art termite spray.Later on, Claude tries out the formula by dumping a jar of termites onto a wooden plank that Andy was using to reach the ceiling while painting it. The spray, however, causes the plank to melt in half and Andy crashes to the floor. While Claude is out of the room, Andy substitutes the broken plank for a new one. Claude comes back in, looks at the plank, not knowing it was replaced, and thinking that the spray worked, he happily decides to try to sell the formula to Andy's boss Mr. Bradshaw (Dent) when hey invite him over to dinner, which Andy is strongly against.At dinner, several things go wrong, Bradshaw impacts a couple breakaway chairs. The second one causes a jar of termites to fall and crawl all over Mr. Bradshaw clothes and he bolts to the kitchen. Angry, Andy tosses the termite spray on the other side of the room, causing it to melt the floor. He discovers that he used the table to spray for termites, which just collapses. Enraged, Andy walks towards the kitchen but falls through the floor and to the downstairs apartment, spooking and fainting a lady ironing her dress. Bewildered, Andy looks around for help. Her jealous husband, in the middle of his daily shave, hears the crash and chases Andy out of the apartment. Soon after, Claude and Bradshaw accidentally fall down to the same apartment and both get beaten to a pulp by the jealous husband. When they re-enter Andy's apartment, Bradshaw angrily informs him to get rid of Claude or Andy is fired, Andy jumps at the chance and orders Claude and Mrs. Beasley out of the apartment. Before they leave, Claude tells Andy he invented a new gasoline and tried it out on his mother's car. It soon explodes and Mrs. Beasley physically scolds Claude form off-screen.Soon after, Andy discovers that the Chicken is still in the oven. But, he falls to the downstairs apartment. He wearily says his trademark line \"Oh, my, oh, my, my.\" as the short ends.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andy Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Clyde"},{"link_name":"Dick Wessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Wessel"},{"link_name":"Maudie Prickett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maudie_Prickett"},{"link_name":"Florence Auer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Auer"},{"link_name":"Vernon Dent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_Dent"}],"text":"Andy Clyde as Andy\nDick Wessel as Claude Beasley\nMaudie Prickett as Ruth Clyde\nFlorence Auer as Mrs. Beasley\nVernon Dent as Mr. Bradshaw (uncredited)\nRalph Volkie as Wilbur, Jealous Husband (uncredited)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jules White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_White"}],"text":"This was remade in 1956 as Andy Goes Wild. Producer/director Jules White had brought in Wessel and Prickett to film the new footage. Auer and Dent appear only in archive footage.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Eight-Ball+Andy%22","external_links_name":"\"Eight-Ball Andy\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Eight-Ball+Andy%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Eight-Ball+Andy%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Eight-Ball+Andy%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Eight-Ball+Andy%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Eight-Ball+Andy%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0040310/","external_links_name":"Eight-Ball Andy"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0048949/","external_links_name":"Andy Goes Wild"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republican_Socialist_Party | Irish Republican Socialist Party | ["1 History","1.1 Early years","1.2 Clashes with other republicans and the British","1.3 Recent history","2 Elections","3 Policies and ideology","3.1 Physical force Irish republicanism","3.2 European Union","3.3 NATO and Russia","3.4 Broad Front","3.5 Policing","3.6 Abstentionism","3.7 Housing","3.8 Abortion","4 Membership","5 Representation","6 List of secretaries","7 Milestones in the IRSP's history","8 See also","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"] | Irish political party
For the early 20th-century party founded by James Connolly, see Irish Socialist Republican Party.
This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Irish Republican Socialist Party" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Irish Republican Socialist Party Páirtí Poblachtach Sóisalach na h-ÉireannAbbreviationIRSPLeaderArd Chomhairle(National Executive)ChairmanMartin McMonagleFounderSeamus Costello and othersFounded8 December 1974 (1974-12-08)Split fromOfficial Sinn FéinHeadquartersCostello House,392b Falls Road,Belfast, BT12 6DH,County Antrim,Northern IrelandNewspaperThe Starry PloughWorker's Republic (Belfast)Youth wingRepublican Socialist Youth MovementParamilitary wingINLA (1974–present)IdeologyCommunismMarxism–LeninismIrish republicanismAnti-globalisationHard EuroscepticismPolitical positionFar-leftColours Red Yellow WhiteWebsiteirsp.iePolitics of the Republic of IrelandPolitical partiesElectionsPolitics of Northern IrelandPolitical partiesElections
The Irish Republican Socialist Party or IRSP (Irish: Páirtí Poblachtach Sóisialach na hÉireann) is a minor communist, Marxist–Leninist and Irish republican party in Ireland. It is often referred to as the "political wing" of the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) paramilitary group. It was founded by former members of Official Sinn Féin in 1974 during the Troubles, but claims the legacy of the Irish Socialist Republican Party of 1896–1904.
History
Early years
The Starry Plough is often used as a symbol to represent the Irish Republican Socialist Party, its armed wing the Irish National Liberation Army, and other Irish republican socialist groups
The Irish Republican Socialist Party was founded at a meeting on 8 December 1974 in the Spa Hotel in Lucan, near Dublin, by former members of Workers' Party (aka 'Official' Sinn Féin), headed by Seamus Costello. According to the IRSP, 80 people were in attendance. A paramilitary wing, the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA), was founded the same day, although its existence was intended to be kept hidden until such a time that the INLA could operate effectively. Costello was elected as the party's first chairperson and the Army's first chief of staff. Together, the IRSP and the INLA were referred to as the Irish Republican Socialist Movement (IRSM).
Former Unity MP for Mid-Ulster Bernadette McAliskey served on the executive of the IRSP. She resigned following the failure of a motion to be passed which would have brought the INLA under the control of the IRSP Ard Comhairle (executive committee). This led to the resignation of half the Ard Comhairle, which weakened the party. Tony Gregory, a future Dublin TD, was also a member for a short time. Its poor showing in the 1977 Irish general election, resignations, and the assassination of Seamus Costello weakened the organisation.
Costello had been expelled from the Official Irish Republican Army (OIRA) following a court-martial, and from Official Sinn Féin on the same basis. Along with other activists, he was dissatisfied with the group's tactics and policies, especially on the issues surrounding the 1972 OIRA ceasefire and his growing belief that the emerging conflict was sectarian.
Clashes with other republicans and the British
On 5 October 1977, Costello was shot dead in his car by a man armed with a shotgun. His supporters blamed the Official IRA for the killing.
Following meetings between the INLA and OIRA leadership in Dublin, a truce was eventually reached, but in one of the first of the INLA's armed operations, Billy McMillen, commanding officer of the OIRA Belfast Battalion, was murdered by Gerard Steenson. In the following years, the IRSP and INLA saw several of their members, including John Turnley, Miriam Daly, Ronnie Bunting and Noel Little killed by Ulster loyalist paramilitaries, most prominently the Ulster Defence Association (UDA). The IRSP have contended that the killings were a result of collusion between loyalists and security forces, even suspecting that some of the killings were carried out by the SAS with responsibility attributed to the UDA.
Three members of the INLA died in the 1981 Irish hunger strike in HM Prison Maze, also known as Long Kesh: Patsy O'Hara, Kevin Lynch, and Michael Devine.
In 1987, the INLA and its political wing, the IRSP came under attack from the Irish People's Liberation Organisation (IPLO), an organisation founded by Gerard Steenson, Jimmy Brown and Martin 'Rook' O'Prey, consisting of people who had resigned or been expelled from the INLA. A political wing, the Republican Socialist Collective (RSC), was also formed by Brown. The IPLO's initial aim was to destroy the IRSM and replace it with their organisation. Five members of the INLA and IRSP were killed by the IPLO, including leaders Ta Power and John O'Reilly. The INLA retaliated with several killings of their own. After the INLA killed the IPLO's leader, Gerard Steenson, a truce was reached. Although severely damaged by the IPLO's attacks, the INLA continued to exist. The IPLO, which was heavily involved in drug dealing, was forcibly disbanded by the Provisional IRA in a large scale operation in 1992.
Recent history
In the 2000s and 2010s, the IRSP has been involved in campaigns and political protests, mainly around Belfast and Derry but also in of parts of the Republic of Ireland as well. Some of these protests included anti-austerity protests, the Right2Water campaign against water charges, opposition to welfare reform and introduction of universal credit, and supporting striking nurses.
In November 2016, after a number of raids on members of the party's homes, the IRSP issued a warning saying the PSNI were "playing with fire". IRSP's Lower Falls representative Michael Kelly claimed that “British security forces risk bringing serious conflict onto the streets” and said that “The Irish Republican Socialist Party has been in existence for over 40 years, in that time we have never tolerated attacks on our membership from any quarter,” The comments drew criticism from UUP MLA Doug Beattie and SDLP Alex Attwood.
During the COVID-19 Pandemic, the IRSP launched Republican Socialist Aid, which aimed to distribute PPE to healthcare and essential workers in communities across Ireland at risk of exposure to the virus.
In September 2020 the IRSP started a 'Drop The Rents' campaign, requesting landlords and letting agencies in North Belfast and West Belfast to lower their rent prices to local housing benefit levels and protesting against landlords and letting agencies that would not and that issued threats of eviction. The campaign has achieved some level of success.
During the East Wall protests in November 2022, the IRSP opposed the housing of 380 refugees due to the absence of notice given to residents about the move prior to arrival and the feasibility of using the housing there for a large number of refugees. They said the residents were not opposed to refugees, just the lack of notice and uncertainty of feasibility. This differed to the majority of other groups who opposed any housing of refugees, regardless of notice.
Elections
Northern Ireland Assembly
Election
First Preference Vote
%
Seats
±
Government
2022
1,869
0.2% (#11)
0 / 90
No seats
Local elections
Election
First Preference Vote
%
Seats
1981
3,654
0.5%
2 / 523
2011
2,133
0.3%
0 / 572
2023
825
0.1%
0 / 462
In 1981, party members Gerry Kelly and Sean Flynn won two seats on the Belfast City Council in a joint campaign with the People's Democracy party. Neither councillor served a full term, with one going on the run after being implicated during the supergrass trials.
The IRSP put forward five candidates in Northern Ireland local elections, 2011, its first foray into electoral politics in almost 30 years. They failed to secure any seats. Candidate Paul Gallagher of Strabane missed out on a seat by just a single vote. He was originally elected but after a requested recount by the SDLP his election was overturned.
The IRSP has explained its lack of participation in elections as due to "very limited" resources.
In 2022 for the first time the IRSP fielded candidates for the Northern Ireland Assembly election. Initially their candidates were rejected by the Electoral Commission, but this was eventually corrected. Candidates were fielded in Belfast West (1,103 first preference votes, 2.5%) and Foyle (766 first preference votes, 1.6%).
Policies and ideology
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The IRSP are Marxist–Leninist and Irish republican, seeking the establishment of an all-Ireland "worker's republic". As of 2009, the IRSP stated that their objective will only be achieved exclusively through peaceful and political means, and in 2018 they launched the 'Yes For Unity' campaign, to campaign for a Border Poll on Irish Unity.
The IRSP claim the legacy of Connolly and say their policies are of the same tradition of Connolly. The IRSP also see their own modern policies as the "logical development in the twenty-first century of the programme established under Connolly’s leadership by the Irish Socialist Republican Party".
Physical force Irish republicanism
See also: Physical force Irish republicanism
The IRSP opposes both the Good Friday Agreement and the Northern Ireland Peace Process, The party supports a 'No First Strike' policy, allowing people to see the perceived failure of the peace process for themselves without taking military actions.
As of 11 October 2009, the INLA has ordered an end to the armed struggle, because unlike during the Troubles, the current political stance in Ulster allows the IRSP to contest fairly in new campaigns and local elections, as mentioned in their 2009 statement. INLA admitted to "faults and grievous errors" in their prosecution of the armed struggle, stating that "innocent people were killed and injured" and offering "as revolutionaries" a "sincere and heartfelt apology".
European Union
The IRSP supports greater strengthening of Ireland's independence, and although understanding the benefits brought through European Union (EU) membership, it also notes the incompatibility of EU membership with the need for a socialist society. Consequently, the IRSP supports moves towards greater co-operation between European socialist political organisations.
The IRSP supported Brexit and supports the Republic of Ireland leaving the European Union.
NATO and Russia
During the Russo-Ukrainian War, the IRSP publicly declared their support for the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic. It blamed NATO rather than Russia for the conflict and claimed Ukraine was ruled by a "fascist" government. On 25 February 2022, one day after Russia invaded Ukraine, the party re-affirmed its support for the Republics in a social media post in which they called Ukraine a "Nazi regime" and a "NATO puppet". It included a picture of IRSP members posing in front of Free Derry Corner with a Soviet flag and the flag of the Donetsk People's Republic. This was condemned by local SDLP councillors. The party boasted about the INLA's bombing of a radar station on Mount Gabriel, County Cork in 1982, which it said was used by NATO. In August 2022, IRSP members and Russian nationalists staged a protest against the Ukrainian military, outside Dublin's General Post Office. The Irish security services believe the Russian government were involved in organizing the protest.
Broad Front
The IRSP supports the formation of what it calls the "Broad Front" which would bring together all Irish "anti-imperialist forces" to bring about a United Ireland. This would be formed on the basis of the following demands:
The United Kingdom must formally renounce all claims of sovereignty in Ireland
All British forces in Northern Ireland must be withdrawn, all republican and socialist prisoners must be released, a general amnesty must be granted to republicans for offences committed by them during the Troubles and "repressive legislation" must be replaced by a bill of rights
The United Kingdom "must also agree to compensate the Irish People for the exploitation which has already occurred"
Policing
The IRSP is in favour of an All-Ireland, democratically controlled, unarmed police force.
The IRSP views the reforming of the RUC into the PSNI as a cosmetic exercise and strongly opposes 'political policing' by the PSNI. They demand an immediate cessation of the activities of MI5 in the North and calls for their expulsion from Ireland.
The IRSP does not believe that there is an ‘independent’ judiciary, or an objective judicial system, and that the judiciary both North and South presides over the laws which were enacted by partitionist governments and representing the interests of the ruling class.
Abstentionism
The IRSP are not abstentionist in principle, but they would support abstentionism in certain situations for tactical reasons.
The IRSP will also consider contesting any particular election on the basis of a thorough analysis of the conditions prevailing at the time.
Housing
IRSP believes that the right to a home is a fundamental human right and that the state has a responsibility to deal with homelessness.
Abortion
The party's policy on abortion is that it should be legalised, available on demand and free of charge.
Membership
Party members are often referred to as the "Irps" (pronounced "Erps"). In the late 1970s, Divis Flats in west Belfast became colloquially known as "the planet of the Irps" (a reference to the IRSP and the film Planet of the Apes).
Representation
The party is represented in North America by the Irish Republican Socialist Committees of North America.
List of secretaries
Kevin Morley
John Martin
Mick Plunkett
Milestones in the IRSP's history
1975: At the IRSP's inaugural convention, it becomes the first political party in Ireland to support the legalisation of abortion and equal rights for gays and lesbians.
1981: The IRSP wins two seats on the Belfast City Council, and comes close to winning a third. The IRSP runs two candidates, Kevin Lynch and Tony O'Hara, in the Irish parliamentary election as Independent Anti H-Block candidates. Neither candidate wins, but Lynch comes within 300 votes of winning a seat, while O'Hara garnered a respectable number of votes.
1982: Party member Brigid Makowski wins a seat on the Shannon Town Commission.
See also
Jim Lane
Sallins Train Robbery
References
^ "'Workers' Republic'. Newsletter, Belfast IRSP. Winter 2017". irsp.ie. Republican Socialist News.
^ a b c d "Republican Socialist Programme for Ireland" (PDF). irsp.ie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2017.
^ a b Ross, F Stuart (2011). Smashing H-block The Rise and Fall of the Popular Campaign Against Criminalization, 1976-1982. Liverpool University Press. p. 182. In 1984, the IRSP publicly declared itself a Marxist–Leninist party
^ a b c "UK and Ireland welcome INLA ceasefire Archived 17 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine", BBC News, 23 August 1998
^ a b c d e "Perspectives on the future of Republican Socialism in Ireland" (PDF). irsp.ie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
^ a b c d e f g Sawyer, John Paul (8 December 2010). COMPETITION IN THE MARKET FOR POLITICAL VIOLENCE: NORTHERN IRISH REPUBLICANISM, 1969–1998 (PDF) (PhD of Philosophy in Government thesis). Georgetown University. pp. 163–165, 202–204. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
^ a b "Perspectives on the future of Republican Socialism for Ireland" (PDF). irsp.ie. Irish Republican Socialist Party. p. 8. A military wing, the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA), was founded the same day, although its existence was intended to be kept hidden until such times when the INLA could operate effectively. Seamus Costello was elected as the party's first chairperson and the army's first chief of staff. Together, the IRSP and the INLA refer to themselves as the Irish Republican Socialist Movement (IRSM).
^ Morrison, John F. (2015). The Origins and Rise of Dissident Irish Republicanism. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 85. ISBN 978-1501309236. This chapter covers the relatively short process which resulted in the division in the Official Republican Movement resulting in the formation of the Irish Republican Socialist Movement (IRSM) which consisted of an armed wing, the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) and a political wing, the Irish Republican Socialist Party (IRSP)
^ Coogan, Tim Pat. The IRA; St. Martin's Griffin; revised & updated edition : 5 January 2002; ISBN 978-0312294168
^ a b c "Mass Resignations in the IRSP". RTÉ Archives. Retrieved 11 April 2024. 20 members of the Irish Republican Socialist Party (IRSP) resigned on 1 December 1975. Two days earlier, 11 members of its National Executive had walked out of an Ard Comhairle in a dispute over control of the INLA. These included Bernadette Devlin McAliskey, who had helped found the party the previous year with chairman Seamus Costello, and meant that the presence of the IRSP in Northern Ireland was substantially weakened.
^ Mulqueen, John (2019). "Soviet Policies in Dáil Éireann: Workers' Party advances 'Irish neutrality' and attacks NATO". 'An Alien Ideology': Cold War Perceptions of the Irish Republican Left. Liverpool University Press. p. 213. doi:10.3828/liverpool/9781789620641.003.0008. ISBN 9781789629453. Gregory joined the IRSP 'on paper' and had been 'devastated' by Costello's assassination.
^ McDonald, Henry; Holland, Jack. I.N.L.A - Deadly Divisions. Poolbeg Press. p. 154. ISBN 9781842234389. The feud, though long over, had created the conditions that led to Costello's death. It weakened the IRSP to such an extent that by the summer of 1977 Costello was at the lowest political ebb he had ever reached. The Officials were aware of this, and must have noticed his poor performance at the June 1977 general election. By crippling the IRSP, they had made him vulnerable.
^ Hanley, Brian; Millar, Scott (2009). The Lost Revolution: The Story of the Official IRA and the Workers' Party. Penguin Ireland. pp. 252–281. ISBN 9781844881208.
^ "INTERVIEW WITH SEAMUS COSTELLO". The Starry Plough. Irish Republican Socialist Party. 1 April 1975. pp. 4–5. Retrieved 10 April 2024 – via leftarchive.ie.
^ ""Principled Stand" (Interview)". Revolutionary Works: Seamus Costello. Utrecht: Foreign Language Press. 2018. ISBN 9782491182137. What are the main ideological differences between the IRSP and the Officials? - The principal ideological differences would be their attitude towards the National Question as against our attitude. Basically, the position of the leadership of the Officials is that there is no hope of achieving National Liberation until such time as the Protestant and Catholic working class in the North are united and therefore there is nothing which can be done in political terms or in any other terms about this particular issue. Our attitude, on the other hand, is that the British presence in Ireland is the basic cause of the divisions between the Protestant and Catholic working class in the North. It follows from that, in our view, that the primary emphasis should be on the mobilisation of the mass of the Irish people in the struggle for National Liberation. We believe, also, that the left in Irish politics should play a leading role in this struggle. Up until recent years, many of us felt that the Official Movement was capable of and willing to do this. Indeed the rank and file of the Official Movement had expressed their views on this at the 1972 and 1973 Ard Fheiseanna, where they rejected the position of the national leadership on the national question and put forward a policy which would have led to a more militant approach on this question. However, the leadership disagreed with this policy and deliberately frustrated its implementation. The result of this was that the Official Republicans, who, at that time, were the largest single body of organised left-wing opinion in Ireland, deliberately divorced the working-class struggle from the national struggle and gradually degenerated taking a reformist position on a number of very important issues. What issues in particular? - The principal issues that come to mind immediately are the Civil Rights struggle, the Assembly Elections, the question of taking seats and the question of the rent and rates strike. In all these issues, the leadership of the Officials hesitated to take a stand. They have, for instance, regarded the Civil Rights struggle since 1969, as the only struggle worth taking part in. They ignored the presence of 15,000 troops on the streets. They ignored the torture and terror perpetrated by the British Army on the Nationalist population and they acted as though there was no change in the situation since 1969... In other words, they failed to realise the change in the nature of the struggle in Ireland, particularly in the North. They failed to realise that struggle within the context of the Six County State to an outright struggle against Imperialism, as manifested by the British political and military presence in Ireland.
^ "Seamus Costello". republican-news.org.
^ "Remembering Seamus Costello". Red Fightback. 5 October 2019. Archived from the original on 28 May 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
^ Morris, Allison (20 February 2018). "Decommissioning special report: Bloody feuds followed 1972 ceasefire". The Irish News. Archived from the original on 10 April 2024. Retrieved 11 April 2024. The Officials later murdered the INLA's founder, Seamus Costello, while senior OIRA member Billy McMillen was shot dead in April 1975 by the infamous INLA killer Gerard Steenson.
^ Lost Lives: The Stories of the Men, Women and Children who Died as a Result of the Northern Ireland Troubles by David McKittrick, et al. Mainstream Publishing (May 10, 2001); ISBN 184018504X, ISBN 978-1840185041, pp 840-41
^ a b Young, Connla (19 March 2018). "INLA man's shooting may be linked to Tory MP's murder". The Irish News. Archived from the original on 11 April 2024. Retrieved 11 April 2024. The murders took place over a year after Tory MP Airey Neave was killed when an INLA booby trap bomb exploded under his car at the House of Commons in London. In the months after Mr Neave's death, several high profile figures linked to the IRSP and the National H-Block Committee were shot dead or seriously injured, including Miriam Daly who had resigned from the party shortly before she was killed in June 1980. John Turnly, a Protestant who was a member of the National H-Block Committee, was killed in Co Antrim in June 1980 while former IRSP member and H-Block campaigner Bernadette McAliskey was also injured in her Co Tyrone home in January 1981.
^ Young, Connla (4 June 2020). "John Turnley remembered as 'brave' on fortieth anniversary of murder". The Irish News. Archived from the original on 11 April 2024. Retrieved 11 April 2024. A FORMER British soldier who embraced Irish nationalism and campaigned for republican prisoners has been described as "brave" on the 40th anniversary of his murder by a loyalist gang linked to the SAS. ... In 2016 it emerged that one of the three, William McClelland, had been a member of the UDR. Brothers Robert and Eric McConnell were also convicted for their part in the murders. During his 1982 trial Robert McConnell claimed he had been working for the SAS saying they supplied him with weapons, uniforms and listening devices. ... He was one of several prison H-Block campaigners targeted by the UDA including former IRSP member Miriam Daly (45), who was killed weeks later on June 26 at her home in Andersonstown in west Belfast. In October that year IRSP members Ronnie Bunting (32) and Noel Little (45) were both shot dead at a house in west Belfast. ... Although the murders have been attributed to the UDA, the SAS is suspected by some of being involved. Former IRSP member and H-Block campaigner Bernadette McAliskey was injured in a UDA gun attack at her Co Tyrone home in January 1981. It later emerged that a British soldiers were watching the house but failed to intervene.
^ "Ronnie Bunting & Noel Little Remembered". IRSP. Retrieved 11 April 2024. In the early hours of the 15th October, British death squads entered the home of Ronnie; assassinating both Ronnie & Noel. While the killing was claimed by the UDA at the time, it is widely believed through eyewitnesses that the SAS were involved on the direct orders of Margaret Thatcher who had a personal agenda to smash the IRSP/INLA and in particularly to kill Ronnie.
^ "CAIN: Events: Hunger Strike 1981 - List of Dead". cain.ulster.ac.uk. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
^ a b Leslie, David (15 May 2014). Lighting Candles: A Paramilitary's War with Death, Drugs and Demons. Black & White Publishing. ISBN 9781845027940. While Manny was in jail, the arguing and infighting had come to a head and a core of the INLA, including Gerard Steenson, Manny's good friend Jimmy Brown and Martin 'Rook' O'Prey, had broken away and set up the Irish People's Liberation Organisation. At Brown's behest, a political wing, the Republican Socialist Collective was also formed.
^ van Um, Eric (2012). "Why Militant Groups Fight Each Other: The Role of Support, Political Objectives and Revenge" (PDF). Economics of Security (64). Berlin. ISSN 1868-0488. In 1986, fighting between IPLO and INLA started shortly after IPLO had been formed by expelled members as a breakaway faction of the INLA.
^ Young, Connla (29 March 2017). "CrimeCall reconstruction of INLA killings". The Irish News. Archived from the original on 11 April 2024. Retrieved 11 April 2024. Thomas 'Ta' Power (33) and then INLA 'chief of staff ' John Gerard O'Reilly (26) were gunned down as they sat in the Rossnaree Hotel, near Drogheda, in January 1987 by members of the Irish People's Liberation Organisation (IPLO).
^ Tooher, Patrick (1 December 1987). "the battle for the inla". BLITZ. p. 62. Retrieved 9 April 2024. The death of Steenson in a hail of bullets in west Belfast on March 15th effectively ended the feud. The IPLO did retaliate, killing two minor INLA figures a week later, but only to demonstrate that the group was not dependent on Steenson alone. An uneasy peace has since broken out, engineered by two Belfast priests.
^ Monaghan, Rachel (2002). "The Return of "Captain Moonlight": Informal Justice in Northern Ireland" (PDF). Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 25 (1): 41–56. doi:10.1080/105761002753404140. ... and in October 1992 took action against the Irish People's Liberation Organisation (IPLO). The IPLO had a history of criminal activities including a gang rape of a woman in the Divis flats complex and involvement in the growing drug trade. The IRA's action resulted in the execution of one IPLO member and the shooting of a further 20 members with assault rifles in Belfast. The IPLO disbanded shortly after this.
^ Holland, Jack (16 February 2011). "A View North Shocking! Paramilitaries running North's rackets". Irish Echo. Retrieved 11 April 2024. The Irish People's Liberation Organization, a splinter from the Irish National Liberation Army, under the direction of Jimmy Brown, were the first to commence with the importation of drugs on a sizable scale, mainly ecstasy tablets popular at rave parties in the late 1980s. Brown, who fancied himself as something of an intellectual, justified this by pointing to the guerrillas in Colombia, who finance their war against the state through proceeds from the trade in cocaine. The IPLO was forced to disband by the Provisional IRA in November 1992. But the drug trade goes on, mainly in the hands of elements within the Ulster Defense Association.
^ "Cork IRSP attend Post Budget Anti-Austerity March". IRSP. 8 December 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
^ "A people 'forced onto the streets'". republican-news.org. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
^ Maguire, Stephen (19 January 2016). "GROUPS STEP UP PRESSURE FOR MAJOR ANTI-WATER TAX PROTEST". Donegal Daily. Retrieved 11 April 2024. Along with members from Donegal Water Warriors, Inishowen Against Water Charges and Donegal Right2Water, delegates from Sinn Fein, the IRSP and Buncrana Together were also in attendance.
^ "Video: Sickness entitlement review office closed after IRSP/32CSM led protest". Derry Journal. 10 January 2019 . Retrieved 11 April 2024. After the protest the IRSP stated: "The IRSP and 32CSM were joined by community groups and residents outside the Capita Offices in Derry, protesting at the ongoing implementation of Tory/Stormont Welfare reform that continues to wreak economic chaos on working class people across the North of Ireland. "Capita, which is a private profit making organisation, was assigned by the Tory government following the approval of Sinn Féin, DUP and the Alliance Party to implement welfare reform and in particular, facilitate the changing of the Disability Living Allowance (DLA) payment to the new PIP system." The IRSP was referring to the replacement of the old DLA sickness entitlement payment to PIP in June, 2016, which has resulted in a deeply unpopular system of rolling reviews that has seen many stripped of their entitlements.
^ "Sinn Féin have lied to the people. The people must now take to the streets!". IRSP. Retrieved 11 April 2024. Last month the IRSP challenged Sinn Féin ,the party who claim to oppose austerity, to reveal whether or not – under the Stormont House Deal – they had agreed to the destruction of Disability Living Allowance, the subsequent degradation of Carers Allowance, the introduction of a benefits cap, and the ending of Severe Disability Premiums via the deliberately deceptive 'Universal Credit' system, all of the core attacks which made up the savage Tory Welfare Reform Bill.
^ "Belfast IRSP Support Striking Health Care Workers Protest at RVH". IRSP. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
^ Young, Connla (3 November 2016). "IRSP warn police 'playing with fire' after series of house raids on members". The Irish News. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
^ "Limerick IRSP continue with Republican Socialist Aid initiatives over Christmas". IRSP. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
^ "Graffiti on Derry church condemned as an attempt to intimidate". 23 April 2020. "These attacks and threats come at a time when the IRSP and wider Republican Socialist Movement have been involved in a sustained and essential effort to provide much needed PPE to care homes and doctors surgeries across Derry and indeed across Ireland," a spokesperson said. "Thousands of items such as visors, masks, aprons and hand sanitiser have been given to front line workers across our community by the IRSP through an initiative called Republican Socialist Aid."
^ "Mayo community mourns passing of dedicated political activist". Connaught Telegraph. 22 May 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2024. He was proud, as a Mayo activist for the Irish Republican Social Party, to have delivered much vital PPE to the frontline staff at Mayo University Hospital in Castlebar in recent weeks with a commitment to continue to do so 'until the virus is beaten'.
^ "IRSP Step Up The Drop The Rents Campaign in Belfast". IRSP. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
^ "Drop The Rents! | Last night IRSP activists targeted a property off the Suffolk road as part of our 'Drop the Rents' campaign. This 2 bed apartment was charging well over... | By IRSP Greater Andersonstown Cumann | Facebook". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
^ "Drop The Rents - Local Landlord Begins Eviction Threats". IRSP. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
^ "Election '22 - West Belfast: Dan keeps the red flag flying". Belfast Media Group. Retrieved 11 April 2024. However, the Beechmount man said the decision to stand on May 5 comes off the back success of IRSP initiatives like its 'Drop the Rents' campaign to reduce private rental costs in line with housing benefit levels. "We've found ourselves in a really good position and we want to push this campaign forward," he said. ... Mr Murphy said that housing is the most pressing issue in the current election campaign. "There's a lack of social housing in West Belfast, high rents, and there's a cost-living-crisis," he said. "These all fit into the same bubble. People just can't afford to live anymore. That's the black and white reality of it. "We want to bring rentals in areas of high social housing demand down to what the social housing benefit level is," he continued. "Ultimately the goal of the 'Drop the Rents' campaign is to make private landlordism unprofitable. I'm not going to say that private landlordism is single-handedly to blame for the housing crisis, but it has played a major role in it. There's no doubt about that. The more people we drive away from that the better. Putting more pressure on the Housing Executive to either buy back or build new houses is pivotal to make those changes on a structural level. We're not going in thinking that a single MLA is going to change the structural issues facing the people of West Belfast, but we can act as a serious voice for changing things in that direction."
^ "Drop The Rents Success in Belfast!". IRSP. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
^ "IRSP Dublin on X: "Inner city IRSP members attended a residents'..." Twitter. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
^ O'Connor, Ciarán (4 December 2022). "Ireland's far-right pushes its 'invasion' propaganda". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
^ "Local Government Elections 1973 - 1981: Belfast". www.ark.ac.uk. Retrieved 11 April 2024. IRSP: 3,418 (2.6%), 2 Councillors
^ a b "IRSP to contest Assembly election for first time". Belfast Media Group. Retrieved 11 April 2024. In 1981, the party had two members elected to Belfast City Council following a joint campaign with People's Democracy.
^ Morris, Allison (17 October 2009). "Probe '81 deal claim ex-INLA man says". Irish News. Archived from the original on 17 October 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2024. He was one of two IRSP candidates elected to Belfast City Council in 1981 but served only half of his four-year term after going on the run to the Republic when he was implicated in paramilitary activity on the word of supergrass Harry Kirkpatrick.
^ a b "IRSP Local Council Election Results". irsp.ie. Republican Socialist News. Archived from the original on 2 November 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
^ "Mourne District Electoral Area Results" (PDF). Strabane District Council. 9 May 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
^ "239 candidates confirmed for Stormont Assembly election". belfasttelegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
^ "IRSP barred from running in Assembly election". Belfast Media Group. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
^ "Belfast West result - Northern Ireland Assembly Elections 2022". BBC News. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
^ "Foyle result - Northern Ireland Assembly Elections 2022". BBC News. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
^ Young, Connla (22 April 2019). "IRSP 'committed to political means'". The Irish News. Archived from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
^ "What is Irish Republican Socialism?". Archived from the original on 30 June 2011. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
^ "RepublicanSocialistProgramme-1.pdf" (PDF). irsp.ie. 2018. p. 9. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
^ "IRSP reiterates call for full British, EU and US Military, Economic and Political withdrawal from Ireland at Moscow conference", Republican Socialist News, 26 September 2015
^ Barnes, Ciaran (26 February 2022). "Soviet flags 'not in Derry's name' amid war in Ukraine". Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
^ Kula, Adam (4 March 2022). "Socialist republican group blames west for Ukraine war and praises INLA 'NATO' bombing". Belfast News Letter. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
^ "Kremlin 'staged Ukraine protest in Dublin with republicans'". The Times. 14 August 2022.
^ "RepublicanSocialistProgramme-1.pdf" (PDF). irsp.ie. 2018. p. 7. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
^ "Political Policing in Ireland – Ten Years of the RUC/PSNI | the irish revolution". 29 November 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2024 – via WordPress.
^ a b "RepublicanSocialistProgramme-1.pdf" (PDF). irsp.ie. 2018. p. 8. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
^ "Interview with Séamus Costello". irsp.ie. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2017. When we say that we are not an abstentionist party, what we mean by this is that we are not a party, in principle, committed to abstention. But there are circumstances and conditions under which is might be desirable to abstain and if we felt that it was tactically desirable at any particular point in time, in either the North or the South to abstain from Parliament, then we would do so. That would depend, however, on the circumstances existing at that particular point of time. If a situation existed, for instance, where there was a possibility of large scale dissatisfaction, on the part of the people, with either the 26 County parliament or the 6 County parliament then abstention, on our part would be a legitimate tactic. We are not, however, abstentionist in principle
^ "RepublicanSocialistProgramme-1.pdf" (PDF). irsp.ie. 2018. p. 6. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
^ "Preventing a return to conflict: A discussion by ex-combatants Archived 8 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine," compiled by Michael Hall, Island Publications, August 2009
^ The Lost Revolution: The Story of the Official IRA and the Workers' Party, Brian Hanley and Scott Millar, Penguin Books, ISBN 1-84488-120-2 p. 290
^ "First Issue of IRSN". Irish Republican Socialist News. Vol. 1, no. 1. Irish Republican Socialist Committees for North America. 2008. p. 12 – via leftarchive.ie. Thank you for reading the first issue of Irish Republican Socialist News, which is published by the North American section of the Irish Republican Socialist Movement.
^ "IRSP Ard Fheis Resolutions, 5 December 1998". irsm.org. 20 July 2008. Archived from the original on 20 July 2008. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
^ "IRSP OPPOSE SECOND REFERENDUM: BUT URGE A NO VOTE". irsp.ie. Archived from the original on 19 May 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
^ "IRSP Political Secretary John Martin's presentation on republican socialism to the IRSP's ideological conference 29–30 May 99". irsp.ie. Archived from the original on 26 March 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
^ Mitchell, Thomas G. (30 August 2000). Native vs. Settler: Ethnic Conflict in Israel/Palestine, Northern Ireland, and South Africa. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 183. ISBN 9780313001390. Kevin Lynch ran in Waterford with Gerry Roche acting as his agent and came within 300 votes of being elected.
^ "How The Irish Times reported end of 1981 hunger strikes". The Irish Times. 3 October 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2024. Kevin Lynch, Waterford, 3,337; Tony O'Hara, Dublin West, 3,034;
^ "Shannon Town Commission Local Elections shannon.ie". Archived from the original on 23 June 2008.
Further reading
Bernard, Margie. Daughter of Derry: The Story of Brigid Sheils Makowski; iUniverse; 20 January 2009; ISBN 978-1440120008
External links
Irish Republican Socialist Party's official website
Brief history of the IRSP Archived 6 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine
vteINLA and the IRSPGeneral
The Troubles
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vtePolitical parties in the Republic of IrelandBracketed numbers indicates the current number of seats held by the party in each bodyDáil Éireann (160)
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National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish Socialist Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Socialist_Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"Marxist–Leninist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ross182-3"},{"link_name":"Irish republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_republicanism"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Irish National Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beeb-4"},{"link_name":"Official Sinn Féin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"the Troubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Troubles"},{"link_name":"Irish Socialist Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Socialist_Republican_Party"}],"text":"For the early 20th-century party founded by James Connolly, see Irish Socialist Republican Party.The Irish Republican Socialist Party or IRSP (Irish: Páirtí Poblachtach Sóisialach na hÉireann) is a minor communist, Marxist–Leninist[3] and Irish republican party in Ireland. It is often referred to as the \"political wing\" of the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) paramilitary group.[4] It was founded by former members of Official Sinn Féin in 1974 during the Troubles, but claims the legacy of the Irish Socialist Republican Party of 1896–1904.","title":"Irish Republican Socialist Party"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StarryPlough-darkblue.svg"},{"link_name":"Starry Plough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starry_Plough_(flag)"},{"link_name":"Irish National Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"Irish republican socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republican_Socialist_Movement"},{"link_name":"Lucan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucan,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Workers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Seamus Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamus_Costello"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PD-5"},{"link_name":"Irish National Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"Irish Republican Socialist Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republican_Socialist_Movement"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_(Northern_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Mid-Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_Ulster_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Bernadette McAliskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernadette_Devlin_McAliskey"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Ard Comhairle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardfheis#Ard_Chomhairle"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-10"},{"link_name":"Tony Gregory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Gregory"},{"link_name":"TD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teachta_D%C3%A1la"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"1977 Irish general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Irish_general_election"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Official Irish Republican Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Irish_Republican_Army"},{"link_name":"court-martial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"The Starry Plough is often used as a symbol to represent the Irish Republican Socialist Party, its armed wing the Irish National Liberation Army, and other Irish republican socialist groupsThe Irish Republican Socialist Party was founded at a meeting on 8 December 1974 in the Spa Hotel in Lucan, near Dublin, by former members of Workers' Party (aka 'Official' Sinn Féin), headed by Seamus Costello. According to the IRSP, 80 people were in attendance.[5] A paramilitary wing, the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA), was founded the same day, although its existence was intended to be kept hidden until such a time that the INLA could operate effectively.[6][7] Costello was elected as the party's first chairperson and the Army's first chief of staff. Together, the IRSP and the INLA were referred to as the Irish Republican Socialist Movement (IRSM).[7][8]Former Unity MP for Mid-Ulster Bernadette McAliskey served on the executive of the IRSP.[9] She resigned following the failure of a motion to be passed which would have brought the INLA under the control of the IRSP Ard Comhairle (executive committee).[6][10] This led to the resignation of half the Ard Comhairle, which weakened the party.[10] Tony Gregory, a future Dublin TD, was also a member for a short time.[11] Its poor showing in the 1977 Irish general election, resignations, and the assassination of Seamus Costello weakened the organisation.[6][10][12]Costello had been expelled from the Official Irish Republican Army (OIRA) following a court-martial, and from Official Sinn Féin on the same basis.[13] Along with other activists, he was dissatisfied with the group's tactics and policies, especially on the issues surrounding the 1972 OIRA ceasefire and his growing belief that the emerging conflict was sectarian.[14][15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Billy McMillen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_McMillen"},{"link_name":"Gerard Steenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Steenson"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"John Turnley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Turnley"},{"link_name":"Miriam Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_Daly"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Bunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Bunting"},{"link_name":"Ulster loyalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_loyalism"},{"link_name":"Ulster Defence Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Association"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lost_Lives-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-20"},{"link_name":"SAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"1981 Irish hunger strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Irish_hunger_strike"},{"link_name":"HM Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Prison_Service"},{"link_name":"Maze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maze_(HM_Prison)"},{"link_name":"Patsy O'Hara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patsy_O%27Hara"},{"link_name":"Kevin Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Lynch_(hunger_striker)"},{"link_name":"Michael Devine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Devine_(hunger_striker)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Irish People's Liberation Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_People%27s_Liberation_Organisation"},{"link_name":"Gerard Steenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Steenson"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Brown_(Irish_republican)"},{"link_name":"Martin 'Rook' O'Prey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_O%27Prey"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Republican Socialist Collective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Socialist_Collective"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-24"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"Ta Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta_Power"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Gerard Steenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Steenson"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"large scale operation in 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives_(1992)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Clashes with other republicans and the British","text":"On 5 October 1977, Costello was shot dead in his car by a man armed with a shotgun. His supporters blamed the Official IRA for the killing.[16][17]Following meetings between the INLA and OIRA leadership in Dublin, a truce was eventually reached, but in one of the first of the INLA's armed operations, Billy McMillen, commanding officer of the OIRA Belfast Battalion, was murdered by Gerard Steenson.[18] In the following years, the IRSP and INLA saw several of their members, including John Turnley, Miriam Daly, Ronnie Bunting and Noel Little killed by Ulster loyalist paramilitaries, most prominently the Ulster Defence Association (UDA).[19][20] The IRSP have contended that the killings were a result of collusion between loyalists and security forces, even suspecting that some of the killings were carried out by the SAS with responsibility attributed to the UDA.[20][21][22]Three members of the INLA died in the 1981 Irish hunger strike in HM Prison Maze, also known as Long Kesh: Patsy O'Hara, Kevin Lynch, and Michael Devine.[23]In 1987, the INLA and its political wing, the IRSP came under attack from the Irish People's Liberation Organisation (IPLO), an organisation founded by Gerard Steenson, Jimmy Brown and Martin 'Rook' O'Prey, consisting of people who had resigned or been expelled from the INLA.[24][25] A political wing, the Republican Socialist Collective (RSC), was also formed by Brown.[24] The IPLO's initial aim was to destroy the IRSM and replace it with their organisation.[6] Five members of the INLA and IRSP were killed by the IPLO, including leaders Ta Power and John O'Reilly.[6][26] The INLA retaliated with several killings of their own. After the INLA killed the IPLO's leader, Gerard Steenson, a truce was reached.[6][27] Although severely damaged by the IPLO's attacks, the INLA continued to exist.[6] The IPLO, which was heavily involved in drug dealing, was forcibly disbanded by the Provisional IRA in a large scale operation in 1992.[28][29]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"Derry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derry"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"anti-austerity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austerity"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Right2Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right2Water_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"universal credit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Credit"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Lower Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Falls_(District_Electoral_Area)"},{"link_name":"UUP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party"},{"link_name":"Doug Beattie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Beattie"},{"link_name":"SDLP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDLP"},{"link_name":"Alex Attwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Attwood"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 Pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"PPE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment"},{"link_name":"healthcare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_professional"},{"link_name":"essential workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_worker"},{"link_name":"virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"East Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Wall"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Recent history","text":"In the 2000s and 2010s, the IRSP has been involved in campaigns and political protests, mainly around Belfast and Derry but also in of parts of the Republic of Ireland as well. Some of these protests included anti-austerity protests,[30] the Right2Water campaign against water charges,[31][32] opposition to welfare reform and introduction of universal credit,[33][34] and supporting striking nurses.[35]In November 2016, after a number of raids on members of the party's homes, the IRSP issued a warning saying the PSNI were \"playing with fire\". IRSP's Lower Falls representative Michael Kelly claimed that “British security forces risk bringing serious conflict onto the streets” and said that “The Irish Republican Socialist Party has been in existence for over 40 years, in that time we have never tolerated attacks on our membership from any quarter,” The comments drew criticism from UUP MLA Doug Beattie and SDLP Alex Attwood.[36]During the COVID-19 Pandemic, the IRSP launched Republican Socialist Aid, which aimed to distribute PPE to healthcare and essential workers in communities across Ireland at risk of exposure to the virus.[37][38][39]In September 2020 the IRSP started a 'Drop The Rents' campaign,[40] requesting landlords and letting agencies in North Belfast and West Belfast to lower their rent prices to local housing benefit levels and protesting against landlords and letting agencies that would not [41] and that issued threats of eviction.[42][43] The campaign has achieved some level of success.[44]During the East Wall protests in November 2022, the IRSP opposed the housing of 380 refugees due to the absence of notice given to residents about the move prior to arrival and the feasibility of using the housing there for a large number of refugees. They said the residents were not opposed to refugees, just the lack of notice and uncertainty of feasibility.[45] This differed to the majority of other groups who opposed any housing of refugees, regardless of notice.[46]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Northern_Ireland_local_elections"},{"link_name":"Belfast City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast_City_Council"},{"link_name":"People's Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Democracy_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-48"},{"link_name":"supergrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergrass_(informer)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PD-5"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Strabane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabane"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LE-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LE-50"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland Assembly election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Electoral Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Belfast West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast_West_(Assembly_constituency)"},{"link_name":"first preference votes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-preference_votes"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Foyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foyle_(Assembly_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"In 1981, party members Gerry Kelly and Sean Flynn won two seats on the Belfast City Council in a joint campaign with the People's Democracy party.[47][48] Neither councillor served a full term, with one going on the run after being implicated during the supergrass trials.[5][49]The IRSP put forward five candidates in Northern Ireland local elections, 2011, its first foray into electoral politics in almost 30 years. They failed to secure any seats. Candidate Paul Gallagher of Strabane missed out on a seat by just a single vote. He was originally elected but after a requested recount by the SDLP his election was overturned.[50][51]The IRSP has explained its lack of participation in elections as due to \"very limited\" resources.[50]In 2022 for the first time the IRSP fielded candidates for the Northern Ireland Assembly election.[52] Initially their candidates were rejected by the Electoral Commission, but this was eventually corrected.[53] Candidates were fielded in Belfast West (1,103 first preference votes, 2.5%)[54] and Foyle (766 first preference votes, 1.6%).[55]","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marxist–Leninist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ross182-3"},{"link_name":"Irish republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_republicanism"},{"link_name":"all-Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Ireland"},{"link_name":"worker's republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_state"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSP-2"}],"text":"The IRSP are Marxist–Leninist[3] and Irish republican, seeking the establishment of an all-Ireland \"worker's republic\". As of 2009, the IRSP stated that their objective will only be achieved exclusively through peaceful and political means, and in 2018 they launched the 'Yes For Unity' campaign, to campaign for a Border Poll on Irish Unity.[56]The IRSP claim the legacy of Connolly and say their policies are of the same tradition of Connolly. The IRSP also see their own modern policies as the \"logical development in the twenty-first century of the programme established under Connolly’s leadership by the Irish Socialist Republican Party\".[2]","title":"Policies and ideology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Physical force Irish republicanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_force_Irish_republicanism"},{"link_name":"Good Friday Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland Peace Process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Peace_Process"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beeb-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beeb-4"}],"sub_title":"Physical force Irish republicanism","text":"See also: Physical force Irish republicanismThe IRSP opposes both the Good Friday Agreement and the Northern Ireland Peace Process, The party supports a 'No First Strike' policy, allowing people to see the perceived failure of the peace process for themselves without taking military actions.[57]As of 11 October 2009, the INLA has ordered an end to the armed struggle,[4] because unlike during the Troubles, the current political stance in Ulster allows the IRSP to contest fairly in new campaigns and local elections, as mentioned in their 2009 statement. INLA admitted to \"faults and grievous errors\" in their prosecution of the armed struggle, stating that \"innocent people were killed and injured\" and offering \"as revolutionaries\" a \"sincere and heartfelt apology\".[4]","title":"Policies and ideology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Brexit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"sub_title":"European Union","text":"The IRSP supports greater strengthening of Ireland's independence, and although understanding the benefits brought through European Union (EU) membership, it also notes the incompatibility of EU membership with the need for a socialist society. Consequently, the IRSP supports moves towards greater co-operation between European socialist political organisations.[58]The IRSP supported Brexit and supports the Republic of Ireland leaving the European Union.[59]","title":"Policies and ideology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russo-Ukrainian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War"},{"link_name":"Donetsk People's Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"Luhansk People's Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"Russia invaded Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Free Derry Corner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Derry_Corner"},{"link_name":"flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_used_in_Russian-controlled_areas_of_Ukraine#Donetsk_People's_Republic"},{"link_name":"Donetsk People's Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Mount Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Gabriel"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"General Post Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Post_Office,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"sub_title":"NATO and Russia","text":"During the Russo-Ukrainian War, the IRSP publicly declared their support for the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic. It blamed NATO rather than Russia for the conflict and claimed Ukraine was ruled by a \"fascist\" government. On 25 February 2022, one day after Russia invaded Ukraine, the party re-affirmed its support for the Republics in a social media post in which they called Ukraine a \"Nazi regime\" and a \"NATO puppet\". It included a picture of IRSP members posing in front of Free Derry Corner with a Soviet flag and the flag of the Donetsk People's Republic. This was condemned by local SDLP councillors.[60] The party boasted about the INLA's bombing of a radar station on Mount Gabriel, County Cork in 1982, which it said was used by NATO.[61] In August 2022, IRSP members and Russian nationalists staged a protest against the Ukrainian military, outside Dublin's General Post Office. The Irish security services believe the Russian government were involved in organizing the protest.[62]","title":"Policies and ideology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSP-2"}],"sub_title":"Broad Front","text":"The IRSP supports the formation of what it calls the \"Broad Front\" which would bring together all Irish \"anti-imperialist forces\" to bring about a United Ireland. This would be formed on the basis of the following demands:The United Kingdom must formally renounce all claims of sovereignty in Ireland\nAll British forces in Northern Ireland must be withdrawn, all republican and socialist prisoners must be released, a general amnesty must be granted to republicans for offences committed by them during the Troubles and \"repressive legislation\" must be replaced by a bill of rights\nThe United Kingdom \"must also agree to compensate the Irish People for the exploitation which has already occurred\"[2]","title":"Policies and ideology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSP-2"},{"link_name":"RUC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary"},{"link_name":"PSNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"MI5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-65"}],"sub_title":"Policing","text":"The IRSP is in favour of an All-Ireland, democratically controlled, unarmed police force.[2]The IRSP views the reforming of the RUC into the PSNI as a cosmetic exercise[63] and strongly opposes 'political policing' by the PSNI.[64] They demand an immediate cessation of the activities of MI5 in the North and calls for their expulsion from Ireland.[65]The IRSP does not believe that there is an ‘independent’ judiciary, or an objective judicial system, and that the judiciary both North and South presides over the laws which were enacted by partitionist governments and representing the interests of the ruling class.[65]","title":"Policies and ideology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"abstentionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstentionism"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"sub_title":"Abstentionism","text":"The IRSP are not abstentionist in principle, but they would support abstentionism in certain situations for tactical reasons.[66]The IRSP will also consider contesting any particular election on the basis of a thorough analysis of the conditions prevailing at the time. [67]","title":"Policies and ideology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PD-5"}],"sub_title":"Housing","text":"IRSP believes that the right to a home is a fundamental human right and that the state has a responsibility to deal with homelessness.[5]","title":"Policies and ideology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PD-5"}],"sub_title":"Abortion","text":"The party's policy on abortion is that it should be legalised, available on demand and free of charge.[5]","title":"Policies and ideology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Divis Flats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divis_Flats"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"Planet of the Apes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_of_the_Apes_(1968_film)"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"text":"Party members are often referred to as the \"Irps\" (pronounced \"Erps\"). In the late 1970s, Divis Flats in west Belfast became colloquially known as \"the planet of the Irps\" (a reference to the IRSP and the film Planet of the Apes).[68][69]","title":"Membership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish Republican Socialist Committees of North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republican_Socialist_Committees_of_North_America"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"text":"The party is represented in North America by the Irish Republican Socialist Committees of North America.[70][71]","title":"Representation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PD-5"}],"text":"Kevin Morley[72]\nJohn Martin[73]\nMick Plunkett[5]","title":"List of secretaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gays and lesbians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gays_and_lesbians"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Belfast City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-48"},{"link_name":"Kevin Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Lynch_(hunger_striker)"},{"link_name":"Anti H-Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti_H-Block"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Brigid Makowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigid_Makowski"},{"link_name":"Shannon Town Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Town_Commission"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"}],"text":"1975: At the IRSP's inaugural convention, it becomes the first political party in Ireland to support the legalisation of abortion and equal rights for gays and lesbians.[citation needed]\n1981: The IRSP wins two seats on the Belfast City Council, and comes close to winning a third.[48] The IRSP runs two candidates, Kevin Lynch and Tony O'Hara, in the Irish parliamentary election as Independent Anti H-Block candidates. Neither candidate wins, but Lynch comes within 300 votes of winning a seat, while O'Hara garnered a respectable number of votes.[74][75]\n1982: Party member Brigid Makowski wins a seat on the Shannon Town Commission.[76]","title":"Milestones in the IRSP's history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1440120008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1440120008"}],"text":"Bernard, Margie. Daughter of Derry: The Story of Brigid Sheils Makowski; iUniverse; 20 January 2009; ISBN 978-1440120008","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"The Starry Plough is often used as a symbol to represent the Irish Republican Socialist Party, its armed wing the Irish National Liberation Army, and other Irish republican socialist groups","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/StarryPlough-darkblue.svg/200px-StarryPlough-darkblue.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Jim Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Lane_(Irish_republican)"},{"title":"Sallins Train Robbery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallins_Train_Robbery"}] | [{"reference":"\"'Workers' Republic'. Newsletter, Belfast IRSP. Winter 2017\". irsp.ie. Republican Socialist News.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irsp.ie/news/?p=2390","url_text":"\"'Workers' Republic'. Newsletter, Belfast IRSP. Winter 2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"Republican Socialist Programme for Ireland\" (PDF). irsp.ie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170202000724/http://www.irsp.ie/programme/RepublicanSocialistProgramme.pdf","url_text":"\"Republican Socialist Programme for Ireland\""},{"url":"http://www.irsp.ie/programme/RepublicanSocialistProgramme.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ross, F Stuart (2011). Smashing H-block The Rise and Fall of the Popular Campaign Against Criminalization, 1976-1982. Liverpool University Press. p. 182. In 1984, the IRSP publicly declared itself a Marxist–Leninist party","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Perspectives on the future of Republican Socialism in Ireland\" (PDF). irsp.ie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170202000852/http://www.irsp.ie/programme/PerspectivesDocument.pdf","url_text":"\"Perspectives on the future of Republican Socialism in Ireland\""},{"url":"http://www.irsp.ie/programme/PerspectivesDocument.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sawyer, John Paul (8 December 2010). COMPETITION IN THE MARKET FOR POLITICAL VIOLENCE: NORTHERN IRISH REPUBLICANISM, 1969–1998 (PDF) (PhD of Philosophy in Government thesis). Georgetown University. pp. 163–165, 202–204. Retrieved 10 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/553106/sawyerJohn.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","url_text":"COMPETITION IN THE MARKET FOR POLITICAL VIOLENCE: NORTHERN IRISH REPUBLICANISM, 1969–1998"}]},{"reference":"\"Perspectives on the future of Republican Socialism for Ireland\" (PDF). irsp.ie. Irish Republican Socialist Party. p. 8. A military wing, the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA), was founded the same day, although its existence was intended to be kept hidden until such times when the INLA could operate effectively. Seamus Costello was elected as the party's first chairperson and the army's first chief of staff. Together, the IRSP and the INLA refer to themselves as the Irish Republican Socialist Movement (IRSM).","urls":[{"url":"https://irsp.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PerspectivesDocument.pdf","url_text":"\"Perspectives on the future of Republican Socialism for Ireland\""}]},{"reference":"Morrison, John F. (2015). The Origins and Rise of Dissident Irish Republicanism. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 85. ISBN 978-1501309236. This chapter covers the relatively short process which resulted in the division in the Official Republican Movement resulting in the formation of the Irish Republican Socialist Movement (IRSM) which consisted of an armed wing, the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) and a political wing, the Irish Republican Socialist Party (IRSP)","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1501309236","url_text":"978-1501309236"}]},{"reference":"\"Mass Resignations in the IRSP\". RTÉ Archives. Retrieved 11 April 2024. 20 members of the Irish Republican Socialist Party (IRSP) resigned on 1 December 1975. Two days earlier, 11 members of its National Executive had walked out of an Ard Comhairle in a dispute over control of the INLA. These included Bernadette Devlin McAliskey, who had helped found the party the previous year with chairman Seamus Costello, and meant that the presence of the IRSP in Northern Ireland was substantially weakened.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/archives/2015/1130/750277-mass-resignations-in-the-irsp/","url_text":"\"Mass Resignations in the IRSP\""}]},{"reference":"Mulqueen, John (2019). \"Soviet Policies in Dáil Éireann: Workers' Party advances 'Irish neutrality' and attacks NATO\". 'An Alien Ideology': Cold War Perceptions of the Irish Republican Left. Liverpool University Press. p. 213. doi:10.3828/liverpool/9781789620641.003.0008. ISBN 9781789629453. Gregory joined the IRSP 'on paper' and had been 'devastated' by Costello's assassination.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3828%2Fliverpool%2F9781789620641.003.0008","url_text":"10.3828/liverpool/9781789620641.003.0008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781789629453","url_text":"9781789629453"}]},{"reference":"McDonald, Henry; Holland, Jack. I.N.L.A - Deadly Divisions. Poolbeg Press. p. 154. ISBN 9781842234389. The feud, though long over, had created the conditions that led to Costello's death. It weakened the IRSP to such an extent that by the summer of 1977 Costello was at the lowest political ebb he had ever reached. The Officials were aware of this, and must have noticed his poor performance at the June 1977 general election. By crippling the IRSP, they had made him vulnerable.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781842234389","url_text":"9781842234389"}]},{"reference":"Hanley, Brian; Millar, Scott (2009). The Lost Revolution: The Story of the Official IRA and the Workers' Party. Penguin Ireland. pp. 252–281. ISBN 9781844881208.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781844881208","url_text":"9781844881208"}]},{"reference":"\"INTERVIEW WITH SEAMUS COSTELLO\". The Starry Plough. Irish Republican Socialist Party. 1 April 1975. pp. 4–5. Retrieved 10 April 2024 – via leftarchive.ie.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leftarchive.ie/document/view/1596/","url_text":"\"INTERVIEW WITH SEAMUS COSTELLO\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Principled Stand\" (Interview)\". Revolutionary Works: Seamus Costello. Utrecht: Foreign Language Press. 2018. ISBN 9782491182137. What are the main ideological differences between the IRSP and the Officials? - The principal ideological differences would be their attitude towards the National Question as against our attitude. Basically, the position of the leadership of the Officials is that there is no hope of achieving National Liberation until such time as the Protestant and Catholic working class in the North are united and therefore there is nothing which can be done in political terms or in any other terms about this particular issue. Our attitude, on the other hand, is that the British presence in Ireland is the basic cause of the divisions between the Protestant and Catholic working class in the North. It follows from that, in our view, that the primary emphasis should be on the mobilisation of the mass of the Irish people in the struggle for National Liberation. We believe, also, that the left in Irish politics should play a leading role in this struggle. Up until recent years, many of us felt that the Official Movement was capable of and willing to do this. Indeed the rank and file of the Official Movement had expressed their views on this at the 1972 and 1973 Ard Fheiseanna, where they rejected the position of the national leadership on the national question and put forward a policy which would have led to a more militant approach on this question. However, the leadership disagreed with this policy and deliberately frustrated its implementation. The result of this was that the Official Republicans, who, at that time, were the largest single body of organised left-wing opinion in Ireland, deliberately divorced the working-class struggle from the national struggle and gradually degenerated taking a reformist position on a number of very important issues. What issues in particular? - The principal issues that come to mind immediately are the Civil Rights struggle, the Assembly Elections, the question of taking seats and the question of the rent and rates strike. In all these issues, the leadership of the Officials hesitated to take a stand. They have, for instance, regarded the Civil Rights struggle since 1969, as the only struggle worth taking part in. They ignored the presence of 15,000 troops on the streets. They ignored the torture and terror perpetrated by the British Army on the Nationalist population and they acted as though there was no change in the situation since 1969... In other words, they failed to realise the change in the nature of the struggle in Ireland, particularly in the North. They failed to realise that struggle within the context of the Six County State to an outright struggle against Imperialism, as manifested by the British political and military presence in Ireland.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782491182137","url_text":"9782491182137"}]},{"reference":"\"Seamus Costello\". republican-news.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://republican-news.org/current/news/2018/10/seamus_costello.html","url_text":"\"Seamus Costello\""}]},{"reference":"\"Remembering Seamus Costello\". Red Fightback. 5 October 2019. Archived from the original on 28 May 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220528011126/https://redfightback.org/remembering-seamus-costello/","url_text":"\"Remembering Seamus Costello\""},{"url":"https://redfightback.org/remembering-seamus-costello/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Allison (20 February 2018). \"Decommissioning special report: Bloody feuds followed 1972 ceasefire\". The Irish News. Archived from the original on 10 April 2024. Retrieved 11 April 2024. The Officials later murdered the INLA's founder, Seamus Costello, while senior OIRA member Billy McMillen was shot dead in April 1975 by the infamous INLA killer Gerard Steenson.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20240410125325/https://www.irishnews.com/news/decommissioning/2018/02/20/news/official-ira-bloody-feuds-followed-1972-ceasefire-1259102/#selection-683.0-683.14","url_text":"\"Decommissioning special report: Bloody feuds followed 1972 ceasefire\""},{"url":"https://www.irishnews.com/news/decommissioning/2018/02/20/news/official-ira-bloody-feuds-followed-1972-ceasefire-1259102/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Young, Connla (19 March 2018). \"INLA man's shooting may be linked to Tory MP's murder\". The Irish News. Archived from the original on 11 April 2024. Retrieved 11 April 2024. The murders took place over a year after Tory MP Airey Neave was killed when an INLA booby trap bomb exploded under his car at the House of Commons in London. In the months after Mr Neave's death, several high profile figures linked to the IRSP and the National H-Block Committee were shot dead or seriously injured, including Miriam Daly who had resigned from the party shortly before she was killed in June 1980. John Turnly, a Protestant who was a member of the National H-Block Committee, was killed in Co Antrim in June 1980 while former IRSP member and H-Block campaigner Bernadette McAliskey was also injured in her Co Tyrone home in January 1981.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20240411111323/https://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2018/03/19/news/advocate-general-to-make-inla-men-inquest-decision-1281557/#selection-761.0-769.239","url_text":"\"INLA man's shooting may be linked to Tory MP's murder\""},{"url":"https://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2018/03/19/news/advocate-general-to-make-inla-men-inquest-decision-1281557/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Young, Connla (4 June 2020). \"John Turnley remembered as 'brave' on fortieth anniversary of murder\". The Irish News. Archived from the original on 11 April 2024. Retrieved 11 April 2024. A FORMER British soldier who embraced Irish nationalism and campaigned for republican prisoners has been described as \"brave\" on the 40th anniversary of his murder by a loyalist gang linked to the SAS. ... In 2016 it emerged that one of the three, William McClelland, had been a member of the UDR. Brothers Robert and Eric McConnell were also convicted for their part in the murders. During his 1982 trial Robert McConnell claimed he had been working for the SAS saying they supplied him with weapons, uniforms and listening devices. ... He was one of several prison H-Block campaigners targeted by the UDA including former IRSP member Miriam Daly (45), who was killed weeks later on June 26 at her home in Andersonstown in west Belfast. In October that year IRSP members Ronnie Bunting (32) and Noel Little (45) were both shot dead at a house in west Belfast. ... Although the murders have been attributed to the UDA, the SAS is suspected by some of being involved. Former IRSP member and H-Block campaigner Bernadette McAliskey was injured in a UDA gun attack at her Co Tyrone home in January 1981. It later emerged that a British soldiers were watching the house but failed to intervene.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20240411105544/https://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2020/06/04/news/john-turnley-remembered-as-brave-on-fortieth-anniversary-of-murder-1962163/","url_text":"\"John Turnley remembered as 'brave' on fortieth anniversary of murder\""},{"url":"https://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2020/06/04/news/john-turnley-remembered-as-brave-on-fortieth-anniversary-of-murder-1962163/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ronnie Bunting & Noel Little Remembered\". IRSP. Retrieved 11 April 2024. In the early hours of the 15th October, British death squads entered the home of Ronnie; assassinating both Ronnie & Noel. While the killing was claimed by the UDA at the time, it is widely believed through eyewitnesses that the SAS were involved on the direct orders of Margaret Thatcher who had a personal agenda to smash the IRSP/INLA and in particularly to kill Ronnie.","urls":[{"url":"https://irsp.ie/ronnie-bunting-noel-little-remembered/","url_text":"\"Ronnie Bunting & Noel Little Remembered\""}]},{"reference":"\"CAIN: Events: Hunger Strike 1981 - List of Dead\". cain.ulster.ac.uk. Retrieved 11 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/events/hstrike/dead.htm","url_text":"\"CAIN: Events: Hunger Strike 1981 - List of Dead\""}]},{"reference":"Leslie, David (15 May 2014). Lighting Candles: A Paramilitary's War with Death, Drugs and Demons. Black & White Publishing. ISBN 9781845027940. While Manny was in jail, the arguing and infighting had come to a head and a core of the INLA, including Gerard Steenson, Manny's good friend Jimmy Brown and Martin 'Rook' O'Prey, had broken away and set up the Irish People's Liberation Organisation. At Brown's behest, a political wing, the Republican Socialist Collective was also formed.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845027940","url_text":"9781845027940"}]},{"reference":"van Um, Eric (2012). \"Why Militant Groups Fight Each Other: The Role of Support, Political Objectives and Revenge\" (PDF). Economics of Security (64). Berlin. ISSN 1868-0488. In 1986, fighting between IPLO and INLA started shortly after IPLO had been formed by expelled members as a breakaway faction of the INLA.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/119390/1/diw_econsec0064.pdf","url_text":"\"Why Militant Groups Fight Each Other: The Role of Support, Political Objectives and Revenge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1868-0488","url_text":"1868-0488"}]},{"reference":"Young, Connla (29 March 2017). \"CrimeCall reconstruction of INLA killings\". The Irish News. Archived from the original on 11 April 2024. Retrieved 11 April 2024. Thomas 'Ta' Power (33) and then INLA 'chief of staff ' John Gerard O'Reilly (26) were gunned down as they sat in the Rossnaree Hotel, near Drogheda, in January 1987 by members of the Irish People's Liberation Organisation (IPLO).","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20240411121652/https://www.irishnews.com/news/2017/03/29/news/crimeline-reconstruction-of-inla-killings-980933/","url_text":"\"CrimeCall reconstruction of INLA killings\""},{"url":"https://www.irishnews.com/news/2017/03/29/news/crimeline-reconstruction-of-inla-killings-980933/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tooher, Patrick (1 December 1987). \"the battle for the inla\". BLITZ. p. 62. Retrieved 9 April 2024. The death of Steenson in a hail of bullets in west Belfast on March 15th effectively ended the feud. The IPLO did retaliate, killing two minor INLA figures a week later, but only to demonstrate that the group was not dependent on Steenson alone. An uneasy peace has since broken out, engineered by two Belfast priests.","urls":[{"url":"https://docplayer.net/100898180-Regulars-8-front-what-s-new-edited-by-ian-parker-10-despatches-richard-guilliatt-on-new-york-posses-ilo-instant-images-polaroids-by-ruby-wax.html","url_text":"\"the battle for the inla\""}]},{"reference":"Monaghan, Rachel (2002). \"The Return of \"Captain Moonlight\": Informal Justice in Northern Ireland\" (PDF). Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 25 (1): 41–56. doi:10.1080/105761002753404140. ... and in October 1992 took action against the Irish People's Liberation Organisation (IPLO). The IPLO had a history of criminal activities including a gang rape of a woman in the Divis flats complex and involvement in the growing drug trade. The IRA's action resulted in the execution of one IPLO member and the shooting of a further 20 members with assault rifles in Belfast. The IPLO disbanded shortly after this.","urls":[{"url":"https://pure.coventry.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/28441825/The_Return_of_Captain_Moonlight_.pdf","url_text":"\"The Return of \"Captain Moonlight\": Informal Justice in Northern Ireland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F105761002753404140","url_text":"10.1080/105761002753404140"}]},{"reference":"Holland, Jack (16 February 2011). \"A View North Shocking! Paramilitaries running North's rackets\". Irish Echo. Retrieved 11 April 2024. The Irish People's Liberation Organization, a splinter from the Irish National Liberation Army, under the direction of Jimmy Brown, were the first to commence with the importation of drugs on a sizable scale, mainly ecstasy tablets popular at rave parties in the late 1980s. Brown, who fancied himself as something of an intellectual, justified this by pointing to the guerrillas in Colombia, who finance their war against the state through proceeds from the trade in cocaine. The IPLO was forced to disband by the Provisional IRA in November 1992. But the drug trade goes on, mainly in the hands of elements within the Ulster Defense Association.","urls":[{"url":"https://group.irishecho.com/2011/02/a-view-north-shocking-paramilitaries-running-norths-rackets-2/","url_text":"\"A View North Shocking! Paramilitaries running North's rackets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cork IRSP attend Post Budget Anti-Austerity March\". IRSP. 8 December 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://irsp.ie/cork-irsp-attend-post-budget-anti-austerity-march/","url_text":"\"Cork IRSP attend Post Budget Anti-Austerity March\""}]},{"reference":"\"A people 'forced onto the streets'\". republican-news.org. Retrieved 21 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://republican-news.org/current/news/2014/12/a_people_forced_onto_the_stree.html","url_text":"\"A people 'forced onto the streets'\""}]},{"reference":"Maguire, Stephen (19 January 2016). \"GROUPS STEP UP PRESSURE FOR MAJOR ANTI-WATER TAX PROTEST\". Donegal Daily. Retrieved 11 April 2024. Along with members from Donegal Water Warriors, Inishowen Against Water Charges and Donegal Right2Water, delegates from Sinn Fein, the IRSP and Buncrana Together were also in attendance.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.donegaldaily.com/2016/01/19/groups-step-up-pressure-for-major-anti-water-tax-protest/","url_text":"\"GROUPS STEP UP PRESSURE FOR MAJOR ANTI-WATER TAX PROTEST\""}]},{"reference":"\"Video: Sickness entitlement review office closed after IRSP/32CSM led protest\". Derry Journal. 10 January 2019 [2018-12-21]. Retrieved 11 April 2024. After the protest the IRSP stated: \"The IRSP and 32CSM were joined by community groups and residents outside the Capita Offices in Derry, protesting at the ongoing implementation of Tory/Stormont Welfare reform that continues to wreak economic chaos on working class people across the North of Ireland. \"Capita, which is a private profit making organisation, was assigned by the Tory government following the approval of Sinn Féin, DUP and the Alliance Party to implement welfare reform and in particular, facilitate the changing of the Disability Living Allowance (DLA) payment to the new PIP system.\" The IRSP was referring to the replacement of the old DLA sickness entitlement payment to PIP in June, 2016, which has resulted in a deeply unpopular system of rolling reviews that has seen many stripped of their entitlements.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.derryjournal.com/news/video-sickness-entitlement-review-office-closed-after-irsp32csm-led-protest-168516","url_text":"\"Video: Sickness entitlement review office closed after IRSP/32CSM led protest\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sinn Féin have lied to the people. The people must now take to the streets!\". IRSP. Retrieved 11 April 2024. Last month the IRSP challenged Sinn Féin ,the party who claim to oppose austerity, to reveal whether or not – under the Stormont House Deal – they had agreed to the destruction of Disability Living Allowance, the subsequent degradation of Carers Allowance, the introduction of a benefits cap, and the ending of Severe Disability Premiums via the deliberately deceptive 'Universal Credit' system, all of the core attacks which made up the savage Tory Welfare Reform Bill.","urls":[{"url":"https://irsp.ie/1667/","url_text":"\"Sinn Féin have lied to the people. The people must now take to the streets!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Belfast IRSP Support Striking Health Care Workers Protest at RVH\". IRSP. Retrieved 21 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://irsp.ie/belfast-irsp-support-striking-health-care-workers-protest-at-rvh/","url_text":"\"Belfast IRSP Support Striking Health Care Workers Protest at RVH\""}]},{"reference":"Young, Connla (3 November 2016). \"IRSP warn police 'playing with fire' after series of house raids on members\". The Irish News. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2016/11/03/news/irsp-claims-police-playing-with-fire--767534/","url_text":"\"IRSP warn police 'playing with fire' after series of house raids on members\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_News","url_text":"The Irish News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161220182649/http://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2016/11/03/news/irsp-claims-police-playing-with-fire--767534/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Limerick IRSP continue with Republican Socialist Aid initiatives over Christmas\". IRSP. Retrieved 21 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://irsp.ie/limerick-irsp-continue-with-republican-socialist-aid-initiatives-over-christmas/","url_text":"\"Limerick IRSP continue with Republican Socialist Aid initiatives over Christmas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Graffiti on Derry church condemned as an attempt to intimidate\". 23 April 2020. \"These attacks and threats come at a time when the IRSP and wider Republican Socialist Movement have been involved in a sustained and essential effort to provide much needed PPE to care homes and doctors surgeries across Derry and indeed across Ireland,\" a spokesperson said. \"Thousands of items such as visors, masks, aprons and hand sanitiser have been given to front line workers across our community by the IRSP through an initiative called Republican Socialist Aid.\"","urls":[{"url":"https://www.derryjournal.com/news/crime/graffiti-on-derry-church-condemned-as-an-an-attempt-to-intimidate-2546978","url_text":"\"Graffiti on Derry church condemned as an attempt to intimidate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mayo community mourns passing of dedicated political activist\". Connaught Telegraph. 22 May 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2024. He was proud, as a Mayo activist for the Irish Republican Social Party, to have delivered much vital PPE to the frontline staff at Mayo University Hospital in Castlebar in recent weeks with a commitment to continue to do so 'until the virus is beaten'.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.con-telegraph.ie/2020/05/22/mayo-community-mourns-passing-of-dedicated-political-activist/","url_text":"\"Mayo community mourns passing of dedicated political activist\""}]},{"reference":"\"IRSP Step Up The Drop The Rents Campaign in Belfast\". IRSP. Retrieved 17 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://irsp.ie/irsp-step-up-the-drop-the-rents-campaign-in-belfast/","url_text":"\"IRSP Step Up The Drop The Rents Campaign in Belfast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Drop The Rents! | Last night IRSP activists targeted a property off the Suffolk road as part of our 'Drop the Rents' campaign. This 2 bed apartment was charging well over... | By IRSP Greater Andersonstown Cumann | Facebook\". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 17 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/100069119470952/videos/drop-the-rents/234926768727728/","url_text":"\"Drop The Rents! | Last night IRSP activists targeted a property off the Suffolk road as part of our 'Drop the Rents' campaign. This 2 bed apartment was charging well over... | By IRSP Greater Andersonstown Cumann | Facebook\""}]},{"reference":"\"Drop The Rents - Local Landlord Begins Eviction Threats\". IRSP. Retrieved 17 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://irsp.ie/drop-the-rents-local-landlord-begins-eviction-threats/","url_text":"\"Drop The Rents - Local Landlord Begins Eviction Threats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Election '22 - West Belfast: Dan keeps the red flag flying\". Belfast Media Group. Retrieved 11 April 2024. However, the Beechmount man said the decision to stand on May 5 comes off the back success of IRSP initiatives like its 'Drop the Rents' campaign to reduce private rental costs in line with housing benefit levels. \"We've found ourselves in a really good position and we want to push this campaign forward,\" he said. ... Mr Murphy said that housing is the most pressing issue in the current election campaign. \"There's a lack of social housing in West Belfast, high rents, and there's a cost-living-crisis,\" he said. \"These all fit into the same bubble. People just can't afford to live anymore. That's the black and white reality of it. \"We want to bring rentals in areas of high social housing demand down to what the social housing benefit level is,\" he continued. \"Ultimately the goal of the 'Drop the Rents' campaign is to make private landlordism unprofitable. I'm not going to say that private landlordism is single-handedly to blame for the housing crisis, but it has played a major role in it. There's no doubt about that. The more people we drive away from that the better. Putting more pressure on the Housing Executive to either buy back or build new houses is pivotal to make those changes on a structural level. We're not going in thinking that a single MLA is going to change the structural issues facing the people of West Belfast, but we can act as a serious voice for changing things in that direction.\"","urls":[{"url":"https://belfastmedia.com/election-22-west-belfast-dan-murphy-irsp","url_text":"\"Election '22 - West Belfast: Dan keeps the red flag flying\""}]},{"reference":"\"Drop The Rents Success in Belfast!\". IRSP. Retrieved 17 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://irsp.ie/drop-the-rents-success-in-belfast/","url_text":"\"Drop The Rents Success in Belfast!\""}]},{"reference":"\"IRSP Dublin on X: \"Inner city IRSP members attended a residents'...\" Twitter. Retrieved 21 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/DublinIrsp/status/1594787210661969920?lang=en","url_text":"\"IRSP Dublin on X: \"Inner city IRSP members attended a residents'...\""}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, Ciarán (4 December 2022). \"Ireland's far-right pushes its 'invasion' propaganda\". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 21 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishexaminer.com/opinion/commentanalysis/arid-41020730.html","url_text":"\"Ireland's far-right pushes its 'invasion' propaganda\""}]},{"reference":"\"Local Government Elections 1973 - 1981: Belfast\". www.ark.ac.uk. Retrieved 11 April 2024. IRSP: 3,418 (2.6%), 2 Councillors","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ark.ac.uk/elections/73-81lgbelfast.htm","url_text":"\"Local Government Elections 1973 - 1981: Belfast\""}]},{"reference":"\"IRSP to contest Assembly election for first time\". Belfast Media Group. Retrieved 11 April 2024. In 1981, the party had two members elected to Belfast City Council following a joint campaign with People's Democracy.","urls":[{"url":"https://belfastmedia.com/irsp-election-announcement","url_text":"\"IRSP to contest Assembly election for first time\""}]},{"reference":"Morris, Allison (17 October 2009). \"Probe '81 deal claim ex-INLA man says\". Irish News. Archived from the original on 17 October 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2024. He was one of two IRSP candidates elected to Belfast City Council in 1981 but served only half of his four-year term after going on the run to the Republic when he was implicated in paramilitary activity on the word of supergrass Harry Kirkpatrick.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.longkesh.info/2009/10/17/probe-%E2%80%9981-deal-claim-ex-inla-man-says/","url_text":"\"Probe '81 deal claim ex-INLA man says\""},{"url":"https://www.irishnews.com/articles/540/5860/2009/10/17/630288_397262961945Probe82.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"IRSP Local Council Election Results\". irsp.ie. Republican Socialist News. Archived from the original on 2 November 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111102121242/http://www.irsp.ie/news/?p=317","url_text":"\"IRSP Local Council Election Results\""},{"url":"http://www.irsp.ie/news/?p=317","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mourne District Electoral Area Results\" (PDF). Strabane District Council. 9 May 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140401081832/http://www.strabanedc.com/filestore/documents/elections/Mourne_DEA_Results_2011.pdf","url_text":"\"Mourne District Electoral Area Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabane_District_Council","url_text":"Strabane District Council"},{"url":"http://www.strabanedc.com/filestore/documents/elections/Mourne_DEA_Results_2011.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"239 candidates confirmed for Stormont Assembly election\". belfasttelegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 7 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/239-candidates-confirmed-for-stormont-assembly-election-41535740.html","url_text":"\"239 candidates confirmed for Stormont Assembly election\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235","url_text":"0307-1235"}]},{"reference":"\"IRSP barred from running in Assembly election\". Belfast Media Group. Retrieved 7 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://belfastmedia.com/irsp-barred-from-election","url_text":"\"IRSP barred from running in Assembly election\""}]},{"reference":"\"Belfast West result - Northern Ireland Assembly Elections 2022\". BBC News. Retrieved 11 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/election/2022/northern-ireland/constituencies/N06000004","url_text":"\"Belfast West result - Northern Ireland Assembly Elections 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Foyle result - Northern Ireland Assembly Elections 2022\". BBC News. Retrieved 11 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/election/2022/northern-ireland/constituencies/N06000008","url_text":"\"Foyle result - Northern Ireland Assembly Elections 2022\""}]},{"reference":"Young, Connla (22 April 2019). \"IRSP 'committed to political means'\". The Irish News. Archived from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2019/04/22/news/irsp-committed-to-political-means--1603214/","url_text":"\"IRSP 'committed to political means'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210813235156/https://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2019/04/22/news/irsp-committed-to-political-means--1603214/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"What is Irish Republican Socialism?\". Archived from the original on 30 June 2011. Retrieved 9 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110630224345/http://www.irsp.ie/Background/history/whatis.html","url_text":"\"What is Irish Republican Socialism?\""},{"url":"http://www.irsp.ie/Background/history/whatis.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"RepublicanSocialistProgramme-1.pdf\" (PDF). irsp.ie. 2018. p. 9. Retrieved 28 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://irsp.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/RepublicanSocialistProgramme-1.pdf","url_text":"\"RepublicanSocialistProgramme-1.pdf\""}]},{"reference":"Barnes, Ciaran (26 February 2022). \"Soviet flags 'not in Derry's name' amid war in Ukraine\". Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 3 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/sunday-life/news/soviet-flags-not-in-derrys-name-amid-war-in-ukraine-41389323.html","url_text":"\"Soviet flags 'not in Derry's name' amid war in Ukraine\""}]},{"reference":"Kula, Adam (4 March 2022). \"Socialist republican group blames west for Ukraine war and praises INLA 'NATO' bombing\". Belfast News Letter. Retrieved 9 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/defence/socialist-republican-group-blames-ukraine-war-on-west-and-praises-inla-bombing-3595291","url_text":"\"Socialist republican group blames west for Ukraine war and praises INLA 'NATO' bombing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kremlin 'staged Ukraine protest in Dublin with republicans'\". The Times. 14 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/kremlin-staged-ukraine-protest-in-dublin-with-republicans-svbb267tw","url_text":"\"Kremlin 'staged Ukraine protest in Dublin with republicans'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"\"RepublicanSocialistProgramme-1.pdf\" (PDF). irsp.ie. 2018. p. 7. Retrieved 28 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://irsp.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/RepublicanSocialistProgramme-1.pdf","url_text":"\"RepublicanSocialistProgramme-1.pdf\""}]},{"reference":"\"Political Policing in Ireland – Ten Years of the RUC/PSNI | the irish revolution\". 29 November 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2024 – via WordPress.","urls":[{"url":"https://theirishrevolution.wordpress.com/2011/11/29/political-policing-in-ireland-ten-years-of-the-rucpsni/","url_text":"\"Political Policing in Ireland – Ten Years of the RUC/PSNI | the irish revolution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordPress","url_text":"WordPress"}]},{"reference":"\"RepublicanSocialistProgramme-1.pdf\" (PDF). irsp.ie. 2018. p. 8. Retrieved 28 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://irsp.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/RepublicanSocialistProgramme-1.pdf","url_text":"\"RepublicanSocialistProgramme-1.pdf\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interview with Séamus Costello\". irsp.ie. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2017. When we say that we are not an abstentionist party, what we mean by this is that we are not a party, in principle, committed to abstention. But there are circumstances and conditions under which is might be desirable to abstain and if we felt that it was tactically desirable at any particular point in time, in either the North or the South to abstain from Parliament, then we would do so. That would depend, however, on the circumstances existing at that particular point of time. If a situation existed, for instance, where there was a possibility of large scale dissatisfaction, on the part of the people, with either the 26 County parliament or the 6 County parliament then abstention, on our part would be a legitimate tactic. We are not, however, abstentionist in principle","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irsp.ie/Background/costello/interview.html","url_text":"\"Interview with Séamus Costello\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160306033407/http://www.irsp.ie/Background/costello/interview.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"RepublicanSocialistProgramme-1.pdf\" (PDF). irsp.ie. 2018. p. 6. Retrieved 28 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://irsp.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/RepublicanSocialistProgramme-1.pdf","url_text":"\"RepublicanSocialistProgramme-1.pdf\""}]},{"reference":"\"First Issue of IRSN\". Irish Republican Socialist News. Vol. 1, no. 1. Irish Republican Socialist Committees for North America. 2008. p. 12 – via leftarchive.ie. Thank you for reading the first issue of Irish Republican Socialist News, which is published by the North American section of the Irish Republican Socialist Movement.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leftarchive.ie/document/view/1725/","url_text":"\"First Issue of IRSN\""}]},{"reference":"\"IRSP Ard Fheis Resolutions, 5 December 1998\". irsm.org. 20 July 2008. Archived from the original on 20 July 2008. Retrieved 11 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080720144350/http://irsm.org/irsp/ardfheis/1998/afresolutions.html","url_text":"\"IRSP Ard Fheis Resolutions, 5 December 1998\""},{"url":"http://irsm.org/irsp/ardfheis/1998/afresolutions.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"IRSP OPPOSE SECOND REFERENDUM: BUT URGE A NO VOTE\". irsp.ie. Archived from the original on 19 May 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150519003450/http://www.irsp.ie/Statements/irsp_cur.html","url_text":"\"IRSP OPPOSE SECOND REFERENDUM: BUT URGE A NO VOTE\""},{"url":"http://www.irsp.ie/Statements/irsp_cur.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"IRSP Political Secretary John Martin's presentation on republican socialism to the IRSP's ideological conference 29–30 May 99\". irsp.ie. Archived from the original on 26 March 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150326213948/http://www.irsp.ie/Background/theory/repsocialism.html","url_text":"\"IRSP Political Secretary John Martin's presentation on republican socialism to the IRSP's ideological conference 29–30 May 99\""},{"url":"http://www.irsp.ie/Background/theory/repsocialism.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Thomas G. (30 August 2000). Native vs. Settler: Ethnic Conflict in Israel/Palestine, Northern Ireland, and South Africa. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 183. ISBN 9780313001390. Kevin Lynch ran in Waterford with Gerry Roche acting as his agent and came within 300 votes of being elected.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313001390","url_text":"9780313001390"}]},{"reference":"\"How The Irish Times reported end of 1981 hunger strikes\". The Irish Times. 3 October 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2024. Kevin Lynch, Waterford, 3,337; Tony O'Hara, Dublin West, 3,034;","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/how-the-irish-times-reported-end-of-1981-hunger-strikes-1.2814663","url_text":"\"How The Irish Times reported end of 1981 hunger strikes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shannon Town Commission Local Elections shannon.ie\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogenesis_scandal | Biogenesis scandal | ["1 Clinic history","2 Accusations and investigation","3 Player suspensions","3.1 List of suspensions","3.2 Appeals","4 Reactions","5 See also","6 References"] | 2013 baseball doping scandal
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vte
The Biogenesis scandal broke in 2013 when several Major League Baseball (MLB) players were accused of obtaining performance-enhancing drugs ("PEDs"), specifically human growth hormone, from the now-defunct rejuvenation clinic Biogenesis of America. After an ex-employee, annoyed over missing back-pay, revealed clinic records that were "clear in describing the firm's real business: selling performance-enhancing drugs", MLB sued six people connected to Biogenesis, accusing them of damaging the sport by providing banned substances to its players. In July, thirteen involved players received lengthy suspensions of fifty or more games (nearly a third of a season).
Clinic history
Biogenesis of America was a health clinic briefly operating in Coral Gables, Florida, specializing in weight loss and hormone replacement therapy. It was first registered in state corporation records in March 2012, and was founded by Anthony Bosch (also listed as the program director). His father, Dr. Pedro Bosch, was listed as the medical director, and Bosch's younger brother, attorney Ashley Bosch, was listed as managing member. Porter Fischer was listed as marketing director. Several employees quit in the fall of 2012 after they were not paid, and the clinic closed months later in December 2012.
Accusations and investigation
On January 22, 2013, the Miami New Times obtained documents from former Biogenesis employee Porter Fischer which it said linked three players – Melky Cabrera, Bartolo Colón and Yasmani Grandal – who had tested positive for performance-enhancing drugs in 2012 to the clinic. Additionally, the paper said several star players including Alex Rodriguez, Ryan Braun, and Nelson Cruz could be tied to the clinic. The paper, however, refused to hand the documents over to Major League Baseball (MLB) authorities.
The Florida Department of Health, and MLB, both targeted the clinic's owner, Anthony Bosch, each separately taking action against him.
In March, MLB sued Bosch, and his business partners, Carlos Acevedo, Ricardo Martinez, Marcelo Albir, and Paulo da Silveira in an attempt to obtain information. The suit alleged that the six had "actively participated in a scheme ... to solicit or induce Major League players to purchase or obtain PES (performing-enhancing substances)". Subsequently, MLB claimed to have found evidence that a representative of Rodriguez had purchased his medical records. It then paid a former Biogenesis employee for documents.
In April, Bosch received a complaint from the Florida Department of Health for practicing medicine without a license. The complaint urged him to sign a cease and desist agreement.
In May, Bosch agreed to work with MLB investigators in exchange for his name being removed from the lawsuit. MLB conducted a large number of interviews with players it believed may be connected with Biogenesis in June. Every player interviewed was provided legal counsel by the Major League Baseball Players Association.
In August, Wifredo A. Ferrer, U.S. attorney for the southern district of Florida, announced that Bosch intended to plead guilty to one charge of conspiracy to distribute testosterone.
In September, ESPN reported that new client names had been released, previously unknown to the public, which included names such as "Paul "The Big Show" Wight; former boxing champion Shannon Briggs; one of the most well-known trainers of prominent athletes in David Alexander; and Ernest "Randy" Mims, a longtime friend and business manager of LeBron James. The DEA said "There was never any indication that LeBron James did anything wrong."
Player suspensions
On July 22, 2013, MLB suspended Milwaukee Brewers player Ryan Braun for the remainder of the 2013 season (65 games and the postseason) for his involvement with the Biogenesis clinic. Braun, who lost $3.25 million as a result, did not appeal the suspension. ESPN reported that Braun decided to "strike a deal" with MLB after being presented with the evidence against him. Braun had previously tested positive for testosterone in December 2011, but maintained his innocence and ultimately avoided suspension for that violation on a technicality that his test sample had been improperly handled.
On August 5, 2013, Alex Rodriguez was suspended through the 2014 season (211 games at the time of the decision), but was allowed to play in 2013 pending his appeal of that decision. An arbitrator later upheld the suspension in January 2014, after being allowed to play in the 49 games between the decision and the hearing, technically reducing the suspension to 162 games, representing the entire 2014 regular season and postseason. Twelve other players connected to the Biogenesis case agreed to 50-game suspensions without the right to appeal: Antonio Bastardo, Everth Cabrera, Francisco Cervelli, Nelson Cruz, Fautino de los Santos, Sergio Escalona, Fernando Martínez, Jesús Montero, Jordan Norberto, Jhonny Peralta, César Puello, and Jordany Valdespin. Cabrera, Cruz, and Peralta were All-Stars in 2013. Rodriguez, who received the longest suspension of all the players linked to Biogenesis, was punished for "his use and possession of numerous forms of prohibited performance-enhancing substances, including testosterone and human growth hormone, over the course of multiple years" and "for his attempts to cover up those violations and obstruct a league investigation", according to MLB. The 13 player suspensions are the most to be imposed simultaneously in the history of organized baseball, the previous record being Kenesaw Mountain Landis' banning of eight players for life for throwing the 1919 World Series.
Melky Cabrera, Bartolo Colón, and Yasmani Grandal each had previously been suspended in 2012 and already served 50-game suspensions for their involvement with Biogenesis. Two players mentioned in Biogenesis documents, Gio González and Danny Valencia, were cleared of any wrongdoing.
List of suspensions
Alex Rodriguez
Name
Team
Position
Length
Notes
Alex Rodriguez
New York Yankees
Third baseman
162 games
Original suspension was from the date of decision until end of the 2014 season (balance of 2013 season, 49 games at the time of the original decision, and the 2014 season for a total of 211 games). Suspension was appealed during the 2013 season, and arbitrator Fredric Horowitz upheld the suspension for the entire 2014 season including playoffs. He would have been suspended for all of postseason under a new 2014 MLB rule regarding suspensions for drugs, but the Yankees failed to make the playoffs that season.
Ryan Braun
Milwaukee Brewers
Outfielder
65 games
Suspension includes violations of the CBA
Nelson Cruz
Texas Rangers
Outfielder
50 games
2013 All-Star
Everth Cabrera
San Diego Padres
Shortstop
50 games
2013 All-Star
Jhonny Peralta
Detroit Tigers
Shortstop
50 games
2013 All-Star
Antonio Bastardo
Philadelphia Phillies
Pitcher
50 games
Francisco Cervelli
New York Yankees
Catcher
50 games
On disabled list at the time of suspension
Jordany Valdespin
New York Mets
Outfielder
50 games
In the minor leagues at the time of suspension
Jesús Montero
Seattle Mariners
Catcher
50 games
In the minor leagues at the time of suspension
César Puello
New York Mets
Outfielder
50 games
In the minor leagues at the time of suspension
Sergio Escalona
Houston Astros
Pitcher
50 games
In the minor leagues at the time of suspension
Fernando Martínez
New York Yankees
Outfielder
50 games
In the minor leagues at the time of suspension
Fautino de los Santos
Free agent
Pitcher
50 games
Last played in San Diego Padres farm system
Jordan Norberto
Free agent
Pitcher
50 games
Last played in Oakland Athletics farm system
Appeals
All of the suspended players, with the exception of Rodriguez, reached agreement with the League on the length of that suspension, and as part of that agreement waived their contractual right to appeal it to an arbitrator. Rodriguez was the only player who appealed his suspension. Rodriguez was allowed to play while his appeal was heard. The Players Association said it agreed with his decision to appeal, adding "We believe that the Commissioner has not acted appropriately under the Basic Agreement." His appeal was heard by arbitrator Fredric Horowitz, who succeeded Shyam Das as baseball's designated arbitrator in 2012. Das was removed from his position as baseball's long-time arbitrator as a direct result of his overturning Braun's original 50-game suspension for PEDs. Horowitz ruled the original suspension from time of ruling until the end of the 2014 season would stand (though technically reduced from 211 to 162 games since he was allowed to play the 49 games between the ruling and the appeal), leaving Rodriguez's career in limbo.
Reactions
MLB commissioner Bud Selig remarked "We conducted a thorough, aggressive investigation guided by facts so that we could justly enforce our rules ... we pursued this matter because it was not only the right thing to do, but the only thing to do."
The other players involved all agreed to deals that included a waiver of the right to appeal. Cruz blamed a gastrointestinal infection for his drug use and remarked that faced with the weight loss from the infection he was unsure he would be physically able to play and "made an error in judgment that I deeply regret, and I accept full responsibility for that error." An emotional Cabrera said he had taken a banned substance for four days in 2012 to aid in injury recovering before stopping because "I realized it wasn't necessary. My heart and my conscience was killing me." Peralta remarked "I take full responsibility for my actions, have no excuses for my lapse in judgment and I accept my suspension."
On August 7, 2013, as Rodriguez was playing a game against the Boston Red Sox while appealing his suspension, Ryan Dempster intentionally threw at Rodriguez, hitting him on the arm with his fourth pitch and receiving an ovation from the crowd. The home plate umpire, Brian O'Nora, issued a warning to both benches, but did not eject Dempster. He then ejected Joe Girardi for arguing with him. In response, Rodriguez hit a home run later that game.
See also
Baseball portal
Growth hormone in sports
Major League Baseball scandals
References
^ Schmidt, Michael S.; Eder, Steve (April 11, 2013). "Baseball Pays for Clinic Documents Tied to Doping Case". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 15, 2016. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
^ Elfrink, Tim (June 18, 2013). "MLB Steroid Scandal: How Porter Fischer Exposed the Coral Gables Clinic". Miami New Times. Archived from the original on June 24, 2013.
^ a b c Elfrink, Tim (January 31, 2013). "A Miami Clinic Supplies Drugs to Sports' Biggest Names". Miami New Times. Archived from the original on June 7, 2013.
^ "Colon arrives to A's camp, doesn't address media". USA Today. February 11, 2013. Archived from the original on March 24, 2013.
^ a b c d Fish, Mike; Quinn, T. J. (January 28, 2013). "MLB investigating region in PED war". ESPN. Archived from the original on June 6, 2013.
^ Quinn, T. J.; Gomez, Pedro; Fish, Mike (June 4, 2013). "MLB seeks to suspend A-Rod, Braun". ESPN. Archived from the original on June 6, 2013.
^ "Crony: Bosch met A-Rod at ALCS". ESPN. June 19, 2013. Archived from the original on June 19, 2013.
^ a b c d e f g h i j "Alex Rodriguez and 12 other players suspended in Biogenesis PEDs scandal". The Guardian. August 5, 2013. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
^ Lacques, Gabe (August 5, 2014). "Tony Bosch to plead guilty; 9 others charged in PED bust". USA Today. Retrieved August 5, 2014.
^ "DEA files: Biogenesis clinic drew clients not previously publicly known". ESPN.com. September 13, 2023. Retrieved May 22, 2024.
^ "Ryan Braun suspended rest of year". ESPN. July 22, 2013. Retrieved July 22, 2013.
^ Belson, Ken; Schmidt, Michael S. (February 23, 2012). "Braun Wins Appeal on Positive Drug Test and Avoids Suspension". The New York Times. Retrieved February 24, 2012.
^ a b c d e f g h "MLB suspends 13, including A-Rod". ESPN. August 5, 2013. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
^ MiLB.com
^ BaseballReference.com
^ a b c "Expect Arbitrator To Reduce Alex Rodriguez's Suspension To 150 Games Or Less". Forbes. July 24, 2013. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
^ a b "Arbitrator Fredric Horowitz to decide Alex Rodriguez's fate". Newsday.com. August 5, 2013. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
vteDoping in baseball
Drug policy
Banned substances
suspensions
Mitchell Report
Juiced
Vindicated
Biogenesis scandal
BALCO scandal
Game of Shadows
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The paper, however, refused to hand the documents over to Major League Baseball (MLB) authorities.[8]The Florida Department of Health, and MLB, both targeted the clinic's owner, Anthony Bosch, each separately taking action against him.In March, MLB sued Bosch, and his business partners, Carlos Acevedo, Ricardo Martinez, Marcelo Albir, and Paulo da Silveira in an attempt to obtain information. The suit alleged that the six had \"actively participated in a scheme ... to solicit or induce Major League players to purchase or obtain PES (performing-enhancing substances)\".[8] Subsequently, MLB claimed to have found evidence that a representative of Rodriguez had purchased his medical records. It then paid a former Biogenesis employee for documents.[8]In April, Bosch received a complaint from the Florida Department of Health for practicing medicine without a license. The complaint urged him to sign a cease and desist agreement.In May, Bosch agreed to work with MLB investigators in exchange for his name being removed from the lawsuit.[8] MLB conducted a large number of interviews with players it believed may be connected with Biogenesis in June. Every player interviewed was provided legal counsel by the Major League Baseball Players Association.[8]In August, Wifredo A. Ferrer, U.S. attorney for the southern district of Florida, announced that Bosch intended to plead guilty to one charge of conspiracy to distribute testosterone.[9]In September, ESPN reported that new client names had been released, previously unknown to the public, which included names such as \"Paul \"The Big Show\" Wight; former boxing champion Shannon Briggs; one of the most well-known trainers of prominent athletes in David Alexander; and Ernest \"Randy\" Mims, a longtime friend and business manager of LeBron James. The DEA said \"There was never any indication that LeBron James did anything wrong.\"[10]","title":"Accusations and investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milwaukee Brewers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers"},{"link_name":"Ryan Braun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Braun"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"testosterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Alex Rodriguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Rodriguez"},{"link_name":"Antonio Bastardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Bastardo"},{"link_name":"Everth Cabrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everth_Cabrera"},{"link_name":"Francisco Cervelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Cervelli"},{"link_name":"Nelson Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Cruz"},{"link_name":"Fautino de los Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fautino_de_los_Santos"},{"link_name":"Sergio Escalona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Escalona"},{"link_name":"Fernando Martínez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Mart%C3%ADnez_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Jesús Montero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Montero"},{"link_name":"Jordan Norberto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Norberto"},{"link_name":"Jhonny Peralta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhonny_Peralta"},{"link_name":"César Puello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Puello"},{"link_name":"Jordany Valdespin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordany_Valdespin"},{"link_name":"All-Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-13"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theguardian-8"},{"link_name":"Kenesaw Mountain Landis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenesaw_Mountain_Landis"},{"link_name":"banning of eight players for life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sox_Scandal"},{"link_name":"throwing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Match_fixing"},{"link_name":"1919 World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_World_Series"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theguardian-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theguardian-8"},{"link_name":"Gio González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gio_Gonz%C3%A1lez"},{"link_name":"Danny Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Valencia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-13"}],"text":"On July 22, 2013, MLB suspended Milwaukee Brewers player Ryan Braun for the remainder of the 2013 season (65 games and the postseason) for his involvement with the Biogenesis clinic. Braun, who lost $3.25 million as a result, did not appeal the suspension. ESPN reported that Braun decided to \"strike a deal\" with MLB after being presented with the evidence against him.[11] Braun had previously tested positive for testosterone in December 2011, but maintained his innocence and ultimately avoided suspension for that violation on a technicality that his test sample had been improperly handled.[12]On August 5, 2013, Alex Rodriguez was suspended through the 2014 season (211 games at the time of the decision), but was allowed to play in 2013 pending his appeal of that decision. An arbitrator later upheld the suspension in January 2014, after being allowed to play in the 49 games between the decision and the hearing, technically reducing the suspension to 162 games, representing the entire 2014 regular season and postseason. Twelve other players connected to the Biogenesis case agreed to 50-game suspensions without the right to appeal: Antonio Bastardo, Everth Cabrera, Francisco Cervelli, Nelson Cruz, Fautino de los Santos, Sergio Escalona, Fernando Martínez, Jesús Montero, Jordan Norberto, Jhonny Peralta, César Puello, and Jordany Valdespin. Cabrera, Cruz, and Peralta were All-Stars in 2013.[13] Rodriguez, who received the longest suspension of all the players linked to Biogenesis, was punished for \"his use and possession of numerous forms of prohibited performance-enhancing substances, including testosterone and human growth hormone, over the course of multiple years\" and \"for his attempts to cover up those violations and obstruct a league investigation\", according to MLB.[8] The 13 player suspensions are the most to be imposed simultaneously in the history of organized baseball, the previous record being Kenesaw Mountain Landis' banning of eight players for life for throwing the 1919 World Series.[8]Melky Cabrera, Bartolo Colón, and Yasmani Grandal each had previously been suspended in 2012 and already served 50-game suspensions for their involvement with Biogenesis.[8] Two players mentioned in Biogenesis documents, Gio González and Danny Valencia, were cleared of any wrongdoing.[13]","title":"Player suspensions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alex_Rodriguez_2008-04-19.jpg"}],"sub_title":"List of suspensions","text":"Alex Rodriguez","title":"Player suspensions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-13"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fredric-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsday-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fredric-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsday-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fredric-16"}],"sub_title":"Appeals","text":"All of the suspended players, with the exception of Rodriguez, reached agreement with the League on the length of that suspension, and as part of that agreement waived their contractual right to appeal it to an arbitrator.[13] Rodriguez was the only player who appealed his suspension. Rodriguez was allowed to play while his appeal was heard.[13] The Players Association said it agreed with his decision to appeal, adding \"We believe that the Commissioner has not acted appropriately under the Basic Agreement.\"[13] His appeal was heard by arbitrator Fredric Horowitz, who succeeded Shyam Das as baseball's designated arbitrator in 2012.[16][17] Das was removed from his position as baseball's long-time arbitrator as a direct result of his overturning Braun's original 50-game suspension for PEDs.[16][17] Horowitz ruled the original suspension from time of ruling until the end of the 2014 season would stand (though technically reduced from 211 to 162 games since he was allowed to play the 49 games between the ruling and the appeal), leaving Rodriguez's career in limbo.[16]","title":"Player suspensions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bud Selig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud_Selig"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theguardian-8"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-13"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theguardian-8"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-13"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"Ryan Dempster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Dempster"},{"link_name":"Brian O'Nora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_O%27Nora"},{"link_name":"Joe Girardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Girardi"}],"text":"MLB commissioner Bud Selig remarked \"We conducted a thorough, aggressive investigation guided by facts so that we could justly enforce our rules ... we pursued this matter because it was not only the right thing to do, but the only thing to do.\"[8]The other players involved all agreed to deals that included a waiver of the right to appeal.[13] Cruz blamed a gastrointestinal infection for his drug use and remarked that faced with the weight loss from the infection he was unsure he would be physically able to play and \"made an error in judgment that I deeply regret, and I accept full responsibility for that error.\"[8] An emotional Cabrera said he had taken a banned substance for four days in 2012 to aid in injury recovering before stopping because \"I realized it wasn't necessary. My heart and my conscience was killing me.\"[13] Peralta remarked \"I take full responsibility for my actions, have no excuses for my lapse in judgment and I accept my suspension.\"[13]On August 7, 2013, as Rodriguez was playing a game against the Boston Red Sox while appealing his suspension, Ryan Dempster intentionally threw at Rodriguez, hitting him on the arm with his fourth pitch and receiving an ovation from the crowd. The home plate umpire, Brian O'Nora, issued a warning to both benches, but did not eject Dempster. He then ejected Joe Girardi for arguing with him. In response, Rodriguez hit a home run later that game.","title":"Reactions"}] | [{"image_text":"Alex Rodriguez","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Alex_Rodriguez_2008-04-19.jpg/170px-Alex_Rodriguez_2008-04-19.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Baseball portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Baseball"},{"title":"Growth hormone in sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_hormone_in_sports"},{"title":"Major League Baseball scandals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_scandals"}] | [{"reference":"Schmidt, Michael S.; Eder, Steve (April 11, 2013). \"Baseball Pays for Clinic Documents Tied to Doping Case\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 15, 2016. Retrieved February 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/12/sports/baseball/documents-at-anti-aging-clinic-up-for-sale-in-doping-case.html?pagewanted=2&pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"Baseball Pays for Clinic Documents Tied to Doping Case\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160815120136/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/12/sports/baseball/documents-at-anti-aging-clinic-up-for-sale-in-doping-case.html?pagewanted=2&pagewanted=all&_r=0","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Elfrink, Tim (June 18, 2013). \"MLB Steroid Scandal: How Porter Fischer Exposed the Coral Gables Clinic\". Miami New Times. 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Archived from the original on June 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.miaminewtimes.com/2013-01-31/news/a-rod-and-doping-a-miami-clinic-supplies-drugs-to-sports-biggest-names/full/","url_text":"\"A Miami Clinic Supplies Drugs to Sports' Biggest Names\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130607065317/http://www.miaminewtimes.com/2013-01-31/news/a-rod-and-doping-a-miami-clinic-supplies-drugs-to-sports-biggest-names/full/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Colon arrives to A's camp, doesn't address media\". USA Today. February 11, 2013. Archived from the original on March 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/athletics/2013/02/11/bartolo-colon-arrives-to-camp-oakland-athletics/1911109/","url_text":"\"Colon arrives to A's camp, doesn't address media\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130324072119/http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/athletics/2013/02/11/bartolo-colon-arrives-to-camp-oakland-athletics/1911109/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fish, Mike; Quinn, T. J. (January 28, 2013). \"MLB investigating region in PED war\". ESPN. Archived from the original on June 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/espn/otl/story/_/id/8884955/mlb-investigating-south-florida-ground-zero-ped-war","url_text":"\"MLB investigating region in PED war\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130606203422/http://espn.go.com/espn/otl/story/_/id/8884955/mlb-investigating-south-florida-ground-zero-ped-war","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Quinn, T. J.; Gomez, Pedro; Fish, Mike (June 4, 2013). \"MLB seeks to suspend A-Rod, Braun\". ESPN. Archived from the original on June 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/espn/otl/story/_/id/9301536/major-league-baseball-suspend-20-players-including-alex-rodriguez-ryan-braun-part-miami-investigation","url_text":"\"MLB seeks to suspend A-Rod, Braun\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130606003108/http://espn.go.com/espn/otl/story/_/id/9301536/major-league-baseball-suspend-20-players-including-alex-rodriguez-ryan-braun-part-miami-investigation","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Crony: Bosch met A-Rod at ALCS\". ESPN. June 19, 2013. Archived from the original on June 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/new-york/mlb/story/_/id/9402382/alex-rodriguez-met-anthony-bosch-alcs-biogenesis-crony-says","url_text":"\"Crony: Bosch met A-Rod at ALCS\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130619171206/http://espn.go.com/new-york/mlb/story/_/id/9402382/alex-rodriguez-met-anthony-bosch-alcs-biogenesis-crony-says","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lacques, Gabe (August 5, 2014). \"Tony Bosch to plead guilty; 9 others charged in PED bust\". USA Today. Retrieved August 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/2014/08/05/tony-bosch-surrenders-dea-biogenesis-alex-rodriguez/13614477/","url_text":"\"Tony Bosch to plead guilty; 9 others charged in PED bust\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"\"DEA files: Biogenesis clinic drew clients not previously publicly known\". ESPN.com. September 13, 2023. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Lake_(Louisiana) | Grand Lake (Louisiana) | ["1 Location","2 Mermentau River","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 29°53′N 92°45′W / 29.883°N 92.750°W / 29.883; -92.750Lake in the United States of America
For other places with the same name, see Grand Lake (disambiguation).
Grand LakeGrand LakeShow map of LouisianaGrand LakeShow map of the United StatesLocationCameron Parish, LouisianaCoordinates29°53′N 92°45′W / 29.883°N 92.750°W / 29.883; -92.750Basin countriesUnited StatesMax. length10 mi (16 km)Max. width8 mi (13 km)Surface area42,100 acres (170 km2)Surface elevation12 ft (3.7 m)
Grand Lake is a freshwater lake located in Cameron Parish, Louisiana. The lake is not located in the community of Grand Lake, Louisiana.
Location
According to the United States Army Corps of Engineers, Grand Lake is located in the extreme south-central part of the state about 12 miles (19 km) south of the town of Lake Arthur, Louisiana. It is a large circular lake approximately 42,100 acres (170 km2) in size and is about 8.25 by 8.25 miles (13.28 by 13.28 km).
Mermentau River
The Mermentau River flows through its western extremities therefore it is difficult to say whether the lake is an enlargement of the river or not. The lake is isolated from roads and highways and has no direct accesses. It has to be accessed from the Intracoastal Waterway that goes across its northern extremity, from points around the town of Lake Arthur to the north or from the town of Grand Chenier to the south. The Gulf of Mexico is easily accessed from this lake.
References
^ http://geology.com/state-map/maps/louisiana-rivers-map.gif
External links
U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Grand Lake
This Louisiana state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Lake (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Lake_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake"},{"link_name":"Cameron Parish, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Parish,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Grand Lake, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Lake,_Louisiana"}],"text":"Lake in the United States of AmericaFor other places with the same name, see Grand Lake (disambiguation).Grand Lake is a freshwater lake located in Cameron Parish, Louisiana. The lake is not located in the community of Grand Lake, Louisiana.","title":"Grand Lake (Louisiana)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Army Corps of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lake Arthur, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Arthur,_Louisiana"}],"text":"According to the United States Army Corps of Engineers,[1] Grand Lake is located in the extreme south-central part of the state about 12 miles (19 km) south of the town of Lake Arthur, Louisiana. It is a large circular lake approximately 42,100 acres (170 km2) in size and is about 8.25 by 8.25 miles (13.28 by 13.28 km).","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mermentau River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mermentau_River"},{"link_name":"Intracoastal Waterway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracoastal_Waterway"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico"}],"text":"The Mermentau River flows through its western extremities therefore it is difficult to say whether the lake is an enlargement of the river or not. The lake is isolated from roads and highways and has no direct accesses. It has to be accessed from the Intracoastal Waterway that goes across its northern extremity, from points around the town of Lake Arthur to the north or from the town of Grand Chenier to the south. The Gulf of Mexico is easily accessed from this lake.","title":"Mermentau River"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Grand_Lake_(Louisiana)¶ms=29_53_N_92_45_W_type:waterbody_region:US-LA","external_links_name":"29°53′N 92°45′W / 29.883°N 92.750°W / 29.883; -92.750"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Grand_Lake_(Louisiana)¶ms=29_53_N_92_45_W_type:waterbody_region:US-LA","external_links_name":"29°53′N 92°45′W / 29.883°N 92.750°W / 29.883; -92.750"},{"Link":"http://geology.com/state-map/maps/louisiana-rivers-map.gif","external_links_name":"http://geology.com/state-map/maps/louisiana-rivers-map.gif"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/554582","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Grand Lake"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Lake_(Louisiana)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Bogong | Mount Bogong | ["1 Etymology","2 Flora and fauna","3 History","4 Ascent routes","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 36°43′57″S 147°18′21″E / 36.73250°S 147.30583°E / -36.73250; 147.30583This article is about the mountain in Victoria, Australia. For the mountain range that is located to the south of the mountain, see Bogong High Plains. For the mountain located in the Kosciuszko National Park in New South Wales, see Bogong Peaks.
For other uses, see Bogong.
Highest mountain in Victoria, Australia
Mount BogongWarkwoolowler, BugungThe western flank of the Mount Bogong massifHighest pointElevation1,986 m (6,516 ft)Prominence1,233 m (4,045 ft)Isolation87.7 km (54.5 mi)ListingMountains of VictoriaCoordinates36°43′57″S 147°18′21″E / 36.73250°S 147.30583°E / -36.73250; 147.30583NamingPronunciation/ˈboʊɡɒŋ/GeographyMount BogongLocation in Victoria
LocationVictoria, AustraliaCountryAustraliaStateVictoriaProtected areaAlpine National ParkParent rangeVictorian Alps, Great Dividing RangeClimbingFirst ascent1854 – Baron Sir Ferdinand von Mueller (by a European)Easiest routeStaircase Spur
Mount Bogong from Tawonga Gap lookout
Staircase Spur after the July 2014 blizzards
Cleve Cole Hut
Mount Bogong, /ˈboʊɡɒŋ/, located in the Alpine National Park and part of the Victorian Alps of the Great Dividing Range, is the highest mountain in Victoria, Australia, at 1,986 metres (6,516 ft) above sea level.
The Big River separates the massif of the mountain from the Bogong High Plains to the south. From the nearby town of Mount Beauty to its summit, Mount Bogong rises more than 1,600 metres (5,200 ft), thus making it one of the highest peaks in Australia not only in terms of its elevation above sea level, but also in terms of actual base-to-summit prominence.
Mount Bogong is a popular backcountry skiing mountain through winter but only has snow for the mid winter-spring months. It is around 30 kilometres (19 mi) by road and walking track or 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) direct to Mount Beauty. Falls Creek and Mount Hotham ski resorts are also nearby. Camping is relatively safe below the treeline but the summit ridgeline is very exposed.
Emergency shelter is also available at Bivouac Hut on the Staircase Spur, and at Cleve Cole, above Camp Creek on the broad ridge to the south of the summit, and Michell's Hut on the Eskdale Spur.
Etymology
In the Australian Aboriginal Waywurru and Dhudhuroa languages, the mountain is named Warkwoolowler, meaning the mountain where Aboriginal people collected the boo.gong fly. Additionally, in the Dhudhuroa language the word Bugung means the brown moth, referring to Agrotis infusa.
Flora and fauna
The lower slopes of Mount Bogong are covered with tall forests of Alpine Ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis) to an altitude of about 1,300 metres (4,300 ft). From 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) to 1,800 metres (5,900 ft), woodland and open woodland of Snow Gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) dominate, and above 1,800 metres (5,900 ft), the vegetation consists of alpine shrubland, grassland and herbfield.
Animals that live on Mount Bogong have all found some way to adapt to the environment which is very harsh. For example, bogong moths gregariously aestivate in caves throughout the mountain to avoid desiccation. Other animals that live on Mount Bogong include the pygmy possum, smoky mouse, broad toothed rat, powerful owl, spotted tree frog and she-oak skink.
Much of the mountain, especially the northern side, was badly burnt in the 2003 Eastern Victorian alpine bushfires.
History
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Mount Bogong towers above the Kiewa River valley and is of great significance to the local traditional owners. Parks Victoria states that "Many Aboriginal people have a remarkably rich history of Aboriginal use in the Victorian Alps and a vast knowledge of the cultural sites, oral history and ancestral stories that relate to the alpine region of Victoria. Throughout the many seasons each year, Aboriginal groups would come from as far away as the coast and south west slopes, to meet with the tribes of the mountains for intertribal ceremonies and feasting on Bogong Moths. During these festivities they would exchange cultural objects and materials for tools".
According to Eddie Kneebone, an indigenous historian, "the Yiatmathong (people) controlled the Kiewa and Mitta Mitta valleys, they also had control of the Alpine region on the Victorian side. Their southernmost boundary extended to Hotham and ran along the highest ridge line of the Alps in an east-west direction. Because Mount Bogong fell within the Yiatmathong territory, permission had to be gained from them by the other tribes participating in the summer feast. Once this was done, the tribes would spend summer in the cooler climate of the mountains feasting on the protein rich Bogong moth". Kneebone claims that prior to climbing Mount Bogong and the Bogong High Plains, the tribes would gather by the Murray River at Mungabarreena (near modern Albury). After ceremonies, initiations, marriages, trading, settling of disputes, and renewing of alliances and friendships, the groups would walk from Albury to the mountain region to feed on the protein-rich Bogong moths.
Following European settlement, indigenous groups were decimated and survivors were placed onto settlements, often far from the traditional lands. Indigenous visitation to Mount Bogong is generally understood to have finished by the mid–19th century. While there was cattle grazing for some time, it was the walkers and then skiers who became the next group to visit the mountain in large numbers.
In August 1936 Mick Hull, Howard Michell and Cleve Cole attempted the first winter crossing of the Bogong High Plains. The group became lost in blizzard conditions and Cole died of hypothermia soon after he and Mick Hull were discovered by a rescue party raised by Michell. Cole was buried on 22 August at the Cheltenham Pioneer Cemetery. The hut commemorating Cole's life was completed in 1938, and has served as the hub of back-country skiing and bushwalking exploration of the Bogong area since. Accommodation at the hut is free on a first-in-first-served basis, although donations to The Bogong Club are welcomed. Parks Victoria advises skiers and walkers to carry an alpine-capable tent, and not to rely on accommodation in the huts.
Cole's death illustrates the danger of Mount Bogong and of the Victorian Alps in general. The mountains are geologically old and worn. Their low altitude and flattish, rounded tops make for easy skiing and walking, but descent of their steep sides in whiteout conditions can be perilous.
Ascent routes
Mount Bogong in the spring
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There are many routes up Mount Bogong for hikers, including (clockwise from north west) Staircase Spur, Eskdale Spur, Granite Flat Spur, Long Spur, Duane Spur, and Quartz Ridge. All involve a climb of more than 600 metres (2,000 ft) from the saddle or creek at the base of these spurs.
The two main walking trails lead to the summit. The Staircase and Eskdale Spur can both be accessed from a trail that begins at Mountain Creek Picnic Area. It is also possible to access Camp Creek Gap on the Eskdale Spur in a 4WD vehicle along Eskdale Spur Track from Trappers Gap. Both trails are of moderate difficulty. Starting from the picnic area, the Staircase is a 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) return trip, normally taking 6–9 hours return, while the Eskdale Spur is a 20 kilometres (12 mi) return trip, normally taking 8–11 hours return.
The Staircase Spur is a difficult ascent due to its steep slopes. From the base of the staircase it is 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) to the summit. Halfway up the staircase is Bivouac Hut which sits about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from the summit on a small flat section, it offers emergency refuge, camp sites and a resting spot before heading to the summit.
The Eskdale spur may provide a slightly easier option up to the summit of Bogong with a 4WD vehicle, although walking up from Mountain Creek, it is just a longer way to do the same ascent. With a 4WD you can drive from the bottom of the Staircase Spur at Mountain Creek, through to Camp Creek Gap, from where it is about 2.5 hrs walk to the summit of Bogong, and this is the easiest winter access, although occasionally the 4WD track is covered with snow.
Just over halfway up the Eskdale Spur is Michell Hut, which burnt down during the 2003 bushfires but was later rebuilt. Michell Hut provides emergency refuge, toilet, camp sites and a resting area before the final climb up to where the Eskdale meets Granite Flat Spur at the treeline, where there is also a good, but exposed campsite.
Granite Flat Spur also provides access to the summit. It can be accessed by 4WD either from Eskdale, or by continuing on from Camp Creek Gap around the 4WD track, which is only possible outside of winter. An hour beyond Camp Creek Gap by 4WD will get you to the end of the 4WD track, from which it takes about 1.5 hrs walk to the summit (i.e. it is no quicker than walking up the Eskdale, but you walk less, and drive further).
Above the treeline, both the Staircase and Eskdale Spurs are very exposed, particularly in winter, and they may "ice up" after about 4pm, making progress dangerous.
See also
Victoria portalGeography portalMountains portal
Australian Alps
Australian Alps National Parks and Reserves
List of mountains of Australia
Skiing in Australia
Skiing in Victoria, Australia
References
^ a b "Mount Bogong: 2958: Historical Information". Vicnames. Victorian Government. 12 August 2011. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
^ "Mount Bogong: 2957: Historical Information". Vicnames. Victorian Government. 12 August 2011. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
^ a b c d "Mount Bogong, Australia". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
^ "Topographic map of Mount Bogong". opentopomap.org. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
^ "Highest mountain by State and Territory". Geoscience Australia. Australian Government. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
^ Common, I. F. B. (1954). "A study of the ecology of the adult bogong moth, Agrotis infusa (Boisd) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), with special reference to its behaviour during migration and aestivation". Australian Journal of Zoology. 2 (2): 223–263.
^ "Information sheet: The High Country - around Bright, Mount Beauty, Omeo and Dargo" (PDF). Parks Victoria (PDF). May 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 May 2009.
^
Kneebone, Eddie (2004). "Traditional culture" (PDF) (PDF). Victorian Department of Conservation and Environment. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 March 2012.
^ "The Mount Bogong Club". Retrieved 3 March 2007.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mount Bogong.
Parks Victoria
Mt Bogong Club
Climbing Mount Bogong
vteHighest peaks in the States and territories of Australia
Australian Capital Territory: Bimberi Peak (1,912 m or 6,273 ft)
New South Wales: Mount Kosciuszko (2,228 m or 7,310 ft)
Northern Territory: Mount Zeil (1,531 m or 5,023 ft)
Queensland: Mount Bartle Frere (1,622 m or 5,322 ft)
South Australia: Ngarutjaranya (1,435 m or 4,708 ft)
Tasmania: Mount Ossa (1,617 m or 5,305 ft)
Victoria: Mount Bogong (1,986 m or 6,516 ft)
Western Australia: Mount Meharry (1,253 m or 4,111 ft)
Category
Commons
vteMountains in Victoria, AustraliaGrampians
William (1,167 m or 3,829 ft)
Difficult
Wilson
Zero (364 m or 1,194 ft)
Victorian AlpsBogong High Plains
Nelse West (1,893 m or 6,211 ft)
Nelse North (1,885 m or 6,184 ft)
Fainter South (1,883 m or 6,178 ft)
Hotham (1,862 m or 6,109 ft)
McKay (1,849 m or 6,066 ft)
Cope (1,837 m or 6,027 ft)
Spion Kopje (1,837 m or 6,027 ft)
Jim (1,818 m or 5,965 ft)
Cathedral Range
Lake (1,482 m or 4,862 ft)
The Green Hill (1,241 m or 4,072 ft)
Sugarloaf (904 m or 2,966 ft)
The Cathedral (801 m or 2,628 ft)
South Jawbone Peak (761 m or 2,497 ft)
Cobberas Range
Cobberas No. 1 (1,810 m or 5,938 ft)
Cobberas No. 2
Moscow Peak
Middle Peak
Cleft Peak
Cobbler Plateau
Speculation (1,648 m or 5,407 ft)
Cobbler (1,628 m or 5,341 ft)
Koonika (1,545 m or 5,069 ft)
Despair (1,460 m or 4,790 ft)
Other
Bogong (1,986 m or 6,516 ft)
Feathertop (1,922 m or 6,306 ft)
Loch (1,865 m or 6,119 ft)
Buller (1,805 m or 5,922 ft)
Wills (1,755 m or 5,758 ft)
Gibbo (1,750 m or 5,741 ft)
Stirling (1,749 m or 5,738 ft)
Howitt (1,742 m or 5,715 ft)
The Horn (1,723 m or 5,653 ft)
Buffalo (1,723 m or 5,653 ft)
Wellington (1,634 m or 5,361 ft)
Buggery (Alpine) (1,598 m or 5,243 ft)
Baw Baw (1,567 m or 5,141 ft)
Saint Phillack (1,567 m or 5,141 ft)
Torbreck (1,516 m or 4,974 ft)
St Gwinear (1,509 m or 4,951 ft)
Mueller (1,460 m or 4,790 ft)
Selma (1,456 m or 4,777 ft)
Useful (1,435 m or 4,708 ft)
Tambo (1,430 m or 4,692 ft)
Selwyn (1,411 m or 4,629 ft)
Terrible (1,325 m or 4,347 ft)
Donna Buang (1,250 m or 4,101 ft)
Buggery (Wangaratta) (1,153 m or 3,783 ft)
Bulla Bulla (906 m or 2,972 ft)
Dom Dom (740 m or 2,428 ft)
Brumby Point
Pine
Othermountain rangesCentral Highlands
Macedon (1,001 m or 3,284 ft)
Dandenong Ranges
Dandenong (633 m or 2,077 ft)
Pyrenees Ranges
Avoca (747 m or 2,451 ft)
Warrenmang (537 m or 1,762 ft)
Strzelecki Ranges
Tassie (740 m or 2,428 ft)
Other
Matlock (1,377 m or 4,518 ft)
Ritchie (1,259 m or 4,131 ft)
Toorongo (1,247 m or 4,091 ft)
Horsfall (1,130 m or 3,707 ft)
Kaye (998 m or 3,274 ft)
Elizabeth (941 m or 3,087 ft)
Ghiran (924 m or 3,031 ft)
Disappointment (794 m or 2,605 ft)
Riddell (781 m or 2,562 ft)
Beenak (745 m or 2,444 ft)
Alexander (744 m or 2,441 ft)
Buninyong (719 m or 2,359 ft)
Hanging Rock / Diogenes (718 m or 2,356 ft)
Warrenheip (714 m or 2,343 ft)
Franklin (648 m or 2,126 ft)
Beckworth (634 m or 2,080 ft)
Corhanwarrabul (628 m or 2,060 ft)
Tarrengower (556 m or 1,824 ft)
Warrenmang (526 m or 1,726 ft)
Teneriffe (444 m or 1,457 ft)
Napier (440 m or 1,444 ft)
Briggs Bluff (420 m or 1,378 ft)
Arapiles (369 m or 1,211 ft)
You Yangs (352 m or 1,155 ft)
Leura (313 m or 1,027 ft)
Noorat (310 m or 1,017 ft)
Elephant (240 m or 787 ft)
Warrnambool (216 m or 709 ft)
Budj Bim (178 m or 584 ft)
Wycheproof (148 m or 486 ft)
Cooper (137 m or 449 ft)
Fraser
Hopeless
Typo
Jack Hills
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bogong High Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogong_High_Plains"},{"link_name":"Bogong Peaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bogong_Peaks&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bogong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogong_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MountBogong.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Bogong,_July_2014.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mt_bogong_02.JPG"},{"link_name":"/ˈboʊɡɒŋ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Alpine National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Victorian Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Alps"},{"link_name":"Great Dividing Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Dividing_Range"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(state)"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"above sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Height_Datum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pb-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Big River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_River_(Mitta_Mitta_River,_Victoria)"},{"link_name":"massif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massif"},{"link_name":"Bogong High Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogong_High_Plains"},{"link_name":"Mount Beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Beauty"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"backcountry skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backcountry_skiing"},{"link_name":"Mount Beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Beauty"},{"link_name":"Falls Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falls_Creek,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Mount Hotham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hotham"},{"link_name":"ski resorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_resort"},{"link_name":"treeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treeline"}],"text":"This article is about the mountain in Victoria, Australia. For the mountain range that is located to the south of the mountain, see Bogong High Plains. For the mountain located in the Kosciuszko National Park in New South Wales, see Bogong Peaks.For other uses, see Bogong.Highest mountain in Victoria, AustraliaMount Bogong from Tawonga Gap lookoutStaircase Spur after the July 2014 blizzardsCleve Cole HutMount Bogong, /ˈboʊɡɒŋ/, located in the Alpine National Park and part of the Victorian Alps of the Great Dividing Range, is the highest mountain in Victoria, Australia, at 1,986 metres (6,516 ft) above sea level.[3][5]The Big River separates the massif of the mountain from the Bogong High Plains to the south. From the nearby town of Mount Beauty to its summit, Mount Bogong rises more than 1,600 metres (5,200 ft),[citation needed] thus making it one of the highest peaks in Australia not only in terms of its elevation above sea level, but also in terms of actual base-to-summit prominence.[citation needed]Mount Bogong is a popular backcountry skiing mountain through winter but only has snow for the mid winter-spring months. It is around 30 kilometres (19 mi) by road and walking track or 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) direct to Mount Beauty. Falls Creek and Mount Hotham ski resorts are also nearby. Camping is relatively safe below the treeline but the summit ridgeline is very exposed.Emergency shelter is also available at Bivouac Hut on the Staircase Spur, and at Cleve Cole, above Camp Creek on the broad ridge to the south of the summit, and Michell's Hut on the Eskdale Spur.","title":"Mount Bogong"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian Aboriginal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages"},{"link_name":"Waywurru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waywurru_language"},{"link_name":"Dhudhuroa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhudhuroa_language"},{"link_name":"boo.gong fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogong_moth"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vicnames1-1"},{"link_name":"Agrotis infusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogong_moth"}],"text":"In the Australian Aboriginal Waywurru and Dhudhuroa languages, the mountain is named Warkwoolowler, meaning the mountain where Aboriginal people collected the boo.gong fly.[1] Additionally, in the Dhudhuroa language the word Bugung means the brown moth, referring to Agrotis infusa.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eucalyptus delegatensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_delegatensis"},{"link_name":"Eucalyptus pauciflora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_pauciflora"},{"link_name":"shrubland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrubland"},{"link_name":"grassland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassland"},{"link_name":"herbfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbfield"},{"link_name":"aestivate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestivation"},{"link_name":"desiccation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiccation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2003 Eastern Victorian alpine bushfires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Eastern_Victorian_alpine_bushfires"}],"text":"The lower slopes of Mount Bogong are covered with tall forests of Alpine Ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis) to an altitude of about 1,300 metres (4,300 ft). From 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) to 1,800 metres (5,900 ft), woodland and open woodland of Snow Gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) dominate, and above 1,800 metres (5,900 ft), the vegetation consists of alpine shrubland, grassland and herbfield.Animals that live on Mount Bogong have all found some way to adapt to the environment which is very harsh. For example, bogong moths gregariously aestivate in caves throughout the mountain to avoid desiccation.[6] Other animals that live on Mount Bogong include the pygmy possum, smoky mouse, broad toothed rat, powerful owl, spotted tree frog and she-oak skink.Much of the mountain, especially the northern side, was badly burnt in the 2003 Eastern Victorian alpine bushfires.","title":"Flora and fauna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kiewa River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiewa_River"},{"link_name":"traditional owners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_owners"},{"link_name":"Parks Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parks_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Mitta Mitta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitta_Mitta_River"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culture-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Mount Bogong towers above the Kiewa River valley and is of great significance to the local traditional owners. Parks Victoria states that \"Many Aboriginal people have a remarkably rich history of Aboriginal use in the Victorian Alps and a vast knowledge of the cultural sites, oral history and ancestral stories that relate to the alpine region of Victoria. Throughout the many seasons each year, Aboriginal groups would come from as far away as the coast and south west slopes, to meet with the tribes of the mountains for intertribal ceremonies and feasting on Bogong Moths. During these festivities they would exchange cultural objects and materials for tools\".[7]According to Eddie Kneebone, an indigenous historian, \"the Yiatmathong (people) controlled the Kiewa and Mitta Mitta valleys, they also had control of the Alpine region on the Victorian side. Their southernmost boundary extended to Hotham and ran along the highest ridge line of the Alps in an east-west direction. Because Mount Bogong fell within the Yiatmathong territory, permission had to be gained from them by the other tribes participating in the summer feast. Once this was done, the tribes would spend summer in the cooler climate of the mountains feasting on the protein rich Bogong moth\".[8] Kneebone claims that prior to climbing Mount Bogong and the Bogong High Plains, the tribes would gather by the Murray River at Mungabarreena (near modern Albury). After ceremonies, initiations, marriages, trading, settling of disputes, and renewing of alliances and friendships, the groups would walk from Albury to the mountain region to feed on the protein-rich Bogong moths.Following European settlement, indigenous groups were decimated and survivors were placed onto settlements, often far from the traditional lands. Indigenous visitation to Mount Bogong is generally understood to have finished by the mid–19th century. While there was cattle grazing for some time, it was the walkers and then skiers who became the next group to visit the mountain in large numbers.In August 1936 Mick Hull, Howard Michell and Cleve Cole attempted the first winter crossing of the Bogong High Plains. The group became lost in blizzard conditions and Cole died of hypothermia soon after he and Mick Hull were discovered by a rescue party raised by Michell. Cole was buried on 22 August at the Cheltenham Pioneer Cemetery. The hut commemorating Cole's life was completed in 1938, and has served as the hub of back-country skiing and bushwalking exploration of the Bogong area since. Accommodation at the hut is free on a first-in-first-served basis, although donations to The Bogong Club are welcomed.[9] Parks Victoria advises skiers and walkers to carry an alpine-capable tent, and not to rely on accommodation in the huts.Cole's death illustrates the danger of Mount Bogong and of the Victorian Alps in general. The mountains are geologically old and worn. Their low altitude and flattish, rounded tops make for easy skiing and walking, but descent of their steep sides in whiteout conditions can be perilous.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Australian_Alps2.jpg"}],"text":"Mount Bogong in the springThere are many routes up Mount Bogong for hikers, including (clockwise from north west) Staircase Spur, Eskdale Spur, Granite Flat Spur, Long Spur, Duane Spur, and Quartz Ridge. All involve a climb of more than 600 metres (2,000 ft) from the saddle or creek at the base of these spurs.The two main walking trails lead to the summit. The Staircase and Eskdale Spur can both be accessed from a trail that begins at Mountain Creek Picnic Area. It is also possible to access Camp Creek Gap on the Eskdale Spur in a 4WD vehicle along Eskdale Spur Track from Trappers Gap. Both trails are of moderate difficulty. Starting from the picnic area, the Staircase is a 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) return trip, normally taking 6–9 hours return, while the Eskdale Spur is a 20 kilometres (12 mi) return trip, normally taking 8–11 hours return.The Staircase Spur is a difficult ascent due to its steep slopes. From the base of the staircase it is 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) to the summit. Halfway up the staircase is Bivouac Hut which sits about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from the summit on a small flat section, it offers emergency refuge, camp sites and a resting spot before heading to the summit.The Eskdale spur may provide a slightly easier option up to the summit of Bogong with a 4WD vehicle, although walking up from Mountain Creek, it is just a longer way to do the same ascent. With a 4WD you can drive from the bottom of the Staircase Spur at Mountain Creek, through to Camp Creek Gap, from where it is about 2.5 hrs walk to the summit of Bogong, and this is the easiest winter access, although occasionally the 4WD track is covered with snow.Just over halfway up the Eskdale Spur is Michell Hut, which burnt down during the 2003 bushfires but was later rebuilt. Michell Hut provides emergency refuge, toilet, camp sites and a resting area before the final climb up to where the Eskdale meets Granite Flat Spur at the treeline, where there is also a good, but exposed campsite.Granite Flat Spur also provides access to the summit. It can be accessed by 4WD either from Eskdale, or by continuing on from Camp Creek Gap around the 4WD track, which is only possible outside of winter. An hour beyond Camp Creek Gap by 4WD will get you to the end of the 4WD track, from which it takes about 1.5 hrs walk to the summit (i.e. it is no quicker than walking up the Eskdale, but you walk less, and drive further).Above the treeline, both the Staircase and Eskdale Spurs are very exposed, particularly in winter, and they may \"ice up\" after about 4pm, making progress dangerous.","title":"Ascent routes"}] | [{"image_text":"Mount Bogong from Tawonga Gap lookout","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/MountBogong.JPG/250px-MountBogong.JPG"},{"image_text":"Staircase Spur after the July 2014 blizzards","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Mount_Bogong%2C_July_2014.jpg/250px-Mount_Bogong%2C_July_2014.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cleve Cole Hut","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mt_bogong_02.JPG/250px-Mt_bogong_02.JPG"},{"image_text":"Mount Bogong in the spring","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Australian_Alps2.jpg/220px-Australian_Alps2.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Victoria portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Victoria"},{"title":"Geography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geography"},{"title":"Mountains portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mountains"},{"title":"Australian Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Alps"},{"title":"Australian Alps National Parks and Reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Alps_National_Parks_and_Reserves"},{"title":"List of mountains of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Australia"},{"title":"Skiing in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiing_in_Australia"},{"title":"Skiing in Victoria, Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiing_in_Victoria,_Australia"}] | [{"reference":"\"Mount Bogong: 2958: Historical Information\". Vicnames. Victorian Government. 12 August 2011. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203250/http://services.land.vic.gov.au/vicnames/historicalInformation.html?method=edit&id=2958","url_text":"\"Mount Bogong: 2958: Historical Information\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Victoria_(Australia)","url_text":"Victorian Government"},{"url":"http://services.land.vic.gov.au/vicnames/historicalInformation.html?method=edit&id=2958","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mount Bogong: 2957: Historical Information\". Vicnames. Victorian Government. 12 August 2011. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203248/http://services.land.vic.gov.au/vicnames/historicalInformation.html?method=edit&id=2957","url_text":"\"Mount Bogong: 2957: Historical Information\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Victoria_(Australia)","url_text":"Victorian Government"},{"url":"http://services.land.vic.gov.au/vicnames/historicalInformation.html?method=edit&id=2957","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mount Bogong, Australia\". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 13 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=11629","url_text":"\"Mount Bogong, Australia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Topographic map of Mount Bogong\". opentopomap.org. Retrieved 16 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://opentopomap.org/#marker=14/-36.7325/147.305556","url_text":"\"Topographic map of Mount Bogong\""}]},{"reference":"\"Highest mountain by State and Territory\". Geoscience Australia. Australian Government. Retrieved 13 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/geographic-information/landforms/highest-mountains","url_text":"\"Highest mountain by State and Territory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoscience_Australia","url_text":"Geoscience Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Australia","url_text":"Australian Government"}]},{"reference":"\"Information sheet: The High Country - around Bright, Mount Beauty, Omeo and Dargo\" (PDF). Parks Victoria (PDF). May 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090523143803/http://www.parkweb.vic.gov.au/resources05/05_0517.pdf","url_text":"\"Information sheet: The High Country - around Bright, Mount Beauty, Omeo and Dargo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parks_Victoria","url_text":"Parks Victoria"},{"url":"http://www.parkweb.vic.gov.au/resources05/05_0517.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kneebone, Eddie (2004). \"Traditional culture\" (PDF) (PDF). Victorian Department of Conservation and Environment. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120302222040/http://www.stirling.au.com/educ/traditional_culture.pdf","url_text":"\"Traditional culture\""},{"url":"http://www.stirling.au.com/educ/traditional_culture.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Mount Bogong Club\". Retrieved 3 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtbogongclub.org.au/","url_text":"\"The Mount Bogong Club\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Bogong¶ms=36_43_57_S_147_18_21_E_type:mountain_region:AU-VIC_scale:100000","external_links_name":"36°43′57″S 147°18′21″E / 36.73250°S 147.30583°E / -36.73250; 147.30583"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Bogong¶ms=36_43_57_S_147_18_21_E_type:mountain_region:AU-VIC_scale:100000","external_links_name":"36°43′57″S 147°18′21″E / 36.73250°S 147.30583°E / -36.73250; 147.30583"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203250/http://services.land.vic.gov.au/vicnames/historicalInformation.html?method=edit&id=2958","external_links_name":"\"Mount Bogong: 2958: Historical Information\""},{"Link":"http://services.land.vic.gov.au/vicnames/historicalInformation.html?method=edit&id=2958","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203248/http://services.land.vic.gov.au/vicnames/historicalInformation.html?method=edit&id=2957","external_links_name":"\"Mount Bogong: 2957: Historical Information\""},{"Link":"http://services.land.vic.gov.au/vicnames/historicalInformation.html?method=edit&id=2957","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=11629","external_links_name":"\"Mount Bogong, Australia\""},{"Link":"https://opentopomap.org/#marker=14/-36.7325/147.305556","external_links_name":"\"Topographic map of Mount Bogong\""},{"Link":"http://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/geographic-information/landforms/highest-mountains","external_links_name":"\"Highest mountain by State and Territory\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090523143803/http://www.parkweb.vic.gov.au/resources05/05_0517.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Information sheet: The High Country - around Bright, Mount Beauty, Omeo and Dargo\""},{"Link":"http://www.parkweb.vic.gov.au/resources05/05_0517.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120302222040/http://www.stirling.au.com/educ/traditional_culture.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Traditional culture\""},{"Link":"http://www.stirling.au.com/educ/traditional_culture.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.mtbogongclub.org.au/","external_links_name":"\"The Mount Bogong Club\""},{"Link":"http://www.parkweb.vic.gov.au/","external_links_name":"Parks Victoria"},{"Link":"http://www.mtbogongclub.org.au/","external_links_name":"Mt Bogong Club"},{"Link":"http://www.state8.net/vic.htm","external_links_name":"Climbing Mount Bogong"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/246240123","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4312506-2","external_links_name":"Germany"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimir_(disambiguation) | Mimir (disambiguation) | [] | Look up Mímir or mimir in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Mímir is a primal figure of Norse mythology.
Mimir may also refer to:
Mimir (band)
Mimir (Planescape), a magical construct in the Dungeons & Dragons Planescape setting
an alternate name of Regin in Norse mythology
a character in the 2018 video game God of War
an open-source Prometheus-compatible time-series database created by Grafana
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Mimir.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mímir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/M%C3%ADmir"},{"link_name":"mimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mimir"},{"link_name":"Mímir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADmir"},{"link_name":"Mimir (band)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimir_(band)"},{"link_name":"Mimir (Planescape)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimir_(Planescape)"},{"link_name":"Regin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regin"},{"link_name":"God of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_of_War_(2018_video_game)"},{"link_name":"Prometheus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_(software)"},{"link_name":"Grafana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Mimir_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}],"text":"Look up Mímir or mimir in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Mímir is a primal figure of Norse mythology.Mimir may also refer to:Mimir (band)\nMimir (Planescape), a magical construct in the Dungeons & Dragons Planescape setting\nan alternate name of Regin in Norse mythology\na character in the 2018 video game God of War\nan open-source Prometheus-compatible time-series database created by GrafanaTopics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Mimir.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Mimir (disambiguation)"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Mimir_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territoire_de_Belfort%27s_1st_constituency | Territoire de Belfort's 1st constituency | ["1 Historic representation","2 Elections","2.1 2022","2.2 2018 by-election","2.3 2017","2.4 2012","2.5 2007","2.6 2002","2.7 1997","3 References","4 External links"] | Constituency of the National Assembly of France
Territoire de Belfort's 1st constituencyConstituencyfor the National AssemblyBoundary of Territoire de Belfort's 1st constituency in Territoire de BelfortLocation of Territoire de Belfort within FranceDepartmentTerritoire de BelfortRegionBourgogne-Franche-ComtéPopulation72,137 (2013)Electorate47,454 (2018)Current constituencyDeputyIan BoucardPolitical party LRParliamentary group LR
Territoire de Belfort's 1st constituency is one of two French legislative constituencies in the department of Territoire de Belfort. It is currently represented by Ian Boucard of The Republicans (LR).
Historic representation
Legislature
Start of mandate
End of mandate
Deputy
Party
1st
9 December 1958
9 October 1962
Raymond Schmittlein
UNR
2nd
6 December 1962
2 April 1967
3rd
3 April 1967
30 May 1968
Michel Dreyfus-Schmidt
CIR
4th
11 July 1968
1 April 1973
André Tisserand
DVD
5th
2 April 1973
2 April 1978
Raymond Forni
PS
6th
3 April 1978
22 May 1981
7th
2 July 1981
22 August 1985
23 August 1985
1 April 1986
Vacant
8th
2 April 1986
14 May 1988
Proportional representation
9th
23 June 1988
1 April 1993
Raymond Forni
PS
10th
2 April 1993
21 April 1997
Jean Rosselot
RPR
11th
12 June 1997
18 June 2002
Raymond Forni
PS
12th
19 June 2002
19 June 2007
Damien Meslot
UMP
13th
20 June 2007
19 June 2012
14th
20 June 2012
20 June 2017
15th
21 June 2017
8 December 2017
Ian Boucard
LR
8 December 2017
4 February 2018
Vacant
5 February 2018
21 June 2022
Ian Boucard
LR
16th
22 June 2022
ongoing
Elections
2022
Legislative Election 2022: Territoire de Belfort's 1st constituency
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
LR (UDC)
Ian Boucard
6,196
27.26
-11.76
RN
Christophe Soustelle
4,868
21.42
+13.90
LFI (NUPÉS)
Gérald Loridat
4,828
21.24
-1.47
MoDem (Ensemble)
Thiebaud Grudler
4,671
20.55
-6.12
REC
Nathalie Franquet
782
3.44
N/A
LP (RPR)
Jean Cordonnier
472
2.08
-3.73
Others
N/A
913
-
-
Turnout
22,730
48.83
+19.32
2nd round result
LR (UDC)
Ian Boucard
12,037
61.61
+2.68
RN
Christophe Soustelle
7,500
38.39
N/A
Turnout
19,537
45.36
+16.45
LR hold
2018 by-election
Main article: Territoire de Belfort's 1st constituency by-election, 2018
Candidate
Party
First round
Second round
Votes
%
+/–
Votes
%
+/–
Ian Boucard
LR–UDI
5,266
39.02
+15.32
7,229
58.93
+8.17
Christophe Grudler
MoDem–REM
3,600
26.67
–5.16
5,039
41.07
–8.17
Anais Beltran
FI–MRC–PCF
1,568
11.62
–0.55
Jean-Raphaël Sandri
FN
1,015
7.52
–9.98
Vincent Jeudy
EELV
601
4.45
+4.45
Julie Kohlenberg
DLF
515
3.82
+3.82
Arthur Courty
PS
351
2.60
–6.50
Sophie Montel
LP
268
1.99
+1.99
Yves Fontanive
LO
214
1.59
+0.54
Jonathan Vallart
UPR
99
0.73
–0.02
Votes
13,497
100.00
–
12,268
100.00
–
Valid votes
13,497
96.39
–0.97
12,268
89.06
+1.47
Blank votes
339
2.42
–0.62
959
6.96
–1.73
Null votes
167
1.19
+0.35
548
3.98
–0.26
Turnout
14,003
29.51
–20.23
13,775
28.91
–15.35
Abstentions
33,451
70.49
+20.23
33,880
71.09
+15.35
Registered voters
47,454
47,655
Source: Préfecture du Territoire de Belfort, Préfecture du Territoire de Belfort
2017
Candidate
Label
First round
Second round
Votes
%
Votes
%
Christophe Grudler
MoDem
7,379
31.83
9,131
49.25
Ian Boucard
LR
5,493
23.70
9,410
50.75
Jean-Raphaël Sandri
FN
4,057
17.50
Anais Beltran
FI
2,821
12.17
Bastien Faudot
PS
2,110
9.10
Philippe Legros
DIV
431
1.86
Sabine Verdant
PCF
334
1.44
Christiane Petitot
EXG
243
1.05
Jonathan Vallart
DIV
175
0.75
Mustafa Cetin
DIV
139
0.60
Romain Lagache
DIV
0
0.00
Votes
23,182
100.00
18,541
100.00
Valid votes
23,182
97.35
18,541
87.59
Blank votes
430
1.81
1,840
8.69
Null votes
200
0.84
788
3.72
Turnout
23,812
49.74
21,169
44.25
Abstentions
24,061
50.26
26,669
55.75
Registered voters
47,873
47,838
Source: Ministry of the Interior
2012
Candidate
Label
First round
Second round
Votes
%
Votes
%
Damien Meslot
UMP
11,318
40.23
15,344
56.22
Anne-Marie Forcinal
PS
8,822
31.36
11,949
43.78
Marc Archambault
FN
4,298
15.28
Jacques Rambur
FG
1,145
4.07
Eva Pedrocchi
EELV
936
3.33
Renaud Rousselet
MoDem
667
2.37
Saïd Meftah El Khaïr
PRG
293
1.04
Gérard Cretin
EXD
245
0.87
Jean-Christophe Muringer
DVD
239
0.85
Christiane Petitot
EXG
170
0.60
Claude Larger
AUT
0
0.00
Votes
28,133
100.00
27,293
100.00
Valid votes
28,133
98.58
27,293
96.20
Blank or null votes
406
1.42
1,079
3.80
Turnout
28,539
60.48
28,372
60.13
Abstentions
18,648
39.52
18,813
39.87
Registered voters
47,187
47,185
Source: Ministry of the Interior
2007
Legislative Election 2007: Territoire de Belfort's 1st constituency
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
UMP
Damien Meslot
14,044
49.99
PS
Anne-Marie Forcinal
6,748
24.02
MoDem
Christophe Grudler
2,435
8.67
FN
Robert Sennerich
1,297
4.62
LV
Anny Morel-Grunblatt
964
3.43
Far left
Elisabeth Adalla
695
2.47
Others
N/A
1,911
Turnout
28,697
61.39
2nd round result
UMP
Damien Meslot
16,478
58.66
PS
Anne-Marie Forcinal
11,612
41.34
Turnout
29,277
62.63
UMP hold
2002
Legislative Election 2002: Territoire de Belfort's 1st constituency
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
UMP
Damien Meslot
10,739
37.78
PS
Raymond Forni
9,732
34.24
FN
Yolande Pflieger
4,107
14.45
PR
Jackie Drouet
1,604
5.64
Others
N/A
2,243
Turnout
29,231
66.46
2nd round result
UMP
Damien Meslot
14,770
53.23
PS
Raymond Forni
12,979
46.77
Turnout
29,186
66.38
UMP gain from PS
1997
Legislative Election 2007:
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
PS
Raymond Forni
8,789
32.04
RPR
Jean Rosselot
7,992
29.13
FN
Christophe Vuillemin
5,008
18.26
LV
Louis Teknayan
1,366
4.98
PCF
Arlette Clerc
1,346
4.91
LO
Eliane Lacaille
899
3.28
DVD
Jean-Michel Glon-Villeneuve
727
2.65
GE
Philippe Freyburger
648
2.36
Others
N/A
658
Turnout
29,036
69.74
2nd round result
PS
Raymond Forni
14,762
51.52
RPR
Jean Rosselot
13,890
48.48
Turnout
31,056
74.61
PS gain from RPR
References
^ "Populations légales des circonscriptions législatives pour les élections de 2017". Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques. 1 December 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
^ "Résultats définitifs élection législative partielle 2018 Tour 1" (PDF). Préfecture du Territoire de Belfort. 28 January 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
^ "Résultats des élections législatives 2022 dans le Territoire de Belfort". Le Monde.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 June 2022.
External links
Results of legislative elections from 2002 to 2017 by constituency (Ministry of the Interior) (in French)
Results of legislative elections from 1958 to 2012 by constituency (CDSP Sciences Po) (in French)
Results of elections from 1958 to present by constituency (data.gouv.fr) (in French)
vteConstituencies of the French National Assembly (2012–present)Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Ain
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Allier
1st
2nd
3rd
Ardèche
1st
2nd
3rd
Cantal
1st
2nd
Drôme
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Haute-Loire
1st
2nd
Haute-Savoie
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
Isère
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
Loire
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
Puy-de-Dôme
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Rhône
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
Savoie
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
Côte-d'Or
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Doubs
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Haute-Saône
1st
2nd
Jura
1st
2nd
3rd
Nièvre
1st
2nd
Saône-et-Loire
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Territoire de Belfort
1st
2nd
Yonne
1st
2nd
3rd
Brittany
Cotes-d'Armor
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Finistère
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
Ille-et-Vilaine
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
Morbihan
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
Centre-Val de Loire
Cher
1st
2nd
3rd
Eure-et-Loir
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Indre
1st
2nd
Indre-et-Loire
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Loir-et-Cher
1st
2nd
3rd
Loiret
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
Corsica
Corse-du-Sud
1st
2nd
Haute-Corse
1st
2nd
Grand Est
Ardennes
1st
2nd
3rd
Aube
1st
2nd
3rd
Bas-Rhin
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
Haute-Marne
1st
2nd
Haut-Rhin
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
Marne
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Meurthe-et-Moselle
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
Meuse
1st
2nd
Moselle
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
Vosges
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Hauts-de-France
Aisne
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Nord
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
21st
Oise
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
Pas-de-Calais
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Somme
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Île-de-France
Essonne
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
Hauts-de-Seine
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
Paris
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
Seine-et-Marne
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
Seine-Saint-Denis
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Val-d'Oise
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
Val-de-Marne
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
Yvelines
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Normandy
Eure
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Calvados
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
Manche
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Orne
1st
2nd
3rd
Seine-Maritime
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Charente
1st
2nd
3rd
Charente-Maritime
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Corrèze
1st
2nd
Creuse
Deux-Sèvres
1st
2nd
3rd
Dordogne
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Gironde
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Haute-Vienne
1st
2nd
3rd
Landes
1st
2nd
3rd
Lot-et-Garonne
1st
2nd
3rd
Pyrénées-Atlantiques
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
Vienne
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Occitanie
Ariège
1st
2nd
Aude
1st
2nd
3rd
Aveyron
1st
2nd
3rd
Gard
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
Gers
1st
2nd
Haute-Garonne
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
Hautes-Pyrénées
1st
2nd
Hérault
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
Lot
1st
2nd
Lozère
Pyrénées-Orientales
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Tarn
1st
2nd
3rd
Tarn-et-Garonne
1st
2nd
Pays de la Loire
Loire-Atlantique
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
Maine-et-Loire
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
Mayenne
1st
2nd
3rd
Sarthe
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Vendée
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
1st
2nd
Alpes-Maritimes
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
Bouches-du-Rhône
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
Hautes-Alpes
1st
2nd
Var
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
Vaucluse
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Overseas
French Guiana
1st
2nd
French Polynesia
1st
2nd
3rd
Guadeloupe
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Martinique
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Mayotte
1st
2nd
New Caledonia
1st
2nd
Réunion
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
Saint Barthélemy and Saint-Martin
1st
Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon
1st
Wallis and Futuna
1st
Overseas citizens
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
Abolished constituencies (2010 redistricting)
Allier
4th
Charente
4th
Creuse
1st
2nd
Deux-Sèvres
4th
Haute-Saône
3rd
Hautes-Pyrénées
3rd
Haute-Vienne
4th
Haut-Rhin
7th
Indre
3rd
Loire
7th
Lozère
1st
2nd
Manche
5th
Marne
6th
Meurthe-et-Moselle
7th
Moselle
10th
Nièvre
3rd
Nord
22nd
23rd
24th
Paris
19th
20th
21st
Pas-de-Calais
13th
14th
Puy-de-Dôme
6th
Saône-et-Loire
6th
Seine-Maritime
11th
12th
Seine-Saint-Denis
13th
Somme
6th
Tarn
4th
Val-de-Marne
12th
vteConstituencies of Territoire de BelfortConstituency
1st
2nd | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French legislative constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituency_(France)"},{"link_name":"Territoire de Belfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territoire_de_Belfort"},{"link_name":"Ian Boucard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Boucard"},{"link_name":"The Republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Republicans_(France)"}],"text":"Territoire de Belfort's 1st constituency is one of two French legislative constituencies in the department of Territoire de Belfort. It is currently represented by Ian Boucard of The Republicans (LR).","title":"Territoire de Belfort's 1st constituency"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Historic representation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2022","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2018 by-election","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2017","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2012","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2007","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2002","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1997","title":"Elections"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Populations légales des circonscriptions législatives pour les élections de 2017\". Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques. 1 December 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2508230","url_text":"\"Populations légales des circonscriptions législatives pour les élections de 2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"Résultats définitifs élection législative partielle 2018 Tour 1\" (PDF). Préfecture du Territoire de Belfort. 28 January 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.territoire-de-belfort.gouv.fr/content/download/17366/133017/file/R%C3%A9sultats%20d%C3%A9finitifs%20%C3%A9lection%20l%C3%A9gislative%20partielle%20tour%201.pdf","url_text":"\"Résultats définitifs élection législative partielle 2018 Tour 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Résultats des élections législatives 2022 dans le Territoire de Belfort\". Le Monde.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lemonde.fr/resultats-elections/bourgogne-franche-comte/territoire-de-belfort/","url_text":"\"Résultats des élections législatives 2022 dans le Territoire de Belfort\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.territoire-de-belfort.gouv.fr/content/download/17366/133017/file/R%C3%A9sultats%20d%C3%A9finitifs%20%C3%A9lection%20l%C3%A9gislative%20partielle%20tour%201.pdf","external_links_name":"Préfecture du Territoire de Belfort"},{"Link":"http://www.territoire-de-belfort.gouv.fr/content/download/17539/133958/file/R%C3%A9sultats%20d%C3%A9finitifs%20presse.pdf","external_links_name":"Préfecture du Territoire de Belfort"},{"Link":"https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Legislatives/elecresult__legislatives-2017/(path)/legislatives-2017/090/09001.html","external_links_name":"Ministry of the Interior"},{"Link":"https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Legislatives/elecresult__LG2012/(path)/LG2012/090/09001.html","external_links_name":"Ministry of the Interior"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2508230","external_links_name":"\"Populations légales des circonscriptions législatives pour les élections de 2017\""},{"Link":"http://www.territoire-de-belfort.gouv.fr/content/download/17366/133017/file/R%C3%A9sultats%20d%C3%A9finitifs%20%C3%A9lection%20l%C3%A9gislative%20partielle%20tour%201.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Résultats définitifs élection législative partielle 2018 Tour 1\""},{"Link":"https://www.lemonde.fr/resultats-elections/bourgogne-franche-comte/territoire-de-belfort/","external_links_name":"\"Résultats des élections législatives 2022 dans le Territoire de Belfort\""},{"Link":"https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Legislatives","external_links_name":"Results of legislative elections from 2002 to 2017 by constituency (Ministry of the Interior)"},{"Link":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/elections-legislatives-1958-2012/","external_links_name":"Results of legislative elections from 1958 to 2012 by constituency (CDSP Sciences Po)"},{"Link":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/en/posts/les-donnees-des-elections/","external_links_name":"Results of elections from 1958 to present by constituency (data.gouv.fr)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_tire | Radial tire | ["1 History","2 Construction","3 Application","4 Features","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Particular design of vehicular tire
A cross-section of a tire. Number 12 indicates the radial ply. Numbers 14 and 16 are bias plies.
A radial tire (more properly, a radial-ply tire) is a particular design of vehicular tire. In this design, the cord plies are arranged at 90 degrees to the direction of travel, or radially (from the center of the tire). Radial tire construction climbed to 100% market share in North America following Consumer Reports finding the superiority of the radial design in 1968, and were standard by 1976.
History
First car designed with radial tires standard from launch: 1948 Citroën 2CVFirst American car fitted with radial tires standard: 1970 Continental Mark IIIRadial Tire Structure
The first radial tire designs were patented in 1914 by G.H. Hamilton and T. Sloper -patent № 467 filed in London, and in 1916 by Arthur W. Savage, a tire manufacturer (1915–1919), firearm designer and inventor in San Diego, CA - U.S. patent 1,203,910. No actual products were created.
Michelin in France designed, developed, patented, and commercialized the radial tire. The first Michelin X radial tire for cars was developed in 1946 by Michelin researcher Marius Mignol. There is no evidence that the former accountant turned researcher Mignol had knowledge of Hamilton or Savage's earlier work when he began his experiments in 1941.
Michelin owned the leading automaker Citroën, so it was quickly able to introduce its new design, including on the new 1948 Citroën 2CV model. In 1952, Michelin developed a radial truck tire.
Because of its significant advantages in durability and fuel economy, this technology spread quickly in Europe and Asia in the 1950s and 1960s.
In 1968, Consumer Reports, an influential American magazine, acknowledged the superiority of the radial tire design, documenting its longer tread life, better steering characteristics, and less rolling resistance, which increases gas mileage.
In 1970, Ford Motor Company produced the first American-made vehicle with radial tires as standard equipment, Michelin tires fitted to the Continental Mark III.
In 1974, Charles J. Pilliod, Jr., the new CEO of Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, faced a major investment decision regarding retooling for the radial tire, following the 1973 oil crisis. Despite heavy criticism at the time, Pilliod invested heavily in new factories and tooling to build the radial tire. Today, only Goodyear, Cooper, Titan, and Specialty Tires of America remain independent among US tire manufacturers, and the radial has practically replaced all other construction methods for automobile tires on the market. Sam Gibara, who headed Goodyear from 1996 to 2003, has noted that without the action of Pilliod, Goodyear "wouldn't be around today."
In 1974, Pirelli developed the wide radial tire on a request of the Lancia rally racing team for a tire to handle the power of the new Lancia Stratos and in the succeeding year, Pirelli introduced a wide tire with a reduced sidewall height like a slick, but with a radial construction for the Monte Carlo Rally winning works Stratos.
Radial technology is now the standard design for essentially all automotive tires.
Bias tires are still used on trailers due to their weight carrying ability and resistance to swaying when towed.
For aircraft, the transition is happening more slowly, as tires are certified along with the airframe. A radial has less material in the sidewall, so it weighs less, runs cooler and lasts longer. For smaller planes, bias tires afford more stability at higher speeds and have stronger sidewalls.
Construction
A series of plies of cord reinforces a tire. Without this, a tire would be flexible and weak. The network of cords that gives the tire strength and shape is called the carcass. Since the 1960s, all common tires have a carcass of cords of polyester, steel, or other textile materials, inlaid with several layers of rubber.
In the past, the fabric was built up on a flat steel drum, with the cords at angles of about +60 and −60 degrees from the direction of travel, so they criss-crossed over each other. They were called cross ply or bias ply tires. The plies were turned up around the steel wire beads and the combined tread/sidewall applied. The green (uncured) tire was loaded over a curing bladder and shaped into the mold. This shaping process caused the cords in the tire to assume an S-shape from bead to bead. The angle under the tread, the crown angle, stretched down to about 36 degrees. In the sidewall region the angle was 45 degrees, and in the bead it remained at 60 degrees. The low crown angle gave rigidity to support the tread and the high sidewall angle gave comfort. To increase strength, the manufacturer would increase the number of plies, and the heat buildup in the tire.
By comparison, radial tires lay all of the cord plies at 90 degrees to the direction of travel (that is, across the tire from lip to lip). This design avoids having the plies rub against each other as the tire flexes, reducing the tire's rolling friction. This allows vehicles with radial tires to achieve better fuel economy than with bias-ply tires. It also accounts for the slightly "low on air" (bulging) look that radial tire sidewalls have, especially when compared to bias-ply tires.
With only radial cords, a radial tire would not be sufficiently rigid at the contact with the ground. To add further stiffness, the entire tire is surrounded by additional belts oriented closer to the direction of travel, but usually at some "spiral" angle. These belts can be made of steel (hence the term steel-belted radial), polyester, or Aramid fibers such as Twaron or Kevlar.
In this way, low radial tires separate the tire carcass into two separate systems:
The radial cords in the sidewall allow it to act like a spring, giving flexibility and ride comfort.
The rigid steel belts reinforce the tread region, giving high mileage and performance.
Each system can then be individually optimized for best performance.
Application
Radial tires have different characteristics of springiness from those of bias-ply tires, and a different degree of slip while steering. A benefit was that cars could now be made lighter because they would not have to make up for the deficiencies of bias-ply tires.
However, motorists were not accustomed to the feel, hence the suspension systems of cars had to be modified. Ford Motor Company engineer Jack Bajer experimented in the 1960s on a Ford Falcon, by giving it less tight steering, and adding both isolators to the drive shaft and bushings to the suspension, the latter being to absorb the thump of riding over asphalt expansion joints in a concrete roadway.
Radial tires have occasionally found application on bicycles, used on the 1980s Miyata touring bicycle; models 1000 and 610, and more recently in 2009 on the Maxxis Radiale.
Panaracer radial tires were also standard on the Jamis Gentry model bicycle in 1985.
Features
The advantages of radial tires over bias ply:
Flexible sidewalls
Reduced fuel consumption due to less rolling resistance
A softer ride because of the layout of the tire's plies and because of the flex of the sidewalls. This assumes equivalent profiles between the two tires (also, as stated above, at lower speeds radial-ply tires will react more harshly to ridges in the road such as expansion joints).
More stable contact with the road surface.
Steel belted – Results in tougher overall construction
Longer tread life
Wider footprint
Less ground compaction and damage
Reduction in tire replacement due to less heat generated by the tire.
Reduced machine maintenance costs.
See also
Firestone 500 Radial tread separation/recall
References
^ a b c "History". www.jags.org.
^ "A Tale of Two Tires". Bloomberg.
^ a b Paolo Ferrini (4 May 2016). "RADIALS: A 70-YEAR-OLD STORY". Pneurama is the international edition of the Italian tyre magazine published by Edit Prom Srl. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ U.S. Patent 1203910, May 21, 1915, Vehicle Tire, Inventor Arthur W. Savage
^ Forgottenweapons.com Arthur W. Savage Retrieved July 26, 2015
^ K. Ganapathy (14 June 2017). "DEVELOPMENT OF PNEUMATIC TIRES". Talking Business. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ a b c James Kraus (7 March 2011). "Michelin and the birth of the radial tire". Autouniversum. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
^ Chapman, Giles Illustrated Encyclopedia of Extraordinary Automobiles page 104 ISBN 978-0756695767 April 16, 2012 Retrieved July 26, 2015
^ "Big Lorry Blog Archives - Truckanddriver.co.uk".
^ Michelin. "Michelin Agricultural Tires". www.michelinag.com.
^ Tedlow, Richard S. Denial: Why Business Leaders Fail to Look Facts in the Face---and What to Do About It ISBN 1591843138 March 4, 2010 Retrieved July 26, 2015
^ a b Consumer Reports, "Tires," Consumer Reports, (August 1968): 404-409.
^ Welch, David. A Tale of Two Tires Bloomberg Businessweek. May 4, 2006. Retrieved July 26, 2015
^ Vaughan, Daniel Conceptcarz.com 1969 Lincoln Continental news, pictures, specifications, and information September 2008 Retrieved July 26, 2015
^ a b "Charles Pilliod Kept Goodyear Out of Rivals' Hands: 1918-2016 World War II bomber pilot led tire maker when it was besieged by Japanese and European competitors". Wall Street Journal. 1 May 2016. p. A6. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
^ "A Stratospheric Show". racingspot.pirelli.com. Retrieved 2019-10-19.
^ "Trailer Tire Basics - West Marine". www.westmarine.com.
^ "Aviation Today :: Aircraft Tires". Archived from the original on 2016-08-17. Retrieved 2017-06-24.
^ "Dunlop Aircraft Tyres - Manufacturer and Retreader of Aircraft Tires". www.dunlopaircrafttyres.com.
^ Kraus, James Autouniversum.wordpress.com Michelin and the birth of the radial tire March 7, 2011 Retrieved July 26, 2015
^ Moran, Tim (2001-04-28). "The Radial Revolution". Invention & Technology Magazine. American Heritage Publishing. Archived from the original on 2007-12-26. Retrieved 2008-08-07.
^ Sheldon Brown: Japanese cycles in the American market: http://www.sheldonbrown.com/japan.html#miyata
^ Maxxis Radiale: "Radiale-22c". Archived from the original on 2009-12-19. Retrieved 2009-12-04.
^ Michelin. "Radial or bias, the right choice / Properly use your tires - Michelin Agricultural Tires". agricultural.michelinman.com.
External links
Michelin AG - Comparison of Bias vs Radial
ClassicCar.com: Usage of Radial and Bias-ply Tires on Older Vehicles
vteTiresTypes
Tubeless tire
Radial tire
Low rolling resistance tire
Run-flat tire
Michelin PAX System
Airless tire
Tweel
Rain tyre
Snow tire
All-terrain tire
Bar grip
Knobby tire
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Components
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Attributes
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Pacejka's Magic Formula
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Tire uniformity
Lateral Force Variation
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Traction (engineering)
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Behaviors
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Category
vtePowertrainPart of the Automobile seriesAutomotive engine
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Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tire_plies.png"},{"link_name":"tire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire"},{"link_name":"plies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire#Ply"},{"link_name":"Consumer Reports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Reports"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jags.org-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_Tale_of_Two_Tires-2"}],"text":"A cross-section of a tire. Number 12 indicates the radial ply. Numbers 14 and 16 are bias plies.A radial tire (more properly, a radial-ply tire) is a particular design of vehicular tire. In this design, the cord plies are arranged at 90 degrees to the direction of travel, or radially (from the center of the tire). Radial tire construction climbed to 100% market share in North America following Consumer Reports finding the superiority of the radial design in 1968, and were standard by 1976.[1][2]","title":"Radial tire"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Citroen_2CV_-_a_very_early_example!_(10949773684).jpg"},{"link_name":"Citroën 2CV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_2CV"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Continental.JPG"},{"link_name":"Continental Mark III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Continental_Mark_III"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radial_Tire_(Structure).svg"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pneurama-3"},{"link_name":"Arthur W. Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_William_Savage#San_Diego,_CA,_Savage_Tire"},{"link_name":"San Diego, CA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego,_CA"},{"link_name":"U.S. patent 1,203,910","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//patents.google.com/patent/US1203910"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TB-6"},{"link_name":"Michelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelin"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kraus-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kraus-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pneurama-3"},{"link_name":"Citroën","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn"},{"link_name":"Citroën 2CV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_2CV"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kraus-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jags.org-1"},{"link_name":"Consumer Reports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Reports"},{"link_name":"gas mileage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Ford Motor Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"American-made","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_automobile_industry_in_the_1950s#Tires"},{"link_name":"Michelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelin"},{"link_name":"Continental Mark III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Continental_Mark_III"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Charles J. Pilliod, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_J._Pilliod,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodyear_Tire_and_Rubber_Company#Radial_tire_transition"},{"link_name":"1973 oil crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSJ050116-15"},{"link_name":"Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_Tire_%26_Rubber_Company"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSJ050116-15"},{"link_name":"Pirelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirelli"},{"link_name":"Lancia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancia"},{"link_name":"Lancia Stratos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancia_Stratos"},{"link_name":"Monte Carlo Rally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_Rally"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jags.org-1"},{"link_name":"trailers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailer_(vehicle)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"airframe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airframe"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"First car designed with radial tires standard from launch: 1948 Citroën 2CVFirst American car fitted with radial tires standard: 1970 Continental Mark IIIRadial Tire StructureThe first radial tire designs were patented in 1914 by G.H. Hamilton and T. Sloper -patent № 467 filed in London,[3] and in 1916 by Arthur W. Savage, a tire manufacturer (1915–1919), firearm designer and inventor in San Diego, CA - U.S. patent 1,203,910.[4][5] No actual products were created.[6]Michelin in France designed, developed, patented, and commercialized the radial tire.[7] The first Michelin X radial tire for cars was developed in 1946 by Michelin researcher Marius Mignol.[7] There is no evidence that the former accountant turned researcher Mignol had knowledge of Hamilton or Savage's earlier work when he began his experiments in 1941.[3]Michelin owned the leading automaker Citroën, so it was quickly able to introduce its new design, including on the new 1948 Citroën 2CV model.[8] In 1952, Michelin developed a radial truck tire.[9]Because of its significant advantages in durability and fuel economy,[10] this technology spread quickly in Europe and Asia in the 1950s and 1960s.[7][11][1]In 1968, Consumer Reports, an influential American magazine, acknowledged the superiority of the radial tire design, documenting its longer tread life, better steering characteristics, and less rolling resistance, which increases gas mileage.[12][13]In 1970, Ford Motor Company produced the first American-made vehicle with radial tires as standard equipment, Michelin tires fitted to the Continental Mark III.[14]In 1974, Charles J. Pilliod, Jr., the new CEO of Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, faced a major investment decision regarding retooling for the radial tire, following the 1973 oil crisis. Despite heavy criticism at the time, Pilliod invested heavily in new factories and tooling to build the radial tire.[15] Today, only Goodyear, Cooper, Titan, and Specialty Tires of America remain independent among US tire manufacturers, and the radial has practically replaced all other construction methods for automobile tires on the market. Sam Gibara, who headed Goodyear from 1996 to 2003, has noted that without the action of Pilliod, Goodyear \"wouldn't be around today.\"[15]In 1974, Pirelli developed the wide radial tire on a request of the Lancia rally racing team for a tire to handle the power of the new Lancia Stratos and in the succeeding year, Pirelli introduced a wide tire with a reduced sidewall height like a slick, but with a radial construction for the Monte Carlo Rally winning works Stratos.[16]Radial technology is now the standard design for essentially all automotive tires.[1]Bias tires are still used on trailers due to their weight carrying ability and resistance to swaying when towed.[17]For aircraft, the transition is happening more slowly, as tires are certified along with the airframe. A radial has less material in the sidewall, so it weighs less, runs cooler and lasts longer.[18] For smaller planes, bias tires afford more stability at higher speeds and have stronger sidewalls.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rope"},{"link_name":"cross ply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_ply"},{"link_name":"heat buildup in the tire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_transfer"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"fuel economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles"},{"link_name":"polyester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyester"},{"link_name":"Aramid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramid"},{"link_name":"Twaron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twaron"},{"link_name":"Kevlar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar"}],"text":"A series of plies of cord reinforces a tire. Without this, a tire would be flexible and weak. The network of cords that gives the tire strength and shape is called the carcass. Since the 1960s, all common tires have a carcass of cords of polyester, steel, or other textile materials, inlaid with several layers of rubber.In the past, the fabric was built up on a flat steel drum, with the cords at angles of about +60 and −60 degrees from the direction of travel, so they criss-crossed over each other. They were called cross ply or bias ply tires. The plies were turned up around the steel wire beads and the combined tread/sidewall applied. The green (uncured) tire was loaded over a curing bladder and shaped into the mold. This shaping process caused the cords in the tire to assume an S-shape from bead to bead. The angle under the tread, the crown angle, stretched down to about 36 degrees. In the sidewall region the angle was 45 degrees, and in the bead it remained at 60 degrees. The low crown angle gave rigidity to support the tread and the high sidewall angle gave comfort. To increase strength, the manufacturer would increase the number of plies, and the heat buildup in the tire.[20]By comparison, radial tires lay all of the cord plies at 90 degrees to the direction of travel (that is, across the tire from lip to lip). This design avoids having the plies rub against each other as the tire flexes, reducing the tire's rolling friction. This allows vehicles with radial tires to achieve better fuel economy than with bias-ply tires. It also accounts for the slightly \"low on air\" (bulging) look that radial tire sidewalls have, especially when compared to bias-ply tires.With only radial cords, a radial tire would not be sufficiently rigid at the contact with the ground. To add further stiffness, the entire tire is surrounded by additional belts oriented closer to the direction of travel, but usually at some \"spiral\" angle. These belts can be made of steel (hence the term steel-belted radial), polyester, or Aramid fibers such as Twaron or Kevlar.In this way, low radial tires separate the tire carcass into two separate systems:The radial cords in the sidewall allow it to act like a spring, giving flexibility and ride comfort.\nThe rigid steel belts reinforce the tread region, giving high mileage and performance.Each system can then be individually optimized for best performance.","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bias-ply tires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire#Construction_types"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Ford Motor Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"Ford Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Falcon_(North_America)"},{"link_name":"bushings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushing_(isolator)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Maxxis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxxis"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Radial tires have different characteristics of springiness from those of bias-ply tires, and a different degree of slip while steering. A benefit was that cars could now be made lighter because they would not have to make up for the deficiencies of bias-ply tires.[21]However, motorists were not accustomed to the feel, hence the suspension systems of cars had to be modified. Ford Motor Company engineer Jack Bajer experimented in the 1960s on a Ford Falcon, by giving it less tight steering, and adding both isolators to the drive shaft and bushings to the suspension, the latter being to absorb the thump of riding over asphalt expansion joints in a concrete roadway. \nRadial tires have occasionally found application on bicycles, used on the 1980s Miyata touring bicycle; models 1000 and 610,[22] and more recently in 2009 on the Maxxis Radiale.[23]\nPanaracer radial tires were also standard on the Jamis Gentry model bicycle in 1985.","title":"Application"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-12"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"The advantages of radial tires over bias ply:[12]Flexible sidewalls\nReduced fuel consumption due to less rolling resistance\nA softer ride because of the layout of the tire's plies and because of the flex of the sidewalls. This assumes equivalent profiles between the two tires (also, as stated above, at lower speeds radial-ply tires will react more harshly to ridges in the road such as expansion joints).\nMore stable contact with the road surface.\nSteel belted – Results in tougher overall construction\nLonger tread life\nWider footprint\nLess ground compaction and damage\nReduction in tire replacement due to less heat generated by the tire.[24]\nReduced machine maintenance costs.","title":"Features"}] | [{"image_text":"A cross-section of a tire. Number 12 indicates the radial ply. Numbers 14 and 16 are bias plies.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tire_plies.png/250px-Tire_plies.png"}] | [{"title":"Firestone 500 Radial tread separation/recall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firestone_Tire_and_Rubber_Company#Firestone_500_tread_separation_problem"}] | [{"reference":"\"History\". www.jags.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jags.org/TechInfo/2001/05May01/tires/historyoftires.htm","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Tale of Two Tires\". Bloomberg.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/2006-05-04/a-tale-of-two-tiresbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice","url_text":"\"A Tale of Two Tires\""}]},{"reference":"Paolo Ferrini (4 May 2016). \"RADIALS: A 70-YEAR-OLD STORY\". Pneurama is the international edition of the Italian tyre magazine published by Edit Prom Srl. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pneurama.com/en/rivista_articolo.php/RADIALS-A-70-YEAR-OLD-STORY?ID=26029","url_text":"\"RADIALS: A 70-YEAR-OLD STORY\""}]},{"reference":"K. Ganapathy (14 June 2017). \"DEVELOPMENT OF PNEUMATIC TIRES\". Talking Business. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iaapt.info/single-post/2017/06/24/DEVELOPMENT-OF-PNEUMATIC-TIRES","url_text":"\"DEVELOPMENT OF PNEUMATIC TIRES\""}]},{"reference":"James Kraus (7 March 2011). \"Michelin and the birth of the radial tire\". Autouniversum. Retrieved 26 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://autouniversum.wordpress.com/2011/03/07/michelin-and-the-birth-of-the-radial-tire/","url_text":"\"Michelin and the birth of the radial tire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Big Lorry Blog Archives - Truckanddriver.co.uk\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.commercialmotor.com/big-lorry-blog/let-s-get-rolling---michelin-celebrates-the-60th-anniversay-of-radial-tyres-on-biglorryblog","url_text":"\"Big Lorry Blog Archives - Truckanddriver.co.uk\""}]},{"reference":"Michelin. \"Michelin Agricultural Tires\". www.michelinag.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.michelinag.com/Innovating/Radial-vs.-Bias-technology","url_text":"\"Michelin Agricultural Tires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charles Pilliod Kept Goodyear Out of Rivals' Hands: 1918-2016 World War II bomber pilot led tire maker when it was besieged by Japanese and European competitors\". Wall Street Journal. 1 May 2016. p. A6. Retrieved 27 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/charles-pilliod-kept-goodyear-out-of-rivals-hands-1918-2016-1461922202","url_text":"\"Charles Pilliod Kept Goodyear Out of Rivals' Hands: 1918-2016 World War II bomber pilot led tire maker when it was besieged by Japanese and European competitors\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Stratospheric Show\". racingspot.pirelli.com. Retrieved 2019-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://racingspot.pirelli.com/global/en-ww/race/a-stratospheric-show?search=Lancia%20stratos&_ga=2.115067716.2101387847.1571497054-818787902.1571497054","url_text":"\"A Stratospheric Show\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trailer Tire Basics - West Marine\". www.westmarine.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.westmarine.com/WestAdvisor/Trailer-Tire-Basics","url_text":"\"Trailer Tire Basics - West Marine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aviation Today :: Aircraft Tires\". Archived from the original on 2016-08-17. Retrieved 2017-06-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160817032142/http://www.aviationtoday.com/am/issue/productfocus/Aircraft-Tires_24839.html","url_text":"\"Aviation Today :: Aircraft Tires\""},{"url":"http://www.aviationtoday.com/am/issue/productfocus/Aircraft-Tires_24839.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dunlop Aircraft Tyres - Manufacturer and Retreader of Aircraft Tires\". www.dunlopaircrafttyres.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dunlopaircrafttyres.com/tech_support/aircraft-tyre-technology.aspx","url_text":"\"Dunlop Aircraft Tyres - Manufacturer and Retreader of Aircraft Tires\""}]},{"reference":"Moran, Tim (2001-04-28). \"The Radial Revolution\". Invention & Technology Magazine. American Heritage Publishing. Archived from the original on 2007-12-26. Retrieved 2008-08-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071226064252/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/2001/4/2001_4_28.shtml","url_text":"\"The Radial Revolution\""},{"url":"http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/2001/4/2001_4_28.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Radiale-22c\". Archived from the original on 2009-12-19. Retrieved 2009-12-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091219023255/http://www.maxxis.com/Bicycle/Road-Racing/Radiale-22c.aspx","url_text":"\"Radiale-22c\""},{"url":"http://www.maxxis.com/Bicycle/Road-Racing/Radiale-22c.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Michelin. \"Radial or bias, the right choice / Properly use your tires - Michelin Agricultural Tires\". agricultural.michelinman.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://agricultural.michelinman.com/us/Properly-use-your-tires/Radial-or-bias-the-right-choice","url_text":"\"Radial or bias, the right choice / Properly use your tires - Michelin Agricultural Tires\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US1203910","external_links_name":"U.S. patent 1,203,910"},{"Link":"http://www.jags.org/TechInfo/2001/05May01/tires/historyoftires.htm","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/2006-05-04/a-tale-of-two-tiresbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice","external_links_name":"\"A Tale of Two Tires\""},{"Link":"https://www.pneurama.com/en/rivista_articolo.php/RADIALS-A-70-YEAR-OLD-STORY?ID=26029","external_links_name":"\"RADIALS: A 70-YEAR-OLD STORY\""},{"Link":"https://rataibatai.lt/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.forgottenweapons.com/biographies/arthur-w-savage/","external_links_name":"Forgottenweapons.com Arthur W. Savage"},{"Link":"https://www.iaapt.info/single-post/2017/06/24/DEVELOPMENT-OF-PNEUMATIC-TIRES","external_links_name":"\"DEVELOPMENT OF PNEUMATIC TIRES\""},{"Link":"https://autouniversum.wordpress.com/2011/03/07/michelin-and-the-birth-of-the-radial-tire/","external_links_name":"\"Michelin and the birth of the radial tire\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KDrsOwZnK1QC&dq=1948+citroen+2cv+tires&pg=PA104","external_links_name":"Illustrated Encyclopedia of Extraordinary Automobiles"},{"Link":"http://www.commercialmotor.com/big-lorry-blog/let-s-get-rolling---michelin-celebrates-the-60th-anniversay-of-radial-tyres-on-biglorryblog","external_links_name":"\"Big Lorry Blog Archives - Truckanddriver.co.uk\""},{"Link":"http://www.michelinag.com/Innovating/Radial-vs.-Bias-technology","external_links_name":"\"Michelin Agricultural Tires\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=l9sBBZA4n2oC&dq=consumer+reports+1968+radial+tire&pg=PT41","external_links_name":"Denial: Why Business Leaders Fail to Look Facts in the Face---and What to Do About It"},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/2006-05-04/a-tale-of-two-tiresbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice","external_links_name":"A Tale of Two Tires"},{"Link":"http://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z10204/Lincoln-Continental.aspx","external_links_name":"Conceptcarz.com 1969 Lincoln Continental news, pictures, specifications, and information"},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/charles-pilliod-kept-goodyear-out-of-rivals-hands-1918-2016-1461922202","external_links_name":"\"Charles Pilliod Kept Goodyear Out of Rivals' Hands: 1918-2016 World War II bomber pilot led tire maker when it was besieged by Japanese and European competitors\""},{"Link":"https://racingspot.pirelli.com/global/en-ww/race/a-stratospheric-show?search=Lancia%20stratos&_ga=2.115067716.2101387847.1571497054-818787902.1571497054","external_links_name":"\"A Stratospheric Show\""},{"Link":"http://www.westmarine.com/WestAdvisor/Trailer-Tire-Basics","external_links_name":"\"Trailer Tire Basics - West Marine\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160817032142/http://www.aviationtoday.com/am/issue/productfocus/Aircraft-Tires_24839.html","external_links_name":"\"Aviation Today :: Aircraft Tires\""},{"Link":"http://www.aviationtoday.com/am/issue/productfocus/Aircraft-Tires_24839.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.dunlopaircrafttyres.com/tech_support/aircraft-tyre-technology.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Dunlop Aircraft Tyres - Manufacturer and Retreader of Aircraft Tires\""},{"Link":"https://autouniversum.wordpress.com/2011/03/07/michelin-and-the-birth-of-the-radial-tire/","external_links_name":"Autouniversum.wordpress.com Michelin and the birth of the radial tire"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071226064252/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/2001/4/2001_4_28.shtml","external_links_name":"\"The Radial Revolution\""},{"Link":"http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/2001/4/2001_4_28.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.sheldonbrown.com/japan.html#miyata","external_links_name":"http://www.sheldonbrown.com/japan.html#miyata"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091219023255/http://www.maxxis.com/Bicycle/Road-Racing/Radiale-22c.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Radiale-22c\""},{"Link":"http://www.maxxis.com/Bicycle/Road-Racing/Radiale-22c.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://agricultural.michelinman.com/us/Properly-use-your-tires/Radial-or-bias-the-right-choice","external_links_name":"\"Radial or bias, the right choice / Properly use your tires - Michelin Agricultural Tires\""},{"Link":"http://www.michelinag.com/agx/en-US/products/advantages/bias_radial/bias_radial.jsp","external_links_name":"Michelin AG - Comparison of Bias vs Radial"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071207232133/http://www.classiccar.com/articles/content/index.php?%2Farchives%2F21-A-Tale-of-Two-Tires.html","external_links_name":"ClassicCar.com: Usage of Radial and Bias-ply Tires on Older Vehicles"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthouse_International | Lighthouse Guild | ["1 History","2 Branches and services","3 Headquarters","4 Percentage devoted to programs","5 References","6 External links"] | "Lighthouse International" redirects here. For the defunct British coaching firm, see Lighthouse (British organisation).
Lighthouse GuildFormation1906 – The New York Association for the Blind 1914 – New York Guild for the Jewish Blind 2013 – Lighthouse GuildFoundersWinifred and Edith HoltTypeNPOLegal status501(c)(3)Purposeaddress and prevent vision loss in children and adultsHeadquarters250 West 64th St, New York, New York, USARegion served United StatesPresident & CEOCalvin W. RobertsChairman of the BoardJames M. DubinMain organBoard of DirectorsWebsitewww.lighthouseguild.org
Lighthouse Guild is an American charitable organization, based in New York City, devoted to vision rehabilitation and advocacy for the blind. Its mission statement is "To overcome vision impairment for people of all ages through worldwide leadership in rehabilitation services, education, research, prevention and advocacy."
Formerly known as Lighthouse International, it merged with Jewish Guild Healthcare and as of January 2014 became known as Lighthouse Guild International, with the name eventually shortened to Lighthouse Guild.
History
During a trip to Florence, Italy, at the turn of the 20th century, sisters Winifred and Edith Holt learned of a free service that provided concert tickets to blind schoolchildren. Inspired by the notion, the sisters established the similar Lighthouse Free Ticket Bureau in New York City in 1903. The organization was incorporated in 1906 as The New York Association for the Blind and offered home counseling and instruction program for the visually impaired. An early meeting for the board and the public, including blind men and women, was held at the Waldorf-Astoria hotel. Also in attendance were Secretary Miss Winifred Holt, Recording Secretary Miss Edith Holt, President Richard Watson Gilder, Vice-President Helen Keller, with honorary vice presidents Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler and Samuel Langhorne Clemens. The advisory board consisted of Dr. Felix Adler, Joseph H. Choate, John Farley, Bishop David Greer, Dr. William H. Maxwell and Dr. Charles H. Parkhurst.
Winifred Holt also participated in founding the New York State Commission for the Blind and Visually Handicapped. In 1912, the association established a workshop on East 42nd Street where visually impaired men could manufacture marketable products, and the sisters opened their home to visually impaired women to create handcrafted items for sale, leading to the organization's motto, "Light Through Work."
Lighthouse became international with the onset of World War I, when Winifred Holt in 1915 established Le Phare de Bordeaux, in France. Other overseas offices opened in Paris; Rome; Warsaw; Canton, China; Japan, the Middle East, India, South America, and elsewhere.
That same year, the association created the River Lighthouse, in Cornwall-on-Hudson, New York, as the first of its eventually several summer camps for visually impaired children. Camp Munger, in Bear Mountain, New York, followed in 1923. A kindergarten was formed in 1925, and the Lighthouse Nursery School in 1933. An affiliation with the Ophthalmological Foundation in 1952 led to that foundation becoming the organization's research arm. The following year, the Lighthouse Low Vision Service was founded to administer to people with partial sight.
Logo of predecessor organization Lighthouse International
In 1989, The New York Association for the Blind, Inc., became The Lighthouse Inc., and in 1998, the organization was renamed Lighthouse International.
In January 2010 Lighthouse International acquired the National Association for Visually Handicapped (NAVH), an organization which provided services for the partially sighted. In September 2013, a merger was announced with Jewish Guild Healthcare, under the name Lighthouse Guild International.
Branches and services
Former headquarters at 111 East 59th Street, New York City.
It operates the Arlene R. Gordon Research Institute in New York, and New York Lighthouse Vision Rehabilitation Services.
The volunteer organization Tennis Serves introduced blind tennis in 2011 at Lighthouse International and at the California School for the Blind in Fremont, California.
Headquarters
The organization was headquartered at the Sol and Lillian Goldman Building at 111 East 59th Street in New York City. This portion of East 59th Street was named Lighthouse Way in 1994. After the merger with Jewish Guild Healthcare, the headquarters moved to the Guild location at 15 West 65th Street. In 2018 it moved to 250 West 64th Street.
Percentage devoted to programs
The New York Times in 2002 reported that Lighthouse at the time used 80 percent of its $28 million annual budget on its programs.
References
^ "Board of Directors". Lighthouse Guild. Retrieved November 12, 2018.
^ a b c d Krotz, Joanna L. (November 18, 2002). "Strategy: The Lighthouse Focuses On Donors New and Old". The New York Times. Retrieved August 23, 2012.
^ a b Barron, James (September 16, 2013). "Hoping to Raise Awareness, 2 Leading Groups for the Blind Plan a Merger". The New York Times. Retrieved September 23, 2013. The two organizations that are joining forces, Jewish Guild Healthcare and Lighthouse International, have slightly different specialties and slightly different patient populations. The new organization will be known as Lighthouse Guild International.
^ a b "Lighthouse Guild International (formerly Lighthouse International) – AFB Directory Profile". American Foundation for the Blind. Archived from the original on January 8, 2015. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
^ a b "Helping the Blind to See: Remarkable Work by Two New York Women in Behalf of the Sightless Teaching Carpentry, Telephone Operating, Massage, Sewing and Stenography to Those Who Cannot See". The New York Times. January 13, 1907. p. 5. Retrieved September 11, 2015. (subscription required)
^ a b c "New York Association for the Blind – Lighthouse International". Lighthouse International. n.d. Archived from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved August 23, 2012.
^ "Lighthouse International Acquires National Association for Visually Handicapped (NAVH)". Lighthouse International. Archived from the original on March 7, 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
^ "National Association for Visually Handicapped – NAVH". U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012.
^ Lin, Thomas (June 4, 2012). "Hitting the Court, With an Ear on the Ball". The New York Times. Retrieved August 23, 2012.
^ "About". Lighthouse International. Archived from the original on January 5, 2013. Retrieved September 23, 2013.
^ "Our History". Lighthouse Guild. 2019. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
External links
Lighthouse Guild (official site)
Archive of former Lighthouse International official site
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lighthouse (British organisation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthouse_(British_organisation)"},{"link_name":"vision rehabilitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_Rehabilitation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt2002-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-sept18-2013-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFB-4"}],"text":"\"Lighthouse International\" redirects here. For the defunct British coaching firm, see Lighthouse (British organisation).Lighthouse Guild is an American charitable organization, based in New York City, devoted to vision rehabilitation and advocacy for the blind. Its mission statement is \"To overcome vision impairment for people of all ages through worldwide leadership in rehabilitation services, education, research, prevention and advocacy.\"[2]Formerly known as Lighthouse International, it merged with Jewish Guild Healthcare and as of January 2014 became known as Lighthouse Guild International,[3][4] with the name eventually shortened to Lighthouse Guild.","title":"Lighthouse Guild"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"Winifred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winifred_Holt"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-annualmeeting1907-5"},{"link_name":"Waldorf-Astoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldorf-Astoria"},{"link_name":"Richard Watson Gilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Watson_Gilder"},{"link_name":"Helen Keller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Keller"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Murray Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler"},{"link_name":"Samuel Langhorne Clemens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Langhorne_Clemens"},{"link_name":"Felix Adler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Adler_(professor)"},{"link_name":"Joseph H. 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Inspired by the notion, the sisters established the similar Lighthouse Free Ticket Bureau in New York City in 1903. The organization was incorporated in 1906 as The New York Association for the Blind and offered home counseling and instruction program for the visually impaired.[5] An early meeting for the board and the public, including blind men and women, was held at the Waldorf-Astoria hotel. Also in attendance were Secretary Miss Winifred Holt, Recording Secretary Miss Edith Holt, President Richard Watson Gilder, Vice-President Helen Keller, with honorary vice presidents Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler and Samuel Langhorne Clemens. The advisory board consisted of Dr. Felix Adler, Joseph H. Choate, John Farley, Bishop David Greer, Dr. William H. Maxwell and Dr. Charles H. Parkhurst.[5]Winifred Holt also participated in founding the New York State Commission for the Blind and Visually Handicapped. In 1912, the association established a workshop on East 42nd Street where visually impaired men could manufacture marketable products, and the sisters opened their home to visually impaired women to create handcrafted items for sale, leading to the organization's motto, \"Light Through Work.\"[6]Lighthouse became international with the onset of World War I, when Winifred Holt in 1915 established Le Phare de Bordeaux, in France. Other overseas offices opened in Paris; Rome; Warsaw; Canton, China; Japan, the Middle East, India, South America, and elsewhere.[6]That same year, the association created the River Lighthouse, in Cornwall-on-Hudson, New York, as the first of its eventually several summer camps for visually impaired children. Camp Munger, in Bear Mountain, New York, followed in 1923. A kindergarten was formed in 1925, and the Lighthouse Nursery School in 1933. An affiliation with the Ophthalmological Foundation in 1952 led to that foundation becoming the organization's research arm. The following year, the Lighthouse Low Vision Service was founded to administer to people with partial sight.[6]Logo of predecessor organization Lighthouse InternationalIn 1989, The New York Association for the Blind, Inc., became The Lighthouse Inc., and in 1998, the organization was renamed Lighthouse International.In January 2010 Lighthouse International acquired the National Association for Visually Handicapped (NAVH),[7] an organization which provided services for the partially sighted.[8] In September 2013, a merger was announced with Jewish Guild Healthcare, under the name Lighthouse Guild International. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamericana_Televisi%C3%B3n | Panamericana Televisión | ["1 History","1.1 Early years","1.2 1970s and 1980s","1.3 1990s","1.4 2000-2004: The long shadow of crisis","1.5 2004-2008: Parker's channel once more","1.6 2008-2009: The second crisis","1.7 2009-present: A new Panamericana","2 Logos","3 References","4 External links"] | Peruvian television network
Television channel
Panamericana TelevisiónTypeBroadcast Television NetworkCountryPeruProgrammingPicture format1080i HDTVOwnershipOwnerPanamericana Televisión Inversiones S.A.C.Key peopleErnesto Schütz Freundt (chairman) Leonardo Bigott (general manager)HistoryFoundedJuly 21, 1957; 66 years ago (1957-07-21)LaunchedOctober 16, 1959; 64 years ago (1959-10-16)FounderGenaro Delgado BrandtLinksWebsitewww.panamericana.peAvailabilityTerrestrialAnalog VHFChannel 5 (Lima, listings may vary)Digital VHFChannel 5.1 (Lima, listings may vary)
Panamericana Televisión (sometimes shortened to Panamericana and formerly known as PANTEL) is a Peruvian television network, which was founded on July 21, 1957 and had later begun its official broadcast on October 16, 1959.
It is Peru's third oldest television network, after TV Perú and América Televisión, respectivamente. From its beginnings until the end of 1996, and later in the period between early 2001 and late 2003, it was considered as a leading television channel at a national scale, where it occupied around 31% of market share in 1996.
History
Early years
The family of Genaro Delgado Brandt had owned radio stations in Peru since 1937. In 1953, Delgado Brandt founded Empresa Radiodifusora Panamericana S.A. ("Panamerican Radio Broadcasting Company"), whose primary station was Radio Panamericana.
Three of Delgado Brandt's kids—Genaro, Héctor and Manuel—became part of the family business. In 1956, Genaro Delgado Parker began to study the possibility of starting a television station to cover Lima, traveling to the United States, Mexico and Cuba to see the latest in television technology, and to bring it to his home country, Delgado Parker enlisted the help of Don Isaac Lindley, owner of the Inca Kola bottling plant and financial backer for the new station, and Cuban television magnate Goar Mestre, who offered him technical expertise as well as a relationship with CBS in the United States. In 1957, they established a television station called Panamericana Televisión, S.A., and a production company called Producciones Panamericana S.A.
The station had first begun its test broadcast on July 21, 1959, and then, later than two years, it began its official broadcasts on October 16, 1959, when OBXY-TV channel 13 took to the air for the first time. The launch program was hosted by Spanish actress Carmen Sevilla, while the new TV station drew on Radio Panamericana's brand by using the same ID music.
In 1963, Genaro and Héctor Delgado Parker, in association with Johnny E. Lindley, founded Radio Programas del Perú, a radio network, of which Manuel (the youngest of the three sons) was named manager. RPP would grow to be the largest radio station operator in the country.
In 1965, Panamericana Televisión moved from channel 13 to channel 5, taking on the callsign OAY-4A and improving signal reach and reception. Soon after, Panamericana had assembled a repeater network, with five affiliate stations and 60 retransmitters to serve the rest of Peru.
The early years also saw Panamericana define itself as the market leader; news programs such as El Panamericano, hosted by Humberto Martínez Morosini and Ernesto García Calderón among others, became highly rated, while telenovelas such as Simplemente María and Natacha found success in the Latin American market. In 1966, the variety show Trampolín a la Fama, hosted by converted radio personality Augusto Ferrando would be launched, staying on the air for thirty years and becoming one of the most popular programs in the country.
1970s and 1980s
The 1970s began with military dictatorship. On November 9, 1971, the state took over all television stations; the next day, Peru's President Juan Velasco Alvarado decreed the expropriation of 51% of all television stations and 25% of all radio stations. Genaro Delgado Parker did not accept these terms; he fled to Buenos Aires with his family, living there until the late 1970s. While in Argentina, he bought Buenos Aires station LS 86 TV, and while he hoped to use both the station and his connections to Mestre to build a successful television center producing programs for the Spanish-speaking world, signal-quality problems there as well as the arrival of Argentina's own military dictatorship impeded his efforts, ending with his Argentine venture's expropriation in 1976. The Delgado Parker family would not return to Peru until 1978.
Back in Peru, the station came under the management of military government entities such as OCI and later Telecentro, which also operated competitor América Televisión on channel 4. The major development of the Telecentro era was a new newscast: 24 Horas (Peru), which launched in 1973, soon supplanting El Panamericano as the station's flagship news program and becoming Peru's most watched newscast.
In 1978, preparations began for the switch to color. Experimental transmissions included complete color for the 1978 FIFA World Cup, using the NTSC system. Color would be adopted across the network by May 1980, coinciding with the completion of a microwave link that consolidated Panamericana's programming across the country. On July 28, 1980, democratically elected president Fernando Belaúnde Terry returned Panamericana to Genaro and Héctor Delgado Parker. Slowly, programming changes began, such as the first morning program in the country (Buenos Días, Perú, launched in 1981) and the relaunch of its drama productions unit in 1983. In 1981, Panamericana also bought the Coliseo Amauta, a 20,000-seat venue in Lima that would be used as a site to host large events and even to film various programs.
Through the economic instability of the presidency of Alan García Pérez, Panamericana continued to grow. In 1987, Gisela Valcárcel, then a dancer on the program Risas y Salsas, got her own program, Aló Gisela, which would last five years and be the first of many in a successful television career. In 1989, Panamericana upgraded from a microwave link to a satellite one, while the Lindley family sold its remaining stake in the station to the Delgado Parker family, leading to a reorganization of the various holdings of the group. With these changes, Genaro Delgado Parker reduced his role, remaining only as the largest shareholder in the new holding company, DELPARK S.A., and leaving Héctor and Manuel in charge.
In September 1989, Héctor became wrapped up in a lengthy police case against the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, leaving Manuel in charge. Meanwhile, Genaro was founding Tele 2000 S.A.A., which would become the first cell phone company in Peru.
1990s
The 1990s began with the creation of one of Panamericana's most successful programs, the children's show Nubeluz, hosted by Almendra Gomelsky and Mónica Santa María. Nubeluz would remain on the air until 1996, a success on the international market. However, it saw a serious ratings decline when Santa María died in 1994. The ratings decline, plus the cancellation of the program El Baúl de la Felicidad and resulting debts, triggered by the insolvency of the company that provided the prizes, caused some financial problems for Panamericana; on top of that, some personalities switched channels, causing Panamericana to fall from its customary first place in the ratings.
In 1995, Panamericana produced the telenovela Canela, the first to be produced completely outside of Lima (in this case, in Arequipa).
In 1997, Ernesto Schütz Landázuri, the father of one of Manuel's children-in-law, acquired the majority of the stake in Grupo Pantel S.A. He poured investments into Panamericana, helping it return to first place and continue its national productions.
On February 1, 1999, Augusto Ferrando, host of Trampolín a la Fama, died at the age of 80, a sad note on which Panamericana would end the 1990s.
2000-2004: The long shadow of crisis
The new millennium, however, would not be much better at the outset. In the ratings, Panamericana would be number one from 2000-2003, mostly thanks to imports from Brazil's TV Globo, Colombia's Yo soy Betty, la fea and the national production Mil oficios.
However, the crisis set in with the discovery of the Vladivideos in 2001—videos showing Vladimiro Montesinos bribing important political and business leaders. Genaro Delgado Parker was caught looking for the government's support to finish the sale of Tele 2000 to American firm BellSouth, while Schütz was seen receiving bribes to support the reelection of Alberto Fujimori. Genaro went before a judge, where the Supreme Court ruled that he could not be tried due to his advanced age, while Schütz publicly denied any manipulation of Panamericana's editorial line.
Schütz immediately fled the country, driving to Chile and being arrested to Argentina, where Peru hoped to begin an extradition process. Schütz then gave his shares in various businesses to his son, Ernesto Schütz Freundt. Meanwhile, after paying bail in Argentina, Schütz received house arrest, which was enough to send him to Switzerland, a country where he had citizenship and could not be extradited. Genaro Delgado Parker asked that he be named judicial administrator of Panamericana, and he succeeded, taking control on February 24, 2003.
On July 11 of that year, the low point of the crisis came. Schütz's administrators had received a writ of protection, which they perceived gave them the ability to take control of the primary facilities of the station, la esquina de la televisión ("Television Corner"). The result was a massive brawl, in which fire extinguishers were used as weapons, desks and chairs were thrown, and yellow paint was splattered throughout the facilities. One week later, Panamericana's license was revoked for a week, putting the station off air for the first time in its history and for a full eight days. Eventually, a new equilibrium came about: Delgado Parker's administration took control of the Lima signal and the news room, while the Schütz administration would operate the main facilities and the repeater stations, dividing Panamericana in two. After eleven months, the Superior and Supreme Courts ruled in favor of Delgado Parker and evicted Schütz Freundt from the main building, which was remodeled. On October 28, 2004, the divided Panamericana network was reconnected, launching with new equipment and a new logo.
2004-2008: Parker's channel once more
While Genaro Delgado Parker had won the latest round of legal wars, poor management left Panamericana in budgetary shortfalls. Among the creditors of the network were its workers and the Peruvian state. The budget issues constrained Panamericana's ability to acquire new series, and its own productions mostly fell flat in the ratings. One of the few successes was the 2008 program Bailando por un sueño (Dancing for a Dream), featuring Gisela Válcarcel. By 2008, labor officials were threatening the network over a debt of 490,000 nuevos soles owed to its employees.
2008-2009: The second crisis
On December 18, 2008, a new round of uncertainty faced Panamericana, as a judge approved a resolution that stripped Genaro Delgado Parker of the network; a cautionary measure remained in place to keep him at the position for several more months. Legal tangles were joined by action from SUNAT, the Peruvian tax agency, which in April put the physical and intellectual property of Panamericana up for auction. This auction, however, did not meet with any potential suitors. In May, Delgado Parker was forced out when the cautionary measure was lifted.
On Delgado Parker's final day at Panamericana, May 31, 2009, he surprisingly announced that he had accepted an offer from SUNAT that declared it insolvent and handed it over to its creditors. After the announcement, Panamericana employees insulted Parker and threw eggs at him as he left the headquarters.
On June 1, 2009, SUNAT took control of Panamericana Televisión, and it designated Alberto Cabello as financial administrator; he was to spend the next six months evaluating the financial and legal status of the business. However, this decision had serious consequences. Peruvian law does not have such a concept, and as SUNAT is a government agency, Panamericana had passed into government control, a potentially dangerous precedent. On June 3, Cabello resigned, sparking legal chaos. Rumors began to fly, with potential outcomes including the shutdown of the network and a sale to Universidad San Martín de Porres. Panamericana employees met that night and declared in a resolution that they had taken control of the network and would continue normal programming.
On June 8, judges awarded Panamericana to Ernesto Schütz Freundt. Immediately, programming stopped and was replaced with Popeye cartoons while the workers were forced out to conduct an inventory of the property in the building. For another month, all commercials were replaced with footage of Peruvian landscapes until a new logo and programming were ready for air. The insolvency process ended on October 16, 2009, Panamericana's 50th anniversary, and in February 2010 Panamericana entered voluntary insolvency programs to pay off debts incurred during the judicial administration of the mid-2000s.
2009-present: A new Panamericana
Panamericana has since seen many changes and improvements. While new programs have been launched, they have not fared well in the ratings; on the other hand, technological improvements have been made, such as the acquisition of new transmitters and equipment and the 2012 launch of an ISDB-T high definition digital television signal on RF channel 26.
2018–Present : Panamericana
With the Schutz administration taking over Panamericana Television, the ratings have risen compared to the last few years. According to their viewer statistics, it is more popular than what it was in their most successful years of broadcasting. This is mainly because of Panamericana Panorama; a new news program on Sundays that receives millions of viewers.
Logos
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References
^ Durand, Francisco (1996). Incertidumbre y soledad: reflexiones sobre los grandes empresarios de América Latina (First ed.). Friedrich Ebert. p. 143. ISBN 9972-43-010-3. OCLC 38128353. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
^ "Panamericana Televisión se declara en insolvencia". El Comercio. June 1, 2009.
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URTI | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peruvian television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Peru"},{"link_name":"network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_network"},{"link_name":"TV Perú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Per%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"América Televisión","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_Televisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Television channelPanamericana Televisión (sometimes shortened to Panamericana and formerly known as PANTEL) is a Peruvian television network, which was founded on July 21, 1957 and had later begun its official broadcast on October 16, 1959.It is Peru's third oldest television network, after TV Perú and América Televisión, respectivamente. From its beginnings until the end of 1996, and later in the period between early 2001 and late 2003, it was considered as a leading television channel at a national scale, where it occupied around 31% of market share in 1996.[1]","title":"Panamericana Televisión"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Genaro Delgado Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genaro_Delgado_Parker&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima"},{"link_name":"Isaac Lindley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Lindley"},{"link_name":"Inca Kola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_Kola"},{"link_name":"Goar Mestre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goar_Mestre"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Carmen Sevilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Sevilla"},{"link_name":"Radio Programas del Perú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Programas_del_Per%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"Humberto Martínez Morosini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humberto_Mart%C3%ADnez_Morosini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ernesto García Calderón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernesto_Garc%C3%ADa_Calder%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"telenovelas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telenovelas"},{"link_name":"Simplemente María","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplemente_Mar%C3%ADa_(Peruvian_telenovela)"},{"link_name":"Natacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natacha_(telenovela)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trampolín a la Fama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trampol%C3%ADn_a_la_Fama&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Augusto Ferrando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Augusto_Ferrando&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"The family of Genaro Delgado Brandt had owned radio stations in Peru since 1937. In 1953, Delgado Brandt founded Empresa Radiodifusora Panamericana S.A. (\"Panamerican Radio Broadcasting Company\"), whose primary station was Radio Panamericana.Three of Delgado Brandt's kids—Genaro, Héctor and Manuel—became part of the family business. In 1956, Genaro Delgado Parker began to study the possibility of starting a television station to cover Lima, traveling to the United States, Mexico and Cuba to see the latest in television technology, and to bring it to his home country, Delgado Parker enlisted the help of Don Isaac Lindley, owner of the Inca Kola bottling plant and financial backer for the new station, and Cuban television magnate Goar Mestre, who offered him technical expertise as well as a relationship with CBS in the United States. In 1957, they established a television station called Panamericana Televisión, S.A., and a production company called Producciones Panamericana S.A.The station had first begun its test broadcast on July 21, 1959, and then, later than two years, it began its official broadcasts on October 16, 1959, when OBXY-TV channel 13 took to the air for the first time. The launch program was hosted by Spanish actress Carmen Sevilla, while the new TV station drew on Radio Panamericana's brand by using the same ID music.In 1963, Genaro and Héctor Delgado Parker, in association with Johnny E. Lindley, founded Radio Programas del Perú, a radio network, of which Manuel (the youngest of the three sons) was named manager. RPP would grow to be the largest radio station operator in the country.In 1965, Panamericana Televisión moved from channel 13 to channel 5, taking on the callsign OAY-4A and improving signal reach and reception. Soon after, Panamericana had assembled a repeater network, with five affiliate stations and 60 retransmitters to serve the rest of Peru.The early years also saw Panamericana define itself as the market leader; news programs such as El Panamericano, hosted by Humberto Martínez Morosini and Ernesto García Calderón among others, became highly rated, while telenovelas such as Simplemente María and Natacha found success in the Latin American market. In 1966, the variety show Trampolín a la Fama, hosted by converted radio personality Augusto Ferrando would be launched, staying on the air for thirty years and becoming one of the most popular programs in the country.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juan Velasco Alvarado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Velasco_Alvarado"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"LS 86 TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_TV"},{"link_name":"América Televisión","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_Televisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"24 Horas (Peru)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=24_Horas_(Peru)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1978 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"NTSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC"},{"link_name":"Fernando Belaúnde Terry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Bela%C3%BAnde_Terry"},{"link_name":"Coliseo Amauta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coliseo_Amauta"},{"link_name":"Alan García Pérez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Garc%C3%ADa_P%C3%A9rez"},{"link_name":"Gisela Valcárcel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisela_Valc%C3%A1rcel"},{"link_name":"Risas y Salsas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Risas_y_Salsas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Amaru_Revolutionary_Movement"},{"link_name":"Tele 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tele_2000&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"1970s and 1980s","text":"The 1970s began with military dictatorship. On November 9, 1971, the state took over all television stations; the next day, Peru's President Juan Velasco Alvarado decreed the expropriation of 51% of all television stations and 25% of all radio stations. Genaro Delgado Parker did not accept these terms; he fled to Buenos Aires with his family, living there until the late 1970s. While in Argentina, he bought Buenos Aires station LS 86 TV, and while he hoped to use both the station and his connections to Mestre to build a successful television center producing programs for the Spanish-speaking world, signal-quality problems there as well as the arrival of Argentina's own military dictatorship impeded his efforts, ending with his Argentine venture's expropriation in 1976. The Delgado Parker family would not return to Peru until 1978.Back in Peru, the station came under the management of military government entities such as OCI and later Telecentro, which also operated competitor América Televisión on channel 4. The major development of the Telecentro era was a new newscast: 24 Horas (Peru), which launched in 1973, soon supplanting El Panamericano as the station's flagship news program and becoming Peru's most watched newscast.In 1978, preparations began for the switch to color. Experimental transmissions included complete color for the 1978 FIFA World Cup, using the NTSC system. Color would be adopted across the network by May 1980, coinciding with the completion of a microwave link that consolidated Panamericana's programming across the country. On July 28, 1980, democratically elected president Fernando Belaúnde Terry returned Panamericana to Genaro and Héctor Delgado Parker. Slowly, programming changes began, such as the first morning program in the country (Buenos Días, Perú, launched in 1981) and the relaunch of its drama productions unit in 1983. In 1981, Panamericana also bought the Coliseo Amauta, a 20,000-seat venue in Lima that would be used as a site to host large events and even to film various programs.Through the economic instability of the presidency of Alan García Pérez, Panamericana continued to grow. In 1987, Gisela Valcárcel, then a dancer on the program Risas y Salsas, got her own program, Aló Gisela, which would last five years and be the first of many in a successful television career. In 1989, Panamericana upgraded from a microwave link to a satellite one, while the Lindley family sold its remaining stake in the station to the Delgado Parker family, leading to a reorganization of the various holdings of the group. With these changes, Genaro Delgado Parker reduced his role, remaining only as the largest shareholder in the new holding company, DELPARK S.A., and leaving Héctor and Manuel in charge.In September 1989, Héctor became wrapped up in a lengthy police case against the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, leaving Manuel in charge. Meanwhile, Genaro was founding Tele 2000 S.A.A., which would become the first cell phone company in Peru.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nubeluz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubeluz"},{"link_name":"Mónica Santa María","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3nica_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Canela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canela_(telenovela)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arequipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa"}],"sub_title":"1990s","text":"The 1990s began with the creation of one of Panamericana's most successful programs, the children's show Nubeluz, hosted by Almendra Gomelsky and Mónica Santa María. Nubeluz would remain on the air until 1996, a success on the international market. However, it saw a serious ratings decline when Santa María died in 1994. The ratings decline, plus the cancellation of the program El Baúl de la Felicidad and resulting debts, triggered by the insolvency of the company that provided the prizes, caused some financial problems for Panamericana; on top of that, some personalities switched channels, causing Panamericana to fall from its customary first place in the ratings.\nIn 1995, Panamericana produced the telenovela Canela, the first to be produced completely outside of Lima (in this case, in Arequipa).In 1997, Ernesto Schütz Landázuri, the father of one of Manuel's children-in-law, acquired the majority of the stake in Grupo Pantel S.A. He poured investments into Panamericana, helping it return to first place and continue its national productions.On February 1, 1999, Augusto Ferrando, host of Trampolín a la Fama, died at the age of 80, a sad note on which Panamericana would end the 1990s.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TV Globo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Globo"},{"link_name":"Yo soy Betty, la fea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo_soy_Betty,_la_fea"},{"link_name":"Mil oficios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mil_oficios&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vladivideos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vladivideos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vladimiro Montesinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimiro_Montesinos"},{"link_name":"BellSouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BellSouth"},{"link_name":"Alberto Fujimori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori"}],"sub_title":"2000-2004: The long shadow of crisis","text":"The new millennium, however, would not be much better at the outset. In the ratings, Panamericana would be number one from 2000-2003, mostly thanks to imports from Brazil's TV Globo, Colombia's Yo soy Betty, la fea and the national production Mil oficios.However, the crisis set in with the discovery of the Vladivideos in 2001—videos showing Vladimiro Montesinos bribing important political and business leaders. Genaro Delgado Parker was caught looking for the government's support to finish the sale of Tele 2000 to American firm BellSouth, while Schütz was seen receiving bribes to support the reelection of Alberto Fujimori. Genaro went before a judge, where the Supreme Court ruled that he could not be tried due to his advanced age, while Schütz publicly denied any manipulation of Panamericana's editorial line.Schütz immediately fled the country, driving to Chile and being arrested to Argentina, where Peru hoped to begin an extradition process. Schütz then gave his shares in various businesses to his son, Ernesto Schütz Freundt. Meanwhile, after paying bail in Argentina, Schütz received house arrest, which was enough to send him to Switzerland, a country where he had citizenship and could not be extradited. Genaro Delgado Parker asked that he be named judicial administrator of Panamericana, and he succeeded, taking control on February 24, 2003.On July 11 of that year, the low point of the crisis came. Schütz's administrators had received a writ of protection, which they perceived gave them the ability to take control of the primary facilities of the station, la esquina de la televisión (\"Television Corner\"). The result was a massive brawl, in which fire extinguishers were used as weapons, desks and chairs were thrown, and yellow paint was splattered throughout the facilities. One week later, Panamericana's license was revoked for a week, putting the station off air for the first time in its history and for a full eight days. Eventually, a new equilibrium came about: Delgado Parker's administration took control of the Lima signal and the news room, while the Schütz administration would operate the main facilities and the repeater stations, dividing Panamericana in two. After eleven months, the Superior and Supreme Courts ruled in favor of Delgado Parker and evicted Schütz Freundt from the main building, which was remodeled. On October 28, 2004, the divided Panamericana network was reconnected, launching with new equipment and a new logo.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bailando por un sueño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailando_por_un_sue%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"nuevos soles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_nuevo_sol"}],"sub_title":"2004-2008: Parker's channel once more","text":"While Genaro Delgado Parker had won the latest round of legal wars, poor management left Panamericana in budgetary shortfalls. Among the creditors of the network were its workers and the Peruvian state. The budget issues constrained Panamericana's ability to acquire new series, and its own productions mostly fell flat in the ratings. One of the few successes was the 2008 program Bailando por un sueño (Dancing for a Dream), featuring Gisela Válcarcel. By 2008, labor officials were threatening the network over a debt of 490,000 nuevos soles owed to its employees.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Universidad San Martín de Porres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_San_Mart%C3%ADn_de_Porres"},{"link_name":"Popeye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popeye"}],"sub_title":"2008-2009: The second crisis","text":"On December 18, 2008, a new round of uncertainty faced Panamericana, as a judge approved a resolution that stripped Genaro Delgado Parker of the network; a cautionary measure remained in place to keep him at the position for several more months. Legal tangles were joined by action from SUNAT, the Peruvian tax agency, which in April put the physical and intellectual property of Panamericana up for auction. This auction, however, did not meet with any potential suitors. In May, Delgado Parker was forced out when the cautionary measure was lifted.On Delgado Parker's final day at Panamericana, May 31, 2009, he surprisingly announced that he had accepted an offer from SUNAT that declared it insolvent and handed it over to its creditors. After the announcement, Panamericana employees insulted Parker and threw eggs at him as he left the headquarters.[2]On June 1, 2009, SUNAT took control of Panamericana Televisión, and it designated Alberto Cabello as financial administrator; he was to spend the next six months evaluating the financial and legal status of the business. However, this decision had serious consequences. Peruvian law does not have such a concept, and as SUNAT is a government agency, Panamericana had passed into government control, a potentially dangerous precedent. On June 3, Cabello resigned, sparking legal chaos. Rumors began to fly, with potential outcomes including the shutdown of the network and a sale to Universidad San Martín de Porres. Panamericana employees met that night and declared in a resolution that they had taken control of the network and would continue normal programming.On June 8, judges awarded Panamericana to Ernesto Schütz Freundt. Immediately, programming stopped and was replaced with Popeye cartoons while the workers were forced out to conduct an inventory of the property in the building. For another month, all commercials were replaced with footage of Peruvian landscapes until a new logo and programming were ready for air. The insolvency process ended on October 16, 2009, Panamericana's 50th anniversary, and in February 2010 Panamericana entered voluntary insolvency programs to pay off debts incurred during the judicial administration of the mid-2000s.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISDB-T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDB-T"}],"sub_title":"2009-present: A new Panamericana","text":"Panamericana has since seen many changes and improvements. While new programs have been launched, they have not fared well in the ratings; on the other hand, technological improvements have been made, such as the acquisition of new transmitters and equipment and the 2012 launch of an ISDB-T high definition digital television signal on RF channel 26.2018–Present : Panamericana\nWith the Schutz administration taking over Panamericana Television, the ratings have risen compared to the last few years. According to their viewer statistics, it is more popular than what it was in their most successful years of broadcasting. 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Incertidumbre y soledad: reflexiones sobre los grandes empresarios de América Latina (First ed.). Friedrich Ebert. p. 143. ISBN 9972-43-010-3. OCLC 38128353. Retrieved 18 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com.pe/books/edition/Incertidumbre_y_soledad/lmBEAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Incertidumbre y soledad: reflexiones sobre los grandes empresarios de América Latina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9972-43-010-3","url_text":"9972-43-010-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38128353","url_text":"38128353"}]},{"reference":"\"Panamericana Televisión se declara en insolvencia\". El Comercio. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cora_Smith_Eaton | Cora Smith Eaton | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Death and legacy","4 References"] | American physician and suffragist
Cora Smith EatonBornCora Eliza Smith(1867-09-07)September 7, 1867Rockford, IllinoisDiedNovember 21, 1939(1939-11-21) (aged 72)Hollywood, CaliforniaNationalityAmericanOccupation(s)PhysicianMountaineerSuffragist
Cora Eliza Smith Eaton King (September 7, 1867 – November 21, 1939) was an American suffragist, physician and mountaineer. She was the first woman in North Dakota licensed to practice medicine.
Early life
Cora Eliza Smith was born on September 7, 1867, in Rockford, Illinois, to Colonel Eliphaz Smith and Sara Barnes. Her family moved to the Dakota Territory and settled in Grand Forks. She attended the National School of Elocution and Oratory in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where she took up the cause of women's suffrage.
After her graduation in 1886, she returned to the Dakota Territory to study at the University of North Dakota. While studying at the university, she taught arithmetic, geography, spelling and handwriting. She was also the first woman to teach physical education at the University of North Dakota, as she taught a course on girl’s calisthenics. She graduated in 1889 with a Bachelor of Science as a member of the university's first graduating class.
Career
While completing her degree at the University of North Dakota, Smith became involved in suffrage work. She helped to form the Grand Forks Woman Suffrage Association in 1888 with her mother and was elected as the first secretary. During the Constitutional Convention for North Dakota in July 1889, Henry Blackwell asked Smith to speak in his place to advocate for the state constitution to provide for women's suffrage. The following year, she and her mother were among the first women to vote in Grand Forks, as the newly-incorporated North Dakota allowed women to vote in special school elections.
She subsequently studied at the Boston University School of Medicine and graduated in 1892 with her M.D. After returning to Grand Forks, she became the first woman in the state licensed to practice medicine. In 1893, she married attorney Robert A. Eaton. While in North Dakota, Smith became president of the Grand Forks Woman Suffrage Association and later the North Dakota Equal Suffrage Association. She also represented the state at the annual National American Woman Suffrage Association meeting in January 1896 and would later serve as the organization's second auditor twice.
Later that year, she and her husband moved to Minneapolis, Minnesota. She joined the American Association of Orificial Surgeons as it was one of the first medical organizations that would allow women and practice homeopathic medicine. Smith trained with Edwin Hartley Pratt and performed female circumcisions on women suffering from chronic conditions such as headaches and epilepsy.
1902
In 1906, Smith moved to King County, Washington, after divorcing her first husband. She established a medical practice in Seattle. There, she took up mountain climbing, and was a founding member as well as the first secretary of The Mountaineers. In 1907, she became the first woman to summit the East Peak of Mount Olympus, and she eventually climbed all six of Washington's major mountains.
Smith was active in the women's movement in Washington and was the treasurer of the Washington Equal Suffrage Association. She co-authored a chapter of the organization's book, Washington Women's Cook Book, which was published in 1908. In 1909, she was responsible for carrying a pennant that read "Votes For Women" to the summit of Mount Rainier on a Mountaineers expedition.
By the end of her career, Smith was licensed to practice medicine in several U.S. states. She was married to Dr. Robert A. Eaton and also to Judson King.
Death and legacy
She died on November 21, 1939, in Hollywood, California. Cora Smith Hall at the University of North Dakota was named for her in 1964.
References
^ a b c d e f Ross-Nazzal, Jennifer (2020). "King, Cora Smith Eaton (7 Sept. 1867–21 Nov. 1939), suffragist, physician, and surgeon". American National Biography. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.013.369334. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
^ a b c d e "Historical Tour of UND Women's History". University of North Dakota. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
^ a b "Dr. Cora Smith-Eaton". University of North Dakota. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
^ Chin, Eliza Lo; Levy, Morgan S; Brown, Alyssa D; Marr, Mollie C; Keni, Prachi M; Daram, Naveena; Chau, Courtney A; Rangwala, Naseem; Watson, Katarina (2020-09-08). "Women Physicians and the Suffrage Movement". The Permanente Journal. 24 (3): 1–4. doi:10.7812/TPP/20.036. ISSN 1552-5767. PMC 7849276. PMID 33482941.
^ a b "Free talk on suffragist/mountaineer Dr. Cora Smith Eaton". CHS Capitol Hill Seattle. January 26, 2012. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
^ a b Foster, Anne (June 10, 2014). "Suffragettes in Yellowstone: Dr. Cora Smith Eaton". National Park Service. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
^ Bentley, Judy; Burton, Joan; Thornberg, Lace; Firey, Carla (March–April 2011). "The First Ladies". Washington Trails Magazine. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
^ a b Becker, Paula (April 25, 2008). "Suffragists join The Mountaineers outing to Mount Rainier and plant an A-Y-P Exposition flag and a "Votes For Women" banner at the summit of Columbia Crest on July 30, 1909". HistoryLink. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
Authority control databases International
FAST
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2
WorldCat
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"suffragist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragist"},{"link_name":"physician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician"},{"link_name":"mountaineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountaineer"}],"text":"Cora Eliza Smith Eaton King (September 7, 1867 – November 21, 1939) was an American suffragist, physician and mountaineer. 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Her family moved to the Dakota Territory and settled in Grand Forks.[1] She attended the National School of Elocution and Oratory in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where she took up the cause of women's suffrage.[2]After her graduation in 1886, she returned to the Dakota Territory to study at the University of North Dakota. While studying at the university, she taught arithmetic, geography, spelling and handwriting.[3] She was also the first woman to teach physical education at the University of North Dakota, as she taught a course on girl’s calisthenics.[1][2] She graduated in 1889 with a Bachelor of Science as a member of the university's first graduating class.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Henry Blackwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Browne_Blackwell"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Boston University School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"M.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-und2-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chs-5"},{"link_name":"National American Woman Suffrage Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_American_Woman_Suffrage_Association"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"homeopathic medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeopathy"},{"link_name":"Edwin Hartley Pratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hartley_Pratt"},{"link_name":"female circumcisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation"},{"link_name":"headaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headache"},{"link_name":"epilepsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilepsy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HOWS_V4_D0585_Cora_Smith_Eaton.png"},{"link_name":"King County, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_County,_Washington"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nps-6"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chs-5"},{"link_name":"The Mountaineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mountaineers_(club)"},{"link_name":"Mount Olympus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Olympus_(Washington)"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Mount Rainier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rainier"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-link-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-und2-2"},{"link_name":"Judson King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judson_King"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nps-6"}],"text":"While completing her degree at the University of North Dakota, Smith became involved in suffrage work. She helped to form the Grand Forks Woman Suffrage Association in 1888 with her mother and was elected as the first secretary. During the Constitutional Convention for North Dakota in July 1889, Henry Blackwell asked Smith to speak in his place to advocate for the state constitution to provide for women's suffrage.[1] The following year, she and her mother were among the first women to vote in Grand Forks, as the newly-incorporated North Dakota allowed women to vote in special school elections.[4]She subsequently studied at the Boston University School of Medicine and graduated in 1892 with her M.D. After returning to Grand Forks,[2] she became the first woman in the state licensed to practice medicine.[5] In 1893, she married attorney Robert A. Eaton. While in North Dakota, Smith became president of the Grand Forks Woman Suffrage Association and later the North Dakota Equal Suffrage Association. 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Retrieved March 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=8578","url_text":"\"Suffragists join The Mountaineers outing to Mount Rainier and plant an A-Y-P Exposition flag and a \"Votes For Women\" banner at the summit of Columbia Crest on July 30, 1909\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HistoryLink","url_text":"HistoryLink"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-369334","external_links_name":"\"King, Cora Smith Eaton (7 Sept. 1867–21 Nov. 1939), suffragist, physician, and surgeon\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fanb%2F9780198606697.013.369334","external_links_name":"10.1093/anb/9780198606697.013.369334"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101702/http://und.edu/student-life/womens-center/historical-tour-of-und-womens-history-month.cfm","external_links_name":"\"Historical Tour of UND Women's History\""},{"Link":"http://und.edu/student-life/womens-center/historical-tour-of-und-womens-history-month.cfm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402133653/http://digital.library.und.edu/cdm/ref/collection/und25years/id/14","external_links_name":"\"Dr. Cora Smith-Eaton\""},{"Link":"http://digital.library.und.edu/cdm/ref/collection/und25years/id/14","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7849276","external_links_name":"\"Women Physicians and the Suffrage Movement\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.7812%2FTPP%2F20.036","external_links_name":"10.7812/TPP/20.036"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1552-5767","external_links_name":"1552-5767"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7849276","external_links_name":"7849276"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33482941","external_links_name":"33482941"},{"Link":"http://www.capitolhillseattle.com/2012/01/free-talk-on-suffragist-mountaineer-dr-cora-smith-eaton/","external_links_name":"\"Free talk on suffragist/mountaineer Dr. Cora Smith Eaton\""},{"Link":"http://www.nps.gov/yell/blogs/Suffragettes-in-Yellowstone-Dr-Cora-Smith-Eaton.htm","external_links_name":"\"Suffragettes in Yellowstone: Dr. Cora Smith Eaton\""},{"Link":"http://www.wta.org/hiking-info/magazine/archive/the-first-ladies","external_links_name":"\"The First Ladies\""},{"Link":"http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=8578","external_links_name":"\"Suffragists join The Mountaineers outing to Mount Rainier and plant an A-Y-P Exposition flag and a \"Votes For Women\" banner at the summit of Columbia Crest on July 30, 1909\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/447307/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/33998951","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/61303244","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpYr7Q4Dvdb8BxH46txjC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no00030765","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Macey | List of Emmerdale characters (2012) | ["1 Ed Roberts","2 Megan Macey","3 Robbie Lawson","4 Kerry Wyatt","5 Jack Sugden","6 Molly Sharma","7 Steve Harland","8 Vanessa Woodfield","9 Archie Breckle","10 Dominic Andrews","11 Gemma Andrews","12 Other characters","13 References","14 External links"] | Emmerdale is a British soap opera first broadcast on 16 October 1972. The following is a list of characters that first appeared during 2012, by order of first appearance. All characters were introduced by the soap's executive producer, Steve Frost. Ed Roberts made his debut appearance in February, followed by Declan Macey's half-sister, Megan shortly after, her son Robbie first appeared in May, while Kerry Wyatt arrived in July. Steve Harland, Vanessa Woodfield, Dominic Andrews and Gemma Andrews all made their debuts in December. There were three births in 2012, Jack Sugden, the son of Andy Sugden and Debbie Dingle and Molly Sharma, the daughter of Nikhil Sharma and Genesis Walker were born in October and Archie Breckle, the son of Jai Sharma and Rachel Breckle was born in December. Additionally, multiple other characters appeared in 2012.
Ed Roberts
Ed RobertsEmmerdale characterPortrayed byLloyd EverittFirst appearanceEpisode 6155 8 February 2012Last appearanceEpisode 6205 5 April 2012ClassificationFormer, recurringIntroduced bySteve FrostIn-universe informationOccupationRugby player
Ed Roberts, played by Lloyd Everitt, made his debut appearance on 8 February 2012. Ed arrives in Emmerdale with a broken down minibus and takes it to Aaron Livesy (Danny Miller) to fix. A writer for Inside Soap said there is a spark of attraction between Ed and Aaron, but Aaron dismisses it because he is unsure whether Ed is interested in guys. Aaron wants to move on from Jackson Walsh (Marc Silcock) and an Emmerdale spokesperson told the magazine "With the arrival of Ed, the darkness that has been haunting Aaron begins to disappear." However, Ed and Aaron's potential romance does not get off to a good start when Ed drives off without paying for the repairs to the minibus. Aaron thinks Ed has gone for good, but he later returns to settle the bill. Ed has been described as being "handsome" and "hunky." Anthony D. Langford of AfterElton said Aaron and Ed's scenes often revolved around Aaron's past with Jackson, which he explained was too heavy and not romantic for their fledgling relationship. Langford added "This of course raises the question of why a smart and funny guy like Ed would want to deal with the emotional mess that is Aaron Livesy."
Ed brings a minibus to the garage for Aaron Livesy to fix. However, when Aaron becomes involved in an argument with Adam Barton (Adam Thomas), Ed leaves. He later returns with his rugby teammates and Aaron fixes the minibus, but Ed drives off without paying all of the bill. Ed comes back to the village to give Aaron the rest of the money for the work on the minibus and he invites him to a party. Ed brings his car to the garage for Aaron to look at and he later gives him his number. Aaron arranges to go for a drink with Ed, but he cancels to help Adam fix a roof. Ed finds out what Aaron is doing and he and two of his teammates comes to help. Holly Barton (Sophie Powles) flirts with Ed and he reveals he is gay. Ed mistakes Aaron and Adam's friendship for something more, but Aaron corrects him and they kiss. Aaron and Ed go on their first date to Bar West, but Ed leaves early when the barman tells him that Aaron helped his previous boyfriend, Jackson to die. Aaron becomes angry with Ed, but he later calls him and they meet up. Aaron and Ed talk and Aaron reveals his scars from self harming. Ed is not fazed and they spend the night together. Ed later tells Aaron that he has been signed for a French rugby club and is leaving for France in four weeks. He asks Aaron to come with him and he agrees.
Megan Macey
Megan MaceyEmmerdale characterPortrayed byGaynor FayeDuration2012–2019First appearanceEpisode 6166 21 February 2012Last appearanceEpisode 8578 27 August 2019ClassificationFormer; regularIntroduced bySteve FrostIn-universe informationOther namesMegan SharmaOccupationBusiness consultantWedding PlannerFatherDermot MaceyHalf-brothersDeclan MaceyHusbandJai Sharma (2015–2016)SonsRobbie LawsonDaughtersEliza SharmaStepsonsArchie Breckle (2015–2016)NiecesMia Macey (adoptive)
Megan Macey (previously Sharma) played by Gaynor Faye, made her first on screen appearance on 21 February 2012. The character and casting was announced on 12 October 2011. Faye said she was "incredibly excited" to be joining Emmerdale and series producer Stuart Blackburn added he was thrilled to welcome the actress to the show. Faye later revealed she has a twelve-month contract with Emmerdale.
Megan is Declan Macey's (Jason Merrells) glamorous half-sister, arriving at Home Farm to stay with Declan after he contacts her about getting involved with a big project. She is described as "fiercely ambitious, intimidating and oozing self-confidence," she stands up for herself and will shake things up between Declan and his girlfriend, Katie Sugden (Sammy Winward). Of her character, Faye said "The women on Emmerdale are strong and feisty and I can't wait to play my character, who's fun but extremely driven and will stop at nothing to get her own way! She's quite different to many of the roles that I have played before and hopefully will take people by surprise." Nicola Methven of the Daily Mirror said Megan will "turn the heads of the village men." Speaking to a writer for the Daily Mirror, Faye said she could not wait to start playing Megan, who she branded "a baddie". The actress said viewers are used to seeing her play nice characters and her new role is a departure from that, as Megan will cause mayhem and stir up the men and women of the village. A writer for Soaplife magazine said that since Kim Tate (Claire King) left Emmerdale there had not been a "Lady of the Home Farm Manor to fill her designer boots." They said that Megan's arrival could change that, and added that if Megan is half the woman Kim was, she will do more than "just surprise."
In April 2012, it was revealed Declan would track down Megan's son, Robbie Lawson (Jamie Shelton), who she gave up for adoption when she was a teenager. Faye said Megan would be furious if she knew what Declan was up to. She explained "Megan is always telling Declan to keep his nose out of her life. They may be good at business together, but they're not good at each other's personal lives. And him interfering in this is going too far." Of Megan's past, Faye revealed that she was in her late teens when she had Robbie and because no one was there for her, it was decided she should put him up for adoption. Faye added "She hasn't seen Robbie since she gave him up. She ignored a letter he wrote to her years back, but finding him is still something that's always at the back of her mind."
Megan moves into Home Farm, after being asked by Declan to be the events organiser of a festival in Emmerdale. She demands to know why she was not invited to Declan's stepdaughter Mia's (Sapphire Elia) funeral and has an argument with Charity Sharma (Emma Atkins), who hoped that she would have got the job. She has a fling with Cain Dingle (Jeff Hordley), Charity's ex, resulting in a fight between the two. When Megan badmouths Katie, Declan tells Megan to leave once the festival has finished. Megan meets her old friend Jai Sharma (Chris Bisson) in The Woolpack and Declan demands that she should stay away from him. When the two talk, they look back on the past lives and Declan apologises for not being there for her when he left the family home aged nineteen. Declan later tracks down Megan's long lost son, Robbie, and Megan becomes furious that he went behind her back and slaps Declan. Robbie arrives at Home Farm and tells her that she will never be his mother, stating that his adoptive mother died of an asthma attack previously. When Declan invites Robbie to stay with them after he slept with his landlord's girlfriend, Megan tells him that she feels uncomfortable with him being around. During the summer, she begins a relationship with Carl King (Tom Lister). However, he dumps her, because of his feelings for Chas Dingle (Lucy Pargeter). The festival goes well and he invites Megan to plan for another one, the following year. Megan agrees, but Katie becomes unimpressed and tries to make her leave, especially when Robbie threatens her. During Declan and Katie's wedding reception, Megan pushes Katie's face into the wedding cake.
The following year, the festival plans do not go well and the police find Alex Moss' (Kurtis Stacey) body buried in the woods. When Katie and Declan's marriage ends, Megan tells Declan that they haven't got enough money for another festival and decides to leave the village. However, she decides to stay after Declan says that he needs her. Declan begins physically abusing Megan by hitting her across the face on numerous occasions. Eventually, Katie witnesses one of Declan's attacks and sticks up for Megan, despite Megan saying that it was just a misunderstanding. On Boxing Day, Megan enters a fire at Home Farm, believing that Declan is trapped inside, but she is unaware that he caused the fire and left earlier with Charity. Megan becomes trapped herself but is later freed by the fire brigade. Megan is not impressed in April 2014 when Declan announces he is engaged to Charity and that she is pregnant with his child. They plan to get married on 15 May 2014, although Charity's cousin and former boyfriend Cain and his fiancée Moira Barton (Natalie J. Robb) also intend to marry on that day. Only Megan, Robbie and Charity's son Noah (Jack Downham) attend, as the rest of Charity's family are at Cain's wedding. Just as the registrar pronounces them husband and wife, Megan sounds the fire alarm, which infuriates Charity. When she finds out what Megan has done, Charity slaps her and a small fight ensues, although Declan stops them.
Unbeknownst to Declan and Megan, but Charity has her pregnancy terminated as she never wanted a child. When Charity is having an argument with Megan, and Megan accidentally knocks Charity to the floor, Charity uses the accident to fake a miscarriage. Megan, becoming ever more guilty, reveals this to Declan, who shouts at her and throws her out. Megan then begins a relationship with Jai and becomes business partners with Leyla Harding (Roxy Shahidi). Megan becomes devastated when she identifies Robbie's body after being shot with a flare gun by Declan. She blames Charity and demands to know where Declan is. On the day of Robbie's funeral, she begins to doubt how well she knew her son, after seeing his friends. The following day, Declan returns and holds Megan hostage, along with Charity's family and tells everyone what Charity did to Rachel Breckle (Gemma Oaten). Declan goes on the run and Megan tries to get her revenge on Charity. She becomes relieved when Charity is sentenced for two years in prison for perverting the course of justice.
Megan and Jai become engaged and they get married in January 2015. When Rachel returns, Jai tries to win a custody battle for Archie. After realising that Leyla and Jai were having an affair, Megan decides to get her revenge and promises Rachel she will make sure Jai loses custody of Archie. After Leyla finds out that Jai has been threatening Rachel, she tells Megan. In the midst of arranging her revenge on Jai, Megan is shocked to realize she is pregnant. Megan contacts Jai's drug dealer, and plants drugs in the factory to get Jai arrested for them, however, Jai finds out and threatens to turn the tables on Megan. At this point, Megan reveals she is pregnant, and Jai backs down. Megan agrees to help Jai gain custody of Archie, however, at the day of the custody hearing, Megan begins experiencing stomach cramps and is taken to hospital. She tells Leyla that she had a miscarriage and rushes to court, getting there just in time to tell the court everything about Jai's actions against Rachel, and framing her as an unfit mother. As a result, Rachel gains custody of Archie, and a few weeks later, moves to Liverpool with Archie. Megan tells Jai that he has now truly lost everything, and leaves him. Leyla also rejects Jai. Megan starts packing up her things and moves in with Rachel's ex Sam Dingle (James Hooton), revealing that she did not miscarry Jai's baby. Megan files for a divorce and Jai tells Sam and Megan that they are evicted from their house. Jai's father Rishi Sharma (Bhasker Patel) stops him from evicting them, leading to Megan thanking him. Jai's brother, Nikhil (Rik Makarem), returns and finds out that Megan is expecting Jai's baby. Megan begs him to keep the pregnancy secret, expressing that Jai is dangerous and doesn't want the baby to grow up with him as a father. Megan decides to leave the village when Brenda Walker (Lesley Dunlop) exposes her pregnancy. Jai finds out about the pregnancy, not long before she leaves and in anger, he accidentally runs Megan over. At hospital, she discovers that she is having a baby girl and demands Jai should leave her life for good. A few months after her accident, she witnesses Tess being involved in a hit and run and she calls an ambulance. Upon learning from Tess' death, she suffers from shock and decides to rest for the sake of her baby. She goes into labour prematurely and learns that the baby was starved from oxygen and has a low chance of survival. She names her daughter, Eliza, when she is taken out of the neo-natal intensive unit. Following regular check-ups with the doctor, Megan is devastated after finding out there is a possibility that Eliza has cerebral palsy. After the news, Megan allows Jai to have some access into Eliza's life.
In March 2018, Megan suspects Priya of child abuse against her daughter when she confesses to having an outburst towards Eliza after bruises are found by Jai on the toddler's legs following her 2nd birthday party. This belief is strengthened when the bruises disappear after Megan takes full custody of her. Ultimately, however, Priya's innocence is proved when Megan finds that Eliza's bruises have returned in early April and are determined to be the result of her medication for epilepsy.
Led to believe that her partner Frank Clayton (Michael Praed) is cheating on her, Megan becomes enraged and has an affair with Graham Foster (Andrew Scarborough), only to find that Frank was making arrangements for a marriage proposal to her. Though she inadvertently reveals her affair to Tracy Metcalfe (Amy Walsh), Frank's daughter is convinced to keep Megan's secret for her father's sake.
Robbie Lawson
Robbie LawsonEmmerdale characterPortrayed byJamie SheltonDuration2012–2014First appearanceEpisode 623916 May 2012Last appearanceEpisode 698325 September 2014ClassificationFormer; regularIntroduced bySteve FrostIn-universe informationOccupationCourier driver (2013–2014)FatherSimon BeckMotherMegan MaceyHalf-sistersEliza SharmaGrandfathersDermot MaceyUnclesDeclan MaceyFirst cousinsMia Macey (adoptive)
Robbie Lawson, played by Jamie Shelton, made his first screen appearance on 16 May 2012. The character and Shelton's casting were announced on 4 April 2012. The actor told a reporter from the official Emmerdale website, that he was excited to join the cast because Robbie is "a great character to play". Robbie will be involved with characters within the setting of Home Farm. He will share a specific connection to the character of Megan Macey (Gaynor Faye), with his arrival confronting her "with a past she had hoped to forget". Robbie will also "test the loyalties of everyone around him". The serial's producer Stuart Blackburn spoke of his delight over Shelton's casting, adding that his character would "certainly stir things up at Home Farm". Robbie is described as "tough nut" and is used to putting up a front, a personality trait that Blackburn said would take a while to get past. Of Robbie, Kate White of Inside Soap said "We must admit to being intrigued by Emmerdale new boy Robbie. He's mysterious, he's got an edge, and he's even made Megan's scenes bearable. Long may it continue!"
On 26 September 2014, it was confirmed that Robbie had been killed off, as part of a storyline that saw him trying to save Charity Macey (Emma Atkins) from his uncle Declan (Jason Merrells). Shelton filmed his final scenes a few weeks prior to the storyline airing. Of his departure, Shelton said "My time on Emmerdale has been such an exhilarating experience. From my first day until my last I've been treated with respect, had the opportunity to work with some fine actors and been allowed to develop my acting ability in a way that I couldn't have in any other circumstance. I hope I have made a positive impact on the show and I am extremely excited for my career to be further concentrated towards TV and film in the UK and transatlantic."
Megan was living at Home Farm in Emmerdale village with her brother Declan Macey (Jason Merrells), who tracked Robbie down. Robbie told Declan that he had been thrown out of his flat after he slept with his landlord's girlfriend, so Declan invited him to stay at Home Farm. Robbie bonded with his mother and he developed a crush on Declan's girlfriend Katie Sugden (Sammy Winward). Robbie then tried to kiss Katie, but she rejected him, so he made her feel uncomfortable by constantly flirting with her. Wanting rid of him, Katie decided to set Robbie up by encouraging him to kiss her in front of a CCTV camera. Robbie did so but Katie rejected him again, so he punched her. Katie then showed Declan the footage and he threw Robbie out until Megan blackmailed Declan into letting him stay (knowing that Katie had set him up).
The following year, Robbie went into partnership with Debbie Dingle (Charley Webb), selling illegal alcohol. He developed an unrequited crush on Debbie and wanting to become closer to her, Robbie started stalking/harassing Debbie and he led her to believe that an associate Kirk Stoker was responsible. Debbie then realised that Robbie had been stalking her, so she set him up by sending him on a job, delivering some of the alcohol with Adam Barton (Adam Thomas). They were both caught by the police and arrested, but were later cautioned. Robbie got revenge on Debbie by telling her family about the booze, which resulted in Belle Dingle (Eden Taylor-Draper) being hospitalised. As a result, Debbie lost custody of her children. Meanwhile, Robbie and Adam stole Cain Dingle's (Jeff Hordley) car after spending the afternoon drinking. Robbie accidentally runs over Kerry Wyatt (Laura Norton). However, Cain resolves the situation by torching the car and sending Kerry compensation money.
When Declan's wife Charity (Emma Atkins) secretly has an abortion, she pretends to have had a miscarriage following a fight with Megan. Robbie supports his mother and he attempts to expose Charity by breaking into the abortion clinic to gain access to her medical records. However, he is caught by the police and arrested before being given a caution. Declan later discovers the truth and he attempts to murder Charity. A concerned Robbie and Megan eventually find Declan and Charity having a fight on a boat that is stranded in the lake. Robbie dives into the lake to save Charity, but as he gets onto the boat, Declan accidentally shoots Robbie dead with a flare gun.
Kerry Wyatt
Kerry WyattEmmerdale characterPortrayed byLaura NortonDuration2012–presentFirst appearanceEpisode 6292 17 July 2012ClassificationPresent; regularIntroduced bySteve FrostIn-universe informationOccupationBeauticianHairdresserSweet PackerHousekeeperHusbandKev Berry (until 2014)DaughtersAmy WyattChloe HarrisGrandsonsKyle Winchester Reuben Harris
Kerry Wyatt, played by Laura Norton, made her first screen appearance on 17 July 2012. The character and casting was announced on 31 May 2012. Norton began filming her first scenes in June. Of joining Emmerdale, the actress said "I am delighted to have been given this role. Emmerdale has always been my favourite soap and it's a joy and privilege to be joining the team." Series producer Stuart Blackburn commented that Norton is "a fantastic actor" and that it was a delight to welcome her to the cast. Norton announced her pregnancy in 2020 and due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom, she stopped appearing on screen. Kerry's last appearance was on 5 June 2020. On 24 October 2021, it was announced that Norton had returned to filming from maternity leave and her return scenes aired on 1 November 2021 as part of a storyline that sees her working as Chloe Harris' (Jessie Elland) housekeeper. Norton left for maternity leave on 18 November 2022, Kerry has since made appearances via video call on 24 April 2023 and 17 August 2023.
Kerry is the mother of established character, Amy Wyatt (Chelsea Halfpenny). Daniel Kilkelly of Digital Spy reported Kerry was heartbroken when Amy was taken into foster care. He stated that Kerry is "wayward" and guaranteed to liven things up for her daughter and her foster parents Val (Charlie Hardwick) and Eric Pollard (Chris Chittell). Norton described Kerry as being "an amazing and unpredictable, appealing character". She added that she could not wait to play Amy's "reckless mum." Amy meets her mother while she is out celebrating her birthday. She flirts with a man, who turns out to be Kerry's boyfriend. Kerry then follows her daughter back to the village, hoping to be a part of her life. In August 2017, Norton was longlisted for Funniest Female at the Inside Soap Awards. She did not progress to the viewer-voted shortlist.
Kerry's storylines have included trying to repair her relationship with daughter Amy (Chelsea Halfpenny), her struggle with diabetes, a relationship with Andy Sugden (Kelvin Fletcher), accidentally starting a fire at Andy's house and almost killing herself and his children, faking a pregnancy after discovering that Andy and Amy are in a relationship, being run over by Adam Barton (Adam Thomas), trying to help Brenda Walker (Lesley Dunlop) overcome her addiction of shoplifting, a relationship with Dan Spencer (Liam Fox), faking a terminal illness in order to get a free wedding to Dan and being uncovered as a bigamist on her wedding day to Dan.
While on a night out, Kerry sees her boyfriend, Chris Fletcher (Michael Taylor), kissing Amy. Kerry breaks them up and smacks Amy before hitting Chris with her handbag and Amy realises that Kerry is her mother. After Kerry is thrown out of the club, Amy reveals that she is her daughter. Kerry tries to talk to Amy and she gives her her phone number. Kerry later finds Amy's address on Facebook and she comes to Emmerdale to make amends. However, she meets Val Pollard (Charlie Hardwick), who tells her to leave. Kerry thanks Val for her help in raising Amy, but vows to come back and sort things out.
Kerry begins dating Andy Sugden (Kelvin Fletcher). However, Debbie Dingle (Charley Webb), begins leaving her kids with Andy and Kerry which Kerry soon becomes annoyed about. One night, Kerry gets drunk and drops a cigarette on the rug, setting Andy's house on fire, nearly killing herself and baby Jack. She and Jack are saved by Andy, Amy, and Cain Dingle (Jeff Hordley), after Andy's daughter, Sarah, raises the alarm. Andy nearly attacks Kerry and ends their relationship. After getting into a fight with Debbie in the street over the situation, Kerry goes on holiday for a few weeks. Kerry returns but is horrified to see Andy and Amy kissing and tells them she is pregnant. However, it is revealed she is lying when she asks a pregnant woman to use a pregnancy test. Kerry shows it to Andy and he buys her another one but the pregnant woman also urinated in a little cup and Kerry tricks Andy into believing she's pregnant. However, he is not convinced and Andy tells her to have an abortion because he will not support her. When drowning her sorrows with a can of beer, Kerry is run over by Adam Barton (Adam Thomas) driving a stolen car. Kerry is rushed to hospital and Cain helps Adam dispose of the stolen car.
When Bernice (Samantha Giles) announces her plans to open up a salon in the village, Kerry is eager to be involved and proves her skills by giving Pearl Ladderbanks (Meg Johnson) and Betty Eagleton (Paula Tilbrook) makeovers. Kerry is desperate to marry boyfriend Dan Spencer (Liam Fox), but he is reluctant to propose, so pretends that her diabetes is being treated as a terminal illness in order to win a free wedding. However, Dan proposes to Kerry when he and Eric Pollard (Chris Chittell) do a skydive with a banner asking Kerry to marry him. Despite the wedding up in arms thanks to her sleazy brother-in-law-to-be, Daz Spencer (Mark Jordon), Kerry is devastated that the wedding might not go ahead. Thankfully Chas makes Dan realise Kerry is the best thing to happen to him and when he rushes to the church, he and Kerry marry. As the reception unfolds in the Woolpack, a man arrives in the village looking for Kerry. Inside the Woolpack, Dan's best mate Bob Hope (Tony Audenshaw) is asking the guests to say something about Dan or Kerry. The man reveals himself as Kev (Christopher Connel), and tells the guests that he married Kerry in Las Vegas and he has tried to track down Kerry so he could end the marriage, and he would be able to marry his new partner, Edith. A scuffle ensues, with Kerry, Dan, Daz, and Kev all ending up being arrested, Kerry for bigamy, and the men for affray.
In 2024, Gary Gillatt from Inside Soap praised Kerry working in The Woolpack, writing that "Putting Kerry behind the Woolpack bar is Emmerdale's best idea this year. Reet class, bonnie lass."
Jack Sugden
Not to be confused with Jack Sugden.
Jack SugdenEmmerdale characterPortrayed bySeth Ball (2012–2019)Louis Webster (2019)Duration2012–2019First appearanceEpisode 6371/217 October 2012Last appearanceEpisode 856413 August 2019ClassificationFormer; recurringIntroduced bySteve FrostIn-universe informationFatherAndy SugdenMotherDebbie DingleStepfatherPete Barton (2015-2016)StepmotherKatie Sugden (2014-2015)SistersSarah SugdenGrandfathersJack Sugden (adoptive)Billy HopwoodCain DingleGrandmothersSarah Sugden (adoptive)Charity DingleMoira Barton (step)UnclesRobert Sugden (adoptive)Ryan Stocks Nate RobinsonNoah DingleMoses DingleJohnny Woodfield (adoptive)AuntsVictoria Sugden (adoptive)First cousinsSebastian White (adoptive)Harry Sugden (adoptive)Oscar GrishamOther relativesZak DingleSam DingleObadiah Dingle Chas Dingle Faith Dingle
Jack Sugden, played primarily by Seth Ball is Andy Sugden (Kelvin Fletcher) and Debbie Dingle's (Charley Webb) son, who was born during the 40th anniversary live episode. He was conceived in a bid to save the life of their young daughter, Sarah (Sophia Amber Moore) after she was diagnosed with fanconi anaemia. Jack was named after Andy's late adoptive father.
Jack left the series in January 2016, when his mother, Debbie moved away, however returned a year later with his mother and sister, but departed again with Debbie in 2019.
Molly Sharma
Molly SharmaEmmerdale characterPortrayed byMaria Rose Smith (2012-2013) Uncredited (2015-2016)Duration2012-2013, 2015-2016First appearanceEpisode 6371/2 17 October 2012Last appearanceEpisode 7430 19 February 2016ClassificationFormer, recurringIntroduced bySteve FrostIn-universe informationFatherNikhil SharmaMotherGennie WalkerGrandfathersRishi Sharma Shadrach DingleGrandmothersGeorgia Sharma Brenda Walker (adoptive)UnclesJai SharmaAuntsPriya Sharma Chas DingleFirst cousinsMia Macey Archie Breckle Amba Metcalfe Eliza Sharma
Molly Sharma, played by Maria Rose Smith is Nikhil Sharma (Rik Makarem) and Gennie Walker's (Sian Reese-Williams) daughter, who was born at The Grange B&B during the 40th anniversary live episode. Following her mother's death, Nikhil left the village with Molly for Toronto. She is later seen when Brenda (Lesley Dunlop) is talking to her via Skype on 26 December 2013. Her grandmother, Brenda, is later seen showing photos of her from Nikhil on the anniversary of her mother's death. Brenda also visits Molly and Nikhil for a day when Nikhil visits London on business.
Molly returns on 29 October 2015 when Nikhil visits his dad, Rishi (Bhasker Patel), however she returns to Canada with her father on 19 February 2016.
Steve Harland
Steve HarlandEmmerdale characterPortrayed byTom MannionDuration2012–2013First appearanceEpisode 6416 6 December 2012Last appearanceEpisode 6655 11 September 2013ClassificationFormer; regularIntroduced bySteve FrostIn-universe informationOccupationHorse trainerWifeSue Harland (until 2012)
Steve Harland, played by Tom Mannion, made his first screen appearance on 6 December 2012. The character and Mannion's casting was announced on 25 October 2012. David Brown from the Radio Times reported that Mannion and Michelle Hardwick (Vanessa Woodfield) had already filmed their first scenes. Of his casting, Mannion commented "I'm really looking forward to the adventure that is Emmerdale." Mannion revealed that he undertook research for his character's occupation as a horse trainer, saying "I had a few conversations with a couple of trainers - in particular one of which used to train for the Queen - just really to get the lay of the land of what Steve's life might have been like. It's good to know, just to have in the background."
Steve is Bernice Blackstock's (Samantha Giles) "charismatic" married lover. He is described as being "a passionate, optimistic man who likes to get the most out of life." Daniel Kilkelly from Digital Spy revealed that the traits that attracted Steve to Bernice may end up driving him mad. During an interview with Kilkelly, Mannion stated that Steve arrives in Emmerdale to see Bernice and reveals that he has not yet broken up with his wife. However, Bernice's sister, Nicola (Nicola Wheeler), later calls Steve's wife to let her know about the affair. On Steve's past and the affair with Bernice, Mannion explained "This is presumption and assumption on my part, but from what I suspect, this is the first time this has happened to Steve. I don't think he has done this before - he's not a practised philanderer. An affair is not the norm for him. I think Steve has been totally swept up by this gorgeous, attractive woman who has come into his life. He's just gone, 'Wow this is really different'. I don't think he expected it to go the way it has, and now he's terrified about his marriage break-up. He has found himself in a situation he isn't prepared for." Steve is forced into making a fresh start and Mannion told Kilkelly that he has a bit of money and will pay his way by working with horses.
Steve arrives and announces to Bernice that his wife has left him. Bernice and Steve have an ill-fated relationship during his long stay at the village. He turns his attentions to her sister, Nicola King, and even funds for her daughter Angelica's education. Steve then announces to Nicola that he will not continue funding for Angelica's education unless she sleeps with him. Nicola tells Bernice about Steve's indecent proposal. Bernice tearfully tells Steve that she walked out on her marriage for him and throws him out the house. Steve then leaves the village.
Vanessa Woodfield
Vanessa WoodfieldEmmerdale characterPortrayed byMichelle HardwickDuration2012–2022, 2024–presentFirst appearanceEpisode 6418 10 December 2012ClassificationPresent; regularIntroduced bySteve FrostIn-universe informationOccupationVetFatherFrank ClaytonHalf-sistersTracy RobinsonSonsJohnny WoodfieldNiecesFrankie Robinson
Vanessa Woodfield, played by Michelle Hardwick, made her first screen appearance on 10 December 2012. The character and Hardwick's casting was announced on 25 October 2012. Hardwick stated "As a local girl and a fan of the show, Emmerdale is my dream job. After only 2 days I am starting to feel at home already and Vanessa is such a fun character I can't wait to see what's in store for her." Vanessa is "a wild friend" of Rhona Goskirk's (Zoë Henry) from college. Vanessa has been described as being "a self-assured party girl" and "a breath of fresh air". She is plain-speaking and initially clashed with Rhona's husband, Paddy Kirk (Dominic Brunt) when she arrived at the vets' practice. Hardwick announced her pregnancy in 2020 and that she would be taking maternity leave from Emmerdale. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom, Vanessa did not get a proper exit storyline and last appeared on 3 June 2020. She made guest appearances on 12, 27, 29 and 30 October. The character reappeared on a regular basis from 29 December 2021, with Hardwick having returned to work full-time. Vanessa left again on 30 November 2022, when Hardwick went on a second maternity leave, returning on 9 February 2024.
Rhona invites Vanessa to Emmerdale after she fires her locum vet. Paddy becomes jealous of Vanessa and Rhona's friendship. Vanessa later humiliates him in front of Edna Birch (Shirley Stelfox), when they discuss payment for her dog's treatment.
In the local pub, Vanessa eyes up Andy Sugden (Kelvin Fletcher) at the bar and suggests that she and Rhona go on a night out. When Vanessa goes to Butler's Farm, she walks in on Moira Barton (Natalie J. Robb) and Cain Dingle (Jeff Hordley) kissing. She returns the next day and apologizes to Moira. They sit down together and tell each other about their pasts. Vanessa is distraught when Katie Addyman's (Sammy Winward) horse dies whilst in her care. Katie threatens to sue Vanessa but Rhona helps calm the situation down.
Paddy later helps Vanessa look for a flat but she is distracted by a fire across the road. Vanessa learns that Rhona is addicted to painkillers, after becoming hooked after having trouble with back ache. She tries to help Rhona but it just gets worse. When Rhona and Paddy go on a weekend away with friends Marlon Dingle (Mark Charnock) and Laurel Thomas (Charlotte Bellamy), Rhona buys painkillers and takes them. As a result, Rhona misses Leo's first steps and tells Paddy that she does not feel well, asking him to take her home but then go back to the cabin while Vanessa looks after her. Vanessa confronts her about stealing painkillers from Sandy Thomas (Freddie Jones), leaving him in severe pain. Rhona denies it until Vanessa says she can have more painkillers if she admits it and she does. Vanessa then refuses to give her anything and Rhona slaps Vanessa. Vanessa then tells Rhona that she needs professional help for her addiction. Vanessa realizes that she has feelings for Rhona and tries to help Rhona wean herself off the painkillers. Eventually, Vanessa realizes what she is doing and warns Rhona that if she doesn't stop, she will end up in hospital or even worse dead. Rhona ignores this and pushes Vanessa to give her drugs. Vanessa eventually tells Rhona how she feels but Rhona rejects her, claiming her feelings are "wrong". Vanessa is distraught but continues to give her the painkillers. Rhona eventually visits a drug dealer for more drugs but starts coughing up blood, so Vanessa takes her to hospital. On their return, Paddy confronts Rhona as he thinks she is cheating on him. When he tries to look at her phone, Rhona lashes out and hits him repeatedly but Vanessa supports Rhona and wanting more drugs, Rhona reveals that she is in love with Vanessa and kisses her passionately. Vanessa and Rhona begin a brief affair but are rumbled when Paddy catches them kissing. Paddy refuses to believe Rhona is a lesbian and stays with Marlon and Laurel. Rhona tells Vanessa that she was only using her to get painkillers, insulting her and throws her out. Vanessa stays with Moira and learns that Rhona has overdosed and meets Marlon and Paddy at the hospital. There, Vanessa tells Marlon, Paddy and Moira that Rhona is addicted to painkillers and why she lied to Paddy. Paddy attacks Vanessa but Marlon and Moira restrain him. Rhona wakes up and Paddy tells her that he knows about her addiction before throwing Vanessa's belongings out on the street. Angrily, Vanessa tells Pearl Ladderbanks (Meg Johnson) that she and Rhona kissed, making Pearl wonder if Rhona is a lesbian before moving in with Moira, Cain and Moira's son Adam Barton (Adam Thomas). Moira tells her that Rhona will be released from hospital soon.
Rhona is discharged and decides to go "cold turkey", rather than go to rehab. Vanessa learns of this and is concerned for Rhona's welfare. Paddy threatens to sack Vanessa but she reminds him that she is a partner, so he cannot and buys Nikhil Sharma's (Rik Makarem) house. Following Cameron Murray's (Dominic Power) hostage siege at The Woolpack, Diane Sugden (Elizabeth Estensen) and Chas Dingle (Lucy Pargeter) stay with her until the pub is complete. When Declan Macey (Jason Merrells) evicts Dom Andrews (Wil Johnson) and his daughter, Gemma (Tendai Rinomhota), Vanessa gives them a place to stay. Vanessa accompanies Dom to the hospital when Gemma is found unconscious and is upset when Gemma dies. She attends Gemma's funeral and helps Dom through the day. In May 2014, Vanessa helps Moira prepare for her wedding day to Cain. After Moira's nephew, Pete Barton (Anthony Quinlan) has a bust-up with his girlfriend, Debbie Dingle (Charley Webb), he confides in Vanessa and they kiss. They both regret it but Debbie sees them hugging.
After visiting Moira, Vanessa panics when she notices the ketamine is missing from her vet bag as Adam, has stolen it and taken a large dose. Paddy urges Vanessa to call the police and Moira is questioned. Vanessa goes on a night out and has a one-night stand with a young man, who appears to be in his 20s. She boasts to Leyla Harding (Roxy Shahidi) about her new boyfriend and realizes it is Priya Sharma's (Fiona Wade) soon-to-be 17-year-old stepson, Kirin Kotecha (Adam Fielding). She visits Kirin and they agree to continue their relationship in secret but are caught by Priya and Leyla. Priya demands Vanessa and Kirin end their relationship for good but Vanessa and Kirin are caught again by Paddy. Kirin later tells Priya and Rakesh about his relationship with Vanessa, angering Priya. After months of dating Kirin, Vanessa decides to end their relationship, fearing being subjected to gossip. Kirin goes out drinking and while driving his father's car home, he collides with Moira's van and sends her sliding off the road. She is rushed to hospital and Kirin faces Moira's husband, Cain. Vanessa is furious with Kirin but forgives him and they reconcile. On his birthday, Kirin notices a lump on one of Vanessa's breasts and they both fear it could be cancer. Kirin promises to support her and Vanessa books a hospital appointment but fails to do so. This leads to Rhona supports Vanessa but gets the all clear.
While taking a break from her relationship with Kirin, Vanessa has a drink with Adam as they are both upset with their respective partners and have a drunken one-night stand. They agree to keep it a secret, not wanting to risk hurting Kirin and Adam's girlfriend, Victoria Sugden (Isabel Hodgins), and try to carry on with their lives. However, Vanessa learns that she is pregnant and isn't sure who is the father. She tells Rhona, who tells her that if she keeps the baby, she has to tell Kirin and Adam. Kirin is ecstatic at the thought of becoming a father but Adam is terrified. Kirin and Vanessa tell Rakesh that she is pregnant and he demands Vanessa have an abortion. Vanessa refuses and Adam tells Moira that the baby could be his, which strains her friendship with Vanessa. Unable to deal with the stress, Vanessa books a DNA test with Adam present. However, when the nurse leaves, Kirin arrives and Adam hides upstairs. When Adam's mobile phone rings, Kirin realizes that he is upstairs and believes that they are having an affair. Vanessa tells him that it is not an affair but Adam could be the baby's father. Kirin then tells Victoria, leaving her disgusted. The following day, Victoria slaps Vanessa but Rhona intervenes. Not wanting his son to be a father yet, Rakesh steals the test results which show that the baby is Kirin's and edits them to make everyone believe that Adam is the father. Adam fails to arrive at Vanessa's scan, which angers her and she makes the decision to leave Emmerdale because she does not want Adam involved in the upbringing of Vanessa's baby.
When Jai gets into a scuffle with Rakesh at a party, he pushes Rakesh into Vanessa, knocking her to the floor. On the way home, she goes into labor prematurely gives birth to a son named Johnny Woodfield (Luca Hepworth) at the hospital. Johnny has respiratory issues is placed in intensive care. Vanessa fears for her baby's health, snapping at her friends and eventually hiding in her house, afraid to see him. Victoria convinces Vanessa to come to the hospital and be there for Johnny. Vanessa suspects Johnny's paternity after finding a birthmark on him that she is told is normal for mixed-race babies to have. She takes another DNA test which shows that Kirin is the father instead of Adam. Adam is devastated at the news and briefly kidnaps Johnny before being convinced by Victoria to return him to his mother. Kirin takes over parenting duties from Adam. He is unable to handle the stress and tells Vanessa that he doesn't love Johnny before fleeing the country.
Vanessa then goes on to begin a relationship with Charity Dingle. Vanessa prepares to marry Charity, however, it is cancelled because Charity's son Ryan Stocks (James Moore) was locked into a shed by Graham Foster (Andrew Scarborough). Vanessa and Johnny are taken hostage by Pierce Harris (Jonathon Wrather) and are imprisoned for weeks, she then learns that she has developed stage 3 bowel cancer. Three months later, Vanessa leaves the village to stay with her mother. While Vanessa is away, she ends her relationship with Charity after discovering Charity kissed Mackenzie Boyd (Lawrence Robb). A few months later, Vanessa returns to stay with her sister Tracy Metcalfe (Amy Walsh) over the New Year period. On arrival, Vanessa witnesses Charity telling Mackenzie she loves him.
Archie Breckle
Archie BreckleEmmerdale characterPortrayed byAadam Wahab Shahzad and Liyana Shahza (2012–2015) Kai Assi (2019–present)Duration2012–2015, 2019–presentFirst appearanceEpisode 6421 13 December 2012ClassificationPresent, recurringIntroduced bySteve FrostIn-universe informationFatherJai SharmaMotherRachel BreckleStepmotherLaurel ThomasHalf-sistersMia Macey (adoptive) Eliza MaceyGrandfathersRishi Sharma (adoptive) Amit SharmaGrandmothersGeorgia SharmaUnclesNikhil Sharma (adoptive) Suni SharmaAuntsPriya Sharma (adoptive) Nisha Sharma Ali SpencerFirst cousinsSean Spencer Amelia Spencer Molly Sharma Amba MetcalfeOther relativesEsther Spencer
Archie Breckle, originally played by Aadam Wahab Shahzad and Liyana Shahzad is Rachel Breckle (Gemma Oaten) and Jai Sharma's (Chris Bisson) son. He was born prematurely and had to stay in a NICU. He lives with Rachel and the Dingle's. Jai's wife Charity (Emma Atkins) was suspicious about how close Jai and Archie were so Jai's father Rishi (Bhasker Patel) told Charity that he was the father of Archie. Charity later discovers that Jai fathered Archie, not Rishi, and their marriage breaks down. Archie leaves the village with Rachel in January 2014. Jai hires a private detective to try to find Rachel and Archie, but he is unsuccessful. Archie returned to the village in November without his mother Rachel when his father Jai pays a mystery man money to bring his son back to the village. However, in January 2015, Rachel returns and claims that she has had Archie all along which means that the baby that Jai and his wife Megan Macey (Gaynor Faye) were given was in fact not Archie. A custody battle began for Archie, with Jai gaining custody until the hearing. However, at the hearing, Archie was awarded to Rachel. The following week, Rachel decided to move to Liverpool with her sister Ali (Kelli Hollis), taking Archie with them.
In 2019 Archie returns, now played by Kai Assi, as Rachel dies. Archie is given to Jai by his uncle Dan Spencer (Liam Fox) but at first, Archie won't talk until Arthur talks about video games & he starts talking.
Dominic Andrews
Dominic AndrewsEmmerdale characterPortrayed byWil JohnsonDuration2012–2014First appearanceEpisode 643527 December 2012Last appearanceEpisode 689413 June 2014ClassificationFormer; regularIntroduced bySteve FrostIn-universe informationOccupationCourierDaughtersGemma Andrews
Dominic "Dom" Andrews, played by Wil Johnson, made his first screen appearance on 27 December 2012. The character and Johnson's casting was announced on 25 October 2012. The actor stated "I can't wait to get started. I am looking forward to an exciting journey. I've been told anything could happen with my character." Dominic is a mechanic and the father of a teenage daughter, Gemma (Tendai Rinomhota). He is "still finding his feet as a single dad." On 23 February 2014, it was announced Johnson had decided to leave Emmerdale. The actor commented "I've had a wonderful time playing Dom Andrews but, like with most things, you have to know when it's time to leave the building, hopefully on a high note. I'm fortunate to be leaving the show off the back of a gripping storyline which I hope the audience will appreciate and have empathy for." Dom's departure occurred as part of a storyline involving the death of Gemma and he departed on 13 June 2014.
Immediately upon his arrival, Dom has a one-night stand with Debbie Dingle (Charley Webb), but learns that she simply wants information on his boss Pete, who does regular drugs runs. Dom's daughter, Gemma, discovers she is pregnant after a one-night stand with Sean Spencer (Luke Roskell). Gemma is not happy when her father begins dating Alicia Metcalfe (Natalie Anderson). Gemma tells Dom that she is not feeling well and he allows her to stay off school. While looking through the rubbish, Dom discovers a pregnancy test and rages at Gemma. The argument spills into the street, but Alicia claims the pregnancy test is hers. Alicia and Gemma go off to talk. When they return, Gemma runs upstairs, while Dom confronts Alicia and ends their relationship. Gemma later tells Dom that she is pregnant and Dom supports her when she chooses to have an abortion. Belle Dingle (Eden Taylor-Draper) decides to get revenge on Gemma for sleeping with Sean and writes about her abortion on a school whiteboard, causing a fight. Dom goes round to the Dingles' cottage and vows that he is not going to rest until Belle is expelled.
Dom remains outside The Woolpack when Cameron Murray (Dominic Power) holds several people hostage inside at gunpoint. David Metcalfe (Matthew Wolfenden) later emerges, carrying Alicia who has been shot by a stray bullet and goes with Dom in the ambulance to the hospital. At this point, Dom and Alicia had reconciled but Alicia being shot made David realise that he is in love with her. Declan Macey (Jason Merrells) makes Dom and Gemma homeless after evicting them from their house which he owned, following a fire at Home Farm. Dom gets extremely angry with Declan but he and Gemma move in with Vanessa Woodfield (Michelle Hardwick).
Gemma, Belle and Sean go to a party which, unknown to them, Dom is DJing at. After the party, Dom begins to get close to new vicar Harriet Finch (Katherine Dow Blyton), and finally kisses her. He thinks Gemma is at a sleepover with Belle, but unknown to him, she is unconscious after a fight with Belle (caused by the fact that both girls like Sean) and Gemma fell, hitting her head on a rock. Although a remorseful Belle offered to help her, Gemma refused and stormed off, before collapsing. Dom rushes to the hospital with Vanessa and Harriet when Harriet and Zak found Gemma and Dom sits by her bedside. When Zak and Dan arrive, Dom is told Gemma may have a brain haemorrhage. He pushes everyone away until Belle, Sean and Lisa arrive and Dom is told that Gemma is braindead, devastating everyone. Dom must decide whether or not to turn off her machines and Zak tells Dom about when Butch died, as the nurses push Dom for answers about organ donation. After listening to Zak, Dom decides to donate Gemma's organs although her brain isn't available. Dom cries, as Gemma is wheeled away to the operating room. Dom returns home and barely talks to anyone. Belle visits, bringing a scrapbook of photos and quotes about Gemma made by the school, which he is very happy about and proud of. In late March, without Dom knowing, Belle tells Zak that she believes she is responsible for Gemma's death and Zak takes her to the police station to confess. Belle is charged with murder and Zak visits Dom. Dom is devastated and confused, demanding he be allowed to visit Belle and confront her. He punches Zak in the face and Zak tells him to take it out on him rather than Belle. The following week, Cain visits and tells him that Belle plans to plead guilty. Dom gets very angry, accusing the Dingles of harassing him and tells Cain that he hopes Belle rots. Dom's mood improves when he is sent a considerable amount of money anonymously. Initially, Dom thinks Vanessa is responsible but she tells him it wasn't her. Dom then thinks it was Betty Eagleton (Paula Tilbrook) and kisses her in the cafe as a means of saying thank you but Harriet is convinced it wasn't her as it isn't in her nature. Later, Harriet realises that it was Edna Birch (Shirley Stelfox) who sent the money, which she had won on a scratch card that Sandy Thomas (Freddie Jones) gave her for her birthday. Edna had previously been against claiming the money, as she is a devout Christian and believes gambling is sinful, but makes an exception to help Dom. At Belle's trial, he tells the judge that he does not want her sent down for murder after realising it was an accident. Dom departs from the village with his money and goes to live in London where his brothers and nephews live.
Gemma Andrews
Gemma AndrewsEmmerdale characterPortrayed byTendai RinomhotaDuration2012–2015First appearanceEpisode 643628 December 2012Last appearanceEpisode 708115 January 2015ClassificationFormer; regularIntroduced bySteve FrostIn-universe informationFatherDominic Andrews
Gemma Andrews, played by Tendai Rinomhota, made her first screen appearance on 28 December 2012. The character and Rinomhota's casting was announced on 25 October 2012. Gemma is the "wayward" teenage daughter of Dominic (Wil Johnson). She is best friends with Belle Dingle (Eden Taylor-Draper). On 23 January 2014, Sophie Dainty from Digital Spy reported that the character would be killed off as part of a "shocking" storyline, which would see Belle kill Gemma during an argument. She made her final appearance on 4 March 2014, after she dies in hospital.
Gemma discovers she is pregnant, after spending the night with Sean Spencer (Luke Roskell). Gemma is not happy when her father begins dating Alicia Metcalfe (Natalie Anderson). She reveals to Dom that she is not feeling too good so he allows her to stop off school. While looking through the rubbish for something, Dom discovers a pregnancy test kit and rages at Gemma. The argument spills into the street, but when Alicia arrives, she tells Dom that the pregnancy test is hers. Alicia then has a heart to heart with Gemma, and she reveals to a stunned Alicia that she is in fact pregnant, and does not know what to do. Alicia advises Gemma to tell her father, but Gemma seems terrified of doing so. She then confides in Alicia about her mother and how she ran out on her and Dom. When they return, Gemma runs upstairs, while Dom confronts Alicia. He then ends the relationship, devastating Alicia. Upset of what happened between Sean and Gemma, Belle decides to get her own back so at school she writes about Gemma's abortion on one of the school's whiteboards this causes a fight between the two but the fight is broken up by their headmaster who has Belle suspended.
Gemma starts to feel jealous over Belle and Sean getting closer and storms out of a party. Belle tries to reason with her but Gemma calls her a selfish cow and a rubbish friend. Belle retorts that Sean would not be interested in her, so Gemma slaps her. Belle retaliates by pushing her to the ground. She hits her head on a rock and starts bleeding. Belle storms off, leaving Gemma alone. As she walks home, Gemma collapses to the ground, unconscious. A day later, she is found by Harriet Finch (Katherine Dow Blyton) and immediately rushed to hospital. The doctors tell Dom that Gemma has a subarachnoid hemorrhage and has severe brain damage and tells him that Gemma is brain dead. Dom is told that there is nothing that they can do for Gemma and her life support machine is switched off, and she dies. The rest of her organs are not damaged and are donated, Gemma's funeral was held on 13 March 2014 and she is cremated. Dom later scatters her ashes.
On 15 January 2015, Gemma's voice is heard on a voice-over in Belle's mind, as she instructs Belle to run down her father, Zak Dingle (Steve Halliwell), in Katie Sugden's (Sammy Winward) car, but Belle breaks down and stops the car. Zak and Lisa take Belle home and they discover she has been hearing Gemma's voice in her head for over several weeks.
Other characters
Date(s)
Character
Actor
Circumstances
9 April
Doctor Barrett
Lena Kaur
Doctor Barrett attends Zak Dingle (Steve Halliwell) after he collapses in the Woolpack. After examining him, she asks him if he is having trouble at home. She diagnoses a panic attack and he discharges himself against her medical advice.
11–12 April
Luke
Ben Gerrard
Megan Macey (Gaynor Faye) talks to Luke in a bar and takes him to sit with Chas (Lucy Pargeter) and Charity Sharma (Emma Atkins). Charity invites Luke to accompany them to the Woolpack. Luke and Chas have drinks together, which makes Cameron Murray (Dominic Power) jealous. Luke visits Chas the next day and asks her out for dinner. She refuses and admits that she is involved with someone else.
11–13 May
Dr Stamford
Rebecca Grant
When Zak Dingle (Steve Halliwell) is brought into hospital, he is referred to Dr Stamford. She is a psychiatrist and questions Cain Dingle (Jeff Hordley) about Zak's state of mind. She assesses Zak and informs the Dingle family that Zak has been sectioned.
2 May–12 July
Nigel Townsend
Andonis Anthony
Nigel and Davey are loan sharks, who come looking for Zak Dingle (Steve Halliwell). They tell his wife, Lisa (Jane Cox), that Zak borrowed money from them and they want repaying.
Davey Aldred
James Lauren
14 May–10 July
Trevor Cunningham
Justin McDonald
Trevor is a nurse who cares for Zak Dingle (Steve Halliwell) after he is sectioned.
4 June–5 July
Talia Brice
Carolynne Poole
Talia is Justin Gallagher's (Andrew Langtree) fiancée. She accompanies Justin on a visit to see his son, Jacob (Joe-Warren Plant), and ex-wife, Alicia (Natalie Anderson).
17 July
Chris Fletcher
Michael Taylor
Chris is Kerry Wyatt's (Laura Norton) boyfriend. He meets Amy Wyatt (Chelsea Halfpenny) while on a night out with Kerry, and he kisses her. However, Kerry pulls them apart and hits Amy in the face, and then starts hitting Chris for cheating on her.
18 October–13 December
DI Drake
David Fleeshman
DC Shawcross and DI Drake are the detectives investigating the murder of Carl King (Tom Lister).
DC Shawcross
Ryan Early
20 November–5 December
Brett Harrison
Gideon Turner
Brett is a locum vet hired by Paddy Kirk (Dominic Brunt) and Rhona Goskirk (Zoe Henry). When Brett tries to kiss Rhona, she tells him that he has to leave. Paddy later confronts Brett and sacks him.
31 December – 31 January 2013
Luke Salter
Daniel Pearson
Luke is a teenage boy who meets Belle Dingle (Eden Taylor-Draper) at a New Year's Eve party.
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^ Dainty, Sophie (23 January 2014). "Emmerdale: Belle Dingle to kill Gemma Andrews during row". Digital Spy. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
^ "Sainou Talent Agency London " Lena Kaur: Emmerdale". Sainou Talent Agency. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
^ "Emmerdale". Linton Manchester News. (Linton Management). 2 April 2012. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
^ "News". Cole Kitchenn. (Roar Group). Archived from the original on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
^ a b "Emmerdale - episode 6285". Retrieved 3 January 2013.
^ "Emmerdale". Buchanan Associates. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
^ Daniels, Colin (13 May 2012). "'X Factor' star Carolynne Poole lands 'Emmerdale' role". Digital Spy. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
^ Kilkelly, Daniel (10 July 2012). "Amy comes face-to-face with her mum". Digital Spy. Hearst Magazines UK. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
^ a b "Emmerdale - Episode 6369". Radio Times. Immediate Media Company Ltd. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
^ "Emmerdale - Episode 6402". Radio Times. Immediate Media Company Ltd. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
^ Kilkelly, Daniel (11 December 2012). "Katie realises Declan isn't being honest". Digital Spy. Hearst Magazines UK. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
External links
Megan Macey at itv.com
Robbie Lawson at itv.com
Kerry Wyatt at itv.com
Vanessa Woodfield at itv.com
Dom Andrews at itv.com
Gemma Andrews at itv.com
vteEmmerdale charactersPresent
Eric Pollard
Kim Tate
Victoria Sugden
Sam Dingle
Mandy Dingle
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Paddy Kirk
Belle Dingle
Charity Dingle
Cain Dingle
Bob Hope
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Nicola King
Rhona Goskirk
Gabby Thomas
Laurel Thomas
Chas Dingle
Aaron Livesy
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Zak Dingle
Betty Eagleton
Daz Eden
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2024 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emmerdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmerdale"},{"link_name":"Steve Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Frost"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ed Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ed_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Declan Macey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declan_Macey"},{"link_name":"Megan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Megan_Macey"},{"link_name":"Robbie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Robbie"},{"link_name":"Kerry Wyatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Kerry_Wyatt"},{"link_name":"Steve Harland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Steve_Harland"},{"link_name":"Vanessa Woodfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Vanessa_Woodfield"},{"link_name":"Dominic Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Dominic_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Gemma Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Gemma_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Andy Sugden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Sugden"},{"link_name":"Debbie Dingle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Dingle"},{"link_name":"Nikhil Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikhil_Sharma"},{"link_name":"Genesis Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_Walker"},{"link_name":"Jai Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jai_Sharma"},{"link_name":"Rachel Breckle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Breckle"},{"link_name":"other characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Other_characters"}],"text":"Emmerdale is a British soap opera first broadcast on 16 October 1972. The following is a list of characters that first appeared during 2012, by order of first appearance. All characters were introduced by the soap's executive producer, Steve Frost.[1] Ed Roberts made his debut appearance in February, followed by Declan Macey's half-sister, Megan shortly after, her son Robbie first appeared in May, while Kerry Wyatt arrived in July. Steve Harland, Vanessa Woodfield, Dominic Andrews and Gemma Andrews all made their debuts in December. There were three births in 2012, Jack Sugden, the son of Andy Sugden and Debbie Dingle and Molly Sharma, the daughter of Nikhil Sharma and Genesis Walker were born in October and Archie Breckle, the son of Jai Sharma and Rachel Breckle was born in December. Additionally, multiple other characters appeared in 2012.","title":"List of Emmerdale characters (2012)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lloyd Everitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Everitt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Aaron Livesy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Livesy"},{"link_name":"Danny Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Miller_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewMan-3"},{"link_name":"Inside Soap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_Soap"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewMan-3"},{"link_name":"Jackson Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Walsh"},{"link_name":"Marc Silcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Silcock"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewMan-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewMan-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewMan-3"},{"link_name":"AfterElton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AfterEllen.com_and_AfterElton.com#AfterElton.com"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GH-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GH-4"},{"link_name":"Adam Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Barton_(Emmerdale)"},{"link_name":"Adam Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Holly Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Barton"},{"link_name":"Sophie Powles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Powles"}],"text":"Ed Roberts, played by Lloyd Everitt, made his debut appearance on 8 February 2012.[2] Ed arrives in Emmerdale with a broken down minibus and takes it to Aaron Livesy (Danny Miller) to fix.[3] A writer for Inside Soap said there is a spark of attraction between Ed and Aaron, but Aaron dismisses it because he is unsure whether Ed is interested in guys.[3] Aaron wants to move on from Jackson Walsh (Marc Silcock) and an Emmerdale spokesperson told the magazine \"With the arrival of Ed, the darkness that has been haunting Aaron begins to disappear.\"[3] However, Ed and Aaron's potential romance does not get off to a good start when Ed drives off without paying for the repairs to the minibus. Aaron thinks Ed has gone for good, but he later returns to settle the bill.[3] Ed has been described as being \"handsome\" and \"hunky.\"[3] Anthony D. Langford of AfterElton said Aaron and Ed's scenes often revolved around Aaron's past with Jackson, which he explained was too heavy and not romantic for their fledgling relationship.[4] Langford added \"This of course raises the question of why a smart and funny guy like Ed would want to deal with the emotional mess that is Aaron Livesy.\"[4]Ed brings a minibus to the garage for Aaron Livesy to fix. However, when Aaron becomes involved in an argument with Adam Barton (Adam Thomas), Ed leaves. He later returns with his rugby teammates and Aaron fixes the minibus, but Ed drives off without paying all of the bill. Ed comes back to the village to give Aaron the rest of the money for the work on the minibus and he invites him to a party. Ed brings his car to the garage for Aaron to look at and he later gives him his number. Aaron arranges to go for a drink with Ed, but he cancels to help Adam fix a roof. Ed finds out what Aaron is doing and he and two of his teammates comes to help. Holly Barton (Sophie Powles) flirts with Ed and he reveals he is gay. Ed mistakes Aaron and Adam's friendship for something more, but Aaron corrects him and they kiss. Aaron and Ed go on their first date to Bar West, but Ed leaves early when the barman tells him that Aaron helped his previous boyfriend, Jackson to die. Aaron becomes angry with Ed, but he later calls him and they meet up. Aaron and Ed talk and Aaron reveals his scars from self harming. Ed is not fazed and they spend the night together. Ed later tells Aaron that he has been signed for a French rugby club and is leaving for France in four weeks. He asks Aaron to come with him and he agrees.","title":"Ed Roberts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaynor Faye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaynor_Faye"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GaynorF-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GaynorF-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GaynorF-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Declan Macey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declan_Macey"},{"link_name":"Jason Merrells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Merrells"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GaynorF-6"},{"link_name":"Katie Sugden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Sugden"},{"link_name":"Sammy Winward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Winward"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GaynorF-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GaynorF-6"},{"link_name":"Daily Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mirror"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bullies-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bullies-10"},{"link_name":"Soaplife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soaplife"},{"link_name":"Kim Tate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Tate"},{"link_name":"Claire King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_King"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Robbie Lawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_(Emmerdale)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TooFar-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TooFar-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TooFar-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TooFar-12"},{"link_name":"Mia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mia_Macey"},{"link_name":"Sapphire Elia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapphire_Elia"},{"link_name":"Charity Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_Tate"},{"link_name":"Emma Atkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Atkins"},{"link_name":"Cain Dingle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cain_Dingle"},{"link_name":"Jeff Hordley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Hordley"},{"link_name":"Jai Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jai_Sharma"},{"link_name":"Chris Bisson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Bisson"},{"link_name":"Carl King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_King"},{"link_name":"Tom Lister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Lister_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Chas Dingle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chas_Dingle"},{"link_name":"Lucy Pargeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Pargeter"},{"link_name":"Alex Moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Moss"},{"link_name":"physically abusing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_violence"},{"link_name":"Moira Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moira_Barton"},{"link_name":"Natalie J. Robb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_J._Robb"},{"link_name":"Noah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Tate"},{"link_name":"Leyla Harding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyla_Harding"},{"link_name":"Roxy Shahidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxy_Shahidi"},{"link_name":"flare gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flare_gun"},{"link_name":"Rachel Breckle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Breckle"},{"link_name":"Sam Dingle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Dingle"},{"link_name":"James Hooton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hooton"},{"link_name":"Rishi Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishi_Sharma"},{"link_name":"Nikhil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikhil_Sharma"},{"link_name":"Rik Makarem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rik_Makarem"},{"link_name":"Brenda Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Walker_(Emmerdale)"},{"link_name":"Lesley Dunlop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley_Dunlop"},{"link_name":"Eliza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliza_Macey"},{"link_name":"cerebral palsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_palsy"},{"link_name":"child abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_abuse"},{"link_name":"epilepsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilepsy"},{"link_name":"Frank Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Clayton_(Emmerdale)"},{"link_name":"Michael Praed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Praed"},{"link_name":"Graham Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Foster_(2017_character)"},{"link_name":"Andrew Scarborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Scarborough"},{"link_name":"Tracy Metcalfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Metcalfe"}],"text":"Megan Macey (previously Sharma) played by Gaynor Faye, made her first on screen appearance on 21 February 2012.[6][7] The character and casting was announced on 12 October 2011.[6] Faye said she was \"incredibly excited\" to be joining Emmerdale and series producer Stuart Blackburn added he was thrilled to welcome the actress to the show.[6] Faye later revealed she has a twelve-month contract with Emmerdale.[8]Megan is Declan Macey's (Jason Merrells) glamorous half-sister, arriving at Home Farm to stay with Declan after he contacts her about getting involved with a big project.[6] She is described as \"fiercely ambitious, intimidating and oozing self-confidence,\" she stands up for herself and will shake things up between Declan and his girlfriend, Katie Sugden (Sammy Winward).[6] Of her character, Faye said \"The women on Emmerdale are strong and feisty and I can't wait to play my character, who's fun but extremely driven and will stop at nothing to get her own way! She's quite different to many of the roles that I have played before and hopefully will take people by surprise.\"[6] Nicola Methven of the Daily Mirror said Megan will \"turn the heads of the village men.\"[9] Speaking to a writer for the Daily Mirror, Faye said she could not wait to start playing Megan, who she branded \"a baddie\".[10] The actress said viewers are used to seeing her play nice characters and her new role is a departure from that, as Megan will cause mayhem and stir up the men and women of the village.[10] A writer for Soaplife magazine said that since Kim Tate (Claire King) left Emmerdale there had not been a \"Lady of the Home Farm Manor to fill her designer boots.\" They said that Megan's arrival could change that, and added that if Megan is half the woman Kim was, she will do more than \"just surprise.\"[11]In April 2012, it was revealed Declan would track down Megan's son, Robbie Lawson (Jamie Shelton), who she gave up for adoption when she was a teenager.[12] Faye said Megan would be furious if she knew what Declan was up to. She explained \"Megan is always telling Declan to keep his nose out of her life. They may be good at business together, but they're not good at each other's personal lives. And him interfering in this is going too far.\"[12] Of Megan's past, Faye revealed that she was in her late teens when she had Robbie and because no one was there for her, it was decided she should put him up for adoption.[12] Faye added \"She hasn't seen Robbie since she gave him up. She ignored a letter he wrote to her years back, but finding him is still something that's always at the back of her mind.\"[12]Megan moves into Home Farm, after being asked by Declan to be the events organiser of a festival in Emmerdale. She demands to know why she was not invited to Declan's stepdaughter Mia's (Sapphire Elia) funeral and has an argument with Charity Sharma (Emma Atkins), who hoped that she would have got the job. She has a fling with Cain Dingle (Jeff Hordley), Charity's ex, resulting in a fight between the two. When Megan badmouths Katie, Declan tells Megan to leave once the festival has finished. Megan meets her old friend Jai Sharma (Chris Bisson) in The Woolpack and Declan demands that she should stay away from him. When the two talk, they look back on the past lives and Declan apologises for not being there for her when he left the family home aged nineteen. Declan later tracks down Megan's long lost son, Robbie, and Megan becomes furious that he went behind her back and slaps Declan. Robbie arrives at Home Farm and tells her that she will never be his mother, stating that his adoptive mother died of an asthma attack previously. When Declan invites Robbie to stay with them after he slept with his landlord's girlfriend, Megan tells him that she feels uncomfortable with him being around. During the summer, she begins a relationship with Carl King (Tom Lister). However, he dumps her, because of his feelings for Chas Dingle (Lucy Pargeter). The festival goes well and he invites Megan to plan for another one, the following year. Megan agrees, but Katie becomes unimpressed and tries to make her leave, especially when Robbie threatens her. During Declan and Katie's wedding reception, Megan pushes Katie's face into the wedding cake.The following year, the festival plans do not go well and the police find Alex Moss' (Kurtis Stacey) body buried in the woods. When Katie and Declan's marriage ends, Megan tells Declan that they haven't got enough money for another festival and decides to leave the village. However, she decides to stay after Declan says that he needs her. Declan begins physically abusing Megan by hitting her across the face on numerous occasions. Eventually, Katie witnesses one of Declan's attacks and sticks up for Megan, despite Megan saying that it was just a misunderstanding. On Boxing Day, Megan enters a fire at Home Farm, believing that Declan is trapped inside, but she is unaware that he caused the fire and left earlier with Charity. Megan becomes trapped herself but is later freed by the fire brigade. Megan is not impressed in April 2014 when Declan announces he is engaged to Charity and that she is pregnant with his child. They plan to get married on 15 May 2014, although Charity's cousin and former boyfriend Cain and his fiancée Moira Barton (Natalie J. Robb) also intend to marry on that day. Only Megan, Robbie and Charity's son Noah (Jack Downham) attend, as the rest of Charity's family are at Cain's wedding. Just as the registrar pronounces them husband and wife, Megan sounds the fire alarm, which infuriates Charity. When she finds out what Megan has done, Charity slaps her and a small fight ensues, although Declan stops them.Unbeknownst to Declan and Megan, but Charity has her pregnancy terminated as she never wanted a child. When Charity is having an argument with Megan, and Megan accidentally knocks Charity to the floor, Charity uses the accident to fake a miscarriage. Megan, becoming ever more guilty, reveals this to Declan, who shouts at her and throws her out. Megan then begins a relationship with Jai and becomes business partners with Leyla Harding (Roxy Shahidi). Megan becomes devastated when she identifies Robbie's body after being shot with a flare gun by Declan. She blames Charity and demands to know where Declan is. On the day of Robbie's funeral, she begins to doubt how well she knew her son, after seeing his friends. The following day, Declan returns and holds Megan hostage, along with Charity's family and tells everyone what Charity did to Rachel Breckle (Gemma Oaten). Declan goes on the run and Megan tries to get her revenge on Charity. She becomes relieved when Charity is sentenced for two years in prison for perverting the course of justice.Megan and Jai become engaged and they get married in January 2015. When Rachel returns, Jai tries to win a custody battle for Archie. After realising that Leyla and Jai were having an affair, Megan decides to get her revenge and promises Rachel she will make sure Jai loses custody of Archie. After Leyla finds out that Jai has been threatening Rachel, she tells Megan. In the midst of arranging her revenge on Jai, Megan is shocked to realize she is pregnant. Megan contacts Jai's drug dealer, and plants drugs in the factory to get Jai arrested for them, however, Jai finds out and threatens to turn the tables on Megan. At this point, Megan reveals she is pregnant, and Jai backs down. Megan agrees to help Jai gain custody of Archie, however, at the day of the custody hearing, Megan begins experiencing stomach cramps and is taken to hospital. She tells Leyla that she had a miscarriage and rushes to court, getting there just in time to tell the court everything about Jai's actions against Rachel, and framing her as an unfit mother. As a result, Rachel gains custody of Archie, and a few weeks later, moves to Liverpool with Archie. Megan tells Jai that he has now truly lost everything, and leaves him. Leyla also rejects Jai. Megan starts packing up her things and moves in with Rachel's ex Sam Dingle (James Hooton), revealing that she did not miscarry Jai's baby. Megan files for a divorce and Jai tells Sam and Megan that they are evicted from their house. Jai's father Rishi Sharma (Bhasker Patel) stops him from evicting them, leading to Megan thanking him. Jai's brother, Nikhil (Rik Makarem), returns and finds out that Megan is expecting Jai's baby. Megan begs him to keep the pregnancy secret, expressing that Jai is dangerous and doesn't want the baby to grow up with him as a father. Megan decides to leave the village when Brenda Walker (Lesley Dunlop) exposes her pregnancy. Jai finds out about the pregnancy, not long before she leaves and in anger, he accidentally runs Megan over. At hospital, she discovers that she is having a baby girl and demands Jai should leave her life for good. A few months after her accident, she witnesses Tess being involved in a hit and run and she calls an ambulance. Upon learning from Tess' death, she suffers from shock and decides to rest for the sake of her baby. She goes into labour prematurely and learns that the baby was starved from oxygen and has a low chance of survival. She names her daughter, Eliza, when she is taken out of the neo-natal intensive unit. Following regular check-ups with the doctor, Megan is devastated after finding out there is a possibility that Eliza has cerebral palsy. After the news, Megan allows Jai to have some access into Eliza's life.In March 2018, Megan suspects Priya of child abuse against her daughter when she confesses to having an outburst towards Eliza after bruises are found by Jai on the toddler's legs following her 2nd birthday party. This belief is strengthened when the bruises disappear after Megan takes full custody of her. Ultimately, however, Priya's innocence is proved when Megan finds that Eliza's bruises have returned in early April and are determined to be the result of her medication for epilepsy.Led to believe that her partner Frank Clayton (Michael Praed) is cheating on her, Megan becomes enraged and has an affair with Graham Foster (Andrew Scarborough), only to find that Frank was making arrangements for a marriage proposal to her. Though she inadvertently reveals her affair to Tracy Metcalfe (Amy Walsh), Frank's daughter is convinced to keep Megan's secret for her father's sake.","title":"Megan Macey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Jamie Shelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Shelton"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-robz-15"},{"link_name":"Megan Macey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Megan_Macey"},{"link_name":"Gaynor Faye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaynor_Faye"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-robz-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-robz-15"},{"link_name":"Inside Soap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_Soap"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Charity Macey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_Macey"},{"link_name":"Emma Atkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Atkins"},{"link_name":"Declan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declan_Macey"},{"link_name":"Jason Merrells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Merrells"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ConfirmsDeath-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ConfirmsDeath-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ConfirmsDeath-17"},{"link_name":"Declan Macey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declan_Macey"},{"link_name":"Jason Merrells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Merrells"},{"link_name":"Katie Sugden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Sugden"},{"link_name":"Sammy Winward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Winward"},{"link_name":"Debbie Dingle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Dingle"},{"link_name":"Charley Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charley_Webb"},{"link_name":"Adam Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Barton_(Emmerdale)"},{"link_name":"Adam Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Belle Dingle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_Dingle"},{"link_name":"Eden Taylor-Draper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden_Taylor-Draper"},{"link_name":"Cain Dingle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cain_Dingle"},{"link_name":"Jeff Hordley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Hordley"},{"link_name":"Kerry Wyatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_Wyatt"},{"link_name":"Laura Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Norton"},{"link_name":"Charity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_Tate"},{"link_name":"Emma Atkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Atkins"},{"link_name":"flare gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flare_gun"}],"text":"Robbie Lawson,[13] played by Jamie Shelton, made his first screen appearance on 16 May 2012.[14] The character and Shelton's casting were announced on 4 April 2012.[15] The actor told a reporter from the official Emmerdale website, that he was excited to join the cast because Robbie is \"a great character to play\". Robbie will be involved with characters within the setting of Home Farm. He will share a specific connection to the character of Megan Macey (Gaynor Faye), with his arrival confronting her \"with a past she had hoped to forget\". Robbie will also \"test the loyalties of everyone around him\".[15] The serial's producer Stuart Blackburn spoke of his delight over Shelton's casting, adding that his character would \"certainly stir things up at Home Farm\". Robbie is described as \"tough nut\" and is used to putting up a front, a personality trait that Blackburn said would take a while to get past.[15] Of Robbie, Kate White of Inside Soap said \"We must admit to being intrigued by Emmerdale new boy Robbie. He's mysterious, he's got an edge, and he's even made Megan's scenes bearable. Long may it continue!\"[16]On 26 September 2014, it was confirmed that Robbie had been killed off, as part of a storyline that saw him trying to save Charity Macey (Emma Atkins) from his uncle Declan (Jason Merrells).[17] Shelton filmed his final scenes a few weeks prior to the storyline airing.[17] Of his departure, Shelton said \"My time on Emmerdale has been such an exhilarating experience. From my first day until my last I've been treated with respect, had the opportunity to work with some fine actors and been allowed to develop my acting ability in a way that I couldn't have in any other circumstance. I hope I have made a positive impact on the show and I am extremely excited for my career to be further concentrated towards TV and film in the UK and transatlantic.\"[17]Megan was living at Home Farm in Emmerdale village with her brother Declan Macey (Jason Merrells), who tracked Robbie down. Robbie told Declan that he had been thrown out of his flat after he slept with his landlord's girlfriend, so Declan invited him to stay at Home Farm. Robbie bonded with his mother and he developed a crush on Declan's girlfriend Katie Sugden (Sammy Winward). Robbie then tried to kiss Katie, but she rejected him, so he made her feel uncomfortable by constantly flirting with her. Wanting rid of him, Katie decided to set Robbie up by encouraging him to kiss her in front of a CCTV camera. Robbie did so but Katie rejected him again, so he punched her. Katie then showed Declan the footage and he threw Robbie out until Megan blackmailed Declan into letting him stay (knowing that Katie had set him up).The following year, Robbie went into partnership with Debbie Dingle (Charley Webb), selling illegal alcohol. He developed an unrequited crush on Debbie and wanting to become closer to her, Robbie started stalking/harassing Debbie and he led her to believe that an associate Kirk Stoker was responsible. Debbie then realised that Robbie had been stalking her, so she set him up by sending him on a job, delivering some of the alcohol with Adam Barton (Adam Thomas). They were both caught by the police and arrested, but were later cautioned. Robbie got revenge on Debbie by telling her family about the booze, which resulted in Belle Dingle (Eden Taylor-Draper) being hospitalised. As a result, Debbie lost custody of her children. Meanwhile, Robbie and Adam stole Cain Dingle's (Jeff Hordley) car after spending the afternoon drinking. Robbie accidentally runs over Kerry Wyatt (Laura Norton). However, Cain resolves the situation by torching the car and sending Kerry compensation money.When Declan's wife Charity (Emma Atkins) secretly has an abortion, she pretends to have had a miscarriage following a fight with Megan. Robbie supports his mother and he attempts to expose Charity by breaking into the abortion clinic to gain access to her medical records. However, he is caught by the police and arrested before being given a caution. Declan later discovers the truth and he attempts to murder Charity. A concerned Robbie and Megan eventually find Declan and Charity having a fight on a boat that is stranded in the lake. Robbie dives into the lake to save Charity, but as he gets onto the boat, Declan accidentally shoots Robbie dead with a flare gun.","title":"Robbie Lawson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laura Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Norton"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmysMother-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmysMother-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmysMother-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmysMother-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmysMother-18"},{"link_name":"Chloe Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloe_Harris"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Family-19"},{"link_name":"Amy Wyatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Wyatt"},{"link_name":"Chelsea Halfpenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Halfpenny"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmysMother-18"},{"link_name":"Digital Spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy"},{"link_name":"Val","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Pollard"},{"link_name":"Charlie Hardwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Hardwick"},{"link_name":"Eric Pollard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Pollard"},{"link_name":"Chris Chittell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Chittell"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmysMother-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmysMother-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmysMother-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmysMother-18"},{"link_name":"Inside Soap Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_Soap_Awards"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Amy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Wyatt"},{"link_name":"Chelsea Halfpenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Halfpenny"},{"link_name":"diabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes"},{"link_name":"Andy Sugden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Sugden"},{"link_name":"Kelvin Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin_Fletcher"},{"link_name":"Adam Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Barton_(Emmerdale)"},{"link_name":"Adam Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Brenda Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Walker_(Emmerdale)"},{"link_name":"Lesley Dunlop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley_Dunlop"},{"link_name":"Dan Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Spencer_(Emmerdale)"},{"link_name":"terminal illness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_illness"},{"link_name":"bigamist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigamy"},{"link_name":"Chris Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Chris_Fletcher"},{"link_name":"Val Pollard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Pollard"},{"link_name":"Charlie Hardwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Hardwick"},{"link_name":"Andy Sugden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Sugden"},{"link_name":"Kelvin Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin_Fletcher"},{"link_name":"Debbie Dingle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Dingle"},{"link_name":"Charley Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charley_Webb"},{"link_name":"Cain Dingle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cain_Dingle"},{"link_name":"Jeff Hordley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Hordley"},{"link_name":"Adam Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Barton_(Emmerdale)"},{"link_name":"Adam Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Bernice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernice_Blackstock"},{"link_name":"Samantha Giles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Giles"},{"link_name":"Pearl Ladderbanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Ladderbanks"},{"link_name":"Meg Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meg_Johnson_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Betty Eagleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Eagleton"},{"link_name":"Paula Tilbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Tilbrook"},{"link_name":"Dan Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Spencer_(Emmerdale)"},{"link_name":"Eric Pollard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Pollard"},{"link_name":"Chris Chittell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Chittell"},{"link_name":"Daz Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daz_Spencer"},{"link_name":"Mark Jordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Jordon"},{"link_name":"Bob Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hope_(Emmerdale)"},{"link_name":"Tony Audenshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Audenshaw"},{"link_name":"Kev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Emmerdale_characters_(2014)#Kev_Berry"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"bigamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigamy"},{"link_name":"affray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affray"},{"link_name":"Inside Soap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_Soap"},{"link_name":"The Woolpack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Woolpack"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Kerry Wyatt, played by Laura Norton, made her first screen appearance on 17 July 2012.[18] The character and casting was announced on 31 May 2012.[18] Norton began filming her first scenes in June.[18] Of joining Emmerdale, the actress said \"I am delighted to have been given this role. Emmerdale has always been my favourite soap and it's a joy and privilege to be joining the team.\"[18] Series producer Stuart Blackburn commented that Norton is \"a fantastic actor\" and that it was a delight to welcome her to the cast.[18] Norton announced her pregnancy in 2020 and due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom, she stopped appearing on screen. Kerry's last appearance was on 5 June 2020. On 24 October 2021, it was announced that Norton had returned to filming from maternity leave and her return scenes aired on 1 November 2021 as part of a storyline that sees her working as Chloe Harris' (Jessie Elland) housekeeper.[19] Norton left for maternity leave on 18 November 2022, Kerry has since made appearances via video call on 24 April 2023 and 17 August 2023.Kerry is the mother of established character, Amy Wyatt (Chelsea Halfpenny).[18] Daniel Kilkelly of Digital Spy reported Kerry was heartbroken when Amy was taken into foster care. He stated that Kerry is \"wayward\" and guaranteed to liven things up for her daughter and her foster parents Val (Charlie Hardwick) and Eric Pollard (Chris Chittell).[18] Norton described Kerry as being \"an amazing and unpredictable, appealing character\".[18] She added that she could not wait to play Amy's \"reckless mum.\"[18] Amy meets her mother while she is out celebrating her birthday. She flirts with a man, who turns out to be Kerry's boyfriend. Kerry then follows her daughter back to the village, hoping to be a part of her life.[18] In August 2017, Norton was longlisted for Funniest Female at the Inside Soap Awards.[20] She did not progress to the viewer-voted shortlist.[21]Kerry's storylines have included trying to repair her relationship with daughter Amy (Chelsea Halfpenny), her struggle with diabetes, a relationship with Andy Sugden (Kelvin Fletcher), accidentally starting a fire at Andy's house and almost killing herself and his children, faking a pregnancy after discovering that Andy and Amy are in a relationship, being run over by Adam Barton (Adam Thomas), trying to help Brenda Walker (Lesley Dunlop) overcome her addiction of shoplifting, a relationship with Dan Spencer (Liam Fox), faking a terminal illness in order to get a free wedding to Dan and being uncovered as a bigamist on her wedding day to Dan.While on a night out, Kerry sees her boyfriend, Chris Fletcher (Michael Taylor), kissing Amy. Kerry breaks them up and smacks Amy before hitting Chris with her handbag and Amy realises that Kerry is her mother. After Kerry is thrown out of the club, Amy reveals that she is her daughter. Kerry tries to talk to Amy and she gives her her phone number. Kerry later finds Amy's address on Facebook and she comes to Emmerdale to make amends. However, she meets Val Pollard (Charlie Hardwick), who tells her to leave. Kerry thanks Val for her help in raising Amy, but vows to come back and sort things out.Kerry begins dating Andy Sugden (Kelvin Fletcher). However, Debbie Dingle (Charley Webb), begins leaving her kids with Andy and Kerry which Kerry soon becomes annoyed about. One night, Kerry gets drunk and drops a cigarette on the rug, setting Andy's house on fire, nearly killing herself and baby Jack. She and Jack are saved by Andy, Amy, and Cain Dingle (Jeff Hordley), after Andy's daughter, Sarah, raises the alarm. Andy nearly attacks Kerry and ends their relationship. After getting into a fight with Debbie in the street over the situation, Kerry goes on holiday for a few weeks. Kerry returns but is horrified to see Andy and Amy kissing and tells them she is pregnant. However, it is revealed she is lying when she asks a pregnant woman to use a pregnancy test. Kerry shows it to Andy and he buys her another one but the pregnant woman also urinated in a little cup and Kerry tricks Andy into believing she's pregnant. However, he is not convinced and Andy tells her to have an abortion because he will not support her. When drowning her sorrows with a can of beer, Kerry is run over by Adam Barton (Adam Thomas) driving a stolen car. Kerry is rushed to hospital and Cain helps Adam dispose of the stolen car.When Bernice (Samantha Giles) announces her plans to open up a salon in the village, Kerry is eager to be involved and proves her skills by giving Pearl Ladderbanks (Meg Johnson) and Betty Eagleton (Paula Tilbrook) makeovers. Kerry is desperate to marry boyfriend Dan Spencer (Liam Fox), but he is reluctant to propose, so pretends that her diabetes is being treated as a terminal illness in order to win a free wedding. However, Dan proposes to Kerry when he and Eric Pollard (Chris Chittell) do a skydive with a banner asking Kerry to marry him. Despite the wedding up in arms thanks to her sleazy brother-in-law-to-be, Daz Spencer (Mark Jordon), Kerry is devastated that the wedding might not go ahead. Thankfully Chas makes Dan realise Kerry is the best thing to happen to him and when he rushes to the church, he and Kerry marry. As the reception unfolds in the Woolpack, a man arrives in the village looking for Kerry. Inside the Woolpack, Dan's best mate Bob Hope (Tony Audenshaw) is asking the guests to say something about Dan or Kerry. The man reveals himself as Kev (Christopher Connel), and tells the guests that he married Kerry in Las Vegas and he has tried to track down Kerry so he could end the marriage, and he would be able to marry his new partner, Edith. A scuffle ensues, with Kerry, Dan, Daz, and Kev all ending up being arrested, Kerry for bigamy, and the men for affray.In 2024, Gary Gillatt from Inside Soap praised Kerry working in The Woolpack, writing that \"Putting Kerry behind the Woolpack bar is Emmerdale's best idea this year. Reet class, bonnie lass.\"[22]","title":"Kerry Wyatt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jack Sugden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Sugden"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Andy Sugden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Sugden"},{"link_name":"Kelvin Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin_Fletcher"},{"link_name":"Debbie Dingle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Dingle"},{"link_name":"Charley Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charley_Webb"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anniversary-24"},{"link_name":"Sarah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Dingle"},{"link_name":"adoptive father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Sugden"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Jack Sugden.Jack Sugden, played primarily by Seth Ball[23] is Andy Sugden (Kelvin Fletcher) and Debbie Dingle's (Charley Webb) son, who was born during the 40th anniversary live episode.[24] He was conceived in a bid to save the life of their young daughter, Sarah (Sophia Amber Moore) after she was diagnosed with fanconi anaemia. Jack was named after Andy's late adoptive father.Jack left the series in January 2016, when his mother, Debbie moved away, however returned a year later with his mother and sister, but departed again with Debbie in 2019.","title":"Jack Sugden"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Nikhil Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikhil_Sharma"},{"link_name":"Rik Makarem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rik_Makarem"},{"link_name":"Gennie Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennie_Walker"},{"link_name":"Sian Reese-Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sian_Reese-Williams"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anniversary-24"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Brenda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Walker_(Emmerdale)"},{"link_name":"Lesley Dunlop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley_Dunlop"},{"link_name":"Skype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skype"},{"link_name":"Rishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishi_Sharma"}],"text":"Molly Sharma, played by Maria Rose Smith[25] is Nikhil Sharma (Rik Makarem) and Gennie Walker's (Sian Reese-Williams) daughter, who was born at The Grange B&B during the 40th anniversary live episode.[24][26] Following her mother's death, Nikhil left the village with Molly for Toronto. She is later seen when Brenda (Lesley Dunlop) is talking to her via Skype on 26 December 2013. Her grandmother, Brenda, is later seen showing photos of her from Nikhil on the anniversary of her mother's death. Brenda also visits Molly and Nikhil for a day when Nikhil visits London on business.Molly returns on 29 October 2015 when Nikhil visits his dad, Rishi (Bhasker Patel), however she returns to Canada with her father on 19 February 2016.","title":"Molly Sharma"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Mannion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Mannion"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBrown-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBrown-27"},{"link_name":"Radio Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Times"},{"link_name":"Michelle Hardwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Hardwick"},{"link_name":"Vanessa Woodfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Vanessa_Woodfield"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBrown-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBrown-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mannion-28"},{"link_name":"Bernice Blackstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernice_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Samantha Giles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Giles"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Four-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBrown-27"},{"link_name":"Digital Spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Four-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mannion-28"},{"link_name":"Nicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_King"},{"link_name":"Nicola Wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Wheeler"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mannion-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mannion-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mannion-28"},{"link_name":"Nicola King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_King"}],"text":"Steve Harland, played by Tom Mannion, made his first screen appearance on 6 December 2012.[27] The character and Mannion's casting was announced on 25 October 2012.[27] David Brown from the Radio Times reported that Mannion and Michelle Hardwick (Vanessa Woodfield) had already filmed their first scenes.[27] Of his casting, Mannion commented \"I'm really looking forward to the adventure that is Emmerdale.\"[27] Mannion revealed that he undertook research for his character's occupation as a horse trainer, saying \"I had a few conversations with a couple of trainers - in particular one of which used to train for the Queen - just really to get the lay of the land of what Steve's life might have been like. It's good to know, just to have in the background.\"[28]Steve is Bernice Blackstock's (Samantha Giles) \"charismatic\" married lover.[29] He is described as being \"a passionate, optimistic man who likes to get the most out of life.\"[27] Daniel Kilkelly from Digital Spy revealed that the traits that attracted Steve to Bernice may end up driving him mad.[29] During an interview with Kilkelly, Mannion stated that Steve arrives in Emmerdale to see Bernice and reveals that he has not yet broken up with his wife.[28] However, Bernice's sister, Nicola (Nicola Wheeler), later calls Steve's wife to let her know about the affair.[28] On Steve's past and the affair with Bernice, Mannion explained \"This is presumption and assumption on my part, but from what I suspect, this is the first time this has happened to Steve. I don't think he has done this before - he's not a practised philanderer. An affair is not the norm for him. I think Steve has been totally swept up by this gorgeous, attractive woman who has come into his life. He's just gone, 'Wow this is really different'. I don't think he expected it to go the way it has, and now he's terrified about his marriage break-up. He has found himself in a situation he isn't prepared for.\"[28] Steve is forced into making a fresh start and Mannion told Kilkelly that he has a bit of money and will pay his way by working with horses.[28]Steve arrives and announces to Bernice that his wife has left him. Bernice and Steve have an ill-fated relationship during his long stay at the village. He turns his attentions to her sister, Nicola King, and even funds for her daughter Angelica's education. Steve then announces to Nicola that he will not continue funding for Angelica's education unless she sleeps with him. Nicola tells Bernice about Steve's indecent proposal. Bernice tearfully tells Steve that she walked out on her marriage for him and throws him out the house. Steve then leaves the village.","title":"Steve Harland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michelle Hardwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Hardwick"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBrown-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBrown-27"},{"link_name":"Rhona Goskirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhona_Goskirk"},{"link_name":"Zoë Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zo%C3%AB_Henry"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Four-29"},{"link_name":"Paddy Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_Kirk"},{"link_name":"Dominic Brunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Brunt"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBrown-27"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Edna Birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna_Birch"},{"link_name":"Shirley Stelfox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Stelfox"},{"link_name":"Andy Sugden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Sugden"},{"link_name":"Kelvin Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin_Fletcher"},{"link_name":"Moira Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moira_Barton"},{"link_name":"Natalie J. Robb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_J._Robb"},{"link_name":"Cain Dingle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cain_Dingle"},{"link_name":"Jeff Hordley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Hordley"},{"link_name":"Katie Addyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Sugden"},{"link_name":"Sammy Winward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Winward"},{"link_name":"Marlon Dingle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlon_Dingle"},{"link_name":"Mark Charnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Charnock"},{"link_name":"Laurel Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Bellamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Bellamy"},{"link_name":"Leo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Goskirk"},{"link_name":"Sandy Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Freddie Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Jones"},{"link_name":"Pearl Ladderbanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Ladderbanks"},{"link_name":"Meg Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meg_Johnson_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Adam Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Barton_(Emmerdale)"},{"link_name":"Adam Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Thomas"},{"link_name":"cold turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_turkey"},{"link_name":"Nikhil Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikhil_Sharma"},{"link_name":"Rik Makarem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rik_Makarem"},{"link_name":"Cameron Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Murray_(Emmerdale)"},{"link_name":"Dominic Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Power"},{"link_name":"Diane Sugden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Sugden"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Estensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Estensen"},{"link_name":"Chas Dingle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chas_Dingle"},{"link_name":"Lucy Pargeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Pargeter"},{"link_name":"Declan Macey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declan_Macey"},{"link_name":"Jason Merrells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Merrells"},{"link_name":"Dom Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Dominic_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Wil Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wil_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Gemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Gemma_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Pete Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Barton"},{"link_name":"Anthony Quinlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Quinlan"},{"link_name":"Debbie Dingle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Dingle"},{"link_name":"Charley Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charley_Webb"},{"link_name":"ketamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketamine"},{"link_name":"Leyla Harding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyla_Harding"},{"link_name":"Roxy Shahidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxy_Shahidi"},{"link_name":"Priya Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priya_Sharma"},{"link_name":"Fiona Wade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiona_Wade"},{"link_name":"Kirin Kotecha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirin_Kotecha"},{"link_name":"Adam Fielding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Fielding_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Victoria Sugden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Sugden"},{"link_name":"Isabel Hodgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Hodgins"},{"link_name":"Johnny Woodfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Woodfield"},{"link_name":"Charity Dingle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_Dingle"},{"link_name":"Ryan Stocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Stocks"},{"link_name":"Graham Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Foster_(Emmerdale)"},{"link_name":"Andrew Scarborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Scarborough"},{"link_name":"Pierce Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierce_Harris"},{"link_name":"Mackenzie Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackenzie_Boyd"},{"link_name":"Tracy Metcalfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Metcalfe"}],"text":"Vanessa Woodfield, played by Michelle Hardwick, made her first screen appearance on 10 December 2012.[32] The character and Hardwick's casting was announced on 25 October 2012.[27] Hardwick stated \"As a local girl and a fan of the show, Emmerdale is my dream job. After only 2 days I am starting to feel at home already and Vanessa is such a fun character I can't wait to see what's in store for her.\"[27] Vanessa is \"a wild friend\" of Rhona Goskirk's (Zoë Henry) from college. Vanessa has been described as being \"a self-assured party girl\" and \"a breath of fresh air\".[29] She is plain-speaking and initially clashed with Rhona's husband, Paddy Kirk (Dominic Brunt) when she arrived at the vets' practice.[27] Hardwick announced her pregnancy in 2020 and that she would be taking maternity leave from Emmerdale. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom, Vanessa did not get a proper exit storyline and last appeared on 3 June 2020. She made guest appearances on 12, 27, 29 and 30 October. The character reappeared on a regular basis from 29 December 2021, with Hardwick having returned to work full-time. Vanessa left again on 30 November 2022, when Hardwick went on a second maternity leave, returning on 9 February 2024.[33]Rhona invites Vanessa to Emmerdale after she fires her locum vet. Paddy becomes jealous of Vanessa and Rhona's friendship. Vanessa later humiliates him in front of Edna Birch (Shirley Stelfox), when they discuss payment for her dog's treatment.In the local pub, Vanessa eyes up Andy Sugden (Kelvin Fletcher) at the bar and suggests that she and Rhona go on a night out. When Vanessa goes to Butler's Farm, she walks in on Moira Barton (Natalie J. Robb) and Cain Dingle (Jeff Hordley) kissing. She returns the next day and apologizes to Moira. They sit down together and tell each other about their pasts. Vanessa is distraught when Katie Addyman's (Sammy Winward) horse dies whilst in her care. Katie threatens to sue Vanessa but Rhona helps calm the situation down.Paddy later helps Vanessa look for a flat but she is distracted by a fire across the road. Vanessa learns that Rhona is addicted to painkillers, after becoming hooked after having trouble with back ache. She tries to help Rhona but it just gets worse. When Rhona and Paddy go on a weekend away with friends Marlon Dingle (Mark Charnock) and Laurel Thomas (Charlotte Bellamy), Rhona buys painkillers and takes them. As a result, Rhona misses Leo's first steps and tells Paddy that she does not feel well, asking him to take her home but then go back to the cabin while Vanessa looks after her. Vanessa confronts her about stealing painkillers from Sandy Thomas (Freddie Jones), leaving him in severe pain. Rhona denies it until Vanessa says she can have more painkillers if she admits it and she does. Vanessa then refuses to give her anything and Rhona slaps Vanessa. Vanessa then tells Rhona that she needs professional help for her addiction. Vanessa realizes that she has feelings for Rhona and tries to help Rhona wean herself off the painkillers. Eventually, Vanessa realizes what she is doing and warns Rhona that if she doesn't stop, she will end up in hospital or even worse dead. Rhona ignores this and pushes Vanessa to give her drugs. Vanessa eventually tells Rhona how she feels but Rhona rejects her, claiming her feelings are \"wrong\". Vanessa is distraught but continues to give her the painkillers. Rhona eventually visits a drug dealer for more drugs but starts coughing up blood, so Vanessa takes her to hospital. On their return, Paddy confronts Rhona as he thinks she is cheating on him. When he tries to look at her phone, Rhona lashes out and hits him repeatedly but Vanessa supports Rhona and wanting more drugs, Rhona reveals that she is in love with Vanessa and kisses her passionately. Vanessa and Rhona begin a brief affair but are rumbled when Paddy catches them kissing. Paddy refuses to believe Rhona is a lesbian and stays with Marlon and Laurel. Rhona tells Vanessa that she was only using her to get painkillers, insulting her and throws her out. Vanessa stays with Moira and learns that Rhona has overdosed and meets Marlon and Paddy at the hospital. There, Vanessa tells Marlon, Paddy and Moira that Rhona is addicted to painkillers and why she lied to Paddy. Paddy attacks Vanessa but Marlon and Moira restrain him. Rhona wakes up and Paddy tells her that he knows about her addiction before throwing Vanessa's belongings out on the street. Angrily, Vanessa tells Pearl Ladderbanks (Meg Johnson) that she and Rhona kissed, making Pearl wonder if Rhona is a lesbian before moving in with Moira, Cain and Moira's son Adam Barton (Adam Thomas). Moira tells her that Rhona will be released from hospital soon.Rhona is discharged and decides to go \"cold turkey\", rather than go to rehab. Vanessa learns of this and is concerned for Rhona's welfare. Paddy threatens to sack Vanessa but she reminds him that she is a partner, so he cannot and buys Nikhil Sharma's (Rik Makarem) house. Following Cameron Murray's (Dominic Power) hostage siege at The Woolpack, Diane Sugden (Elizabeth Estensen) and Chas Dingle (Lucy Pargeter) stay with her until the pub is complete. When Declan Macey (Jason Merrells) evicts Dom Andrews (Wil Johnson) and his daughter, Gemma (Tendai Rinomhota), Vanessa gives them a place to stay. Vanessa accompanies Dom to the hospital when Gemma is found unconscious and is upset when Gemma dies. She attends Gemma's funeral and helps Dom through the day. In May 2014, Vanessa helps Moira prepare for her wedding day to Cain. After Moira's nephew, Pete Barton (Anthony Quinlan) has a bust-up with his girlfriend, Debbie Dingle (Charley Webb), he confides in Vanessa and they kiss. They both regret it but Debbie sees them hugging.After visiting Moira, Vanessa panics when she notices the ketamine is missing from her vet bag as Adam, has stolen it and taken a large dose. Paddy urges Vanessa to call the police and Moira is questioned. Vanessa goes on a night out and has a one-night stand with a young man, who appears to be in his 20s. She boasts to Leyla Harding (Roxy Shahidi) about her new boyfriend and realizes it is Priya Sharma's (Fiona Wade) soon-to-be 17-year-old stepson, Kirin Kotecha (Adam Fielding). She visits Kirin and they agree to continue their relationship in secret but are caught by Priya and Leyla. Priya demands Vanessa and Kirin end their relationship for good but Vanessa and Kirin are caught again by Paddy. Kirin later tells Priya and Rakesh about his relationship with Vanessa, angering Priya. After months of dating Kirin, Vanessa decides to end their relationship, fearing being subjected to gossip. Kirin goes out drinking and while driving his father's car home, he collides with Moira's van and sends her sliding off the road. She is rushed to hospital and Kirin faces Moira's husband, Cain. Vanessa is furious with Kirin but forgives him and they reconcile. On his birthday, Kirin notices a lump on one of Vanessa's breasts and they both fear it could be cancer. Kirin promises to support her and Vanessa books a hospital appointment but fails to do so. This leads to Rhona supports Vanessa but gets the all clear.While taking a break from her relationship with Kirin, Vanessa has a drink with Adam as they are both upset with their respective partners and have a drunken one-night stand. They agree to keep it a secret, not wanting to risk hurting Kirin and Adam's girlfriend, Victoria Sugden (Isabel Hodgins), and try to carry on with their lives. However, Vanessa learns that she is pregnant and isn't sure who is the father. She tells Rhona, who tells her that if she keeps the baby, she has to tell Kirin and Adam. Kirin is ecstatic at the thought of becoming a father but Adam is terrified. Kirin and Vanessa tell Rakesh that she is pregnant and he demands Vanessa have an abortion. Vanessa refuses and Adam tells Moira that the baby could be his, which strains her friendship with Vanessa. Unable to deal with the stress, Vanessa books a DNA test with Adam present. However, when the nurse leaves, Kirin arrives and Adam hides upstairs. When Adam's mobile phone rings, Kirin realizes that he is upstairs and believes that they are having an affair. Vanessa tells him that it is not an affair but Adam could be the baby's father. Kirin then tells Victoria, leaving her disgusted. The following day, Victoria slaps Vanessa but Rhona intervenes. Not wanting his son to be a father yet, Rakesh steals the test results which show that the baby is Kirin's and edits them to make everyone believe that Adam is the father. Adam fails to arrive at Vanessa's scan, which angers her and she makes the decision to leave Emmerdale because she does not want Adam involved in the upbringing of Vanessa's baby.When Jai gets into a scuffle with Rakesh at a party, he pushes Rakesh into Vanessa, knocking her to the floor. On the way home, she goes into labor prematurely gives birth to a son named Johnny Woodfield (Luca Hepworth) at the hospital. Johnny has respiratory issues is placed in intensive care. Vanessa fears for her baby's health, snapping at her friends and eventually hiding in her house, afraid to see him. Victoria convinces Vanessa to come to the hospital and be there for Johnny. Vanessa suspects Johnny's paternity after finding a birthmark on him that she is told is normal for mixed-race babies to have. She takes another DNA test which shows that Kirin is the father instead of Adam. Adam is devastated at the news and briefly kidnaps Johnny before being convinced by Victoria to return him to his mother. Kirin takes over parenting duties from Adam. He is unable to handle the stress and tells Vanessa that he doesn't love Johnny before fleeing the country.Vanessa then goes on to begin a relationship with Charity Dingle. Vanessa prepares to marry Charity, however, it is cancelled because Charity's son Ryan Stocks (James Moore) was locked into a shed by Graham Foster (Andrew Scarborough). Vanessa and Johnny are taken hostage by Pierce Harris (Jonathon Wrather) and are imprisoned for weeks, she then learns that she has developed stage 3 bowel cancer. Three months later, Vanessa leaves the village to stay with her mother. While Vanessa is away, she ends her relationship with Charity after discovering Charity kissed Mackenzie Boyd (Lawrence Robb). A few months later, Vanessa returns to stay with her sister Tracy Metcalfe (Amy Walsh) over the New Year period. On arrival, Vanessa witnesses Charity telling Mackenzie she loves him.","title":"Vanessa Woodfield"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Rachel Breckle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Breckle"},{"link_name":"Jai Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jai_Sharma"},{"link_name":"Chris Bisson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Bisson"},{"link_name":"NICU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatal_intensive_care_unit"},{"link_name":"Charity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_Tate"},{"link_name":"Emma Atkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Atkins"},{"link_name":"Rishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishi_Sharma"},{"link_name":"Megan Macey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Macey"},{"link_name":"Gaynor Faye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaynor_Faye"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Spencer"},{"link_name":"Dan Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Spencer_(Emmerdale)"},{"link_name":"Liam Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Fox_(actor)"}],"text":"Archie Breckle, originally played by Aadam Wahab Shahzad and Liyana Shahzad[34] is Rachel Breckle (Gemma Oaten) and Jai Sharma's (Chris Bisson) son. He was born prematurely and had to stay in a NICU. He lives with Rachel and the Dingle's. Jai's wife Charity (Emma Atkins) was suspicious about how close Jai and Archie were so Jai's father Rishi (Bhasker Patel) told Charity that he was the father of Archie. Charity later discovers that Jai fathered Archie, not Rishi, and their marriage breaks down. Archie leaves the village with Rachel in January 2014. Jai hires a private detective to try to find Rachel and Archie, but he is unsuccessful. Archie returned to the village in November without his mother Rachel when his father Jai pays a mystery man money to bring his son back to the village. However, in January 2015, Rachel returns and claims that she has had Archie all along which means that the baby that Jai and his wife Megan Macey (Gaynor Faye) were given was in fact not Archie. A custody battle began for Archie, with Jai gaining custody until the hearing. However, at the hearing, Archie was awarded to Rachel. The following week, Rachel decided to move to Liverpool with her sister Ali (Kelli Hollis), taking Archie with them.In 2019 Archie returns, now played by Kai Assi, as Rachel dies. Archie is given to Jai by his uncle Dan Spencer (Liam Fox) but at first, Archie won't talk until Arthur talks about video games & he starts talking.","title":"Archie Breckle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wil Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wil_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBrown-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBrown-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBrown-27"},{"link_name":"Gemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Gemma_Andrews"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBrown-27"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Four-29"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JHarp-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JHarp-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JHarp-35"},{"link_name":"one-night stand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-night_stand"},{"link_name":"Debbie Dingle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Dingle"},{"link_name":"Charley Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charley_Webb"},{"link_name":"Sean Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Spencer_(Emmerdale)"},{"link_name":"Alicia Metcalfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Natalie Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Belle Dingle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_Dingle"},{"link_name":"Eden Taylor-Draper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden_Taylor-Draper"},{"link_name":"Cameron Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Murray_(Emmerdale)"},{"link_name":"Dominic Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Power"},{"link_name":"David Metcalfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Metcalfe"},{"link_name":"Matthew Wolfenden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Wolfenden"},{"link_name":"Declan Macey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declan_Macey"},{"link_name":"Jason Merrells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Merrells"},{"link_name":"Vanessa Woodfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Vanessa_Woodfield"},{"link_name":"Michelle Hardwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Hardwick"},{"link_name":"Harriet Finch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Emmerdale_characters_(2013)#Harriet_Finch"},{"link_name":"Betty Eagleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Eagleton"},{"link_name":"Paula Tilbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Tilbrook"},{"link_name":"Edna Birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna_Birch"},{"link_name":"Shirley Stelfox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Stelfox"},{"link_name":"Sandy Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Freddie Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Jones"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"}],"text":"Dominic \"Dom\" Andrews, played by Wil Johnson, made his first screen appearance on 27 December 2012.[27] The character and Johnson's casting was announced on 25 October 2012.[27] The actor stated \"I can't wait to get started. I am looking forward to an exciting journey. I've been told anything could happen with my character.\"[27] Dominic is a mechanic and the father of a teenage daughter, Gemma (Tendai Rinomhota).[27] He is \"still finding his feet as a single dad.\"[29] On 23 February 2014, it was announced Johnson had decided to leave Emmerdale.[35] The actor commented \"I've had a wonderful time playing Dom Andrews but, like with most things, you have to know when it's time to leave the building, hopefully on a high note. I'm fortunate to be leaving the show off the back of a gripping storyline which I hope the audience will appreciate and have empathy for.\"[35] Dom's departure occurred as part of a storyline involving the death of Gemma and he departed on 13 June 2014.[35]Immediately upon his arrival, Dom has a one-night stand with Debbie Dingle (Charley Webb), but learns that she simply wants information on his boss Pete, who does regular drugs runs. Dom's daughter, Gemma, discovers she is pregnant after a one-night stand with Sean Spencer (Luke Roskell). Gemma is not happy when her father begins dating Alicia Metcalfe (Natalie Anderson). Gemma tells Dom that she is not feeling well and he allows her to stay off school. While looking through the rubbish, Dom discovers a pregnancy test and rages at Gemma. The argument spills into the street, but Alicia claims the pregnancy test is hers. Alicia and Gemma go off to talk. When they return, Gemma runs upstairs, while Dom confronts Alicia and ends their relationship. Gemma later tells Dom that she is pregnant and Dom supports her when she chooses to have an abortion. Belle Dingle (Eden Taylor-Draper) decides to get revenge on Gemma for sleeping with Sean and writes about her abortion on a school whiteboard, causing a fight. Dom goes round to the Dingles' cottage and vows that he is not going to rest until Belle is expelled.Dom remains outside The Woolpack when Cameron Murray (Dominic Power) holds several people hostage inside at gunpoint. David Metcalfe (Matthew Wolfenden) later emerges, carrying Alicia who has been shot by a stray bullet and goes with Dom in the ambulance to the hospital. At this point, Dom and Alicia had reconciled but Alicia being shot made David realise that he is in love with her. Declan Macey (Jason Merrells) makes Dom and Gemma homeless after evicting them from their house which he owned, following a fire at Home Farm. Dom gets extremely angry with Declan but he and Gemma move in with Vanessa Woodfield (Michelle Hardwick).Gemma, Belle and Sean go to a party which, unknown to them, Dom is DJing at. After the party, Dom begins to get close to new vicar Harriet Finch (Katherine Dow Blyton), and finally kisses her. He thinks Gemma is at a sleepover with Belle, but unknown to him, she is unconscious after a fight with Belle (caused by the fact that both girls like Sean) and Gemma fell, hitting her head on a rock. Although a remorseful Belle offered to help her, Gemma refused and stormed off, before collapsing. Dom rushes to the hospital with Vanessa and Harriet when Harriet and Zak found Gemma and Dom sits by her bedside. When Zak and Dan arrive, Dom is told Gemma may have a brain haemorrhage. He pushes everyone away until Belle, Sean and Lisa arrive and Dom is told that Gemma is braindead, devastating everyone. Dom must decide whether or not to turn off her machines and Zak tells Dom about when Butch died, as the nurses push Dom for answers about organ donation. After listening to Zak, Dom decides to donate Gemma's organs although her brain isn't available. Dom cries, as Gemma is wheeled away to the operating room. Dom returns home and barely talks to anyone. Belle visits, bringing a scrapbook of photos and quotes about Gemma made by the school, which he is very happy about and proud of. In late March, without Dom knowing, Belle tells Zak that she believes she is responsible for Gemma's death and Zak takes her to the police station to confess. Belle is charged with murder and Zak visits Dom. Dom is devastated and confused, demanding he be allowed to visit Belle and confront her. He punches Zak in the face and Zak tells him to take it out on him rather than Belle. The following week, Cain visits and tells him that Belle plans to plead guilty. Dom gets very angry, accusing the Dingles of harassing him and tells Cain that he hopes Belle rots. Dom's mood improves when he is sent a considerable amount of money anonymously. Initially, Dom thinks Vanessa is responsible but she tells him it wasn't her. Dom then thinks it was Betty Eagleton (Paula Tilbrook) and kisses her in the cafe as a means of saying thank you but Harriet is convinced it wasn't her as it isn't in her nature. Later, Harriet realises that it was Edna Birch (Shirley Stelfox) who sent the money, which she had won on a scratch card that Sandy Thomas (Freddie Jones) gave her for her birthday. Edna had previously been against claiming the money, as she is a devout Christian and believes gambling is sinful, but makes an exception to help Dom. At Belle's trial, he tells the judge that he does not want her sent down for murder after realising it was an accident. Dom departs from the village with his money and goes to live in London where his brothers and nephews live.","title":"Dominic Andrews"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBrown-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBrown-27"},{"link_name":"Dominic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Dominic_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Wil Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wil_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBrown-27"},{"link_name":"Belle Dingle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_Dingle"},{"link_name":"Eden Taylor-Draper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden_Taylor-Draper"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Digital Spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SDainty-37"},{"link_name":"Sean Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Spencer_(Emmerdale)"},{"link_name":"Alicia Metcalfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Natalie Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Harriet Finch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Emmerdale_characters_(2013)#Harriet_Finch"},{"link_name":"brain dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_dead"},{"link_name":"Zak Dingle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zak_Dingle"},{"link_name":"Steve Halliwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Halliwell"},{"link_name":"Katie Sugden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Sugden"},{"link_name":"Sammy Winward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Winward"}],"text":"Gemma Andrews, played by Tendai Rinomhota, made her first screen appearance on 28 December 2012.[27] The character and Rinomhota's casting was announced on 25 October 2012.[27] Gemma is the \"wayward\" teenage daughter of Dominic (Wil Johnson).[27] She is best friends with Belle Dingle (Eden Taylor-Draper).[36] On 23 January 2014, Sophie Dainty from Digital Spy reported that the character would be killed off as part of a \"shocking\" storyline, which would see Belle kill Gemma during an argument.[37] She made her final appearance on 4 March 2014, after she dies in hospital.Gemma discovers she is pregnant, after spending the night with Sean Spencer (Luke Roskell). Gemma is not happy when her father begins dating Alicia Metcalfe (Natalie Anderson). She reveals to Dom that she is not feeling too good so he allows her to stop off school. While looking through the rubbish for something, Dom discovers a pregnancy test kit and rages at Gemma. The argument spills into the street, but when Alicia arrives, she tells Dom that the pregnancy test is hers. Alicia then has a heart to heart with Gemma, and she reveals to a stunned Alicia that she is in fact pregnant, and does not know what to do. Alicia advises Gemma to tell her father, but Gemma seems terrified of doing so. She then confides in Alicia about her mother and how she ran out on her and Dom. When they return, Gemma runs upstairs, while Dom confronts Alicia. He then ends the relationship, devastating Alicia. Upset of what happened between Sean and Gemma, Belle decides to get her own back so at school she writes about Gemma's abortion on one of the school's whiteboards this causes a fight between the two but the fight is broken up by their headmaster who has Belle suspended.Gemma starts to feel jealous over Belle and Sean getting closer and storms out of a party. Belle tries to reason with her but Gemma calls her a selfish cow and a rubbish friend. Belle retorts that Sean would not be interested in her, so Gemma slaps her. Belle retaliates by pushing her to the ground. She hits her head on a rock and starts bleeding. Belle storms off, leaving Gemma alone. As she walks home, Gemma collapses to the ground, unconscious. A day later, she is found by Harriet Finch (Katherine Dow Blyton) and immediately rushed to hospital. The doctors tell Dom that Gemma has a subarachnoid hemorrhage and has severe brain damage and tells him that Gemma is brain dead. Dom is told that there is nothing that they can do for Gemma and her life support machine is switched off, and she dies. The rest of her organs are not damaged and are donated, Gemma's funeral was held on 13 March 2014 and she is cremated. Dom later scatters her ashes.On 15 January 2015, Gemma's voice is heard on a voice-over in Belle's mind, as she instructs Belle to run down her father, Zak Dingle (Steve Halliwell), in Katie Sugden's (Sammy Winward) car, but Belle breaks down and stops the car. Zak and Lisa take Belle home and they discover she has been hearing Gemma's voice in her head for over several weeks.","title":"Gemma Andrews"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other characters"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Fitzsimmons, Caitlin (23 January 2009). \"Corrie man takes Emmerdale role\". The Guardian. 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Retrieved 24 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s12/emmerdale/spoilers/a391539/amy-comes-face-to-face-with-her-mum.html","url_text":"\"Amy comes face-to-face with her mum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy","url_text":"Digital Spy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearst_Magazines_UK","url_text":"Hearst Magazines UK"}]},{"reference":"\"Emmerdale - Episode 6369\". Radio Times. Immediate Media Company Ltd. Retrieved 19 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.radiotimes.com/episode/smn9b/emmerdale--episode-6369","url_text":"\"Emmerdale - Episode 6369\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Times","url_text":"Radio Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immediate_Media_Company_Ltd","url_text":"Immediate Media Company Ltd"}]},{"reference":"\"Emmerdale - Episode 6402\". Radio Times. Immediate Media Company Ltd. Retrieved 15 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.radiotimes.com/episode/szw6y/emmerdale--episode-6402","url_text":"\"Emmerdale - Episode 6402\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Times","url_text":"Radio Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immediate_Media_Company_Ltd","url_text":"Immediate Media Company Ltd"}]},{"reference":"Kilkelly, Daniel (11 December 2012). \"Katie realises Declan isn't being honest\". Digital Spy. Hearst Magazines UK. Retrieved 1 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s12/emmerdale/spoilers/a443883/katie-realises-declan-isnt-being-honest.html","url_text":"\"Katie realises Declan isn't being honest\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy","url_text":"Digital Spy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearst_Magazines_UK","url_text":"Hearst Magazines UK"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/jan/23/corrie-man-takes-emmerdale-role","external_links_name":"\"Corrie man takes Emmerdale role\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s12/emmerdale/spoilers/a362559/john-asks-moira-for-a-divorce.html","external_links_name":"\"John asks Moira for a divorce\""},{"Link":"http://www.afterelton.com/tv/langford-on-soaps-03-14-2012?page=1,2","external_links_name":"\"Langford on Soaps: Is \"General Hospital\" Getting A Gay?\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s12/emmerdale/news/a345073/emmerdale-casts-gaynor-faye-as-new-macey.html","external_links_name":"\"'Emmerdale' casts Gaynor Faye as new Macey\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s12/emmerdale/news/a365889/emmerdale-gaynor-faye-has-one-year-deal.html","external_links_name":"\"'Emmerdale' Gaynor Faye 'has one-year deal'\""},{"Link":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/celebs/tv/2011/10/12/former-corrie-star-gaynor-faye-joins-emmerdale-115875-23482939/","external_links_name":"\"Former Corrie star Gaynor Faye joins Emmerdale\""},{"Link":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/tv-film-news/school-bullies-made-me-grow-up-684086","external_links_name":"\"'School bullies made me grow up fast', says new Emmerdale star Gaynor Faye\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s12/emmerdale/news/a375766/emmerdale-gaynor-faye-declan-goes-too-far-in-megan-plot.html","external_links_name":"\"'Emmerdale' Gaynor Faye: 'Declan goes too far in Megan plot'\""},{"Link":"http://www.dailystar.co.uk/soaperstar/view/250877/Emmerdale-Meg-on-the-attack/","external_links_name":"\"Emmerdale: Meg on the attack\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s12/emmerdale/spoilers/a380030/sean-claims-ruby-tried-to-kiss-him.html","external_links_name":"\"Sean claims Ruby tried to kiss him\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s12/emmerdale/news/a374798/emmerdale-casts-new-home-farm-bad-boy-robbie.html","external_links_name":"\"'Emmerdale' casts new Home Farm bad boy Robbie\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s12/emmerdale/news/a599529/emmerdale-confirms-regular-characters-death-in-latest-episode.html","external_links_name":"\"Emmerdale confirms regular character's death in latest episode\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s12/emmerdale/news/a384709/emmerdale-casts-amy-wyatts-mother.html","external_links_name":"\"'Emmerdale' casts Amy Wyatt's mother\""},{"Link":"https://metro.co.uk/2021/10/27/emmerdale-star-reveals-truth-about-chloes-dangerous-family-15463787/amp/","external_links_name":"\"Emmerdale star Laura Norton reveals truth about Chloe's dangerous family\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/emmerdale/news/a836154/inside-soap-awards-longlist-coronation-street-eastenders-emmerdale-hollyoaks/","external_links_name":"\"Coronation Street, EastEnders, Emmerdale and Hollyoaks all make the Inside Soap Awards longlist\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/coronation-street/news/a841879/inside-soap-awards-2017-shortlist/","external_links_name":"\"Inside Soap Awards 2017 shortlist revealed – which Corrie, EastEnders, Emmerdale and Hollyoaks stars are up for prizes?\""},{"Link":"http://www.itv.com/emmerdale/characters","external_links_name":"\"Characters\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s12/emmerdale/scoop/a431486/emmerdale-40th-anniversary-live-episode-live-blog.html","external_links_name":"\"'Emmerdale' 40th anniversary live episode - live blog\""},{"Link":"https://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/announcements/deaths/deaths/10532191.katie_smith/","external_links_name":"\"Katie Smith\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s12/emmerdale/spoilers/a432008/chas-and-cameron-face-their-fate.html","external_links_name":"\"Chas and Cameron face their fate\""},{"Link":"http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2012-10-25/emmerdale-waking-the-dead-star-among-four-new-faces-to-join-cast","external_links_name":"\"Emmerdale: Waking the Dead star among four new faces to join cast\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s12/emmerdale/interviews/a441348/emmerdale-newcomer-tom-mannion-reveals-steve-role-details.html","external_links_name":"\"'Emmerdale' newcomer Tom Mannion reveals Steve role details\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s12/emmerdale/news/a433354/emmerdale-announces-four-new-characters.html","external_links_name":"\"'Emmerdale' announces four new characters\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/emmerdale/feature/a804406/eastenders-coronation-street-emmerdale-hollyoaks-soap-characters-didnt-know-related/","external_links_name":"\"Surprise! 12 cases of soap characters who didn't know they were related\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s13/hollyoaks/scoop/a442270/hollyoaks-punch-corrie-returns-enders-fears-edale-arrival.html","external_links_name":"\"'Hollyoaks' punch, Corrie returns, 'Enders fears, E'dale arrival\""},{"Link":"https://evoke.ie/2022/11/22/entertainment/michelle-hardwick-emmerdale-maternity-leave","external_links_name":"\"Soap Spoiler: How Michelle Hardwick's maternity leave will be explained on Emmerdale\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s12/emmerdale/scoop/a552190/emmerdales-chris-bisson-jai-plans-to-snatch-archie.html","external_links_name":"\"Emmerdale's Chris Bisson: 'Jai plans to snatch Archie'\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/news/a553193/wil-johnson-to-leave-emmerdale-ive-had-a-wonderful-time.html","external_links_name":"\"Wil Johnson to leave Emmerdale: \"I've had a wonderful time\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s12/emmerdale/spoilers/a443878/katies-news-could-threaten-her-marriage.html","external_links_name":"\"Katie's news could threaten her marriage\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s12/emmerdale/news/a546014/emmerdale-belle-dingle-to-kill-gemma-andrews-during-row.html","external_links_name":"\"Emmerdale: Belle Dingle to kill Gemma Andrews during row\""},{"Link":"http://www.sainou.com/lena-kaur-emmerdale/","external_links_name":"\"Sainou Talent Agency London \" Lena Kaur: Emmerdale\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075727/http://www.lintonmanagement.co.uk/manchester/news/newsitem.asp?i=220¤tpage=1","external_links_name":"\"Emmerdale\""},{"Link":"http://www.lintonmanagement.co.uk/manchester/news/newsitem.asp?i=220¤tpage=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120510103008/http://www.colekitchenn.com/pm-news.htm","external_links_name":"\"News\""},{"Link":"http://www.colekitchenn.com/pm-news.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.radiotimes.com/episode/rck4h/emmerdale--episode-6285","external_links_name":"\"Emmerdale - episode 6285\""},{"Link":"http://www.buchanan-associates.co.uk/news.php?NewsID=390","external_links_name":"\"Emmerdale\""},{"Link":"https://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/emmerdale/a381364/x-factor-star-carolynne-poole-lands-emmerdale-role/0","external_links_name":"\"'X Factor' star Carolynne Poole lands 'Emmerdale' role\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s12/emmerdale/spoilers/a391539/amy-comes-face-to-face-with-her-mum.html","external_links_name":"\"Amy comes face-to-face with her mum\""},{"Link":"http://www.radiotimes.com/episode/smn9b/emmerdale--episode-6369","external_links_name":"\"Emmerdale - Episode 6369\""},{"Link":"http://www.radiotimes.com/episode/szw6y/emmerdale--episode-6402","external_links_name":"\"Emmerdale - Episode 6402\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s12/emmerdale/spoilers/a443883/katie-realises-declan-isnt-being-honest.html","external_links_name":"\"Katie realises Declan isn't being honest\""},{"Link":"http://www.itv.com/emmerdale/characters/megan-macey/","external_links_name":"Megan Macey"},{"Link":"http://www.itv.com/emmerdale/characters/robbie-lawson/","external_links_name":"Robbie Lawson"},{"Link":"http://www.itv.com/emmerdale/characters/kerry-wyatt/","external_links_name":"Kerry Wyatt"},{"Link":"http://www.itv.com/emmerdale/characters/vanessa-woodfield/","external_links_name":"Vanessa Woodfield"},{"Link":"http://www.itv.com/emmerdale/characters/dom-andrews/","external_links_name":"Dom Andrews"},{"Link":"http://www.itv.com/emmerdale/characters/gemma-andrews/","external_links_name":"Gemma Andrews"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Vine | Sarah Vine | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 References"] | British columnist (born 1967)
Sarah VineBornSarah Rosemary Vine (1967-04-16) 16 April 1967 (age 57)Swansea, WalesOccupationJournalistPolitical partyConservativeSpouse
Michael Gove
(m. 2001; div. 2022)Children2
Sarah Rosemary Vine (born 16 April 1967) is a British columnist. She has written for the Daily Mail since 2013. She was arts editor at The Times, and was married to Conservative MP Michael Gove.
Early life
Sarah Rosemary Vine was born in Swansea, Wales on 16 April 1967. When she was five, the family moved to Italy, initially staying in Rome before moving to Frascati. She reports that she returned to the United Kingdom at the age of 16, and that she attended the comprehensive schools Hammersmith and West London, Holland Park School, and Lewes Technical College near Brighton. Vine studied modern languages at University College London.
Career
After graduation, Vine worked in customer services for the retailer Hobbs Ltd. She then worked in a series of jobs within journalism, including TV listings sub at the Daily Mirror and features editor for the magazine Tatler, before joining The Times. She was promoted to arts editor at that newspaper.
Along with Rosemary Davidson, in 2007 she co-wrote the book The Great Big Glorious Book for Girls. She was a columnist for The Times for 15 years before joining the Daily Mail, a tabloid newspaper, in 2013. In 2019, she received the Columnist of the Year – Popular (2018) award at the Society of Editors' Press Awards.
In March 2014, she and her husband's decision to send their daughter to Grey Coat Hospital comprehensive school in Westminster made Michael Gove the first Conservative Party education secretary to have chosen the state over the private sector for their child's secondary schooling. In her Daily Mail column, Vine celebrated the "miracle" of state education and criticised private education, saying "Its agenda is a fundamentally selective one, based not only on ability to pay, but also on pupil potential. And it is also, let's face it, about snobbery". Vine added that her decision to send her daughter to a state secondary school was motivated by a desire for her child to receive a broad education: "that you shouldn't judge people by their clothes, or where they live, but by who they really are. That, in my view, is the miracle of our state education system. Like the NHS, it welcomes all-comers. The state doesn't care where its pupils come from; all that matters is where they're heading."
In November 2014, she wrote a column criticising food writer and activist Jack Monroe for mentioning the death of David Cameron's son in 2009 in one of a series of tweets criticising Cameron. Vine went on to question Monroe's decision to have a child herself, insinuating that her choice led to her own poverty. Monroe condemned the article as 'homophobic, transphobic, deadnaming, ignorant, and generally ghastly lies'.
During the 2015 United Kingdom general election, Vine used her column to criticise Labour Party leader Ed Miliband, his wife and their 'forlorn little kitchen'. In the same column, she reported that her own kitchen was '10 years old' and that the 'hob has many knobs missing'. Private Eye magazine questioned this as it commented that £7,000 had been spent on the kitchen as part of her husband Michael Gove's MP expenses. Vine suggested that this was a 'twisted interpretation'.
In the 2016 UK referendum on EU membership, she voted for the UK to leave the EU. On 28 June, she accidentally sent a private email meant to be read by Gove and his close advisors to a member of the public, who leaked it to the press. In the email, Vine had advised her husband not to back Boris Johnson's bid to become leader of the Conservative Party unless 'specific assurances' were given to him. Two days later, Johnson unexpectedly dropped out of the 2016 Conservative Party leadership election, after Gove made a surprise bid to become leader.
Personal life
Vine married future Conservative MP and Secretary of State Michael Gove in 2001. They met when she was the arts editor and he was the comments editor at The Times newspaper. They have one son and one daughter. Vine is the godmother to one of former Prime Minister David Cameron's daughters.
In May 2020, Vine shared a bookcase picture "as a very special treat for my trolls" which featured a book by the Holocaust denier David Irving, and a copy of The Bell Curve, which controversially claims that intelligence is highly heritable and that median IQ varies among races.
In July 2021, a joint statement on behalf of Vine and Gove stated: "Michael and Sarah have agreed to separate and they are in the process of finalising their divorce." In January 2022, a divorce was granted on the grounds of Gove's unreasonable behaviour.
References
^ a b Martinson, Jane (2 July 2016). "Sarah Vine: Daily Mail columnist and driving force behind Gove's PM dream". The Guardian.
^ Wickham, Alex (16 April 2021). "POLITICO London Playbook: Greensill government — Over to Gove — MBS' epic whinge". Politico. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
^ Vine, Sarah (7 March 2014). "Sarah Vine: Why I want my daughter to go to a state school". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
^ a b Hodge, Gavanndra (1 June 2017). "Exclusive! Sarah Vine's first ever interview". Tatler.
^ Cadwalladr, Carole (12 August 2007). "Review: The Great Big Glorious Book for Girls by Rosemary Davidson and Sarah Vine". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
^ Mayhew, Freddy (3 April 2019). "Times titles win big at Society of Editors' Press Awards". Press Gazette. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
^ a b Adams, Richard (5 March 2014). "Sarah Vine praises 'miracle' of state education in Daily Mail column". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
^ Selby, Jenn (24 November 2014). "Jack Monroe: David Cameron 'uses stories about his dead son as misty-eyed rhetoric' to legitimise NHS privatisation". The Independent.
^ Walker, Peter (24 March 2015). "The knives are out: Sarah Vine and Jay Rayner clash on Twitter over kitchens". The Guardian.
^ Vine, Sarah (9 September 2017). "Voted Leave? It's one way to lose friends, says Sarah Vine". The Spectator. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
^ Swinford, Steven; Dominiczak, Peter; McCann, Kate (30 June 2016). "Michael Gove's wife Sarah Vine warned him about risks of backing Boris Johnson without 'specific' assurances on migration controls". The Daily Telegraph.
^ Mason, Rowena; Kennedy, Maev (29 June 2016). "Michael Gove's wife exposes doubts about Boris Johnson with email blunder". The Guardian.
^ Stewart, Heather; Elgot, Jessica (30 June 2016). "Boris Johnson rules himself out of Tory leadership race". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
^ Gove, Rt Hon. Michael (Andrew). UK Who's Who. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U45417. ISBN 978-0-19-954088-4. Retrieved 19 October 2019.
^ Singh, Anita (4 May 2020). "Michael Gove draws fire for owning book by Holocaust denier David Irving". The Telegraph. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
^ Zorzut, Adrian (4 May 2020). "Michael Gove and wife criticised for showcasing bookshelf which includes Holocaust denier's book". The New European. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
^ Allegretti, Aubrey (2 July 2021). "Michael Gove and wife Sarah Vine to divorce after 'drifting apart'". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
^ Farmer, Brian (6 January 2022). "Judge draws marriage of Michael Gove and Sarah Vine to a close". Evening Standard. Retrieved 18 January 2023. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"columnist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columnist"},{"link_name":"Daily Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mail"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"Michael Gove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Gove"}],"text":"Sarah Rosemary Vine (born 16 April 1967) is a British columnist. She has written for the Daily Mail since 2013. She was arts editor at The Times, and was married to Conservative MP Michael Gove.","title":"Sarah Vine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swansea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Frascati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frascati"},{"link_name":"Holland Park School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland_Park_School"},{"link_name":"Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"University College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London"}],"text":"Sarah Rosemary Vine was born in Swansea, Wales on 16 April 1967.[1][2] When she was five, the family moved to Italy, initially staying in Rome before moving to Frascati. She reports that she returned to the United Kingdom at the age of 16, and that she attended the comprehensive schools Hammersmith and West London, Holland Park School, and Lewes Technical College near Brighton.[3] Vine studied modern languages at University College London.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hobbs Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobbs_Ltd"},{"link_name":"Daily Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mirror"},{"link_name":"Tatler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatler"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tatler-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Daily Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mail"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Grey Coat Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Coat_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FHRV-7"},{"link_name":"NHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FHRV-7"},{"link_name":"Jack Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Monroe"},{"link_name":"David Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"2015 United Kingdom general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Ed Miliband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Miliband"},{"link_name":"Private Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Eye"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"UK referendum on EU membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Boris Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"2016 Conservative Party leadership election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"After graduation, Vine worked in customer services for the retailer Hobbs Ltd. She then worked in a series of jobs within journalism, including TV listings sub at the Daily Mirror and features editor for the magazine Tatler, before joining The Times. She was promoted to arts editor at that newspaper.[4]Along with Rosemary Davidson, in 2007 she co-wrote the book The Great Big Glorious Book for Girls.[5] She was a columnist for The Times for 15 years before joining the Daily Mail, a tabloid newspaper, in 2013.[1] In 2019, she received the Columnist of the Year – Popular (2018) award at the Society of Editors' Press Awards.[6]In March 2014, she and her husband's decision to send their daughter to Grey Coat Hospital comprehensive school in Westminster made Michael Gove the first Conservative Party education secretary to have chosen the state over the private sector for their child's secondary schooling. In her Daily Mail column, Vine celebrated the \"miracle\" of state education and criticised private education, saying \"Its agenda is a fundamentally selective one, based not only on ability to pay, but also on pupil potential. And it is also, let's face it, about snobbery\".[7] Vine added that her decision to send her daughter to a state secondary school was motivated by a desire for her child to receive a broad education: \"that you shouldn't judge people by their clothes, or where they live, but by who they really are. That, in my view, is the miracle of our state education system. Like the NHS, it welcomes all-comers. The state doesn't care where its pupils come from; all that matters is where they're heading.\"[7]In November 2014, she wrote a column criticising food writer and activist Jack Monroe for mentioning the death of David Cameron's son in 2009 in one of a series of tweets criticising Cameron. Vine went on to question Monroe's decision to have a child herself, insinuating that her choice led to her own poverty. Monroe condemned the article as 'homophobic, transphobic, deadnaming, ignorant, and generally ghastly lies'.[8]During the 2015 United Kingdom general election, Vine used her column to criticise Labour Party leader Ed Miliband, his wife and their 'forlorn little kitchen'. In the same column, she reported that her own kitchen was '10 years old' and that the 'hob has many knobs missing'. Private Eye magazine questioned this as it commented that £7,000 had been spent on the kitchen as part of her husband Michael Gove's MP expenses. Vine suggested that this was a 'twisted interpretation'.[9]In the 2016 UK referendum on EU membership, she voted for the UK to leave the EU.[10] On 28 June, she accidentally sent a private email meant to be read by Gove and his close advisors to a member of the public, who leaked it to the press. In the email, Vine had advised her husband not to back Boris Johnson's bid to become leader of the Conservative Party unless 'specific assurances' were given to him.[11][12] Two days later, Johnson unexpectedly dropped out of the 2016 Conservative Party leadership election, after Gove made a surprise bid to become leader.[13]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Michael Gove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Gove"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"David Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tatler-4"},{"link_name":"Holocaust denier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_denial"},{"link_name":"David Irving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Irving"},{"link_name":"The Bell Curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bell_Curve"},{"link_name":"IQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_quotient"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Guardian-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Vine married future Conservative MP and Secretary of State Michael Gove in 2001. They met when she was the arts editor and he was the comments editor at The Times newspaper. They have one son and one daughter.[14] Vine is the godmother to one of former Prime Minister David Cameron's daughters.[4]In May 2020, Vine shared a bookcase picture \"as a very special treat for my trolls\" which featured a book by the Holocaust denier David Irving, and a copy of The Bell Curve, which controversially claims that intelligence is highly heritable and that median IQ varies among races.[15][16]In July 2021, a joint statement on behalf of Vine and Gove stated: \"Michael and Sarah have agreed to separate and they are in the process of finalising their divorce.\"[17] In January 2022, a divorce was granted on the grounds of Gove's unreasonable behaviour.[18]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Martinson, Jane (2 July 2016). \"Sarah Vine: Daily Mail columnist and driving force behind Gove's PM dream\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Martinson","url_text":"Martinson, Jane"},{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jul/02/sarah-vine-daily-mail-columnist-and-driving-force-behind-goves-pm-dream","url_text":"\"Sarah Vine: Daily Mail columnist and driving force behind Gove's PM dream\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Wickham, Alex (16 April 2021). \"POLITICO London Playbook: Greensill government — Over to Gove — MBS' epic whinge\". Politico. Retrieved 16 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.eu/newsletter/london-playbook/politico-london-playbook-greensill-government-over-to-gove-mbs-epic-whinge/","url_text":"\"POLITICO London Playbook: Greensill government — Over to Gove — MBS' epic whinge\""}]},{"reference":"Vine, Sarah (7 March 2014). \"Sarah Vine: Why I want my daughter to go to a state school\". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/mar/07/sarah-vine-miracle-state-education","url_text":"\"Sarah Vine: Why I want my daughter to go to a state school\""}]},{"reference":"Hodge, Gavanndra (1 June 2017). \"Exclusive! Sarah Vine's first ever interview\". Tatler.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tatler.com/article/sarah-vine-interview-exclusive","url_text":"\"Exclusive! Sarah Vine's first ever interview\""}]},{"reference":"Cadwalladr, Carole (12 August 2007). \"Review: The Great Big Glorious Book for Girls by Rosemary Davidson and Sarah Vine\". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole_Cadwalladr","url_text":"Cadwalladr, Carole"},{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/aug/12/booksforchildrenandteenagers.women","url_text":"\"Review: The Great Big Glorious Book for Girls by Rosemary Davidson and Sarah Vine\""}]},{"reference":"Mayhew, Freddy (3 April 2019). \"Times titles win big at Society of Editors' Press Awards\". Press Gazette. Retrieved 20 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pressgazette.co.uk/times-titles-win-big-at-society-of-editors-press-awards/","url_text":"\"Times titles win big at Society of Editors' Press Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_Gazette","url_text":"Press Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Richard (5 March 2014). \"Sarah Vine praises 'miracle' of state education in Daily Mail column\". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/mar/05/sarah-vine-michael-gove-state-education-daily-mail","url_text":"\"Sarah Vine praises 'miracle' of state education in Daily Mail column\""}]},{"reference":"Selby, Jenn (24 November 2014). \"Jack Monroe: David Cameron 'uses stories about his dead son as misty-eyed rhetoric' to legitimise NHS privatisation\". The Independent.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/jack-monroe-david-cameron-uses-stories-about-his-dead-son-as-misty-eyed-rhetoric-to-legitimise-nhs-9879063.html","url_text":"\"Jack Monroe: David Cameron 'uses stories about his dead son as misty-eyed rhetoric' to legitimise NHS privatisation\""}]},{"reference":"Walker, Peter (24 March 2015). \"The knives are out: Sarah Vine and Jay Rayner clash on Twitter over kitchens\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/mar/24/the-knives-are-out-sarah-vine-and-jay-rayner-clash-on-twitter-over-kitchens","url_text":"\"The knives are out: Sarah Vine and Jay Rayner clash on Twitter over kitchens\""}]},{"reference":"Vine, Sarah (9 September 2017). \"Voted Leave? It's one way to lose friends, says Sarah Vine\". The Spectator. Retrieved 20 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2017/09/voted-leave-its-one-way-to-lose-friends-says-sarah-vine/","url_text":"\"Voted Leave? It's one way to lose friends, says Sarah Vine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator","url_text":"The Spectator"}]},{"reference":"Swinford, Steven; Dominiczak, Peter; McCann, Kate (30 June 2016). \"Michael Gove's wife Sarah Vine warned him about risks of backing Boris Johnson without 'specific' assurances on migration controls\". The Daily Telegraph.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/29/michael-goves-wife-raised-concerns-about-backing-boris-johnson-f/","url_text":"\"Michael Gove's wife Sarah Vine warned him about risks of backing Boris Johnson without 'specific' assurances on migration controls\""}]},{"reference":"Mason, Rowena; Kennedy, Maev (29 June 2016). \"Michael Gove's wife exposes doubts about Boris Johnson with email blunder\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jun/29/michael-goves-wife-doubts-boris-johnson-email-sarah-vine-dacre-murdoch","url_text":"\"Michael Gove's wife exposes doubts about Boris Johnson with email blunder\""}]},{"reference":"Stewart, Heather; Elgot, Jessica (30 June 2016). \"Boris Johnson rules himself out of Tory leadership race\". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jun/30/boris-johnson-rules-himself-out-of-tory-leadership-race-brexit-eu-referendum","url_text":"\"Boris Johnson rules himself out of Tory leadership race\""}]},{"reference":"Gove, Rt Hon. Michael (Andrew). UK Who's Who. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U45417. ISBN 978-0-19-954088-4. Retrieved 19 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-45417","url_text":"Gove, Rt Hon. Michael (Andrew)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.U45417","url_text":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U45417"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954088-4","url_text":"978-0-19-954088-4"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Anita (4 May 2020). \"Michael Gove draws fire for owning book by Holocaust denier David Irving\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 12 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/05/04/michael-gove-draws-fire-owning-book-holocaust-denier-david-irving/","url_text":"\"Michael Gove draws fire for owning book by Holocaust denier David Irving\""}]},{"reference":"Zorzut, Adrian (4 May 2020). \"Michael Gove and wife criticised for showcasing bookshelf which includes Holocaust denier's book\". The New European. Retrieved 12 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/top-stories/michael-gove-and-sarah-vine-criticised-on-twitter-for-having-holocaust-denier-david-irvings-s-book-1-6636307","url_text":"\"Michael Gove and wife criticised for showcasing bookshelf which includes Holocaust denier's book\""}]},{"reference":"Allegretti, Aubrey (2 July 2021). \"Michael Gove and wife Sarah Vine to divorce after 'drifting apart'\". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2021/jul/02/michael-gove-and-wife-sarah-vine-to-divorce","url_text":"\"Michael Gove and wife Sarah Vine to divorce after 'drifting apart'\""}]},{"reference":"Farmer, Brian (6 January 2022). \"Judge draws marriage of Michael Gove and Sarah Vine to a close\". Evening Standard. Retrieved 18 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/michael-gove-london-conservative-secretary-of-state-b975234.html","url_text":"\"Judge draws marriage of Michael Gove and Sarah Vine to a close\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jul/02/sarah-vine-daily-mail-columnist-and-driving-force-behind-goves-pm-dream","external_links_name":"\"Sarah Vine: Daily Mail columnist and driving force behind Gove's PM dream\""},{"Link":"https://www.politico.eu/newsletter/london-playbook/politico-london-playbook-greensill-government-over-to-gove-mbs-epic-whinge/","external_links_name":"\"POLITICO London Playbook: Greensill government — Over to Gove — MBS' epic whinge\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/mar/07/sarah-vine-miracle-state-education","external_links_name":"\"Sarah Vine: Why I want my daughter to go to a state school\""},{"Link":"https://www.tatler.com/article/sarah-vine-interview-exclusive","external_links_name":"\"Exclusive! Sarah Vine's first ever interview\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/aug/12/booksforchildrenandteenagers.women","external_links_name":"\"Review: The Great Big Glorious Book for Girls by Rosemary Davidson and Sarah Vine\""},{"Link":"https://www.pressgazette.co.uk/times-titles-win-big-at-society-of-editors-press-awards/","external_links_name":"\"Times titles win big at Society of Editors' Press Awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/mar/05/sarah-vine-michael-gove-state-education-daily-mail","external_links_name":"\"Sarah Vine praises 'miracle' of state education in Daily Mail column\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/jack-monroe-david-cameron-uses-stories-about-his-dead-son-as-misty-eyed-rhetoric-to-legitimise-nhs-9879063.html","external_links_name":"\"Jack Monroe: David Cameron 'uses stories about his dead son as misty-eyed rhetoric' to legitimise NHS privatisation\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/mar/24/the-knives-are-out-sarah-vine-and-jay-rayner-clash-on-twitter-over-kitchens","external_links_name":"\"The knives are out: Sarah Vine and Jay Rayner clash on Twitter over kitchens\""},{"Link":"https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2017/09/voted-leave-its-one-way-to-lose-friends-says-sarah-vine/","external_links_name":"\"Voted Leave? It's one way to lose friends, says Sarah Vine\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/29/michael-goves-wife-raised-concerns-about-backing-boris-johnson-f/","external_links_name":"\"Michael Gove's wife Sarah Vine warned him about risks of backing Boris Johnson without 'specific' assurances on migration controls\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jun/29/michael-goves-wife-doubts-boris-johnson-email-sarah-vine-dacre-murdoch","external_links_name":"\"Michael Gove's wife exposes doubts about Boris Johnson with email blunder\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jun/30/boris-johnson-rules-himself-out-of-tory-leadership-race-brexit-eu-referendum","external_links_name":"\"Boris Johnson rules himself out of Tory leadership race\""},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-45417","external_links_name":"Gove, Rt Hon. Michael (Andrew)"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.U45417","external_links_name":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U45417"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/05/04/michael-gove-draws-fire-owning-book-holocaust-denier-david-irving/","external_links_name":"\"Michael Gove draws fire for owning book by Holocaust denier David Irving\""},{"Link":"https://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/top-stories/michael-gove-and-sarah-vine-criticised-on-twitter-for-having-holocaust-denier-david-irvings-s-book-1-6636307","external_links_name":"\"Michael Gove and wife criticised for showcasing bookshelf which includes Holocaust denier's book\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2021/jul/02/michael-gove-and-wife-sarah-vine-to-divorce","external_links_name":"\"Michael Gove and wife Sarah Vine to divorce after 'drifting apart'\""},{"Link":"https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/michael-gove-london-conservative-secretary-of-state-b975234.html","external_links_name":"\"Judge draws marriage of Michael Gove and Sarah Vine to a close\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Philippine_Senate_election | 1946 Philippine Senate election | ["1 Background","2 Retiring incumbents","2.1 Nacionalista Party","2.2 Nacionalista Party (Liberal wing)","2.3 Mid-term vacancies","2.4 Senators running elsewhere","3 Results","3.1 Per party","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | 1946 Philippine Senate election
← 1941
April 23, 1946
1947 →
16 (of the 24) seats in the Senate13 seats needed for a majority
Majority party
Minority party
Third party
Leader
José Avelino
Carlos P. Garcia
Vicente Sotto
Party
Liberal
Nacionalista
Popular Front
Seats before
3 (1 up)
20 (9 up)
0
Seats won
9
6
1
Seats after
10
13
1
Seat change
6
3
1
Popular vote
8,626,965
7,454,074
1,199,138
Percentage
47.7%
41.2%
6.6%
Senate President before election
Manuel Roxas
Liberal
Elected Senate President
José Avelino
Liberal
Elections for the members of the Senate were held on April 23, 1946, in the Philippines (pursuant to Commonwealth Act No. 725).
Background
Soon after the reconstitution of the Commonwealth Government in 1945 Senators Manuel Roxas, Elpidio Quirino and their allies called for an early national election to choose the president and vice president of the Philippines and members of the Congress. In December 1945, the House Insular Affairs of the United States Congress approved the joint resolution setting the election date at not later than April 30, 1946.
Prompted by this congressional action, President Sergio Osmeña called the Philippine Congress to a three-day special session. Congress enacted Commonwealth Act No. 725, setting the election on April 23, 1946, and was approved by President Osmeña on January 5, 1946.
There are 24 seats in the Senate, with eight seats up every election for every three years starting from the first election in 1941. Of the results in that election, the first eight would have served for six years, the next eight for four years, and the last eight for two years. Due to the intervention of World War II and the destruction of records, this election was the next election since 1941, and that lots were drawn on the 16 seats that would have been up in this election, and those eight seats that would be up in 1947. Of the sixteen seats up in this election, the first eight would serve until 1951, while the last eight would serve until 1949.
Retiring incumbents
Nacionalista Party
Antonio de las Alas
Nicolas Buendia
Ramon J. Fernandez
Domingo Imperial
Rafael Martinez
Jose Yulo
Nacionalista Party (Liberal wing)
Quintin Paredes
Ran for representative from Abra and won
Elpidio Quirino
Ran for vice president of the Philippines and won
Manuel Roxas
Ran for president of the Philippines and won
Mid-term vacancies
Daniel Maramba (Nacionalista), died on December 28, 1941
Jose Ozamiz (Nacionalista), executed on February 11, 1944
Senators running elsewhere
Eulogio Rodriguez (Nacionalista) ran for vice president of the Philippines and lost
Results
The election was generally peaceful and orderly except in some places where passions ran high, especially in the province of Pampanga. According to the controversial decision of the Electoral Tribunal of the House of Representatives on Meliton Soliman vs. Luis Taruc, Pampanga "was under the terroristic clutches and control of the Hukbalahaps. So terrorized were the people of Arayat, at one time, 200 persons abandoned their homes, their work, and their food, all their belongings in a mass evacuation to the poblacion due to fear and terror."
The dominant Nacionalista Party was divided into two wings in this election. The Liberal wing was led by Senate President Manuel Roxas, while the original Nacionalista Party was headed by President Sergio Osmeña. Roxas defeated Osmeña in the concurrent presidential election, while Roxas's running mate Senator Elpidio Quirino defeated Osmeña's running mate Senator Eulogio Rodriguez.
In the Senate elections, the Liberal wing won nine seats, the original Nacionalista Party won six seats, and the Popular Front won one.
These senators from Liberal wing defended their seats: Melecio Arranz, Mariano Jesus Cuenco, and Ramon Torres. Carlos P. Garcia was the sole senator from the original Nacionalista Party to defend his seat.
Newcomer senators include the Liberal wing's topnotcher Vicente J. Francisco, Jose Avelino, Olegario Clarin, Enrique Magalona, and Salidapa Pendatun. Neophytes from the original Nacionalista Party are Tomas Confesor, Alejo Mabanag, Tomas Cabili, and Ramon Diokno. Newcomer Vicente Sotto was the sole candidate of the Popular Front elected.
Jose Vera of the original Nacionalista Party, who last served in the Senate when it was abolished in 1935, is the sole senator to make a comeback.
The Liberal Party won nine out of 16 contested senatorial seats; the first eight senators would serve until 1951, and the second eight until 1949:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Before election
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡^
‡^
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
Election result
Not up
LP
PF
NP
Not up
After election
√
√
*
*
*
*
+
+
+
+
*
*
*
*
√
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vteKey:
‡ Seats up
^ Vacancy
+ Gained by a party from another party
√ Held by the incumbent
* Held by the same party with a new senator
CandidatePartyVotes%Vicente FranciscoNacionalista Party (Liberal wing)735,67128.63Vicente SottoPopular Front717,22527.91José AvelinoNacionalista Party (Liberal wing)708,42027.57Melecio ArranzNacionalista Party (Liberal wing)666,70025.94Ramon TorresNacionalista Party (Liberal wing)640,47724.92Tomás ConfesorNacionalista Party627,35424.41Mariano Jesús CuencoNacionalista Party (Liberal wing)623,65024.27Carlos P. GarciaNacionalista Party617,54224.03Olegario ClarinNacionalista Party (Liberal wing)611,22723.78Alejo MabanagNacionalista Party608,90223.69Enrique MagalonaNacionalista Party (Liberal wing)591,79623.03Tomas CabiliNacionalista Party589,76222.95José O. VeraNacionalista Party588,99322.92Ramón DioknoNacionalista Party584,59822.75José E. RomeroNacionalista Party563,81621.94Salipada PendatunNacionalista Party (Liberal wing)557,15621.68Prospero SanidadNacionalista Party (Liberal wing)556,77221.67Vicente dela CruzNacionalista Party (Liberal wing)544,62121.19Servillano dela CruzNacionalista Party (Liberal wing)536,99520.90Pedro MagsalinNacionalista Party (Liberal wing)516,12720.08Antonio PaguiaLaborite Party505,77019.68Santiago FonacierNacionalista Party499,56519.44Antonio AranetaNacionalista Party491,05419.11Emilio M. JavierPopular Front481,91318.75Eduardo Cojuangco Sr.Nacionalista Party (Liberal wing)481,68318.74Pedro S. ReyesNacionalista Party465,98718.13Jose AltavasNacionalista Party461,01417.94Rafael MartinezNacionalista Party449,53417.49Vicente LavaNacionalista Party (Liberal wing)431,84216.80Mariano GarchitorenaNacionalista Party (Liberal wing)423,82816.49Pedro InsuaNacionalista Party403,56115.70Pascual AzanzaNacionalista Party397,83515.48Carlos Padilla Sr.Modernist Party75,0662.92Dionesio GutierrezNacionalista Party49,0371.91Francisco ZanduetaIndependent Nacionalista47,8021.86Ramon LopezDemocratic Alliance44,7181.74Vicente OcampoModernist Party43,8721.71Jose C. SotoModernist Party35,4081.38Asa-ad UsmanNacionalista Party28,9241.13Timoteo ConsingNacionalista Party27,5971.07Emilia T. Del RosarioModernist Party25,5861.00Manuel SilosModernist Party23,3440.91Miguel AnzuresModernist Party20,4410.80Jose ClimacoModernist Party20,2310.79Ismael GolezNational Welfare Service Party17,0690.66Dominador SantiagoModernist Party16,5530.64Casiano RosalesModernist Party14,9490.58Carlos V. TolosaModernist Party13,5270.53Paul VersozaNational Welfare Service Party12,0940.47Godofredo CalubModernist Party11,4980.45Jesus InfanteModernist Party10,4870.41Melchor LagascaNational Welfare Service Party10,3230.40Felix E. ReyModernist Party9,7870.38Rosendo ZaldarriagaDemocratic (Osmeña)9,6560.38Pasto LavadiaNacionalista Party (Liberal wing)7,8640.31Constancio P. CecilioModernist Party7,8070.30Marcelino JosueModernist Party4,6040.18Total18,269,634100.00Total votes2,569,880–Registered voters/turnout2,898,60488.66
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p The Nacionalista Party was split into two wings: those who supported Sergio Osmeña in the presidential election or the "conservative wing", and those who supported Manuel Roxas or the "liberal wing". The liberal wing eventually split off after the election and became the Liberal Party.
^ a b José E. Romero was later removed from office in favor of Prospero Sanidad who won an election protest.
Per party
The Nacionalistas originally won 7 seats. but an election protest unseated a Nacionalista senator in favor of a Liberal one in 1946.
PartyVotes%SeatsUpBeforeWonAfter+/−Nacionalista Party (Liberal wing)8,634,82947.2667910+3Nacionalista Party7,455,07540.81815613−2Popular Front1,199,1386.560011NewLaborite Party505,7702.7700000Modernist Party333,1601.8200000Independent Nacionalista47,8020.2600000Democratic Alliance44,7180.2400000National Welfare Service Party39,4860.2200000Democratic (Osmeña)9,6560.0500000Vacancy2200−2Total18,269,634100.00162416240Total votes2,569,880–Registered voters/turnout2,898,60488.66Source: Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos (15 November 2001). Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific. ISBN 9780199249596. & Julio Teehankee. "Electoral Politics in the Philippines" (PDF). quezon.ph.
Vote share
LP
47.26%
NP
40.81%
PF
6.56%
Others
5.37%
Senate seats
LP
56.25%
NP
37.50%
PF
6.25%
Others
0.00%
See also
Commission on Elections
2nd Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
References
External links
The Philippine Presidency Project
Official website of the Commission on Elections
vte Elections and referendums in the PhilippinesGeneral elections
1898
1907
1909
1912
1916
1919
1922
1925
1928
1931
1934
1935
1941
1943
1946
1949
1953
1957
1961
1965
1969
1978
1984
1987
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
2022
2025
Presidential elections
1935
1941
1946
1949
1953
1957
1961
1965
1969
1981
1986
1992
1998
2004
2010
2016
2022
Senate elections
1916
1919
1922
1925
1928
1931
1934
1941
1946
1947
1949
1951
1953
1955
1957
1959
1961
1963
1965
1967
1969
1971
1987
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
2022
2025
House elections
1898
1907
1909
1912
1916
1919
1922
1925
1928
1931
1934
1935
1938
1941
1943
1946
1949
1953
1957
1961
1965
1969
1978
1984
1987
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
2022
2025
Constitutional conventions
1934
1970
Local elections
1895
1899
1905
1909
1912
1919
1922
1925
1928
1931
1934
1937
1941
1943
1947
1951
1955
1959
1963
1967
1971
1980
1988
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
2022
2025
Barangay elections
1960
1962
1964
1968
1972
1982
1989
1994
1997
2002
2007
2010
2013
2018
2023
Referendums
1599
1935
1937
1939
1940
1947
1967
1973 (Jan)
1973 (Jul)
1975
1976
1977
1981 (Apr)
1981 (Jun)
1984
1987
Per year
Per type
Presidential
Senatorial
Barangay
Special
Local elections and plebiscites | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"}],"text":"Elections for the members of the Senate were held on April 23, 1946, in the Philippines (pursuant to Commonwealth Act No. 725).","title":"1946 Philippine Senate election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manuel Roxas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas"},{"link_name":"Elpidio Quirino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elpidio_Quirino"},{"link_name":"United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Sergio Osmeña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Philippine Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"first election in 1941","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941_Philippine_Senate_election"}],"text":"Soon after the reconstitution of the Commonwealth Government in 1945 Senators Manuel Roxas, Elpidio Quirino and their allies called for an early national election to choose the president and vice president of the Philippines and members of the Congress. In December 1945, the House Insular Affairs of the United States Congress approved the joint resolution setting the election date at not later than April 30, 1946.Prompted by this congressional action, President Sergio Osmeña called the Philippine Congress to a three-day special session. Congress enacted Commonwealth Act No. 725, setting the election on April 23, 1946, and was approved by President Osmeña on January 5, 1946.There are 24 seats in the Senate, with eight seats up every election for every three years starting from the first election in 1941. Of the results in that election, the first eight would have served for six years, the next eight for four years, and the last eight for two years. Due to the intervention of World War II and the destruction of records, this election was the next election since 1941, and that lots were drawn on the 16 seats that would have been up in this election, and those eight seats that would be up in 1947. Of the sixteen seats up in this election, the first eight would serve until 1951, while the last eight would serve until 1949.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Retiring incumbents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antonio de las Alas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_de_las_Alas"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Buendia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Buendia"},{"link_name":"Ramon J. Fernandez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_J._Fernandez"},{"link_name":"Domingo Imperial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo_Imperial"},{"link_name":"Rafael Martinez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Martinez_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Jose Yulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Yulo"}],"sub_title":"Nacionalista Party","text":"Antonio de las Alas\nNicolas Buendia\nRamon J. Fernandez\nDomingo Imperial\nRafael Martinez\nJose Yulo","title":"Retiring incumbents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quintin Paredes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quint%C3%ADn_Paredes"},{"link_name":"Abra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abra_(province)"},{"link_name":"Elpidio Quirino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elpidio_Quirino"},{"link_name":"Manuel Roxas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas"}],"sub_title":"Nacionalista Party (Liberal wing)","text":"Quintin Paredes\nRan for representative from Abra and won\nElpidio Quirino\nRan for vice president of the Philippines and won\nManuel Roxas\nRan for president of the Philippines and won","title":"Retiring incumbents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daniel Maramba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Maramba"},{"link_name":"Jose Ozamiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_Ozamiz"}],"sub_title":"Mid-term vacancies","text":"Daniel Maramba (Nacionalista), died on December 28, 1941\nJose Ozamiz (Nacionalista), executed on February 11, 1944","title":"Retiring incumbents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eulogio Rodriguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulogio_Rodriguez"}],"sub_title":"Senators running elsewhere","text":"Eulogio Rodriguez (Nacionalista) ran for vice president of the Philippines and lost","title":"Retiring incumbents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pampanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampanga"},{"link_name":"Hukbalahaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukbalahap"},{"link_name":"Arayat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arayat,_Pampanga"},{"link_name":"Nacionalista Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalista_Party"},{"link_name":"Manuel Roxas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas"},{"link_name":"Sergio Osmeña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Elpidio Quirino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elpidio_Quirino"},{"link_name":"Eulogio Rodriguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulogio_Rodriguez"},{"link_name":"Melecio Arranz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melecio_Arranz"},{"link_name":"Mariano Jesus Cuenco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Jes%C3%BAs_Cuenco"},{"link_name":"Carlos P. Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_P._Garcia"},{"link_name":"Jose Avelino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Avelino"},{"link_name":"Enrique Magalona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Magalona"},{"link_name":"Tomas Confesor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Confesor"},{"link_name":"Alejo Mabanag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejo_Mabanag"},{"link_name":"Tomas Cabili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_Cabili"},{"link_name":"Ramon Diokno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Diokno"},{"link_name":"Vicente Sotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Sotto"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-npwings_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-npwings_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-npwings_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-npwings_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-npwings_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-npwings_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-npwings_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-npwings_1-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-npwings_1-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-npwings_1-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-npwings_1-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-npwings_1-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-npwings_1-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-npwings_1-13"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-npwings_1-14"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-npwings_1-15"},{"link_name":"Sergio Osmeña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Manuel Roxas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Roxas"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-romero-sanidad_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-romero-sanidad_2-1"},{"link_name":"José E. Romero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_E._Romero"},{"link_name":"Prospero Sanidad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospero_Sanidad"}],"text":"The election was generally peaceful and orderly except in some places where passions ran high, especially in the province of Pampanga. According to the controversial decision of the Electoral Tribunal of the House of Representatives on Meliton Soliman vs. Luis Taruc, Pampanga \"was under the terroristic clutches and control of the Hukbalahaps. So terrorized were the people of Arayat, at one time, 200 persons abandoned their homes, their work, and their food, all their belongings in a mass evacuation to the poblacion due to fear and terror.\"The dominant Nacionalista Party was divided into two wings in this election. The Liberal wing was led by Senate President Manuel Roxas, while the original Nacionalista Party was headed by President Sergio Osmeña. Roxas defeated Osmeña in the concurrent presidential election, while Roxas's running mate Senator Elpidio Quirino defeated Osmeña's running mate Senator Eulogio Rodriguez.In the Senate elections, the Liberal wing won nine seats, the original Nacionalista Party won six seats, and the Popular Front won one.These senators from Liberal wing defended their seats: Melecio Arranz, Mariano Jesus Cuenco, and Ramon Torres. Carlos P. Garcia was the sole senator from the original Nacionalista Party to defend his seat.Newcomer senators include the Liberal wing's topnotcher Vicente J. Francisco, Jose Avelino, Olegario Clarin, Enrique Magalona, and Salidapa Pendatun. Neophytes from the original Nacionalista Party are Tomas Confesor, Alejo Mabanag, Tomas Cabili, and Ramon Diokno. Newcomer Vicente Sotto was the sole candidate of the Popular Front elected.Jose Vera of the original Nacionalista Party, who last served in the Senate when it was abolished in 1935, is the sole senator to make a comeback.The Liberal Party won nine out of 16 contested senatorial seats; the first eight senators would serve until 1951, and the second eight until 1949:Key:‡ Seats up\n^ Vacancy\n+ Gained by a party from another party\n√ Held by the incumbent\n* Held by the same party with a new senator^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p The Nacionalista Party was split into two wings: those who supported Sergio Osmeña in the presidential election or the \"conservative wing\", and those who supported Manuel Roxas or the \"liberal wing\". The liberal wing eventually split off after the election and became the Liberal Party.\n\n^ a b José E. Romero was later removed from office in favor of Prospero Sanidad who won an election protest.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Per party","text":"The Nacionalistas originally won 7 seats. but an election protest unseated a Nacionalista senator in favor of a Liberal one in 1946.","title":"Results"}] | [] | [{"title":"Commission on Elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)"},{"title":"2nd Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Congress_of_the_Philippines"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YK8SDAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific"},{"Link":"http://www.quezon.ph/wp-content/uploads/2006/09/Electoral%20Politics%20in%20the%20Philippines.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Electoral Politics in the Philippines\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041205193215/http://www.pangulo.ph/election_results.php","external_links_name":"The Philippine Presidency Project"},{"Link":"http://www.comelec.gov.ph/","external_links_name":"Official website of the Commission on Elections"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_Canada | Alpine Canada | ["1 Organization","2 Canadian Alpine Ski Team","3 Canadian Para-Alpine Ski Team","4 Canadian Ski Cross Team","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | For the Canadian alpine snowboarding federation, see Canadian Snowboard Federation.
Alpine CanadaSportAlpine skiingJurisdictionAlpine skiing in CanadaFounded1920 (1920)PresidentTherese BrissonCEOTherese BrissonSponsorSport CanadaOfficial websitealpinecanada.org
Alpine Canada (French: Canada Alpin) is the national governing body for alpine, para-alpine and ski cross racing in Canada. Alpine Canada represents coaches, officials, supporters and athletes, including the racers of the Canadian Alpine Ski Team, Canadian Ski Cross Team and the Canadian Para-Alpine Ski Team. Alpine Canada is also involved in promoting participation within Canada's four million recreational skiers. Alpine Canada celebrated 100 years of ski racing in Canada in 2021.
Organization
Alpine Canada was registered with the Canadian Revenue Agency as a Canadian Amateur Athletic Association (RCAAA); therefore, they can issue official donation receipts and have been eligible to receive gifts from registered charities since 1992-04-01.
Canadian Alpine Ski Team
The Canadian Alpine Ski Team comprises athletes whose focus is to compete at the World Cup, World Championship and Olympic levels. Both men and women operate as separate national teams each with respective coaching staff.
Athletes on the team compete in a range of disciplines, some competing in technical, some in speed, and a few in both. Alpine Canada's rich history of champions dates back to the 1950s, as athletes on today's teams continue to chase the podium. To date, Canadian alpine athletes have earned more than 90 World Cup, World Championship and Olympic medals.
Canadian Para-Alpine Ski Team
The Para-Alpine ski team comprises both female and male athletes in three main classification categories: visually impaired, standing and sitting. Para-alpine athletes compete in five core disciplines, (Slalom, giant slalom, super-G, and Downhill). Para-alpine skiing is governed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) through the International Paralympic Alpine Skiing Committee (IPCAS).
Canada is known as a dominating team on the international stage in all categories, and the team continues to collect medals and do the country proud at World Cups, World Championships and Paralympic Games.
Canadian Ski Cross Team
The Canadian Ski Cross Team is the newest addition to the Alpine Canada family joining the organization in 2010. The Canadian Ski Cross Team is made up of men and women who compete in heats. Four athletes race head to head down the course, with the top two from each heat advancing to the next round.
Canada has some of the sport's biggest stars and continues to develop athletes who are able to compete with the best in the world. As a team that does not shy away from the podium at every level, the Canadians have established themselves as arguably the best ski cross nation in the world.
See also
Sports portalCanada portal
Canadian Alpine Ski Championships
Crazy Canucks
Canadian Snowboard Federation, Canadian snowboard sports federation
Canadian Freestyle Ski Association, Canadian freestyle skiing sports federation
Nordic Combined Ski Canada, Canadian Nordic combined skiing sports federation
Ski Jumping Canada, Canadian ski jumping sports federation
Cross Country Canada, Canadian cross country skiing sports federation
Biathlon Canada, Canadian biathlon ski-shooting sports federation
References
^ http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/chrts-gvng/qlfd-dns/qd-lstngs/RCAAA-ACESA-lst-eng.html#reg Canadian Revenue Agency
External links
Official website - Alpine Canada
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Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian Snowboard Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Snowboard_Federation"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"alpine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing"},{"link_name":"para-alpine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para-alpine_skiing"},{"link_name":"ski cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_cross"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"}],"text":"For the Canadian alpine snowboarding federation, see Canadian Snowboard Federation.Alpine Canada (French: Canada Alpin) is the national governing body for alpine, para-alpine and ski cross racing in Canada. Alpine Canada represents coaches, officials, supporters and athletes, including the racers of the Canadian Alpine Ski Team, Canadian Ski Cross Team and the Canadian Para-Alpine Ski Team. Alpine Canada is also involved in promoting participation within Canada's four million recreational skiers. Alpine Canada celebrated 100 years of ski racing in Canada in 2021.","title":"Alpine Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"charities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_organization"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Alpine Canada was registered with the Canadian Revenue Agency as a Canadian Amateur Athletic Association (RCAAA); therefore, they can issue official donation receipts and have been eligible to receive gifts from registered charities since 1992-04-01.[1]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Alpine_Ski_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"}],"text":"The Canadian Alpine Ski Team comprises athletes whose focus is to compete at the World Cup, World Championship and Olympic levels. Both men and women operate as separate national teams each with respective coaching staff.Athletes on the team compete in a range of disciplines, some competing in technical, some in speed, and a few in both. Alpine Canada's rich history of champions dates back to the 1950s, as athletes on today's teams continue to chase the podium. To date, Canadian alpine athletes have earned more than 90 World Cup, World Championship and Olympic medals.","title":"Canadian Alpine Ski Team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slalom_skiing"},{"link_name":"giant slalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_slalom"},{"link_name":"super-G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-G"},{"link_name":"Downhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downhill_(ski_competition)"},{"link_name":"Para-alpine skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para-alpine_skiing"},{"link_name":"International Paralympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Paralympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_championship"},{"link_name":"Paralympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralympic_Games"}],"text":"The Para-Alpine ski team comprises both female and male athletes in three main classification categories: visually impaired, standing and sitting. Para-alpine athletes compete in five core disciplines, (Slalom, giant slalom, super-G, and Downhill). Para-alpine skiing is governed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) through the International Paralympic Alpine Skiing Committee (IPCAS).Canada is known as a dominating team on the international stage in all categories, and the team continues to collect medals and do the country proud at World Cups, World Championships and Paralympic Games.","title":"Canadian Para-Alpine Ski Team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ski Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_cross"}],"text":"The Canadian Ski Cross Team is the newest addition to the Alpine Canada family joining the organization in 2010. The Canadian Ski Cross Team is made up of men and women who compete in heats. Four athletes race head to head down the course, with the top two from each heat advancing to the next round.Canada has some of the sport's biggest stars and continues to develop athletes who are able to compete with the best in the world. As a team that does not shy away from the podium at every level, the Canadians have established themselves as arguably the best ski cross nation in the world.","title":"Canadian Ski Cross Team"}] | [] | [{"title":"Sports portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Sports"},{"title":"Canada portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Canada"},{"title":"Canadian Alpine Ski Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Alpine_Ski_Championships"},{"title":"Crazy Canucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy_Canucks"},{"title":"Canadian Snowboard Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Snowboard_Federation"},{"title":"Canadian Freestyle Ski Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Freestyle_Ski_Association"},{"title":"Nordic Combined Ski Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Combined_Ski_Canada"},{"title":"Ski Jumping Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_Jumping_Canada"},{"title":"Cross Country Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Country_Canada"},{"title":"Biathlon Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_Canada"}] | [] | [{"Link":"http://alpinecanada.org/","external_links_name":"alpinecanada.org"},{"Link":"http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/chrts-gvng/qlfd-dns/qd-lstngs/RCAAA-ACESA-lst-eng.html#reg","external_links_name":"http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/chrts-gvng/qlfd-dns/qd-lstngs/RCAAA-ACESA-lst-eng.html#reg"},{"Link":"http://alpinecanada.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_statistical_leaders | San Diego State Aztecs men's basketball statistical leaders | ["1 Scoring","2 Rebounds","3 Assists","4 Steals","5 Blocks","6 References"] | The San Diego State Aztecs men's basketball statistical leaders are individual statistical leaders of the San Diego State Aztecs men's basketball program in various categories, including points, three-pointers, assists, blocks, rebounds, and steals. Within those areas, the lists identify single-game, single-season, and career leaders. The Aztecs represent San Diego State University in the NCAA's Mountain West Conference.
San Diego State began competing in intercollegiate basketball in 1921. However, the school's record book does not generally list records from before the 1950s, as records from before this period are often incomplete and inconsistent. Since scoring was much lower in this era, and teams played much fewer games during a typical season, it is likely that few or no players from this era would appear on these lists anyway.
The NCAA did not officially record assists as a stat until the 1983–84 season, and blocks and steals until the 1985–86 season, but San Diego State's record books includes players in these stats before these seasons. These lists are updated through the end of the 2021–22 season.
Scoring
Career
Rk
Player
Points
Seasons
1
Brandon Heath
2,189
2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07
2
Michael Cage
1,846
1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84
3
Anthony Watson
1,735
1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86
4
Chase Tapley
1,526
2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13
5
Tony Pinkins
1,475
1954–55 1955–56 1956–57
6
Matt Mitchell
1,471
2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21
7
Trey Kell
1,403
2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18
8
Winston Shepard
1,401
2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16
9
Jeremy Hemsley
1,392
2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19
10
Bob Brady
1,389
1951–52 1952–53 1953–54
Season
Rk
Player
Points
Season
1
Jaedon LeDee
772
2023–24
2
Michael Cage
686
1983–84
3
Brandon Heath
637
2006–07
4
Xavier Thames
633
2013–14
5
Anthony Watson
630
1985–86
6
Brandon Heath
607
2005–06
7
Bob Brady
585
1952–53
8
Malachi Flynn
564
2019–20
9
Jamaal Franklin
560
2012–13
10
Randy Holcomb
558
2001–02
Single Game
Rk
Player
Points
Season
Opponent
1
Anthony Watson
54
1985–86
USIU
2
Kim Goetz
44
1978–79
Utah
3
Kim Goetz
42
1978–79
Colorado State
4
Eddie Morris
41
1979–80
UNLV
5
Michael Cage
40
1983–84
Wyoming
Will Connelly
40
1974–75
Purdue
Von Jacobsen
40
1968–69
Chapman
8
Steve Copp
39
1973–74
Kansas State
9
Kim Goetz
38
1978–79
Brigham Young
10
Brandon Heath
37
2004–05
UNLV
Shawn Jamison
37
1989–90
USIU
Michael Cage
37
1983–84
Texas
Rebounds
Career
Rk
Player
Rebounds
Seasons
1
Michael Cage
1,317
1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84
2
Al Skalecky
1,090
1965–66 1966–67 1967–68
3
Nathan Mensah
899
2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23
4
Marcus Slaughter
775
2003–04 2004–05 2005–06
5
Larry Meek
764
1962–63 1963–64 1964–65
6
Steve Copp
737
1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76
7
Leonard Allen
724
1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85
8
Kawhi Leonard
716
2009–10 2010–11
9
Joel Kramer
711
1973–74 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78
10
Winston Shepard
708
2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16
Season
Rk
Player
Rebounds
Season
1
Al Skalecky
394
1966–67
2
Kawhi Leonard
380
2010–11
3
Al Skalecky
356
1965–66
4
Michael Cage
355
1980–81
5
Michael Cage
354
1982–83
6
Michael Cage
352
1983–84
7
Chris McMurray
350
1971–72
8
Tony Pinkins
346
1955–56
9
Josh Davis
342
2013–14
10
Al Skalecky
340
1967–68
Single Game
Rk
Player
Rebounds
Season
Opponent
1
Michael Cage
26
1980–81
LaSalle
2
Al Skalecky
25
1965–66
CSUN
3
Steve Malovic
23
1978–79
New Mexico
Chris McMurray
23
1971–72
Chapman
5
Al Skalecky
22
1967–68
CSUN
Al Skalecky
22
1965–66
Cal Poly
7
Kawhi Leonard
21
2009–10
UNLV
Michael Cage
21
1983–84
Wyoming
Michael Cage
21
1982–83
Air Force
Larry Jones
21
1971–72
Fresno State
Al Skalecky
21
1967–68
UC Irvine
Assists
Career
Rk
Player
Assists
Seasons
1
Tony Gwynn
590
1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81
2
Richie Williams
479
2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09
3
Chad Nelson
412
1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97
4
Brandon Heath
394
2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07
5
Mark Delsman
376
1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77
6
Anthony Watson
356
1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86
7
Keith Smith
349
1981–82 1982–83
8
D.J. Gay
344
2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11
9
Deandre Moore
339
2000–01 2001–02 2002–03
10
Lamont Butler
338
2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24
Season
Rk
Player
Assists
Season
1
Tony Gwynn
221
1979–80
2
Keith Smith
212
1981–82
3
Dean Decker
176
1977–78
4
Wesley Stokes
175
2003–04
5
Creon Dorsey
171
1984–85
6
Tony Gwynn
164
1980–81
7
Ray Leary
163
1975–76
Malachi Flynn
163
2019–20
9
Tony Gwynn
153
1978–79
10
Richie Williams
151
2006–07
Single Game
Rk
Player
Assists
Season
Opponent
1
Tony Gwynn
18
1979–80
UNLV
Eric Martensen
18
1968–69
Chapman
3
Tony Gwynn
16
1980–81
New Mexico
4
Tony Gwynn
14
1979–80
New Mexico
Dean Decker
14
1976–77
UNLV
6
Creon Dorsey
13
1984–85
Long Beach State
Andre Ross
13
1983–84
Oral Roberts
Keith Smith
13
1981–82
UC Irvine
Keith Smith
13
1981–82
Colorado State
Tony Gwynn
13
1979–80
Hawai’i
Tony Gwynn
13
1978–79
Brigham Young
Howard Avery
13
1978–79
Idaho State
Dean Decker
13
1977–78
UC Irvine
Mark Delsman
13
1976–77
UNLV
Steals
Career
Rk
Player
Steals
Seasons
1
Richie Williams
246
2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09
2
Brandon Heath
217
2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07
3
Anthony Watson
192
1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86
4
Chase Tapley
187
2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13
5
Lamont Butler
183
2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24
6
Chad Nelson
175
1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97
7
Billy White
149
2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11
8
Tony Gwynn
141
1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81
9
Kyle Spain
137
2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09
10
Eddie Morris
131
1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83
Season
Rk
Player
Steals
Season
1
Richie Williams
77
2008–09
2
Anthony Watson
74
1984–85
3
Richie Williams
69
2006–07
4
Matt Watts
65
1998–99
Michael Best
65
1989–90
6
Brandon Heath
64
2006–07
7
Brandon Heath
63
2004–05
Raymond King
63
1995–96
Creon Dorsey
63
1984–85
10
Lorrenzo Wade
62
2006–07
Single Game
Rk
Player
Steals
Season
Opponent
1
Tracy Dildy
9
1985–86
U.S. International
Blocks
Career
Rk
Player
Blocks
Seasons
1
Skylar Spencer
303
2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16
2
Nathan Mensah
236
2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23
3
Leonard Allen
214
1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85
4
Malcolm Thomas
127
2009–10 2010–11
5
Michael Cage
118
1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84
6
Joe McNaull
114
1990–91 1991–92 1992–93
7
Malik Pope
113
2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18
8
Aerick Sanders
105
2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04
9
Billy White
102
2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11
10
Marcelo Correa
100
1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–00 2000–01
Season
Rk
Player
Blocks
Season
1
Skylar Spencer
91
2014–15
2
Skylar Spencer
89
2013–14
3
Leonard Allen
85
1984–85
4
Malcolm Thomas
75
2010–11
5
Skylar Spencer
72
2015–16
6
Nathan Mensah
71
2021–22
7
Nathan Mensah
65
2022–23
8
Valentine Izundu
53
2016–17
9
Malcolm Thomas
52
2009–10
10
Skylar Spencer
51
2012–13
Single Game
Rk
Player
Blocks
Season
Opponent
1
Skylar Spencer
7
2015–16
West Virginia
Marty Dow
7
1990–91
U.S. International
Leonard Allen
7
1981–82
Cal State LA
References
^ a b "San Diego State 2019-20 Men's Basketball Media Guide" (PDF). San Diego State University. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
^ "Matt Mitchell". ESPN.com.
^ "Jaedon LeDee". ESPN.com.
^ a b "Malachi Flynn". ESPN.com.
^ a b c d "Nathan Mensah". ESPN.com.
^ a b "Lamont Butler". ESPN.com.
vteSan Diego State Aztecs men's basketballVenues
Peterson Gym (1961–1997)
San Diego Sports Arena (alternate; 1966–1997)
Viejas Arena (1997–present)
Rivalries
San Diego
Culture & lore
The Show
People
Head coaches
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Statistical leaders
Seasons
List of seasons
1921–22
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2024–25
NAIA national championship in bold; NCAA Final Four appearance in italics
vteMountain West Conference men's basketball statistical leaders
Air Force
Boise State
Colorado State
Fresno State
Nevada
New Mexico
San Diego State
San Jose State
UNLV
Utah State
Wyoming | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Diego_State_Aztecs_logo.svg"},{"link_name":"San Diego State Aztecs men's basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MG-1"},{"link_name":"points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"three-pointers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-point_field_goal"},{"link_name":"assists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"blocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"rebounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"steals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steal_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"San Diego State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_State_University"},{"link_name":"NCAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"Mountain West Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_West_Conference"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MG-1"},{"link_name":"2021–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"}],"text":"The San Diego State Aztecs men's basketball statistical leaders are individual statistical leaders of the San Diego State Aztecs men's basketball program in various categories,[1] including points, three-pointers, assists, blocks, rebounds, and steals. Within those areas, the lists identify single-game, single-season, and career leaders. The Aztecs represent San Diego State University in the NCAA's Mountain West Conference.San Diego State began competing in intercollegiate basketball in 1921.[1] However, the school's record book does not generally list records from before the 1950s, as records from before this period are often incomplete and inconsistent. Since scoring was much lower in this era, and teams played much fewer games during a typical season, it is likely that few or no players from this era would appear on these lists anyway.The NCAA did not officially record assists as a stat until the 1983–84 season, and blocks and steals until the 1985–86 season, but San Diego State's record books includes players in these stats before these seasons. 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Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cage"},{"link_name":"1980–81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1980%E2%80%9381_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1981–82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1981%E2%80%9382_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1982–83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1982%E2%80%9383_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1983–84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1983%E2%80%9384_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anthony Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Watson_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"1982–83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1982%E2%80%9383_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1983–84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1983%E2%80%9384_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1984–85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"1985–86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1985%E2%80%9386_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chase Tapley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Tapley"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2010–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2011–12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"1954–55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1954%E2%80%9355_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1955–56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1955%E2%80%9356_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1956–57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1956%E2%80%9357_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Matt Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Mitchell_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MMESPN-2"},{"link_name":"2017–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2018–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2019–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Trey Kell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trey_Kell"},{"link_name":"2014–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2017–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Winston Shepard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Shepard"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2014–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2017–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2018–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"1951–52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1951%E2%80%9352_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1952–53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1952%E2%80%9353_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1953–54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1953%E2%80%9354_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jaedon LeDee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaedon_LeDee"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2023–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Michael Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cage"},{"link_name":"1983–84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1983%E2%80%9384_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brandon Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Heath_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"2006–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2006%E2%80%9307_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Xavier Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_Thames"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Anthony Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Watson_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"1985–86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1985%E2%80%9386_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brandon Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Heath_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"2005–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"1952–53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1952%E2%80%9353_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Malachi Flynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malachi_Flynn"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MFESPN-4"},{"link_name":"2019–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Jamaal Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaal_Franklin"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Randy Holcomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Holcomb"},{"link_name":"2001–02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Anthony Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Watson_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"1985–86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1985%E2%80%9386_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kim Goetz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Goetz"},{"link_name":"1978–79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1978%E2%80%9379_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kim Goetz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Goetz"},{"link_name":"1978–79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1978%E2%80%9379_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1979–80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1979%E2%80%9380_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michael Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cage"},{"link_name":"1983–84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1983%E2%80%9384_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1974–75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1974%E2%80%9375_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1968–69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1968%E2%80%9369_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1973–74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1973%E2%80%9374_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kim Goetz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Goetz"},{"link_name":"1978–79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1978%E2%80%9379_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brandon Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Heath_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"2004–05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004%E2%80%9305_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shawn Jamison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawn_Jamison"},{"link_name":"1989–90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1989%E2%80%9390_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michael Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cage"},{"link_name":"1983–84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1983%E2%80%9384_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Career\n\n\n\nRk\n\nPlayer\n\nPoints\n\nSeasons\n\n\n\n\n1\nBrandon Heath\n2,189\n2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07\n\n\n2\nMichael Cage\n1,846\n1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84\n\n\n3\nAnthony Watson\n1,735\n1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86\n\n\n4\nChase Tapley\n1,526\n2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13\n\n\n5\nTony Pinkins\n1,475\n1954–55 1955–56 1956–57\n\n\n6\nMatt Mitchell\n1,471[2]\n2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21\n\n\n7\nTrey Kell\n1,403\n2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18\n\n\n8\nWinston Shepard\n1,401\n2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16\n\n\n9\nJeremy Hemsley\n1,392\n2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19\n\n\n10\nBob Brady\n1,389\n1951–52 1952–53 1953–54\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSeason\n\n\n\nRk\n\nPlayer\n\nPoints\n\nSeason\n\n\n\n\n1\nJaedon LeDee\n772[3]\n2023–24\n\n\n2\nMichael Cage\n686\n1983–84\n\n\n3\nBrandon Heath\n637\n2006–07\n\n\n4\nXavier Thames\n633\n2013–14\n\n\n5\nAnthony Watson\n630\n1985–86\n\n\n6\nBrandon Heath\n607\n2005–06\n\n\n7\nBob Brady\n585\n1952–53\n\n\n8\nMalachi Flynn\n564[4]\n2019–20\n\n\n9\nJamaal Franklin\n560\n2012–13\n\n\n10\nRandy Holcomb\n558\n2001–02\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle Game\n\n\n\nRk\n\nPlayer\n\nPoints\n\nSeason\n\nOpponent\n\n\n\n\n1\nAnthony Watson\n54\n1985–86\nUSIU\n\n\n2\nKim Goetz\n44\n1978–79\nUtah\n\n\n3\nKim Goetz\n42\n1978–79\nColorado State\n\n\n4\nEddie Morris\n41\n1979–80\nUNLV\n\n\n5\nMichael Cage\n40\n1983–84\nWyoming\n\n\n\nWill Connelly\n40\n1974–75\nPurdue\n\n\n\nVon Jacobsen\n40\n1968–69\nChapman\n\n\n8\nSteve Copp\n39\n1973–74\nKansas State\n\n\n9\nKim Goetz\n38\n1978–79\nBrigham Young\n\n\n10\nBrandon Heath\n37\n2004–05\nUNLV\n\n\n\nShawn Jamison\n37\n1989–90\nUSIU\n\n\n\nMichael Cage\n37\n1983–84\nTexas","title":"Scoring"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cage"},{"link_name":"1980–81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1980%E2%80%9381_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1981–82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1981%E2%80%9382_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1982–83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1982%E2%80%9383_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1983–84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1983%E2%80%9384_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1965–66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1965%E2%80%9366_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1966–67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1966%E2%80%9367_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1967–68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1967%E2%80%9368_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nathan Mensah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Mensah"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMESPN-5"},{"link_name":"2018–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2019–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2021–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2022–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Marcus Slaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Slaughter"},{"link_name":"2003–04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2003%E2%80%9304_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2004–05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004%E2%80%9305_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2005–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"1962–63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1962%E2%80%9363_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1963–64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1963%E2%80%9364_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1964–65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1964%E2%80%9365_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1972–73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1972%E2%80%9373_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1973–74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1973%E2%80%9374_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1974–75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1974%E2%80%9375_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1975–76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1975%E2%80%9376_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1981–82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1981%E2%80%9382_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1982–83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1982%E2%80%9383_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1983–84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1983%E2%80%9384_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1984–85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Kawhi Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawhi_Leonard"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2010–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Joel Kramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Kramer"},{"link_name":"1973–74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1973%E2%80%9374_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1975–76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1975%E2%80%9376_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1976–77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1976%E2%80%9377_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1977–78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1977%E2%80%9378_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Winston Shepard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Shepard"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2014–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"1966–67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1966%E2%80%9367_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kawhi Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawhi_Leonard"},{"link_name":"2010–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"1965–66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1965%E2%80%9366_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michael Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cage"},{"link_name":"1980–81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1980%E2%80%9381_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michael Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cage"},{"link_name":"1982–83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1982%E2%80%9383_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michael Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cage"},{"link_name":"1983–84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1983%E2%80%9384_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1971–72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1971%E2%80%9372_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1955–56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1955%E2%80%9356_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Josh Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Davis_(basketball,_born_1991)"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"1967–68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1967%E2%80%9368_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michael Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cage"},{"link_name":"1980–81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1980%E2%80%9381_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1965–66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1965%E2%80%9366_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Steve Malovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Malovic"},{"link_name":"1978–79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1978%E2%80%9379_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1971–72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1971%E2%80%9372_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1967–68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1967%E2%80%9368_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1965–66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1965%E2%80%9366_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kawhi Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawhi_Leonard"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Michael Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cage"},{"link_name":"1983–84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1983%E2%80%9384_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michael Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cage"},{"link_name":"1982–83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1982%E2%80%9383_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1971–72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1971%E2%80%9372_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1967–68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1967%E2%80%9368_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Career\n\n\n\nRk\n\nPlayer\n\nRebounds\n\nSeasons\n\n\n\n\n1\nMichael Cage\n1,317\n1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84\n\n\n2\nAl Skalecky\n1,090\n1965–66 1966–67 1967–68\n\n\n3\nNathan Mensah\n899[5]\n2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23\n\n\n4\nMarcus Slaughter\n775\n2003–04 2004–05 2005–06\n\n\n5\nLarry Meek\n764\n1962–63 1963–64 1964–65\n\n\n6\nSteve Copp\n737\n1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76\n\n\n7\nLeonard Allen\n724\n1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85\n\n\n8\nKawhi Leonard\n716\n2009–10 2010–11\n\n\n9\nJoel Kramer\n711\n1973–74 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78\n\n\n10\nWinston Shepard\n708\n2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSeason\n\n\n\nRk\n\nPlayer\n\nRebounds\n\nSeason\n\n\n\n\n1\nAl Skalecky\n394\n1966–67\n\n\n2\nKawhi Leonard\n380\n2010–11\n\n\n3\nAl Skalecky\n356\n1965–66\n\n\n4\nMichael Cage\n355\n1980–81\n\n\n5\nMichael Cage\n354\n1982–83\n\n\n6\nMichael Cage\n352\n1983–84\n\n\n7\nChris McMurray\n350\n1971–72\n\n\n8\nTony Pinkins\n346\n1955–56\n\n\n9\nJosh Davis\n342\n2013–14\n\n\n10\nAl Skalecky\n340\n1967–68\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle Game\n\n\n\nRk\n\nPlayer\n\nRebounds\n\nSeason\n\nOpponent\n\n\n\n\n1\nMichael Cage\n26\n1980–81\nLaSalle\n\n\n2\nAl Skalecky\n25\n1965–66\nCSUN\n\n\n3\nSteve Malovic\n23\n1978–79\nNew Mexico\n\n\n\nChris McMurray\n23\n1971–72\nChapman\n\n\n5\nAl Skalecky\n22\n1967–68\nCSUN\n\n\n\nAl Skalecky\n22\n1965–66\nCal Poly\n\n\n7\nKawhi Leonard\n21\n2009–10\nUNLV\n\n\n\nMichael Cage\n21\n1983–84\nWyoming\n\n\n\nMichael Cage\n21\n1982–83\nAir Force\n\n\n\nLarry Jones\n21\n1971–72\nFresno State\n\n\n\nAl Skalecky\n21\n1967–68\nUC Irvine","title":"Rebounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tony Gwynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Gwynn"},{"link_name":"1977–78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1977%E2%80%9378_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1978–79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1978%E2%80%9379_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1979–80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1979%E2%80%9380_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1980–81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1980%E2%80%9381_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Richie Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Williams_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"2005–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2006–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2006%E2%80%9307_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2007–08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2007%E2%80%9308_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2008–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"1993–94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1993%E2%80%9394_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1994–95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1994%E2%80%9395_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1995–96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1995%E2%80%9396_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1996–97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1996%E2%80%9397_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brandon Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Heath_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"2003–04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2003%E2%80%9304_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2004–05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004%E2%80%9305_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2005–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2006–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2006%E2%80%9307_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1973–74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1973%E2%80%9374_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1974–75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1974%E2%80%9375_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1975–76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1975%E2%80%9376_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1976–77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1976%E2%80%9377_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anthony Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Watson_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"1982–83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1982%E2%80%9383_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1983–84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1983%E2%80%9384_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1984–85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"1985–86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1985%E2%80%9386_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1981–82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1981%E2%80%9382_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1982–83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1982%E2%80%9383_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D.J. Gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.J._Gay"},{"link_name":"2007–08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2007%E2%80%9308_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2008–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2010–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2000–01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2000%E2%80%9301_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2001–02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2002–03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2002%E2%80%9303_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lamont Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamont_Butler"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LBESPN-6"},{"link_name":"2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2021–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2022–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2023–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Tony Gwynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Gwynn"},{"link_name":"1979–80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1979%E2%80%9380_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1981–82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1981%E2%80%9382_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1977–78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1977%E2%80%9378_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2003–04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2003%E2%80%9304_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1984–85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Tony Gwynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Gwynn"},{"link_name":"1980–81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1980%E2%80%9381_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1975–76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1975%E2%80%9376_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Malachi Flynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malachi_Flynn"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MFESPN-4"},{"link_name":"2019–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Tony Gwynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Gwynn"},{"link_name":"1978–79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1978%E2%80%9379_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Richie Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Williams_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"2006–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2006%E2%80%9307_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tony Gwynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Gwynn"},{"link_name":"1979–80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1979%E2%80%9380_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1968–69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1968%E2%80%9369_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tony Gwynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Gwynn"},{"link_name":"1980–81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1980%E2%80%9381_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tony Gwynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Gwynn"},{"link_name":"1979–80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1979%E2%80%9380_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1976–77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1976%E2%80%9377_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1984–85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"1983–84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1983%E2%80%9384_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1981–82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1981%E2%80%9382_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1981–82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1981%E2%80%9382_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tony Gwynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Gwynn"},{"link_name":"1979–80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1979%E2%80%9380_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tony Gwynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Gwynn"},{"link_name":"1978–79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1978%E2%80%9379_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1978–79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1978%E2%80%9379_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1977–78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1977%E2%80%9378_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1976–77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1976%E2%80%9377_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Career\n\n\n\nRk\n\nPlayer\n\nAssists\n\nSeasons\n\n\n\n\n1\nTony Gwynn\n590\n1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81\n\n\n2\nRichie Williams\n479\n2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09\n\n\n3\nChad Nelson\n412\n1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97\n\n\n4\nBrandon Heath\n394\n2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07\n\n\n5\nMark Delsman\n376\n1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77\n\n\n6\nAnthony Watson\n356\n1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86\n\n\n7\nKeith Smith\n349\n1981–82 1982–83\n\n\n8\nD.J. Gay\n344\n2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11\n\n\n9\nDeandre Moore\n339\n2000–01 2001–02 2002–03\n\n\n10\nLamont Butler\n338[6]\n2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSeason\n\n\n\nRk\n\nPlayer\n\nAssists\n\nSeason\n\n\n\n\n1\nTony Gwynn\n221\n1979–80\n\n\n2\nKeith Smith\n212\n1981–82\n\n\n3\nDean Decker\n176\n1977–78\n\n\n4\nWesley Stokes\n175\n2003–04\n\n\n5\nCreon Dorsey\n171\n1984–85\n\n\n6\nTony Gwynn\n164\n1980–81\n\n\n7\nRay Leary\n163\n1975–76\n\n\n\nMalachi Flynn\n163[4]\n2019–20\n\n\n9\nTony Gwynn\n153\n1978–79\n\n\n10\nRichie Williams\n151\n2006–07\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle Game\n\n\n\nRk\n\nPlayer\n\nAssists\n\nSeason\n\nOpponent\n\n\n\n\n1\nTony Gwynn\n18\n1979–80\nUNLV\n\n\n\nEric Martensen\n18\n1968–69\nChapman\n\n\n3\nTony Gwynn\n16\n1980–81\nNew Mexico\n\n\n4\nTony Gwynn\n14\n1979–80\nNew Mexico\n\n\n\nDean Decker\n14\n1976–77\nUNLV\n\n\n6\nCreon Dorsey\n13\n1984–85\nLong Beach State\n\n\n\nAndre Ross\n13\n1983–84\nOral Roberts\n\n\n\nKeith Smith\n13\n1981–82\nUC Irvine\n\n\n\nKeith Smith\n13\n1981–82\nColorado State\n\n\n\nTony Gwynn\n13\n1979–80\nHawai’i\n\n\n\nTony Gwynn\n13\n1978–79\nBrigham Young\n\n\n\nHoward Avery\n13\n1978–79\nIdaho State\n\n\n\nDean Decker\n13\n1977–78\nUC Irvine\n\n\n\nMark Delsman\n13\n1976–77\nUNLV","title":"Assists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richie Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Williams_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"2005–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2006–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2006%E2%80%9307_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2007–08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2007%E2%80%9308_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2008–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Brandon Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Heath_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"2003–04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2003%E2%80%9304_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2004–05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004%E2%80%9305_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2005–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2006–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2006%E2%80%9307_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anthony Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Watson_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"1982–83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1982%E2%80%9383_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1983–84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1983%E2%80%9384_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1984–85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"1985–86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1985%E2%80%9386_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chase Tapley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Tapley"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2010–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2011–12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Lamont Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamont_Butler"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LBESPN-6"},{"link_name":"2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2021–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2022–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2023–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"1993–94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1993%E2%80%9394_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1994–95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1994%E2%80%9395_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1995–96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1995%E2%80%9396_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1996–97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1996%E2%80%9397_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Billy White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_White_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"2007–08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2007%E2%80%9308_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2008–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2010–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Tony Gwynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Gwynn"},{"link_name":"1977–78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1977%E2%80%9378_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1978–79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1978%E2%80%9379_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1979–80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1979%E2%80%9380_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1980–81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1980%E2%80%9381_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2005–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2006–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2006%E2%80%9307_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2007–08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2007%E2%80%9308_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2008–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"1979–80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1979%E2%80%9380_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1980–81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1980%E2%80%9381_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1981–82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1981%E2%80%9382_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1982–83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1982%E2%80%9383_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Richie Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Williams_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"2008–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Anthony Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Watson_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"1984–85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Richie Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Williams_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"2006–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2006%E2%80%9307_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1998–99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1998%E2%80%9399_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1989–90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1989%E2%80%9390_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brandon Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Heath_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"2006–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2006%E2%80%9307_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brandon Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Heath_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"2004–05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004%E2%80%9305_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1995–96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1995%E2%80%9396_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1984–85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Lorrenzo Wade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorrenzo_Wade"},{"link_name":"2006–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2006%E2%80%9307_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tracy Dildy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Dildy"},{"link_name":"1985–86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1985%E2%80%9386_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Career\n\n\n\nRk\n\nPlayer\n\nSteals\n\nSeasons\n\n\n\n\n1\nRichie Williams\n246\n2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09\n\n\n2\nBrandon Heath\n217\n2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07\n\n\n3\nAnthony Watson\n192\n1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86\n\n\n4\nChase Tapley\n187\n2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13\n\n\n5\nLamont Butler\n183[6]\n2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24\n\n\n6\nChad Nelson\n175\n1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97\n\n\n7\nBilly White\n149\n2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11\n\n\n8\nTony Gwynn\n141\n1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81\n\n\n9\nKyle Spain\n137\n2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09\n\n\n10\nEddie Morris\n131\n1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSeason\n\n\n\nRk\n\nPlayer\n\nSteals\n\nSeason\n\n\n\n\n1\nRichie Williams\n77\n2008–09\n\n\n2\nAnthony Watson\n74\n1984–85\n\n\n3\nRichie Williams\n69\n2006–07\n\n\n4\nMatt Watts\n65\n1998–99\n\n\n\nMichael Best\n65\n1989–90\n\n\n6\nBrandon Heath\n64\n2006–07\n\n\n7\nBrandon Heath\n63\n2004–05\n\n\n\nRaymond King\n63\n1995–96\n\n\n\nCreon Dorsey\n63\n1984–85\n\n\n10\nLorrenzo Wade\n62\n2006–07\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle Game\n\n\n\nRk\n\nPlayer\n\nSteals\n\nSeason\n\nOpponent\n\n\n\n\n1\nTracy Dildy\n9\n1985–86\nU.S. International","title":"Steals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2014–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Nathan Mensah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Mensah"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMESPN-5"},{"link_name":"2018–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2019–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2021–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2022–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"1981–82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1981%E2%80%9382_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1982–83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1982%E2%80%9383_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1983–84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1983%E2%80%9384_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1984–85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Thomas_(basketball,_born_1988)"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2010–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Michael Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cage"},{"link_name":"1980–81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1980%E2%80%9381_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1981–82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1981%E2%80%9382_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1982–83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1982%E2%80%9383_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1983–84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1983%E2%80%9384_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Joe McNaull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_McNaull"},{"link_name":"1990–91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1990%E2%80%9391_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1991–92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1991%E2%80%9392_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1992–93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1992%E2%80%9393_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Malik Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Pope"},{"link_name":"2014–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2017–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Aerick Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerick_Sanders"},{"link_name":"2000–01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2000%E2%80%9301_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2001–02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2002–03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2002%E2%80%9303_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2003–04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2003%E2%80%9304_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Billy White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_White_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"2007–08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2007%E2%80%9308_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2008–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2010–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"1996–97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1996%E2%80%9397_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1997–98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1997%E2%80%9398_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1998–99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1998%E2%80%9399_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1999–00","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1999%E2%80%932000_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2000–01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2000%E2%80%9301_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2014–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"1984–85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Thomas_(basketball,_born_1988)"},{"link_name":"2010–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Nathan Mensah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Mensah"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMESPN-5"},{"link_name":"2021–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Nathan Mensah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Mensah"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMESPN-5"},{"link_name":"2022–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Thomas_(basketball,_born_1988)"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"1990–91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1990%E2%80%9391_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1981–82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1981%E2%80%9382_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Career\n\n\n\nRk\n\nPlayer\n\nBlocks\n\nSeasons\n\n\n\n\n1\nSkylar Spencer\n303\n2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16\n\n\n2\nNathan Mensah\n236[5]\n2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23\n\n\n3\nLeonard Allen\n214\n1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85\n\n\n4\nMalcolm Thomas\n127\n2009–10 2010–11\n\n\n5\nMichael Cage\n118\n1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84\n\n\n6\nJoe McNaull\n114\n1990–91 1991–92 1992–93\n\n\n7\nMalik Pope\n113\n2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18\n\n\n8\nAerick Sanders\n105\n2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04\n\n\n9\nBilly White\n102\n2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11\n\n\n10\nMarcelo Correa\n100\n1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–00 2000–01\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSeason\n\n\n\nRk\n\nPlayer\n\nBlocks\n\nSeason\n\n\n\n\n1\nSkylar Spencer\n91\n2014–15\n\n\n2\nSkylar Spencer\n89\n2013–14\n\n\n3\nLeonard Allen\n85\n1984–85\n\n\n4\nMalcolm Thomas\n75\n2010–11\n\n\n5\nSkylar Spencer\n72\n2015–16\n\n\n6\nNathan Mensah\n71[5]\n2021–22\n\n\n7\nNathan Mensah\n65[5]\n2022–23\n\n\n8\nValentine Izundu\n53\n2016–17\n\n\n9\nMalcolm Thomas\n52\n2009–10\n\n\n10\nSkylar Spencer\n51\n2012–13\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle Game\n\n\n\nRk\n\nPlayer\n\nBlocks\n\nSeason\n\nOpponent\n\n\n\n\n1\nSkylar Spencer\n7\n2015–16\nWest Virginia\n\n\n\nMarty Dow\n7\n1990–91\nU.S. International\n\n\n\nLeonard Allen\n7\n1981–82\nCal State LA","title":"Blocks"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/San_Diego_State_Aztecs_logo.svg/250px-San_Diego_State_Aztecs_logo.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"San Diego State 2019-20 Men's Basketball Media Guide\" (PDF). San Diego State University. Retrieved May 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://goaztecs.com/documents/2019/12/16/MBB_MG_2019_20_web.pdf","url_text":"\"San Diego State 2019-20 Men's Basketball Media Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matt Mitchell\". ESPN.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/player/stats/_/id/4278706/matt-mitchell","url_text":"\"Matt Mitchell\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jaedon LeDee\". ESPN.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/player/stats/_/id/4397237/jaedon-ledee","url_text":"\"Jaedon LeDee\""}]},{"reference":"\"Malachi Flynn\". ESPN.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/player/stats/_/id/4066668/malachi-flynn","url_text":"\"Malachi Flynn\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nathan Mensah\". ESPN.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/player/stats/_/id/4397371/nathan-mensah","url_text":"\"Nathan Mensah\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lamont Butler\". ESPN.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/player/stats/_/id/4433183/lamont-butler","url_text":"\"Lamont Butler\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://goaztecs.com/documents/2019/12/16/MBB_MG_2019_20_web.pdf","external_links_name":"\"San Diego State 2019-20 Men's Basketball Media Guide\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/player/stats/_/id/4278706/matt-mitchell","external_links_name":"\"Matt Mitchell\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/player/stats/_/id/4397237/jaedon-ledee","external_links_name":"\"Jaedon LeDee\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/player/stats/_/id/4066668/malachi-flynn","external_links_name":"\"Malachi Flynn\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/player/stats/_/id/4397371/nathan-mensah","external_links_name":"\"Nathan Mensah\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/player/stats/_/id/4433183/lamont-butler","external_links_name":"\"Lamont Butler\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masculine_of_center | Masculine of center | ["1 Origin","2 Definitions and usage","3 Sources","4 External links"] | Gender expression & identity terminolgy
The term masculine of center refers one's position on a gender spectrum. MoC people would roughly fall into the upper left quadrant in this graph.
Masculine of center (abbreviated as MoC) is a broad gender expression term used to describe a person who identifies or presents as being more masculine than feminine. It is most frequently used by lesbian, queer or non-binary individuals – generally (but not exclusively) those assigned female at birth. The term was coined by B. Cole as an umbrella term to encompass several labels used by lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people of color while describing their more-masculine gender identity. Masculine of center is most often used in communities of color, and has implicit sociocultural connotations to both gender equality and racial justice.
Origin
B. Cole, while founding the Brown Bois Project, coined the term masculine of center.
The coinage of the term masculine of center is attributed to B. Cole, a race and gender equality activist from Oakland, California, and the founder of the Brown Bois Project. Cole had identified several similar terms which masculine-leaning queer people of color were using to express their gender experience (e.g. "butch", "dom", "stud", "two-spirit", "macha", etc.) Each of these terms had a specific cultural or ethnic connotation (i.e. "stud" referring specifically to a black or Latinx butch lesbian), and there lacked a term which encompassed all similar masculine labels used by communities of color. In 2010, Cole conceived the term masculine of center to "include all gender-nonconforming masculine people of color." The emergence of this umbrella phrase had coincided with the inception of the Brown Bois Project, an activism nonprofit which works in communities to improve the lives of LGBT people of color, and reshape social perceptions of race and gender. The project's membership (volunteers and staff) has predominantly consisted of masculine of center people, and the term has been innately associated with Brown Bois.
Definitions and usage
A Gender Expression spectrum. Masc of center would mean roughly just a little bit to the rightside of the center bar.
Although the original definition had had only included persons of color, "masculine of center" has evolved in becoming more inclusive, while retaining a more implicit socioethnic connotation. This evolving definition has been recognized by B. Cole, and the Brown Bois Project. As a result, sources vary in their inclusiveness or exclusiveness with some more restrictive in only including women or femme bodies, and others more inclusive anyone who identifies as masculine, including cisgender men. BUTCHVoices, a grassroots activism organization dedicated to masculine of center people, defines MoC as "a term ... that recognizes the breadth and depth of identity for lesbian/queer/ womyn who tilt toward the masculine side of the gender scale and includes a wide range of identities such as butch, stud, aggressive/AG, dom, macha, tomboi, trans-masculine etc." The umbrella of MoC purposefully encompasses several identities, and traverses all biological sexes and sexual orientations.
Although most definitions no longer include racial or ethnic criteria, the term is most frequently used in communities of color, specifically by queer women. Because of the history surrounding the origin of the term, it is still regarded as a racialized, albeit implied and contextual. In contrast, the terms Machismo, or simply "masculine", are, in general, contextually neutral labels with respect to race, class or ethnicity. The use of masculine of center insinuates a conscientiousness of the role of race and class with respect to the role of gender in society.
Sources
^ Davis, Chloe O (2021). "The Blackness of Queer Vernacular". The Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide. 28 (5): 14+ – via Gale.
^ Manders, Kerry (April 13, 2020). "The Renegades: The Butches and Studs Who've Defied the Male Gaze and Redefined Culture Times". New York Times. Archived from the original on March 30, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2023.
^ Bailey, Van (May 1, 2014). "Brown Bois". TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly. 1 (1–2): 45–47. doi:10.1215/23289252-2399560.
^ a b "About Us". The Brown Boi Project. Retrieved 2023-04-14.
^ "FAQs » BUTCH Voices". 13 June 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2023.
^ "The Brown Boi Project". The Brown Boi Project. Retrieved April 14, 2023.
^ "LGBTQIA+ Terminology" (PDF). University of Massachusetts Amherst Stonewall Center. Archived from the original on April 11, 2023. Retrieved April 18, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "FAQs » BUTCH Voices". 13 June 2011. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
^ "Terminology". Swarthmore College. 2017-02-03. Archived from the original on 2023-04-18. Retrieved 2023-04-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ Messer, Rachel Leigh (May 2015). "BUTCH RESILIENCE: DISIDENTIFICATIONS AT THE 2011 BUTCH VOICES CONFERENCE". Index of Masters Theses, San Francisco State University.
^ Rand, Erin J. (2017-10-01). "The Right to Be Handsome: The Queer Sartorial Objects of "Masculine of Center" Fashion". QED: A Journal in GLBTQ Worldmaking. 4 (3): 12–40. doi:10.14321/qed.4.3.0012. ISSN 2327-1574. S2CID 158369546.
^ "Addressing Toxic Masculinity in All Masculine of Center Folks". Learning for Justice. 2020-10-04. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
External links
https://www.brownboiproject.org/
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Index | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gender_identity_spectrum.png"},{"link_name":"gender expression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_expression"},{"link_name":"masculine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masculine"},{"link_name":"feminine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femininity"},{"link_name":"lesbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian"},{"link_name":"queer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queer"},{"link_name":"non-binary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-binary_gender"},{"link_name":"assigned female at birth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assigned_female_at_birth"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"racial justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-racism"}],"text":"The term masculine of center refers one's position on a gender spectrum. MoC people would roughly fall into the upper left quadrant in this graph.Masculine of center (abbreviated as MoC) is a broad gender expression term used to describe a person who identifies or presents as being more masculine than feminine. It is most frequently used by lesbian, queer or non-binary individuals – generally (but not exclusively) those assigned female at birth. The term was coined by B. Cole as an umbrella term to encompass several labels used by lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people of color while describing their more-masculine gender identity. Masculine of center is most often used in communities of color, and has implicit sociocultural connotations to both gender equality and racial justice.","title":"Masculine of center"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BrownBoiProjectLogo.png"},{"link_name":"Oakland, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"masculine-leaning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butch_and_femme"},{"link_name":"butch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butch_(lesbian_slang)"},{"link_name":"two-spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-spirit"},{"link_name":"Latinx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinx"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"gender-nonconforming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_variance"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"nonprofit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit_organization"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"B. Cole, while founding the Brown Bois Project, coined the term masculine of center.The coinage of the term masculine of center is attributed to B. Cole, a race and gender equality activist from Oakland, California, and the founder of the Brown Bois Project.[1] Cole had identified several similar terms which masculine-leaning queer people of color were using to express their gender experience (e.g. \"butch\", \"dom\", \"stud\", \"two-spirit\", \"macha\", etc.) Each of these terms had a specific cultural or ethnic connotation (i.e. \"stud\" referring specifically to a black or Latinx butch lesbian[2]), and there lacked a term which encompassed all similar masculine labels used by communities of color. In 2010, Cole conceived the term masculine of center to \"include all gender-nonconforming masculine people of color.\"[3] The emergence of this umbrella phrase had coincided with the inception of the Brown Bois Project, an activism nonprofit which works in communities to improve the lives of LGBT people of color, and reshape social perceptions of race and gender.[4] The project's membership (volunteers and staff) has predominantly consisted of masculine of center people, and the term has been innately associated with Brown Bois.[5][6]","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Final_Gen_Expression_Spectrum_Updated_Finalist.png"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"femme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femme"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"cisgender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisgender"},{"link_name":"grassroots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"biological sexes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_sexes"},{"link_name":"sexual orientations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Machismo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machismo"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"A Gender Expression spectrum. Masc of center would mean roughly just a little bit to the rightside of the center bar.Although the original definition had had only included persons of color, \"masculine of center\" has evolved in becoming more inclusive, while retaining a more implicit socioethnic connotation. This evolving definition has been recognized by B. Cole, and the Brown Bois Project.[4] As a result, sources vary in their inclusiveness or exclusiveness with some more restrictive in only including women or femme bodies,[7] and others more inclusive anyone who identifies as masculine, including cisgender men. BUTCHVoices, a grassroots activism organization dedicated to masculine of center people, defines MoC as \"a term ... that recognizes the breadth and depth of identity for lesbian/queer/ womyn who tilt toward the masculine side of the gender scale and includes a wide range of identities such as butch, stud, aggressive/AG, dom, macha, tomboi, trans-masculine etc.\"[8] The umbrella of MoC purposefully encompasses several identities, and traverses all biological sexes and sexual orientations.Although most definitions no longer include racial or ethnic criteria, the term is most frequently used in communities of color, specifically by queer women.[9] Because of the history surrounding the origin of the term, it is still regarded as a racialized,[10] albeit implied and contextual. In contrast, the terms Machismo, or simply \"masculine\", are, in general, contextually neutral labels with respect to race, class or ethnicity. The use of masculine of center insinuates a conscientiousness of the role of race and class with respect to the role of gender in society.[11][12]","title":"Definitions and usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"The Blackness of Queer Vernacular\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//link.gale.com/apps/doc/A674513445/AONE?u=mlin_oweb&sid=googleScholar&xid=8eacb6a4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"The Renegades: The Butches and Studs Who've Defied the Male Gaze and Redefined Culture Times\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230330161654/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/04/13/t-magazine/butch-stud-lesbian.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/04/13/t-magazine/butch-stud-lesbian.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Brown Bois\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1215%2F23289252-2399560"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1215/23289252-2399560","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1215%2F23289252-2399560"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_4-1"},{"link_name":"\"About Us\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.brownboiproject.org/about-us.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"FAQs » BUTCH Voices\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.butchvoices.com/faqs/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"The Brown Boi Project\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.brownboiproject.org/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"LGBTQIA+ Terminology\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230411185029/https://www.umass.edu/stonewall/sites/default/files/documents/allyship_term_handout.pdf"},{"link_name":"cite web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"FAQs » BUTCH Voices\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.butchvoices.com/faqs/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Terminology\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20230418112323/https://www.swarthmore.edu/lgbtq/terminology"},{"link_name":"cite web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"BUTCH RESILIENCE: DISIDENTIFICATIONS AT THE 2011 BUTCH VOICES CONFERENCE\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//core.ac.uk/reader/48502360"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"The Right to Be Handsome: The Queer Sartorial Objects of \"Masculine of Center\" Fashion\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//scholarlypublishingcollective.org/msup/qed/article/4/3/12/175418/The-Right-to-Be-Handsome-The-Queer-Sartorial"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.14321/qed.4.3.0012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.14321%2Fqed.4.3.0012"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2327-1574","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/2327-1574"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"158369546","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158369546"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Addressing Toxic Masculinity in All Masculine of Center Folks\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.learningforjustice.org/learning-plan/addressing-toxic-masculinity-in-all-masculine-of-center-folks"}],"text":"^ Davis, Chloe O (2021). \"The Blackness of Queer Vernacular\". The Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide. 28 (5): 14+ – via Gale.\n\n^ Manders, Kerry (April 13, 2020). \"The Renegades: The Butches and Studs Who've Defied the Male Gaze and Redefined Culture Times\". New York Times. Archived from the original on March 30, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2023.\n\n^ Bailey, Van (May 1, 2014). \"Brown Bois\". TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly. 1 (1–2): 45–47. doi:10.1215/23289252-2399560.\n\n^ a b \"About Us\". The Brown Boi Project. Retrieved 2023-04-14.\n\n^ \"FAQs » BUTCH Voices\". 13 June 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2023.\n\n^ \"The Brown Boi Project\". The Brown Boi Project. Retrieved April 14, 2023.\n\n^ \"LGBTQIA+ Terminology\" (PDF). University of Massachusetts Amherst Stonewall Center. Archived from the original on April 11, 2023. Retrieved April 18, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)\n\n^ \"FAQs » BUTCH Voices\". 13 June 2011. Retrieved 2023-04-18.\n\n^ \"Terminology\". Swarthmore College. 2017-02-03. Archived from the original on 2023-04-18. Retrieved 2023-04-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)\n\n^ Messer, Rachel Leigh (May 2015). \"BUTCH RESILIENCE: DISIDENTIFICATIONS AT THE 2011 BUTCH VOICES CONFERENCE\". Index of Masters Theses, San Francisco State University.\n\n^ Rand, Erin J. (2017-10-01). \"The Right to Be Handsome: The Queer Sartorial Objects of \"Masculine of Center\" Fashion\". QED: A Journal in GLBTQ Worldmaking. 4 (3): 12–40. doi:10.14321/qed.4.3.0012. ISSN 2327-1574. S2CID 158369546.\n\n^ \"Addressing Toxic Masculinity in All Masculine of Center Folks\". Learning for Justice. 2020-10-04. Retrieved 2023-04-18.","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"The term masculine of center refers one's position on a gender spectrum. MoC people would roughly fall into the upper left quadrant in this graph.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Gender_identity_spectrum.png/250px-Gender_identity_spectrum.png"},{"image_text":"B. Cole, while founding the Brown Bois Project, coined the term masculine of center.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/BrownBoiProjectLogo.png/170px-BrownBoiProjectLogo.png"},{"image_text":"A Gender Expression spectrum. Masc of center would mean roughly just a little bit to the rightside of the center bar.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Final_Gen_Expression_Spectrum_Updated_Finalist.png/220px-Final_Gen_Expression_Spectrum_Updated_Finalist.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Davis, Chloe O (2021). \"The Blackness of Queer Vernacular\". The Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide. 28 (5): 14+ – via Gale.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A674513445/AONE?u=mlin_oweb&sid=googleScholar&xid=8eacb6a4","url_text":"\"The Blackness of Queer Vernacular\""}]},{"reference":"Manders, Kerry (April 13, 2020). \"The Renegades: The Butches and Studs Who've Defied the Male Gaze and Redefined Culture Times\". New York Times. Archived from the original on March 30, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230330161654/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/04/13/t-magazine/butch-stud-lesbian.html","url_text":"\"The Renegades: The Butches and Studs Who've Defied the Male Gaze and Redefined Culture Times\""},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/04/13/t-magazine/butch-stud-lesbian.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bailey, Van (May 1, 2014). \"Brown Bois\". TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly. 1 (1–2): 45–47. doi:10.1215/23289252-2399560.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1215%2F23289252-2399560","url_text":"\"Brown Bois\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1215%2F23289252-2399560","url_text":"10.1215/23289252-2399560"}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". The Brown Boi Project. Retrieved 2023-04-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brownboiproject.org/about-us.html","url_text":"\"About Us\""}]},{"reference":"\"FAQs » BUTCH Voices\". 13 June 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.butchvoices.com/faqs/","url_text":"\"FAQs » BUTCH Voices\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Brown Boi Project\". The Brown Boi Project. Retrieved April 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brownboiproject.org/","url_text":"\"The Brown Boi Project\""}]},{"reference":"\"LGBTQIA+ Terminology\" (PDF). University of Massachusetts Amherst Stonewall Center. Archived from the original on April 11, 2023. Retrieved April 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230411185029/https://www.umass.edu/stonewall/sites/default/files/documents/allyship_term_handout.pdf","url_text":"\"LGBTQIA+ Terminology\""}]},{"reference":"\"FAQs » BUTCH Voices\". 13 June 2011. Retrieved 2023-04-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.butchvoices.com/faqs/","url_text":"\"FAQs » BUTCH Voices\""}]},{"reference":"\"Terminology\". Swarthmore College. 2017-02-03. Archived from the original on 2023-04-18. Retrieved 2023-04-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20230418112323/https://www.swarthmore.edu/lgbtq/terminology","url_text":"\"Terminology\""}]},{"reference":"Messer, Rachel Leigh (May 2015). \"BUTCH RESILIENCE: DISIDENTIFICATIONS AT THE 2011 BUTCH VOICES CONFERENCE\". Index of Masters Theses, San Francisco State University.","urls":[{"url":"https://core.ac.uk/reader/48502360","url_text":"\"BUTCH RESILIENCE: DISIDENTIFICATIONS AT THE 2011 BUTCH VOICES CONFERENCE\""}]},{"reference":"Rand, Erin J. (2017-10-01). \"The Right to Be Handsome: The Queer Sartorial Objects of \"Masculine of Center\" Fashion\". QED: A Journal in GLBTQ Worldmaking. 4 (3): 12–40. doi:10.14321/qed.4.3.0012. ISSN 2327-1574. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyemark_Entertainment | Westinghouse Broadcasting | ["1 History","1.1 Radio origins","1.2 Expansion into television","1.3 The 1956 trade with NBC","1.4 Later years in television","1.5 Merger with CBS","1.6 Epilogue and legacy","2 Former Westinghouse-owned stations","2.1 Television stations","2.2 Radio stations","3 Syndicated programs","3.1 Late night talk/variety shows","3.2 Daytime shows","3.3 Made-for-TV movies","3.4 Children's/animated series","3.5 First-run syndicated shows","3.6 End of Group W Productions","4 Cable networks","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"] | Former broadcast company, merged with CBS
Westinghouse Broadcasting CompanyTrade nameGroup WCompany typeDivisionIndustryRadio and television broadcastingFoundedNovember 2, 1920; 103 years ago (1920-11-02), in East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S. (with the establishment of KDKA)Defunct2000; 24 years ago (2000) (as an independent company)1999; 25 years ago (1999) (as a licensee of Infinity)FateMerged into CBS, remained as a licensee until 1999SuccessorCBS News and StationsAudacy, Inc.CBS Media VenturesHeadquartersNew York, New York, United StatesArea servedUnited StatesParentWestinghouse Electric
The Westinghouse Broadcasting Company, also known as Group W, was the broadcasting division of Westinghouse Electric Corporation. It owned several radio and television stations across the United States and distributed television shows for syndication.
Westinghouse Broadcasting was formed in the 1920s as Westinghouse Radio Stations, Inc. After expanding into television, it was renamed Westinghouse Broadcasting Company in 1954, and adopted the Group W moniker on May 20, 1963. It was a self-contained entity within the Westinghouse corporate structure; while the parent company was headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Westinghouse Broadcasting maintained headquarters in New York City. It kept national sales offices in Chicago and Los Angeles.
Group W stations are best known for using a distinctive corporate typeface, introduced in 1963, for their logos and on-air imaging. Similarly styled typefaces had been used on some non-Group W stations as well and several former Group W stations still use it today. The Group W corporate typeface has been digitized and released freely by John Sizemore; Ray Larabie's font "Anklepants," in the public domain since 2024, borrows heavily from the typeface and is occasionally used as a substitute. The font is also used in the video game Damnation.
Westinghouse Broadcasting was also well known for two long-running television programs, the Mike Douglas Show and PM Magazine (called Evening Magazine in Group W's core broadcast markets).
History
Radio origins
The Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company entered broadcasting with the November 2, 1920, sign-on of KDKA radio in Pittsburgh. The oldest surviving licensed commercial radio station in the United States, KDKA was an outgrowth of experimental station 8XK, a 75-watt station that was located in the Pittsburgh suburb of Wilkinsburg, and founded in 1916 by Westinghouse assistant chief engineer Frank Conrad.
Westinghouse launched three more radio stations between 1920 and 1921: WJZ, originally licensed to Newark, New Jersey; WBZ, first located in Springfield, Massachusetts; and KYW, originally based in Chicago. WBZA in Boston, a station which shared WBZ's frequency and simulcasted WBZ's programming, signed on in November 1924.
Westinghouse was one of the founding owners of the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) in 1919, and in 1926 RCA established the National Broadcasting Company (NBC), a group of 24 radio stations that made up the first radio network in the United States. Westinghouse initially owned a 20 percent stake in NBC, and as a result, all of Westinghouse's stations became affiliates of NBC's Blue Network when it was launched on January 1, 1927. Most of the Blue Network's programming originated at WJZ, which in 1923 had its license moved to New York City, and its ownership transferred to RCA.
In 1931, Westinghouse switched the call letters of its two Massachusetts stations, with WBZA moving to Springfield and WBZ going to Boston. The two stations had suffered from interference problems, though the Boston facility was the more powerful of the two. In 1934, KYW was moved from Chicago to Philadelphia following a Federal Communications Commission-dictated frequency realignment. Westinghouse's next station was its first purchase: WOWO in Fort Wayne, Indiana, joined the group in August 1936.
The North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement of 1941 saw all of Westinghouse's original stations move to their current frequencies. With WOWO's power increase to 50,000 watts later that year, the Westinghouse stations were now also clear-channel stations. A decade later, the FCC forbade common ownership of two or more clear channel stations with overlapping nighttime coverage, though the commission allowed Westinghouse to keep WBZ, KYW, KDKA, and WOWO together under a grandfather clause. Among them, the four stations' nighttime signals blanketed almost all of the eastern half of North America. Despite the assignments which resulted from NARBA, WBZA became a 1,000-watt daytime-only operation as it continued to share a frequency with WBZ.
The Westinghouse group survived the government-dictated split of NBC's radio division in 1943. WBZ/WBZA, KDKA, and KYW became affiliates of NBC's Red Network while WOWO, which had a secondary affiliation with the Blue Network, fell back on its primary relationship with CBS. Westinghouse expanded to the West Coast in 1944 with its purchase of 5,000-watt KEX in Portland, Oregon, a station which also shared a frequency with WOWO. Westinghouse would increase KEX's power to 50,000 watts in 1948.
Later in the 1940s, Westinghouse moved on to develop FM and television stations as the FCC began to issue permits for those services. Westinghouse built FM sister stations for WBZ/WBZA, KDKA, KYW, KEX, and WOWO, all of which were on the air by the end of the decade. FM radio was, initially, an unsuccessful venture for Westinghouse, and the company would silence most of its FM stations during the 1950s. Of the early Westinghouse FMs, only the original KDKA-FM (now WLTJ) and the second WBZ-FM facility (now WMJX) proved to be worth keeping, and Westinghouse sold those outlets in the early 1980s.
Moving back to AM radio, Westinghouse returned to Chicago with its 1956 purchase of WIND. In 1962, Westinghouse re-entered the New York market when it bought WINS, then a local Top-40 powerhouse, from J. Elroy McCaw. Having reached the FCC's then-limit of seven AM stations, Westinghouse sold KEX to actor and singer Gene Autry, and later decided to shut down WBZA and return its license to the FCC. In 1966, Westinghouse agreed to buy another top-rated music station, KFWB in Los Angeles.
On April 19, 1965, WINS dropped music and instituted a 24-hour, all-news format. KYW went all-news six months later on September 12, three months after Westinghouse regained control of the station (see The 1956 Trade with NBC, below). KFWB would adopt the format on March 11, 1968. The three stations all prospered with their new formats, usually ranking among the five highest-rated stations in their markets. During the 1970s and 1980s, WIND also tinkered with a part-time news format, though it had little success against the dominant all-news station in Chicago, CBS-owned WBBM.
In the 1970s, Westinghouse Radio also developed a prodigious reputation for its innovation in analytical techniques and tools for radio sales and buying. Using sophisticated mathematical modeling, the group promoted its "New Math Calculator" which became extremely popular in ad agencies for planning radio campaigns. This was no simple look-up table; it introduced innovative measures such as "reach index" and "gross cume" to operationalize its core models. Westinghouse later introduced an even more comprehensive tool, stylized as the "Numa Radio Planner". In the days before desktop computers, these "slide rules" were state-of-the-art in audience planning research.
Over the next quarter-century, Westinghouse would purchase several other radio stations, including KFBK in Sacramento, California; WNEW-FM in New York, KTWV in Los Angeles, and WMMR in Philadelphia. WOWO was sold to other interests in 1982 and WIND was spun off in 1985, two years before Group W bought WMAQ from NBC after that network announced it was closing its radio division.
Expansion into television
Westinghouse entered television on June 9, 1948, with the sign-on of WBZ-TV in Boston; it is the only television station to have been built by the company. Westinghouse's first station purchase was with WPTZ (now KYW-TV) in Philadelphia, in 1953. KPIX in San Francisco was bought in 1954; WDTV (now KDKA-TV) in Pittsburgh was added in 1955; and WAAM (now WJZ-TV) in Baltimore was purchased in 1957. Westinghouse's only other outright television station purchase was in Charlotte, North Carolina, where it purchased WRET-TV from Ted Turner in early 1980, and changed its call letters to WPCQ-TV. Turner used the proceeds from the sale of the Charlotte station to help him launch CNN.
In 1961, the company expanded into television production by launching television and radio distributor WBC Productions. In 1980, the company bought out a majority share of Home Theater Network from Diversified Communications. The company also purchased cable TV system operator TelePrompTer in 1981, which it renamed Group W Cable the following year. Also that year, the company formed Group W Satellite Communications to maintain operations of its satellite business through its TelePrompTer acquisition, as well as that of Home Theater Network. The TelePrompTer acquisition also brought animation producer Filmation into the Group W fold. However, Westinghouse would leave the cable TV system business in 1986, and would later sell the Filmation library to L'Oréal in 1989. During that period, Group W was known in full as Westinghouse Broadcasting and Cable, Inc.
The 1956 trade with NBC
In June 1955, Westinghouse announced that it would sell its Philadelphia stations, KYW radio and WPTZ, to NBC. In exchange Westinghouse received NBC's Cleveland stations, WTAM radio and WNBK television, along with $3 million in compensation. The deal was approved in January 1956; one month later Westinghouse moved the KYW call letters to Cleveland and NBC renamed the Philadelphia stations WRCV (AM) and WRCV-TV. Both companies also transferred much of their respective management and some on-air personnel to their new cities. Most notably, both The Mike Douglas Show and the Eyewitness News format originated on KYW-TV during its tenure in Cleveland.
However, the ink had barely dried on FCC approval of the trade when the United States Department of Justice opened an investigation into the deal, on claims that NBC had employed extortion and coercion. The Justice Department believed that NBC abused its power as a broadcast network by threatening to withhold or cancel affiliations with Westinghouse-owned stations unless the latter company agreed to the network's terms and participate in the trade. Specifically, it was determined that NBC threatened to drop its programming from both WPTZ and Boston's WBZ-TV; to withhold a primary affiliation from newly acquired KDKA-TV in Pittsburgh (that station would sign with CBS as a primary affiliate); and to withhold or pull an NBC affiliation from any other major-market station Westinghouse would purchase in the future. Based on these findings, a civil antitrust suit was filed against NBC and its parent company RCA, on behalf of Westinghouse in December 1956. During this ordeal NBC attempted to circumvent the investigation by trading the Philadelphia stations in return for RKO General's radio and television properties in Boston, which would have resulted in WBZ-TV losing its NBC affiliation to rival station WNAC-TV; the proposed NBC-RKO station swap never materialized.
In August 1964, after a nearly eight-year-long investigation, the FCC ordered a reversal of the swap. NBC appealed the ruling, extending the ordeal by another year, but the ruling was upheld on appeal. Westinghouse was also allowed to keep the cash compensation from the original deal. When Westinghouse regained control of the Philadelphia stations on June 19, 1965, it restored the KYW calls to the radio station and renamed the television station KYW-TV. And in a reversal of nine years prior, both NBC and Westinghouse relocated various personnel between both cities.
Later years in television
Throughout its history as an operator of television stations, Westinghouse Broadcasting had relationships with all three major networks. KYW-TV (in both Cleveland and Philadelphia), WBZ-TV, and WPCQ-TV were NBC affiliates, KPIX and KDKA-TV were aligned with CBS, and WJZ-TV was an ABC station. All of Group W's stations were located within the top 40 television markets.
Westinghouse's television stations were all known for their very deep connection to their home markets. They often pre-empted network programming in favor of local programs, and all of them carried programming produced by Group W, which was a major force in television syndication (see Syndication programs, below). However, for the most part the networks did not seem to mind. Most of them were among their networks' strongest performers. KDKA-TV and WJZ-TV dominated their markets, while WBZ-TV and KPIX were solid runners-up.
The only exceptions were KYW-TV and WPCQ. KYW-TV had been one of Westinghouse's (and NBC's) crown jewels for many years, but faltered in the late 1970s and eventually became NBC's weakest major-market affiliate by the mid-1980s. Westinghouse found no success in the Charlotte market, as WPCQ-by far the smallest station ever owned by the company-remained an also-ran during its Group W years. Despite the record purchase price, Group W ran the station on a shoestring budget. Under Group W, WPCQ had a marginal signal, a minimal local news presence and a program schedule more typical of an independent station, with a large number of cartoons and second-hand syndicated programming. WPCQ was also a UHF network affiliate competing against two long-established network stations on VHF. It also had to deal with three longer-established NBC affiliates, on VHF channels from nearby cities, that were also available over-the-air in large parts of the Charlotte market. Westinghouse was able to escape Charlotte when it sold WPCQ (now WCNC-TV) to Odyssey Television Partners (later to become Renaissance Broadcasting) in 1985. The subpar performance of KYW-TV and WPCQ was particularly embarrassing for NBC, as it came during a very prosperous period for the network as a whole.
Aside from WPCQ, Group W almost expanded into the country's top two markets; it emerged as a leading bidder for RKO General's independent stations WOR-TV (currently WWOR-TV) in Secaucus, New Jersey (serving New York City), and came to a deal to buy KHJ-TV (currently KCAL-TV) in Los Angeles. However, protracted legal issues that had dogged RKO General for years delayed the transfer of KHJ-TV, and Westinghouse ultimately withdrew its offer. They were also outbid for WOR-TV by a consortium of Cox Enterprises and MCA/Universal (though the former company dropped out over questions of who would be running the station). In 1987, Westinghouse attempted a bid for the station group handled by investment firm Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, with six stations formerly held by Storer Broadcasting, but the deal ultimately fell through.
Merger with CBS
Main article: 1994–1996 United States broadcast television realignment
Westinghouse Broadcasting International logo
Within a year-long span during 1994–95, a series of surprising events occurred which not only changed the look of the television industry but also ended Westinghouse's uniqueness among television station operators.
In 1994, the Fox Broadcasting Company agreed to a multi-year, multi-station affiliation deal with New World Communications, resulting in most of New World's stations switching to Fox. Among these stations were longtime CBS affiliates WJBK-TV in Detroit and WJW-TV in Cleveland.
To avoid being consigned to the UHF band in two major markets, CBS heavily courted ABC affiliates WXYZ-TV in Detroit and WEWS-TV in Cleveland. Both stations were owned by the E. W. Scripps Company, who used this leverage to strike a similar multi-station affiliation deal of its own with ABC. Unwilling to risk losing two of its strongest and longest-standing affiliates, ABC and Scripps agreed to a 10-year affiliation contract with WEWS, WXYZ and three other stations.
One of these additional stations was Baltimore's then-NBC affiliate, WMAR-TV, which would displace that city's longtime ABC affiliate, Group W-owned WJZ-TV. ABC was initially skeptical of including WMAR in the deal; WJZ-TV had been one of ABC's strongest affiliates, and had been the dominant station in Baltimore for a quarter-century. In contrast, WMAR had been a ratings also-ran for over 30 years. However, Scripps demanded that WMAR be included if the deal was to go through. Well aware that there were few viable choices for replacement affiliates in Detroit or Cleveland, ABC gave in.
The loss of WJZ-TV's ABC affiliation did not sit well with Westinghouse. At the time, WJZ-TV had been affiliated with ABC for 46 years, longer than any station that wasn't owned by the network. Westinghouse sought an affiliation deal of its own, and after several months of negotiations with the other networks, Westinghouse agreed to affiliate its entire television unit with CBS. Under the terms of the deal, all five Group W stations would carry the entire CBS schedule with no pre-emptions except for local news emergencies (as noted above, prior to this, Group W stations were known for pre-empting selected programming of their affiliated networks with Group W-mandated content).
The deal resulted in a three-way transaction between Group W, CBS, and NBC, which unfolded between the summer of 1994 and the summer of 1995. The terms were as follows:
In September 1994, KPIX and KDKA-TV ended their long-standing policies of pre-empting some CBS shows, and began carrying the entire CBS schedule with no pre-emptions. (KPIX however at the time aired CBS prime time programming an hour earlier than normal, a practice that continued until 1998.)
On January 2, 1995, WJZ-TV and WBZ-TV switched from ABC and NBC, respectively, to CBS, while WBAL-TV and WHDH-TV affiliated with NBC; WMAR-TV took on WJZ-TV's ABC affiliation.
On September 10, 1995, at 1:00 a.m. EDT, KYW-TV switched from NBC to CBS. CBS traded its previous Philadelphia station, WCAU-TV, to NBC in return for KCNC-TV in Denver and KUTV in Salt Lake City, while KUSA and KSL-TV affiliated with NBC and KMGH-TV affiliated with ABC. CBS then traded controlling interest in KCNC and KUTV to Westinghouse in return for a minority stake in KYW-TV. (KCNC's station history page erroneously implies that this trade was between NBC and Westinghouse.) The swap in Philadelphia was delayed when CBS discovered it would face a massive capital gains tax bill if it sold WCAU to NBC outright.
As a result of the trade, CBS-owned WCIX in Miami swapped channels with NBC-owned WTVJ. CBS and NBC traded their Miami broadcasting facilities to compensate each other for the loss of stations. WCIX changed its call letters to WFOR-TV, and CBS sold controlling interest in WFOR to Westinghouse.
Westinghouse and CBS formed a joint venture that assumed ownership of KYW-TV, KCNC, KUTV and WFOR, with Westinghouse as majority owner. Giving Group W control of the venture allowed CBS to have some interest in its affiliates and avoid violating FCC rules at the time that forbade groups from owning TV stations that covered more than 25% of the country (CBS O&Os reached 21.8% prior to the purchase, and Group W reached 9.7%.)
A short time later, Westinghouse announced it was buying CBS outright, a transaction which closed in late 1995. As a condition of the merger, both CBS and Group W were forced to sell off several radio stations due to the FCC's then-current ownership limits. CBS also had to sell WPRI-TV in Providence, Rhode Island (which was acquired in March 1995 and would swap affiliations with WLNE-TV one hour before KYW-TV assumed the CBS affiliation) due to a significant signal overlap with WBZ-TV, which provides a city-grade signal to much of the Providence market. At the time, the FCC normally did not allow common ownership of stations with overlapping signals, and would not even consider granting a waiver for a city-grade overlap; the FCC began to allow common ownership of stations with overlapping signals without a waiver in 2000.
Epilogue and legacy
Following the completion of the CBS takeover, the former Westinghouse Broadcasting operations took on the CBS name and identity, though the Group W name survived until the end of the 1990s as a holding company within the merged entity's structure. The Westinghouse-CBS merger resulted in several longtime rivals on the radio dials of New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Philadelphia becoming sister stations.
From that point forward, however, Westinghouse proceeded to transform itself from its legendary role as a diversified conglomerate with a strong industrial heritage into a media giant. Over the next year, it sold off almost all of its non-broadcast properties. In 1997, Westinghouse changed its name to CBS Corporation and moved its headquarters to New York. Westinghouse's cable television network properties—consisting then of The Nashville Network (now the general-interest Paramount Network) and Country Music Television, which CBS/Westinghouse purchased from Gaylord Entertainment in 1996, and equity stakes in regional sports networks Midwest Sports Channel (now split into Fox Sports North, serving Minnesota and the Dakotas, and Fox Sports Wisconsin, both of which CBS purchased in conjunction with its 1992 acquisition of Midwest Television and its two stations, WCCO-TV in Minneapolis/St. Paul and WFRV-TV in Green Bay) and Home Team Sports (now NBC Sports Washington) in the Baltimore–Washington area—were consequently reorganized as CBS Cable (a name used prior by CBS Inc. for an arts-oriented basic cable channel it operated from October 1981 to December 1982). In 1998, the company created a new licensing subsidiary under the Westinghouse Electric Corporation name. In this sense, the Westinghouse-CBS merger turned out to be a "wag the dog" transaction.
After selling off its nuclear assets to BNFL in 1999, CBS Corporation was merged into Viacom in 2000, thus ending the corporate legacy of the original Westinghouse for good. TNN and CMT were consolidated into Viacom's MTV Networks basic cable unit post-merger, with HTS being sold to Comcast and Midwest Sports Channel being sold to News Corporation shortly afterward. Viacom, however, changed its name to CBS Corporation at the end of 2005 and spun off most of its cable and movie interests as a new Viacom. With a few exceptions, the "new" CBS Corporation retained the same television properties that the old CBS Corporation held prior to the Viacom merger, including the new Westinghouse. Theater chain National Amusements, which had held controlling interest in the "old" Viacom since 1986, retained controlling interest in both the "new" CBS and Viacom.
Excluding WMAQ (shut down in 2000 to allow all-sports WSCR to move to its old dial position) and KFWB (placed in a holding trust as a consequence of CBS's purchase of KCAL-TV; the trust divested the station in 2016), all of the former Group W radio stations were part of CBS Radio until its merger with Entercom (now Audacy, Inc.) on November 17, 2017. While the merged company took Entercom's name, CBS shareholders held controlling interest in the enlarged Entercom. Following the merger, one of the former Group W stations, WBZ, was spun off to iHeartMedia. CBS had previously announced in 2016 that it had been looking to leave the radio business.
In 2019, Viacom and CBS reunited as ViacomCBS (renamed Paramount Global in 2022), with National Amusements as the majority shareholder.
Currently, only one station continues to use the classic Group W font: radio station WOWO (owned by Pathfinder Communications Corporation). The other stations gradually discontinued using the typeface during the 21st century.
Former Westinghouse-owned stations
Stations are arranged in alphabetical order by state and city of license.
Notes:
(**) – indicates a station built and signed-on by Westinghouse.
Television stations
City of license / market
Station
ChannelTV (RF)
Years owned
Current status
San Francisco–Oakland, CA
KPIX
5 (29)
1954–1995
CBS owned-and-operated (O&O)
Baltimore, MD
WJZ-TV
13 (13)
1957–1995
CBS owned-and-operated (O&O)
Boston, MA
WBZ-TV**
4 (30)
1948–1995
CBS owned-and-operated (O&O)
Charlotte, NC
WPCQ-TV
36 (22)
1980–1985
NBC affiliate, WCNC-TV, owned by Tegna Inc.
Cleveland–Akron–Canton, OH
WNBK/KYW-TV
3 (17)
1956–1965
NBC affiliate, WKYC-TV, owned by Tegna Inc.
Philadelphia, PA
WPTZ/KYW-TV
3 (26)
1953–19561965–1995
CBS owned-and-operated (O&O)
Pittsburgh, PA
KDKA-TV
2 (25)
1955–1995
CBS owned-and-operated (O&O)
This list does not include KCNC-TV in Denver, WFOR-TV in Miami, and KUTV in Salt Lake City. In the aftermath of KCNC-TV and KUTV ending their NBC affiliations and the formation of WFOR-TV after a transmitter and license swap with WTVJ, these stations were taken over by Group W in the interim period before the completion of CBS's acquisition by Westinghouse.
Radio stations
(a partial listing)
AM Station
FM Station
City of license/market
Station
Years owned
Current status
Phoenix, AZ
KMEO 740
1985–1991
KIDR, owned by En Familia, Inc.
KMEO-FM 96.9
1985–1991
KMXP, owned by iHeartMedia
Los Angeles, CA
KFWB 980
1966–1995
Owned by Lotus Communications
KTWV 94.7
1989–1995
Owned by Audacy, Inc.
San Francisco–Oakland, CA
KPIX 1550
1994–1995
KZDG, owned by Factorial Broadcasting
KPIX-FM 95.7
1994–1995
KGMZ-FM, owned by Audacy, Inc.
Sacramento, CA
KFBK 1530
1986–1994
Owned by iHeartMedia
KAER/KGBY 92.5
1986–1994
KBEB, owned by iHeartMedia
San Diego, CA
KJQY 103.7
1980–1989
KSON, owned by Audacy, Inc.
Washington, D.C.–Northern Virginia
WCPT 730
1989–1993
WTNT, owned by Metro Radio
WCXR-FM 105.9
1989–1993
WMAL-FM, owned by Cumulus Media
Chicago, IL
KYW **
1921–1934
Relocated to Philadelphia in 1934
WIND 560
1956–1985
Owned by Salem Media Group
WMAQ 670
1988–1995
WSCR, owned by Audacy, Inc.
Fort Wayne, IN
WOWO 1190
1936–1982
Owned by Federated Media
WGL 1250
1936–1944
Owned by Brian R. Walsh
Boston, MA
WBZA/WBZ 1030 **
1924–1995
Owned by iHeartMedia
WBZ-FM 100.7 **
1946–1948
Changed frequencies
WBZ-FM 92.9
1948–1954
Defunct, went silent in 1954
WBZ-FM 106.7 **
1957–1981
WMJX, owned by Audacy, Inc.
Springfield, MA
WBZ/WBZA 1030 **
1921–1962
Defunct, went silent in 1962
WBZA-FM 97.1 **
1946–1954
Defunct, went silent in 1954
Detroit, MI
WLLZ-FM 98.7
1989–1995
WDZH, owned by Audacy, Inc.
Hastings, NE
KFKX
1923–1928
Defunct, moved to Chicago and merged with KYW
Denver, CO
KEZW 1430
1986–1988
KAMP, owned by Audacy, Inc.
KOSI-FM 101.1
1981–1988
Owned by Audacy, Inc.
Newark, NJ
WJZ **
1921–1923
WABC, owned by Red Apple Media
New York City, NY
WINS 1010
1962–1995
Owned by Audacy, Inc.
WNEW-FM 102.7
1989–1995
Owned by Audacy, Inc.
Cleveland, OH
KDPM
1923–1926
Defunct, license discontinued circa January 1926
WTAM/KYW 1100
1956–1965
Owned by iHeartMedia
WTAM-FM/KYW-FM 105.7
1956–1965
WMJI, owned by iHeartMedia
Portland, OR
KEX 1190
1944–1962
Owned by iHeartMedia
KEX-FM 92.3 **
1948–1961
Defunct, went silent in 1962
Philadelphia, PA
KYW 1060
1934–19561965–1995
Owned by Audacy, Inc.
KYW-FM 100.3 **
1946–1948
Changed frequencies
KYW-FM 92.5
1948–1955
Defunct, went silent in 1955
WMMR 93.3
1989–1995
Owned by Beasley Broadcast Group
Pittsburgh, PA
KDKA 1020 **
1920–1995
Owned by Audacy, Inc.
KDKA-FM/WPNT 92.9 **
1946–1984
WLTJ, owned by Steel City Media
Dallas–Fort Worth, TX
KOAX/KQZY/KRSR 105.3
1980–1991
KRLD-FM, owned by Audacy, Inc.
Houston
KODA 99.1
1979–1989
Owned by iHeartMedia
KILT 610
1989–1995
Owned by Audacy, Inc.
KILT-FM 100.3
1989–1995
Owned by Audacy, Inc.
KIKK 650
1993–1995
Owned by Audacy, Inc.
KIKK-FM 95.7
1993–1995
KKHH-FM, owned by Audacy, Inc.
San Antonio
KQXT-FM 101.9
1984–1992
Owned by iHeartMedia
Syndicated programs
Some of their best-known programs were syndicated and seen in primetime and early/late fringe through its syndication division, Group W Productions, which was originally known as WBC Productions until 1968. It was originally founded in 1961 to sell syndication of radio and television programming. Many of these programs were also sold internationally (under the name of Westinghouse Broadcasting International). In 1992, the Westinghouse Broadcasting International unit has signed a deal with Mitsubishi to represent the catalog for the Japanese market.
Late night talk/variety shows
PM East (with Mike Wallace and Joyce Davidson)/PM West (with Terrence O'Flaherty) (1961–1962)
The Steve Allen Show (1962–1964)
That Regis Philbin Show! (1964–1965)
The Merv Griffin Show (1965–1969)
The David Frost Show (1969–1972)
The Howard Stern Radio Show (1998–2001) (as Eyemark Entertainment)
Daytime shows
The Mike Douglas Show (1963–1980)
The John Davidson Show (1980–1982)
Hour Magazine, hosted by Gary Collins (1980–1989)
The Wil Shriner Show (1986–1987)
Couch Potatoes, game show hosted by Marc Summers (1989; co-production with Saban Entertainment)
Every Second Counts, game show hosted by Bill Rafferty, produced by Charles Colarusso Productions (1984)
House Party; talk show hosted by Steve Doocy (1990; co-production with NBC Productions)
Scrabble, unsold syndicated run pilot with Steve Edwards as host (1990; co-production with Reg Grundy Productions)
That's Amore, game show hosted by Luca Barbareschi (1992-1993, co-production with Four Point Entertainment and RTI Mediaset)
Vicki!, talk show hosted by Vicki Lawrence (1992–1994)
Marilu, talk show hosted by Marilu Henner (1994–1995)
Morning Stretch, exercise and fitness program hosted by Joanie Greggains (produced at KPIX during the 1980s)
Day and Date, hosted by Dana King and Patrick Vanhorn (also produced at KPIX, 1995–1997; initially went under Group W name before switch to Eyemark name mid-season)
Group W and KPIX also created, in 1975 (with its premiere in 1976), America's first non-news magazine series, Evening Magazine with host Jan Yanehiro. After the first few years, it franchised to Group W stations and eventually to other markets through local stations, using the name PM Magazine on non-Group W stations airing the show.
Made-for-TV movies
Mafia Princess, starring Tony Curtis and Susan Lucci (1986)
Children's/animated series
Dino Babies
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 version)
Speed Racer (1993 version)
Way Cool (1991–1992) ()
The in-house Filmation library (He-Man and the Masters of the Universe, The Archie Show, She-Ra: Princess of Power, Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids, Ghostbusters, BraveStarr, among other titles)
First-run syndicated shows
Fight Back! with David Horowitz (1976–1992)
Bob Vila's Home Again (1990-2005)
The George Michael Sports Machine (1995)
Martha Stewart Living (1993–2004)
End of Group W Productions
After the merger with CBS in 1996, Westinghouse acquired Ed Wilson and Bob Cook's MaXam Entertainment and merged it with Group W Productions and CBS Enterprises (including CBS Broadcast International) to form Eyemark Entertainment, with CBS Broadcast International acquiring the overseas rights to the Group W backlog. Eyemark was in turn folded into King World Productions following the latter company's acquisition by CBS in 2000. King World gained control of most of the Group W and Eyemark libraries from 2000 to 2005. These libraries are now controlled by CBS Media Ventures. The Filmation library and The George Michael Sports Machine are owned by NBCUniversal (the former through DreamWorks Animation/Classic Media), Bob Vila's Home Again is owned by Bob Vila with Telco Productions handling distribution rights, and the 1987 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles series is also owned by CBS Media Ventures with DVD rights licensed to Lionsgate Home Entertainment (formerly Family Home Entertainment).
Cable networks
The Nashville Network (then co-owned with Gaylord Entertainment; Group W later bought Gaylord's stake in the channel; later owned by Viacom's MTV Networks as Spike (currently Paramount Network as of 2018))
The Disney Channel (then co-owned with The Walt Disney Company; Disney later bought Group W's 50 percent stake prior to its launch)
Home Team Sports (Baltimore\Washington network) and Home Sports Entertainment (Dallas)
Home Theater Network (1978–1987)
Satellite News Channel (co-owned with ABC; network went defunct after a year)
Showtime (50 percent stake with Viacom from 1981 (when Group W acquired TelePrompTer), until they sold their half of Showtime back to Viacom in 1982)
Wisconsin Sports Network (co-owned with the Milwaukee Time Warner Cable franchise from 1996 to 1998, then merged into CBS Cable's Midwest Sports Channel (MSC). Later bought by Fox in 2000 and became FSN North and FSN Wisconsin (No relation to the present-day website of the same name.)
Z Channel (under TelePrompTer-owned Theta Cable)
Notes
^ a b c d Pre-NARBA station.
^ Westinghouse Broadcasting also acquired a construction permit for channel 20 in Chicago along with its purchase of WIND radio in 1956 but that station, intended to be called WIND-TV, never signed on. The permit was later donated to the Chicago Educational Television Association, which operated channel 20 as noncommercial educational WXXW from 1965 to 1974. The channel 20 allocation was occupied by WYCC, an educational station operated by the City Colleges of Chicago, from 1983 until 2017.
^ Frequency now used by WZLX.
^ Frequency now used by WBOS.
^ Frequency now used by KGON.
^ Frequency now used by WRNB.
^ Frequency now used by WXTU.
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^ "Slow start for "House Party"" (PDF). Broadcasting. February 5, 1990. Retrieved July 27, 2021.
^ CBS TO ACQUIRE MAXAM ENTERTAINMENT, January 24, 1996
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Modern animation in the United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"Westinghouse Electric Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation"},{"link_name":"radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio"},{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"},{"link_name":"syndication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_syndication"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"typeface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typeface"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fontspace.com-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fontspace.com-2"},{"link_name":"Ray Larabie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Larabie"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mike Douglas Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mike_Douglas_Show"},{"link_name":"PM Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PM_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Evening Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_Magazine"}],"text":"The Westinghouse Broadcasting Company, also known as Group W, was the broadcasting division of Westinghouse Electric Corporation. It owned several radio and television stations across the United States and distributed television shows for syndication.Westinghouse Broadcasting was formed in the 1920s as Westinghouse Radio Stations, Inc. After expanding into television, it was renamed Westinghouse Broadcasting Company in 1954, and adopted the Group W moniker on May 20, 1963. It was a self-contained entity within the Westinghouse corporate structure; while the parent company was headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Westinghouse Broadcasting maintained headquarters in New York City. It kept national sales offices in Chicago and Los Angeles.Group W stations are best known for using a distinctive corporate typeface, introduced in 1963, for their logos and on-air imaging.[1][2] Similarly styled typefaces had been used on some non-Group W stations as well and several former Group W stations still use it today. The Group W corporate typeface has been digitized and released freely by John Sizemore;[2] Ray Larabie's font \"Anklepants,\" in the public domain since 2024,[3] borrows heavily from the typeface and is occasionally used as a substitute.[4] The font is also used in the video game Damnation.Westinghouse Broadcasting was also well known for two long-running television programs, the Mike Douglas Show and PM Magazine (called Evening Magazine in Group W's core broadcast markets).","title":"Westinghouse Broadcasting"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KDKA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDKA_(AM)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Wilkinsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkinsburg,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Frank Conrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Conrad"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"WJZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WABC_(AM)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Newark, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"WBZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBZ_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Springfield, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"KYW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KYW_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Radio Corporation of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA"},{"link_name":"National Broadcasting Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Blue Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Network"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Federal Communications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"WOWO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOWO_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Fort Wayne, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Regional_Broadcasting_Agreement"},{"link_name":"watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt"},{"link_name":"clear-channel stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear-channel_station"},{"link_name":"grandfather clause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandfather_clause"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Red Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Red_Network"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"KEX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KEX_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"FM sister stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"WLTJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLTJ"},{"link_name":"WMJX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMJX"},{"link_name":"WIND","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIND_(AM)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"WINS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WINS_(AM)"},{"link_name":"J. Elroy McCaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Elroy_McCaw"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Gene Autry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Autry"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"KFWB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFWB"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"WBBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBBM_(AM)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Westinghouse_Numa_slide_rules.jpg"},{"link_name":"KFBK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFBK_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Sacramento, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento,_California"},{"link_name":"WNEW-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNEW-FM"},{"link_name":"KTWV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTWV"},{"link_name":"WMMR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMMR"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"WMAQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMAQ_(AM)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Radio origins","text":"The Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company entered broadcasting with the November 2, 1920, sign-on of KDKA radio in Pittsburgh.[5] The oldest surviving licensed commercial radio station in the United States, KDKA was an outgrowth of experimental station 8XK, a 75-watt station that was located in the Pittsburgh suburb of Wilkinsburg, and founded in 1916 by Westinghouse assistant chief engineer Frank Conrad.[6]Westinghouse launched three more radio stations between 1920 and 1921: WJZ,[7] originally licensed to Newark, New Jersey; WBZ, first located in Springfield, Massachusetts;[8] and KYW, originally based in Chicago.[9] WBZA in Boston, a station which shared WBZ's frequency and simulcasted WBZ's programming, signed on in November 1924.[8]Westinghouse was one of the founding owners of the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) in 1919, and in 1926 RCA established the National Broadcasting Company (NBC), a group of 24 radio stations that made up the first radio network in the United States. Westinghouse initially owned a 20 percent stake in NBC, and as a result, all of Westinghouse's stations became affiliates of NBC's Blue Network when it was launched on January 1, 1927. Most of the Blue Network's programming originated at WJZ, which in 1923 had its license moved to New York City, and its ownership transferred to RCA.In 1931, Westinghouse switched the call letters of its two Massachusetts stations, with WBZA moving to Springfield and WBZ going to Boston. The two stations had suffered from interference problems, though the Boston facility was the more powerful of the two. In 1934, KYW was moved from Chicago to Philadelphia following a Federal Communications Commission-dictated frequency realignment.[10] Westinghouse's next station was its first purchase: WOWO in Fort Wayne, Indiana, joined the group in August 1936.[11]The North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement of 1941 saw all of Westinghouse's original stations move to their current frequencies. With WOWO's power increase to 50,000 watts later that year, the Westinghouse stations were now also clear-channel stations. A decade later, the FCC forbade common ownership of two or more clear channel stations with overlapping nighttime coverage, though the commission allowed Westinghouse to keep WBZ, KYW, KDKA, and WOWO together under a grandfather clause.[citation needed] Among them, the four stations' nighttime signals blanketed almost all of the eastern half of North America. Despite the assignments which resulted from NARBA, WBZA became a 1,000-watt daytime-only operation as it continued to share a frequency with WBZ.The Westinghouse group survived the government-dictated split of NBC's radio division in 1943. WBZ/WBZA, KDKA, and KYW became affiliates of NBC's Red Network while WOWO, which had a secondary affiliation with the Blue Network, fell back on its primary relationship with CBS. Westinghouse expanded to the West Coast in 1944 with its purchase of 5,000-watt KEX in Portland, Oregon,[12] a station which also shared a frequency with WOWO. Westinghouse would increase KEX's power to 50,000 watts in 1948.[13]Later in the 1940s, Westinghouse moved on to develop FM and television stations as the FCC began to issue permits for those services. Westinghouse built FM sister stations for WBZ/WBZA, KDKA, KYW, KEX, and WOWO, all of which were on the air by the end of the decade. FM radio was, initially, an unsuccessful venture for Westinghouse, and the company would silence most of its FM stations during the 1950s. Of the early Westinghouse FMs, only the original KDKA-FM (now WLTJ) and the second WBZ-FM facility (now WMJX) proved to be worth keeping, and Westinghouse sold those outlets in the early 1980s.Moving back to AM radio, Westinghouse returned to Chicago with its 1956 purchase of WIND.[14] In 1962, Westinghouse re-entered the New York market when it bought WINS, then a local Top-40 powerhouse, from J. Elroy McCaw.[15] Having reached the FCC's then-limit of seven AM stations, Westinghouse sold KEX to actor and singer Gene Autry,[16] and later decided to shut down WBZA and return its license to the FCC.[17] In 1966, Westinghouse agreed to buy another top-rated music station, KFWB in Los Angeles.[18]On April 19, 1965, WINS dropped music and instituted a 24-hour, all-news format.[19] KYW went all-news six months later on September 12, three months after Westinghouse regained control of the station[20] (see The 1956 Trade with NBC, below). KFWB would adopt the format on March 11, 1968.[21] The three stations all prospered with their new formats, usually ranking among the five highest-rated stations in their markets. During the 1970s and 1980s, WIND also tinkered with a part-time news format, though it had little success against the dominant all-news station in Chicago, CBS-owned WBBM.In the 1970s, Westinghouse Radio also developed a prodigious reputation for its innovation in analytical techniques and tools for radio sales and buying. Using sophisticated mathematical modeling, the group promoted its \"New Math Calculator\" which became extremely popular in ad agencies for planning radio campaigns. This was no simple look-up table; it introduced innovative measures such as \"reach index\" and \"gross cume\" to operationalize its core models. Westinghouse later introduced an even more comprehensive tool, stylized as the \"Numa Radio Planner\". In the days before desktop computers, these \"slide rules\" were state-of-the-art in audience planning research.Over the next quarter-century, Westinghouse would purchase several other radio stations, including KFBK in Sacramento, California; WNEW-FM in New York, KTWV in Los Angeles, and WMMR in Philadelphia.[22] WOWO was sold to other interests in 1982[23] and WIND was spun off in 1985,[24] two years before Group W bought WMAQ from NBC after that network announced it was closing its radio division.[25]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WBZ-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBZ-TV"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"KYW-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KYW-TV"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"KPIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPIX"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"KDKA-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDKA-TV"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"WJZ-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJZ-TV"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Charlotte, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Ted Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Turner"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-34"},{"link_name":"Diversified Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversified_Communications"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"TelePrompTer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TelePrompTer_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Filmation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmation"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"L'Oréal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Expansion into television","text":"Westinghouse entered television on June 9, 1948, with the sign-on of WBZ-TV in Boston; it is the only television station to have been built by the company.[26] Westinghouse's first station purchase was with WPTZ (now KYW-TV) in Philadelphia, in 1953.[27] KPIX in San Francisco was bought in 1954;[28] WDTV (now KDKA-TV) in Pittsburgh was added in 1955;[29][30] and WAAM (now WJZ-TV) in Baltimore was purchased in 1957.[31][32] Westinghouse's only other outright television station purchase was in Charlotte, North Carolina, where it purchased WRET-TV from Ted Turner in early 1980, and changed its call letters to WPCQ-TV.[33] Turner used the proceeds from the sale of the Charlotte station to help him launch CNN.In 1961, the company expanded into television production by launching television and radio distributor WBC Productions.[34] In 1980, the company bought out a majority share of Home Theater Network from Diversified Communications.[35] The company also purchased cable TV system operator TelePrompTer in 1981, which it renamed Group W Cable the following year. Also that year, the company formed Group W Satellite Communications to maintain operations of its satellite business through its TelePrompTer acquisition, as well as that of Home Theater Network.[36] The TelePrompTer acquisition also brought animation producer Filmation into the Group W fold.[37] However, Westinghouse would leave the cable TV system business in 1986, and would later sell the Filmation library to L'Oréal in 1989.[38][39] During that period, Group W was known in full as Westinghouse Broadcasting and Cable, Inc.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"WTAM radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTAM"},{"link_name":"WNBK television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKYC-TV"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"The Mike Douglas Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mike_Douglas_Show"},{"link_name":"Eyewitness News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyewitness_News"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"extortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extortion"},{"link_name":"coercion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coercion"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"antitrust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"RKO General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RKO_General"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"WNAC-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNAC-TV_(defunct)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"KYW-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KYW-TV"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"The 1956 trade with NBC","text":"In June 1955, Westinghouse announced that it would sell its Philadelphia stations, KYW radio and WPTZ, to NBC. In exchange Westinghouse received NBC's Cleveland stations, WTAM radio and WNBK television, along with $3 million in compensation.[40] The deal was approved in January 1956;[41] one month later Westinghouse moved the KYW call letters to Cleveland and NBC renamed the Philadelphia stations WRCV (AM) and WRCV-TV.[42] Both companies also transferred much of their respective management and some on-air personnel to their new cities. Most notably, both The Mike Douglas Show and the Eyewitness News format originated on KYW-TV during its tenure in Cleveland.However, the ink had barely dried on FCC approval of the trade when the United States Department of Justice opened an investigation into the deal, on claims that NBC had employed extortion and coercion.[43] The Justice Department believed that NBC abused its power as a broadcast network by threatening to withhold or cancel affiliations with Westinghouse-owned stations unless the latter company agreed to the network's terms and participate in the trade. Specifically, it was determined that NBC threatened to drop its programming from both WPTZ and Boston's WBZ-TV; to withhold a primary affiliation from newly acquired KDKA-TV in Pittsburgh (that station would sign with CBS as a primary affiliate); and to withhold or pull an NBC affiliation from any other major-market station Westinghouse would purchase in the future. Based on these findings, a civil antitrust suit was filed against NBC and its parent company RCA, on behalf of Westinghouse in December 1956.[44] During this ordeal NBC attempted to circumvent the investigation by trading the Philadelphia stations in return for RKO General's radio and television properties in Boston,[45][46] which would have resulted in WBZ-TV losing its NBC affiliation to rival station WNAC-TV; the proposed NBC-RKO station swap never materialized.In August 1964, after a nearly eight-year-long investigation, the FCC ordered a reversal of the swap.[47] NBC appealed the ruling, extending the ordeal by another year, but the ruling was upheld on appeal. Westinghouse was also allowed to keep the cash compensation from the original deal. When Westinghouse regained control of the Philadelphia stations on June 19, 1965, it restored the KYW calls to the radio station and renamed the television station KYW-TV. And in a reversal of nine years prior, both NBC and Westinghouse relocated various personnel between both cities.[48]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"all three major networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Three_television_networks"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"television markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_market"},{"link_name":"television syndication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_syndication"},{"link_name":"VHF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_high_frequency"},{"link_name":"WCNC-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCNC-TV"},{"link_name":"Renaissance Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"WWOR-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWOR-TV"},{"link_name":"Secaucus, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secaucus,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"KCAL-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCAL-TV"},{"link_name":"Cox Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cox_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"MCA/Universal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCA_Inc."},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Kohlberg Kravis Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlberg_Kravis_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Storer Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storer_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Later years in television","text":"Throughout its history as an operator of television stations, Westinghouse Broadcasting had relationships with all three major networks. KYW-TV (in both Cleveland and Philadelphia), WBZ-TV, and WPCQ-TV were NBC affiliates, KPIX and KDKA-TV were aligned with CBS, and WJZ-TV was an ABC station. All of Group W's stations were located within the top 40 television markets.Westinghouse's television stations were all known for their very deep connection to their home markets. They often pre-empted network programming in favor of local programs, and all of them carried programming produced by Group W, which was a major force in television syndication (see Syndication programs, below). However, for the most part the networks did not seem to mind. Most of them were among their networks' strongest performers. KDKA-TV and WJZ-TV dominated their markets, while WBZ-TV and KPIX were solid runners-up.The only exceptions were KYW-TV and WPCQ. KYW-TV had been one of Westinghouse's (and NBC's) crown jewels for many years, but faltered in the late 1970s and eventually became NBC's weakest major-market affiliate by the mid-1980s. Westinghouse found no success in the Charlotte market, as WPCQ-by far the smallest station ever owned by the company-remained an also-ran during its Group W years. Despite the record purchase price, Group W ran the station on a shoestring budget. Under Group W, WPCQ had a marginal signal, a minimal local news presence and a program schedule more typical of an independent station, with a large number of cartoons and second-hand syndicated programming. WPCQ was also a UHF network affiliate competing against two long-established network stations on VHF. It also had to deal with three longer-established NBC affiliates, on VHF channels from nearby cities, that were also available over-the-air in large parts of the Charlotte market. Westinghouse was able to escape Charlotte when it sold WPCQ (now WCNC-TV) to Odyssey Television Partners (later to become Renaissance Broadcasting) in 1985.[49] The subpar performance of KYW-TV and WPCQ was particularly embarrassing for NBC, as it came during a very prosperous period for the network as a whole.Aside from WPCQ, Group W almost expanded into the country's top two markets; it emerged as a leading bidder for RKO General's independent stations WOR-TV (currently WWOR-TV) in Secaucus, New Jersey (serving New York City), and came to a deal to buy KHJ-TV (currently KCAL-TV) in Los Angeles. However, protracted legal issues that had dogged RKO General for years delayed the transfer of KHJ-TV, and Westinghouse ultimately withdrew its offer. They were also outbid for WOR-TV by a consortium of Cox Enterprises and MCA/Universal (though the former company dropped out over questions of who would be running the station).[50][51] In 1987, Westinghouse attempted a bid for the station group handled by investment firm Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, with six stations formerly held by Storer Broadcasting, but the deal ultimately fell through.[52]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Westinghouse_Broadcasting_1995.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fox Broadcasting Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"New World Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_Pictures"},{"link_name":"WJBK-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJBK-TV"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"WJW-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJW-TV"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"WXYZ-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WXYZ-TV"},{"link_name":"WEWS-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WEWS-TV"},{"link_name":"E. W. Scripps Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._W._Scripps_Company"},{"link_name":"other","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNXV-TV"},{"link_name":"stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFTS-TV"},{"link_name":"WMAR-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMAR-TV"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"WBAL-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBAL-TV"},{"link_name":"WHDH-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHDH-TV"},{"link_name":"WCAU-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCAU-TV"},{"link_name":"KCNC-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCNC-TV"},{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"},{"link_name":"KUTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KUTV"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City"},{"link_name":"KUSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KUSA_(TV)"},{"link_name":"KSL-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSL-TV"},{"link_name":"KMGH-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMGH-TV"},{"link_name":"station history page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//denver.cbslocal.com/2010/11/13/cbs4-history/"},{"link_name":"capital gains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_gains"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"WTVJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTVJ"},{"link_name":"WFOR-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFOR-TV"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"WPRI-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPRI-TV"},{"link_name":"Providence, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"WLNE-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLNE-TV"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"Merger with CBS","text":"Westinghouse Broadcasting International logoWithin a year-long span during 1994–95, a series of surprising events occurred which not only changed the look of the television industry but also ended Westinghouse's uniqueness among television station operators.In 1994, the Fox Broadcasting Company agreed to a multi-year, multi-station affiliation deal with New World Communications, resulting in most of New World's stations switching to Fox. Among these stations were longtime CBS affiliates WJBK-TV in Detroit and WJW-TV in Cleveland.[53]To avoid being consigned to the UHF band in two major markets, CBS heavily courted ABC affiliates WXYZ-TV in Detroit and WEWS-TV in Cleveland. Both stations were owned by the E. W. Scripps Company, who used this leverage to strike a similar multi-station affiliation deal of its own with ABC. Unwilling to risk losing two of its strongest and longest-standing affiliates, ABC and Scripps agreed to a 10-year affiliation contract with WEWS, WXYZ and three other stations.One of these additional stations was Baltimore's then-NBC affiliate, WMAR-TV, which would displace that city's longtime ABC affiliate, Group W-owned WJZ-TV.[54] ABC was initially skeptical of including WMAR in the deal; WJZ-TV had been one of ABC's strongest affiliates, and had been the dominant station in Baltimore for a quarter-century. In contrast, WMAR had been a ratings also-ran for over 30 years. However, Scripps demanded that WMAR be included if the deal was to go through. Well aware that there were few viable choices for replacement affiliates in Detroit or Cleveland, ABC gave in.The loss of WJZ-TV's ABC affiliation did not sit well with Westinghouse. At the time, WJZ-TV had been affiliated with ABC for 46 years, longer than any station that wasn't owned by the network. Westinghouse sought an affiliation deal of its own, and after several months of negotiations with the other networks, Westinghouse agreed to affiliate its entire television unit with CBS.[55] Under the terms of the deal, all five Group W stations would carry the entire CBS schedule with no pre-emptions except for local news emergencies (as noted above, prior to this, Group W stations were known for pre-empting selected programming of their affiliated networks with Group W-mandated content).The deal resulted in a three-way transaction between Group W, CBS, and NBC, which unfolded between the summer of 1994 and the summer of 1995. The terms were as follows:In September 1994, KPIX and KDKA-TV ended their long-standing policies of pre-empting some CBS shows, and began carrying the entire CBS schedule with no pre-emptions. (KPIX however at the time aired CBS prime time programming an hour earlier than normal, a practice that continued until 1998.)\nOn January 2, 1995, WJZ-TV and WBZ-TV switched from ABC and NBC, respectively, to CBS, while WBAL-TV and WHDH-TV affiliated with NBC; WMAR-TV took on WJZ-TV's ABC affiliation.\nOn September 10, 1995, at 1:00 a.m. EDT, KYW-TV switched from NBC to CBS. CBS traded its previous Philadelphia station, WCAU-TV, to NBC in return for KCNC-TV in Denver and KUTV in Salt Lake City, while KUSA and KSL-TV affiliated with NBC and KMGH-TV affiliated with ABC. CBS then traded controlling interest in KCNC and KUTV to Westinghouse in return for a minority stake in KYW-TV. (KCNC's station history page erroneously implies that this trade was between NBC and Westinghouse.) The swap in Philadelphia was delayed when CBS discovered it would face a massive capital gains tax bill if it sold WCAU to NBC outright.[56]\nAs a result of the trade, CBS-owned WCIX in Miami swapped channels with NBC-owned WTVJ. CBS and NBC traded their Miami broadcasting facilities to compensate each other for the loss of stations. WCIX changed its call letters to WFOR-TV, and CBS sold controlling interest in WFOR to Westinghouse.\nWestinghouse and CBS formed a joint venture that assumed ownership of KYW-TV, KCNC, KUTV and WFOR, with Westinghouse as majority owner.[57] Giving Group W control of the venture allowed CBS to have some interest in its affiliates and avoid violating FCC rules at the time that forbade groups from owning TV stations that covered more than 25% of the country (CBS O&Os reached 21.8% prior to the purchase, and Group W reached 9.7%.)[58]A short time later, Westinghouse announced it was buying CBS outright, a transaction which closed in late 1995.[59] As a condition of the merger, both CBS and Group W were forced to sell off several radio stations due to the FCC's then-current ownership limits. CBS also had to sell WPRI-TV in Providence, Rhode Island (which was acquired in March 1995 and would swap affiliations with WLNE-TV one hour before KYW-TV assumed the CBS affiliation)[60] due to a significant signal overlap with WBZ-TV, which provides a city-grade signal to much of the Providence market. At the time, the FCC normally did not allow common ownership of stations with overlapping signals, and would not even consider granting a waiver for a city-grade overlap; the FCC began to allow common ownership of stations with overlapping signals without a waiver in 2000.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Nashville Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nashville_Network"},{"link_name":"Paramount Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Network"},{"link_name":"Country Music Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Music_Television"},{"link_name":"Gaylord Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaylord_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"regional sports networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_sports_network"},{"link_name":"Midwest Sports Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest_Sports_Channel"},{"link_name":"Fox Sports North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Sports_North"},{"link_name":"Dakotas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakotas"},{"link_name":"Fox Sports Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Sports_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"WCCO-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCCO-TV"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"St. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"WFRV-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFRV-TV"},{"link_name":"Green Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Home Team Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Team_Sports"},{"link_name":"NBC Sports Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Sports_Washington"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"arts-oriented basic cable channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Cable"},{"link_name":"Westinghouse Electric Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Licensing_Corporation"},{"link_name":"wag the dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tail_wagging_the_dog"},{"link_name":"its nuclear assets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Company"},{"link_name":"BNFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Nuclear_Fuels_Ltd"},{"link_name":"Viacom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacom_(1952-2006)"},{"link_name":"MTV Networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacom_Media_Networks"},{"link_name":"Comcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comcast"},{"link_name":"News Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Corporation_(1980%E2%80%932013)"},{"link_name":"CBS Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Corporation"},{"link_name":"a new Viacom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacom_(2005%E2%80%932019)"},{"link_name":"National Amusements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Amusements"},{"link_name":"WSCR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSCR"},{"link_name":"Audacy, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audacy,_Inc."},{"link_name":"reunited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_merger_of_CBS_and_Viacom"},{"link_name":"Paramount Global","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Global"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"sub_title":"Epilogue and legacy","text":"Following the completion of the CBS takeover, the former Westinghouse Broadcasting operations took on the CBS name and identity, though the Group W name survived until the end of the 1990s as a holding company within the merged entity's structure. The Westinghouse-CBS merger resulted in several longtime rivals on the radio dials of New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Philadelphia becoming sister stations.From that point forward, however, Westinghouse proceeded to transform itself from its legendary role as a diversified conglomerate with a strong industrial heritage into a media giant. Over the next year, it sold off almost all of its non-broadcast properties. In 1997, Westinghouse changed its name to CBS Corporation and moved its headquarters to New York. Westinghouse's cable television network properties—consisting then of The Nashville Network (now the general-interest Paramount Network) and Country Music Television, which CBS/Westinghouse purchased from Gaylord Entertainment in 1996, and equity stakes in regional sports networks Midwest Sports Channel (now split into Fox Sports North, serving Minnesota and the Dakotas, and Fox Sports Wisconsin, both of which CBS purchased in conjunction with its 1992 acquisition of Midwest Television and its two stations, WCCO-TV in Minneapolis/St. Paul and WFRV-TV in Green Bay) and Home Team Sports (now NBC Sports Washington) in the Baltimore–Washington area—were consequently reorganized as CBS Cable (a name used prior by CBS Inc. for an arts-oriented basic cable channel it operated from October 1981 to December 1982). In 1998, the company created a new licensing subsidiary under the Westinghouse Electric Corporation name. In this sense, the Westinghouse-CBS merger turned out to be a \"wag the dog\" transaction.After selling off its nuclear assets to BNFL in 1999, CBS Corporation was merged into Viacom in 2000, thus ending the corporate legacy of the original Westinghouse for good. TNN and CMT were consolidated into Viacom's MTV Networks basic cable unit post-merger, with HTS being sold to Comcast and Midwest Sports Channel being sold to News Corporation shortly afterward. Viacom, however, changed its name to CBS Corporation at the end of 2005 and spun off most of its cable and movie interests as a new Viacom. With a few exceptions, the \"new\" CBS Corporation retained the same television properties that the old CBS Corporation held prior to the Viacom merger, including the new Westinghouse. Theater chain National Amusements, which had held controlling interest in the \"old\" Viacom since 1986, retained controlling interest in both the \"new\" CBS and Viacom.Excluding WMAQ (shut down in 2000 to allow all-sports WSCR to move to its old dial position) and KFWB (placed in a holding trust as a consequence of CBS's purchase of KCAL-TV; the trust divested the station in 2016), all of the former Group W radio stations were part of CBS Radio until its merger with Entercom (now Audacy, Inc.) on November 17, 2017. While the merged company took Entercom's name, CBS shareholders held controlling interest in the enlarged Entercom. Following the merger, one of the former Group W stations, WBZ, was spun off to iHeartMedia. CBS had previously announced in 2016 that it had been looking to leave the radio business.In 2019, Viacom and CBS reunited as ViacomCBS (renamed Paramount Global in 2022), with National Amusements as the majority shareholder.[61][62]Currently, only one station continues to use the classic Group W font: radio station WOWO (owned by Pathfinder Communications Corporation). The other stations gradually discontinued using the typeface during the 21st century.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"city of license","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_license"}],"text":"Stations are arranged in alphabetical order by state and city of license.Notes:(**) – indicates a station built and signed-on by Westinghouse.","title":"Former Westinghouse-owned stations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KCNC-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCNC-TV"},{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"WFOR-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFOR-TV"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami,_Florida"},{"link_name":"KUTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KUTV"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City"},{"link_name":"WTVJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTVJ"}],"sub_title":"Television stations","text":"This list does not include KCNC-TV in Denver, WFOR-TV in Miami, and KUTV in Salt Lake City. In the aftermath of KCNC-TV and KUTV ending their NBC affiliations and the formation of WFOR-TV after a transmitter and license swap with WTVJ, these stations were taken over by Group W in the interim period before the completion of CBS's acquisition by Westinghouse.","title":"Former Westinghouse-owned stations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Radio stations","text":"(a partial listing)","title":"Former Westinghouse-owned stations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-34"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"text":"Some of their best-known programs were syndicated and seen in primetime and early/late fringe through its syndication division, Group W Productions, which was originally known as WBC Productions until 1968.[63] It was originally founded in 1961 to sell syndication of radio and television programming.[34] Many of these programs were also sold internationally (under the name of Westinghouse Broadcasting International). In 1992, the Westinghouse Broadcasting International unit has signed a deal with Mitsubishi to represent the catalog for the Japanese market.[64]","title":"Syndicated programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PM East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PM_East/PM_West"},{"link_name":"Mike Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Joyce Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Davidson"},{"link_name":"PM West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PM_East/PM_West"},{"link_name":"The Steve Allen Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Steve_Allen_Show"},{"link_name":"That Regis Philbin Show!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regis_Philbin"},{"link_name":"The Merv Griffin Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Merv_Griffin_Show"},{"link_name":"David Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Frost"},{"link_name":"The Howard Stern Radio Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Howard_Stern_Radio_Show"}],"sub_title":"Late night talk/variety shows","text":"PM East (with Mike Wallace and Joyce Davidson)/PM West (with Terrence O'Flaherty) (1961–1962)\nThe Steve Allen Show (1962–1964)\nThat Regis Philbin Show! (1964–1965)\nThe Merv Griffin Show (1965–1969)\nThe David Frost Show (1969–1972)\nThe Howard Stern Radio Show (1998–2001) (as Eyemark Entertainment)","title":"Syndicated programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Mike Douglas Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mike_Douglas_Show"},{"link_name":"The John Davidson Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Davidson_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"Gary Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Collins_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Wil Shriner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wil_Shriner"},{"link_name":"Couch Potatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couch_Potatoes_(game_show)"},{"link_name":"Marc Summers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Summers"},{"link_name":"Saban Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saban_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Every Second Counts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Every_Second_Counts_(US_game_show)"},{"link_name":"Bill Rafferty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Rafferty"},{"link_name":"Steve Doocy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Doocy"},{"link_name":"NBC Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Television"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Scrabble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrabble_(game_show)"},{"link_name":"Steve Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Edwards_(talk_show_host)"},{"link_name":"Reg Grundy Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reg_Grundy_Productions"},{"link_name":"Luca Barbareschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Barbareschi"},{"link_name":"Vicki!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicki!"},{"link_name":"Vicki Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicki_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Marilu Henner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilu_Henner"},{"link_name":"Joanie Greggains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanie_Greggains"},{"link_name":"Day and Date","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_and_Date"},{"link_name":"Dana King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_King"},{"link_name":"Evening Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Jan Yanehiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Yanehiro"},{"link_name":"PM Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PM_Magazine"}],"sub_title":"Daytime shows","text":"The Mike Douglas Show (1963–1980)\nThe John Davidson Show (1980–1982)\nHour Magazine, hosted by Gary Collins (1980–1989)\nThe Wil Shriner Show (1986–1987)\nCouch Potatoes, game show hosted by Marc Summers (1989; co-production with Saban Entertainment)\nEvery Second Counts, game show hosted by Bill Rafferty, produced by Charles Colarusso Productions (1984)\nHouse Party; talk show hosted by Steve Doocy (1990; co-production with NBC Productions)[65]\nScrabble, unsold syndicated run pilot with Steve Edwards as host (1990; co-production with Reg Grundy Productions)\nThat's Amore, game show hosted by Luca Barbareschi (1992-1993, co-production with Four Point Entertainment and RTI Mediaset)\nVicki!, talk show hosted by Vicki Lawrence (1992–1994)\nMarilu, talk show hosted by Marilu Henner (1994–1995)\nMorning Stretch, exercise and fitness program hosted by Joanie Greggains (produced at KPIX during the 1980s)\nDay and Date, hosted by Dana King and Patrick Vanhorn (also produced at KPIX, 1995–1997; initially went under Group W name before switch to Eyemark name mid-season)Group W and KPIX also created, in 1975 (with its premiere in 1976), America's first non-news magazine series, Evening Magazine with host Jan Yanehiro. After the first few years, it franchised to Group W stations and eventually to other markets through local stations, using the name PM Magazine on non-Group W stations airing the show.","title":"Syndicated programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tony Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Susan Lucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Lucci"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Made-for-TV movies","text":"Mafia Princess, starring Tony Curtis and Susan Lucci (1986) [citation needed]","title":"Syndicated programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dino Babies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dino_Babies"},{"link_name":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(1987_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Speed Racer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_Racer"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.imdb.com/title/tt0233123/"},{"link_name":"Filmation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmation"},{"link_name":"He-Man and the Masters of the Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He-Man_and_the_Masters_of_the_Universe"},{"link_name":"The Archie Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Archie_Show"},{"link_name":"She-Ra: Princess of Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She-Ra:_Princess_of_Power"},{"link_name":"Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Albert_and_the_Cosby_Kids"},{"link_name":"Ghostbusters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostbusters_(1986_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"BraveStarr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BraveStarr"}],"sub_title":"Children's/animated series","text":"Dino Babies\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 version)\nSpeed Racer (1993 version)\nWay Cool (1991–1992) ([38])\nThe in-house Filmation library (He-Man and the Masters of the Universe, The Archie Show, She-Ra: Princess of Power, Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids, Ghostbusters, BraveStarr, among other titles)","title":"Syndicated programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fight Back! with David Horowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight_Back!_with_David_Horowitz"},{"link_name":"Bob Vila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Vila"},{"link_name":"The George Michael Sports Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_George_Michael_Sports_Machine"},{"link_name":"Martha Stewart Living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Stewart_Living#Television_program"}],"sub_title":"First-run syndicated shows","text":"Fight Back! with David Horowitz (1976–1992)\nBob Vila's Home Again (1990-2005)\nThe George Michael Sports Machine (1995)\nMartha Stewart Living (1993–2004)","title":"Syndicated programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ed Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Wilson"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS_TO_ACQUIRE_MAXAM_ENTERTAINMENT-73"},{"link_name":"King World Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_World_Productions"},{"link_name":"CBS Media Ventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Media_Ventures"},{"link_name":"Filmation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmation"},{"link_name":"The George Michael Sports Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_George_Michael_Sports_Machine"},{"link_name":"NBCUniversal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBCUniversal"},{"link_name":"DreamWorks Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DreamWorks_Animation"},{"link_name":"Classic Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Media"},{"link_name":"Bob Vila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Vila"},{"link_name":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(1987_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Lionsgate Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionsgate_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Family Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Home_Entertainment"}],"sub_title":"End of Group W Productions","text":"After the merger with CBS in 1996, Westinghouse acquired Ed Wilson and Bob Cook's MaXam Entertainment and merged it with Group W Productions and CBS Enterprises (including CBS Broadcast International) to form Eyemark Entertainment,[66] with CBS Broadcast International acquiring the overseas rights to the Group W backlog. Eyemark was in turn folded into King World Productions following the latter company's acquisition by CBS in 2000. King World gained control of most of the Group W and Eyemark libraries from 2000 to 2005. These libraries are now controlled by CBS Media Ventures. The Filmation library and The George Michael Sports Machine are owned by NBCUniversal (the former through DreamWorks Animation/Classic Media), Bob Vila's Home Again is owned by Bob Vila with Telco Productions handling distribution rights, and the 1987 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles series is also owned by CBS Media Ventures with DVD rights licensed to Lionsgate Home Entertainment (formerly Family Home Entertainment).","title":"Syndicated programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Nashville Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nashville_Network"},{"link_name":"Gaylord Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaylord_Entertainment_Company"},{"link_name":"Viacom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacom_(2005%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"MTV Networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Networks"},{"link_name":"Paramount Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Network"},{"link_name":"The Disney Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel"},{"link_name":"The Walt Disney Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company"},{"link_name":"Home Team Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumental_Sports_Network"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Home Sports Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bally_Sports_Southwest"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Home Theater Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Theater_Network"},{"link_name":"Satellite News Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_News_Channel"},{"link_name":"Showtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showtime_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"TelePrompTer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TelePrompTer_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Time Warner Cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Warner_Cable"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"FSN North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bally_Sports_North"},{"link_name":"FSN Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bally_Sports_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"website of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Sports_Network"},{"link_name":"Z Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z_Channel"}],"text":"The Nashville Network (then co-owned with Gaylord Entertainment; Group W later bought Gaylord's stake in the channel; later owned by Viacom's MTV Networks as Spike (currently Paramount Network as of 2018))\nThe Disney Channel (then co-owned with The Walt Disney Company; Disney later bought Group W's 50 percent stake prior to its launch)\nHome Team Sports (Baltimore\\Washington network) and Home Sports Entertainment (Dallas)\nHome Theater Network (1978–1987)\nSatellite News Channel (co-owned with ABC; network went defunct after a year)\nShowtime (50 percent stake with Viacom from 1981 (when Group W acquired TelePrompTer), until they sold their half of Showtime back to Viacom in 1982)\nWisconsin Sports Network (co-owned with the Milwaukee Time Warner Cable franchise from 1996 to 1998, then merged into CBS Cable's Midwest Sports Channel (MSC). Later bought by Fox in 2000 and became FSN North and FSN Wisconsin (No relation to the present-day website of the same name.)\nZ Channel (under TelePrompTer-owned Theta Cable)","title":"Cable networks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NARBA_63-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NARBA_63-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NARBA_63-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NARBA_63-3"},{"link_name":"NARBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Regional_Broadcasting_Agreement"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-64"},{"link_name":"construction permit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_permit#broadcasting"},{"link_name":"Chicago Educational Television Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTTW"},{"link_name":"noncommercial educational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noncommercial_educational"},{"link_name":"WYCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYCC"},{"link_name":"City Colleges of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Colleges_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-65"},{"link_name":"WZLX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WZLX"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-66"},{"link_name":"WBOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBOS"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-67"},{"link_name":"KGON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGON"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-68"},{"link_name":"WRNB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRNB"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-69"},{"link_name":"WXTU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WXTU"}],"text":"^ a b c d Pre-NARBA station.\n\n^ Westinghouse Broadcasting also acquired a construction permit for channel 20 in Chicago along with its purchase of WIND radio in 1956 but that station, intended to be called WIND-TV, never signed on. The permit was later donated to the Chicago Educational Television Association, which operated channel 20 as noncommercial educational WXXW from 1965 to 1974. The channel 20 allocation was occupied by WYCC, an educational station operated by the City Colleges of Chicago, from 1983 until 2017.\n\n^ Frequency now used by WZLX.\n\n^ Frequency now used by WBOS.\n\n^ Frequency now used by KGON.\n\n^ Frequency now used by WRNB.\n\n^ Frequency now used by WXTU.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7c/Westinghouse_Numa_slide_rules.jpg/220px-Westinghouse_Numa_slide_rules.jpg"},{"image_text":"Westinghouse Broadcasting International logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Westinghouse_Broadcasting_1995.jpg/200px-Westinghouse_Broadcasting_1995.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"John Sizemore\".","urls":[{"url":"http://luc.devroye.org/fonts-72402.html","url_text":"\"John Sizemore\""}]},{"reference":"\"Westinghouse Font | John Sizemore\". October 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fontspace.com/john-sizemore/westinghouse","url_text":"\"Westinghouse Font | John Sizemore\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anklepants – Typodermic Fonts\".","urls":[{"url":"http://typodermicfonts.com/anklepants/","url_text":"\"Anklepants – Typodermic Fonts\""}]},{"reference":"\"KDKA Memories: Celebrating 95 Years of KDKA Radio\". October 12, 2015. Retrieved December 31, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2015/10/12/kdka-memories-celebrating-95-years-of-kdka-radio/","url_text":"\"KDKA Memories: Celebrating 95 Years of KDKA Radio\""}]},{"reference":"\"KDKA's Historic Broadcast\". March 8, 2012. Retrieved December 31, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2012/03/08/kdkas-historic-broadcast/","url_text":"\"KDKA's Historic Broadcast\""}]},{"reference":"Star-Ledger, Joe Ryan/The (October 5, 2007). \"Looking Back: The World Series' radio debut\". nj.com. 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trades.\""},{"Link":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/Archive-BC-IDX/64-OCR/1964-08-03-BC-OCR-Page-0023.pdf","external_links_name":"[31]"},{"Link":"https://www.webcitation.org/6b1NvzICO?url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/Archive-BC-IDX/64-OCR/1964-08-03-BC-OCR-Page-0023.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/Archive-BC-IDX/64-OCR/1964-08-03-BC-OCR-Page-0024.pdf","external_links_name":"[32]"},{"Link":"https://www.webcitation.org/6b1NvzBkN?url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/Archive-BC-IDX/64-OCR/1964-08-03-BC-OCR-Page-0024.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.webcitation.org/6b1Nvz46p?url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/Archive-BC-IDX/64-OCR/1964-08-03-BC-OCR-Page-0025.pdf","external_links_name":"[33]"},{"Link":"https://www.webcitation.org/6b1Nvz7YO?url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/Archive-BC-IDX/65-OCR/1965-06-14-BC-OCR-Page-0083.pdf","external_links_name":"\"\"The great swap takes place June 19; Westinghouse, NBC return to original properties.\" Broadcasting, June 14, 1965, pg. 83\""},{"Link":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/Archive-BC-IDX/65-OCR/1965-06-14-BC-OCR-Page-0083.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-IDX/84-OCR/BC-1984-04-09-Page-0094.pdf","external_links_name":"[34]"},{"Link":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1985/BC-1985-11-11.pdf#page=39","external_links_name":"\"Group W white knight to RKO's KHJ-TV for $313 million.\""},{"Link":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1986/BC-1986-02-24.pdf#page=41","external_links_name":"\"MCA pays $387 million for WOR-TV.\""},{"Link":"https://www.webcitation.org/6XUViq8UE?url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-IDX/94-OCR/BC-1994-05-30-Page-0006.pdf","external_links_name":"[35]"},{"Link":"https://www.webcitation.org/6XUVirqXo?url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-IDX/94-OCR/BC-1994-05-30-Page-0008.pdf","external_links_name":"[36]"},{"Link":"https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-IDX/94-OCR/BC-1994-06-20-Page-0007.pdf","external_links_name":"\"ABC pre-empts CBS in Cleveland, Detroit\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1994/BC-1994-07-18.pdf","external_links_name":"\"CBS, Group W form historic alliance\""},{"Link":"http://www.broadcastpioneers.com/kenmatz.html","external_links_name":"\"From the official archives of the Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110703093638/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1994-11-22/news/9411210600_1_wcix-nbc-programs-stations","external_links_name":"\"CBS, NBC changing channels\""},{"Link":"http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1994-11-22/news/9411210600_1_wcix-nbc-programs-stations","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/15/business/the-media-business-cbs-to-add-three-affiliates-in-deal-with-westinghouse.html?src=pm","external_links_name":"THE MEDIA BUSINESS; CBS to Add Three Affiliates In Deal With Westinghouse - New York Times"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/16/business/laurence-a-tisch-investor-known-for-saving-cbs-inc-from-takeover-dies-at-80.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm","external_links_name":"\"Obituary: Laurence A. Tisch, Investor Known for Saving CBS Inc. From Takeover, Dies at 80\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldradiohistory.com//Archive-BC-IDX/95-OCR/BC-1995-03-06-Page-0010.pdf","external_links_name":"[37]"},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2019-12-04/viacom-cbs-merger","external_links_name":"\"Viacom and CBS reunite in $12 billion deal, but challenges abound\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-viacom-m-a-cbs-idUSKCN1V315S","external_links_name":"\"CBS, Viacom reunite with plans for bigger role in streaming TV wars\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/68-OCR/1968-10-14-BC-OCR-Page-0070.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Only the name has changed\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/92-OCR/BC-1992-02-17-OCR-Page-0031.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Dealing in Monte Carlo\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/90-OCR/BC-1990-02-05-OCR-Page-0061.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Slow start for \"House Party\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.telecompaper.com/news/cbs-to-acquire-maxam-entertainment--73409","external_links_name":"CBS TO ACQUIRE MAXAM ENTERTAINMENT"},{"Link":"https://archives.lib.umd.edu/repositories/2/resources/1685","external_links_name":"Group W (the Westinghouse Broadcasting Co.) audio tapes"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oil_and_Hazardous_Substances_Pollution_Contingency_Plan | National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan | ["1 Major revisions","2 Role in BP oil spill","3 Key provisions","4 See also","5 References"] | The National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan or National Contingency Plan (NCP) is the United States federal government's blueprint for responding to oil spills and hazardous substance releases. It documents national response capability and is intended to promote overall coordination among the hierarchy of responders and contingency plans.
The first National Contingency Plan was developed and published in 1968, in response to a massive oil spill from the oil tanker Torrey Canyon, off the coast of England a year earlier. More than 37 million gallons of crude oil spilled into the water and caused massive environmental damage. To avoid the problems faced by response officials involved in the incident, US officials developed a coordinated approach to cope with potential spills in US waters. The 1968 plan provided the first comprehensive system of accident reporting, spill containment, and cleanup. It also established a response headquarters, a national reaction team, and regional reaction teams (precursors to the current National Response Team and Regional Response Teams).
Congress has broadened the scope of the National Contingency Plan over the years. As required by the Clean Water Act of 1972, the NCP was revised the following year to include a framework for responding to hazardous substance spills and oil discharges. Following the passage of Superfund legislation in 1980, the NCP was broadened to cover releases at hazardous waste sites requiring emergency removal actions. Over the years, additional revisions have been made to the NCP to keep pace with the enactment of legislation. The latest revisions to the NCP were finalized in 1994 to reflect the oil spill provisions of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990.
Under the National Contingency Plan, federal agencies should plan for emergencies and develop procedures for addressing oil discharges and releases of hazardous substances, pollutants, or contaminants; coordinate their planning, preparedness, and response activities with one another coordinate their planning, preparedness, and response activities with affected states, local governments, and private entities; and make available those facilities or resources that may be useful in a response situation, consistent with agency authorities and capabilities.
Once a response has been triggered, the USCG or USEPA "is authorized to initiate and, in the case of a discharge posing a substantial threat to public health or welfare of the United States is required to initiate and direct, appropriate response activities when the Administrator or Secretary determines that any oil or
CWA hazardous substance is discharged or there is a substantial threat of such discharge from any vessel or offshore or onshore facility into or on the navigable
waters of the United States, on the adjoining shorelines to the navigable waters, into or on the waters of the exclusive economic zone, or that may affect natural resources belonging to, appertaining to, or under exclusive management authority of the United States."
The federal On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) "directs response efforts and coordinates all other efforts at the scene of a discharge or release."
Major revisions
1968 Initial plan
1973 Added provisions for hazardous substances
1980 (circa) revised to reflect CERCLA provisions
1990 Revised and reorganized to reflect SARA provisions
1994 Revised to reflect OPA revisions
Role in BP oil spill
The plan places responsibility for command and control in managing serious disaster response with the US federal government and not a private company like BP, according to a 2010 article in Rolling Stone (magazine) about the BP Gulf oil spill.
Key provisions
Section 300.110 establishes the National Response Team and its roles and responsibilities in the National Response system, including planning and coordinating responses to major discharges of oil or hazardous waste, providing guidance to Regional Response Teams, co-ordinating a national program of preparedness planning and response, and facilitating research to improve response activities. The EPA serves as the lead agency within the National Response Team (NRT).
Section 300.115 establishes the Regional Response Teams and their roles and responsibilities in the National Response System, including, coordinating preparedness, planning, and response at the regional level. The RRT consists of a standing team made up of representatives of each federal agency that is a member of the Net, state and local government representatives, and also an incident-specific team, made up of members of the standing team that is activated for a response. The RRT also provides oversight and consistency review for area plans within a given region.
Section 300.120 establishes general responsibilities of federal On-Scene Coordinators.
Section 300.125(a) requires notification of any discharge or release to the National Response Center through a toll-free telephone number. The National Response Center (NRC) acts as the central clearinghouse for all pollution incident reporting.
Section 300.135(a) authorizes the predesignated On-Scene Coordinator to direct all federal, state, and private response activities at the site of a discharge.
Section 300.135(d) establishes the unified command structure for managing responses to discharges through coordinated personnel and resources of the federal government, the state government, and the responsible party.
Section 300.165 requires the On-Scene Coordinator to submit to the RRT or the NRT a report on all removal actions taken at a site.
Section 300.170 identifies the responsibilities for federal agencies that may be called upon during response planning and implementation to provide assistance in their respective areas of expertise consistent with the agencies' capabilities and authorities.
Section 300.175 lists the federal agencies that have duties associated with responding to releases.
Section 300.210 defines the objectives, authority, and scope of Federal Contingency Plans, including the National Contingency Plan (NCP), Regional Contingency Plans (RCPs), and Area Contingency Plans (ACPs).
Section 300.317 establishes national priorities for responding to a release.
Section 300.320 establishes the general pattern of response to be executed by the On-Scene Coordinator (OSC), including determination of threat, classification of the size and type of the release, notification of the RRT and the NRC, and supervision of thorough removal actions.
Section 300.322 authorizes the OSC to determine whether a release poses a substantial threat to the public health or welfare of the United States based on several factors, including the size and character of the discharge and its proximity to human populations and sensitive environments. In such cases, the OSC is authorized to direct all federal, state, or private response and recovery actions. The OSC may enlist the support of other federal agencies or special teams.
Section 300.323 provides special consideration to discharges which have been classified as a spill of national significance. In such cases, senior federal officials direct nationally-coordinated response efforts.
Section 300.324 requires the OSC to notify the National Strike Force Coordination Center (NSFCC) in the event of worst case discharges, defined as the largest foreseeable discharge in adverse weather conditions. The NSFCC coordinates the acquisition of needed response personnel and equipment. The OSC also must require implementation of the worst case portion of the tank vessel and Facility Response Plans and the Area Contingency Plan.
Section 300.355 provides funding for responses to oil releases under the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, provided certain criteria are met. The responsible party is liable for federal removal costs and damages as detailed in section 1002 of the Oil Pollution Act (OPA). Federal agencies assisting in a response action may be reimbursed. Several other federal agencies may provide financial support for removal actions.
Subpart J establishes the NCP Product Schedule, which contains dispersants and other chemical or biological products that may be used in carrying out the NCP. Authorization for the use of these products is conducted by Regional Response Teams and Area Committees or by the OSC, in consultation with EPA representatives.
Section 300.415(b) authorizes the lead agency to initiate appropriate removal action in the event of a hazardous substance release. Decisions of action will be based on threats to human or animal populations, contamination of drinking water supplies or sensitive ecosystems, high levels of hazardous substances in soils, weather conditions that may cause migration or release of hazardous substances, the threat of fire or explosion, or other significant factors affecting the health or welfare or the public or the environment.
Section 300.415(c) authorizes the OSC to direct appropriate actions to mitigate or remove the release of hazardous substances.
.
See also
Oil spill governance in the United States
References
^ a b c d e f National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan Overview, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Accessed November 19, 2009.
^ 40 CFR 300.105(a)
^ 40 CFR 300.125(b)
^ 40 CFR 300.120(a)
^ 55 FR 8666, May 8, 1990
^ 59 FR 47384, September 15, 1994
^ Tim Dickinson The Spill, The Scandal and the President; The inside story of how Obama failed to crack down on the corruption of the Bush years – and let the world's most dangerous oil company get away with murder Rolling Stone June 08, 2010 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Torrey Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrey_Canyon"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"crude oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude_oil"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EPAEM-1"},{"link_name":"Superfund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfund"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EPAEM-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref04-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref05-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref06-4"}],"text":"The first National Contingency Plan was developed and published in 1968, in response to a massive oil spill from the oil tanker Torrey Canyon, off the coast of England a year earlier. More than 37 million gallons of crude oil spilled into the water and caused massive environmental damage. To avoid the problems faced by response officials involved in the incident, US officials developed a coordinated approach to cope with potential spills in US waters. The 1968 plan provided the first comprehensive system of accident reporting, spill containment, and cleanup. It also established a response headquarters, a national reaction team, and regional reaction teams (precursors to the current National Response Team and Regional Response Teams).[1]Congress has broadened the scope of the National Contingency Plan over the years. As required by the Clean Water Act of 1972, the NCP was revised the following year to include a framework for responding to hazardous substance spills and oil discharges. Following the passage of Superfund legislation in 1980, the NCP was broadened to cover releases at hazardous waste sites requiring emergency removal actions. Over the years, additional revisions have been made to the NCP to keep pace with the enactment of legislation. The latest revisions to the NCP were finalized in 1994 to reflect the oil spill provisions of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990.[1]Under the National Contingency Plan, federal agencies should plan for emergencies and develop procedures for addressing oil discharges and releases of hazardous substances, pollutants, or contaminants; coordinate their planning, preparedness, and response activities with one another coordinate their planning, preparedness, and response activities with affected states, local governments, and private entities; and make available those facilities or resources that may be useful in a response situation, consistent with agency authorities and capabilities.[2]Once a response has been triggered, the USCG or USEPA \"is authorized to initiate and, in the case of a discharge posing a substantial threat to public health or welfare of the United States is required to initiate and direct, appropriate response activities when the Administrator or Secretary determines that any oil or\nCWA hazardous substance is discharged or there is a substantial threat of such discharge from any vessel or offshore or onshore facility into or on the navigable\nwaters of the United States, on the adjoining shorelines to the navigable waters, into or on the waters of the exclusive economic zone, or that may affect natural resources belonging to, appertaining to, or under exclusive management authority of the United States.\"[3]The federal On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) \"directs response efforts and coordinates all other efforts at the scene of a discharge or release.\"[4]","title":"National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EPAEM-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EPAEM-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EPAEM-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref02-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref03-6"}],"text":"1968 Initial plan[1]\n1973 Added provisions for hazardous substances[1]\n1980 (circa) revised to reflect CERCLA provisions[1]\n1990 Revised and reorganized to reflect SARA provisions[5]\n1994 Revised to reflect OPA revisions[6]","title":"Major revisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"command and control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_and_control"},{"link_name":"US federal government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_federal_government"},{"link_name":"BP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone (magazine)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"BP Gulf oil spill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_Gulf_oil_spill"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The plan places responsibility for command and control in managing serious disaster response with the US federal government and not a private company like BP, according to a 2010 article in Rolling Stone (magazine) about the BP Gulf oil spill.[7]","title":"Role in BP oil spill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"toll-free telephone number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll-free_telephone_number"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.epa.gov/oem/content/lawsregs/ncpover.htm"}],"text":"Section 300.110 establishes the National Response Team and its roles and responsibilities in the National Response system, including planning and coordinating responses to major discharges of oil or hazardous waste, providing guidance to Regional Response Teams, co-ordinating a national program of preparedness planning and response, and facilitating research to improve response activities. The EPA serves as the lead agency within the National Response Team (NRT).Section 300.115 establishes the Regional Response Teams and their roles and responsibilities in the National Response System, including, coordinating preparedness, planning, and response at the regional level. The RRT consists of a standing team made up of representatives of each federal agency that is a member of the Net, state and local government representatives, and also an incident-specific team, made up of members of the standing team that is activated for a response. The RRT also provides oversight and consistency review for area plans within a given region.Section 300.120 establishes general responsibilities of federal On-Scene Coordinators.Section 300.125(a) requires notification of any discharge or release to the National Response Center through a toll-free telephone number. The National Response Center (NRC) acts as the central clearinghouse for all pollution incident reporting.Section 300.135(a) authorizes the predesignated On-Scene Coordinator to direct all federal, state, and private response activities at the site of a discharge.Section 300.135(d) establishes the unified command structure for managing responses to discharges through coordinated personnel and resources of the federal government, the state government, and the responsible party.Section 300.165 requires the On-Scene Coordinator to submit to the RRT or the NRT a report on all removal actions taken at a site.Section 300.170 identifies the responsibilities for federal agencies that may be called upon during response planning and implementation to provide assistance in their respective areas of expertise consistent with the agencies' capabilities and authorities.Section 300.175 lists the federal agencies that have duties associated with responding to releases.Section 300.210 defines the objectives, authority, and scope of Federal Contingency Plans, including the National Contingency Plan (NCP), Regional Contingency Plans (RCPs), and Area Contingency Plans (ACPs).Section 300.317 establishes national priorities for responding to a release.Section 300.320 establishes the general pattern of response to be executed by the On-Scene Coordinator (OSC), including determination of threat, classification of the size and type of the release, notification of the RRT and the NRC, and supervision of thorough removal actions.Section 300.322 authorizes the OSC to determine whether a release poses a substantial threat to the public health or welfare of the United States based on several factors, including the size and character of the discharge and its proximity to human populations and sensitive environments. In such cases, the OSC is authorized to direct all federal, state, or private response and recovery actions. The OSC may enlist the support of other federal agencies or special teams.Section 300.323 provides special consideration to discharges which have been classified as a spill of national significance. In such cases, senior federal officials direct nationally-coordinated response efforts.Section 300.324 requires the OSC to notify the National Strike Force Coordination Center (NSFCC) in the event of worst case discharges, defined as the largest foreseeable discharge in adverse weather conditions. The NSFCC coordinates the acquisition of needed response personnel and equipment. The OSC also must require implementation of the worst case portion of the tank vessel and Facility Response Plans and the Area Contingency Plan.Section 300.355 provides funding for responses to oil releases under the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, provided certain criteria are met. The responsible party is liable for federal removal costs and damages as detailed in section 1002 of the Oil Pollution Act (OPA). Federal agencies assisting in a response action may be reimbursed. Several other federal agencies may provide financial support for removal actions.Subpart J establishes the NCP Product Schedule, which contains dispersants and other chemical or biological products that may be used in carrying out the NCP. Authorization for the use of these products is conducted by Regional Response Teams and Area Committees or by the OSC, in consultation with EPA representatives.Section 300.415(b) authorizes the lead agency to initiate appropriate removal action in the event of a hazardous substance release. Decisions of action will be based on threats to human or animal populations, contamination of drinking water supplies or sensitive ecosystems, high levels of hazardous substances in soils, weather conditions that may cause migration or release of hazardous substances, the threat of fire or explosion, or other significant factors affecting the health or welfare or the public or the environment.Section 300.415(c) authorizes the OSC to direct appropriate actions to mitigate or remove the release of hazardous substances.\n[1].","title":"Key provisions"}] | [] | [{"title":"Oil spill governance in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill_governance_in_the_United_States"}] | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.epa.gov/oem/content/lawsregs/ncpover.htm","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.epa.gov/oem/content/lawsregs/ncpover.htm","external_links_name":"National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan Overview"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100612084247/http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/17390/111965?RS_show_page=6","external_links_name":"The Spill, The Scandal and the President; The inside story of how Obama failed to crack down on the corruption of the Bush years – and let the world's most dangerous oil company get away with murder"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claye-Souilly | Claye-Souilly | ["1 Demography","2 Personalities","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 48°57′00″N 2°42′00″E / 48.9500°N 2.7000°E / 48.9500; 2.7000Commune in Île-de-France, FranceClaye-SouillyCommuneThe town hall in Claye-Souilly
Coat of armsLocation of Claye-Souilly
Claye-SouillyShow map of FranceClaye-SouillyShow map of Île-de-France (region)Coordinates: 48°57′00″N 2°42′00″E / 48.9500°N 2.7000°E / 48.9500; 2.7000CountryFranceRegionÎle-de-FranceDepartmentSeine-et-MarneArrondissementMeauxCantonClaye-SouillyIntercommunalityCA Roissy Pays de FranceGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Jean-Luc ServièresArea115.07 km2 (5.82 sq mi)Population (2021)12,282 • Density810/km2 (2,100/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code77118 /77410Elevation42–124 m (138–407 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
Claye-Souilly (French pronunciation: ⓘ) is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Demography
The inhabitants are called Clayois.
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1968 4,363— 1975 5,735+3.98%1982 8,152+5.15%1990 9,740+2.25%1999 10,152+0.46%2007 11,251+1.29%2012 11,299+0.09%2017 12,486+2.02%Source: INSEE
Personalities
Jules de Polignac (1745–1817) was born here in 1745. He was the husband of Madame de Polignac, friend of Marie Antoinette.
Mancini family
See also
Communes of the Seine-et-Marne department
References
^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.
^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Claye-Souilly.
1999 Land Use, from IAURIF (Institute for Urban Planning and Development of the Paris-Île-de-France région) (in English)
Base Mérimée: Search for heritage in the commune, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)
vte Communes of the Seine-et-Marne department
Achères-la-Forêt
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Amponville
Andrezel
Annet-sur-Marne
Arbonne-la-Forêt
Argentières
Armentières-en-Brie
Arville
Aubepierre-Ozouer-le-Repos
Aufferville
Augers-en-Brie
Aulnoy
Avon
Baby
Bagneaux-sur-Loing
Bailly-Romainvilliers
Balloy
Bannost-Villegagnon
Barbey
Barbizon
Barcy
Bassevelle
Bazoches-lès-Bray
Beauchery-Saint-Martin
Beaumont-du-Gâtinais
Beautheil-Saints
Beauvoir
Bellot
Bernay-Vilbert
Beton-Bazoches
Bezalles
Blandy
Blennes
Boisdon
Bois-le-Roi
Boissettes
Boissise-la-Bertrand
Boissise-le-Roi
Boissy-aux-Cailles
Boissy-le-Châtel
Boitron
Bombon
Bougligny
Boulancourt
Bouleurs
Bourron-Marlotte
Boutigny
Bransles
Bray-sur-Seine
Bréau
Brie-Comte-Robert
La Brosse-Montceaux
Brou-sur-Chantereine
Burcy
Bussières
Bussy-Saint-Georges
Bussy-Saint-Martin
Buthiers
Cannes-Écluse
Carnetin
La Celle-sur-Morin
Cély
Cerneux
Cesson
Cessoy-en-Montois
Chailly-en-Bière
Chailly-en-Brie
Chaintreaux
Chalautre-la-Grande
Chalautre-la-Petite
Chalifert
Chalmaison
Chambry
Chamigny
Champagne-sur-Seine
Champcenest
Champdeuil
Champeaux
Champs-sur-Marne
Changis-sur-Marne
Chanteloup-en-Brie
La Chapelle-Gauthier
La Chapelle-Iger
La Chapelle-la-Reine
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pref: prefecture
subpr: subprefecture
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This article related to a Seine-et-Marne location is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[klɛ suji]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Persepha-Claye-Souilly.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Persepha-Claye-Souilly.wav.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-Persepha-Claye-Souilly.wav"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Seine-et-Marne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-et-Marne"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Île-de-France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France"},{"link_name":"region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"Commune in Île-de-France, FranceClaye-Souilly (French pronunciation: [klɛ suji] ⓘ) is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.","title":"Claye-Souilly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phabricator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans"}],"text":"The inhabitants are called Clayois.Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.","title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jules de Polignac (1745–1817)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_de_Polignac_(1745%E2%80%931817)"},{"link_name":"Madame de Polignac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_de_Polignac"},{"link_name":"Marie Antoinette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette"},{"link_name":"Mancini family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mancini_family"}],"text":"Jules de Polignac (1745–1817) was born here in 1745. He was the husband of Madame de Polignac, friend of Marie Antoinette.\nMancini family","title":"Personalities"}] | [] | [{"title":"Communes of the Seine-et-Marne department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Seine-et-Marne_department"}] | [{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_St%C3%A4del | Johann Friedrich Städel | ["1 Life","2 References"] | German banker (1728–1816)
A drawing of Städel by Johann David Passavant
Johann Friedrich Städel (1728–1816) was a German banker and patron of the arts. He founded the Städel Art Institute in his will, donating his entire fortune, art collection and house to the institute.
Life
Städel was born to Johann Daniel Städel, a spice trader who moved to Frankfurt in 1718, and Maria Dorothea Petzel, the daughter of a wealthy merchant. After his parents' deaths in 1777 and 1778, Städel took over the business, but soon transferred to banking. He was very successful in this business, doubling his wealth between 1783 and his death in 1816. He lived in his parents' house in the Kornmarkt until 1777 before moving into his own home on the Roßmarkt .
Städel began collecting paintings and drawings in 1770. By the time of his death, his collection contained around 500 paintings, mostly by Flemish, Dutch and German painters of the 17th and 18th centuries. The collection also contained over 4000 drawings. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, the famous playwright and poet, visited the collection several times.
Städel did not marry and had no children. Since 1793 he had planned to create an art institute. In 1811 he requested permission to found an institute from Karl Theodor von Dalberg, the Grand Duke of Frankfurt. In Städel's will, he stipulated that both a public art collection (the Städel Kunstinstitut) as well as an art school (the Städelschule) be created in his name. He also stated that his paintings could be sold, and the institute should seek the "best" possible collections. All of the artworks owned by Städel were transferred to the collection upon his death in 1816.
References
^ a b c "Städel (Staedel), Johann Friedrich". Deutsche Biographie. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
^ Pollmer-Schmidt, Almut (1 December 2016). "Wandel als Vermächtnis". Städelblog. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
^ "History of the Museum". Städel Museum. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
Authority control databases International
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bildnis_Johann_Friedrich_St%C3%A4del_(SM_13045z).png"},{"link_name":"Johann David Passavant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_David_Passavant"},{"link_name":"Städel Art Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A4del"}],"text":"A drawing of Städel by Johann David PassavantJohann Friedrich Städel (1728–1816) was a German banker and patron of the arts. 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In Städel's will, he stipulated that both a public art collection (the Städel Kunstinstitut) as well as an art school (the Städelschule) be created in his name. He also stated that his paintings could be sold, and the institute should seek the \"best\" possible collections.[3] All of the artworks owned by Städel were transferred to the collection upon his death in 1816.","title":"Life"}] | [{"image_text":"A drawing of Städel by Johann David Passavant","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bildnis_Johann_Friedrich_St%C3%A4del_%28SM_13045z%29.png/220px-Bildnis_Johann_Friedrich_St%C3%A4del_%28SM_13045z%29.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Städel (Staedel), Johann Friedrich\". Deutsche Biographie. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquitex | Liquitex | ["1 History","2 Products","3 Notable adopters of acrylics","4 References","5 External links"] | American acrylic paint manufacturer
LiquitexFormerlyPermanent Pigments CompanyCompany typePrivateIndustryArt materialsFounded1955; 69 years ago (1955)FounderHenry LevisonHeadquartersCincinnati, Ohio, United StatesArea servedWorldwideProductsAcrylic paintsParentColartWebsiteliquitex.com
Liquitex is a US company that supplies art materials, focusing exclusively on the development, manufacture and distribution of acrylic paints. Founded by Henry Levison as "Permanent Pigments" in 1955, the company created the first water-based acrylic gesso. That same year, Levison decided to reorganize the company under the name "Liquitex". In 1956, the company starting selling water-based "Soft Body" acrylic paints. In 1963, "Heavy Body" paints were available with a thicker consistency. The company offers the largest number of acrylic paint products in the world.
History
Liquitex was developed by the Permanent Pigments Company, established in 1933 by Henry Levison. Permanent Pigments was a small, family-owned business located in Cincinnati that focused on developing oil paint.
In 1950, Henry Levison, along with other professionals in the art materials industry, established the National Art Materials Trade Association, now known as the International Art Materials Trade Association. It was the first trade organization in the world that focused on promoting and sustaining the manufacture, distribution, sales, and training in the use of art materials.
In 1955, Levison developed a quick-drying, water-emulsified acrylic polymer resin. In selecting a name for the new product, Levison chose "Liquitex" as a portmanteau of "liquid" and "texture". The name was based on the character of the medium, which was a liquid base, quick drying and easily used to create texture in artwork.
In 1964, Binney & Smith acquired the Liquitex brand, eventually selling it in 2000 to its present owner, Colart.
Products
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Paints
Liquitex Professional Paint Markers Liquitex Professional Spray PaintLiquitex Professional Soft Body Acrylic PaintLiquitex Professional Heavy Body Acrylic PaintLiquitex Professional Acrylic Ink!Liquitex BasicsLiquitex Basics Matt
Mediums
GessoFluid mediumsGel mediumsEffects mediumsAdditive mediumsRemovable and non-removable varnishes
Brushes
Professional brushesProfessional knivesBasics brushes
Notable adopters of acrylics
Helen Frankenthaler and Andy Warhol were early adopters of Liquitex acrylic paints. David Hockney switched from oils to acrylics after Liquitex made a less liquid medium in 1963 (High Viscosity Artist Color).
Liquitex is used by mural artists like Thomas Hart Benton. Abstract expressionist artist Robert Motherwell switched to acrylic paints due to his use of large amounts of black, a color that (as oil paint) takes an especially long time to dry. He continued to use oil paint for some work, but mostly used acrylics after the mid-1960s.
References
^ a b "Brands". ColArt. Archived from the original on 2012-09-15. Retrieved 2012-09-01.
^ a b c "About Us". Liquitex. Archived from the original on 2016-03-15. Retrieved 2012-09-01.
^ "How Good are Liquitex Heavy Body Acrylic Paints?". Acrylicpaintreview.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-22. Retrieved 2012-09-01.
^ Anna Brunt. "Product launch | Digital agency london | Drupal development London". Catchdigital.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-20. Retrieved 2012-09-01.
^ "Company History: Since 1903 the Binney & Smith Crayola brand continues to grow, with new products based on value, technical innovation, high quality, consumer satisfaction, and of course, colour and fun!". Crayola.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2013-01-03. Retrieved 2012-09-01.
^ Ball, Philip. Bright Earth: Art and the Invention of Color, Issue 7432, University Of Chicago Press; first edition, April 15, 2003. ISBN 978-0226036281
External links
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M&G Stationery
Musgrave
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Watercolor
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1 This template does not include art stores, only manufacturers and/or brands
Category
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amie_Siegel | Amie Siegel | ["1 Recent exhibitions","2 Collections","3 Festivals","4 Awards","5 References"] | American filmmaker
Amie Siegel (born 1974) is an American artist. She was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 2007. Siegel was born in Chicago, Illinois. She attended Bard College and the School of the Art Institute of Chicago.
Recent exhibitions
Provenance – Simon Preston Gallery, New York, 2013
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 2013
Ricochet – Kunstmuseum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, 2016
Swiss Institute Contemporary Art New York, 2016
Winter – Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, Bilbao, 2017
Gwangju Biennale, 2018
Backstory – Thomas Dane Gallery, London, 2018
Provenance – Tate St. Ives, St. Ives, 2019
Collections
Whitney Museum of American Art
Guggenheim Museum
Museum of Modern Art
Tate Modern
Festivals
Cannes Film Festival
Berlin International Film Festival
Awards
DAAD Berliner-Künstlerprogramm
Creative Capital
Harvard Film Study Center
ICA Boston Foster Prize
Guggenheim Fellowship, 2007
References
^ Stillman, Steel (October 27, 2015). "In the Studio: Amie Siegel". ARTnews. Retrieved July 20, 2021.
^ "Amie Siegel: Provenance". Simon Preston Gallery. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
^ "Amie Siegel: Metropolitan Museum of Art". Met Museum. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
^ "Amie Siegel's Ricochet at Kunstmuseum Stuttgart". Kunstmuseum Stuttgart. January 30, 2016. Retrieved March 26, 2019.
^ "Amie Siegel: Swiss Institute". Hyperallergic. May 13, 2016. Retrieved March 26, 2019.
^ "Amie Siegel: Winter". Guggenheim Bilbao. November 23, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2019.
^ "Amie Siegel: Gwangju Biennale". Art News. April 2, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2019.
^ "Amie Siegel's "Backstory" at Thomas Dane Gallery, London". Blouin Art Info. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
^ Carey-Kent, Paul (February 2, 2019). "Recommended London Art Exhibitions February 2019 – Paul Carey- Kent". Artlyst. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
^ "Amie Siegel: Provenance". Tate St Ives. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
^ "Amie Siegel: Whitney Museum of American Art". Whitney Museum of American Art. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
^ "Amie Siegel: Guggenheim Museum". Guggenheim Museum. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
^ "Amie Siegel: Museum of Modern Art". Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
^ "Amie Siegel: Tate Modern". Tate Modern. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
^ "Amie Siegel: Cannes". Retrieved February 18, 2019.
^ "Amie Siegel: Berlinale". February 8, 2006. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
^ "Amie Siegel:DAAD". Berliner Künstlerprogramm. 2003. Retrieved March 26, 2019.
^ "Amie Siegel: Creative Capital". 2015. Retrieved March 26, 2019.
^ "Amie Siegel: Harvard Film Study Center". 2007. Retrieved March 26, 2019.
^ "Amie Siegel:ICA Boston Foster Prize". 2003. Retrieved March 26, 2019.
^ "Guggenheim Foundation 2007 Fellows". October 4, 2008. Archived from the original on October 4, 2008. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
Authority control databases International
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This article about an artist from the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about an American photographer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guggenheim Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"Bard College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bard_College"},{"link_name":"School of the Art Institute of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_the_Art_Institute_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARTnews-1"}],"text":"American filmmakerAmie Siegel (born 1974) is an American artist. She was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 2007. Siegel was born in Chicago, Illinois. She attended Bard College and the School of the Art Institute of Chicago.[1]","title":"Amie Siegel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-2"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-3"},{"link_name":"Kunstmuseum Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunstmuseum_Stuttgart"},{"link_name":"Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-4"},{"link_name":"Swiss Institute Contemporary Art New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Institute_Contemporary_Art_New_York"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-5"},{"link_name":"Guggenheim Museum Bilbao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Museum_Bilbao"},{"link_name":"Bilbao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbao"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-6"},{"link_name":"Gwangju Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwangju_Biennale"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-9"},{"link_name":"Tate St. Ives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_St_Ives"},{"link_name":"St. Ives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Ives,_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"}],"text":"Provenance – Simon Preston Gallery, New York, 2013[2]\nMetropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 2013[3]\nRicochet – Kunstmuseum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, 2016[4]\nSwiss Institute Contemporary Art New York, 2016[5]\nWinter – Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, Bilbao, 2017[6]\nGwangju Biennale, 2018[7]\nBackstory – Thomas Dane Gallery, London, 2018[8][9]\nProvenance – Tate St. Ives, St. Ives, 2019[10]","title":"Recent exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Whitney Museum of American Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Museum_of_American_Art"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-11"},{"link_name":"Guggenheim Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Museum"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-12"},{"link_name":"Museum of Modern Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-13"},{"link_name":"Tate Modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_Modern"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-14"}],"text":"Whitney Museum of American Art[11]\nGuggenheim Museum[12]\nMuseum of Modern Art[13]\nTate Modern[14]","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-15"},{"link_name":"Berlin International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-16"}],"text":"Cannes Film Festival[15]\nBerlin International Film Festival[16]","title":"Festivals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:19-20"},{"link_name":"Guggenheim Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"DAAD Berliner-Künstlerprogramm [17]\nCreative Capital [18]\nHarvard Film Study Center [19]\nICA Boston Foster Prize [20]\nGuggenheim Fellowship, 2007[21]","title":"Awards"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Stillman, Steel (October 27, 2015). \"In the Studio: Amie Siegel\". ARTnews. Retrieved July 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artnews.com/art-in-america/features/in-the-studio-amie-siegel-63117/","url_text":"\"In the Studio: Amie Siegel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amie Siegel: Provenance\". Simon Preston Gallery. Retrieved February 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://simonprestongallery.com/?gallery_exhibition=provenance","url_text":"\"Amie Siegel: Provenance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amie Siegel: Metropolitan Museum of Art\". Met Museum. Retrieved February 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2014/amie-siegel","url_text":"\"Amie Siegel: Metropolitan Museum of Art\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amie Siegel's Ricochet at Kunstmuseum Stuttgart\". Kunstmuseum Stuttgart. January 30, 2016. Retrieved March 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kunstmuseum-stuttgart.de/index.php?site=Ausstellungen;Vorschau_Details&id=99/","url_text":"\"Amie Siegel's Ricochet at Kunstmuseum Stuttgart\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amie Siegel: Swiss Institute\". Hyperallergic. May 13, 2016. Retrieved March 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://hyperallergic.com/298178/from-silver-screen-to-boob-tube-mass-media-art-goes-to-the-white-cube/","url_text":"\"Amie Siegel: Swiss Institute\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amie Siegel: Winter\". Guggenheim Bilbao. November 23, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.guggenheim-bilbao.eus/en/exhibitions/amie-siegel-winter/","url_text":"\"Amie Siegel: Winter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amie Siegel: Gwangju Biennale\". Art News. April 2, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.artnews.com/2018/04/02/heres-artist-list-2018-gwangju-biennale/","url_text":"\"Amie Siegel: Gwangju Biennale\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amie Siegel's \"Backstory\" at Thomas Dane Gallery, London\". Blouin Art Info. Retrieved February 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blouinartinfo.com/news/story/3363117/amie-siegels-backstory-at-thomas-dane-gallery-london","url_text":"\"Amie Siegel's \"Backstory\" at Thomas Dane Gallery, London\""}]},{"reference":"Carey-Kent, Paul (February 2, 2019). \"Recommended London Art Exhibitions February 2019 – Paul Carey- Kent\". Artlyst. Retrieved February 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artlyst.com/features/recommended-london-art-exhibitions-february-2019-paul-carey-kent/","url_text":"\"Recommended London Art Exhibitions February 2019 – Paul Carey- Kent\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amie Siegel: Provenance\". Tate St Ives. Retrieved February 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-st-ives/exhibition/amie-siegel-provenance","url_text":"\"Amie Siegel: Provenance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amie Siegel: Whitney Museum of American Art\". Whitney Museum of American Art. Retrieved February 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://whitney.org/collection/works/44104","url_text":"\"Amie Siegel: Whitney Museum of American Art\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amie Siegel: Guggenheim Museum\". Guggenheim Museum. Retrieved February 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.guggenheim.org/blogs/checklist/recent-works-by-emerging-artists-join-the-guggenheims-collection","url_text":"\"Amie Siegel: Guggenheim Museum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amie Siegel: Museum of Modern Art\". Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved February 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.moma.org/collection/works/273599","url_text":"\"Amie Siegel: Museum of Modern Art\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amie Siegel: Tate Modern\". Tate Modern. Retrieved February 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/siegel-provenance-l037519","url_text":"\"Amie Siegel: Tate Modern\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amie Siegel: Cannes\". Retrieved February 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.semainedelacritique.com/en/directors/amie-siegel","url_text":"\"Amie Siegel: Cannes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amie Siegel: Berlinale\". February 8, 2006. Retrieved February 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kw-berlin.de/en/amos-gitai-amie-siegel-harun-farocki-forum-expanded-berlinale-and-kw-institute-for-contemporary-art-present-video-art-and-installations/","url_text":"\"Amie Siegel: Berlinale\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amie Siegel:DAAD\". Berliner Künstlerprogramm. 2003. Retrieved March 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.berliner-kuenstlerprogramm.de/en/gast.php?id=912","url_text":"\"Amie Siegel:DAAD\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amie Siegel: Creative Capital\". 2015. Retrieved March 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://creative-capital.org/artists/amie-siegel/","url_text":"\"Amie Siegel: Creative Capital\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amie Siegel: Harvard Film Study Center\". 2007. Retrieved March 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://filmstudycenter.org/fellows-works/amie-siegel/","url_text":"\"Amie Siegel: Harvard Film Study Center\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amie Siegel:ICA Boston Foster Prize\". 2003. Retrieved March 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://artdaily.com/news/43643/ICA-Boston-Announces-Amie-Siegel-as-the-Winner-of-the-2010-James-and-Audrey-Foster-Prize","url_text":"\"Amie Siegel:ICA Boston Foster Prize\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guggenheim Foundation 2007 Fellows\". October 4, 2008. Archived from the original on October 4, 2008. Retrieved February 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081004165403/http://www.gf.org/07fellow.html","url_text":"\"Guggenheim Foundation 2007 Fellows\""},{"url":"http://www.gf.org/07fellow.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.artnews.com/art-in-america/features/in-the-studio-amie-siegel-63117/","external_links_name":"\"In the Studio: Amie Siegel\""},{"Link":"https://simonprestongallery.com/?gallery_exhibition=provenance","external_links_name":"\"Amie Siegel: Provenance\""},{"Link":"https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2014/amie-siegel","external_links_name":"\"Amie Siegel: Metropolitan Museum of Art\""},{"Link":"https://www.kunstmuseum-stuttgart.de/index.php?site=Ausstellungen;Vorschau_Details&id=99/","external_links_name":"\"Amie Siegel's Ricochet at Kunstmuseum Stuttgart\""},{"Link":"https://hyperallergic.com/298178/from-silver-screen-to-boob-tube-mass-media-art-goes-to-the-white-cube/","external_links_name":"\"Amie Siegel: Swiss Institute\""},{"Link":"https://www.guggenheim-bilbao.eus/en/exhibitions/amie-siegel-winter/","external_links_name":"\"Amie Siegel: Winter\""},{"Link":"http://www.artnews.com/2018/04/02/heres-artist-list-2018-gwangju-biennale/","external_links_name":"\"Amie Siegel: Gwangju Biennale\""},{"Link":"https://www.blouinartinfo.com/news/story/3363117/amie-siegels-backstory-at-thomas-dane-gallery-london","external_links_name":"\"Amie Siegel's \"Backstory\" at Thomas Dane Gallery, London\""},{"Link":"https://www.artlyst.com/features/recommended-london-art-exhibitions-february-2019-paul-carey-kent/","external_links_name":"\"Recommended London Art Exhibitions February 2019 – Paul Carey- Kent\""},{"Link":"https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-st-ives/exhibition/amie-siegel-provenance","external_links_name":"\"Amie Siegel: Provenance\""},{"Link":"https://whitney.org/collection/works/44104","external_links_name":"\"Amie Siegel: Whitney Museum of American Art\""},{"Link":"https://www.guggenheim.org/blogs/checklist/recent-works-by-emerging-artists-join-the-guggenheims-collection","external_links_name":"\"Amie Siegel: Guggenheim Museum\""},{"Link":"https://www.moma.org/collection/works/273599","external_links_name":"\"Amie Siegel: Museum of Modern Art\""},{"Link":"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/siegel-provenance-l037519","external_links_name":"\"Amie Siegel: Tate Modern\""},{"Link":"https://www.semainedelacritique.com/en/directors/amie-siegel","external_links_name":"\"Amie Siegel: Cannes\""},{"Link":"https://www.kw-berlin.de/en/amos-gitai-amie-siegel-harun-farocki-forum-expanded-berlinale-and-kw-institute-for-contemporary-art-present-video-art-and-installations/","external_links_name":"\"Amie Siegel: Berlinale\""},{"Link":"http://www.berliner-kuenstlerprogramm.de/en/gast.php?id=912","external_links_name":"\"Amie Siegel:DAAD\""},{"Link":"https://creative-capital.org/artists/amie-siegel/","external_links_name":"\"Amie Siegel: Creative Capital\""},{"Link":"https://filmstudycenter.org/fellows-works/amie-siegel/","external_links_name":"\"Amie Siegel: Harvard Film Study Center\""},{"Link":"http://artdaily.com/news/43643/ICA-Boston-Announces-Amie-Siegel-as-the-Winner-of-the-2010-James-and-Audrey-Foster-Prize","external_links_name":"\"Amie Siegel:ICA Boston Foster Prize\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081004165403/http://www.gf.org/07fellow.html","external_links_name":"\"Guggenheim Foundation 2007 Fellows\""},{"Link":"http://www.gf.org/07fellow.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000045110204","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/1788518","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjxwyKhFGJ9jtxhFwQg8C","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/132000385","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n98067836","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA18997047?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/explore-art-and-ideas/artist/9040/","external_links_name":"Auckland"},{"Link":"https://www.moma.org/artists/69768","external_links_name":"Museum of Modern Art"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500294300","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd132000385.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/197533787","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amie_Siegel&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amie_Siegel&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyper_Static_Union | Hyper Static Union | ["1 Discography","1.1 Albums","2 References"] | American Christian alternative rock band
This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2022)
Hyper Static UnionOriginCamas, Washington, USGenresChristian rock, alternative rock, funk rockMembersLevi NeuschwanderTim DowningPast membersShawn LewisRay BurnhamAndy Bell Joseph SchlegelBryan AlbrechtsonMike Jackson
Hyper Static Union is an American Christian alternative rock band formed in Camas, Washington, United States. The band's first studio album was released May 9, 2006, and was produced by Mac Powell of Third Day. Their song "Praying for Sunny Days" was the ninth-most played song of 2006 on CHR radio and the most played new artist for CHR in 2006.
The band draws its name from a theological point in Christianity known as the hypostatic union.
As of March 8, 2015, the band's website domain registration expired.
According to frontman Shawn Lewis' LinkedIn profile, he was a part of the band for 12 years (from 1998 to 2010). His current musical project is called Beat Frequency.
Bryan Albrechtson died in his sleep on October 13, 2011. A concert was held in Camas in his honor.
Mike Jackson is now a psychiatric nurse in Portland, Oregon.
Discography
Albums
Hyper Static Union (self-released, 1998)
Old School Tracks (self-released, 2003)
Entropy Automatic (self-released, 2004)
Lifegiver (RKT/Sony, 2006)
Meet Him in the Air (Amplitude Media, 2008)
References
^ As played on the Weekend 22 on the weekend of January 7, 2007
^ As noted by the host GoDaddy on the expired domain's root page
^
^ "Beat Frequency". Facebook.com. Retrieved May 25, 2022.
^ "Friends and family of local musician organize benefit concert". Camaspostrecord.com. 15 November 2011.
This Christian music-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian alternative rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"Camas, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camas,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Mac Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_Powell"},{"link_name":"Third Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Day"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"hypostatic union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypostatic_union"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"}],"text":"Hyper Static Union is an American Christian alternative rock band formed in Camas, Washington, United States. The band's first studio album was released May 9, 2006, and was produced by Mac Powell of Third Day. Their song \"Praying for Sunny Days\" was the ninth-most played song of 2006 on CHR radio and the most played new artist for CHR in 2006.[1]The band draws its name from a theological point in Christianity known as the hypostatic union.As of March 8, 2015, the band's website domain registration expired.[2]According to frontman Shawn Lewis' LinkedIn profile, he was a part of the band for 12 years (from 1998 to 2010).[3] His current musical project is called Beat Frequency.[4]Bryan Albrechtson died in his sleep on October 13, 2011. A concert was held in Camas in his honor.[5]Mike Jackson is now a psychiatric nurse in Portland, Oregon.","title":"Hyper Static Union"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RKT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocketown_Records#Imprint"},{"link_name":"Sony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Records"}],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"Hyper Static Union (self-released, 1998)\nOld School Tracks (self-released, 2003)\nEntropy Automatic (self-released, 2004)\nLifegiver (RKT/Sony, 2006)\nMeet Him in the Air (Amplitude Media, 2008)","title":"Discography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Beat Frequency\". Facebook.com. Retrieved May 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/beatfrequencymusic/","url_text":"\"Beat Frequency\""}]},{"reference":"\"Friends and family of local musician organize benefit concert\". Camaspostrecord.com. 15 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.camaspostrecord.com/news/2011/nov/15/friends-and-family-local-musician-organize-benefit/","url_text":"\"Friends and family of local musician organize benefit concert\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/shawn-lewis-7596875b/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/beatfrequencymusic/","external_links_name":"\"Beat Frequency\""},{"Link":"https://www.camaspostrecord.com/news/2011/nov/15/friends-and-family-local-musician-organize-benefit/","external_links_name":"\"Friends and family of local musician organize benefit concert\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyper_Static_Union&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Cpiral | User talk:Cpiral | ["1 Wiknic picnic","2 Weather update for Wiknic","3 Help:Template","4 Deprecated double image","5 Tech News: 2015-50","6 Tech News: 2016-02","7 Tech News: 2016-03","8 Subpages","9 Tech News: 2016-04","10 Help:What links here/double rdcheck","11 Tech News: 2016-43","12 Tech News: 2016-44","13 Tech News: 2016-45","14 Tech News: 2016-46","15 Tech News: 2016-47","16 ArbCom Elections 2016: Voting now open!","17 Tech News: 2016-48","18 Tech News: 2016-49","19 Tech News: 2016-50","20 Tech News: 2016-51","21 Tech News: 2017-10","22 Tech News: 2017-11","23 Tech News: 2017-12","24 Tech News: 2017-13","25 Tech News: 2017-14","26 Tech News: 2017-15","27 Tech News: 2017-16","28 Tech News: 2017-17","29 Tech News: 2017-18","30 Tech News: 2017-19","31 Tech News: 2017-20","32 Tech News: 2017-21","33 Tech News: 2017-22","34 Tech News: 2017-23","35 Tech News: 2017-24","36 Tech News: 2017-25","37 Tech News: 2017-26","38 Tech News: 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/Archive 5 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.217.254.192 (talk) 06:25, 28 January 2020 (UTC)
Wiknic picnic
Hi, thanks for signing up at Wikipedia:Meetup/Seattle/Wiknic/2015. The picnic is a potluck, so on the signup page please say what food or drink you are planning to bring. Thanks! --Pine✉ 04:07, 1 July 2015 (UTC)
Weather update for Wiknic
Hi, weather update for Wiknic: the forecast is now for 91 degrees and a high UV index. Peaceray is bringing icewater, but everyone do please take appropriate precautions for the weather, such as sunscreen, hats, sunglasses, and staying hydrated. There will be some shade in the trees. It's ok for those of us who are more temperature and/or sunlight sensitive to come but leave early, or skip the event if you think that you should; people who are very young, elderly, or have other health issues are more vulnerable to heat stroke. Health and safety first. Cheers, --Pine✉ 15:05, 2 July 2015 (UTC)
Help:Template
Please stop changing Help:Template. It is very difficult to make much sense of what you have been writing. --Redrose64 (talk) 20:00, 24 July 2015 (UTC)
Dear Redrose, I'm sorry. Maybe it should have been a proposal on the talk page. I am already in the process of rewriting it based on your earlier feedback in the edit summary. Thank you for all your patience. — CpiralCpiral 22:10, 24 July 2015 (UTC)
Deprecated double image
I note the change to using a multiple image versus the "deprecated" double image at Jefferson Davis. Is there a technical reason why the double image is deprecated? If so, I'll stop using it. Thanks. TheVirginiaHistorian (talk) 08:03, 1 September 2015 (UTC)
No. You can keep using it. Here's the deal. Double image just calls multiple image. Double image has been deleted a while back, and all that's left in its place is its emulator: {{multiple image}}. Take a look at {{multiple image}} documentation and decide for yourself how you proceed. Don't resort to using other obsolete workarounds because of the old double image, but otherwise it should be technically fine to keep using. I changed one use of Double image out because it was using the obsolete <center>...</center> tags, probably because it had to when it was written. — CpiralCpiral 08:44, 1 September 2015 (UTC)
I very much enjoy finding double images, rarely triple images, to convey nuance in historical articles and article sections. I have had some success among articles of interest, although they are cut to one image on some pages on the grounds they slow article loading. This has been my experience at United States, History of the United States, United States Constitution, History of the United States Constitution. The multiple image seems to be a more consistent answer for most uses...I always prefer centering the descriptions. TheVirginiaHistorian (talk) 12:35, 1 September 2015 (UTC)
Supposedly centering is the default.
Intentional but subtle nuance is an author's just desert, so don't worry about performance. Besides, Lua modules like MI, unlike some older templates like DI, have no significant impact on performance. On the talk page you can mention the CPU time (below the edit box, expand the little triangle). E.g. U.S. will take 4.7 s every time. U.S. Constitution 2.3 s.— CpiralCpiral 17:15, 1 September 2015 (UTC)
Tech News: 2015-50
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Please update Wikimedia § Projects for Cpiral's talk page. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
Revision scoring will help to automatically identify bad-faith and good-faith edits. The point is to make it easier to block vandals and welcome newcomers. It currently supports Wikidata and 14 Wikipedias.
Problems
Meta was not given access to information from Wikidata last week. This will happen later.
Changes this week
You will be able to use wikilinks in Flow topic titles.
IP users will have a toolbar with links to the user talk page and user contributions. Some Wikipedias already have this feature.
You will be able to edit the graph size in the visual editor. You can either specify the size in the graph dialog or drag it to be the size you want it to be.
It will be easier to write math in the visual editor if you don't know LaTeX. You can use symbol buttons instead.
You will be able to use syntax highlighting when you write math with LaTeX in the visual editor.
UploadWizard will look a bit different.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 8 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 9 December. It will be on all Wikipedias from 10 December. (calendar).
New MediaWiki versions will now be on Catalan and Hebrew Wikipedia on Wednesdays. Other Wikipedias get the new MediaWiki version on Thursdays.
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 8 December at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topics this week are "Graph/Graphoid/Kartographer – data storage architecture" and "Parametric JSON builder". The meeting will be on 9 December at 22:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
A new beta feature will show users links to related articles at the bottom of an article. It will not be enabled by default.
Tech news prepared by tech ambassadors and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
17:53, 7 December 2015 (UTC)
Tech News: 2016-02
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
Wikimedia no longer uses visitor statistics from comScore.
You can make interactive graphs with the Graph extension. There is now a tutorial for how to do this.
Problems
Some pages do not turn in up in categories where they should be. This is because link tables are sometimes not populated.
Changes this week
The Nuke extension will work with Flow. This will make it easier to handle spam in Flow.
New file uploads will now be patrollable.
Internet Explorer 8 will no longer have JavaScript support. You will still be able to browse and edit Wikipedia if you use Internet Explorer 8, but will not be able to use some features. This can be solved by upgrading to a newer version or switching to a different browser.
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 12 January at 20:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
URLs in the recent changes IRC feed will no longer be rewritten to unencrypted HTTP. This could be a breaking change for bots dependent on the IRC feed.
The edit tabs for the wikitext editor and the visual editor will be combined to one single edit tab. You will be able to choose which one you prefer. If you are not logged in, your choice will be saved as a cookie in your browser. You can test the single edit tab.
There is a beta feature that adds links to the subject on other Wikimedia projects. This works much like the links to for example Wikipedia articles in other languages. It will go out of beta testing and be enabled for everyone in January. Wikis that don't want this can decide to have it disabled.
The difference between "alerts" and "messages" notifications is unclear to some. The developers want feedback at the Phabricator task or on MediaWiki.org so they can make this better. You can give feedback in your language if you can't write in English.
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16:59, 11 January 2016 (UTC)
Tech News: 2016-03
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
You will be able to find or mark bugs and suggestions in Phabricator that are specific for your language or wiki.
Notifications have been upgraded with more detailed and easier-to-access information. See the documentation. Cross-wiki notifications will be available soon on the two test wikis.
Changes this week
The visual editor uses the TemplateData extension to make editing templates easier. You will now get a warning when you edit a TemplateData form and leave it without saving.
MediaWiki will get a new authentication and authorization system called AuthManager. This is planned to happen in a month or two. Some bots will need to change how they log in. Two new and more stable authentication methods will be available now: Owner-only OAuth credentials and bot passwords. You can read more about the change.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 19 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 20 January. It will be on all Wikipedias from 21 January (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 19 January at 20:00 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topic this week is governance model. The meeting will be on 20 January at 22:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Tech news prepared by tech ambassadors and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
17:56, 18 January 2016 (UTC)
Subpages
Are we allowed to make subpages on Wikipedia? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Farnell45 (talk • contribs) 16:45, 20 January 2016 (UTC)
You can, but unlike making an edit, the creation cannot easily be undone. Once you create the pages named "User:Farnell45" "User:Farnell45/sandbox" and then "User:Farnell45/sandbox/A", you'd have to ask an administrator to remove "/A" if you wanted to clean it out.
Be bold. Go ahead, click on User:Farnell45, put the wikitext {{welcome}}] there, and save the page. You will have transcluded the page named "Template:Welcome"; more to the point, you will have almost created a subpage on your user page. — CpiralCpiral 20:19, 20 January 2016 (UTC)
Are we allowed to keep them or will they be deleted?
Farrnell45Farnell45 20:24, 20 January 2016 (UTC)
Widely tolerant, you can keep all you need for any fathomable excuse related to contributions. Occasionally user pages are patrolled. To delete your subpage, an administrator has to do it manually. They volunteer to do this, and they pass rigorous admissions. Put a delete because {{db}} template on an unwanted subpage, and just wait. — CpiralCpiral 21:39, 20 January 2016 (UTC)
Did I do this right?
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Farnell45
Yep. — CpiralCpiral 00:02, 10 February 2016 (UTC)
Does any of this violate any of the rules here?
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Farnell45 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Farnell45 (talk • contribs) 17:37, 16 February 2016 (UTC)
There are no rules. In practice, we each rule when we revert an edit. Or we call out on the talk page for reasoning about local content. Both are social skills. That being said, I will advise you on the content of your user page, but on your talk page. — CpiralCpiral 18:14, 16 February 2016 (UTC)
Tech News: 2016-04
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
You can now follow when pages are added or removed from a category on German Wikipedia. The plan is to add it to Wikimedia Commons and other Wikipedias this week.
Administrators can hide individual entries of a page with RevisionDelete. There is now a button to choose "all", "none" or "inverse" in Special:Log. The article history will get the same buttons soon. Wikis that have done this locally with JavaScript will be able to remove that code.
Changes this week
You will be able to see the references when you preview a section you are editing. This will happen even if there is no <references /> tag in that section.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 27 January. It will be on all wikis from 28 January (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 26 January at 20:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
There is now an extension called ArticlePlaceholder. It can automatically generate content on Wikipedia with data from Wikidata if there is no Wikipedia article. It will have a tag to remind the reader it is not an article and ask the reader to create one. The developer is now looking for smaller Wikipedias that want to try the extension.
The OTRS system will be upgraded. The plan is to do this on 3 February at 08:00 (UTC). It will probably take 6 to 8 hours. OTRS will be down during the upgrade.
Users will soon be automatically congratulated when they reach some edit count milestones.
Tech news prepared by tech ambassadors and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
16:39, 25 January 2016 (UTC)
Help:What links here/double rdcheck
Hello, what is the purpose of this page that Wikipedia:Example of a double redirect fails to fulfill? -- A Certain White Cat chi? 19:37, 18 October 2016 (UTC)
About Help:What links here/double rdcheck and Help talk:What links here: these are meant to help teach, by working example/tutorial, What Links Here reports. It is incomplete because no exception was made for allowing a double redirect to even exist as an example/tutorial.
(It's the same concept as the working example/tutorial links at Help:Link#Subpage_links, where that section links to subpage one/two/three/four.)
Thanks for inquiring. Soon, I'll check wp:wlh (and subpages, and talk pages) for further discussion. — Cpiral§Cpiral 18:42, 19 October 2016 (UTC)
As you wish, my preference would be to have as little double redirects as possible (preferably none) since it taxes on bot time. It is a very small tax (1-2 seconds per entry) but they pile up with added entries, particularly on multiple wikis. I run my bot to prevent double redirects to be an issue on practically every WMF wiki so double redirects should not be a realistic issue anywhere aside from cases bot cannot fix (circular redirects & page protections). -- A Certain White Cat chi? 22:36, 19 October 2016 (UTC)
Hello, any progress on this? -- A Certain White Cat chi? 16:29, 18 November 2016 (UTC)
Tech News: 2016-43
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Problems
The abuse filters had a problem and caught too many edits. This has now been fixed.
Changes this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from October 25. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from October 26. It will be on all wikis from October 27 (calendar).
The "Search" text in the search box will show the name of the project. For example, on Wikipedia it will say "Search Wikipedia".
About a dozen wikis now have numerical sorting in categories. If your wiki wants numerical sorting in categories you can ask for it.
Some wikis that want numerical sorting in categories can also ask to use UCA to sort categories. The biggest difference is that characters with diacritics will be sorted together. For example, for most languages Ä will be sorted with A instead of at the end of the alphabet. This is not true for languages that have Ä as a character in their alphabet. Wikis that already use UCA are listed on Meta. Languages that can use UCA are listed on MediaWiki.org. You can test it.
Tech news prepared by tech ambassadors and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
17:39, 24 October 2016 (UTC)
Tech News: 2016-44
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
Now you can include Commons video films with subtitles in your wiki language. Before you could see translated videos on file page at Commons only.
Search now has an updated preference tab to configure the search completion suggester.
The visual editor is now available on all wikis using only one language script.
Changes this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from November 1st. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from November 2nd. It will be on all wikis from November 3rd (calendar).
Now you can use autocomplete for page names in "Preview page with this template (what's this?)" field when editing templates.
Special:NewPages can now be filtered by page size.
Future changes
New MediaWiki deployments will be now based on MediaWiki 1.29.
Miscellaneous
The Wikimedia Foundation's Technical Collaboration Guideline is available for community review. Any feedback welcome, in any language.
Tech news prepared by tech ambassadors and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
16:18, 31 October 2016 (UTC)
Tech News: 2016-45
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
Victoria Coleman is the new Chief technology officer for the Wikimedia Foundation.
First release candidate for MediaWiki 1.28 is now available.
.gitreview for MediaWiki branches and extensions switched from targeting a specific branch to using track=1.
Section numbers in Table of Contents boxes will use grey to improve readability.
Changes this week
The 2016 Community Wishlist Survey begins on 7 November.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from November 8th. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from November 9th. It will be on all wikis from November 10th (calendar).
Special:ActiveUsers will allow users groups selection.
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 8 November 2016 at 20:00 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topics this week are Image Thumbnail API and allow SVG files uploaded on MediaWiki to have XHTML namespaces. The meeting will be on 9 November at 21:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
RevisionSlider will be enabled by default on all beta wikis, on testwiki, testwiki2, mediawikiwiki and de.wikipedia.org.
Upcoming holidays will impact deployments. The schedule has been published.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
23:01, 7 November 2016 (UTC)
Tech News: 2016-46
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
When you edit with the visual editor you can use meta + shift + k to add a reference. The meta key is often the control key or command key.
Changes this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from November 15. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from November 16. It will be on all wikis from November 17 (calendar).
In Special:Preferences you can choose which language menus and buttons will be in. If there is no translation for that language, MediaWiki has a list of fallback languages. A fallback language is a language many will understand better than English. MediaWiki will now use English when there is no Ukrainian translation.
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 15 November at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
Magic links might not work in the future.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
19:18, 14 November 2016 (UTC)
Tech News: 2016-47
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
Administrators, bureaucrats, oversighters and checkusers can now use two-factor authentication. This makes their Wikimedia accounts more secure. This can be turned on in Special:Preferences. There are discussions on how to best turn it on for everyone.
You can now search for file properties. For example you can search for media type, how big a file is or what resolution it has.
The latest Collaboration team products newsletter has been published. It has more details about their work than Tech News has.
Problems
A hacker group is hacking Wikimedia accounts. They can probably do this because users have the same passwords on Wikimedia wikis as on other sites. Please have a password you use only on the Wikimedia wikis and nowhere else. This is especially important for administrators, bureaucrats, oversighters and checkusers. These users can also turn on two-factor authentication.
Changes this week
There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
RevisionSlider will be a default feature on German, Arabic and Hebrew Wikipedia. This will happen on 22 November. It will come to other wikis later.
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 22 November at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
It will be possible to do cross-wiki search. The developers who work on this are looking for communities that want to test this.
Hovercards will leave the beta stage. The Wikimedia Foundation Reading Web team wants communities to set Hovercards as a default option for readers who are not logged in. Communities that are interested can say so on the Hovercards talk page.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
15:33, 21 November 2016 (UTC)
ArbCom Elections 2016: Voting now open!
Hello, Cpiral. Voting in the 2016 Arbitration Committee elections is open from Monday, 00:00, 21 November through Sunday, 23:59, 4 December to all unblocked users who have registered an account before Wednesday, 00:00, 28 October 2016 and have made at least 150 mainspace edits before Sunday, 00:00, 1 November 2016.
The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.
If you wish to participate in the 2016 election, please review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:08, 21 November 2016 (UTC)
Tech News: 2016-48
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Changes this week
When someone tries to log in to a blocked account they will be blocked by a cookie. This means their browser will be blocked even if they change their IP address. This makes it more difficult for returning vandals.
When you use Content Translation to adapt a template to a new translation it will work differently. You can adapt big templates such as infoboxes. Translators will have control over the template parameters. A first version of this is released this week. It is possible it will not work correctly with all templates. There will be more updates for this soon.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 29 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 30 November. It will be on all wikis from 1 December (calendar).
Gadgets will have a new option called "hidden". This means you can register gadgets that can't be turned on or off from the preferences page. Hiding gadgets was already possible by using . You should now use instead. in old gadgets should be changed to .
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 29 November at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
Tool Labs could get two new policies. One would be to be able to adopt tools without an active developer. The other would be a right to fork. There is a request for comment on Meta.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
21:17, 28 November 2016 (UTC)
Tech News: 2016-49
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
You can choose to see users from specific user groups in Special:ActiveUsers.
Everyone can now see Special:UserRights. Previously only those who could change user rights could. Other users got an error message.
ORES can now show how likely an edit is to be damaging to the wiki with different colours. This only works for languages that have trained ORES to recognize damaging edits.
Changes this week
You will now see categories with 0 pages in Special:Categories. Previously you did not see empty categories there.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 December. It will be on all wikis from 8 December (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 6 December at 20:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
The 2016 Community Wishlist Survey will decide what the Community Tech team will work on next year. You vote for wishes on the survey page until 12 December. You can see what has happened to last year's wishes on the 2015 results page.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
18:07, 5 December 2016 (UTC)
Tech News: 2016-50
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
Users who have Yahoo email addresses could not use Special:EmailUser to send emails. This has now been fixed. Emails will now come from a @wikimedia.org address. Users who get an email from you will still reply to your email address and be able to see it.
You can now see how many categories and pages there are in the categories in Special:TrackingCategories. This is to help you find pages that could need attention.
Markup colours for reviewed and pending revisions in the page history and recent changes and logs now match Wikimedia standard colours. The "You have a new message on your talk page" notification will have a slightly different colour.
Problems
Because of work on cross-wiki watchlists global renaming is not working. The plan is to turn it on again on 16 December. Global renaming was turned off for a while in late November and early December as well.
Changes this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 13 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 14 December. It will be on all wikis from 15 December (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on December 13 at 20:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
19:30, 12 December 2016 (UTC)
Tech News: 2016-51
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Tech News
Because of the holidays the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 9 January 2017.
The writers of the technical newsletter are asking for your opinion. Did you get the information you wanted this year? Did we miss important technical news in 2016? What kind of information was too late? Please tell us! You can write in your language. Thank you!
Recent changes
Administrators and translation administrators can now use Special:PageLanguage on wikis with the Translate extension. This means you can say what language a page is in. The Translate extension will use that language as the source language when you translate. Previously this was always the wiki's default language. This was usually English.
Wikis connected to Wikidata can now use the parser function {{#statements: }} to get formatted data. You can also use {{#property: }} to get raw data. You can see the difference between the two statements. There are also similar new functions in Lua.
Problems
Some abuse filters for uploaded files have not worked as they should. We don't know exactly which filters didn't work yet. This means some files that filters should have prevented from being uploaded were uploaded to the wikis. MediaWiki.org and Testwiki have been affected since 13 October. Commons and Meta have been affected since 17 October. Other wikis have been affected since 17 November.
Changes this week
There is no new MediaWiki version this week. There will be no new MediaWiki version next week either.
Meetings
The next meeting with the VisualEditor team will be on 3 January at 20:00 (UTC). During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. See how to join.
Future changes
The 2016 Community Wishlist Survey is done. It decides what the Community Tech team will work on during 2017. You can see the results.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
20:33, 19 December 2016 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-10
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
You can now search on English, French, Hebrew and Greek wikis and find words even if you forget the diacritics. It also works if you use diacritics in your search but the wiki doesn't.
When you use the mobile view and click on a link to an article in another language you will see that article in the mobile view. Previously it changed to the desktop view.
Problems
Some watchlist gadgets didn't work for a period of time last week. This has now been fixed.
Admins who click on "mass delete" on a user's Special:Contributions will be taken directly to a list pages created by that user. It has worked like this before, but not lately.
Changes this week
The way you switch between wikitext and the visual editors in the desktop view has changed. It is now a drop-down menu. This is the same as in the mobile view.
The "flag the edit in the abuse log" checkbox will be removed from the abuse filter interface. This is because the edits are always flagged in the abuse log.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 March. It will be on all wikis from 9 March (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 7 March at 20:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Clarification
The 2017/09 issue of Tech News mentioned 3D file formats you can soon upload to Commons. The AMF format will be available later.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
23:23, 6 March 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-11
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Changes this week
You will be able to show references from <references /> tags in more than one column on your wiki. This is the list of footnotes for the sources in the article. How many columns you see will depend on how big your screen is. On some wikis, some templates already do this. Templates that use <references /> tags will need to be updated, and then later the change can happen for all reference lists.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 March. It will be on all wikis from 16 March (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 14 March at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
Some old web browsers will not be able to use JavaScript on Wikimedia wikis in the future. If you have an old web browser on your computer you can upgrade to a newer version.
CSS in templates will be stored in a separate page in the future.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
15:26, 13 March 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-12
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
The Save page button now says Publish page or Publish changes on the Wikimedia wikis except for Wikipedias and Wikinewses. This change will come to Wikipedias later. The point is to make it more clear that the edit will change the page immediately. Publish page is when you save a new page and Publish changes when you edit an existing page.
DMOZ no longer works. Templates that use DMOZ can be redirected to archive.org or another mirror. DMOZ has been removed from the RelatedSites extension on Wikivoyage.
You can see monthly page views when you click on Page information in the sidebar. Developers can also get monthly page views through the API.
The Linter extension is now on smaller Wikimedia wikis. It helps editors find some wikitext errors so they can be fixed. It will come to other Wikimedia wikis later. The extension will be able to find more errors later.
The MediaWiki-Vagrant portable development environment has been updated to use Debian Jessie. This means local development and testing will be more like on the majority of Wikimedia production servers.
Problems
On 15 March some interwiki links to other languages were not correctly sorted. This has been fixed. If you still see pages where the interwiki links are not sorted as they should be, they should be fixed automatically with time or you can edit the page and save it without changing anything. If this doesn't work, please report it.
Changes this week
When you edit with the visual editor, you will be able to switch the direction you write in from right-to-left to left-to-right as you are editing. This is especially important for editors who edit in languages that write from right to left. You can do this with a tool in the editing menu. You can also use the keyboard shortcut Ctrl+Shift+X on PCs or Cmd+Shift+X on Macs.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 March. It will be on all wikis from 23 March (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 21 March at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
22:03, 20 March 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-13
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
When you edit with the visual editor, you can see a visual diff as well as a wikitext diff when you review your changes.
Problems
Special:AllPages was disabled for two days due to some performance issues. It is back, but the filter for redirects is gone as the cause of the performance problem. It still needs to be fixed.
Changes this week
New filters for Recent changes will be released on Portuguese and Polish Wikipedias and MediaWikiwiki on March 28. Other wikis will get it progressively. The new filters include filtering, highlighting and, on certain wikis, user intent prediction.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from March 28. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from March 29. It will be on all wikis from March 30 (calendar).
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
14:47, 27 March 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-14
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
The Save page button now says Publish page or Publish changes on most Wikipedias. The point is to make it more clear that the edit will change the page immediately. Publish page is when you save a new page and Publish changes when you edit an existing page.
The tracking category Category:Pages with template loops is now added when a template loop is found. A template loop is for example when a template tries to use a second template that uses the first template.
English Wikipedia now has cookie blocks. It will come to more wikis in the future. This is an extension to the autoblock system so when a user is blocked, the next time they visit the wiki a cookie will be set. This means that even if the user switches accounts and to a new IP address the cookie will block them again.
Problems
Wikidata descriptions, aliases and labels that used some characters could not be saved. This has now been fixed.
Changes this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 4 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 5 April. It will be on all wikis from 6 April (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 4 April at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the next office hour with the Wikidata team. The meeting will be on 5 April at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
New filters for Recent changes will come to Wikidata and Persian, Dutch, Russian, Turkish, Czech and Hebrew Wikipedia on 11 April. The new filters include filtering, highlighting and user intent prediction. User intent prediction means the filter tries to help editors determine if the edit was made in good faith or not. Other wikis will get it later.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
17:53, 3 April 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-15
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
Tidy is going to be replaced with an HTML5 parsing algorithm. Bad HTML in wikitext would cause problems on a number of wikis. There is now a ParserMigration extension on all wikis that you can use to help clean this up. You can read more about how you can use it.
Changes this week
Some older web browsers will not be able to use JavaScript on Wikimedia wikis from this week. If you have an old web browser on your computer you can upgrade to a newer version.
New filters for Recent changes will come to Wikidata and Persian, Russian, Turkish and French Wikipedia on 11 April. The schedule has been changed to fix the user intent prediction filters for some wikis. User intent prediction means the filter tries to make it easier for editors to determine if the edit was made in good faith or not. Other wikis will get it later.
The list of special characters in the wikitext editor and the visual editor will now have a group of Canadian Aboriginal characters.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 11 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 12 April. It will be on all wikis from 13 April (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 11 April at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for 20 to 30 minutes on 19 April and 3 May. This will start at 14:00 (UTC). You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. You can read more about this.
RevisionSlider will change how you move between revisions. This will be available on the test wiki from 11 April. It will come to other wikis later if users like the change. You can test it and give feedback.
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18:35, 10 April 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-16
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
You can add ?safemode=1 to the end of the URL on Wikimedia wikis to disable your personal CSS and JavaScript. Example: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature?safemode=1. This means you can test if a problem is because of your user scripts or gadgets without uninstalling them.
You can now see a list of all autoblocks on Special:AutoblockList.
The Wikiversity and Wikinews logos are now shown directly from the configuration and not from ]. If you want to change logo or have an anniversary logo, see how to request a configuration change. This is how it already works for other projects. They can request logo changes the same way.
Problems
Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for 20 to 30 minutes on 19 April. This will start at 14:00 (UTC). You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. You can read more about this. This will also happen on 3 May.
Changes this week
There is no new Mediawiki version this week. This is because of the data centre test.
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 18 April at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
stats.wikimedia.org will be replaced. You can see the new prototype. You can leave feedback on this change.
Page Previews will be turned on for logged-out users on a large number of wikis in May. It could be postponed and happen later. Page Previews shows readers a short part of a linked article when they rest their mouse pointer on the link. This is to help them understand what it is about without leaving the article they are reading. Page Previews used to be called Hovercards. Users who have tested the feature can give feedback.
From next week, user scripts using very old deprecated wikibits functions will show errors. These functions have not worked since 2013. You should fix or disable broken scripts. You can see examples of how to upgrade scripts.
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19:32, 17 April 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-17
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
New filters for recent changes are now available as a beta feature on most wikis. You can turn it on in your preferences. Remaining wikis will have the new filters on 9 May.
When administrators, bureaucrats and stewards make a user a member of a user group they can now set an expiry date. A user group is for example "administrators" or "bots". This means that they can give someone user rights for a limited time. This is similar to how blocks and page protections can be limited in time. Special:UserRights will have new options for this. You can read more about user groups.
Problems
Since the data centre test last week the content translation tool has been disabled. This is because of a database problem. It will be back as soon as the problem has been solved.
Changes this week
The GuidedTour extension will be enabled on all wikis. This is a tool to explain to new users how to edit.
Wiktionary will handle interlanguage links in a new way. The Cognate extension will automatically link pages with the same title between Wiktionaries. For this to work all old interlanguage links have to be removed. You can read more about this.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 April. It will be on all wikis from 27 April (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 25 April at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.
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16:40, 24 April 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-18
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
The content translation tool works again. It was turned off because of a database problem.
Scripts using very old deprecated wikibits functions show errors. These functions have not worked since 2013. You should fix or disable broken scripts. You can see examples of how to upgrade scripts. This is the same thing as Tech News wrote about in issue 2017/16. You need to add mw.loader.using( 'mediawiki.util' ) block for your scripts also, or add mediawiki.util dependency in gadget ResourceLoader section in MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition.
Problems
Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for 20 to 30 minutes on 3 May. This will start at 14:00 (UTC). You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. You can read more about this.
Changes this week
There is no new MediaWiki version this week. This is because of the data centre test.
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 2 May at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
All Wikimedia wikis will have cookie blocks from May 8. This is an extension to the autoblock system so when a user is blocked, the next time they visit the wiki a cookie will be set. This means that even if the user switches accounts and to a new IP address the cookie will block them again.
The Publish changes, Show preview and Show changes buttons will look slightly different. This is to fit with the OOUI look. Users can test scripts, gadgets and so on to see if they work with the new interface by adding &ooui=1 to the URL.
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19:50, 1 May 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-19
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Problems
Some users have a problem with the watchlist. Some changes in categories make the watchlist a blank page. The developers are working on this. Until this is fixed you can try some things that have helped other editors if you have this problem. You can turn on Hide categorization of pages in your watchlist preferences. You can turn off Expand watchlist to show all changes, not just the most recent in your watchlist preferences. You can remove problematic categories from Special:EditWatchlist/raw.
There was a problem with the visual editor for several days. You could not save edits that triggered a CAPTCHA. This would for example be when a new user added external links in references. This was fixed on 2 May.
Changes this week
When you edit you can switch between the visual editor and the wikitext editor. This works if the wiki you edit has the visual editor. The menu will now say Visual editing and Source editing instead of Switch to visual editing and Switch to code editing. This is because it was confusing when the menu said you could switch to the editor you were already using.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 May. It will be on all wikis from 11 May (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 9 May at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
You will be able to get a notification when a page you created is connected to a Wikidata item. This will come to Wikivoyage on 9 May. If there are no problems it will come to most Wikipedias on 30 May. It will come to other projects and English, French and German Wikipedia later in the summer. It will be opt-in for existing users and opt-out for new users.
Markup that looks like code for language variants might need to be fixed. If -{ is used in transclusions or web addresses it has to be escaped appropriately. You can use -<nowiki/>{ for transclusions and %2D{ in web addresses. A transclusion could for example be when you use -{ in a template: {{1x| sad :-{ face }}. This is because of some code fixes to the preprocessor and affects all wikis.
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02:25, 9 May 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-20
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
You can now use ISBNs to automatically generate citations in the visual editor. This works on wikis that have enabled Citoid.
The Two Column Edit Conflict View is available as a beta feature on all wikis. It is a new interface for the edit conflict resolution page.
Problems
The mediawiki.util library does not load automatically any more. Your Special:MyPage/common.js may use it. If you have technical problems that started a couple of weeks ago you can try adding mw.loader.using( 'mediawiki.util' ).done(function(){ as the first line in the file and }); as a last one. Tech News wrote about this in the 2017/18 issue.
Changes this week
The RevisionSlider extension will be a default feature on all wikis. RevisionSlider is an easier way to move between changes in the page history. It has been a default feature on German, Arabic and Hebrew Wikipedia and a beta feature on all wikis. You will be able to turn it off in your preferences.
There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
Future changes
Administrators will soon be able to search through deleted pages.
Markup that looks like code for language variants might need to be fixed. Tech News wrote about this last week. If -{ is used in transclusions or web addresses it has to be escaped appropriately. You can use -<nowiki/>{ for transclusions and %2D{ in web addresses. This is because of some code fixes to the preprocessor and affects all wikis. You can now see the full list of wikis with this problem and help fix them to avoid that things break later this month. You might find false positives. You can read more about what to fix.
Older unreported changes
Your Meta user page is shown on all wikis where you don't have a local user page. You can now add the magic word __NOGLOBAL__ to your Meta user page to stop this.
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21:48, 15 May 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-21
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Changes this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 23 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 24 May. It will be on all wikis from 25 May (calendar).
There will be a <div> tag around HTML from the MediaWiki wikitext parser. Gadgets with code that does not follow recommendations could have problems with this. You can report new problems you think are related to this.
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22:15, 22 May 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-22
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Problems
Last week’s MediaWiki version was rolled back from some wikis because of a problem. This means planned changes did not happen.
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 30 May at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
You will be able to control who can notify you on the Wikimedia wikis. You will have a user blacklist. When you add a user to the blacklist you will not get a notification when they mention you. You can test this on Beta Wikipedia. You can read more and give feedback on Meta.
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12:18, 30 May 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-23
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
You can see new files on Special:NewFiles. You can now pick which dates you want to see files from.
When you read Wikipedia on a mobile device the first paragraph now comes before the infobox.
You can now remove navigation elements from your results when you search. This could for example be part of an infobox that is only there to help you find the previous or next article.
New users on Wikivoyages and Wikipedias (except French, English and German) now get a notification when a page they created is connected to Wikidata. Other wikis will get it 13 June.
Problems
The MediaWiki version from two weeks ago was rolled back. It was fixed late last week. Changes that were planned to go out last week did not happen.
Changes this week
Wikimedia wikis can show fewer links to articles in other languages. This is to make it easier to find the languages likely to be useful to the reader or editor. Everyone can still click to see the full list. Logged-in users who use the compact language links will see languages they have in their Babel box on their user page in the first, shorter list. You can turn the compact language list off or on in your preferences.
You can choose what dates to look at when you look at a user's contributions.
When you click on your watchlist in the mobile view you get a list of all pages in the watchlist instead of the latest changes to them. Logged-in users with at least ten edits will now get the latest changes instead.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 June. It will be on all wikis from 8 June (calendar).
String comparisons in Scribunto modules are now always done case-insensitively by byte order. Before they were sometimes in a case-sensitive US-English collation order. This could break some modules.
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 6 June at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
The 2006 wikitext editor will be removed the week of 27 June. This is the old toolbar with small square blue buttons. You can see a picture of it. 0.03% of active Wikimedia editors use this old tool. They will not see a toolbar at all.
Wikimedia wikis use OCG to create PDFs. The OCG code has a lot of problems and will stop working. It has to be replaced. An alternative is Electron. You can tell the developers what you need the PDF service to be able to do. Electron already works on German Wikipedia. It will be on English Wikipedia later this week so you can test it there too.
The Architecture Committee will change and get a new name. You can read and comment on the draft that describes the new committee.
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19:05, 5 June 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-24
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
Some wikis have the larger and brighter OOjs UI edit page buttons. When you write an edit summary there you can now see how many bytes you have left before the summary is too long.
When you search on Wikipedia you can now find pages on other Wikimedia projects that could be relevant. You see them next to the search results.
Changes this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 13 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 14 June. It will be on all wikis from 15 June (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 13 June at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
You will soon be able to get a notification when someone tries to log in to your account. You can test this on the test wiki. This will only work if they fail to log in to your account.
Wikimedia wikis use OCG to create PDFs. The OCG code has a lot of problems and will stop working. It has to be replaced. An alternative is Electron. You can tell the developers what you need the PDF service to be able to do. Electron now works on all Wikimedia projects.
Administrators can soon search for deleted page titles and find results that are similar to what they searched for. Today the search only finds pages that are exactly the same as what you search for. This is to make it easier to find pages when you don't know the exact title. Administrators on Arabic, Catalan, English, Persian, German, Italian, Polish, and Russian Wikipedia and on mediawiki.org can test this by adding &fuzzy=1 to the end of the web address when looking at Special:Undelete.
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15:30, 12 June 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-25
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Problems
ORES had some problems on 13 June between 16:00 and 19:40 UTC. It has now been fixed.
Changes this week
irc.wikimedia.org has to be rebooted. This will probably happen on 21 June. It may be postponed. Some tools use this to get the recent changes feed. They will not work when it is down.
Special:PageData will be an entry point for machine-readable page data.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 20 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 21 June. It will be on all wikis from 22 June (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 20 June at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
CSS in templates will be stored in a separate page in the future. You can now see how the TemplateStyles extension works on Beta Labs.
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15:44, 19 June 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-26
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
The <inputbox> has a new searchfilter parameter. You can add values like searchfilter=insource:foo. It will add that to the user's search query.
Changes this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 27 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 28 June. It will be on all wikis from 29 June (calendar).
Users will be able to choose whether they want to see Wikidata changes in enhanced watchlist/recent changes. Previously, this was disabled for everyone.
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 27 June at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the next WMF Language team office hour, an open session to talk about Wikimedia Language projects. The meeting will be on 27 June at 13:00 UTC.
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15:38, 26 June 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-27
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
There was a problem with maps on Wikimedia wikis that used <mapframe> when you clicked on the link to another map service. Open Street Map or Google Maps are examples of other map services. If you had marked a place on the map the marker would not be in the same place on the other map service. It was in the middle of the map. This has now been fixed.
Changes this week
Very old and inactive unpublished translations in the Content Translation database will be removed. This is because of technical maintenance. If you have not worked on a translation after 1 January 2016 you will lose it after 6 July. If you want to keep the unfinished translation you need to open it before 6 July with the Content Translation tool. You can continue working on it later. Translations that were started or have been worked on after 1 January 2016 will not be affected.
There is no new Mediawiki version this week.
EventStreams is a new way to show activity on Wikimedia wikis. It works with the recent changes feed. It will do more things later. It will replace RCStream. Tools that use RCStream should move to EventStreams before 7 July. Tech News wrote about this in the 2017/07 issue.
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15:32, 3 July 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-28
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
There are sometimes links to pages about the same thing on other Wikimedia projects. A Wikipedia article about Berlin can link to the Wikivoyage guide or Wiktionary entry about Berlin. You can now see when that page has a badge. A badge could be the star that shows that an article is a featured article.
Changes this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 11 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 12 July. It will be on all wikis from 13 July (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 11 July at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
Mobile users will be able to edit Wikipedia without JavaScript. This will make it possible to edit the wikis from older mobile phones. This will probably happen on 18 July for most wikis.
We will not use Tidy on Wikimedia wikis in the future. It will be replaced by June 2018. It could be earlier. Editors will need to fix pages that could break. You can read the simplified instructions for editors.
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15:07, 10 July 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-29
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
"Wikimedia Labs" is now called "Cloud VPS". "Wikimedia Tool Labs" is now called "Wikimedia Toolforge". This is to help clarify the purpose of these services.
Problems
On some pages, the Table of Contents is not being shown. It will normally appear if you edit the page again. Investigation is currently ongoing.
Changes this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 July. It will be on all wikis from 20 July (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 18 July at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topic this week is: Migrate to HTML5 section ids. The meeting will be on 19 July at 21:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
Page Previews, currently a Beta Feature, will be enabled for logged-out users for all remaining Wikipedias (with the exception of English and German) the week of 24 July. An A/B test will be run on English Wikipedia to collect data before approaching the community for further discussion.
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22:59, 17 July 2017 (UTC)
Question about incategory search
Hi Cpiral, I see you wrote the help pages on Searching/Features. I will ask here, but if this is not the right place, please let me know where to ask instead. Is there any syntax that can be used in connection with incategory: search so that instead of the whole , ANY category that contains in its name TERM_A AND TERM_B AND TERM_C can be called? I am not good in terminology, and know only basic RegEx for text editing, so here is one example: suppose I want to find all comedies of director Scorsese. Now, there is a very clear category for all Scorsese films, BUT Category:Comedy films, or even Category:American comedy films, have been broken down to so many subcategories as to make any attempt of incategory search futile. However all the subcategories we need to search, do conatin the term "comedy", or to filter narrower, both "American" AND "comedy". It would be great if one could enter: incategor:Films directed by Scorsese with incategory: "American" AND "comedy" (or some regex syntax to this effect). It would save the day for many problems of categorization we face in WP Films (and not only) and maybe for the public too. Thank you for your attention. Hoverfish Talk 23:27, 17 July 2017 (UTC)
H:S talk page. That's where the action should be. Also mw:help talk:cirrussearch.
To answer your Q, the search term you need is a namespace. Category is a wp:namespace. You manually enter the namespace you want to search (must be the first term), and append a colon : character to it. OTOH, incategory is a category-namespace-only, category, whole-title, search, (unlike intitle, which is a word search that only looks at titles' words.) You can automate this by setting your default "search domain" (i.e. namespace or namespaces) to "category".
I'm glad you're interested. — Cpiral§Cpiral 19:03, 18 July 2017 (UTC)
Thank you very much, Cpiral. I posted for further clarification in H:S. Hoverfish Talk 23:19, 18 July 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-30
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
CSS in templates will be stored in a separate page in the future. This will make it easier to make templates look good on mobile devices. This now works on mediawiki.org and Wikitech. It will come to more wikis later.
.mw-ui-constructive modifier class is deprecated and has been removed.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 July. It will be on all wikis from 27 July (calendar).
It will be possible to restrict who can send you notifications on a wiki. This new feature will accessible in your preferences, in the Notifications tab, on Wednesday, July 26. Please see the documentation.
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 25 July at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the Wikimedia Foundation July 2017 Metrics & Activities Meeting. The meeting is about how Wikipedia and the Wikimedia movement are perceived and understood by the world. The meeting will be on 27 July at 19:00 (UTC). See the agenda and how to join.
Future changes
New Filters for Edit Review, at the moment available as a Beta feature, will be released by default for the Recent Changes in September.
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15:58, 24 July 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-31
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Problems
Some pages show the error Lua error in mw.wikibase.entity.lua at line 34: The entity data must be a table obtained via mw.wikibase.getEntityObject. This problem happens on pages with a Lua module that uses Wikidata. The developers are working on fixing the problem. You can fix a page by opening it for editing and then saving without changing anything.
Wikidata and German Wikipedia could not be edited for an hour on 28 July. You can read why and how we could avoid it in the future in the incident report.
Changes later this week
Some wikis already have the larger and brighter OOjs UI edit page buttons. All remaining wikis except Commons will have these from 1 August.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 1 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 2 August. It will be on all wikis from 3 August (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 1 August at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
The default font in the edit window will soon change for some users. Instead of using the browser default it will be monospace. Users can change this in their preferences. This should only change this for some users on Macs and iOS devices.
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21:45, 31 July 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-32
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
You can now see which Wikipedia language versions are read in a specific country. This tool is called Wikipedia Views Visualized.
The Architecture Committee is now the Wikimedia Technical Committee. You can read the charter.
Problems
You can get an email when a page on your watchlist was edited. You can choose not to get emails for minor edits. There is a bug that means that you then don't get an email when someone does a normal edit after a minor edit. The developers are working on fixing this. Until it has been fixed you can activate "Email me also for minor edits of pages and files" at the bottom of "User profile" in your preferences if you want to.
The thanks button sometimes didn't work for mobile users. This was because of a new bug and has now been fixed.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 8 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 9 August. It will be on all wikis from 10 August (calendar).
Future changes
Editors and readers who still use Internet Explorer 8 on Windows XP will not be able to use Wikipedia. Internet Explorer 8 on Windows XP can't connect securely to the wikis. When we allow them to do so it means that we get less security for everyone else. If you use Internet Explorer 8 on Windows XP you can install Firefox 52 ESR instead. Around 0.1% of the traffic to the Wikimedia wikis comes from Internet Explorer 8 on Windows XP.
Links to sections on Wikipedia don't work well in languages that don't use the Latin script. The URL in the address bar in your browser shows Latin characters like .D0.A1.D1.81.D1.8B.D0.BB.D0.BA.D0.B8 instead of the section heading in the wiki's language. Links to sections in non-Latin scripts will be in the script of that wiki in the future. This will happen in the next few months.
Wiki pages printed by the web browser "Print" function will have an updated style. This new style will be similar to the when you download a page as PDF. It will be better at showing tables, infoboxes and headings.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
21:45, 7 August 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-33
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
Bureaucrats can now set users as confirmed. Previously only stewards could do this on most wikis. Nothing will change for wikis that have previously decided to let administrators set users as confirmed.
Problems
The symbols in the language list that show that an article is good or featured in that language doesn't work. Links to the Commons category in the sidebar doesn't work either. The developers are working on fixing it.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 15 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 16 August. It will be on all wikis from 17 August (calendar).
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
23:29, 14 August 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-34
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
You can now test the new Timeless skin on the test wiki and mediawiki.org. You can turn it on in your preferences. You can report bugs in Phabricator. It will come to more wikis soon.
Your watchlist can now have the option to unwatch pages. You have to turn this on in your preferences.
If a table has several columns you can often choose which column you want to use to sort the table. This has not worked for some columns for readers who have used Firefox or Safari. This has now been fixed.
The RelatedArticles extension has shown related pages on Wikivoyages. You will now see the related pages at the end of the article together with an image. Previously the links were in the sidebar. Wikis that want this extension can request it on Phabricator.
Changes later this week
Videos will now be played in the WebM format in all browsers. Previously some browsers used Ogg Theora (.ogv). If you use Safari, Internet Explorer or Edge you may see slower playback speed at high resolutions. Instead we will get better quality and smaller file size. You can still upload video as Ogg files. They are automatically converted to WebM. This doesn't affect Ogg audio files.
The default font in the edit window will change for some users this week. Instead of using the browser default, it will be monospace. Users can change this in their preferences. This should only change this for some users on Macs and iOS devices.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 22 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 23 August. It will be on all wikis from 24 August (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 23 August at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 22 August at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
18:01, 21 August 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-35
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
Syntax highlighting is now a beta feature on Wikimedia wikis with text written from left to right. It will come to right-to-left wikis later. This beta feature is based on CodeMirror.
You will now get a notification when someone tries to log in to your account and fails. If they try from a device or IP address that have logged in to your account before you will be notified after five failed attempts. You can turn this off or choose to get an email notification in your preferences. You can also turn on to get an email when someone logs in to your account from a new device or IP address.
Problems
Some pages show the error Lua error in mw.wikibase.entity.lua at line 34: The entity data must be a table obtained via mw.wikibase.getEntityObject. This problem happens on pages with a Lua module that use Wikidata. This has now been fixed and no new pages will get this problem. You still need to fix pages that were broken before and still show the error message. You can see how on this page.
Changes later this week
You can block users from sending you notifications.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 29 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 30 August. It will be on all wikis from 31 August (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 29 August at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the next meeting with the Technical Committee. The topic this week is Migrate to HTML5 section ids. The meeting will be on 30 August at 21:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
In the future you will have global preferences. This means you could set something in your preferences to work in the same way on all wikis. You will not be forced to use global preferences. The developers are now asking if editors need exceptions. This is where you want to use global settings on almost all wikis, but have some wikis where you want it to work in a different way. If you want this you need to tell the developers now. You can do so on the talk page.
New filters for edit review is a beta feature to improve recent changes pages. It will work on watchlists from 5 September.
The jQuery library will be upgraded to version 3 in September 2017. Wikis can ask on Phabricator to get it early, so they can help find and solve problems now.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
22:10, 28 August 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-36
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Tech News
We are asking Tech News readers five questions to make the newsletter better. You can answer the questions here. We are grateful for every reply we get.
Recent changes
The RevisionSlider user interface has changed. You can now select revisions by clicking on the bars. You can move the blue knob past the yellow one and the yellow one will move along, and the other way around.
Problems
Some users have problems loading very large watchlists. It is working better than earlier but the problem has not been solved. The developers are working on fixing it. Until it has been fixed you can turn on "Expand watchlist to show all changes, not just the most recent" in your preferences and see if it helps.
Changes later this week
New filters for edit review is a beta feature to improve recent changes pages. It will work on watchlists from 5 September.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 September. It will be on all wikis from 7 September (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 5 September at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.
You can see a presentation about and discuss the new Technical Committee on 5 September at 17:30 (UTC). There will be a presentation on YouTube and a discussion in #wikimedia-office on Freenode. You can use the web chat.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
22:15, 4 September 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-37
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
You can get a notification when a page you created is connected to a Wikidata item. You can choose to get these notifications in your preferences. Some wikis already had this option. It is now available on all wikis.
The Newsletter extension is now on mediawiki.org. The newsletter extension is for newsletters where you can subscribe by getting a notification when a new issue has been published. It will come to more wikis later.
The Linter extension helps you find technical errors in articles. There is now a new high-priority category: tidy-whitespace-bug. This usually affects templates with horizontal lists. You can read more about using Linter and the Tidy whitespace bug.
Problems
Tech News 2017/36 reported about new filters for edit review coming to watchlists. This was planned to happen last week. It will happen next week instead.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 September. It will be on all wikis from 14 September (calendar).
OOjs UI will be updated. This could affect some icons. You can read more about the changes.
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 13 September at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 12 September at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
You can't use OCG to create PDFs after 1 October. This is because of technical problems. You can use Electron instead. Most PDFs are already created with Electron. Electron will get missing features before 1 October. You can create books but they will not have all planned features until November or December. You can read more on mediawiki.org.
New filters for edit review are available now on recent changes as a beta feature. Some of those filters and other features will be deployed as default features in the coming weeks. Users will be able to opt out in their preferences.
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19:16, 11 September 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-38
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
You can now see contributions from an IP range at Special:Contributions. Before you could only see contributions from single IP addresses. Some older contributions from IP ranges could be missing at first because it will take some time to add them.
Flow has been re-scoped to become Structured Discussions and the development has restarted. Phabricator projects and repositories have been renamed.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 19 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 20 September. It will be on all wikis from 21 September (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 19 September at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 20 September at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
We are replacing Tidy on Wikimedia wikis. Editors need to fix pages that could break. You can read the simplified instructions for editors. Some wikis have already switched. If your wiki would like to switch to the new format now, you can file a task.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
15:32, 18 September 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-39
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
Wikitext syntax highlighting is a beta feature on Wikimedia wikis with text written from left to right. This beta feature is based on CodeMirror. You can now search through the entire article with CTRL+F or cmd+F when you edit. Before it just searched through a part of the article. The developers are also fixing a couple of other bugs.
Administrators on wikis that use Structured Discussions as a beta feature or by default can now create and move Structured Discussions boards. Structured Discussions was previously called Flow.
Changes later this week
You now get a notification when someone tries to log in to your account and fails. If they try from a device or IP address that have logged in to your account before you will be notified after five failed attempts. For security reasons you will soon get an email by default when someone tries to log in to your account and when someone logs in to your account from a new device or IP address. This can be turned off in your preferences.
Users with extremely old browsers (for example Netscape 2–4, released from 1995–1997) which do not support Unicode will no longer be able to edit. They should try to install a new browser.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 27 September. It will be on all wikis from 28 September. (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 27 September at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
The Wikimedia Foundation Readers department has proposed changing the mobile website. You can read more on mediawiki.org. This would be a big change.
You can't use OCG to create PDFs after 1 October. This is because of technical problems. You can still create PDFs. Tech News 2017/37 said the function to create PDFs from books would still work. It is now clear it will not work for the next few months. The developers are working on fixing this. You can read more on mediawiki.org.
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16:00, 25 September 2017 (UTC)
Nomination for deletion of Template:Intitle-inline
Template:Intitle-inline has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Ten Pound Hammer • (What did I screw up now?) 00:36, 30 September 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-40
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
You can now use preload features in the visual editor. This means you can create links to create new pages and some text will already be in the edit window when someone clicks on it.
Changes later this week
If you have turned on "Automatically enable most beta features" you will now get the 2017 wikitext editor. Before this you had to turn it on manually even though it is a beta feature.
Special:Block and Special:Unblock will get the OOUI look.
The jQuery library will be upgraded to version 3 on all Wiktionary wikis from 2 October. It will be on all non-Wikipedia wikis from 4 October. It will be on all wikis from 5 October.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 3 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 4 October. It will be on all wikis from 5 October (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 3 October at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 4 October at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
A new feature called Reading Lists are coming to the Wikipedia mobile apps. First it will be in the Android version. Reading Lists are a private user preference where you can see lists of articles on multiple devices. You can give feedback on this feature.
The search function has used fallback languages for language analysis. This means a language could be analysed with the grammar of a completely unrelated language to find related words. This will be removed from most wikis the week starting with 9 October. You can read more and give feedback.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
23:25, 2 October 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-41
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
The number of active users listed by {{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}} and on Special:Statistics will now only include Wikidata edits as activity on Wikidata and not on other wikis too.
Previously you could create wiki links starting with two colons. Now you need to use one colon. ] now has to be ]. There is now a new Linter category. You can see a list on Special:Linterrors/multi-colon-escape. The Linter extension helps you find technical errors in articles. You can read more about using Linter.
Problems
You will not be able to edit or upload files to Commons for around 30 minutes on 11 October. This will start at 06:00 UTC. This is because of work to let Commons show 3D models.
Changes later this week
The font in the edit window is monospace by default. Today you can change preferences to another font family or use "the browser default" instead of monospace. Switching to the browser default has only changed the font on Macs. The option to use browser default will be removed this week.
If you want to print a page or make a PDF of a page you can do so in the side menu. The way the pages look when you do this will change. You can read more on mediawiki.org.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 October. It will be on all wikis from 12 October (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 10 October at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 11 October at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
14:21, 9 October 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-42
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
When you edit a template with the visual editor it follows the template's format configuration on how to save it. You can now change the format in more powerful ways if your wiki wants it.
The TwoColConflict extension is a new way to solve edit conflicts. It makes it easier to copy and paste the relevant text to the text field. It has been a beta feature for the last five months. You can now try out the new interface on a page where you will actually get simulated edit conflicts. You can give feedback to the developers.
Problems
There is a problem with recent changes pages and your watchlist that show a large number of pages. Until it is fixed, Wikidata edits will not be shown on recent changes or in your watchlist on Commons or Russian Wikipedia. If necessary, Wikidata edits will be removed from all wikis.
Notifications are not working for some actions. For example some users don't get a notification when they are mentioned. The developers are working on fixing this.
Users on some wikis could not change their preferences. This has now been fixed.
Changes later this week
Editors and readers who still use Internet Explorer 8 on Windows XP will not be able to use Wikipedia from 17 October. Internet Explorer 8 on Windows XP can't connect securely to the wikis. When we allow them to do so it means that we get less security for everyone else. If you use Internet Explorer 8 on Windows XP you can install Firefox 52 ESR instead. Around 0.1% of the traffic to the Wikimedia wikis comes from Internet Explorer 8 on Windows XP.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 17 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 18 October. It will be on all wikis from 19 October (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 17 October at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 18 October at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
15:31, 16 October 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-43
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
You can use ccnorm_contains_any when you create an abuse filter. This can be used to look for multiple words or phrases within a string. It will find words where some characters have been replaced. You can read more in the documentation.
Changes later this week
When you search in some languages the search function could use specific other languages if the first language didn't work. This is called a fallback language. This didn't work properly and created bad searches. The search index is being fixed to work better.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 24 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 25 October. It will be on all wikis from 26 October (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 24 October at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 25 October at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
There is a Structured Commons community focus group for Commons and Wikidata contributors who want to give input on structured data on Wikimedia Commons. You can sign up to join it.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
18:18, 23 October 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-44
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
You can now block users from emailing you through the Wikimedia wikis.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 31 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 November. It will be on all wikis from 2 November (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 31 October at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 1 November at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
00:20, 31 October 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-45
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
You will no longer see the patrol log on Special:Log unless you specifically select it.
Changes later this week
The 2017 Community Wishlist Survey begins on 6 November. You can post proposals from 19:00 UTC and until November 19.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 November. It will be on all wikis from 9 November (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 8 November at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
URLs that link to sections on Wikimedia wikis with non-Latin scripts have looked like this: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Википедия#.D0.98.D1.81.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.8F instead of https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Википедия#История. This will soon be fixed. Old links will still work.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
18:45, 6 November 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-46
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Changes later this week
The diff you see when you compare two different versions of a page has changed on MediaWiki.org and the test wiki. This is to make it easier to find a text change in a moved paragraph. It will hopefully soon come to more wikis. You can report bugs in Phabricator.
A new user group on Commons will be able to upload MP3 files. The plan is to have this user group from 17 November.
Wikis using Flagged Revisions will get the New filters for Edit Review by default on the recent changes pages. It will be possible to opt-out in user preferences.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 November. It will be on all wikis from 16 November (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 15 November at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
Support for uploading and viewing 3D models is coming soon to Wikimedia Commons. The feature will support the .STL file format. You can see an example on the test wiki.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
19:19, 13 November 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-47
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
If you use the Chrome web browser on Android you can see a download icon on the mobile website. You can download a formatted PDF. It will work in other mobile browsers in the future.
The abuse filter now has a function called get_matches. You can use it to store matches from regular expressions – one of each capturing group. You can read more in Phabricator.
Problems
Last week's MediaWiki version didn't come to all Wikipedias because of a database crash. It will be on all wikis on 20 November.
Changes later this week
There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 21 November at 19:30 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 22 November at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
Language converter syntax will no longer work inside external links. Wikitext like http://-{zh-cn:foo.com; zh-hk:bar.com; zh-tw:baz.com}- must be replaced. You will have to write -{zh-cn: http://foo.com ; zh-hk: http://bar.com ; zh-tw:http://baz.com }- instead. This only affects languages with Language Converter enabled. Examples of such languages are Chinese and Serbian. This will happen next week.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
19:19, 20 November 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-48
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
You can now test the new advanced search function beta feature on mediawiki.org. It makes it easier to use some of the special search functions that most editors don't know exist. It will come to German and Arabic Wikipedia this week. It will come to more wikis later.
You can now upload large files with the Internet Archive upload tool. Previously you could not upload files larger than 100 MB.
You can now use the Timeless skin on all wikis. You can choose skins in Special:Preferences#Appearance.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 29 November. It will be on all wikis from 30 November (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 28 November at 19:30 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 29 November at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
20:30, 27 November 2017 (UTC)
ArbCom 2017 election voter message
Hello, Cpiral. Voting in the 2017 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23.59 on Sunday, 10 December. All users who registered an account before Saturday, 28 October 2017, made at least 150 mainspace edits before Wednesday, 1 November 2017 and are not currently blocked are eligible to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.
The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.
If you wish to participate in the 2017 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 18:42, 3 December 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-49
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
It is now possible to upload MP3 files to Commons. Only users with MP3 file upload rights can upload MP3 files.
You can now use live updates for recent changes if you use the new filters. This feature updates the filtered recent changes every three seconds when you activate it.
There is an experimental onion service for Wikimedia projects.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 December. It will be on all wikis from 7 December (calendar).
Very old versions of the Opera Web browser are no longer supported. This means that technical development will not be tested to make sure it works with those Opera versions. Use Opera 15 or above or another browser if you have problems.
Almost 170 wikis with no high-priority errors in Linter categories will switch to use the Remex parsing library. This is to replace Tidy. A few larger wikis such as German and Italian Wikipedia will also make this switch. It will happen on 5 December. Other wikis will be recommended to switch soon when they have fixed the errors that must be fixed. Tidy will be removed in the middle of 2018.
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 5 December at 19:30 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 6 December at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
The 2017 Community Wishlist Survey will decide what the Community Tech team will work on next year. You can vote for wishes on the survey page until 10 December. You can see what has happened to last year's wishes on the 2016 results page.
The Community Liaisons team at the Wikimedia Foundation is looking for active tech ambassadors. This is to make sure the Wikimedia communities get all the information they need about new features and can be involved in the technical development.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
17:51, 4 December 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-50
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
URLs that link to sections on Wikimedia wikis with non-Latin scripts have looked like this: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Википедия#.D0.98.D1.81.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.8F instead of https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Википедия#История. This has now been fixed on all wikis. Old links will still work.
A new tag marks edits where a redirect was created or removed. This still works when the editor writes something else in the edit summary. You can see the tags for example in the recent changes feed, article history, user contributions or on your watchlist.
If you use Chrome on Android, you can now use the print to PDF button to create a PDF of an article.
Filter by number of edits or filter by time range have been grouped on a same menu on the recent changes page if you use the new filters. The "View new changes since $1" link is now more prominent.
Some of the web fonts that were provided by the Universal Language Selector extension are being removed. This is to reduce the load time on pages. The web fonts were added many years ago to help users read text in scripts which did not have fonts or had broken fonts. This is not the case any more. You can check the status page for a list of all web fonts and whether they are currently being used and especially for special requirements.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 December. It will be on all wikis from 14 December (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 12 December at 19:30 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 13 December at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
You can discuss new or improved blocking tools with the Wikimedia Foundation Anti-Harassment Tools team. They will work on building better blocking tools. Leave comments on the talk page.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
17:58, 11 December 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2017-51
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Tech News
Because of the holidays the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 8 January 2018.
Problems
When you import a page from another wiki the usernames of the users who edited the article on the wiki you imported it from are shown in the article history. This should link to the users on the original wiki. A script to fix this caused problems for Wikidata and German Wikipedia. It also created a large number of SUL accounts on wikis where editors had never edited.
Some bot owners got email about their bots logging in from a new computer. If this is from one or a couple of wikis, you can turn these messages off in your preferences on those wikis until the problem has been solved. If not, you can report more about the problem in Phabricator.
Changes later this week
There is no new MediaWiki version this week. There will be no new MediaWiki version next week either.
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 19 December at 19:30 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
Files on Commons will have structured metadata in the future. The developers are now looking for examples of different kinds of metadata to make sure they are aware of them when they build prototypes for structured data on Commons. You can read more and help by giving examples of interesting media files.
The Structured Commons team are making sure Commons work with structured data. If you regularly contribute to Commons and Wikidata you can answer a survey that helps the team prioritise the tools that are important for the Commons and Wikidata communities. The survey ends on 22 December. You can read more on Commons. You can also help the team decide on better names for "captions" and "descriptions". This ends on 3 January 2018.
The 2017 Community Wishlist Survey has now ended. You can see the results. They decide what the Community Tech team will work on next year.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
15:27, 18 December 2017 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-02
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
On Wikidata, the "save" button when you edit is now called "publish". This means all Wikimedia wikis have now changed from "Save page" to "Publish changes". This is to help new editors understand what it does.
Some edits will get an automatic tag on all wikis. This will happen when making a page a redirect, blanking a page, removing almost all content, undoing an edit, or rolling back an edit. You can see the tags for example in the recent changes feed, article history, user contributions or on your watchlist. Some wikis had already marked edits like these in other ways.
Special:UnusedFiles shows files that have been uploaded but are not used. It will show a file that is not used on the wiki it has been uploaded to, even if the file is used on another wiki. The new Special:GloballyUnusedFiles page on Commons only shows files that are not used on any wiki.
Structured discussions now uses the 2017 wikitext editor instead of its old custom one. This will work with your preference for wikitext or visual editor. The documentation has been updated.
Problems
Older versions of the Chrome web browser on mobile devices may see the PDF download button, but it does not work. The developers are looking into the problem.
With the new filters in the recent changes, "Exclude selected" in "Namespaces" did not work for "Saved filters" between 13 December and 2 January. When you loaded the saved filter all other namespaces were excluded instead. This has now been fixed. If you made any changes to your saved filters between 13 December and 2 January, you need to save your filters with excluded namespaces again.
The latest version of Google Chrome broke how section links are shown in the address bar. You now see #R%C3%A9sum%C3%A9 instead of #Résumé even if MediaWiki did not encode it that way. This happened in early December. This problem has been solved. The fix will be in Chrome 64 (23 January) or Chrome 65 (6 March).
Some POST requests to the API took longer than usual in parts of December. This affected the Wikidata UI and some gadgets the most. It has now been fixed.
Changes later this week
Wikidata will be moved to its own database servers. This is because it is growing and needs more resources. Because of this you will be able to read but not edit Wikidata and the German Wikipedia between 06:00 and 06:30 UTC on 9 January. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. This includes editing the language links on other wikis.
The font size in the editing window will change slightly for some users. It will now look the same on all browsers and operating systems.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 January. It will be on all wikis from 11 January (calendar).
WikiEditor's ResourceLoader modules have been simplified to one: ext.wikiEditor. All the other modules are now deprecated aliases and should be removed.
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 9 January at 19:30 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 10 January at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
16:19, 8 January 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-3
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
Bureaucrats on Wikimedia wikis where the Translate extension is installed can now add and remove the translation administrator permission by default. Administrators of wikis where this extension is enabled can add and remove this permission to or from themselves. Wikis that used a different configuration before have not changed.
There is a new Discourse test support channel for Wikimedia developers. You can ask questions or answer others questions about MediaWiki and Wikimedia software development.
Problems
Last week's MediaWiki update was rolled back. This was because of a bug that changed non-ASCII characters when a page was edited.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 January. It will be on all wikis from 18 January (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 16 January at 19:30 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 17 January at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
A few hundred wikis with less than ten high-priority errors in Linter categories will switch to use the Remex parsing library. This is to replace Tidy. It will happen on 31 January. Other wikis will be recommended to switch soon when they have fixed the errors that must be fixed. Tidy will be removed in the middle of 2018.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
18:45, 15 January 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-04
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
Filters on Special:RecentChangesLinked will get the new look similar to on the recent changes page. Special:RecentChangesLinked will also get some new features.
Problems
With the new OOUI look menus and popups can open upwards instead of downwards. This was meant to make long dropdown menus easier to use. Sometimes these menus have been overlapped by other things. This is now fixed.
Changes later this week
There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 24 January at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
irc.wikimedia.org will be rebooted on 22 February. Some bots use this to get the recent changes feed. They need to be able to reconnect automatically or they will not work until they have been fixed. Most bots can reconnect automatically.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
23:56, 22 January 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-05
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Changes later this week
There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 31 January at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
The Wikimedia Foundation is working on how to get less unmaintained code on Wikimedia wikis. This could be by finding maintainers or removing unmaintained features. They are now looking for feedback on what do do with AbuseFilter, the IRC RecentChanges feed, the RelatedSites extension and TimedMediaHandler. You can leave feedback on the linked talk pages.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
17:07, 29 January 2018 (UTC)
Speedy deletion nomination of COMINT (disambiguation)
A tag has been placed on COMINT (disambiguation) requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G6 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is an orphaned disambiguation page which either
disambiguates only one extant Wikipedia page and whose title ends in "(disambiguation)" (i.e., there is a primary topic); or
disambiguates no (zero) extant Wikipedia pages, regardless of its title.
Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such pages may be deleted at any time. Please see the disambiguation page guidelines for more information.
If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. feminist (talk) 05:11, 1 February 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-06
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
Bureaucrats can now add and remove the accountcreator permission by default. This means the user can help create a large number of accounts, for example for an editathon. Wikis can change this if they want to.
The Wikidata vandalism dashboard is a new tool to monitor vandalism on Wikidata labels and descriptions. It is filtered by language.
Info pages for file pages now show the file's SHA1 hash value in the table of basic information. This is so users can see that the file is the same as the one they uploaded.
Problems
Special:Export has a higher error rate right now. This means that the export does not always work. You should check to make sure your page exports worked. The developers are working on fixing this.
Changes later this week
When you review an edit made with the visual editor you can check a visual diff of your changes besides the wikitext diff. If you pick one diff type it will remember and show you that in future. The visual diff will now be the type first shown to new users.
When you use a gallery to show images you can define the size, like gallery widths="150px". You could use em or % instead of px but it would make no difference. You can now only use 150px or nothing (150). If you write something else, instead of treating it like px, it will not work.
The wording when you send a thanks message will change. Instead of Yes or No it will say Thank and Cancel. It will also be easier to understand that all thanks are public.
Redirects connected to Wikidata can create double Wikidata items. There will now be a tracking category for this. Wikis that don't want it can disable it.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 February. It will be on all wikis from 8 February (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 6 February at 19:30 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 7 February at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
The Education Program extension will be removed on 30 June. It is replaced by the Programs and Events Dashboard.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
20:51, 5 February 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-07
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
TemplateStyles has been deployed to the Swedish Wikipedia. TemplateStyles is a feature to make it easy to add CSS to templates without administrator privileges. This allows for better adaptability to screen sizes, especially on mobile where are half our total page views. If your community would like to be the next to have the feature, please submit a task on Phabricator.
Registration pages now collect keyboard/mouse usage information for research on identifying spambots.
Changes later this week
You can opt in to a new beta feature that lets you use visual diffs on history pages.
The visual editor shows and lets you edit templates in one way, and reference lists in another. This meant that templates that only contain a fake reference list, like {{reflist}}, would not get updated as you edited. Now they will update as you edit, but you will no longer be able to visually edit them as templates.
The abuse filter extension has a new feature contains_all that you may use to check if one or more strings are all contained in another given string.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 13 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 14 February. It will be on all wikis from 15 February (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 13 February at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 14 February at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
The settings page and beta options for the mobile website are being improved.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
21:59, 12 February 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-08
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
The explanation of the abbreviations on the recent changes page could overlap with the list of changes. This has been fixed.
You can now see statistics for pageviews per wiki per country. You can see this on maps or in a table.
Problems
Linter is reporting estimated counts instead of actual counts for some wikis. This is because of performance problems. You might notice a false higher number in linter counts for some categories. This will be fixed as soon as the performance problem has been fixed.
Last week the way that Visual Editor displays references lists was changed. As a result, the references generated by specific templates like {{sfn}} are not visible in the references list whilst editing.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 20 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 21 February. It will be on all wikis from 22 February (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 20 February at 19:30 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 21 February at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
The way edit summaries and log comments are stored in the database is being changed. In the future this will make longer comments possible.
Edit conflicts could be solved in a different way in the future. You can test a new prototype.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
22:55, 19 February 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-09
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
Checkusers and stewards can now view private data such as the IP address in the abuse log. This data is removed regularly.
Problems
Last week's MediaWiki version was rolled back because of a bug.
Since the deployment train last week until late evening on 20 February UTC, when you thanked someone for an edit, the thank went to the latest unthanked edit to that page. It didn't matter which edit you tried to give thanks for. This has been fixed.
Special:Statistics did not take newly created pages into account since 13 February 2018. Because of this the statistics are recreated.
Changes later this week
Users with version 10 of the Internet Explorer browser will no longer get JavaScript on Wikimedia wikis. If you use this browser on your computer, you can try upgrading to a newer version.
The Wikinews wikis will switch to use the Remex parsing library. This is to replace Tidy. It will happen on 27 February. Other wikis will be recommended to switch soon when they have fixed the errors that must be fixed. Tidy will be removed in the middle of 2018.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 27 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 28 February. It will be on all wikis from 1 March (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 27 February at 19:30 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 28 February at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
19:52, 26 February 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-10
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
You can now make longer edit summaries.
Changes later this week
You can notify users in edit summaries. They will get a ping just as if they had been mentioned on a wiki page.
On Special:AbuseLog you can now choose to list only actions that actually made an edit. Other actions are when the filter warned the editor or blocked the edit from being made. There are also more search options.
Wikis can enable Citoid to provide automatic reference look-up in the visual editor and the 2017 wikitext editor, but it is complex. The tool will now warn in the JavaScript console if the configuration isn't correct. Soon Citoid will disable itself if the configuration isn't correct. Check that your wiki is configured correctly. You can ask for help if you need it.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 March. It will be on all wikis from 8 March (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 6 March at 19:30 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 7 March at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
In the future you will be able to use global preferences. This means you could change a preference for all wikis instead of having to change it every time for each wiki. You can now test global preferences and give feedback.
You can now read about planned works on maps during 2018. This will be done by June. You can give feedback on the planned maps work.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
17:12, 5 March 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-11
keep
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
3D models can now be uploaded to Commons.
Page Previews has been updated to use HTML for previews. This has fixed many issues. An A/B test was done on English and German Wikipedia to measure how it is used. Other changes were also made.
Some edits have to be checked against too many conditions before they can trigger an abuse filter. If that is the reason no filter is triggered the edit will be tagged for review.
Auto-saving has been added to the visual editor and the 2017 wikitext editor. Right now it is meant to help if your browser crashes or if you accidentally close a tab.
Problems
The abuse filter did not tag all edits that should have been tagged after last week's MediaWiki version had come to the wikis. It was fixed on 9 March (UTC).
Changes later this week
You can notify users in edit summaries. They will get a ping just as if they had been mentioned on a wiki page. This was originally planned to happen last week.
It is now possible to specify the block parameters for each filter in Special:AbuseFilter. The parameters include block duration and if the user should be blocked from editing their own talk page. The block duration is separate for anonymous and registered users.
A hundred Wikimedia wikis will switch to use the Remex parsing library. This is to replace Tidy. It will happen on 13 and 14 March. Other wikis will be recommended to switch soon when they have fixed the errors that must be fixed. Tidy will be removed in the middle of 2018.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 13 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 14 March. It will be on all wikis from 15 March (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 13 March at 19:30 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 14 March at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
19:44, 12 March 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-12
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Problems
On March 12 early morning UTC, the number of 503 error messages increased due to an issue on esams datacenter. It has been fixed.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 20 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 21 March. It will be on all wikis from 22 March (calendar).
Meetings
There is no Editing team meeting this week.
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 21 March at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
From April 4, the autopatrol status of edits will only be accessible in the Recent Changes database table, so only for 30 days.
In-Context Help and Onboarding is a new project, aiming to improve retention of new wiki editors. The goal is to give them short tutorials and other training experiences based on their activity. Collaboration team is expecting feedback and comments on the project talk page, especially from people working with newcomers.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
15:03, 19 March 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-13
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Changes later this week
Some of the interface icons and text sizes will change slightly, as part of the updates for improved accessibility and consistency. These icons are used in many features, including Notifications, Recent Changes, Beta Features, Visual Editor, 2017 Wikitext Editor, Code Editor, and others. While editor toolbars, dialogs, and menus will appear slightly bigger; elements on special pages will be slightly smaller. Functionality will not change.
The deprecated #toc and #toctitle CSS ids have been removed. If your wiki was still using these for fake Tables of Content (ToC) then these might lose their styling. They can be replaced with .toc and .toctitle classes where appropriate.
TemplateStyles will be deployed to the Wikivoyages on 28 March 2018.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 27 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 28 March. It will be on all wikis from 29 March (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 27 March at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be one hour earlier than usual on 28 March at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
From 9 April, the sort order of categories will be distorted for a short time. We are upgrading versions of an internationalisation library (ICU) and using a maintenance script to update existing database entries. This will last anywhere from a few hours to a few days, depending on wiki size. Read more details.
Changes are coming to search for Serbian projects. Cyrillic and Latin variants of a word and different grammatical forms of a word will be able to find each other. Read more on MediaWiki in Serbian or English.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
20:04, 26 March 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-14
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
Template Wizard script available for testing. It will show up as a puzzle-piece icon in the 2010 WikiEditor. You can click on the icon to insert a template.
The Wikimedia Communities and Contributors survey is to be sent to participants around the world this week. If you are volunteer developer, and have contributed code to any pieces of MediaWiki, gadgets, or tools, please take 20 to 40 minutes to complete the survey.
Problems
MediaWiki deployment train has been rolled back to version 1.31.0-wmf.26 on week 13, due to a multiplication of lost connections during MySQL queries. Some of the recent changes may have not been applied. They will be deployed next week.
The Notifications badge icons were overlapping other links. This has been fixed.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 3 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 4 April. It will be on all wikis from 5 April (calendar).
User subpages ending in .json will now be protected from other people editing them, like .js and .css pages already are. If you have a tool that stores static configuration, you can now use a subpage like User:Example/mygadget.json to do this without concerns.
Tidy will be replaced by RemexHtml on the next set of wikis. On April 4, we plan to turn off Tidy on all Wikiquotes (except frwikiquote) and Wikimedia chapters and user groups wikis. 23 wikis will have Tidy replaced this time.
AbuseFilter will transition to use OOUI starting April 4, and the rule editor will also be changed to a CodeEditor (ACE) similar to what is found on user JavaScript pages. The move to OOUI will continue over the next few weeks.
In Special:Preferences, the preference "Reload the watchlist automatically whenever a filter is changed (JavaScript required)" is now only visible for users who have opt-out the New Filters for the Watchlist.
You can see names of individual abuse filters in Special:AbuseLog. Now if the name of an abuse filter contains some wikisyntax like links, it will not change to a link when displayed.
You can now search through filter patterns at Special:AbuseFilter. You may specify either a plain string or a regular expression and the matching filters will show a snippet of their pattern with the match highlighted.
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 3 April at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 4 April at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
If you're using, creating or improving Lua modules, you can give your feedback to help harmonizing the modules across wikis and add more useful functions.
On April 11th, we plan to turn off Tidy on all wikis with less than 50 entries in all high priority linter categories. About 60 wikis will have Tidy replaced. Currently about 600 wikis have had Tidy replaced and we have another 300 wikis to go. We plan to finish this transition from Tidy to RemexHtml by end of June 2018. Please follow T175706 to monitor progress of Tidy replacement.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
19:28, 2 April 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-15
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
Some pages have templates that describe problems with that article. There is now more information for mobile readers and what is wrong with the article and how they could help fix it.
You can now thank users for many more actions than edits to a page. This was one of the top ten requests in the Wishlist Survey last year.
The sort order of categories will have errors for a short time starting Monday 9 April (UTC). We are upgrading versions of an internationalisation library (ICU) and using a script to update the database. This will take between a few hours and a few days depending on wiki size. You can read more details.
Tag filter titles will now work better on wikis where the tag filter title is in a language that is written in another direction than the language of that wiki. This could for example be an English title (written from left to right) on a Hebrew or an Arabic wiki (written from right to left).
Problems
The bookmark icon for saved filters on the recent changes page disappeared because of new icon changes. This has now been fixed.
For a week in March rollbacks got both the rollback and the undo tag on the recent changes page and other pages where you see tags. This has now been fixed.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 April. It will be on all wikis from 12 April (calendar).
Patrolled edits now have three states instead of two. Recent changes filters are updated to show unpatrolled, autopatrolled and manually patrolled edits.
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 10 April at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 11 April at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
The iOS and Android apps will get synced reading lists later in April.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
18:08, 9 April 2018 (UTC)
I've built a new tool...
...in case you are interested.
It's called SearchSuite.
I hope you find it useful. — The Transhumanist 23:59, 11 April 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-16
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Changes later this week
Profiling statistics for an abuse filter tell how often edits match the filter. The statistics for the abuse filters were reset after 10000 actions. Wikis can now decide to reset it more or less often. They can file a phabricator task to do so.
Abuse filters will now treat integers and floats more precisely. For example, 5/2 was rounded down to 2 but will now be 2.5 and 2*4 will be the integer 8 and not the floating-point number 8.0. Division values are the only ones changed. For the rest only strict comparisons (=== and !==) will be affected leaving the values unchanged.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 17 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 18 April. It will be on all wikis from 19 April (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 17 April at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 18 April at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
The new PDF renderer could not create PDFs from books. Books are in this case collections of pages on a Wikimedia wiki. PediaPress will take over development of the books-to-PDF function.
Pywikibot will no longer support Python 2.7.2 and 2.7.3.
Volunteer developers can fill out the Wikimedia Communities and Contributors survey. The last day is April 22 (UTC). This is a third-party service survey. See the privacy statement.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
15:20, 16 April 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-17
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
All Wikipedias now have Page Previews.
The iOS and Android apps now have synced reading lists. This means you can save articles to a private list that can be seen on your other devices if you use the apps.
The icons in the 2010 wikitext editor have changed.
The visual editor and the 2017 wikitext ask you to write an edit summary after you press Publish. This button now also shows an ellipsis. This is to show that pressing Publish is not the last step.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 24 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 25 April. It will be on all wikis from 26 April (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 24 April at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 25 April at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
<mapframe> will come to most Wikipedias in May. This means that you can put interactive maps in the articles. Nine Wikipedias that use a strict version of flagged revisions will not get this feature in May.
The rollback function could change. This was a German community request. All editors with rollback rights can leave feedback on the proposed solution. The last day to leave feedback is 4 May (UTC).
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
18:16, 23 April 2018 (UTC)
Speedy deletion declined: Tumbleweed (software)
Hello Cpiral. I am just letting you know that I declined the speedy deletion of Tumbleweed (software), a page you tagged for speedy deletion, because of the following concern: Not a valid criterion — redirects as a result of page moves aren't valid unless recently created and implausible. Try WP:RFD for deletion. Thank you. ~ Amory (u • t • c) 10:22, 24 April 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-18
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
The parameter for unpatrolled edits in recent changes filters changed name. You might need to update saved filters and links.
Problems
We are migrating wikis from Tidy to Remex. Because of a bug the 250 wikis which do not yet use Remex were switched on 23 April. This is two months early. This meant that pages with broken wikitext showed wrongly to readers. The bug was undone the next day. You can help fix broken wikitext to avoid this problem when your wiki switches. Tidy will be removed on all wikis before July 2018. You can follow the process on Phabricator.
Changes later this week
You will be able use CodeMirror in the 2017 wikitext editor on all wikis. CodeMirror helps with syntax highlighting. It has previously been a beta feature and only available on wikis with scripts that are written from left to right.
When an administrator blocks someone they will have a calendar they can use to choose when the block ends. This is to make it easier to pick a specific date.
You can soon turn on the Performance Inspector in the Editing section in your preferences. It shows information about the performance of pages. This could be the size of modules in the page, how many CSS selectors are defined on the page and how many are used, or the size of the images on the page. This tool is intended to help editors fix pages that load slowly.
There is a new abuse filter function called equals_to_any. You can use it to check if its first argument is equal (===) to any of the following ones. For example you can use it to check if the page's namespace is amongst a given set of values in a more compact way than you could earlier. You can read more on mediawiki.org.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 1 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 2 May. It will be on all wikis from 3 May (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 1 May at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 2 May at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
The Wikimedia Cloud Services team is working on a new project called Toolhub. The goal is to make it easier for Wikimedians to discover software tools they can use. You can leave feedback on the talk page or email jharewikimedia.org to leave private feedback.
All wikis with fewer than 100 high-priority linter errors in all namespaces will switch to use the Remex parsing library. This is to replace Tidy. It will happen on 2 May. Other wikis will be recommended to switch soon when they have fixed the errors that must be fixed. Wikibooks wikis with fewer than 100 high-priority linter errors in the main namespace will switch on 9 May. Tidy will be removed on all wikis before July 2018.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
16:18, 30 April 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-19
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
The Wikimedia Commons mobile app has a new version. It is now easier to find nearby places that need pictures. It helps you with direct uploads and title and category suggestions. The app only works on Android phones.
Problems
The abuse filters had a problem with blocks where you had changed how long they last. It used the default length everywhere. This was in late April. Abuse filter users should make sure the right block length is used and change them if needed. This is only for filters where how long blocks last had been changed.
Changes later this week
The advanced search function beta feature will be on all Wikimedia wikis. It makes it easier to use some of the special search functions that most editors don't know exist.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 8 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 9 May. It will be on all wikis from 10 May (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 8 May at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 9 May at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
All wikis with fewer than 100 high-priority linter errors in the main namespace will switch to use the Remex parsing library. This is to replace Tidy. It will happen on 16 May. Other wikis will switch soon when they have fixed the errors that must be fixed. Tidy will be removed on all wikis before July 2018.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
16:28, 7 May 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-20
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
Dynamic maps are now available on most Wikipedias. Labels on maps can also be in different languages.
The new Advanced Search interface is now available as a Beta Feature on all wikis. This makes it easier to learn about and to use many of the powerful options in our search. Feedback is appreciated.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 15 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 16 May. It will be on all wikis from 17 May (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 16 May at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
In the mobile view, warnings for when something is wrong with a page are not as clear as they should be. The developers are working on this. You can give feedback and suggestions.
The developers are working on making the Wikipedia Android app available in more languages. You can give feedback, suggestions and help test it. Read more on mediawiki.org
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
22:23, 14 May 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-21
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 22 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 23 May. It will be on all wikis from 24 May (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 23 May at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
It could become easier to reference different pages of a book in an article. You can give feedback. The last day for feedback is 27 May.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
17:34, 21 May 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-22
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
You can now use global preferences on most wikis. This means you can set preferences for all wikis at the same time. Before this you had to change them on each individual wiki. Global preferences will come to the Wikipedias later this week.
It is now easier for blocked mobile users to see why they were blocked.
Wikidata now supports lexicographical data. This helps describe words.
There is now a checkbox on Special:ListUsers to let you see only users in temporary user groups.
Some rare invisible Unicode characters have recently been banned from page titles. This includes soft hyphens (U+00AD) and left-to-right (U+2066) and right-to-left (U+2067) isolate markers. Existing pages with these characters will soon be moved by a script.
There's a new Wikimedia Foundation team to support the Wikimedia technical communities. It's called the Technical Engagement team. Most of the team members did similar work in other teams before this.
Problems
Some translatable pages are showing old translations instead of latest ones. The cause of this issue has been fixed. We will update all pages automatically to show the latest translations.
Changes later this week
There will be a new special page named PasswordPolicies. This page gives information about the password rules for each user group on that wiki.
A new way to see moved paragraphs in diffs is coming to most wikis. This is to make it easier to find the moved paragraphs and the changes in them.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 29 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 30 May. It will be on all wikis from 31 May (calendar).
Wikis can enable Citoid to provide automatic reference look-up in the visual editor and the 2017 wikitext editor. This is complex. The tool will now disable itself if the configuration isn't correct. It has warned about this in the JavaScript console since February. Check that your wiki is configured correctly. You can ask for help if you need it.
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 29 May at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 30 May at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
Content Translation drafts which have not been updated in over a year will be removed. This allows other users to translate those articles.
A survey is collecting information on what users think about how Wikimedia wiki pages are loaded. This information could be used in future development.
Some wikis will switch to use the Remex parsing library. This is to replace Tidy. It will happen on 30 May and 13 June. Wikis with fewer than 100 linter issues in the main namespace in all high-priority linter categories will switch. This includes Wikidata. Tidy will probably be removed on all wikis in the first week of July.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
12:40, 29 May 2018 (UTC)
I noticed an unanswered question of yours from way back...
See below...
Can AWB edit the list of titles on a search results page?
I hear hopeful things, but after looking through the manual, I don't see the functionality I'm looking for.
I want to edit every page on a MediaWiki search results page. Can AWB do that? If not, can it accept a list of titles I generate from such a search results page? And if so, will it auto-edit every page (after I press yes on a Show Changes screen)?
Sounds like AWB can only perform its own searches from a required database dump. Is that right? If so can its search engine compete with the new CirrusSearch regular expressions of the wikitext?
Finally, does AWB have any in-class competitors (AWB script? WikEd?) that can do these robo-edits from a list like AWB can somehow do, but perhaps without the database dump or IE? I'm not complaining, really, keep up the fine work. Thanks. — CpiralCpiral 06:34, 26 June 2015 (UTC)
You can copy and paste lists in to AWB's page list, you can also load a file the contains the list of articles. AWB can create a list from a database dump or by directly querying Wikipedia.- X201 (talk) 07:57, 26 June 2015 (UTC)
Sounds hopeful. — CpiralCpiral 18:15, 27 June 2015 (UTC)
Are you actually searching for pages on the MediaWiki.org web site, or are you searching for pages on wikipedia.org? If you gave us the URL of a sample search, we could do a better job of helping you. Chris the speller yack 02:26, 27 June 2015 (UTC)
insource:"ul a" prefix:user:c — CpiralCpiral 18:15, 27 June 2015 (UTC)
@Cpiral: I give up. I tried using this in AWB as "Wikisearch (text)" after unchecking the menu item under "List" that says "Remove non-main space" and adjusting the article filter to allow "User:" namespace. No pages are found by AWB. I'm not totally surprised, as AWB's interface to CirrusSearch is a little weird. Have you tried using a forward slash (/) to surround the insource argument instead of double quotes? I didn't know that double quotes would work for that. Good luck! Chris the speller yack 02:48, 29 June 2015 (UTC)
I'm up to speed on using mw:Help:CirrusSearch, but I'm just starting to understand what AWB is. Like toolserver stuff, it shells the database directly? I don't know what internal APIs MediaWiki provides AWB or toolserver, if any, so I can't deYtermine AWB's abilities. It would seem that AWB javaScript, would wrap the usual MediaWiki user interfaces passing edits to the edit box and searches to the search engine. — CpiralCpiral 05:19, 29 June 2015 (UTC)
Yes, you're ahead of me on using CirrusSearch. I had forgotten that "insource" comes in two flavors. Good luck! Chris the speller yack 13:24, 29 June 2015 (UTC)
@Cpiral: You may also want to look at WPCleaner. Happy editing! GoingBatty (talk) 13:07, 27 June 2015 (UTC)
Thank you. — CpiralCpiral 18:15, 27 June 2015 (UTC)
SearchSuite can help. It can show search results as page names only, one per line. It also can sort the result. And applicable to using AWB on the results, it can add wikiformatting for links, which makes the whole list ready to copy/paste into a wiki-editor.
So, to do what you wanted above, you'd install the SearchSuite script, do your search, click the menu items to the format desired, and copy/paste the results to a sandbox. Then use the "Links on page" feature of AWB's list maker to input the list from the sandbox into AWB.
I hope that helps. — The Transhumanist 21:21, 3 June 2018 (UTC)
You are most helpful. I'm now using
$( function() {
'use strict';
if ( mw.config.get( 'wgCanonicalSpecialPageName' ) === 'Search' ) {
$( '.mw-search-result-heading a' ).each( function() {
$( this ).after( '<span class="searchedit"> </span>' );
} );
}
} );
to provide each search result with an edit link. — Cpiral§Cpiral 00:03, 6 June 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-23
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
The MonoBook skin has been optimised for mobile devices. It now looks different.
Planet Wikimedia collects blogs about Wikimedia. It will now use the Rawdog feed aggregator to do this instead of Planet.
Redirect links in Special:WhatLinksHere now link to the original page and not the target page. This was done earlier and changed the used messages on some pages. This was a problem for wikis that customized the message. A new change fixed this by using the old messages with one more parameter for customization. Wikis that already changed their customized messages will have to move the customization back again.
Problems
You will not be able to edit some wikis between 06:00 and 06:30 UTC on 13 June. You can see if your wiki is one of them.
MassMessage did not work 24–28 May. This is also why last week's Tech News was late.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 June. It will be on all wikis from 7 June (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 5 June at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 6 June at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
The new filters for edit review tools and interface for watchlists will leave beta. This is planned to happen in June or early July.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
21:54, 4 June 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-24
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
In the Wikipedia app for Android or iOS users can create reading lists. The reading lists can be seen on different devices if you are logged in to your account. There is now a browser extension so you can add pages to your reading list from a web browser. At the moment it works with Firefox and Chrome.
There is a new version of Pywikibot. Pywikibot is a tool to automate tasks on MediaWiki wikis.
Problems
The MonoBook skin was changed to make it work better for mobile users. This caused some problems. The change was rolled back to fix them. The new version is now back on the wikis. MonoBook users can opt out from the new responsive design.
Changes later this week
The new filters for edit review tools and interface for watchlists will leave beta. For most wikis this will happen on 18 June. For the rest it will happen on 25 June.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 June. It will be on all wikis from 14 June (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the Readers Web team IRC office hour. There you can discuss tools to contribute on the mobile web for the existing MediaWiki skins. The meeting will be on 18 June at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 12 June at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 13 June at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
You will be able to move local wiki files to Commons and keep their original data intact. This is planned to come to the first wikis in June.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
21:55, 11 June 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-25
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
Syntax highlighting has been a beta feature on Wikimedia wikis with text written from left to right. It is now a normal feature. It is based on CodeMirror.
Changes later this week
There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 19 June at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 20 June at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
Some old web browsers will not be able to read the Wikimedia wikis. This is because they use an insecure way to connect to them. This means that we get less security for everyone else too. This affects about 0.08% of all traffic to the Wikimedia wikis. This affects for example those who read Wikipedia on a PlayStation 3.
The new filters for edit review tools and interface for watchlists will leave beta. Because there is no new MediaWiki version this week it will happen on 25 June for most wikis. For the rest it will happen in early July.
All wikis that have not already done so will switch to use the Remex parsing library on 5 July. This is to replace Tidy. You can help fix remaining errors.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
21:47, 18 June 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-26
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
PAWS, our JupyterHub system, got an upgrade and a logo. Several bugs should be fixed.
Problems
When a link text was in italics or had other formatting you could sometimes not edit it in the visual editor. This has now been fixed.
Changes later this week
Content translation users who translate between any two of Arabic, English, French, Japanese and Russian will be asked to be part of a research project. This is to create better tools for translating articles.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 27 June. It will be on all wikis from 28 June (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 26 June at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 27 June at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
23:10, 25 June 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-27
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
The database for tags will be changed. This will happen on 2 July on French Wikipedia and 9 July on all other wikis. Please report if recent changes get slower or you can't save edits. This could especially affect editors who use the database on ToolForge.
Problems
Last week's MediaWiki update was rolled back. This was because of a database problem.
Changes later this week
There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 3 July at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 4 July at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
00:46, 3 July 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-28
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
WebM video files have smaller file size but still be of the same quality. Creating WebM files will take longer time.
The new filters for edit review tools and interface for watchlists will leave beta. This was supposed to already have happened but was delayed. For most wikis this will happen on 9 July. For the rest it will happen on 16 July.
All wikis now use the Remex parsing library instead of Tidy. This could cause errors. You can help fix the errors.
Problems
When you rolled back an edit it could get both the Rollback and Undo tags. This has been fixed.
Rollbacks from autopatrolled users were not marked as patrolled. This has been fixed.
Changes later this week
When you edit a link in the visual editor there will be two separate buttons to change which page the link goes to (target) or its text (label).
On the mobile version you can find a link to an editor's contributions from their user page. Now this will work even if they haven't created a user page.
When you edit a discussion on the mobile version you sometimes get your signature automatically added. This will now not happen if you have already added a signature manually. This is to avoid double signatures.
Structured discussions toolbars will have more style options.
When you look at Wikimedia code in Gerrit there will be a new interface. It is on by default for new users. This is also true for developers. This is to make it easier to understand what is happening.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 July. It will be on all wikis from 12 July (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 10 July at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 11 July at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
Today all administrators can edit CSS and JavaScript for the entire wiki. There will be a new user group for editing CSS and JavaScript. Administrators will no longer automatically be able to do this. This is because it is a security risk when all administrator accounts can edit JavaScript even if they never plan to or do not know how it works. You can read more.
Page previews will be on by default for new accounts.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
23:09, 9 July 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-29
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
You can now use global preferences on Wikimedia wikis. You can set them on the global preferences page.
You can now see a new log of pages being created at Special:Log/create. It includes pages which are later deleted. It is now available on all Wikimedia wikis except Commons and Wikidata.
You can see how many pageviews a wiki had from specific countries. The Wikistats2 maps have now been updated.
Changes later this week
Your watchlist will show changes from the last seven days instead of three. If you have already set a length preference it will not change.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from July 17. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from July 18. It will be on all wikis from July 19 (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on July 17 at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on July 18 at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
Some articles have messages to readers about problems with the article. For example that it does not cite sources or might not be neutral. Readers do not see these messages on the mobile version. The developers now want to show them. You can read more and leave feedback.
You can use <inputbox> to create search boxes for specific pages. For example to search the archives of a community discussion page. Instead of prefix:Page name you will see a text that explains which pages are being searched. You can read more and leave feedback.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
16:00, 16 July 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-30
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
When you log in to your account you can choose to keep being logged in. This checkbox now works better than before on the mobile version for users without JavaScript.
Wikis that use Citoid can automatically generate citations for Swedish news sites. This only works in the visual editor. This now works for Swedish public service radio. More will come. Others could use this to add news sites in other languages in the future.
Editors can do max 90 edits per minute. This is new since last month. This does not affect bots or administrators.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 24 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 25 July. It will be on all wikis from 26 July (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 25 July at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
09:44, 24 July 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-31
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
The design on Special:Log has changed. It will change again soon. Developers are working on fixing problems.
Problems
Deployment of 1.32.0-wmf.13 has been partially delayed. All deployments have been resumed and successfully done after bug fixes.
Deployment of 1.32.0-wmf.14 has been partially delayed.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 31 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 August. It will be on all wikis from 2 August (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 31 July at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 1 August at 15:00 (UTC) as well as at 23:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
After a community discussion, a new group for users will be created. "Interface administrators" will be the only users allowed to edit interface pages like MediaWiki:Common.css or MediaWiki:Common.js. This is done to avoid technical issues and improve security. That change will be effective by the end of August 2018.
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14:05, 30 July 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-32
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
Special:NewPages now has the OOUI look.
Problems
The MediaWiki version that was released two weeks ago was late to some Wikimedia wikis. This was because of bugs. It was on all wikis 30 July.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 August. It will be on all wikis from 9 August.
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 7 August at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 8 August at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
19:39, 6 August 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-33
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
CSS in templates can now be stored in a separate page on all wikis. This is called TemplateStyles. This is to make it easier to edit how templates look.
Changes later this week
There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 14 August at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 15 August at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
The developers are planning more ways to block users. This could be blocking someone from just a page or a namespace. You can read more. You can leave feedback on the talk page.
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17:53, 13 August 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-34
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 August. It will be on all wikis from 23 August (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 22 August at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
The 2018 Community Wishlist Survey begins on 29 October. The survey decides what the Community Tech team will work on. You can post proposals from 29 October to 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 16 November to 30 November.
Legacy JavaScript global variables have been deprecated for seven years. They will soon be removed from all wikis. Gadgets and scripts that use them will stop working. You can test your community's gadgets on "group0" wikis. For example Test Wikipedia or mediawiki.org. The legacy JavaScript global variables are already disabled there. You can read the migration guide to fix old scripts.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
16:46, 20 August 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-35
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
You can now see moved paragraphs in diffs in the mobile view. It also works on all languages in the desktop view.
Bureaucrats on all Wikimedia wikis can now remove the interface admin user right.
Problems
Some diffs show lines in the wrong order. The developers are working on fixing it.
Changes later this week
The message you see when you thank a user will change. This is to make it easier to understand.
AWB will stop adding using AWB in the edit summary. Instead it will add a tag that says AWB.
Some abuse filter variables have changed. They are now easier to understand for non-experts. The old variables will still work but filter editors are encouraged to replace them with the new ones. You can find the list of changed variables on mediawiki.org. They have a note which says Deprecated. Use ... instead. An example is article_text which is now page_title.
Abuse filters can now use how old a page is. The variable is page_age.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 29 August. It will be on all wikis from 30 August (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 28 August at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 29 August at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for up to an hour on 12 September and 10 October. This will start at 14:00 (UTC). You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. The time when you can't edit might be shorter than an hour. You can read more about this.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
16:16, 27 August 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-36
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
There is a new user right for users who can edit CSS and JavaScript for the entire wiki. Before this all admins could edit CSS and JavaScript. This was a security risk. This group is called interface administrators. Administrators can delete user CSS and JavaScript pages.
There will be an A/B test on the Wikipedia mobile website. It starts this week. It tests how we show templates that show information about an article. The test will last two weeks.
You can now use different CSS rules for different skins when you edit templates. This is because of TemplateStyles.
wp10 in ORES is now called articlequality.
When you get a new message on your talk page you get a yellow message in the toolbar. The preference to show or not show this has been removed.
Problems
UploadWizard had problems with campaigns. Users could not upload files. This has now been fixed.
You can get a notification when a link is made to a page you created. This has not worked since June. It was fixed last week.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 4 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 5 September. It will be on all wikis from 6 September (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 5 September at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
The Wikimedia Foundation Readers department will work on advanced mobile editing. You can read more about this and other things they plan to work on over the next year. You can also see the presentation.
The RelatedSites extension will be removed from Wikivoyage.
Unused projects on the Wikimedia Cloud virtual private server will be removed. This will happen in October. Projects can be marked if they are being used.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
16:47, 3 September 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-37
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
When you added or edited a template with the visual editor the input boxes were very big. This has been fixed. The input boxes will now be smaller until you click on them. Then they will change size to fit the text.
Problems
Some diffs showed lines in the wrong order. This was fixed last week.
Marking a cross-wiki notification as read didn't work every time. The other wiki was not updated. This has now been fixed.
<maplink> did not work for a few days. This was because of a bug. This has now been fixed.
{{subst:REVISIONUSER}} is used by some templates. For a period edits saved with {{subst:REVISIONUSER}} would save the previous user's name and not your username. This is now fixed. Edits made before the bug was fixed will still be wrong and need to be corrected.
When you move a page the title still shows the old page name. The developers are working on fixing this.
Changes later this week
Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for up to an hour on 12 September and 10 October. This will start at 14:00 (UTC). You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. The time when you can't edit might be shorter than an hour. You can read more about this.
Because of the data centre test there will be no new version of MediaWiki this week. Changes for this week will come next week instead.
Meetings
You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 11 Septmber at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 12 September at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
The developers work on making the wikis work better on mobile phones. There is a list of common problems when making content easier to read in the mobile view. You can add things to the page and ask others to help.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
22:35, 10 September 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-38
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
The Wikimedia Commons mobile app has a new version. Images uploaded using Nearby are now automatically added to the associated Wikidata item. You can browse other images on Commons. You can see your achievements and your upload statistics. It has also fixed some bugs.
MediaWiki web requests now have a time limit of 60 seconds for GET requests and 200 seconds for POST requests.
Problems
You could not see the menu on the notifications page on the mobile version. This has now been fixed.
Changes later this week
Special:AncientPages can hide disambiguation pages.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 September. It will be on all wikis from 20 September (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 19 September at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
The developers are testing new mobile web navigation. You can use it and give feedback.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
21:58, 17 September 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-39
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Changes later this week
The preferences form will change to use the standard look. If you see any problems please report them on Phabricator.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 September. It will be on all wikis from 27 September (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 26 September at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
15:22, 24 September 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-40
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
Ordinary pages can no longer be loaded as javascript. You could do this using ?action=raw&ctype=text/javascript in the URL. Only fully protected pages in the MediaWiki: namespace or user javascript subpages can be loaded as javascript now. This is for better security.
Problems
New and updated translations from translatewiki.net will not reach the wikis for a while. You can still translate messages on translatewiki.net. The Wikimedia wikis will be updated with the new translations later. This is because of work on the translation system.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 2 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 3 October. It will be on all wikis from 4 October (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 3 October at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
You can join the meeting with the Wikimedia Foundation Search Platform team. The meeting will be on 3 October at 15:00 UTC. See how to join if you want to know how the search function works or have questions.
Future changes
Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for up to an hour on 10 October. This will start at 14:00 (UTC). You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. The time when you can't edit might be shorter than an hour. You can read more about this.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
17:34, 1 October 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-41
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
The Education Program extension was removed from all Wikimedia projects. You can use the Programs and Events Dashboard or the Fountain instead.
Problems
There was a problem when you copied and pasted from a table with the visual editor. It could add href where it shouldn't be. This has now been fixed.
Changes later this week
Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for up to an hour on 10 October. This will start at 14:00 (UTC). You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. The time when you can't edit might be shorter than an hour. You can read more about this.
Because of the data centre test there will be no new version of MediaWiki this week. Changes for this week will come next week instead.
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 10 October at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
23:38, 8 October 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-42
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Problems
Some pages, edits and users disappeared for a short while after the server switch. Missing content and users was fixed within a day. Some preferences and other things might take a few more days to fix.
Wikis are updated with new and updated translations from translatewiki.net again. This will happen once a week. The developers are working on fixing the problem so we can have translation updates more often again.
Changes later this week
When you create an abuse filter that prevents edits you can now write a specific error message for it. Before this all abuse filters that prevented edits had the same error message.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 October. It will be on all wikis from 18 October (calendar).
Meetings
There will be no more meetings with the Editing team. This is because not enough Wikimedians were interested. To tell developers which bugs you think are the most important you can use Phabricator as normal.
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 17 October at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
22:40, 15 October 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-43
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 23 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 24 October. It will be on all wikis from 25 October (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 24 October at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
The Community Wishlist Survey begins on 29 October. The survey decides what the Community Tech team will work on. You can post proposals from 29 October to 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 16 November to 30 November.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
23:11, 22 October 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-44
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
You can post proposals for the Community Wishlist Survey. The survey decides what the Community Tech team will work on. You can post proposals until 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 16 November to 30 November.
The wikis now have a content security policy report. This means that you might get a warning in your javascript console when you load external resources in your user scripts. For security reasons it is recommended that you don't do this. It might not be possible to load external resources in your scripts in the future.
Problems
Your watchlist can show which changes you have already seen. This did not work for a few days. It has been fixed.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 31 October. It will be on all wikis from 1 November (calendar).
The 2006 wikitext editor is no longer available. It will be removed from Special:Preferences. It has not been the standard editor for a long time. It was replaced by the 2010 wikitext editor.
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 31 October at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
20:08, 29 October 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-45
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
You can now use TemplateWizard to edit templates. This works only with the 2010 wikitext editor and not in the visual editor or the 2017 wikitext editor. If you click on you can enter the information in a pop-up. You can turn on TemplateWizard in your beta feature preferences.
Changes later this week
You can choose to see edit conflicts in a two-column view. This is a beta feature. You can find it in your preferences. The interface for the two-column edit conflict will change. You can read more.
When you edit with the visual editor you can use the "Automatic" citation tab. This helps you generate citations. You will now be able to write plain text citations or the title of a journal article or a book in this tab. This will search the Crossref and WorldCat databases and add the top result.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 November. It will be on all wikis from 8 November (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 7 November at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
17:28, 5 November 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-46
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
Some old mobile browsers can use the watchlist again. This has not worked for a while. These browsers are called grade C browsers. This helps for example Windows Phone 8.1 with Internet Explorer and Lumia 535 with Windows 10.
Problems
You can choose to see edit conflicts in a two-column view. This is a beta feature. You can find it in your preferences. Users who use this view saw the edit conflict resolution page when they wanted to see a preview. This has been fixed.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 13 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 14 November. It will be on all wikis from 15 November (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 14 November at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
You can use the content translation tool to translate articles. The developers are working on a new version. One of the changes will be a maintenance category. Articles where users add a lot of text from machine translation without changing it will be in that category. This is so the community can review it. The users will also have been warned before they publish the article that it has a lot of unchanged text from machine translations.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
19:21, 12 November 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-47
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
You can vote on proposals in the Community Wishlist Survey. The survey decides what the Community Tech team will work on. You can vote until 30 November.
There is an A/B test for sameAs data. This is to make it easier to find the right information with a search engine. This changes the metadata for a wiki page. It doesn't change how the page looks.
Changes later this week
There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 21 November at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
The Wikimedia wikis use templates to show readers there are problems with the content on some pages. For example if there are no sources or the page needs to be rewritten. The mobile website will soon show more information when you use these templates. Some templates may need to be updated.
The Education Program extension was removed from all Wikimedia projects. The database tables used by the extension will be archived. This will happen in a month. If you want the information on your wiki you should move it to a normal wiki page.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
23:28, 19 November 2018 (UTC)
ArbCom 2018 election voter message
Hello, Cpiral. Voting in the 2018 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23.59 on Sunday, 3 December. All users who registered an account before Sunday, 28 October 2018, made at least 150 mainspace edits before Thursday, 1 November 2018 and are not currently blocked are eligible to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.
The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.
If you wish to participate in the 2018 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 18:42, 19 November 2018 (UTC)
ArbCom 2018 election voter message
Hello, Cpiral. Voting in the 2018 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23.59 on Sunday, 3 December. All users who registered an account before Sunday, 28 October 2018, made at least 150 mainspace edits before Thursday, 1 November 2018 and are not currently blocked are eligible to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.
The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.
If you wish to participate in the 2018 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 18:42, 19 November 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-48
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
On wikis with translatable pages you could create a mess when you moved a page that had translatable subpages. A subpage is when you use / to create a new page: /wiki/Page/Subpage. The subpages would be moved but not the translations. The subpages are no longer automatically be moved. This is to make it safer to move pages.
Changes later this week
The advanced search interface will be available by default on all Wikimedia wikis. It makes it easier to use some of the special search functions that most editors don't know exist. It's already active on German, Farsi, Arabic and Hungarian Wikipedia.
Special:UnusedCategories show empty categories with no files or other categories. You can soon choose to not show soft redirect categories or some maintenance categories there. You can do this with the magic word __EXPECTUNUSEDCATEGORY__.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 27 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 28 November. It will be on all wikis from 29 November (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 28 November at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
The mw.util.jsMessage() function was deprecated in 2012. It will be removed next week. Look for the warning Use of "mw.util.jsMessage" is deprecated in the JavaScript console to know if you use an affected script or gadget. If you are a gadget maintainer you should check if your JavaScript code contains mw.util.jsMessage. There is a migration guide. It explains how to use mw.notify instead.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
22:22, 26 November 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-49
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
Admins will not be able to unblock themselves if they are blocked by someone other than themselves. This is because it can cause damage if someone else takes over an admin account and other admins can't block them. If this is a problem for your community you can report it on Phabricator. You can also ask questions on Meta. There is a discussion on Phabricator about how to solve this if two admins fight with each other on a small wiki.
Small SVG images are now bigger when you see them in MediaViewer.
You can go to a section from the edit summary by clicking on the section name. Before this you had to click on the arrow.
When you jumped to a footnote that was referenced several times in an article it could be difficult to see where you were in the text. Now there are jump marks and highlights to help you find your way back.
Changes later this week
There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 5 December at 16:00 (UTC) and at 23:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
16:12, 3 December 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-50
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 11 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 12 December. It will be on all wikis from 13 December (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 12 December at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
New accounts will need passwords that are at least 8 characters long. Admins, interface admins, bureaucrats, oversighters, CentralNotice admins, global renamers, check users, stewards and some other user groups will need passwords that are at least 10 characters long. This is because an attacker could cause damage to the wikis if they took over these accounts.
When you hover over a footnote it will show you the reference as a pop-up. This is so you don't have to jump down to the bottom of the page to see a reference. This will happen in 2019. Some wikis already have gadgets that do this. You will be able to turn it off.
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17:33, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
My Sandbox
Someone deleted my sandbox just as I was editing it. Can you please help me get this reversed?
Farnell, please try asking one of the two system administrators who have just recently posted on your talk page. Review your entire talk page so you are prepared to answer specific questions with supportive answers. Learn how to use your talk pages today, how to sign your communicating to create the all-important user and timestamp links that makes it all easier. Then address this sad issue with them.
This is one of those opportunities to learn things about Wikipedia. If you love it, you will endure somehow. Don't feel bad. I've lost tons of stuff in one way or another. It goes with the territory. Happy editing! — Cpiral§Cpiral 20:19, 11 December 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2018-51
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Tech News
Because of the holidays the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 7 January 2019.
Recent changes
Some templates that show notices about the content of the page will now be shown on the mobile website. In many cases they were hidden before.
Admins can no longer unblock themselves, except for self-blocks. A blocked admin can block the user who blocked them but no one else. This is so no one can block all admins on a wiki without being stopped.
The ParserMigration extension has been removed. It compared the result of two versions of the MediaWiki wikitext parsing pipeline. It was used when we moved to the Remex parsing library instead of Tidy.
Problems
<ref> tags can use parameters such as "name" or "group". For example <ref name="adams" group="books">. If a <ref> tag has more than two parameters all parameters are ignored. You don't get a warning that they don't work. This will soon be fixed.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 December. It will be on all wikis from 20 December (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 19 December at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
The Wikimedia Foundation Android app team are working on making it easier to edit on mobile phones. You can read more about these plans. If you have an Android phone and speak at least two languages you can help testing in English. Tell Dchen (WMF) you want to be part of the testing by writing on her talk page or email her.
tiles.wmflabs.org and wma.wmflabs.org will stop working. They have no maintainers and run an old operating system. Tools which use it could stop working. This includes the mapnik gadget, hill shading, and hike and bike layers. New maintainers could help out and keep it going.
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20:34, 17 December 2018 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-02
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Tech News writers, editors and translators wish you a pleasant 2019 year.
Recent changes
RelatedSites extension has been undeployed. It was used to create interwiki links on Wikivoyage, now handled by Wikidata.
MediaWiki logstash logging is moving to a new infrastructure. This is an ongoing deployment.
codesearch.wmflabs.org has been updated, with new and updated repositories and a new search options for code.
On several wikis, an account named "Edit filter" has been created on December 17 to perform some technical maintenance on AbuseFilter. This account has sysop rights but it's a system user and no human can use it. The account already existed on wikis where AbuseFilter can perform blocks, which are issued using this account. See T212268 for more information and future plans.
Problems
In AbuseFilter, the "Throttle" action takes three parameters: count, period and groups. They must now strictly respect the requirements listed on mediawiki.org. A list of broken filters is on Phabricator. If you're familiar with AbuseFilter, please take a look and fix them.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from January 8. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from January 9. It will be on all wikis from January 10 (calendar).
Meetings
Search Platform Office Hours is rescheduled to January 9. Check the details for time and date.
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18:29, 7 January 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-03
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
You can now use Google Translate in the content translation tool.
You can now add captions to files on Commons. Captions are short descriptions of the file. They can be translated to all languages we use. They can't use wikitext markup.
Earlier a quoted HTML attribute had to be followed by a space. Now it doesn't. This means that some pages could look different when you save them even if you didn't edit that part of the text.
Templates with <templatestyles> could not show the difference between the live template and the sandbox version when they were tested. This has now been fixed. <templatestyles> has a new wrapper parameter now. You can use it for selectors like .mw-parser-output <wrapper parameter value> <selector from CSS page>.
Problems
When you see an edit in the recent changes feed or in the history of a page some of them have tags. Some tags are added automatically. You can also add tags manually. Tags for edits that have been added manually can be edited. This didn't work for a little while. This has now been fixed.
Changes later this week
You can move files from your wiki to Wikimedia Commons and keep the file history with the new FileExporter. It will be a beta feature on all wikis from 16 January. If you want to test it you activate it and check your wiki's configuration file.
Users who could cause more damage to the wikis if someone took over their account have to have more secure passwords. This includes administrators and other user groups. They can't use passwords that are in a list of common passwords. Accounts with common passwords are easy to take over. The list of common passwords was made longer a few weeks ago and has a different error message. Some user groups have been added to those who can't use common passwords. This is to protect all accounts with user rights that could cause damage.
The AbuseFilter variable minor_edit has been removed. It was deprecated in 2016. Now you can't use it. You can fix the filters using it. You can find them if you use the search bar on Special:AbuseFilter.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from January 15 17:54, 14 January 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-04
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Tech News
Some people did not get last week's issue of Tech News. This was because of a problem with MassMessage. If you did not get last week's issue, you can read it on Meta.
Recent changes
The content translation tool can now use version 2 as the default version for users who turned on the beta feature. For example it adds the tracking category Pages with unreviewed translations to translations that might have used machine translations without fixing the problems. This is so others can find them. You can find this category in Special:TrackingCategories on Wikipedias.
https://mediawiki2latex-large.wmflabs.org can now convert collects of up to 800 pages to PDF, EPUB or ODT. Previously this was 200 pages.
Problems
When a template was edited with the visual editor, it would sometimes put all information on one line. This makes it difficult to read for editors who use the wikitext editor. It also makes it more difficult to see what happened in a diff. This problem affected edits made between 8 and 17 January and is now fixed.
MassMessage is used to post a message to many pages. It has not been working reliably. Some messages have not been posted to everyone.
Because of a database problem that had to be fixed immediately you could not edit most wikis for a couple of minutes on 17 January (UTC). This has now been fixed.
Changes later this week
You will be able to use template styles in the Module namespace.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 22 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 23 January. It will be on all wikis from 24 January (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 23 January at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
20:34, 21 January 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-05
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
The Wikimedia servers use HHVM to run the PHP code. They are going to use PHP7 and stop using HHVM. You can test PHP7 with a new beta feature. That way you can help find and report problems.
Problems
When someone moves a page to a name that already exists that page that had the name the article is moved to is deleted. For a couple of months this didn't always work. Some users saw an error message instead. This has now been fixed.
Changes later this week
There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 30 January at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.
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18:15, 28 January 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-06
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Changes later this week
It was easy to untick a box by accident in Special:Preferences. This will now be fixed.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 February. It will be on all wikis from 7 February (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 6 February at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
17:12, 4 February 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-07
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
You can use the ambox CSS class to show page issues to mobile readers. When you use ambox there are classes you can use.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 February. It will be on all wikis from 14 February (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 13 February at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
18:45, 11 February 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-08
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
When you thank someone on the mobile web you will now have two seconds to cancel the thank. This is in case you clicked on the thank button by accident.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 19 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 20 February. It will be on all wikis from 21 February (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 20 February at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
There is a proposal to add a red link to mobile search results if there is no page with that name. This is how it works on desktop. You can leave feedback.
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23:13, 18 February 2019 (UTC)
Talk to us about talking
The Wikimedia Foundation is planning a global consultation about communication. The goal is to bring Wikimedians and wiki-minded people together to improve tools for communication.
We want all contributors to be able to talk to each other on the wikis, whatever their experience, their skills or their devices.
We are looking for input from as many different parts of the Wikimedia community as possible. It will come from multiple projects, in multiple languages, and with multiple perspectives.
We are currently planning the consultation. We need your help.
We need volunteers to help talk to their communities or user groups.
You can help by hosting a discussion at your wiki. Here's what to do:
First, sign up your group here.
Next, create a page (or a section on a Village pump, or an e-mail thread – whatever is natural for your group) to collect information from other people in your group. This is not a vote or decision-making discussion: we are just collecting feedback.
Then ask people what they think about communication processes. We want to hear stories and other information about how people communicate with each other on and off wiki. Please consider asking these five questions:
When you want to discuss a topic with your community, what tools work for you, and what problems block you?
What about talk pages works for newcomers, and what blocks them?
What do others struggle with in your community about talk pages?
What do you wish you could do on talk pages, but can't due to the technical limitations?
What are the important aspects of a "wiki discussion"?
Finally, please go to Talk pages consultation 2019 on Mediawiki.org and report what you learned from your group. Please include links if the discussion is available to the public.
You can also help build the list of the many different ways people talk to each other.
Not all groups active on wikis or around wikis use the same way to discuss things: it can happen on wiki, on social networks, through external tools... Tell us how your group communicates.
You can read more about the overall process on mediawiki.org. If you have questions or ideas, you can leave feedback about the consultation process in the language you prefer.
Thank you! We're looking forward to talking with you.
Trizek (WMF) 15:08, 21 February 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-09
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
There is a new version of the iOS Wikipedia app. It has for example syntax highlighting and new toolbars to make it easier to write wikitext. It also has night mode, a find-on-page function and other things. You can give feedback and suggestions.
Changes later this week
When you look at your watchlist or the recent changes page you can use the new filters for edit review. There you can choose tags to filter different edits. Empty tags will no longer be shown.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 27 February. It will be on all wikis from 28 February (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 27 February at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
The Wikipedia app for Android will invite users to add Wikidata descriptions to Wikidata objects that have Wikipedia articles but no Wikidata descriptions. It will only invite users who have added a number of Wikidata descriptions in the app without being reverted. This is to avoid spam and bad edits. You can read more and leave feedback.
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21:16, 25 February 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-10
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 March. It will be on all wikis from 7 March (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 6 March at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
You can give feedback on the future of talk pages.
The mobile website will use the standard fonts on your computer or phone instead of a generic font. This will make it easier to read text in many scripts.
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16:38, 4 March 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-11
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
Pages can use geocoordinates from Wikidata with the mw.wikibase.entity:formatStatements Lua function or the #statements parser function. If they do, they will now be shown using a Kartographer <maplink> if the wiki can use Kartographer. You can report bugs or ask questions on Phabricator.
There is now an EventStream to see when links are added or removed on Wikimedia wikis. You can read the discussions and plans.
Problems
Some wikis will not be able to edit for a short period of time on 19 March (UTC). This will start at 15:00 UTC. It will last up to 15 minutes but probably shorter. You can see the list of affected wikis. This is because of network maintenance. You can still read the wikis.
Editors who use Firefox to edit with the visual editor had a problem with copying text. When they tried to select text that included footnotes, templates or block images in the middle they would often only get part of the text. This has now been fixed.
Some maps didn't work for a while on 8 March. This has been fixed.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 March. It will be on all wikis from 14 March (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 13 March at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
19:29, 11 March 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-12
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Changes later this week
When you use rollback you will be able to get a confirmation prompt on most wikis. It asks you if you wanted to do the rollback. This is to avoid misclicks. You will have to opt in to get it. On German Wikipedia it will be an opt-out feature from 28 March.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 19 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 20 March. It will be on all wikis from 21 March (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 20 March at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
Admins will be able to block someone from editing a page or a namespace. This already works on a few Wikimedia wikis. You can read more. If your wiki wants to be an early tester of this, you can tell the developers.
Toolforge will shut down the Ubuntu Trusty job grid. This will happen the week of 25 March. Tools that use this grid needs to be moved to the new Debian Stretch job grid. If they haven't, they will be taken offline. Maintainers can restart the tools later. Users may not be able to use them in the meanwhile. You can see a list of affected tools.
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19:43, 18 March 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-13
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
The new version of the content translation tool will be used for all new translations. The older version will still be used for translations that were started with it. Most users won’t see any change. More than 80% of the published translations are already using the new version.
Problems
There was a problem with editing with Safari on iOS. When you wrote an edit summary you couldn't save the edit. This has now been fixed.
The editing toolbar sometimes disappears when you scroll on iOS devices. This will be fixed soon.
Wikis can over-ride interface messages on-wiki. A problem meant that sometimes an old versions of any changed messages were shown instead. This included the sitenotice and other important parts of the interface. This was fixed at around 2019-03-22 16:00 (UTC). Logged-out users may still get the wrong message. Purging the page should fix it for them.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 27 March. It will be on all wikis from 28 March (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 27 March at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
18:04, 25 March 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-14
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Changes later this week
Notifications tell you about things that happen on the wiki. You can turn on notifications about new links to pages you created. For performance reasons you can no longer get e-mails about this.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 2 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 3 April. It will be on all wikis from 4 April (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 3 April at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
16:29, 1 April 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-15
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
More wikis are now testing visual editor section editing for mobile users. You can read more.
Admins on French and Polish Wikipedia can block someone from editing a page or a namespace. If your wiki wants to get these blocks before they are available to all wikis, you can tell the developers.
Problems
You will be able read but not edit most wikis for 30 minutes on 11 April at 05:00 (UTC). This is because of a hardware problem. You can see a list of the affected wikis.
A map update caused some problems on 29 March and 30 March. It was rolled back.
Pages on some Wikivoyages had problems with the top headline. This has been fixed.
Changes later this week
When you add an edit summary the VisualEditor will search your recent edit summaries in case you want to re-use one. This works in both the visual and wikitext modes on desktop. It also works on the mobile site.
The Wikimedia wikis will get a URL shortener. This will work from 11 April. You can read more.
The {{REVISIONID}} magic word will no longer work. This is for performance reasons. When you preview a page it will return "" (empty string). When you read a page it will return "-" (dash). For now this will only affect content namespaces.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 April. It will be on all wikis from 11 April (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 10 April at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
You will be able to preview references. This means that when you hover over the link you will get a popup that shows you a preview of the reference. It will work much like page previews. This is so you don't have to go to the bottom of the page to see a reference. This will now be available as a beta feature on German and Arabic Wikipedia.
The Wikidata JSON output will change. Empty containers will be serialised as empty objects. This is a breaking change that will affect tools that use JSON outputs and APIs. It will happen on 30 April. You can read more and see how to test your code.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
18:24, 8 April 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-16
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
All wikis now have the TemplateWizard for the wikitext editor.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 April. It will be on all wikis from 18 April (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 17 April at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
Wikidata will get a new constraint status called suggestion. This will change how the WikibaseQualityConstraints constraint checking API works.
You can test the depicts property for structured data on Commons.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
23:00, 15 April 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-17
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
The advanced search function URL now shows which namespaces you search in. The namespace field is collapsed by default on the search page. You can also add new fields to the search interface through a hook.
The wikis now look slightly different in the mobile web version.
Changes later this week
There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 23 April at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
Wikipedia articles will have the sameAs meta property. It adds structured data. This makes it easier for search engines to find Wikipedia articles. It also makes it easier to reuse content. There will an A/B test.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
19:08, 23 April 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-18
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
The Wikipedia app for Android now invites users to add Wikidata descriptions to Wikidata objects that have Wikipedia articles but no Wikidata descriptions. It will only invite users who have added a number of Wikidata descriptions in the app without being reverted. This is to avoid spam and bad edits.
Problems
Tech News was late last week because of a MassMessage bug. Other newsletters had the same problem.
Changes later this week
You will see when you last refreshed the recent changes page. This is so you can see how recent the changes are.
When you write a comment in Structured Discussions but have not posted it yet your web browser will save it in local storage instead of session storage. This means you do not lose them even if you close your web browser. Structured Discussions used to be called Flow.
You will be able to turn off milestone notifications. Milestone notifications congratulate you when you have made certain numbers of edits.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 May. It will be on all wikis from 2 May (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 1 May at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
The Wikidata wb_terms table will be dropped. This will affect some Wikidata tools. They need to be updated. The table has become too big which is causing problems. This will happen on 29 May. You can read more. You can ask for help if you need it.
Wikimedia wikis will soon use a token when you log out. This changes how the API works. Some tools might need to be updated.
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22:27, 29 April 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-19
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Problems
Special:Watchlist can show the wrong information. It does not always show which edits are read and which are unread. The developers are working on solving the problem.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 May. It will be on all wikis from 9 May (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 8 May at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
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16:27, 6 May 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-20
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 May. It will be on all wikis from 16 May (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 15 May at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
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00:48, 14 May 2019 (UTC)
H:N listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect H:N. Since you had some involvement with the H:N redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. UnitedStatesian (talk) 16:48, 14 May 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-21
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
The report for phase 1 of the talk pages consultation 2019 has been published. Communities are invited to start phase 2 of the consultation on their wikis.
Problems
File descriptions for files from Commons were not shown properly on other Wikimedia wikis for a few days. For example the image descriptions and license information were missing. This has now been fixed.
Some diffs show an error message when you try to see them. The developers are working on fixing it. It could be because of some edit comments.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 May. It will be on all wikis from 23 May (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 22 May at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
The content translation tool on Wikipedia can use machine translations. There is a system to stop translations where the editors do not fix machine translation mistakes. This warns or stops them if they seem to just copy what the machine translation gives them. If this system is too strict or not strict enough you can tell the language team.
The Wikidata wbeditentity API endpoint will remove all aliases if the request includes an empty alias. This is how it supposed to work. It has not been working this way because of a bug. This will start on 12 June.
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13:03, 20 May 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-22
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Changes later this week
Big changes to the replica database will happen on 3 June. Some tools on Cloud Services will stop working if the maintainers do not update them to use the new schema. This probably affects tools that query for revisions or log entries made by a user.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 29 May. It will be on all wikis from 30 May (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 29 May at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
15:33, 27 May 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-23
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
You can now write all special letters in all African Wikipedia languages. This works in the desktop version.
There is now a field called depicts on Commons. This is a way to show what is in a picture with the help of Wikidata. It is still in development.
Some tools on Toolforge may break on or after 3 June because of database changes. Maintainers should update their tools to use the new schema.
Problems
You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for 30 minutes on 19 June at 05:00 (UTC). This is to fix a hardware problem.
Changes later this week
Some wikis have one tab for the visual editor and one tab for a wikitext editor. Others wikis just have one tab. If your wiki has two tabs, clicking a link to create a new page has always opened a wikitext editor. It will now open the editor you used the last time you edited.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 4 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 5 May. It will be on all wikis from 6 May (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 5 May at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
15:24, 3 June 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-24
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
When you create a PDF from a page on the wiki this is now done by Proton. Before this we used Electron. It should look the same but work better. Both use Chromium. This is a different system from when you collect several articles into a book and make a PDF from them.
The Flagged Revisions extension now uses the standard OOUI icons. There will be additional minor fixes for positioning in the next deployment.
Bots and other scripts that do not set an identifiable User-Agent may find their requests strictly rate-limited until they identify themselves properly.
Problems
Please check if the Flagged Revisions configuration on your wiki is as you expect (or as it was a few weeks ago). If not, please report it.
Changes later this week
There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 12 June at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
17:06, 10 June 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-25
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Problems
You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for 30 minutes on 19 June at 05:00 (UTC). This is to fix a hardware problem.
Changes later this week
MIDI files can soon be played without the Score extension. You can then add them with ]. Later override_midi and override_audio will stop working. Instead you will need to add the MIDI file below the music score.
A new video player will soon replace the old one. You will be able to enable it as a beta feature in your preferences. It will later be enabled for everyone if there are no big problems.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 June. It will be on all wikis from 20 June (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 19 June at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
Some gadgets and user scripts still use the old wgEnableAPI and wgEnableWriteAPI values. These values are always true. They will soon be removed. This might break the gadgets and scripts. You should fix your gadgets to not use these values.
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20:37, 17 June 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-26
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Problems
The new version of MediaWiki for last week was not fully released due to issues. It was removed from most wikis on Tuesday and from test wikis on Thursday.
Most wikis were slow and then briefly read-only last week due to one of the database servers having a problem. It is now replaced.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 June. It will be on all wikis from 27 June (calendar).
Meetings
You can watch or join the next Wikimedia Language showcase. It will be about the usage of Machine Translation in Wikimedia projects. The showcase will be on 26 June at 13:00 (UTC). A recording will be kept for later viewing
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 26 June at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
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17:29, 24 June 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-27
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
The development of Wikidata Bridge has started. The goal is to allow Wikidata edits from Wikipedia.
Problems
Sometimes pages load slowly for users routed to the Amsterdam data center. Investigation is in progress.
Wikidata query service was overloaded between 11:50 UTC until 13:15 UTC on June 24. It has been fixed.
Changes later this week
You will be able to read but not to edit all wikis for a short amount of time, on 3 July at 06:00 (UTC). This is to move a database.
There is no deployment of a new version of MediaWiki on the wikis this week (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 3 July at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
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21:22, 1 July 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-28
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
For event organizers, if you request a temporary lift of the IP cap for mass account creation, this will now also raise the edit rate limit for those new accounts at the event, which will prevent another bottleneck.
Administrators at all Wiktionary, Wikivoyage, and Wikisource wikis are now able to use the new partial blocks feature.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 July. It will be on all wikis from 11 July (calendar).
The design of MediaWiki's software windows will change for desktop users. Layout will be simpler, buttons will be bolder and clearer, and close buttons will be just icons. This is like the mobile design. This will affect ContentTranslation, VisualEditor, TemplateWizard, and other tools.
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 10 July at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
Wikidata will be in read-only mode on 30 July from 05:00 to 05:30 UTC because of a server switch.
There will be a change in the name format of new Wikidata RDF dumps starting on 15 July.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
20:12, 8 July 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-29
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
The mobile web will get more advanced editing tools. Seven more Wikipedias can use them now. This works for Arabic, Indonesian, Italian, Persian, Japanese, Spanish and Thai Wikipedia. You can try the tools on the mobile web and give feedback.
Changes later this week
The abuse filter system user will soon do maintenance edits on broken abuse filters. This user is called Edit filter and has administrator rights. This is meant to fix technical problems. It will not do any other changes. You can read more.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 July. It will be on all wikis from 18 July (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 17 July at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
The Wikipedia app for Android will invite users to add image captions to images on Commons. It will only invite users who have added a number of edits in the app without being reverted. This is to avoid spam and bad edits. You can read more and leave feedback.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
15:29, 15 July 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-30
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
Communities interested by easing newcomers' first steps can now benefit from the Growth team experiments on their wikis. Check the conditions and the request process.
The Coolest Tool Award 2019 is looking for nominations. You can recommend tools by July 29. The awarded tools will be presented at Wikimania.
Problems
The release of the last version of MediaWiki (1.34.0-wmf.14) has been blocked for groups 1 and 2.
Changes later this week
Phabricator database will be moved to a different server. Writes will be blocked on Thursday 25 July, between 05:30 and 06:00 AM UTC. Reads will remain unaffected.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 23 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 24 July. It will be on all wikis from 25 July (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 24 July at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
Some items in the visual editor will change later this week. This will make it easier to edit links, citations, and templates on both desktop and mobile.
With advanced search turned on you will be able to choose the sorting order of the search results when you do a search.
Users who edit from IP addresses whitelisted on a request for temporary lift of the IP cap for mass account creation will bypass CAPTCHAs. This will happen in August. If you think this should not happen for some reason, please let us know.
The variable user_wpzero will be removed from AbuseFilter. A list of filters needing a fix is provided.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
13:07, 22 July 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-31
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Problems
Wikidata will be in read-only mode on 30 July from 05:00 to 05:30 UTC because of a server switch.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 31 July. It will be on all wikis from 1 August (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 31 July at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
21:42, 29 July 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-32
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 August. It will be on all wikis from 8 August (calendar).
Problems
A change in RelatedArticles extension accidentally enabled it for everyone, not just for mobile users. This has been fixed.
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 7 August at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
Today everyone can see IP addresses if someone edits without an account. In the future this could be more hidden. This is to protect unregistered editors so fewer can see their IP address. This would only happen after we make sure the tools for vandal fighting can still be effective. You can read more and comment.
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13:24, 5 August 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-33
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
Editors using the mobile website on Wikipedia can opt-in to new advanced features via your settings page. This will give access to more interface links, special pages, and tools. Feedback on the discussion page is appreciated.
Due to the absence of volunteer maintenance of Cologne Blue skin, the link to activate it will be hidden. The skin will still work, but editors using it are encouraged to switch to another skin.
Changes later this week
Due to Wikimania, there is no deployment this week.
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 13 August at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
The "Wikidata item" link will be moved from "Tools" to "In other projects" section on all Wikimedia projects, starting on August 21. Full announcement, Phabricator task.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
18:19, 12 August 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-34
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Tech News
There will be no Tech News issue next week. The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 2 September 2019.
Problems
Some abuse filters stopped working because of a code change. Only variables for the current action will work. Variables defined inside a branch may not work outside of that branch. You can read more to see how to fix the filters.
Only six accounts can be created from one IP address per day. Between 12 August and August 15 this was two accounts per day. This was because of a security issue. It is now six accounts per day again.
Changes later this week
Only a limited number of accounts can be created from one IP address. An IP address can be whitelisted so that it can create as many accounts as needed. This is useful at events where many new persons learn to edit. IP addresses that are whitelisted for this reason will also not show CAPTCHAs when you create accounts. This will happen on Wednesday.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 20 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 21 August. It will be on all wikis from 22 August (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 21 August at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
There is an RFC about creating a new global user group with the right to edit abuse filters. This will be used to fix broken filters and make sure all filters will still work when software changes happen. You can read more and comment.
Special:Contributions/newbies will no longer be working. This is because of performance reasons. It showed edits by new accounts. You can see this in the recent changes feed instead.
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15:20, 19 August 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-36
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
You can use the new termbox interface if you edit Wikidata on a mobile device. This is to edit labels, descriptions and aliases easier on the mobile pages.
The new version of MediaWiki has been deployed during the last week.
The previously announced change of positions of the "Wikidata item" link on all wikis has been rollbacked due to unexpected cache issues.
The limit for rollbacks has been increased from 10 to 100 rollbacks per minute.
The advanced version of the edit review pages (Recent Changes, Watchlist, and Related Changes) now include two new filters. These filters are for "All contents" and "All discussions". They will filter the view to just those namespaces. However the "All discussions" filter does not include pseudo talk pages, like discussions that are in the Project: or Wikipedia: namespaces. But it will include changes happening on Project talk: or the Wikipedia talk:.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 3 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 4 September. It will be on all wikis from 5 September (calendar).
When you log in, the software checks your password to see if it follows the Password policy. From this week, it will also complain if your password is one of the most common passwords in the world. If your password is not strong enough, please consider to change your password for a stronger password.
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 4 September at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
You will be able to read but not to edit Wikidata for up to 30 minutes on September 10 at 05:00 (UTC).
You will be able to read but not to edit some mid-sized wikis for up to 30 minutes September 17 at 05:00 (UTC). You can see which wikis.
You will be able to read but not to edit some mid-sized wikis for up to 30 minutes September 24 at 05:00 (UTC). You can see which wikis.
You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for up to 30 minutes on September 26 at 05:00 (UTC).
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09:07, 4 September 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-40
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Problems
Last week's Tech News had delivery problems. Some did not get the newsletter. Some got it more than one time. The problem where some pages got it three times should now be fixed.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 1 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 2 October. It will be on all wikis from 3 October (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 2 October at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
The Wikimedia Foundation Community Tech team is working on a watchlist expiry feature. This means you can put things on your watchlist for a period of time instead of forever. They are looking for feedback on the questions they have.
Special:Contributions will get the standard OOUI look. This makes it easier to use on mobile and makes it look like other Special: pages. There is a script you can use to make the form smaller if you want to.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
16:49, 30 September 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-41
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
The abuse filter function now has a faster parser. This is to shorten the waiting time when you save an edit.
Problems
There is a problem in the visual editor when you copy or delete text with footnotes. It will be fixed soon.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 8 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 9 October. It will be on all wikis from 10 October (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 9 October at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
The Community Wishlist Survey has a new format. It will focus on wikis that typically get less support. It will probably go back to the normal format next year. It is not decided exactly how it will work this year. You can leave feedback.
The URL of the Wikimedia wiki main pages could be changed. This is because the current URLs cause several problems. For example https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page would be https://www.wikidata.org/ instead. You can tell the developers if this would cause problems for your wiki.
There is a new technical community newsletter. You can read more about the work of Wikimedia's technical community. Subscribe to get the information in the future.
Outreachy is an internship program for groups who are underrepresented in free and open-source software. There are seven Wikimedia projects about coding, documentation and quality assurance in the next round. Persons who fit the criteria can apply. The last day to apply is 5 November.
Tech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.
15:35, 7 October 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-42
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
You can now use more advanced editing tools on the mobile web. You can turn them on and off in your preferences in the mobile version.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 15 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 16 October. It will be on all wikis from 17 October (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 16 October at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
Internet Explorer 6 and 7 are no longer supported. This means the browsers might start looking a bit weird. They will not get security support. You can't read Wikimedia wikis in Internet Explorer on Windows XP or Windows versions that are older than Windows XP. This is because almost no one uses the browsers anymore. Supporting them made the wikis less secure for everyone else.
In the future section headings might have a share link. This is to make it easier to link to the section. You can read more and discuss.
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23:33, 14 October 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-43
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
The API sandbox and help pages now show more clearly when API modules are marked as internal. API modules marked as internal were probably internal before. It was easier to miss. You should look for non-internal alternatives.
Problems
There is a translation tool we use on wikis with more than one language. For a few days it did not create pages for new languages when someone translated a page. The languages did not show in the language bar. This has been fixed.
The history and diffs can show wrong content. This is because of a cache problem. It will soon be fixed.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 22 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 23 October. It will be on all wikis from 24 October (calendar).
Reference Previews will be a beta feature on all Wikipedias and some Wikivoyages. It shows you a preview of the footnote when you hover over or click on the number. It has been a beta feature on German and Arabic Wikipedia since April.
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 23 October. See how to join.
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14:29, 21 October 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-44
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
You can post proposals for the Community Wishlist Survey. The survey decides what the Community Tech team will work on. You can post proposals until 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 20 November to 2 December. This year the wishlist will focus on Wikibooks, Wiktionary, Wikiquote, Wikisource, Wikiversity, Wikispecies, Wikivoyage and Wikinews. You can read more about the format for this year.
Mobile users now have a specific design for their Watchlist.
You can share feedback and ideas on the Desktop Improvements project. The goal is to make the interface easier to use for readers and editors without removing any functionality. The Foundation's Readers Web team will work on this over the next two years.
OOUI now allows using px (pixels) instead of em (em) for some specific cases.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 29 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 30 October. It will be on all wikis from 31 October (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 30 October at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
There will be no software changes from 19 December to 2 January. The first MediaWiki version next year will come the week of 6 January.
Gadgets and user scripts can access variables about the current page in JavaScript. In 2015, this information was moved from global variables named wg* to mw.config. The old global variables will be removed later this year. You can know more about it and tell the developers if you want to try this out on your wiki first.
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16:11, 28 October 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-45
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
At Special:Contributions you could see up to 5000 edits at the same time if you edited the URL. This has been lowered to 500. This is to stop requests which break the sites.
Changes later this week
MediaWiki:ipb-default-expiry can set the default length to block a user for your wiki. You will be able to use MediaWiki:ipb-default-expiry-ip to set a different default block length for IP editors.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 November. It will be on all wikis from 7 November (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 6 November at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.
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16:47, 4 November 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-46
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
MediaWiki2LaTeX can put different pages from a Wikimedia wiki into a PDF. It can now make a PDF with around 5000 pages. Previously this was 800 pages.
Changes later this week
There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 13 November at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
Wikimedia will take part in Google Code-in. This is for young students who want to help with open source software. You can read more. Experienced technical Wikimedians can mentor students.
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22:03, 11 November 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-47
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Problems
You will be able to read but not to edit some wikis for up to 30 minutes on 26 November at 06:00 (UTC). You can see which wikis. It will probably last much shorter than 30 minutes. This will also affect the centralauth database. This could for example affect changing passwords, logging in to new wikis, changing emails or global renames.
Changes later this week
You can soon vote on proposals for the Community Wishlist Survey. The survey decides what the Community Tech team will work on. You can vote on proposals from 20 November to 2 December. This year the wishlist will focus on Wikibooks, Wiktionary, Wikiquote, Wikisource, Wikiversity, Wikispecies, Wikivoyage and Wikinews. You can read more about the format for this year.
There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 20 November at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.
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20:16, 18 November 2019 (UTC)
ArbCom 2019 election voter message
Hello! Voting in the 2019 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 on Monday, 2 December 2019. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.
The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.
If you wish to participate in the 2019 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:08, 19 November 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-48
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Changes later this week
The mobile beta mode will be disabled to have less maintenance. The developers will focus on the desktop improvements project. You can turn on advanced mobile contributions mode if you want to see the categories. You could also jump back to the top. This can instead be done with a gadget or user script.
Parsoid is software we use for the visual editor, content translation, Flow and the Android app. This has been rewritten. It will come to the wikis gradually over the next two weeks. It has been tested, but there could be some diffs or previews that don't look right. If you see any you can report them.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 November. It will be on the other wikis next week (calendar). This is because of holidays.
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 27 November at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
You will switch between the article and the talk page in a new way in the mobile view in the future. It will use tabs. This is more like in the desktop view.
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16:51, 25 November 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-49
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
Mix'n'match is a tool to connect Wikidata items to information in other databases. It can be used to find subjects that are missing in a Wikipedia. It now has more than 3000 datasets. Before it was closer to 2000.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 3 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 4 December. It will be on all wikis from 5 December (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 4 December at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
There will be a new schema for XML dumps. Scripts and apps that use them will need to be updated. If they are not updated they will no longer work.
The {{REVISIONID}} magic word will no longer work in the content namespaces. This is for performance reasons. When you preview a page it returns "" (empty string). When you read a page it returns "-" (dash). In the future this will also affect other namespaces. The next ones are file and category namespaces.
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16:58, 2 December 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-50
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
Wikimedia projects use Translatewiki to translate the wiki interface. You can now use WatchTranslations to watch projects there. You would get an email if there are missing translations to your language.
There is a new dataset you can use. It shows the number of editors per country per month for a number of countries. You can read the documentation and download the dataset.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 December. It will be on all wikis from 12 December (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 11 December at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
You can test a new reference tool. It makes it possible to reference different parts of a source without repeating all information. You can test it on the beta cluster. You can see an example article.
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16:37, 9 December 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-51
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Problems
The Linter extension helps you find technical errors in articles. It did not show new changes last week. This was because of an API problem. It is now working again.
Special:Watchlist can show the wrong information again. It does not always show which edits are read and which are unread. This is because of a database problem. The developers are working on solving the problem.
Changes later this week
You can get email notifications. You can get them immediately, a summary every day or a summary once every week. If you choose a summary you can soon choose not to get notifications you have already marked as read on the wiki.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 17 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 18 December. It will be on all wikis from 19 December (calendar).
Meetings
You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 18 December at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.
Future changes
The partial blocks feature is now stable. It will come to most wikis on 6 January. Your wiki can ask to wait. Contact NKohli (WMF) if you don't want it now.
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00:16, 17 December 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2019-52
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Tech News
Because of the holidays the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 6 January 2020.
Recent changes
All mobile site users now have new features. Features include: tabs for page/discussion; an expanded user-menu; direct access to history pages. These features were initially part of the "advanced mode".
Changes later this week
There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week.
Future changes
You can use setlang in the URL to change the user interface language. This will no longer happen automatically. When you open the link you will be asked to confirm the language change. This will not happen if Javascript is not working in your browser.
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20:04, 23 December 2019 (UTC)
Tech News: 2020-02
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Changes later this week
When trying to move a page, if the target title already exists then a warning message is shown. The warning message will now include a link to the target title.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 January. It will be on all wikis from 9 January (calendar).
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21:19, 6 January 2020 (UTC)
Tech News: 2020-03
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
You can no longer read Wikimedia wikis if your browser use very old TLS. This is because it is a security problem for everyone. It can lead to downgrade attacks. Since 9 December you just see a warning. Soon the browser will not connect to the wikis at all. Most are users on Android systems older than 4.4. You can read the browser recommendations.
Special:LinkSearch has been moved from the "Redirecting special pages" section on Special:SpecialPages to the "Lists of pages" section.
Changes later this week
Wikis can protect pages so that only some users can edit them. The standard protection levels are Require autoconfirmed or confirmed access and Require administrator access. If your wiki use more protection levels the technical name might be renamed for standardisation. This doesn't affect what users see.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 January. It will be on all wikis from 16 January (calendar).
Future changes
Deepcat and Catgraph will stop working. This will happen at the end of January. This is because you can now use the normal search function instead.
You can use <ref follow="…"> to merge footnotes that follow each other. It is meant to be used for digitised books on Wikisource. If the order of the footnotes is wrong no error was shown but the bad <ref> was shown outside the <references /> list. This will change and you will see an error message instead.
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MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 18:39, 13 January 2020 (UTC)
Tech News: 2020-04
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 January. It will be on all wikis from 23 January (calendar).
Future changes
There is a new suggestion for what to show when someone edits without registering an account. This is to give unregistered editors better privacy and make some anti-vandalism work go faster. You can give feedback.
Pywikibot is a Python library to automate work on wikis. It will no longer support Python 2. Use the python2 tag if you need to continue running Python 2 scripts. The Pywikibot team strongly recommends to migrate to Python 3. You can get help to do so.
The weekly MediaWiki branch cut will soon become automated. The timing for this cut may change. You can discuss in Phabricator if this affects you.
You can read about coming technical events and mentoring interns.
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19:41, 20 January 2020 (UTC)
Tech News: 2020-05
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Problems
Some mobile diffs have problems. A couple of buttons are not shown. Structured data diffs on Commons are confusing. The developers are working on fixing it.
Administrators on wikis that use Structured Discussions can't move discussion pages. This is a bug. The developers are working on fixing it.
Changes later this week
There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
Future changes
There is JavaScript code on Special:Undelete for administrators that makes it possible to automatically select multiple checkboxes by holding the "Shift" key and clicking. This code is also loaded by accident on other special pages and on articles. This makes pages slower to load. This will be fixed. If you know of other special pages where this is useful please tell the developers at phab:T232688.
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18:52, 27 January 2020 (UTC)
Tech News: 2020-06
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 4 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 5 February. It will be on all wikis from 6 February (calendar).
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20:04, 3 February 2020 (UTC)
Tech News: 2020-07
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
There is a new version of the Wikimedia Commons app for Android. It should fix the failed uploads problem.
Problems
There was a problem with the new MediaWiki version last week. It deleted some messages by accident. The new version was late because it was stopped to fix things.
Changes later this week
The MediaWiki action API is used by various tools like bots and gadgets. Some error codes will change. Some parameter values that do not follow the standard will no longer work.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 11 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 12 February. It will be on all wikis from 13 February (calendar).
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19:10, 10 February 2020 (UTC)
Tech News: 2020-08
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
Pages on Wikidata and Commons now load faster. You can read more about page load performance.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 February. It will be on all wikis from 20 February (calendar).
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16:17, 17 February 2020 (UTC)
Tech News: 2020-09
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 February. It will be on all wikis from 27 February (calendar).
Future changes
There will be a reply button after each post on a talk page if you want one. This will soon be a beta feature on the Arabic, French, Dutch and Hungarian Wikipedias. You will have to turn it on if you want to use it. It will come to more wikis later. You can test the reply button. It was briefly shown earlier than planned by mistake on the four first wikis last week.
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20:59, 24 February 2020 (UTC)
Tech News: 2020-10
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Problems
Readers who were not logged in briefly saw the interface in a language decided by their browser. It should normally be in the language of the wiki. This happened for a short period of time last week. This was because of a bug.
Changes later this week
If you forget your password you can ask for a new one to be sent to your email address. You need to know your email address or your username. You will now be able to choose that you need to enter both your email address and your username. This will be a preference. This is to get fewer password reset emails someone else asked for.
When you asked for a new password you could see if the username didn't exist on Special:PasswordReset. Now the page will show the username you entered and tell you an email has been sent if the username exists. This is for better security.
On Special:WhatLinksHere you can see what other pages link to a page. You can see if the link is from a redirect. You can now see which section the redirect links to.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 3 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 4 March. It will be on all wikis from 5 March (calendar).
Future changes
The developers are working on a new interface to solve edit conflicts on talk pages. You can give feedback.
There is a vote on the creation of a new user group called abuse filter manager. The vote runs from March 1 to March 31 on Meta.
wgMFSpecialCaseMainPage was used for the mobile site. It was deprecated in 2017. It will stop working in April. Wikis should see if they use it. If they do they should fix it. You can read more and ask for help. This affects 183 wikis. There is a list.
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00:35, 3 March 2020 (UTC)
Tech News: 2020-11
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
There is a new search word called articletopic. You can use it to search for articles on a specific topic. It is available on the Arabic, Czech, English and Vietnamese Wikipedias. It will come to more Wikipedias soon.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 March. It will be on all wikis from 12 March (calendar).
Future changes
There is a plan for new requirements for user signatures. You can give feedback.
The Wikipedia Android app will do push notifications if users want them. This could help you see for example when someone wrote on your talk page or your edit was reverted. This will come later this year.
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17:14, 9 March 2020 (UTC)
Tech News: 2020-12
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
There is a new API module for changing the content model of existing pages. Use action=changecontentmodel to specify the new model. You can read the documentation on mediawiki.org.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 17 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 18 March. It will be on all wikis from 19 March (calendar).
Future changes
If you edit a page at the same time as someone else you can get an edit conflict. There is a new two-column interface to make it easier to solve this. It will soon be active by default on the German, Arabic, and Farsi Wikipedias. It will be on by default on more wikis within the next months. You will be able to opt out of the new interface.
You can see a proposed design for replying to comments in an easier way.
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21:17, 16 March 2020 (UTC)
Tech News: 2020-13
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Problems
Some development will be slower than planned. This is because of the current pandemic. You can see the new deployment guidelines. This is to avoid risks when some persons could be unavailable.
There was a problem when adding interwiki links. The tool you use to add interwiki links could suggest the wrong project to link to. This has now been fixed.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 24 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 25 March. It will be on all wikis from 26 March (calendar).
Future changes
There is a project to make editing easier for newcomers. The developers are trying to understand what initiatives different Wikipedias have to welcome newcomers. They also want to know which templates are often used for maintenance activities. You can help this project by checking if your wiki's pages are listed on Wikidata.
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17:07, 23 March 2020 (UTC)
Tech News: 2020-14
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
The beta version of the Wikipedia app for Android can now help users add tags on Commons. These tags are called depicts.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 31 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 April. It will be on all wikis from 2 April (calendar).
Future changes
The video player will change to be simpler and more modern. The current beta feature will become the video player for everyone. The old player will be removed.
There is a project to make templates easier to use. The next few weeks the developers will present ideas on the project page. You can watch that page if you are interested in giving feedback.
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17:25, 30 March 2020 (UTC)
Tech News: 2020-15
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Problems
There was a problem with user pages not being shown properly on desktop. This was because of a bug. It will soon be fixed.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 April. It will be on all wikis from 9 April (calendar).
Future changes
MediaWiki will use a newer version of Unicode. Some characters that did not have an upper case equivalent before do now. Titles beginning with one of these characters will be moved. A list of these titles can be seen on Phabricator. The titles will be renamed by the user Maintenance script. This will start on 13 April 2020. You can rename them before this if you wish and the new title can be different from the one the script would rename it to.
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19:02, 6 April 2020 (UTC)
Tech News: 2020-16
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
You can now use the articletopic search word on all Wikipedias. It searches articles by topic.
You can see wiki tools in the new Tools Gallery.
You can see edits from the Wikimedia Cloud Services in a new dashboard.
When you use filters on a history page you sometimes don't see any edits. There is a text explaining this now. Before it was just empty.
There is a new Wikimedia Technical Blog.
Problems
There was a problem with the Wikidata database last week. Some wikis went down for twenty minutes. Wikidata and other projects showed error messages. Interwiki links were not shown, some tools did not work and other problems. Some of this was fixed quickly. The developers are working on fixing the rest.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from April 14. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from April 15. It will be on all wikis from April 16 (calendar).
Future changes
Some graphs have not worked on mobile. This will soon be fixed.
The article tab on talk pages of redirects links to the target of the redirect. It could link to the redirect page itself instead. You can leave feedback on this.
For pages using syntax highlighting, the use of the deprecated <source> tag, as well as the use of the deprecated enclose parameter, will add tracking categories.
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15:30, 13 April 2020 (UTC)
Tech News: 2020-17
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Tech News
The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 4 May 2020.
Recent changes
The small wiki toolkits is to help smaller wikis that need technical skills. They can learn and share technical skills.
Over-qualified CSS selectors in Wikimedia skins have been removed. div#content is now .mw-body. div.portal is now .portal. div#footer is now #footer. This is so the skins can use HTML5 elements. If your gadgets or user styles used them you will have to update them.
Changes later this week
There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
Future changes
Some things on the wikis might look weird or not work in Internet Explorer 8 in the future. Internet Explorer 8 was replaced in 2011.
The font in the diffs will change.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 April next week. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 29 April next week. It will be on all wikis from 30 April next week (calendar).
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18:44, 20 April 2020 (UTC)
Tech News: 2020-19
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Problems
Some wikis will be on read-only for a few minutes on 5 May. This will happen around 05:00 UTC. This is for database maintenance.
Some wikis will be on read-only for a few minutes on 7 May. This will also affect CentralAuth. This can for example affect global renames, password changes, changing or confirming your email address and logging in to new wikis. This will happen around 05:00 UTC. This is for database maintenance.
Changes later this week
You can get a notification when someone links to a page you created. You can soon turn these notifications off for individual pages.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 May. It will be on all wikis from 7 May (calendar).
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16:59, 4 May 2020 (UTC)
Tech News: 2020-20
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
Everyone can now import photos from Flickr to Commons with the UploadWizard. Before this only autopatrollers on Commons could import photos from Flickr.
Problems
Commons will be on read-only for a few minutes on 12 May. This will happen around 05:00 UTC. This is for database maintenance.
Several wikis including Wikidata will be on read-only for a few minutes on 19 May. This will happen around 05:00 UTC. English Wikipedia will be on read-only for a few minutes on 21 May 05:00 UTC. This is for database maintenance.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 May. It will be on all wikis from 14 May (calendar).
Future changes
JavaScript scripts and gadgets can no longer check multiple keys at once via mw.config.exists() or mw.user.tokens.exists(). You can use exists() or get() to check one at a time instead.
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20:40, 11 May 2020 (UTC)
Tech News: 2020-21
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
If you forget your password you can ask for a new one to be sent to your email address. You need to know your email address or your username. You can choose that you need to enter both your email address and your username. This is a preference. This is to get fewer password reset emails someone else asked for. This is now available on all Wikimedia wikis.
Problems
There is a bug that creates problems for iPhone users with iOS 13 and Safari. If you use an iPhone to read or edit Wikipedia and see bugs on the mobile site you can report them.
Several wikis including Wikidata will be on read-only for a few minutes on 19 May. This will happen around 05:00 UTC. English Wikipedia will be on read-only for a few minutes on 21 May 05:00 UTC. This is for database maintenance.
Changes later this week
The Wikipedia app for Android can let users add depicts on Commons. The beta version used computer-aided tagging. This was removed to get more specific depicts.
There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
Future changes
Graphs will be rendered in the reader's browser. This will use Javascript. Graphs will hopefully work better for everyone who uses Javascript. It will not work for users who don't use Javascript. This will not affect diagrams in image files.
Some CSS for the skins has been simplified. This affects div#p-personal, div#p-navigation, div#p-interaction, div#p-tb, div#p-lang, div#p-namespaces, div#p-variants and div#footer. They will have to remove div. You will have to update your gadgets, scripts or user styles. This is so we can use HTML5.
Some CSS for the Vector skin has been changed. This affects #p-variants, #p-namespaces, #p-personal, #p-views and #p-cactions. They can no longer use > ul. You might need to update your gadgets, scripts or user styles. See how.
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17:18, 18 May 2020 (UTC)
Tech News: 2020-22
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Changes later this week
The visual editor will now work in the Modern skin. The changes that needed to happen for this to work could cause problems for some scripts or gadgets.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from May 26. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from May 27. It will be on all wikis from May 28 (calendar).
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14:17, 25 May 2020 (UTC)
Tech News: 2020-23
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
There is a new beta version of the Wikimedia Commons app for Android. It has a new zoom function when you look at images. It can also suggest places when you upload geotagged photos.
Problems
There was a problem with the Commons database on 27 May. Commons could not be edited for eight minutes. Because of this problem the database was moved. This caused another short read-only time on 29 May.
The Vector skin had a problem where you couldn't add links to the article in other languages. You couldn't see the section if there were no links to other languages already. It also removed content translation links and links to language settings. This has now been fixed.
Changes later this week
You can get a notification when someone links to a page you created. You can turn these notifications off for individual pages. You can soon turn them off also in the notifications you get.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 2 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 3 June. It will be on all wikis from 4 June (calendar).
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22:31, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
Tech News: 2020-24
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
Some articles have tables that can be sorted in different ways. For example a list of countries can be sorted alphabetically but you can click on the size column to sort them by size. If you clicked on the column a second time it would sort the countries from the bottom to the top instead. A third click will now take you back to the original sorting.
Self-closed tags now work as in the HTML5 specifications. This means you should stop using some of them. <b/> is an example of a self-closed tag that won't work. area, base, br, col, embed, hr, img, input, keygen, link, meta, param, source, track, wbr can be self-closed. Pages with tags that should not be self-closed have been listed in a tracking category since 2016. They will be listed in Special:LintErrors/self-closed-tag. This doesn't affect <references /> or <ref />.
There is a banner called WikidataPageBanner. It is for example used by the Wikivoyages, Wikimedia Russia and the Catalan, Basque, Galician and Turkish Wikipedias. It will now been seen by mobile visitors too. Before this it was only seen on desktop. The wikis should update instructions on MediaWiki:Sitenotice so that editors know to test and style for mobile too.
Changes later this week
You can now edit MassMessage descriptions through the API. This is useful for tools and gadgets.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 June. It will be on all wikis from 11 June (calendar).
Future changes
A temporary fix helped wikis make their main pages more mobile friendly. This was in 2012. It has not been recommended since 2017. It will not work after 13 July. Wikis should use TemplateStyles instead. 118 wikis need to fix this. You can read more and see if your wiki is affected.
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21:11, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
Tech News: 2020-25
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
Toolforge hosts several tools created by the Wikimedia community like edit counters or enhanced editors. It is changing the domain from tools.wmflabs.org to toolforge.org. The routing scheme is moving from tools.wmflabs.org/toolname to toolname.toolforge.org. You can read the details. Tools that use OAuth will have to be updated to keep working. You can ask for help.
Problems
There is a Wikidata item link in the sidebar on many pages. This disappeared for a couple of days for users who have the Monobook skin. This was because of a bug. It has now been fixed.
Editing, logging in and logging out didn't work properly for a short period of time last week. It was soon fixed.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 June. It will be on all wikis from 18 June (calendar).
Future changes
Pywikibot is a Python library to automate work on wikis. It will not support Python 2 after the new version in July. Support for Python 3.4 and MediaWiki below 1.19 will also be dropped. You should migrate to Python 3. You can ask for help.
The selectors .menu and .vectorMenu will no longer work in the Vector skin. This can affect gadgets and user scripts. .menu should be replaced by ul. .vectorMenu should be replaced by .vector-menu.
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21:37, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
Tech News: 2020-26
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Problems
There are some new tools to make it easier for newcomers to start editing. They are available on some wikis. These wikis had a problem with the visual editor for a short period of time last week. This was because of a bug in the new tools. It was soon fixed.
Some user scripts and gadgets stopped working because of a change to CSS selectors. .vectorTabs should be replaced with .vector-menu-tabs to fix this.
Changes later this week
The developers are working on a new interface to solve edit conflicts on talk pages. This will be released on 24 June. You can give feedback.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 23 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 24 June. It will be on all wikis from 25 June (calendar).
Future changes
A temporary fix helped wikis make their main pages more mobile friendly. This was in 2012. It has not been recommended since 2017. It will not work after 13 July. Wikis should use TemplateStyles instead. 91 wikis still need to fix this. You can read more and see if your wiki is affected.
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18:48, 22 June 2020 (UTC)
Tech News: 2020-27
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Problems
Everyone was logged out. This was because a few users saw the wikis as if they were logged in to someone else's account. The problem should be fixed now.
Some readers didn't see new edits to pages. If the page had been recently changed they saw an older version of the page instead. This only affected readers who were logged out. It lasted for ten days. It has been fixed.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 July. It will be on all wikis from 1 July (calendar).
Future changes
The Modern and Monobook skins use the ID searchGoButton for the go button. This is searchButton for Vector. To have the same ID for all skins it will change to searchButton in Monobook and Modern too. This will affect gadgets and user scripts. It will happen on 23 July. They should be updated to use searchButton. You can read more and see a list of affected scripts.
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16:30, 29 June 2020 (UTC)
Tech News: 2020-28
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Problems
The Score extension has been disabled for now. This is because of a security issue. It will work again as soon as the security issue has been fixed.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 July. It will be on all wikis from 9 July (calendar).
Future changes
Abstract Wikipedia is a new Wikimedia project. It will collect language-independent information that can be easily read in different languages. It builds on Wikidata. The name is preliminary. You can read more.
The iOS Wikipedia app developers are thinking about new experimental tools. If you use an iPhone you can help them by answering the survey.
Some rules for user signatures will soon be enforced. Lint errors and invalid HTML will no longer be allowed in user signatures. Nested substitution will not be allowed. A link to your user page, user talk page or user contributions will be required. You can check if your signature works with the new rules. This is because the signatures can cause problems for tools or other text on the page.
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20:18, 6 July 2020 (UTC)
Tech News: 2020-29
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
Users can thank others for their edits. Checkusers can now see user data related to that action. This can help identify sock puppets who harass others using thanks.
Problems
Everyone was logged out a couple of weeks ago to fix a security problem. The problem was not entirely fixed. Because of this everyone was logged out once again last week.
Changes later this week
Wikis that are not for one specific language can translate pages. Sometimes parts of translations are outdated or missing. Outdated translations are marked with a pink background. Missing translations will also be marked in the future. This markup can sometimes break things. It can soon be disabled by using <translate nowrap></translate> on the source page.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 July. It will be on all wikis from 16 July (calendar).
Future changes
Wikimedia code review plans to use GitLab. It would be hosted on Wikimedia servers.
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16:29, 13 July 2020 (UTC)
Tech News: 2020-30
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
A temporary fix helped wikis make their main pages more mobile friendly. This was in 2012. It has not been recommended since 2017. The mobile main page special casing stopped working 14 July. 60 wikis now have main pages that don't work well on mobile. You can see which ones, how to fix it and how to get help in Phabricator. This is the same problem that was reported in Tech News 2020/24 and 2020/26.
Problems
There is a problem with the interlanguage links. The interlanguage links are the links that help you find a specific page in a different language. The sorting is broken. The developers are working on a solution.
Some users keep getting the notifications for the same event. Some of these are old events.
Some users have trouble logging in. This is probably a browser cookie problem. The developers are working on understanding the problem. If you have trouble logging in you can see the details on Phabricator.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 July. It will be on all wikis from 23 July (calendar).
Future changes
There is a Printable version link. This will disappear. That is because web browsers today can create a printable version or show how it will look in print anyway.
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19:13, 20 July 2020 (UTC)
Tech News: 2020-31
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
The Starter kit is now available for wiki communities. This page lists technical resources, tools, and recommendations. These are essential to operate a wiki project. This is mostly useful for smaller wikis where the community has limited experience with this.
The first features of the Desktop Improvements project are available for logged-in users on all wikis. In order to use them, uncheck Use Legacy Vector in your local or global preferences in section Skin preferences. More improvements are planned. Feedback is welcome.
On multiple wikis, a UTCLiveClock gadget is available. For wikis that import the gadget directly from mediawiki.org, end users can now choose a different timezone to show instead of UTC.
Problems
The deployment train for MediaWiki has been blocked this week.
Translation Notification Bot was sending the same message multiple times to every translator. This has been fixed.
Some users were receiving the same notification multiple times. This has been fixed.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from July 28. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from July 29. It will be on all wikis from JUly 30 (calendar).
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13:52, 27 July 2020 (UTC)
Tech News: 2020-32
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Problems
All queries to the Wikidata Query Service failed between 17:50 and 17:59 UTC on Thursday 23 July. Some queries failed during a longer period.
Interlanguage links were ordered incorrectly for the past few weeks. This problem was also mentioned in Tech News two weeks ago. The problem is now fixed.
There is a problem with the global preferences for the "Use Legacy Vector" option. Developers are working on fixing it.
A bug in the Wikibase extension had disabled the "move" and "create" types of protection in the main (Gallery) namespace on Wikimedia Commons. New protections could not be added, and existing protections were not enforced, allowing some page moves and page creations that should not have been possible. This has now been fixed.
Changes later this week
The video player will change to be simpler and more modern. This week, the current beta feature will become the video player for everyone on most non-Wikipedia wikis. The old player will be removed.
Users' global.js and global.css pages will now also be loaded on the mobile site. You can read documentation for how to avoid applying styles to the mobile skin.
In the MonoBook skin, the searchGoButton identifier is now searchButton. This may affect CSS and JS gadgets. Migration instructions can be found in T255953. This was previously mentioned in issue 27.
Bot operators can use Pywikibot to regularly archive discussions. The behavior when the bot uses counter to prevent large archives was changed.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from August 4. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from August 5. It will be on all wikis from August 6 (calendar).
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15:43, 3 August 2020 (UTC)
Tech News: 2020-33
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
FileImporter and FileExporter became standard features on all Wikis during the first week of August. They help you transfer files from local wikis to Wikimedia Commons with the original file information and history intact.
Problems
The mobile skin displays a message at the bottom of the page about who edited last. This message showed raw wikitext. This has now been fixed. Some messages in Structured Discussions and content translation may still appear as raw wikitext. Developers are working on it.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from August 11. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from August 12. It will be on all wikis from August 13 (calendar).
Future changes
All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 1. This is planned between 13:30 and 15:30 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks.
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16:06, 10 August 2020 (UTC)
Tech News: 2020-34
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Recent changes
If you revert an edit using the undo link your edit is marked with an undo tag. This will now only happen if you don't change anything in the edit window before publishing the undo. This is to keep users from marking edits as undos when they actually do something else.
The new OOUI version will not work with Internet Explorer 8. This means the wikis will look strange and not work well in Internet Explorer 8. This was reported in Tech/News/2020/17. This is because keeping the wikis working with very old browsers creates other problems.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 August. It will be on all wikis from 20 August (calendar).
Future changes
All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 1. This is planned between 13:30 and 15:30 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis next week. This is a reminder. You can help by translating the announcement message.
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20:41, 17 August 2020 (UTC)
Tech News: 2020-35
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 August. It will be on all wikis from 27 August (calendar).
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17:59, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
Tech News: 2020-36
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Problems
This is a reminder. All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 1. This is planned between 14:00 and 15:00 UTC. Please check on the details on the announcement message.
Changes later this week
There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
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20:08, 31 August 2020 (UTC)
Tech News: 2020-37
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Changes later this week
Normally pages can be moved to a title that has no existing page yet or to a page that has only one revision, which is a redirect to the page to be moved. A new user right allows editors to move pages over one-revision pages that redirect to anywhere.
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 8 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 9 September. It will be on all wikis from 10 September (calendar).
All MediaWiki API modules will now use watchlist instead of watch. This was inconsistent before.
Future changes
The Wikipedia Android app team might work on patrolling tools in the future. You can let them know what tools would be useful for you or for less experienced patrollers. See the page on mediawiki.org.
OTRS will be updated to a new version. This will probably take around two days. OTRS agents will not have access to the system during these days. Emails that come in during the update will be delivered when the update is done. The plan is to start around 08:00 UTC on 14 September. This could change.
The Wikipedia Android app will send push notifications if users want them. This could help you see for example when someone wrote on your talk page or your edit was reverted. This will need Google Play Services to work. It will also be possible to get the app without Google Play Services but push notifications will not work. Google Play Services is also used to make the app work for Android 4.4 users.
Wikimedia code review could move to GitLab. It would be hosted on Wikimedia servers. You can take part in the consultation.
Dropdown menus in the Vector skin use a .menu class. This will not work in the future. Scripts can use nav ul instead. .vectorTabs and .vectorMenu will also not work. Some scripts need to be updated. You can read more in Phabricator.
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15:59, 7 September 2020 (UTC)
Tech News: 2020-38
Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.
Problems
The Wikipedia apps briefly showed pages without CSS last week. This meant they looked wrong. It was quickly fixed but cached pages without CSS were shown for a few hours.
Changes later this week
The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 15 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 16 September. It will be on all wikis from 17 September (calendar).
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16:18, 14 September 2020 (UTC)
ArbCom 2020 Elections voter message
Hello! Voting in the 2020 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 7 December 2020. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.
The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.
If you wish to participate in the 2020 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 01:31, 24 November 2020 (UTC)
ArbCom 2021 Elections voter message
Hello! Voting in the 2021 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 6 December 2021. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.
The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.
If you wish to participate in the 2021 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:12, 23 November 2021 (UTC)
Nomination for deletion of Template:Val/list/test
Template:Val/list/test has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. Q28 (talk) 09:28, 18 December 2021 (UTC)
Nomination for deletion of Template:Val/sandboxlua/doc
Template:Val/sandboxlua/doc has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. – Jonesey95 (talk) 17:31, 1 March 2022 (UTC)
Regex doc
Much thanks for all the regex doc you contributed, mostly in 2015 I think, that I'm finding at places like Help:Searching/Regex, Template:Template usage/doc, and pretty much all over. This is *highly* appreciated. If you ever questioned whether it was worth all the effort and if anybody was benefiting from all that work you did, rest assured that the answer is a resounding *yes* to both. I consider myself an intermediate to advanced regex user outside of WP (familiar with stuff like negative lookahead, etc.) and that's a great foundation for using it here, but the picture at WP is sufficiently different that the doc is really required; and of course, the templates are a whole, 'nother layer on top of that. This is really very helpful (and I have a feeling I'm only discovering the tip of the iceberg), and even though it was a long time ago, it continues to be really useful (and I'm probably just the tip of the iceberg of users that it is benefiting). So, a big 'Thanks' for all your effort on regular expression documentation at Wikipedia! Mathglot (talk) 20:17, 4 September 2022 (UTC)
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help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tech"},{"link_name":"Give feedback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Tech/News"},{"link_name":"Subscribe or unsubscribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Cpiral&action=edit§ion=90"}],"text":"/Archive 1\n/Archive 2\n/Archive 3\n/Archive 4\n/Archive 5 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.217.254.192 (talk) 06:25, 28 January 2020 (UTC)[reply]Wiknic picnic[edit]Hi, thanks for signing up at Wikipedia:Meetup/Seattle/Wiknic/2015. The picnic is a potluck, so on the signup page please say what food or drink you are planning to bring. Thanks! --Pine✉ 04:07, 1 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]Weather update for Wiknic[edit]Hi, weather update for Wiknic: the forecast is now for 91 degrees and a high UV index. Peaceray is bringing icewater, but everyone do please take appropriate precautions for the weather, such as sunscreen, hats, sunglasses, and staying hydrated. There will be some shade in the trees. It's ok for those of us who are more temperature and/or sunlight sensitive to come but leave early, or skip the event if you think that you should; people who are very young, elderly, or have other health issues are more vulnerable to heat stroke. Health and safety first. Cheers, --Pine✉ 15:05, 2 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]Help:Template[edit]Please stop changing Help:Template. It is very difficult to make much sense of what you have been writing. --Redrose64 (talk) 20:00, 24 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]Dear Redrose, I'm sorry. Maybe it should have been a proposal on the talk page. I am already in the process of rewriting it based on your earlier feedback in the edit summary. Thank you for all your patience. — CpiralCpiral 22:10, 24 July 2015 (UTC)[reply]Deprecated double image[edit]I note the change to using a multiple image versus the \"deprecated\" double image at Jefferson Davis. Is there a technical reason why the double image is deprecated? If so, I'll stop using it. Thanks. TheVirginiaHistorian (talk) 08:03, 1 September 2015 (UTC)[reply]No. You can keep using it. Here's the deal. Double image just calls multiple image. Double image has been deleted a while back, and all that's left in its place is its emulator: {{multiple image}}. Take a look at {{multiple image}} documentation and decide for yourself how you proceed. Don't resort to using other obsolete workarounds because of the old double image, but otherwise it should be technically fine to keep using. I changed one use of Double image out because it was using the obsolete <center>...</center> tags, probably because it had to when it was written. — CpiralCpiral 08:44, 1 September 2015 (UTC)[reply]I very much enjoy finding double images, rarely triple images, to convey nuance in historical articles and article sections. I have had some success among articles of interest, although they are cut to one image on some pages on the grounds they slow article loading. This has been my experience at United States, History of the United States, United States Constitution, History of the United States Constitution. The multiple image seems to be a more consistent answer for most uses...I always prefer centering the descriptions. TheVirginiaHistorian (talk) 12:35, 1 September 2015 (UTC)[reply]Supposedly centering is the default.Intentional but subtle nuance is an author's just desert, so don't worry about performance. Besides, Lua modules like MI, unlike some older templates like DI, have no significant impact on performance. On the talk page you can mention the CPU time (below the edit box, expand the little triangle). E.g. U.S. will take 4.7 s every time. U.S. Constitution 2.3 s.— CpiralCpiral 17:15, 1 September 2015 (UTC)[reply]Tech News: 2015-50[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Please update Wikimedia § Projects for Cpiral's talk page. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nRevision scoring will help to automatically identify bad-faith and good-faith edits. The point is to make it easier to block vandals and welcome newcomers. It currently supports Wikidata and 14 Wikipedias. [1]\nProblems\n\nMeta was not given access to information from Wikidata last week. This will happen later. [2]\nChanges this week\n\nYou will be able to use wikilinks in Flow topic titles. [3]\nIP users will have a toolbar with links to the user talk page and user contributions. Some Wikipedias already have this feature. [4]\nYou will be able to edit the graph size in the visual editor. You can either specify the size in the graph dialog or drag it to be the size you want it to be. [5]\nIt will be easier to write math in the visual editor if you don't know LaTeX. You can use symbol buttons instead. [6]\nYou will be able to use syntax highlighting when you write math with LaTeX in the visual editor. [7]\nUploadWizard will look a bit different. [8]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 8 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 9 December. It will be on all Wikipedias from 10 December. (calendar).\nNew MediaWiki versions will now be on Catalan and Hebrew Wikipedia on Wednesdays. Other Wikipedias get the new MediaWiki version on Thursdays. [9]\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 8 December at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topics this week are \"Graph/Graphoid/Kartographer – data storage architecture\" and \"Parametric JSON builder\". The meeting will be on 9 December at 22:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nA new beta feature will show users links to related articles at the bottom of an article. It will not be enabled by default. [10]\nTech news prepared by tech ambassadors and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.17:53, 7 December 2015 (UTC)Tech News: 2016-02[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nWikimedia no longer uses visitor statistics from comScore. [11]\nYou can make interactive graphs with the Graph extension. There is now a tutorial for how to do this. [12]\nProblems\n\nSome pages do not turn in up in categories where they should be. This is because link tables are sometimes not populated. [13]\nChanges this week\n\nThe Nuke extension will work with Flow. This will make it easier to handle spam in Flow. [14]\nNew file uploads will now be patrollable. [15]\nInternet Explorer 8 will no longer have JavaScript support. You will still be able to browse and edit Wikipedia if you use Internet Explorer 8, but will not be able to use some features. This can be solved by upgrading to a newer version or switching to a different browser. [16][17]\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 12 January at 20:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\n URLs in the recent changes IRC feed will no longer be rewritten to unencrypted HTTP. This could be a breaking change for bots dependent on the IRC feed. [18]\nThe edit tabs for the wikitext editor and the visual editor will be combined to one single edit tab. You will be able to choose which one you prefer. If you are not logged in, your choice will be saved as a cookie in your browser. You can test the single edit tab. [19][20]\nThere is a beta feature that adds links to the subject on other Wikimedia projects. This works much like the links to for example Wikipedia articles in other languages. It will go out of beta testing and be enabled for everyone in January. Wikis that don't want this can decide to have it disabled. [21][22]\nThe difference between \"alerts\" and \"messages\" notifications is unclear to some. The developers want feedback at the Phabricator task or on MediaWiki.org so they can make this better. You can give feedback in your language if you can't write in English.\nTech news prepared by tech ambassadors and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.16:59, 11 January 2016 (UTC)Tech News: 2016-03[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nYou will be able to find or mark bugs and suggestions in Phabricator that are specific for your language or wiki. [23]\nNotifications have been upgraded with more detailed and easier-to-access information. See the documentation. Cross-wiki notifications will be available soon on the two test wikis. [24]\nChanges this week\n\nThe visual editor uses the TemplateData extension to make editing templates easier. You will now get a warning when you edit a TemplateData form and leave it without saving. [25]\n MediaWiki will get a new authentication and authorization system called AuthManager. This is planned to happen in a month or two. Some bots will need to change how they log in. Two new and more stable authentication methods will be available now: Owner-only OAuth credentials and bot passwords. You can read more about the change. [26]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 19 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 20 January. It will be on all Wikipedias from 21 January (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 19 January at 20:00 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topic this week is governance model. The meeting will be on 20 January at 22:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nTech news prepared by tech ambassadors and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.17:56, 18 January 2016 (UTC)Subpages[edit]Are we allowed to make subpages on Wikipedia? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Farnell45 (talk • contribs) 16:45, 20 January 2016 (UTC)[reply]You can, but unlike making an edit, the creation cannot easily be undone. Once you create the pages named \"User:Farnell45\" \"User:Farnell45/sandbox\" and then \"User:Farnell45/sandbox/A\", you'd have to ask an administrator to remove \"/A\" if you wanted to clean it out.\nBe bold. Go ahead, click on User:Farnell45, put the wikitext {{welcome}}[[/sandbox]] there, and save the page. You will have transcluded the page named \"Template:Welcome\"; more to the point, you will have almost created a subpage on your user page. — CpiralCpiral 20:19, 20 January 2016 (UTC)[reply]Are we allowed to keep them or will they be deleted?\nFarrnell45Farnell45 20:24, 20 January 2016 (UTC)[reply]Widely tolerant, you can keep all you need for any fathomable excuse related to contributions. Occasionally user pages are patrolled. To delete your subpage, an administrator has to do it manually. They volunteer to do this, and they pass rigorous admissions. Put a delete because {{db}} template on an unwanted subpage, and just wait. — CpiralCpiral 21:39, 20 January 2016 (UTC)[reply]Did I do this right?https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Farnell45Yep. — CpiralCpiral 00:02, 10 February 2016 (UTC)[reply]Does any of this violate any of the rules here?https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Farnell45 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Farnell45 (talk • contribs) 17:37, 16 February 2016 (UTC)[reply]There are no rules. In practice, we each rule when we revert an edit. Or we call out on the talk page for reasoning about local content. Both are social skills. That being said, I will advise you on the content of your user page, but on your talk page. — CpiralCpiral 18:14, 16 February 2016 (UTC)[reply]Tech News: 2016-04[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nYou can now follow when pages are added or removed from a category on German Wikipedia. The plan is to add it to Wikimedia Commons and other Wikipedias this week. [27][28]\nAdministrators can hide individual entries of a page with RevisionDelete. There is now a button to choose \"all\", \"none\" or \"inverse\" in Special:Log. The article history will get the same buttons soon. Wikis that have done this locally with JavaScript will be able to remove that code. [29]\nChanges this week\n\nYou will be able to see the references when you preview a section you are editing. This will happen even if there is no <references /> tag in that section. [30]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 27 January. It will be on all wikis from 28 January (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 26 January at 20:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nThere is now an extension called ArticlePlaceholder. It can automatically generate content on Wikipedia with data from Wikidata if there is no Wikipedia article. It will have a tag to remind the reader it is not an article and ask the reader to create one. The developer is now looking for smaller Wikipedias that want to try the extension. [31]\nThe OTRS system will be upgraded. The plan is to do this on 3 February at 08:00 (UTC). It will probably take 6 to 8 hours. OTRS will be down during the upgrade. [32]\nUsers will soon be automatically congratulated when they reach some edit count milestones. [33]\nTech news prepared by tech ambassadors and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.16:39, 25 January 2016 (UTC)Help:What links here/double rdcheck[edit]Hello, what is the purpose of this page that Wikipedia:Example of a double redirect fails to fulfill? -- A Certain White Cat chi? 19:37, 18 October 2016 (UTC)About Help:What links here/double rdcheck and Help talk:What links here: these are meant to help teach, by working example/tutorial, What Links Here reports. It is incomplete because no exception was made for allowing a double redirect to even exist as an example/tutorial.(It's the same concept as the working example/tutorial links at Help:Link#Subpage_links, where that section links to subpage one/two/three/four.)Thanks for inquiring. Soon, I'll check wp:wlh (and subpages, and talk pages) for further discussion. — Cpiral§Cpiral 18:42, 19 October 2016 (UTC)[reply]\nAs you wish, my preference would be to have as little double redirects as possible (preferably none) since it taxes on bot time. It is a very small tax (1-2 seconds per entry) but they pile up with added entries, particularly on multiple wikis. I run my bot to prevent double redirects to be an issue on practically every WMF wiki so double redirects should not be a realistic issue anywhere aside from cases bot cannot fix (circular redirects & page protections). -- A Certain White Cat chi? 22:36, 19 October 2016 (UTC)\nHello, any progress on this? -- A Certain White Cat chi? 16:29, 18 November 2016 (UTC)Tech News: 2016-43[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nProblems\n\nThe abuse filters had a problem and caught too many edits. This has now been fixed. [34]\nChanges this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from October 25. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from October 26. It will be on all wikis from October 27 (calendar).\nThe \"Search\" text in the search box will show the name of the project. For example, on Wikipedia it will say \"Search Wikipedia\". [35]\nAbout a dozen wikis now have numerical sorting in categories. If your wiki wants numerical sorting in categories you can ask for it. [36]\nSome wikis that want numerical sorting in categories can also ask to use UCA to sort categories. The biggest difference is that characters with diacritics will be sorted together. For example, for most languages Ä will be sorted with A instead of at the end of the alphabet. This is not true for languages that have Ä as a character in their alphabet. Wikis that already use UCA are listed on Meta. Languages that can use UCA are listed on MediaWiki.org. You can test it.\nTech news prepared by tech ambassadors and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.17:39, 24 October 2016 (UTC)Tech News: 2016-44[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nNow you can include Commons video films with subtitles in your wiki language. Before you could see translated videos on file page at Commons only. [37]\nSearch now has an updated preference tab to configure the search completion suggester. [38]\nThe visual editor is now available on all wikis using only one language script. [39]\nChanges this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from November 1st. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from November 2nd. It will be on all wikis from November 3rd (calendar).\nNow you can use autocomplete for page names in \"Preview page with this template (what's this?)\" field when editing templates. [40]\nSpecial:NewPages can now be filtered by page size. [41]\nFuture changes\n\n New MediaWiki deployments will be now based on MediaWiki 1.29. [42]\nMiscellaneous\n\nThe Wikimedia Foundation's Technical Collaboration Guideline is available for community review. Any feedback welcome, in any language.\nTech news prepared by tech ambassadors and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.16:18, 31 October 2016 (UTC)Tech News: 2016-45[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nVictoria Coleman is the new Chief technology officer for the Wikimedia Foundation. [43]\nFirst release candidate for MediaWiki 1.28 is now available. [44]\n .gitreview for MediaWiki branches and extensions switched from targeting a specific branch to using track=1. [45]\nSection numbers in Table of Contents boxes will use grey to improve readability. [46]\nChanges this week\n\nThe 2016 Community Wishlist Survey begins on 7 November.\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from November 8th. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from November 9th. It will be on all wikis from November 10th (calendar).\nSpecial:ActiveUsers will allow users groups selection. [47]\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 8 November 2016 at 20:00 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topics this week are Image Thumbnail API and allow SVG files uploaded on MediaWiki to have XHTML namespaces. The meeting will be on 9 November at 21:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nRevisionSlider will be enabled by default on all beta wikis, on testwiki, testwiki2, mediawikiwiki and de.wikipedia.org. [48][49][50]\nUpcoming holidays will impact deployments. The schedule has been published.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.23:01, 7 November 2016 (UTC)Tech News: 2016-46[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nWhen you edit with the visual editor you can use meta + shift + k to add a reference. The meta key is often the control key or command key. [51]\nChanges this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from November 15. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from November 16. It will be on all wikis from November 17 (calendar).\nIn Special:Preferences you can choose which language menus and buttons will be in. If there is no translation for that language, MediaWiki has a list of fallback languages. A fallback language is a language many will understand better than English. MediaWiki will now use English when there is no Ukrainian translation. [52]\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 15 November at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nMagic links might not work in the future. [53]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.19:18, 14 November 2016 (UTC)Tech News: 2016-47[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nAdministrators, bureaucrats, oversighters and checkusers can now use two-factor authentication. This makes their Wikimedia accounts more secure. This can be turned on in Special:Preferences. There are discussions on how to best turn it on for everyone. [54]\nYou can now search for file properties. For example you can search for media type, how big a file is or what resolution it has. [55]\nThe latest Collaboration team products newsletter has been published. It has more details about their work than Tech News has.\nProblems\n\nA hacker group is hacking Wikimedia accounts. They can probably do this because users have the same passwords on Wikimedia wikis as on other sites. Please have a password you use only on the Wikimedia wikis and nowhere else. This is especially important for administrators, bureaucrats, oversighters and checkusers. These users can also turn on two-factor authentication. [56]\nChanges this week\n\nThere is no new MediaWiki version this week.\nRevisionSlider will be a default feature on German, Arabic and Hebrew Wikipedia. This will happen on 22 November. It will come to other wikis later. [57][58][59]\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 22 November at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nIt will be possible to do cross-wiki search. The developers who work on this are looking for communities that want to test this. [60]\nHovercards will leave the beta stage. The Wikimedia Foundation Reading Web team wants communities to set Hovercards as a default option for readers who are not logged in. Communities that are interested can say so on the Hovercards talk page. [61]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.15:33, 21 November 2016 (UTC)ArbCom Elections 2016: Voting now open![edit]Hello, Cpiral. Voting in the 2016 Arbitration Committee elections is open from Monday, 00:00, 21 November through Sunday, 23:59, 4 December to all unblocked users who have registered an account before Wednesday, 00:00, 28 October 2016 and have made at least 150 mainspace edits before Sunday, 00:00, 1 November 2016.\nThe Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.\nIf you wish to participate in the 2016 election, please review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:08, 21 November 2016 (UTC)[reply]Tech News: 2016-48[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nChanges this week\n\nWhen someone tries to log in to a blocked account they will be blocked by a cookie. This means their browser will be blocked even if they change their IP address. This makes it more difficult for returning vandals. [62]\nWhen you use Content Translation to adapt a template to a new translation it will work differently. You can adapt big templates such as infoboxes. Translators will have control over the template parameters. A first version of this is released this week. It is possible it will not work correctly with all templates. There will be more updates for this soon. [63]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 29 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 30 November. It will be on all wikis from 1 December (calendar).\n Gadgets will have a new option called \"hidden\". This means you can register gadgets that can't be turned on or off from the preferences page. Hiding gadgets was already possible by using [rights=hidden]. You should now use [hidden] instead. [rights=hidden] in old gadgets should be changed to [hidden]. [64][65]\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 29 November at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\n Tool Labs could get two new policies. One would be to be able to adopt tools without an active developer. The other would be a right to fork. There is a request for comment on Meta.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.21:17, 28 November 2016 (UTC)Tech News: 2016-49[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nYou can choose to see users from specific user groups in Special:ActiveUsers. [66]\nEveryone can now see Special:UserRights. Previously only those who could change user rights could. Other users got an error message. [67]\nORES can now show how likely an edit is to be damaging to the wiki with different colours. This only works for languages that have trained ORES to recognize damaging edits. [68]\nChanges this week\n\nYou will now see categories with 0 pages in Special:Categories. Previously you did not see empty categories there. [69]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 December. It will be on all wikis from 8 December (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 6 December at 20:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nThe 2016 Community Wishlist Survey will decide what the Community Tech team will work on next year. You vote for wishes on the survey page until 12 December. You can see what has happened to last year's wishes on the 2015 results page.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.18:07, 5 December 2016 (UTC)Tech News: 2016-50[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nUsers who have Yahoo email addresses could not use Special:EmailUser to send emails. This has now been fixed. Emails will now come from a @wikimedia.org address. Users who get an email from you will still reply to your email address and be able to see it. [70]\nYou can now see how many categories and pages there are in the categories in Special:TrackingCategories. This is to help you find pages that could need attention. [71]\nMarkup colours for reviewed and pending revisions in the page history and recent changes and logs now match Wikimedia standard colours. The \"You have a new message on your talk page\" notification will have a slightly different colour. [72]\nProblems\n\nBecause of work on cross-wiki watchlists global renaming is not working. The plan is to turn it on again on 16 December. Global renaming was turned off for a while in late November and early December as well. [73]\nChanges this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 13 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 14 December. It will be on all wikis from 15 December (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on December 13 at 20:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.19:30, 12 December 2016 (UTC)Tech News: 2016-51[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nTech News\n\nBecause of the holidays the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 9 January 2017.\nThe writers of the technical newsletter are asking for your opinion. Did you get the information you wanted this year? Did we miss important technical news in 2016? What kind of information was too late? Please tell us! You can write in your language. Thank you!\nRecent changes\n\nAdministrators and translation administrators can now use Special:PageLanguage on wikis with the Translate extension. This means you can say what language a page is in. The Translate extension will use that language as the source language when you translate. Previously this was always the wiki's default language. This was usually English. [74]\n Wikis connected to Wikidata can now use the parser function {{#statements: }} to get formatted data. You can also use {{#property: }} to get raw data. You can see the difference between the two statements. There are also similar new functions in Lua. [75]\nProblems\n\nSome abuse filters for uploaded files have not worked as they should. We don't know exactly which filters didn't work yet. This means some files that filters should have prevented from being uploaded were uploaded to the wikis. MediaWiki.org and Testwiki have been affected since 13 October. Commons and Meta have been affected since 17 October. Other wikis have been affected since 17 November. [76]\nChanges this week\n\nThere is no new MediaWiki version this week. There will be no new MediaWiki version next week either.\nMeetings\n\n The next meeting with the VisualEditor team will be on 3 January at 20:00 (UTC). During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nThe 2016 Community Wishlist Survey is done. It decides what the Community Tech team will work on during 2017. You can see the results.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.20:33, 19 December 2016 (UTC)Tech News: 2017-10[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nYou can now search on English, French, Hebrew and Greek wikis and find words even if you forget the diacritics. It also works if you use diacritics in your search but the wiki doesn't. [77]\nWhen you use the mobile view and click on a link to an article in another language you will see that article in the mobile view. Previously it changed to the desktop view. [78]\nProblems\n\nSome watchlist gadgets didn't work for a period of time last week. This has now been fixed. [79]\nAdmins who click on \"mass delete\" on a user's Special:Contributions will be taken directly to a list pages created by that user. It has worked like this before, but not lately. [80]\nChanges this week\n\nThe way you switch between wikitext and the visual editors in the desktop view has changed. It is now a drop-down menu. This is the same as in the mobile view. [81]\nThe \"flag the edit in the abuse log\" checkbox will be removed from the abuse filter interface. This is because the edits are always flagged in the abuse log. [82]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 March. It will be on all wikis from 9 March (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 7 March at 20:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nClarification\n\nThe 2017/09 issue of Tech News mentioned 3D file formats you can soon upload to Commons. The AMF format will be available later.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.23:23, 6 March 2017 (UTC)Tech News: 2017-11[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nChanges this week\n\nYou will be able to show references from <references /> tags in more than one column on your wiki. This is the list of footnotes for the sources in the article. How many columns you see will depend on how big your screen is. On some wikis, some templates already do this. Templates that use <references /> tags will need to be updated, and then later the change can happen for all reference lists. [83][84]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 March. It will be on all wikis from 16 March (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 14 March at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nSome old web browsers will not be able to use JavaScript on Wikimedia wikis in the future. If you have an old web browser on your computer you can upgrade to a newer version. [85]\n CSS in templates will be stored in a separate page in the future. [86][87]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.15:26, 13 March 2017 (UTC)Tech News: 2017-12[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nThe Save page button now says Publish page or Publish changes on the Wikimedia wikis except for Wikipedias and Wikinewses. This change will come to Wikipedias later. The point is to make it more clear that the edit will change the page immediately. Publish page is when you save a new page and Publish changes when you edit an existing page. [88]\nDMOZ no longer works. Templates that use DMOZ can be redirected to archive.org or another mirror. DMOZ has been removed from the RelatedSites extension on Wikivoyage. [89]\nYou can see monthly page views when you click on Page information in the sidebar. Developers can also get monthly page views through the API. [90]\nThe Linter extension is now on smaller Wikimedia wikis. It helps editors find some wikitext errors so they can be fixed. It will come to other Wikimedia wikis later. The extension will be able to find more errors later. [91]\n The MediaWiki-Vagrant portable development environment has been updated to use Debian Jessie. This means local development and testing will be more like on the majority of Wikimedia production servers. [92]\nProblems\n\nOn 15 March some interwiki links to other languages were not correctly sorted. This has been fixed. If you still see pages where the interwiki links are not sorted as they should be, they should be fixed automatically with time or you can edit the page and save it without changing anything. If this doesn't work, please report it. [93]\nChanges this week\n\nWhen you edit with the visual editor, you will be able to switch the direction you write in from right-to-left to left-to-right as you are editing. This is especially important for editors who edit in languages that write from right to left. You can do this with a tool in the editing menu. You can also use the keyboard shortcut Ctrl+Shift+X on PCs or Cmd+Shift+X on Macs. [94]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 March. It will be on all wikis from 23 March (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 21 March at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.22:03, 20 March 2017 (UTC)Tech News: 2017-13[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nWhen you edit with the visual editor, you can see a visual diff as well as a wikitext diff when you review your changes. [95]\nProblems\n\nSpecial:AllPages was disabled for two days due to some performance issues. It is back, but the filter for redirects is gone as the cause of the performance problem. It still needs to be fixed. [96][97]\nChanges this week\n\nNew filters for Recent changes will be released on Portuguese and Polish Wikipedias and MediaWikiwiki on March 28. Other wikis will get it progressively. The new filters include filtering, highlighting and, on certain wikis, user intent prediction.\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from March 28. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from March 29. It will be on all wikis from March 30 (calendar).\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.14:47, 27 March 2017 (UTC)Tech News: 2017-14[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nThe Save page button now says Publish page or Publish changes on most Wikipedias. The point is to make it more clear that the edit will change the page immediately. Publish page is when you save a new page and Publish changes when you edit an existing page. [98]\nThe tracking category Category:Pages with template loops is now added when a template loop is found. A template loop is for example when a template tries to use a second template that uses the first template. [99]\nEnglish Wikipedia now has cookie blocks. It will come to more wikis in the future. This is an extension to the autoblock system so when a user is blocked, the next time they visit the wiki a cookie will be set. This means that even if the user switches accounts and to a new IP address the cookie will block them again. [100]\nProblems\n\nWikidata descriptions, aliases and labels that used some characters could not be saved. This has now been fixed. [101]\nChanges this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 4 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 5 April. It will be on all wikis from 6 April (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 4 April at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nYou can join the next office hour with the Wikidata team. The meeting will be on 5 April at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nNew filters for Recent changes will come to Wikidata and Persian, Dutch, Russian, Turkish, Czech and Hebrew Wikipedia on 11 April. The new filters include filtering, highlighting and user intent prediction. User intent prediction means the filter tries to help editors determine if the edit was made in good faith or not. Other wikis will get it later. [102]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.17:53, 3 April 2017 (UTC)Tech News: 2017-15[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\n Tidy is going to be replaced with an HTML5 parsing algorithm. Bad HTML in wikitext would cause problems on a number of wikis. There is now a ParserMigration extension on all wikis that you can use to help clean this up. You can read more about how you can use it. [103]\nChanges this week\n\nSome older web browsers will not be able to use JavaScript on Wikimedia wikis from this week. If you have an old web browser on your computer you can upgrade to a newer version. [104]\nNew filters for Recent changes will come to Wikidata and Persian, Russian, Turkish and French Wikipedia on 11 April. The schedule has been changed to fix the user intent prediction filters for some wikis. User intent prediction means the filter tries to make it easier for editors to determine if the edit was made in good faith or not. Other wikis will get it later. [105]\nThe list of special characters in the wikitext editor and the visual editor will now have a group of Canadian Aboriginal characters. [106]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 11 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 12 April. It will be on all wikis from 13 April (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 11 April at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nBecause of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for 20 to 30 minutes on 19 April and 3 May. This will start at 14:00 (UTC). You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. You can read more about this.\nRevisionSlider will change how you move between revisions. This will be available on the test wiki from 11 April. It will come to other wikis later if users like the change. You can test it and give feedback.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.18:35, 10 April 2017 (UTC)Tech News: 2017-16[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nYou can add ?safemode=1 to the end of the URL on Wikimedia wikis to disable your personal CSS and JavaScript. Example: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature?safemode=1. This means you can test if a problem is because of your user scripts or gadgets without uninstalling them. [107]\nYou can now see a list of all autoblocks on Special:AutoblockList. [108]\n The Wikiversity and Wikinews logos are now shown directly from the configuration and not from [[File:Wiki.png]]. If you want to change logo or have an anniversary logo, see how to request a configuration change. This is how it already works for other projects. They can request logo changes the same way. [109]\nProblems\n\nBecause of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for 20 to 30 minutes on 19 April. This will start at 14:00 (UTC). You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. You can read more about this. This will also happen on 3 May.\nChanges this week\n\nThere is no new Mediawiki version this week. This is because of the data centre test.\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 18 April at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nstats.wikimedia.org will be replaced. You can see the new prototype. You can leave feedback on this change.\nPage Previews will be turned on for logged-out users on a large number of wikis in May. It could be postponed and happen later. Page Previews shows readers a short part of a linked article when they rest their mouse pointer on the link. This is to help them understand what it is about without leaving the article they are reading. Page Previews used to be called Hovercards. Users who have tested the feature can give feedback. [110]\n From next week, user scripts using very old deprecated wikibits functions will show errors. These functions have not worked since 2013. You should fix or disable broken scripts. You can see examples of how to upgrade scripts. [111][112]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.19:32, 17 April 2017 (UTC)Tech News: 2017-17[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nNew filters for recent changes are now available as a beta feature on most wikis. You can turn it on in your preferences. Remaining wikis will have the new filters on 9 May. [113]\nWhen administrators, bureaucrats and stewards make a user a member of a user group they can now set an expiry date. A user group is for example \"administrators\" or \"bots\". This means that they can give someone user rights for a limited time. This is similar to how blocks and page protections can be limited in time. Special:UserRights will have new options for this. You can read more about user groups. [114]\nProblems\n\nSince the data centre test last week the content translation tool has been disabled. This is because of a database problem. It will be back as soon as the problem has been solved. [115]\nChanges this week\n\nThe GuidedTour extension will be enabled on all wikis. This is a tool to explain to new users how to edit. [116]\nWiktionary will handle interlanguage links in a new way. The Cognate extension will automatically link pages with the same title between Wiktionaries. For this to work all old interlanguage links have to be removed. You can read more about this. [117]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 April. It will be on all wikis from 27 April (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 25 April at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.16:40, 24 April 2017 (UTC)Tech News: 2017-18[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nThe content translation tool works again. It was turned off because of a database problem. [118]\n Scripts using very old deprecated wikibits functions show errors. These functions have not worked since 2013. You should fix or disable broken scripts. You can see examples of how to upgrade scripts. This is the same thing as Tech News wrote about in issue 2017/16. You need to add mw.loader.using( 'mediawiki.util' ) block for your scripts also, or add mediawiki.util dependency in gadget ResourceLoader section in MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition. [119][120]\nProblems\n\nBecause of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for 20 to 30 minutes on 3 May. This will start at 14:00 (UTC). You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. You can read more about this.\nChanges this week\n\nThere is no new MediaWiki version this week. This is because of the data centre test.\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 2 May at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nAll Wikimedia wikis will have cookie blocks from May 8. This is an extension to the autoblock system so when a user is blocked, the next time they visit the wiki a cookie will be set. This means that even if the user switches accounts and to a new IP address the cookie will block them again. [121]\nThe Publish changes, Show preview and Show changes buttons will look slightly different. This is to fit with the OOUI look. Users can test scripts, gadgets and so on to see if they work with the new interface by adding &ooui=1 to the URL. [122]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.19:50, 1 May 2017 (UTC)Tech News: 2017-19[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nProblems\n\nSome users have a problem with the watchlist. Some changes in categories make the watchlist a blank page. The developers are working on this. Until this is fixed you can try some things that have helped other editors if you have this problem. You can turn on Hide categorization of pages in your watchlist preferences. You can turn off Expand watchlist to show all changes, not just the most recent in your watchlist preferences. You can remove problematic categories from Special:EditWatchlist/raw. [123]\nThere was a problem with the visual editor for several days. You could not save edits that triggered a CAPTCHA. This would for example be when a new user added external links in references. This was fixed on 2 May. [124]\nChanges this week\n\nWhen you edit you can switch between the visual editor and the wikitext editor. This works if the wiki you edit has the visual editor. The menu will now say Visual editing and Source editing instead of Switch to visual editing and Switch to code editing. This is because it was confusing when the menu said you could switch to the editor you were already using. [125]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 May. It will be on all wikis from 11 May (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 9 May at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nYou will be able to get a notification when a page you created is connected to a Wikidata item. This will come to Wikivoyage on 9 May. If there are no problems it will come to most Wikipedias on 30 May. It will come to other projects and English, French and German Wikipedia later in the summer. It will be opt-in for existing users and opt-out for new users. [126][127]\n Markup that looks like code for language variants might need to be fixed. If -{ is used in transclusions or web addresses it has to be escaped appropriately. You can use -<nowiki/>{ for transclusions and %2D{ in web addresses. A transclusion could for example be when you use -{ in a template: {{1x| sad :-{ face }}. This is because of some code fixes to the preprocessor and affects all wikis. [128][129]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.02:25, 9 May 2017 (UTC)Tech News: 2017-20[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nYou can now use ISBNs to automatically generate citations in the visual editor. This works on wikis that have enabled Citoid. [130]\nThe Two Column Edit Conflict View is available as a beta feature on all wikis. It is a new interface for the edit conflict resolution page. [131]\nProblems\n\nThe mediawiki.util library does not load automatically any more. Your Special:MyPage/common.js may use it. If you have technical problems that started a couple of weeks ago you can try adding mw.loader.using( 'mediawiki.util' ).done(function(){ as the first line in the file and }); as a last one. Tech News wrote about this in the 2017/18 issue. [132]\nChanges this week\n\nThe RevisionSlider extension will be a default feature on all wikis. RevisionSlider is an easier way to move between changes in the page history. It has been a default feature on German, Arabic and Hebrew Wikipedia and a beta feature on all wikis. You will be able to turn it off in your preferences. [133]\nThere is no new MediaWiki version this week.\nFuture changes\n\nAdministrators will soon be able to search through deleted pages. [134][135]\n Markup that looks like code for language variants might need to be fixed. Tech News wrote about this last week. If -{ is used in transclusions or web addresses it has to be escaped appropriately. You can use -<nowiki/>{ for transclusions and %2D{ in web addresses. This is because of some code fixes to the preprocessor and affects all wikis. You can now see the full list of wikis with this problem and help fix them to avoid that things break later this month. You might find false positives. You can read more about what to fix. [136][137]\nOlder unreported changes\n\nYour Meta user page is shown on all wikis where you don't have a local user page. You can now add the magic word __NOGLOBAL__ to your Meta user page to stop this. [138][139]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.21:48, 15 May 2017 (UTC)Tech News: 2017-21[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nChanges this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 23 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 24 May. It will be on all wikis from 25 May (calendar).\n There will be a <div> tag around HTML from the MediaWiki wikitext parser. Gadgets with code that does not follow recommendations could have problems with this. You can report new problems you think are related to this. [140]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.22:15, 22 May 2017 (UTC)Tech News: 2017-22[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nProblems\n\nLast week’s MediaWiki version was rolled back from some wikis because of a problem. This means planned changes did not happen. [141]\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 30 May at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nYou will be able to control who can notify you on the Wikimedia wikis. You will have a user blacklist. When you add a user to the blacklist you will not get a notification when they mention you. You can test this on Beta Wikipedia. You can read more and give feedback on Meta. [142]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.12:18, 30 May 2017 (UTC)Tech News: 2017-23[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nYou can see new files on Special:NewFiles. You can now pick which dates you want to see files from. [143]\nWhen you read Wikipedia on a mobile device the first paragraph now comes before the infobox. [144]\nYou can now remove navigation elements from your results when you search. This could for example be part of an infobox that is only there to help you find the previous or next article. [145]\nNew users on Wikivoyages and Wikipedias (except French, English and German) now get a notification when a page they created is connected to Wikidata. Other wikis will get it 13 June. [146]\nProblems\n\nThe MediaWiki version from two weeks ago was rolled back. It was fixed late last week. Changes that were planned to go out last week did not happen. [147]\nChanges this week\n\nWikimedia wikis can show fewer links to articles in other languages. This is to make it easier to find the languages likely to be useful to the reader or editor. Everyone can still click to see the full list. Logged-in users who use the compact language links will see languages they have in their Babel box on their user page in the first, shorter list. You can turn the compact language list off or on in your preferences. [148]\nYou can choose what dates to look at when you look at a user's contributions. [149]\nWhen you click on your watchlist in the mobile view you get a list of all pages in the watchlist instead of the latest changes to them. Logged-in users with at least ten edits will now get the latest changes instead. [150]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 June. It will be on all wikis from 8 June (calendar).\n String comparisons in Scribunto modules are now always done case-insensitively by byte order. Before they were sometimes in a case-sensitive US-English collation order. This could break some modules. [151]\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 6 June at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nThe 2006 wikitext editor will be removed the week of 27 June. This is the old toolbar with small square blue buttons. You can see a picture of it. 0.03% of active Wikimedia editors use this old tool. They will not see a toolbar at all. [152][153]\nWikimedia wikis use OCG to create PDFs. The OCG code has a lot of problems and will stop working. It has to be replaced. An alternative is Electron. You can tell the developers what you need the PDF service to be able to do. Electron already works on German Wikipedia. It will be on English Wikipedia later this week so you can test it there too. [154]\n The Architecture Committee will change and get a new name. You can read and comment on the draft that describes the new committee.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.19:05, 5 June 2017 (UTC)Tech News: 2017-24[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nSome wikis have the larger and brighter OOjs UI edit page buttons. When you write an edit summary there you can now see how many bytes you have left before the summary is too long. [155]\nWhen you search on Wikipedia you can now find pages on other Wikimedia projects that could be relevant. You see them next to the search results. [156]\nChanges this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 13 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 14 June. It will be on all wikis from 15 June (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 13 June at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nYou will soon be able to get a notification when someone tries to log in to your account. You can test this on the test wiki. This will only work if they fail to log in to your account. [157]\nWikimedia wikis use OCG to create PDFs. The OCG code has a lot of problems and will stop working. It has to be replaced. An alternative is Electron. You can tell the developers what you need the PDF service to be able to do. Electron now works on all Wikimedia projects. [158]\nAdministrators can soon search for deleted page titles and find results that are similar to what they searched for. Today the search only finds pages that are exactly the same as what you search for. This is to make it easier to find pages when you don't know the exact title. Administrators on Arabic, Catalan, English, Persian, German, Italian, Polish, and Russian Wikipedia and on mediawiki.org can test this by adding &fuzzy=1 to the end of the web address when looking at Special:Undelete. [159][160]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.15:30, 12 June 2017 (UTC)Tech News: 2017-25[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nProblems\n\nORES had some problems on 13 June between 16:00 and 19:40 UTC. It has now been fixed. [161]\nChanges this week\n\nirc.wikimedia.org has to be rebooted. This will probably happen on 21 June. It may be postponed. Some tools use this to get the recent changes feed. They will not work when it is down. [162]\n Special:PageData will be an entry point for machine-readable page data. [163]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 20 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 21 June. It will be on all wikis from 22 June (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 20 June at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\n CSS in templates will be stored in a separate page in the future. You can now see how the TemplateStyles extension works on Beta Labs.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.15:44, 19 June 2017 (UTC)Tech News: 2017-26[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nThe <inputbox> has a new searchfilter parameter. You can add values like searchfilter=insource:foo. It will add that to the user's search query. [164]\nChanges this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 27 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 28 June. It will be on all wikis from 29 June (calendar).\nUsers will be able to choose whether they want to see Wikidata changes in enhanced watchlist/recent changes. Previously, this was disabled for everyone. [165]\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 27 June at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nYou can join the next WMF Language team office hour, an open session to talk about Wikimedia Language projects. The meeting will be on 27 June at 13:00 UTC. [166]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.15:38, 26 June 2017 (UTC)Tech News: 2017-27[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nThere was a problem with maps on Wikimedia wikis that used <mapframe> when you clicked on the link to another map service. Open Street Map or Google Maps are examples of other map services. If you had marked a place on the map the marker would not be in the same place on the other map service. It was in the middle of the map. This has now been fixed. [167]\nChanges this week\n\nVery old and inactive unpublished translations in the Content Translation database will be removed. This is because of technical maintenance. If you have not worked on a translation after 1 January 2016 you will lose it after 6 July. If you want to keep the unfinished translation you need to open it before 6 July with the Content Translation tool. You can continue working on it later. Translations that were started or have been worked on after 1 January 2016 will not be affected.\nThere is no new Mediawiki version this week.\n EventStreams is a new way to show activity on Wikimedia wikis. It works with the recent changes feed. It will do more things later. It will replace RCStream. Tools that use RCStream should move to EventStreams before 7 July. Tech News wrote about this in the 2017/07 issue. [168]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.15:32, 3 July 2017 (UTC)Tech News: 2017-28[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nThere are sometimes links to pages about the same thing on other Wikimedia projects. A Wikipedia article about Berlin can link to the Wikivoyage guide or Wiktionary entry about Berlin. You can now see when that page has a badge. A badge could be the star that shows that an article is a featured article. [169]\nChanges this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 11 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 12 July. It will be on all wikis from 13 July (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 11 July at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nMobile users will be able to edit Wikipedia without JavaScript. This will make it possible to edit the wikis from older mobile phones. This will probably happen on 18 July for most wikis. [170]\nWe will not use Tidy on Wikimedia wikis in the future. It will be replaced by June 2018. It could be earlier. Editors will need to fix pages that could break. You can read the simplified instructions for editors.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.15:07, 10 July 2017 (UTC)Tech News: 2017-29[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\n\"Wikimedia Labs\" is now called \"Cloud VPS\". \"Wikimedia Tool Labs\" is now called \"Wikimedia Toolforge\". This is to help clarify the purpose of these services. [171]\nProblems\n\nOn some pages, the Table of Contents is not being shown. It will normally appear if you edit the page again. Investigation is currently ongoing. [172]\nChanges this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 July. It will be on all wikis from 20 July (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 18 July at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topic this week is: Migrate to HTML5 section ids. [173] The meeting will be on 19 July at 21:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nPage Previews, currently a Beta Feature, will be enabled for logged-out users for all remaining Wikipedias (with the exception of English and German) the week of 24 July. An A/B test will be run on English Wikipedia to collect data before approaching the community for further discussion. [174]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.22:59, 17 July 2017 (UTC)Question about incategory search[edit]Hi Cpiral, I see you wrote the help pages on Searching/Features. I will ask here, but if this is not the right place, please let me know where to ask instead. Is there any syntax that can be used in connection with incategory:[name of category] search so that instead of the whole [name of category], ANY category that contains in its name TERM_A AND TERM_B AND TERM_C can be called? I am not good in terminology, and know only basic RegEx for text editing, so here is one example: suppose I want to find all comedies of director Scorsese. Now, there is a very clear category for all Scorsese films, BUT Category:Comedy films, or even Category:American comedy films, have been broken down to so many subcategories as to make any attempt of incategory search futile. However all the subcategories we need to search, do conatin the term \"comedy\", or to filter narrower, both \"American\" AND \"comedy\". It would be great if one could enter: incategor:Films directed by Scorsese with incategory: \"American\" AND \"comedy\" (or some regex syntax to this effect). It would save the day for many problems of categorization we face in WP Films (and not only) and maybe for the public too. Thank you for your attention. Hoverfish Talk 23:27, 17 July 2017 (UTC)[reply]H:S talk page. That's where the action should be. Also mw:help talk:cirrussearch.\nTo answer your Q, the search term you need is a namespace. Category is a wp:namespace. You manually enter the namespace you want to search (must be the first term), and append a colon : character to it. OTOH, incategory is a category-namespace-only, category, whole-title, search, (unlike intitle, which is a word search that only looks at titles' words.) You can automate this by setting your default \"search domain\" (i.e. namespace or namespaces) to \"category\".\nI'm glad you're interested. — Cpiral§Cpiral 19:03, 18 July 2017 (UTC)[reply]\nThank you very much, Cpiral. I posted for further clarification in H:S. Hoverfish Talk 23:19, 18 July 2017 (UTC)[reply]Tech News: 2017-30[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\n CSS in templates will be stored in a separate page in the future. This will make it easier to make templates look good on mobile devices. This now works on mediawiki.org and Wikitech. It will come to more wikis later. [175][176][177]\n .mw-ui-constructive modifier class is deprecated and has been removed. [178]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 July. It will be on all wikis from 27 July (calendar).\nIt will be possible to restrict who can send you notifications on a wiki. This new feature will accessible in your preferences, in the Notifications tab, on Wednesday, July 26. Please see the documentation. [179]\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 25 July at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the Wikimedia Foundation July 2017 Metrics & Activities Meeting. The meeting is about how Wikipedia and the Wikimedia movement are perceived and understood by the world. The meeting will be on 27 July at 19:00 (UTC). See the agenda and how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nNew Filters for Edit Review, at the moment available as a Beta feature, will be released by default for the Recent Changes in September.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.15:58, 24 July 2017 (UTC)Tech News: 2017-31[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nProblems\n\nSome pages show the error Lua error in mw.wikibase.entity.lua at line 34: The entity data must be a table obtained via mw.wikibase.getEntityObject. This problem happens on pages with a Lua module that uses Wikidata. The developers are working on fixing the problem. You can fix a page by opening it for editing and then saving without changing anything. [180]\nWikidata and German Wikipedia could not be edited for an hour on 28 July. You can read why and how we could avoid it in the future in the incident report.\nChanges later this week\n\nSome wikis already have the larger and brighter OOjs UI edit page buttons. All remaining wikis except Commons will have these from 1 August. [181]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 1 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 2 August. It will be on all wikis from 3 August (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 1 August at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nThe default font in the edit window will soon change for some users. Instead of using the browser default it will be monospace. Users can change this in their preferences. This should only change this for some users on Macs and iOS devices. [182]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.21:45, 31 July 2017 (UTC)Tech News: 2017-32[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nYou can now see which Wikipedia language versions are read in a specific country. This tool is called Wikipedia Views Visualized. [183]\n The Architecture Committee is now the Wikimedia Technical Committee. You can read the charter. [184]\nProblems\n\nYou can get an email when a page on your watchlist was edited. You can choose not to get emails for minor edits. There is a bug that means that you then don't get an email when someone does a normal edit after a minor edit. The developers are working on fixing this. Until it has been fixed you can activate \"Email me also for minor edits of pages and files\" at the bottom of \"User profile\" in your preferences if you want to. [185]\nThe thanks button sometimes didn't work for mobile users. This was because of a new bug and has now been fixed. [186]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 8 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 9 August. It will be on all wikis from 10 August (calendar).\nFuture changes\n\nEditors and readers who still use Internet Explorer 8 on Windows XP will not be able to use Wikipedia. Internet Explorer 8 on Windows XP can't connect securely to the wikis. When we allow them to do so it means that we get less security for everyone else. If you use Internet Explorer 8 on Windows XP you can install Firefox 52 ESR instead. Around 0.1% of the traffic to the Wikimedia wikis comes from Internet Explorer 8 on Windows XP. [187]\nLinks to sections on Wikipedia don't work well in languages that don't use the Latin script. The URL in the address bar in your browser shows Latin characters like .D0.A1.D1.81.D1.8B.D0.BB.D0.BA.D0.B8 instead of the section heading in the wiki's language. Links to sections in non-Latin scripts will be in the script of that wiki in the future. This will happen in the next few months. [188][189]\nWiki pages printed by the web browser \"Print\" function will have an updated style. This new style will be similar to the when you download a page as PDF. It will be better at showing tables, infoboxes and headings. [190][191]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.21:45, 7 August 2017 (UTC)Tech News: 2017-33[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nBureaucrats can now set users as confirmed. Previously only stewards could do this on most wikis. Nothing will change for wikis that have previously decided to let administrators set users as confirmed. [192]\nProblems\n\nThe symbols in the language list that show that an article is good or featured in that language doesn't work. Links to the Commons category in the sidebar doesn't work either. The developers are working on fixing it. [193][194]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 15 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 16 August. It will be on all wikis from 17 August (calendar).\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.23:29, 14 August 2017 (UTC)Tech News: 2017-34[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nYou can now test the new Timeless skin on the test wiki and mediawiki.org. You can turn it on in your preferences. You can report bugs in Phabricator. It will come to more wikis soon. [195][196]\nYour watchlist can now have the option to unwatch pages. You have to turn this on in your preferences. [197]\nIf a table has several columns you can often choose which column you want to use to sort the table. This has not worked for some columns for readers who have used Firefox or Safari. This has now been fixed. [198]\nThe RelatedArticles extension has shown related pages on Wikivoyages. You will now see the related pages at the end of the article together with an image. Previously the links were in the sidebar. Wikis that want this extension can request it on Phabricator.\nChanges later this week\n\nVideos will now be played in the WebM format in all browsers. Previously some browsers used Ogg Theora (.ogv). If you use Safari, Internet Explorer or Edge you may see slower playback speed at high resolutions. Instead we will get better quality and smaller file size. You can still upload video as Ogg files. They are automatically converted to WebM. This doesn't affect Ogg audio files. [199]\nThe default font in the edit window will change for some users this week. Instead of using the browser default, it will be monospace. Users can change this in their preferences. This should only change this for some users on Macs and iOS devices. [200]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 22 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 23 August. It will be on all wikis from 24 August (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 23 August at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 22 August at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.18:01, 21 August 2017 (UTC)Tech News: 2017-35[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nSyntax highlighting is now a beta feature on Wikimedia wikis with text written from left to right. It will come to right-to-left wikis later. This beta feature is based on CodeMirror. [201][202]\nYou will now get a notification when someone tries to log in to your account and fails. If they try from a device or IP address that have logged in to your account before you will be notified after five failed attempts. You can turn this off or choose to get an email notification in your preferences. You can also turn on to get an email when someone logs in to your account from a new device or IP address. [203]\nProblems\n\nSome pages show the error Lua error in mw.wikibase.entity.lua at line 34: The entity data must be a table obtained via mw.wikibase.getEntityObject. This problem happens on pages with a Lua module that use Wikidata. This has now been fixed and no new pages will get this problem. You still need to fix pages that were broken before and still show the error message. You can see how on this page. [204]\nChanges later this week\n\nYou can block users from sending you notifications. [205]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 29 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 30 August. It will be on all wikis from 31 August (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 29 August at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the next meeting with the Technical Committee. The topic this week is Migrate to HTML5 section ids. The meeting will be on 30 August at 21:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nIn the future you will have global preferences. This means you could set something in your preferences to work in the same way on all wikis. You will not be forced to use global preferences. The developers are now asking if editors need exceptions. This is where you want to use global settings on almost all wikis, but have some wikis where you want it to work in a different way. If you want this you need to tell the developers now. You can do so on the talk page. [206]\nNew filters for edit review is a beta feature to improve recent changes pages. It will work on watchlists from 5 September. [207]\n The jQuery library will be upgraded to version 3 in September 2017. Wikis can ask on Phabricator to get it early, so they can help find and solve problems now.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.22:10, 28 August 2017 (UTC)Tech News: 2017-36[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nTech News\n\nWe are asking Tech News readers five questions to make the newsletter better. You can answer the questions here. We are grateful for every reply we get.\nRecent changes\n\nThe RevisionSlider user interface has changed. You can now select revisions by clicking on the bars. You can move the blue knob past the yellow one and the yellow one will move along, and the other way around. [208][209]\nProblems\n\nSome users have problems loading very large watchlists. It is working better than earlier but the problem has not been solved. The developers are working on fixing it. Until it has been fixed you can turn on \"Expand watchlist to show all changes, not just the most recent\" in your preferences and see if it helps. [210]\nChanges later this week\n\nNew filters for edit review is a beta feature to improve recent changes pages. It will work on watchlists from 5 September. [211]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 September. It will be on all wikis from 7 September (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 5 September at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can see a presentation about and discuss the new Technical Committee on 5 September at 17:30 (UTC). There will be a presentation on YouTube and a discussion in #wikimedia-office on Freenode. You can use the web chat. [212]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.22:15, 4 September 2017 (UTC)Tech News: 2017-37[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nYou can get a notification when a page you created is connected to a Wikidata item. You can choose to get these notifications in your preferences. Some wikis already had this option. It is now available on all wikis. [213]\nThe Newsletter extension is now on mediawiki.org. The newsletter extension is for newsletters where you can subscribe by getting a notification when a new issue has been published. It will come to more wikis later. [214]\nThe Linter extension helps you find technical errors in articles. There is now a new high-priority category: tidy-whitespace-bug. This usually affects templates with horizontal lists. You can read more about using Linter and the Tidy whitespace bug. [215]\nProblems\n\nTech News 2017/36 reported about new filters for edit review coming to watchlists. This was planned to happen last week. It will happen next week instead. [216]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 September. It will be on all wikis from 14 September (calendar).\n OOjs UI will be updated. This could affect some icons. You can read more about the changes.\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 13 September at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 12 September at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nYou can't use OCG to create PDFs after 1 October. This is because of technical problems. You can use Electron instead. Most PDFs are already created with Electron. Electron will get missing features before 1 October. You can create books but they will not have all planned features until November or December. You can read more on mediawiki.org.\nNew filters for edit review are available now on recent changes as a beta feature. Some of those filters and other features will be deployed as default features in the coming weeks. Users will be able to opt out in their preferences. [217]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.19:16, 11 September 2017 (UTC)Tech News: 2017-38[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nYou can now see contributions from an IP range at Special:Contributions. Before you could only see contributions from single IP addresses. Some older contributions from IP ranges could be missing at first because it will take some time to add them. [218][219]\nFlow has been re-scoped to become Structured Discussions and the development has restarted. Phabricator projects and repositories have been renamed. [220]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 19 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 20 September. It will be on all wikis from 21 September (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 19 September at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 20 September at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nWe are replacing Tidy on Wikimedia wikis. Editors need to fix pages that could break. You can read the simplified instructions for editors. Some wikis have already switched. If your wiki would like to switch to the new format now, you can file a task.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.15:32, 18 September 2017 (UTC)Tech News: 2017-39[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nWikitext syntax highlighting is a beta feature on Wikimedia wikis with text written from left to right. This beta feature is based on CodeMirror. You can now search through the entire article with CTRL+F or cmd+F when you edit. Before it just searched through a part of the article. The developers are also fixing a couple of other bugs. [221][222]\nAdministrators on wikis that use Structured Discussions as a beta feature or by default can now create and move Structured Discussions boards. Structured Discussions was previously called Flow. [223]\nChanges later this week\n\nYou now get a notification when someone tries to log in to your account and fails. If they try from a device or IP address that have logged in to your account before you will be notified after five failed attempts. For security reasons you will soon get an email by default when someone tries to log in to your account and when someone logs in to your account from a new device or IP address. This can be turned off in your preferences. [224]\nUsers with extremely old browsers (for example Netscape 2–4, released from 1995–1997) which do not support Unicode will no longer be able to edit. They should try to install a new browser. [225]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 27 September. It will be on all wikis from 28 September. (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 27 September at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nThe Wikimedia Foundation Readers department has proposed changing the mobile website. You can read more on mediawiki.org. This would be a big change.\nYou can't use OCG to create PDFs after 1 October. This is because of technical problems. You can still create PDFs. Tech News 2017/37 said the function to create PDFs from books would still work. It is now clear it will not work for the next few months. The developers are working on fixing this. You can read more on mediawiki.org.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.16:00, 25 September 2017 (UTC)Nomination for deletion of Template:Intitle-inline[edit]Template:Intitle-inline has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Ten Pound Hammer • (What did I screw up now?) 00:36, 30 September 2017 (UTC)[reply]Tech News: 2017-40[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nYou can now use preload features in the visual editor. This means you can create links to create new pages and some text will already be in the edit window when someone clicks on it. [226]\nChanges later this week\n\nIf you have turned on \"Automatically enable most beta features\" you will now get the 2017 wikitext editor. Before this you had to turn it on manually even though it is a beta feature. [227]\nSpecial:Block and Special:Unblock will get the OOUI look. [228]\n The jQuery library will be upgraded to version 3 on all Wiktionary wikis from 2 October. It will be on all non-Wikipedia wikis from 4 October. It will be on all wikis from 5 October. [229]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 3 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 4 October. It will be on all wikis from 5 October (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 3 October at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 4 October at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nA new feature called Reading Lists are coming to the Wikipedia mobile apps. First it will be in the Android version. Reading Lists are a private user preference where you can see lists of articles on multiple devices. You can give feedback on this feature. [230]\nThe search function has used fallback languages for language analysis. This means a language could be analysed with the grammar of a completely unrelated language to find related words. This will be removed from most wikis the week starting with 9 October. You can read more and give feedback.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.23:25, 2 October 2017 (UTC)Tech News: 2017-41[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nThe number of active users listed by {{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}} and on Special:Statistics will now only include Wikidata edits as activity on Wikidata and not on other wikis too. [231]\nPreviously you could create wiki links starting with two colons. Now you need to use one colon. [[::File:X.jpg]] now has to be [[:File:X.jpg]]. There is now a new Linter category. You can see a list on Special:Linterrors/multi-colon-escape. The Linter extension helps you find technical errors in articles. You can read more about using Linter. [232]\nProblems\n\nYou will not be able to edit or upload files to Commons for around 30 minutes on 11 October. This will start at 06:00 UTC. This is because of work to let Commons show 3D models. [233]\nChanges later this week\n\nThe font in the edit window is monospace by default. Today you can change preferences to another font family or use \"the browser default\" instead of monospace. Switching to the browser default has only changed the font on Macs. The option to use browser default will be removed this week. [234]\nIf you want to print a page or make a PDF of a page you can do so in the side menu. The way the pages look when you do this will change. You can read more on mediawiki.org.\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 October. It will be on all wikis from 12 October (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 10 October at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 11 October at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.14:21, 9 October 2017 (UTC)Tech News: 2017-42[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nWhen you edit a template with the visual editor it follows the template's format configuration on how to save it. You can now change the format in more powerful ways if your wiki wants it. [235][236]\nThe TwoColConflict extension is a new way to solve edit conflicts. It makes it easier to copy and paste the relevant text to the text field. It has been a beta feature for the last five months. You can now try out the new interface on a page where you will actually get simulated edit conflicts. You can give feedback to the developers.\nProblems\n\nThere is a problem with recent changes pages and your watchlist that show a large number of pages. Until it is fixed, Wikidata edits will not be shown on recent changes or in your watchlist on Commons or Russian Wikipedia. If necessary, Wikidata edits will be removed from all wikis. [237]\nNotifications are not working for some actions. For example some users don't get a notification when they are mentioned. The developers are working on fixing this. [238]\nUsers on some wikis could not change their preferences. This has now been fixed. [239]\nChanges later this week\n\nEditors and readers who still use Internet Explorer 8 on Windows XP will not be able to use Wikipedia from 17 October. Internet Explorer 8 on Windows XP can't connect securely to the wikis. When we allow them to do so it means that we get less security for everyone else. If you use Internet Explorer 8 on Windows XP you can install Firefox 52 ESR instead. Around 0.1% of the traffic to the Wikimedia wikis comes from Internet Explorer 8 on Windows XP. [240]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 17 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 18 October. It will be on all wikis from 19 October (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 17 October at 19:00 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 18 October at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.15:31, 16 October 2017 (UTC)Tech News: 2017-43[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\n You can use ccnorm_contains_any when you create an abuse filter. This can be used to look for multiple words or phrases within a string. It will find words where some characters have been replaced. You can read more in the documentation. [241]\nChanges later this week\n\nWhen you search in some languages the search function could use specific other languages if the first language didn't work. This is called a fallback language. This didn't work properly and created bad searches. The search index is being fixed to work better. [242]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 24 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 25 October. It will be on all wikis from 26 October (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 24 October at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 25 October at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nThere is a Structured Commons community focus group for Commons and Wikidata contributors who want to give input on structured data on Wikimedia Commons. You can sign up to join it. [243]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.18:18, 23 October 2017 (UTC)Tech News: 2017-44[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nYou can now block users from emailing you through the Wikimedia wikis. [244]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 31 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 November. It will be on all wikis from 2 November (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 31 October at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 1 November at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.00:20, 31 October 2017 (UTC)Tech News: 2017-45[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nYou will no longer see the patrol log on Special:Log unless you specifically select it. [245]\nChanges later this week\n\nThe 2017 Community Wishlist Survey begins on 6 November. You can post proposals from 19:00 UTC and until November 19.\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 November. It will be on all wikis from 9 November (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 8 November at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nURLs that link to sections on Wikimedia wikis with non-Latin scripts have looked like this: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Википедия#.D0.98.D1.81.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.8F instead of https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Википедия#История. This will soon be fixed. Old links will still work. [246][247]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.18:45, 6 November 2017 (UTC)Tech News: 2017-46[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nChanges later this week\n\nThe diff you see when you compare two different versions of a page has changed on MediaWiki.org and the test wiki. This is to make it easier to find a text change in a moved paragraph. It will hopefully soon come to more wikis. You can report bugs in Phabricator. [248]\nA new user group on Commons will be able to upload MP3 files. The plan is to have this user group from 17 November. [249]\nWikis using Flagged Revisions will get the New filters for Edit Review by default on the recent changes pages. It will be possible to opt-out in user preferences. [250]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 November. It will be on all wikis from 16 November (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 15 November at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nSupport for uploading and viewing 3D models is coming soon to Wikimedia Commons. The feature will support the .STL file format. You can see an example on the test wiki. [251]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.19:19, 13 November 2017 (UTC)Tech News: 2017-47[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nIf you use the Chrome web browser on Android you can see a download icon on the mobile website. You can download a formatted PDF. It will work in other mobile browsers in the future. [252]\n The abuse filter now has a function called get_matches. You can use it to store matches from regular expressions – one of each capturing group. You can read more in Phabricator.\nProblems\n\nLast week's MediaWiki version didn't come to all Wikipedias because of a database crash. It will be on all wikis on 20 November. [253][254][255]\nChanges later this week\n\nThere is no new MediaWiki version this week.\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 21 November at 19:30 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 22 November at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nLanguage converter syntax will no longer work inside external links. Wikitext like http://-{zh-cn:foo.com; zh-hk:bar.com; zh-tw:baz.com}- must be replaced. You will have to write -{zh-cn: http://foo.com ; zh-hk: http://bar.com ; zh-tw:http://baz.com }- instead. This only affects languages with Language Converter enabled. Examples of such languages are Chinese and Serbian. This will happen next week. [256][257]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.19:19, 20 November 2017 (UTC)Tech News: 2017-48[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nYou can now test the new advanced search function beta feature on mediawiki.org. It makes it easier to use some of the special search functions that most editors don't know exist. It will come to German and Arabic Wikipedia this week. It will come to more wikis later. [258]\nYou can now upload large files with the Internet Archive upload tool. Previously you could not upload files larger than 100 MB. [259]\nYou can now use the Timeless skin on all wikis. You can choose skins in Special:Preferences#Appearance. [260]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 29 November. It will be on all wikis from 30 November (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 28 November at 19:30 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 29 November at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.20:30, 27 November 2017 (UTC)ArbCom 2017 election voter message[edit]Hello, Cpiral. Voting in the 2017 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23.59 on Sunday, 10 December. All users who registered an account before Saturday, 28 October 2017, made at least 150 mainspace edits before Wednesday, 1 November 2017 and are not currently blocked are eligible to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.\nThe Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.\nIf you wish to participate in the 2017 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 18:42, 3 December 2017 (UTC)[reply]Tech News: 2017-49[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nIt is now possible to upload MP3 files to Commons. Only users with MP3 file upload rights can upload MP3 files. [261]\nYou can now use live updates for recent changes if you use the new filters. This feature updates the filtered recent changes every three seconds when you activate it. [262]\nThere is an experimental onion service for Wikimedia projects. [263]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 December. It will be on all wikis from 7 December (calendar).\nVery old versions of the Opera Web browser are no longer supported. This means that technical development will not be tested to make sure it works with those Opera versions. Use Opera 15 or above or another browser if you have problems. [264]\n Almost 170 wikis with no high-priority errors in Linter categories will switch to use the Remex parsing library. This is to replace Tidy. A few larger wikis such as German and Italian Wikipedia will also make this switch. It will happen on 5 December. Other wikis will be recommended to switch soon when they have fixed the errors that must be fixed. Tidy will be removed in the middle of 2018. [265][266]\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 5 December at 19:30 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 6 December at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nThe 2017 Community Wishlist Survey will decide what the Community Tech team will work on next year. You can vote for wishes on the survey page until 10 December. You can see what has happened to last year's wishes on the 2016 results page.\nThe Community Liaisons team at the Wikimedia Foundation is looking for active tech ambassadors. This is to make sure the Wikimedia communities get all the information they need about new features and can be involved in the technical development. [267]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.17:51, 4 December 2017 (UTC)Tech News: 2017-50[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nURLs that link to sections on Wikimedia wikis with non-Latin scripts have looked like this: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Википедия#.D0.98.D1.81.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.8F instead of https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Википедия#История. This has now been fixed on all wikis. Old links will still work. [268]\nA new tag marks edits where a redirect was created or removed. This still works when the editor writes something else in the edit summary. You can see the tags for example in the recent changes feed, article history, user contributions or on your watchlist. [269]\nIf you use Chrome on Android, you can now use the print to PDF button to create a PDF of an article. [270]\nFilter by number of edits or filter by time range have been grouped on a same menu on the recent changes page if you use the new filters. The \"View new changes since $1\" link is now more prominent. [271]\nSome of the web fonts that were provided by the Universal Language Selector extension are being removed. This is to reduce the load time on pages. The web fonts were added many years ago to help users read text in scripts which did not have fonts or had broken fonts. This is not the case any more. You can check the status page for a list of all web fonts and whether they are currently being used and especially for special requirements. [272]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 December. It will be on all wikis from 14 December (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 12 December at 19:30 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 13 December at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nYou can discuss new or improved blocking tools with the Wikimedia Foundation Anti-Harassment Tools team. They will work on building better blocking tools. Leave comments on the talk page.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.17:58, 11 December 2017 (UTC)Tech News: 2017-51[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nTech News\n\nBecause of the holidays the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 8 January 2018.\nProblems\n\nWhen you import a page from another wiki the usernames of the users who edited the article on the wiki you imported it from are shown in the article history. This should link to the users on the original wiki. A script to fix this caused problems for Wikidata and German Wikipedia. It also created a large number of SUL accounts on wikis where editors had never edited. [273]\nSome bot owners got email about their bots logging in from a new computer. If this is from one or a couple of wikis, you can turn these messages off in your preferences on those wikis until the problem has been solved. If not, you can report more about the problem in Phabricator.\nChanges later this week\n\nThere is no new MediaWiki version this week. There will be no new MediaWiki version next week either.\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 19 December at 19:30 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nFiles on Commons will have structured metadata in the future. The developers are now looking for examples of different kinds of metadata to make sure they are aware of them when they build prototypes for structured data on Commons. You can read more and help by giving examples of interesting media files.\nThe Structured Commons team are making sure Commons work with structured data. If you regularly contribute to Commons and Wikidata you can answer a survey that helps the team prioritise the tools that are important for the Commons and Wikidata communities. The survey ends on 22 December. You can read more on Commons. You can also help the team decide on better names for \"captions\" and \"descriptions\". This ends on 3 January 2018.\nThe 2017 Community Wishlist Survey has now ended. You can see the results. They decide what the Community Tech team will work on next year.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.15:27, 18 December 2017 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-02[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nOn Wikidata, the \"save\" button when you edit is now called \"publish\". This means all Wikimedia wikis have now changed from \"Save page\" to \"Publish changes\". This is to help new editors understand what it does. [274][275]\nSome edits will get an automatic tag on all wikis. This will happen when making a page a redirect, blanking a page, removing almost all content, undoing an edit, or rolling back an edit. You can see the tags for example in the recent changes feed, article history, user contributions or on your watchlist. Some wikis had already marked edits like these in other ways. [276]\nSpecial:UnusedFiles shows files that have been uploaded but are not used. It will show a file that is not used on the wiki it has been uploaded to, even if the file is used on another wiki. The new Special:GloballyUnusedFiles page on Commons only shows files that are not used on any wiki. [277]\nStructured discussions now uses the 2017 wikitext editor instead of its old custom one. This will work with your preference for wikitext or visual editor. The documentation has been updated. [278][279]\nProblems\n\nOlder versions of the Chrome web browser on mobile devices may see the PDF download button, but it does not work. The developers are looking into the problem. [280]\nWith the new filters in the recent changes, \"Exclude selected\" in \"Namespaces\" did not work for \"Saved filters\" between 13 December and 2 January. When you loaded the saved filter all other namespaces were excluded instead. This has now been fixed. If you made any changes to your saved filters between 13 December and 2 January, you need to save your filters with excluded namespaces again. [281]\nThe latest version of Google Chrome broke how section links are shown in the address bar. You now see #R%C3%A9sum%C3%A9 instead of #Résumé even if MediaWiki did not encode it that way. This happened in early December. This problem has been solved. The fix will be in Chrome 64 (23 January) or Chrome 65 (6 March). [282]\n Some POST requests to the API took longer than usual in parts of December. This affected the Wikidata UI and some gadgets the most. It has now been fixed. [283]\nChanges later this week\n\nWikidata will be moved to its own database servers. This is because it is growing and needs more resources. Because of this you will be able to read but not edit Wikidata and the German Wikipedia between 06:00 and 06:30 UTC on 9 January. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. This includes editing the language links on other wikis. [284]\nThe font size in the editing window will change slightly for some users. It will now look the same on all browsers and operating systems. [285][286]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 January. It will be on all wikis from 11 January (calendar).\n WikiEditor's ResourceLoader modules have been simplified to one: ext.wikiEditor. All the other modules are now deprecated aliases and should be removed. [287]\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 9 January at 19:30 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 10 January at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.16:19, 8 January 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-3[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nBureaucrats on Wikimedia wikis where the Translate extension is installed can now add and remove the translation administrator permission by default. Administrators of wikis where this extension is enabled can add and remove this permission to or from themselves. Wikis that used a different configuration before have not changed. [288]\n There is a new Discourse test support channel for Wikimedia developers. You can ask questions or answer others questions about MediaWiki and Wikimedia software development. [289]\nProblems\n\nLast week's MediaWiki update was rolled back. This was because of a bug that changed non-ASCII characters when a page was edited. [290][291]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 January. It will be on all wikis from 18 January (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 16 January at 19:30 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 17 January at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\n A few hundred wikis with less than ten high-priority errors in Linter categories will switch to use the Remex parsing library. This is to replace Tidy. It will happen on 31 January. Other wikis will be recommended to switch soon when they have fixed the errors that must be fixed. Tidy will be removed in the middle of 2018. [292][293]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.18:45, 15 January 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-04[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nFilters on Special:RecentChangesLinked will get the new look similar to on the recent changes page. Special:RecentChangesLinked will also get some new features. [294][295]\nProblems\n\nWith the new OOUI look menus and popups can open upwards instead of downwards. This was meant to make long dropdown menus easier to use. Sometimes these menus have been overlapped by other things. This is now fixed. [296]\nChanges later this week\n\nThere is no new MediaWiki version this week.\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 24 January at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nirc.wikimedia.org will be rebooted on 22 February. Some bots use this to get the recent changes feed. They need to be able to reconnect automatically or they will not work until they have been fixed. Most bots can reconnect automatically. [297]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.23:56, 22 January 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-05[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nChanges later this week\n\nThere is no new MediaWiki version this week.\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 31 January at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\n The Wikimedia Foundation is working on how to get less unmaintained code on Wikimedia wikis. This could be by finding maintainers or removing unmaintained features. They are now looking for feedback on what do do with AbuseFilter, the IRC RecentChanges feed, the RelatedSites extension and TimedMediaHandler. You can leave feedback on the linked talk pages. [298]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.17:07, 29 January 2018 (UTC)Speedy deletion nomination of COMINT (disambiguation)[edit]A tag has been placed on COMINT (disambiguation) requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G6 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is an orphaned disambiguation page which eitherdisambiguates only one extant Wikipedia page and whose title ends in \"(disambiguation)\" (i.e., there is a primary topic); or\ndisambiguates no (zero) extant Wikipedia pages, regardless of its title.Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such pages may be deleted at any time. Please see the disambiguation page guidelines for more information.If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled \"Contest this speedy deletion\". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. feminist (talk) 05:11, 1 February 2018 (UTC)[reply]Tech News: 2018-06[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nBureaucrats can now add and remove the accountcreator permission by default. This means the user can help create a large number of accounts, for example for an editathon. Wikis can change this if they want to. [299]\nThe Wikidata vandalism dashboard is a new tool to monitor vandalism on Wikidata labels and descriptions. It is filtered by language. [300]\nInfo pages for file pages now show the file's SHA1 hash value in the table of basic information. This is so users can see that the file is the same as the one they uploaded. [301]\nProblems\n\nSpecial:Export has a higher error rate right now. This means that the export does not always work. You should check to make sure your page exports worked. The developers are working on fixing this. [302]\nChanges later this week\n\nWhen you review an edit made with the visual editor you can check a visual diff of your changes besides the wikitext diff. If you pick one diff type it will remember and show you that in future. The visual diff will now be the type first shown to new users. [303]\nWhen you use a gallery to show images you can define the size, like gallery widths=\"150px\". You could use em or % instead of px but it would make no difference. You can now only use 150px or nothing (150). If you write something else, instead of treating it like px, it will not work. [304]\nThe wording when you send a thanks message will change. Instead of Yes or No it will say Thank and Cancel. It will also be easier to understand that all thanks are public. [305]\nRedirects connected to Wikidata can create double Wikidata items. There will now be a tracking category for this. Wikis that don't want it can disable it. [306]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 February. It will be on all wikis from 8 February (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 6 February at 19:30 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 7 February at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nThe Education Program extension will be removed on 30 June. It is replaced by the Programs and Events Dashboard. [307][308]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.20:51, 5 February 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-07[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nTemplateStyles has been deployed to the Swedish Wikipedia. TemplateStyles is a feature to make it easy to add CSS to templates without administrator privileges. This allows for better adaptability to screen sizes, especially on mobile where are half our total page views. If your community would like to be the next to have the feature, please submit a task on Phabricator. [309][310][311]\nRegistration pages now collect keyboard/mouse usage information for research on identifying spambots.\nChanges later this week\n\nYou can opt in to a new beta feature that lets you use visual diffs on history pages. [312]\nThe visual editor shows and lets you edit templates in one way, and reference lists in another. This meant that templates that only contain a fake reference list, like {{reflist}}, would not get updated as you edited. Now they will update as you edit, but you will no longer be able to visually edit them as templates. [313]\nThe abuse filter extension has a new feature contains_all that you may use to check if one or more strings are all contained in another given string. [314]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 13 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 14 February. It will be on all wikis from 15 February (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 13 February at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 14 February at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nThe settings page and beta options for the mobile website are being improved. [315]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.21:59, 12 February 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-08[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nThe explanation of the abbreviations on the recent changes page could overlap with the list of changes. This has been fixed. [316][317]\nYou can now see statistics for pageviews per wiki per country. You can see this on maps or in a table. [318]\nProblems\n\nLinter is reporting estimated counts instead of actual counts for some wikis. This is because of performance problems. You might notice a false higher number in linter counts for some categories. This will be fixed as soon as the performance problem has been fixed. [319]\nLast week the way that Visual Editor displays references lists was changed. As a result, the references generated by specific templates like {{sfn}} are not visible in the references list whilst editing. [320][321]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 20 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 21 February. It will be on all wikis from 22 February (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 20 February at 19:30 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 21 February at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nThe way edit summaries and log comments are stored in the database is being changed. In the future this will make longer comments possible. [322]\nEdit conflicts could be solved in a different way in the future. You can test a new prototype.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.22:55, 19 February 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-09[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nCheckusers and stewards can now view private data such as the IP address in the abuse log. This data is removed regularly. [323]\nProblems\n\nLast week's MediaWiki version was rolled back because of a bug. [324][325]\nSince the deployment train last week until late evening on 20 February UTC, when you thanked someone for an edit, the thank went to the latest unthanked edit to that page. It didn't matter which edit you tried to give thanks for. This has been fixed. [326]\nSpecial:Statistics did not take newly created pages into account since 13 February 2018. Because of this the statistics are recreated. [327][328][329]\nChanges later this week\n\nUsers with version 10 of the Internet Explorer browser will no longer get JavaScript on Wikimedia wikis. If you use this browser on your computer, you can try upgrading to a newer version. [330]\n The Wikinews wikis will switch to use the Remex parsing library. This is to replace Tidy. It will happen on 27 February. Other wikis will be recommended to switch soon when they have fixed the errors that must be fixed. Tidy will be removed in the middle of 2018. [331][332]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 27 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 28 February. It will be on all wikis from 1 March (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 27 February at 19:30 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 28 February at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.19:52, 26 February 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-10[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nYou can now make longer edit summaries. [333]\nChanges later this week\n\nYou can notify users in edit summaries. They will get a ping just as if they had been mentioned on a wiki page. [334]\nOn Special:AbuseLog you can now choose to list only actions that actually made an edit. Other actions are when the filter warned the editor or blocked the edit from being made. There are also more search options. [335][336]\n Wikis can enable Citoid to provide automatic reference look-up in the visual editor and the 2017 wikitext editor, but it is complex. The tool will now warn in the JavaScript console if the configuration isn't correct. Soon Citoid will disable itself if the configuration isn't correct. Check that your wiki is configured correctly. You can ask for help if you need it. [337]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 March. It will be on all wikis from 8 March (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 6 March at 19:30 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 7 March at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nIn the future you will be able to use global preferences. This means you could change a preference for all wikis instead of having to change it every time for each wiki. You can now test global preferences and give feedback.\nYou can now read about planned works on maps during 2018. This will be done by June. You can give feedback on the planned maps work.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.17:12, 5 March 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-11[edit]keepLatest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\n3D models can now be uploaded to Commons. [338]\nPage Previews has been updated to use HTML for previews. This has fixed many issues. An A/B test was done on English and German Wikipedia to measure how it is used. Other changes were also made. [339]\nSome edits have to be checked against too many conditions before they can trigger an abuse filter. If that is the reason no filter is triggered the edit will be tagged for review. [340]\nAuto-saving has been added to the visual editor and the 2017 wikitext editor. Right now it is meant to help if your browser crashes or if you accidentally close a tab. [341]\nProblems\n\nThe abuse filter did not tag all edits that should have been tagged after last week's MediaWiki version had come to the wikis. It was fixed on 9 March (UTC). [342]\nChanges later this week\n\nYou can notify users in edit summaries. They will get a ping just as if they had been mentioned on a wiki page. This was originally planned to happen last week. [343]\nIt is now possible to specify the block parameters for each filter in Special:AbuseFilter. The parameters include block duration and if the user should be blocked from editing their own talk page. The block duration is separate for anonymous and registered users. [344][345]\n A hundred Wikimedia wikis will switch to use the Remex parsing library. This is to replace Tidy. It will happen on 13 and 14 March. Other wikis will be recommended to switch soon when they have fixed the errors that must be fixed. Tidy will be removed in the middle of 2018. [346][347][348]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 13 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 14 March. It will be on all wikis from 15 March (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 13 March at 19:30 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 14 March at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.19:44, 12 March 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-12[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nProblems\n\nOn March 12 early morning UTC, the number of 503 error messages increased due to an issue on esams datacenter. It has been fixed. [349]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 20 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 21 March. It will be on all wikis from 22 March (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n There is no Editing team meeting this week.\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 21 March at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nFrom April 4, the autopatrol status of edits will only be accessible in the Recent Changes database table, so only for 30 days. [350][351]\nIn-Context Help and Onboarding is a new project, aiming to improve retention of new wiki editors. The goal is to give them short tutorials and other training experiences based on their activity. Collaboration team is expecting feedback and comments on the project talk page, especially from people working with newcomers.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.15:03, 19 March 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-13[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nChanges later this week\n\nSome of the interface icons and text sizes will change slightly, as part of the updates for improved accessibility and consistency. These icons are used in many features, including Notifications, Recent Changes, Beta Features, Visual Editor, 2017 Wikitext Editor, Code Editor, and others. While editor toolbars, dialogs, and menus will appear slightly bigger; elements on special pages will be slightly smaller. Functionality will not change. [352] [353]\n The deprecated #toc and #toctitle CSS ids have been removed. If your wiki was still using these for fake Tables of Content (ToC) then these might lose their styling. They can be replaced with .toc and .toctitle classes where appropriate. [354]\nTemplateStyles will be deployed to the Wikivoyages on 28 March 2018. [355]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 27 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 28 March. It will be on all wikis from 29 March (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 27 March at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be one hour earlier than usual on 28 March at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nFrom 9 April, the sort order of categories will be distorted for a short time. We are upgrading versions of an internationalisation library (ICU) and using a maintenance script to update existing database entries. This will last anywhere from a few hours to a few days, depending on wiki size. Read more details. [356]\nChanges are coming to search for Serbian projects. Cyrillic and Latin variants of a word and different grammatical forms of a word will be able to find each other. Read more on MediaWiki in Serbian or English.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.20:04, 26 March 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-14[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nTemplate Wizard script available for testing. It will show up as a puzzle-piece icon in the 2010 WikiEditor. You can click on the icon to insert a template.\n The Wikimedia Communities and Contributors survey is to be sent to participants around the world this week. If you are volunteer developer, and have contributed code to any pieces of MediaWiki, gadgets, or tools, please take 20 to 40 minutes to complete the survey.\nProblems\n\nMediaWiki deployment train has been rolled back to version 1.31.0-wmf.26 on week 13, due to a multiplication of lost connections during MySQL queries. Some of the recent changes may have not been applied. They will be deployed next week. [357][358][359]\nThe Notifications badge icons were overlapping other links. This has been fixed. [360]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 3 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 4 April. It will be on all wikis from 5 April (calendar).\n User subpages ending in .json will now be protected from other people editing them, like .js and .css pages already are. If you have a tool that stores static configuration, you can now use a subpage like User:Example/mygadget.json to do this without concerns. [361]\n Tidy will be replaced by RemexHtml on the next set of wikis. On April 4, we plan to turn off Tidy on all Wikiquotes (except frwikiquote) and Wikimedia chapters and user groups wikis. 23 wikis will have Tidy replaced this time. [362][363][364]\n AbuseFilter will transition to use OOUI starting April 4, and the rule editor will also be changed to a CodeEditor (ACE) similar to what is found on user JavaScript pages. The move to OOUI will continue over the next few weeks. [365] [366]\nIn Special:Preferences, the preference \"Reload the watchlist automatically whenever a filter is changed (JavaScript required)\" is now only visible for users who have opt-out the New Filters for the Watchlist. [367]\nYou can see names of individual abuse filters in Special:AbuseLog. Now if the name of an abuse filter contains some wikisyntax like links, it will not change to a link when displayed. [368]\nYou can now search through filter patterns at Special:AbuseFilter. You may specify either a plain string or a regular expression and the matching filters will show a snippet of their pattern with the match highlighted. [369]\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 3 April at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 4 April at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nIf you're using, creating or improving Lua modules, you can give your feedback to help harmonizing the modules across wikis and add more useful functions.\n On April 11th, we plan to turn off Tidy on all wikis with less than 50 entries in all high priority linter categories. About 60 wikis will have Tidy replaced. Currently about 600 wikis have had Tidy replaced and we have another 300 wikis to go. We plan to finish this transition from Tidy to RemexHtml by end of June 2018. Please follow T175706 to monitor progress of Tidy replacement. [370][371]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.19:28, 2 April 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-15[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nSome pages have templates that describe problems with that article. There is now more information for mobile readers and what is wrong with the article and how they could help fix it. [372]\nYou can now thank users for many more actions than edits to a page. This was one of the top ten requests in the Wishlist Survey last year. [373]\nThe sort order of categories will have errors for a short time starting Monday 9 April (UTC). We are upgrading versions of an internationalisation library (ICU) and using a script to update the database. This will take between a few hours and a few days depending on wiki size. You can read more details. [374]\nTag filter titles will now work better on wikis where the tag filter title is in a language that is written in another direction than the language of that wiki. This could for example be an English title (written from left to right) on a Hebrew or an Arabic wiki (written from right to left). [375]\nProblems\n\nThe bookmark icon for saved filters on the recent changes page disappeared because of new icon changes. This has now been fixed. [376]\nFor a week in March rollbacks got both the rollback and the undo tag on the recent changes page and other pages where you see tags. This has now been fixed. [377]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 April. It will be on all wikis from 12 April (calendar).\nPatrolled edits now have three states instead of two. Recent changes filters are updated to show unpatrolled, autopatrolled and manually patrolled edits. [378]\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 10 April at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 11 April at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nThe iOS and Android apps will get synced reading lists later in April.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.18:08, 9 April 2018 (UTC)I've built a new tool...[edit]...in case you are interested.It's called SearchSuite.I hope you find it useful. — The Transhumanist 23:59, 11 April 2018 (UTC)[reply]Tech News: 2018-16[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nChanges later this week\n\nProfiling statistics for an abuse filter tell how often edits match the filter. The statistics for the abuse filters were reset after 10000 actions. Wikis can now decide to reset it more or less often. They can file a phabricator task to do so. [379]\n Abuse filters will now treat integers and floats more precisely. For example, 5/2 was rounded down to 2 but will now be 2.5 and 2*4 will be the integer 8 and not the floating-point number 8.0. Division values are the only ones changed. For the rest only strict comparisons (=== and !==) will be affected leaving the values unchanged. [380][381]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 17 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 18 April. It will be on all wikis from 19 April (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 17 April at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 18 April at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nThe new PDF renderer could not create PDFs from books. Books are in this case collections of pages on a Wikimedia wiki. PediaPress will take over development of the books-to-PDF function. [382]\n Pywikibot will no longer support Python 2.7.2 and 2.7.3. [383]\n Volunteer developers can fill out the Wikimedia Communities and Contributors survey. The last day is April 22 (UTC). This is a third-party service survey. See the privacy statement.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.15:20, 16 April 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-17[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nAll Wikipedias now have Page Previews.\nThe iOS and Android apps now have synced reading lists. This means you can save articles to a private list that can be seen on your other devices if you use the apps.\nThe icons in the 2010 wikitext editor have changed. [384]\nThe visual editor and the 2017 wikitext ask you to write an edit summary after you press Publish. This button now also shows an ellipsis. This is to show that pressing Publish is not the last step. [385]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 24 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 25 April. It will be on all wikis from 26 April (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 24 April at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 25 April at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\n<mapframe> will come to most Wikipedias in May. This means that you can put interactive maps in the articles. Nine Wikipedias that use a strict version of flagged revisions will not get this feature in May. [386]\nThe rollback function could change. This was a German community request. All editors with rollback rights can leave feedback on the proposed solution. The last day to leave feedback is 4 May (UTC).\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.18:16, 23 April 2018 (UTC)Speedy deletion declined: Tumbleweed (software)[edit]Hello Cpiral. I am just letting you know that I declined the speedy deletion of Tumbleweed (software), a page you tagged for speedy deletion, because of the following concern: Not a valid criterion — redirects as a result of page moves aren't valid unless recently created and implausible. Try WP:RFD for deletion. Thank you. ~ Amory (u • t • c) 10:22, 24 April 2018 (UTC)[reply]Tech News: 2018-18[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nThe parameter for unpatrolled edits in recent changes filters changed name. You might need to update saved filters and links. [387]\nProblems\n\n We are migrating wikis from Tidy to Remex. Because of a bug the 250 wikis which do not yet use Remex were switched on 23 April. This is two months early. This meant that pages with broken wikitext showed wrongly to readers. The bug was undone the next day. You can help fix broken wikitext to avoid this problem when your wiki switches. Tidy will be removed on all wikis before July 2018. You can follow the process on Phabricator. [388]\nChanges later this week\n\nYou will be able use CodeMirror in the 2017 wikitext editor on all wikis. CodeMirror helps with syntax highlighting. It has previously been a beta feature and only available on wikis with scripts that are written from left to right. [389]\nWhen an administrator blocks someone they will have a calendar they can use to choose when the block ends. This is to make it easier to pick a specific date. [390]\n You can soon turn on the Performance Inspector in the Editing section in your preferences. It shows information about the performance of pages. This could be the size of modules in the page, how many CSS selectors are defined on the page and how many are used, or the size of the images on the page. This tool is intended to help editors fix pages that load slowly. [391]\n There is a new abuse filter function called equals_to_any. You can use it to check if its first argument is equal (===) to any of the following ones. For example you can use it to check if the page's namespace is amongst a given set of values in a more compact way than you could earlier. You can read more on mediawiki.org.\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 1 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 2 May. It will be on all wikis from 3 May (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 1 May at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 2 May at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nThe Wikimedia Cloud Services team is working on a new project called Toolhub. The goal is to make it easier for Wikimedians to discover software tools they can use. You can leave feedback on the talk page or email jharewikimedia.org to leave private feedback.\n All wikis with fewer than 100 high-priority linter errors in all namespaces will switch to use the Remex parsing library. This is to replace Tidy. It will happen on 2 May. Other wikis will be recommended to switch soon when they have fixed the errors that must be fixed. Wikibooks wikis with fewer than 100 high-priority linter errors in the main namespace will switch on 9 May. Tidy will be removed on all wikis before July 2018. [392][393][394]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.16:18, 30 April 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-19[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nThe Wikimedia Commons mobile app has a new version. It is now easier to find nearby places that need pictures. It helps you with direct uploads and title and category suggestions. The app only works on Android phones. [395]\nProblems\n\n The abuse filters had a problem with blocks where you had changed how long they last. It used the default length everywhere. This was in late April. Abuse filter users should make sure the right block length is used and change them if needed. This is only for filters where how long blocks last had been changed. [396]\nChanges later this week\n\nThe advanced search function beta feature will be on all Wikimedia wikis. It makes it easier to use some of the special search functions that most editors don't know exist. [397]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 8 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 9 May. It will be on all wikis from 10 May (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 8 May at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 9 May at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\n All wikis with fewer than 100 high-priority linter errors in the main namespace will switch to use the Remex parsing library. This is to replace Tidy. It will happen on 16 May. Other wikis will switch soon when they have fixed the errors that must be fixed. Tidy will be removed on all wikis before July 2018. [398][399]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.16:28, 7 May 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-20[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nDynamic maps are now available on most Wikipedias. Labels on maps can also be in different languages.\nThe new Advanced Search interface is now available as a Beta Feature on all wikis. This makes it easier to learn about and to use many of the powerful options in our search. Feedback is appreciated. [400]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 15 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 16 May. It will be on all wikis from 17 May (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 16 May at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nIn the mobile view, warnings for when something is wrong with a page are not as clear as they should be. The developers are working on this. You can give feedback and suggestions.\nThe developers are working on making the Wikipedia Android app available in more languages. You can give feedback, suggestions and help test it. Read more on mediawiki.org [401]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.22:23, 14 May 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-21[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 22 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 23 May. It will be on all wikis from 24 May (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 23 May at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nIt could become easier to reference different pages of a book in an article. You can give feedback. The last day for feedback is 27 May.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.17:34, 21 May 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-22[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nYou can now use global preferences on most wikis. This means you can set preferences for all wikis at the same time. Before this you had to change them on each individual wiki. Global preferences will come to the Wikipedias later this week. [402][403]\nIt is now easier for blocked mobile users to see why they were blocked. [404]\nWikidata now supports lexicographical data. This helps describe words.\nThere is now a checkbox on Special:ListUsers to let you see only users in temporary user groups. [405]\nSome rare invisible Unicode characters have recently been banned from page titles. This includes soft hyphens (U+00AD) and left-to-right (U+2066) and right-to-left (U+2067) isolate markers. Existing pages with these characters will soon be moved by a script. [406]\n There's a new Wikimedia Foundation team to support the Wikimedia technical communities. It's called the Technical Engagement team. Most of the team members did similar work in other teams before this. [407]\nProblems\n\nSome translatable pages are showing old translations instead of latest ones. The cause of this issue has been fixed. We will update all pages automatically to show the latest translations. [408]\nChanges later this week\n\nThere will be a new special page named PasswordPolicies. This page gives information about the password rules for each user group on that wiki. [409]\nA new way to see moved paragraphs in diffs is coming to most wikis. This is to make it easier to find the moved paragraphs and the changes in them. [410]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 29 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 30 May. It will be on all wikis from 31 May (calendar).\n Wikis can enable Citoid to provide automatic reference look-up in the visual editor and the 2017 wikitext editor. This is complex. The tool will now disable itself if the configuration isn't correct. It has warned about this in the JavaScript console since February. Check that your wiki is configured correctly. You can ask for help if you need it. [411]\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 29 May at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 30 May at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nContent Translation drafts which have not been updated in over a year will be removed. This allows other users to translate those articles. [412]\nA survey is collecting information on what users think about how Wikimedia wiki pages are loaded. This information could be used in future development. [413]\n Some wikis will switch to use the Remex parsing library. This is to replace Tidy. It will happen on 30 May and 13 June. Wikis with fewer than 100 linter issues in the main namespace in all high-priority linter categories will switch. This includes Wikidata. Tidy will probably be removed on all wikis in the first week of July. [414][415]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.12:40, 29 May 2018 (UTC)I noticed an unanswered question of yours from way back...[edit]See below...","title":"User talk:Cpiral"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cpiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Cpiral"},{"link_name":"Cpiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"X201","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:X201"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:X201"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Cpiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Cpiral"},{"link_name":"Cpiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Chris the 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for.I want to edit every page on a MediaWiki search results page. Can AWB do that? If not, can it accept a list of titles I generate from such a search results page? And if so, will it auto-edit every page (after I press yes on a Show Changes screen)?Sounds like AWB can only perform its own searches from a required database dump. Is that right? If so can its search engine compete with the new CirrusSearch regular expressions of the wikitext?Finally, does AWB have any in-class competitors (AWB script? WikEd?) that can do these robo-edits from a list like AWB can somehow do, but perhaps without the database dump or IE? I'm not complaining, really, keep up the fine work. Thanks. — CpiralCpiral 06:34, 26 June 2015 (UTC)[reply]You can copy and paste lists in to AWB's page list, you can also load a file the contains the list of articles. AWB can create a list from a database dump or by directly querying Wikipedia.- X201 (talk) 07:57, 26 June 2015 (UTC)[reply]\nSounds hopeful. — CpiralCpiral 18:15, 27 June 2015 (UTC)[reply]Are you actually searching for pages on the MediaWiki.org web site, or are you searching for pages on wikipedia.org? If you gave us the URL of a sample search, we could do a better job of helping you. Chris the speller yack 02:26, 27 June 2015 (UTC)[reply]\ninsource:\"ul a\" prefix:user:c — CpiralCpiral 18:15, 27 June 2015 (UTC)[reply]\n@Cpiral: I give up. I tried using this in AWB as \"Wikisearch (text)\" after unchecking the menu item under \"List\" that says \"Remove non-main space\" and adjusting the article filter to allow \"User:\" namespace. No pages are found by AWB. I'm not totally surprised, as AWB's interface to CirrusSearch is a little weird. Have you tried using a forward slash (/) to surround the insource argument instead of double quotes? I didn't know that double quotes would work for that. Good luck! Chris the speller yack 02:48, 29 June 2015 (UTC)[reply]\nI'm up to speed on using mw:Help:CirrusSearch, but I'm just starting to understand what AWB is. Like toolserver stuff, it shells the database directly? I don't know what internal APIs MediaWiki provides AWB or toolserver, if any, so I can't deYtermine AWB's abilities. It would seem that AWB javaScript, would wrap the usual MediaWiki user interfaces passing edits to the edit box and searches to the search engine. — CpiralCpiral 05:19, 29 June 2015 (UTC)[reply]\nYes, you're ahead of me on using CirrusSearch. I had forgotten that \"insource\" comes in two flavors. Good luck! Chris the speller yack 13:24, 29 June 2015 (UTC)[reply]@Cpiral: You may also want to look at WPCleaner. Happy editing! GoingBatty (talk) 13:07, 27 June 2015 (UTC)[reply]\nThank you. — CpiralCpiral 18:15, 27 June 2015 (UTC)[reply]SearchSuite can help. It can show search results as page names only, one per line. It also can sort the result. And applicable to using AWB on the results, it can add wikiformatting for links, which makes the whole list ready to copy/paste into a wiki-editor.So, to do what you wanted above, you'd install the SearchSuite script, do your search, click the menu items to the format desired, and copy/paste the results to a sandbox. Then use the \"Links on page\" feature of AWB's list maker to input the list from the sandbox into AWB.I hope that helps. — The Transhumanist 21:21, 3 June 2018 (UTC)[reply]You are most helpful. I'm now using$( function() {\n\t'use strict';\n\tif ( mw.config.get( 'wgCanonicalSpecialPageName' ) === 'Search' ) {\n\t\t$( '.mw-search-result-heading a' ).each( function() {\n\t\t\t$( this ).after( '<span class=\"searchedit\"> [<a href=\"' + $( this ).attr( 'href' ) + '?action=edit\">edit</a>]</span>' );\n\t\t} );\n\t}\n\n} );to provide each search result with an edit link. — Cpiral§Cpiral 00:03, 6 June 2018 (UTC)[reply]Tech News: 2018-23[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nThe MonoBook skin has been optimised for mobile devices. It now looks different. [416]\nPlanet Wikimedia collects blogs about Wikimedia. It will now use the Rawdog feed aggregator to do this instead of Planet. [417][418]\nRedirect links in Special:WhatLinksHere now link to the original page and not the target page. This was done earlier and changed the used messages on some pages. This was a problem for wikis that customized the message. A new change fixed this by using the old messages with one more parameter for customization. Wikis that already changed their customized messages will have to move the customization back again. [419]\nProblems\n\nYou will not be able to edit some wikis between 06:00 and 06:30 UTC on 13 June. You can see if your wiki is one of them.\nMassMessage did not work 24–28 May. This is also why last week's Tech News was late. [420]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 June. It will be on all wikis from 7 June (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 5 June at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 6 June at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nThe new filters for edit review tools and interface for watchlists will leave beta. This is planned to happen in June or early July. [421][422]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.21:54, 4 June 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-24[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nIn the Wikipedia app for Android or iOS users can create reading lists. The reading lists can be seen on different devices if you are logged in to your account. There is now a browser extension so you can add pages to your reading list from a web browser. At the moment it works with Firefox and Chrome. [423]\n There is a new version of Pywikibot. Pywikibot is a tool to automate tasks on MediaWiki wikis. [424]\nProblems\n\nThe MonoBook skin was changed to make it work better for mobile users. This caused some problems. The change was rolled back to fix them. The new version is now back on the wikis. MonoBook users can opt out from the new responsive design. [425]\nChanges later this week\n\nThe new filters for edit review tools and interface for watchlists will leave beta. For most wikis this will happen on 18 June. For the rest it will happen on 25 June. [426][427]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 June. It will be on all wikis from 14 June (calendar).\nMeetings\n\nYou can join the Readers Web team IRC office hour. There you can discuss tools to contribute on the mobile web for the existing MediaWiki skins. The meeting will be on 18 June at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 12 June at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 13 June at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nYou will be able to move local wiki files to Commons and keep their original data intact. This is planned to come to the first wikis in June.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.21:55, 11 June 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-25[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nSyntax highlighting has been a beta feature on Wikimedia wikis with text written from left to right. It is now a normal feature. It is based on CodeMirror. [428]\nChanges later this week\n\nThere is no new MediaWiki version this week.\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 19 June at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 20 June at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nSome old web browsers will not be able to read the Wikimedia wikis. This is because they use an insecure way to connect to them. This means that we get less security for everyone else too. This affects about 0.08% of all traffic to the Wikimedia wikis. This affects for example those who read Wikipedia on a PlayStation 3. [429][430]\nThe new filters for edit review tools and interface for watchlists will leave beta. Because there is no new MediaWiki version this week it will happen on 25 June for most wikis. For the rest it will happen in early July. [431][432]\n All wikis that have not already done so will switch to use the Remex parsing library on 5 July. This is to replace Tidy. You can help fix remaining errors. [433]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.21:47, 18 June 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-26[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\n PAWS, our JupyterHub system, got an upgrade and a logo. Several bugs should be fixed.\nProblems\n\nWhen a link text was in italics or had other formatting you could sometimes not edit it in the visual editor. This has now been fixed. [434][435]\nChanges later this week\n\nContent translation users who translate between any two of Arabic, English, French, Japanese and Russian will be asked to be part of a research project. This is to create better tools for translating articles. [436]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 27 June. It will be on all wikis from 28 June (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 26 June at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 27 June at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.23:10, 25 June 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-27[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nThe database for tags will be changed. This will happen on 2 July on French Wikipedia and 9 July on all other wikis. Please report if recent changes get slower or you can't save edits. This could especially affect editors who use the database on ToolForge. [437]\nProblems\n\nLast week's MediaWiki update was rolled back. This was because of a database problem. [438]\nChanges later this week\n\nThere is no new MediaWiki version this week.\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 3 July at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 4 July at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.00:46, 3 July 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-28[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nWebM video files have smaller file size but still be of the same quality. Creating WebM files will take longer time. [439]\nThe new filters for edit review tools and interface for watchlists will leave beta. This was supposed to already have happened but was delayed. For most wikis this will happen on 9 July. For the rest it will happen on 16 July. [440]\n All wikis now use the Remex parsing library instead of Tidy. This could cause errors. You can help fix the errors. [441]\nProblems\n\nWhen you rolled back an edit it could get both the Rollback and Undo tags. This has been fixed. [442]\nRollbacks from autopatrolled users were not marked as patrolled. This has been fixed. [443]\nChanges later this week\n\nWhen you edit a link in the visual editor there will be two separate buttons to change which page the link goes to (target) or its text (label). [444][445]\nOn the mobile version you can find a link to an editor's contributions from their user page. Now this will work even if they haven't created a user page. [446]\nWhen you edit a discussion on the mobile version you sometimes get your signature automatically added. This will now not happen if you have already added a signature manually. This is to avoid double signatures. [447]\nStructured discussions toolbars will have more style options. [448]\n When you look at Wikimedia code in Gerrit there will be a new interface. It is on by default for new users. This is also true for developers. This is to make it easier to understand what is happening. [449]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 July. It will be on all wikis from 12 July (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 10 July at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 11 July at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nToday all administrators can edit CSS and JavaScript for the entire wiki. There will be a new user group for editing CSS and JavaScript. Administrators will no longer automatically be able to do this. This is because it is a security risk when all administrator accounts can edit JavaScript even if they never plan to or do not know how it works. You can read more. [450]\nPage previews will be on by default for new accounts. [451]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.23:09, 9 July 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-29[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nYou can now use global preferences on Wikimedia wikis. You can set them on the global preferences page. [452]\nYou can now see a new log of pages being created at Special:Log/create. It includes pages which are later deleted. It is now available on all Wikimedia wikis except Commons and Wikidata. [453]\nYou can see how many pageviews a wiki had from specific countries. The Wikistats2 maps have now been updated. [454]\nChanges later this week\n\nYour watchlist will show changes from the last seven days instead of three. If you have already set a length preference it will not change. [455]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from July 17. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from July 18. It will be on all wikis from July 19 (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on July 17 at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on July 18 at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nSome articles have messages to readers about problems with the article. For example that it does not cite sources or might not be neutral. Readers do not see these messages on the mobile version. The developers now want to show them. You can read more and leave feedback.\nYou can use <inputbox> to create search boxes for specific pages. For example to search the archives of a community discussion page. Instead of prefix:Page name you will see a text that explains which pages are being searched. You can read more and leave feedback.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.16:00, 16 July 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-30[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nWhen you log in to your account you can choose to keep being logged in. This checkbox now works better than before on the mobile version for users without JavaScript. [456]\nWikis that use Citoid can automatically generate citations for Swedish news sites. This only works in the visual editor. This now works for Swedish public service radio. More will come. Others could use this to add news sites in other languages in the future. [457]\nEditors can do max 90 edits per minute. This is new since last month. This does not affect bots or administrators. [458]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 24 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 25 July. It will be on all wikis from 26 July (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 25 July at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.09:44, 24 July 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-31[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nThe design on Special:Log has changed. It will change again soon. Developers are working on fixing problems. [459]\nProblems\n\nDeployment of 1.32.0-wmf.13 has been partially delayed. All deployments have been resumed and successfully done after bug fixes. [460][461]\nDeployment of 1.32.0-wmf.14 has been partially delayed. [462][463]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 31 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 August. It will be on all wikis from 2 August (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 31 July at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 1 August at 15:00 (UTC) as well as at 23:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nAfter a community discussion, a new group for users will be created. \"Interface administrators\" will be the only users allowed to edit interface pages like MediaWiki:Common.css or MediaWiki:Common.js. This is done to avoid technical issues and improve security. That change will be effective by the end of August 2018.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.14:05, 30 July 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-32[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nSpecial:NewPages now has the OOUI look. [464]\nProblems\n\nThe MediaWiki version that was released two weeks ago was late to some Wikimedia wikis. This was because of bugs. It was on all wikis 30 July. [465][466]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 August. It will be on all wikis from 9 August.\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 7 August at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 8 August at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.19:39, 6 August 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-33[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\n CSS in templates can now be stored in a separate page on all wikis. This is called TemplateStyles. This is to make it easier to edit how templates look. [467]\nChanges later this week\n\nThere is no new MediaWiki version this week.\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 14 August at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 15 August at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nThe developers are planning more ways to block users. This could be blocking someone from just a page or a namespace. You can read more. You can leave feedback on the talk page. [468]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.17:53, 13 August 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-34[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available. \nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 August. It will be on all wikis from 23 August (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 22 August at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nThe 2018 Community Wishlist Survey begins on 29 October. The survey decides what the Community Tech team will work on. You can post proposals from 29 October to 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 16 November to 30 November.\n Legacy JavaScript global variables have been deprecated for seven years. They will soon be removed from all wikis. Gadgets and scripts that use them will stop working. You can test your community's gadgets on \"group0\" wikis. For example Test Wikipedia or mediawiki.org. The legacy JavaScript global variables are already disabled there. You can read the migration guide to fix old scripts. [469]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.16:46, 20 August 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-35[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nYou can now see moved paragraphs in diffs in the mobile view. It also works on all languages in the desktop view. [470]\nBureaucrats on all Wikimedia wikis can now remove the interface admin user right. [471]\nProblems\n\nSome diffs show lines in the wrong order. The developers are working on fixing it. [472]\nChanges later this week\n\nThe message you see when you thank a user will change. This is to make it easier to understand. [473]\nAWB will stop adding using AWB in the edit summary. Instead it will add a tag that says AWB. [474]\n Some abuse filter variables have changed. They are now easier to understand for non-experts. The old variables will still work but filter editors are encouraged to replace them with the new ones. You can find the list of changed variables on mediawiki.org. They have a note which says Deprecated. Use ... instead. An example is article_text which is now page_title. [475]\n Abuse filters can now use how old a page is. The variable is page_age. [476]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 29 August. It will be on all wikis from 30 August (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 28 August at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 29 August at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nBecause of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for up to an hour on 12 September and 10 October. This will start at 14:00 (UTC). You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. The time when you can't edit might be shorter than an hour. You can read more about this.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.16:16, 27 August 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-36[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nThere is a new user right for users who can edit CSS and JavaScript for the entire wiki. Before this all admins could edit CSS and JavaScript. This was a security risk. This group is called interface administrators. Administrators can delete user CSS and JavaScript pages. [477][478]\nThere will be an A/B test on the Wikipedia mobile website. It starts this week. It tests how we show templates that show information about an article. The test will last two weeks. [479][480]\nYou can now use different CSS rules for different skins when you edit templates. This is because of TemplateStyles. [481]\nwp10 in ORES is now called articlequality. [482]\nWhen you get a new message on your talk page you get a yellow message in the toolbar. The preference to show or not show this has been removed. [483]\nProblems\n\nUploadWizard had problems with campaigns. Users could not upload files. This has now been fixed. [484]\nYou can get a notification when a link is made to a page you created. This has not worked since June. It was fixed last week. [485]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 4 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 5 September. It will be on all wikis from 6 September (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 5 September at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nThe Wikimedia Foundation Readers department will work on advanced mobile editing. You can read more about this and other things they plan to work on over the next year. You can also see the presentation.\nThe RelatedSites extension will be removed from Wikivoyage.\n Unused projects on the Wikimedia Cloud virtual private server will be removed. This will happen in October. Projects can be marked if they are being used. [486]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.16:47, 3 September 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-37[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nWhen you added or edited a template with the visual editor the input boxes were very big. This has been fixed. The input boxes will now be smaller until you click on them. Then they will change size to fit the text. [487]\nProblems\n\nSome diffs showed lines in the wrong order. This was fixed last week. [488]\nMarking a cross-wiki notification as read didn't work every time. The other wiki was not updated. This has now been fixed. [489]\n<maplink> did not work for a few days. This was because of a bug. This has now been fixed. [490]\n{{subst:REVISIONUSER}} is used by some templates. For a period edits saved with {{subst:REVISIONUSER}} would save the previous user's name and not your username. This is now fixed. Edits made before the bug was fixed will still be wrong and need to be corrected. [491]\nWhen you move a page the title still shows the old page name. The developers are working on fixing this. [492]\nChanges later this week\n\nBecause of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for up to an hour on 12 September and 10 October. This will start at 14:00 (UTC). You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. The time when you can't edit might be shorter than an hour. You can read more about this.\nBecause of the data centre test there will be no new version of MediaWiki this week. Changes for this week will come next week instead.\nMeetings\n\n You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on 11 Septmber at 18:30 (UTC). See how to join.\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 12 September at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nThe developers work on making the wikis work better on mobile phones. There is a list of common problems when making content easier to read in the mobile view. You can add things to the page and ask others to help.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.22:35, 10 September 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-38[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nThe Wikimedia Commons mobile app has a new version. Images uploaded using Nearby are now automatically added to the associated Wikidata item. You can browse other images on Commons. You can see your achievements and your upload statistics. It has also fixed some bugs. [493]\n MediaWiki web requests now have a time limit of 60 seconds for GET requests and 200 seconds for POST requests. [494]\nProblems\n\nYou could not see the menu on the notifications page on the mobile version. This has now been fixed. [495]\nChanges later this week\n\nSpecial:AncientPages can hide disambiguation pages. [496]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 September. It will be on all wikis from 20 September (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 19 September at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nThe developers are testing new mobile web navigation. You can use it and give feedback.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.21:58, 17 September 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-39[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nChanges later this week\n\nThe preferences form will change to use the standard look. If you see any problems please report them on Phabricator. [497]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 September. It will be on all wikis from 27 September (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 26 September at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.15:22, 24 September 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-40[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nOrdinary pages can no longer be loaded as javascript. You could do this using ?action=raw&ctype=text/javascript in the URL. Only fully protected pages in the MediaWiki: namespace or user javascript subpages can be loaded as javascript now. This is for better security. [498][499]\nProblems\n\nNew and updated translations from translatewiki.net will not reach the wikis for a while. You can still translate messages on translatewiki.net. The Wikimedia wikis will be updated with the new translations later. This is because of work on the translation system. [500][501]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 2 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 3 October. It will be on all wikis from 4 October (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 3 October at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nYou can join the meeting with the Wikimedia Foundation Search Platform team. The meeting will be on 3 October at 15:00 UTC. See how to join if you want to know how the search function works or have questions.\nFuture changes\n\nBecause of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for up to an hour on 10 October. This will start at 14:00 (UTC). You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. The time when you can't edit might be shorter than an hour. You can read more about this.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.17:34, 1 October 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-41[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nThe Education Program extension was removed from all Wikimedia projects. You can use the Programs and Events Dashboard or the Fountain instead. [502]\nProblems\n\nThere was a problem when you copied and pasted from a table with the visual editor. It could add href where it shouldn't be. This has now been fixed. [503]\nChanges later this week\n\nBecause of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for up to an hour on 10 October. This will start at 14:00 (UTC). You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. The time when you can't edit might be shorter than an hour. You can read more about this.\nBecause of the data centre test there will be no new version of MediaWiki this week. Changes for this week will come next week instead.\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 10 October at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.23:38, 8 October 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-42[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nProblems\n\nSome pages, edits and users disappeared for a short while after the server switch. Missing content and users was fixed within a day. Some preferences and other things might take a few more days to fix. [504]\nWikis are updated with new and updated translations from translatewiki.net again. This will happen once a week. The developers are working on fixing the problem so we can have translation updates more often again. [505]\nChanges later this week\n\nWhen you create an abuse filter that prevents edits you can now write a specific error message for it. Before this all abuse filters that prevented edits had the same error message. [506]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 October. It will be on all wikis from 18 October (calendar).\nMeetings\n\nThere will be no more meetings with the Editing team. This is because not enough Wikimedians were interested. To tell developers which bugs you think are the most important you can use Phabricator as normal. [507]\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 17 October at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.22:40, 15 October 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-43[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 23 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 24 October. It will be on all wikis from 25 October (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 24 October at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nThe Community Wishlist Survey begins on 29 October. The survey decides what the Community Tech team will work on. You can post proposals from 29 October to 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 16 November to 30 November.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.23:11, 22 October 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-44[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nYou can post proposals for the Community Wishlist Survey. The survey decides what the Community Tech team will work on. You can post proposals until 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 16 November to 30 November.\n The wikis now have a content security policy report. This means that you might get a warning in your javascript console when you load external resources in your user scripts. For security reasons it is recommended that you don't do this. It might not be possible to load external resources in your scripts in the future. [508]\nProblems\n\nYour watchlist can show which changes you have already seen. This did not work for a few days. It has been fixed. [509]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 31 October. It will be on all wikis from 1 November (calendar).\nThe 2006 wikitext editor is no longer available. It will be removed from Special:Preferences. It has not been the standard editor for a long time. It was replaced by the 2010 wikitext editor. [510][511]\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 31 October at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.20:08, 29 October 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-45[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nYou can now use TemplateWizard to edit templates. This works only with the 2010 wikitext editor and not in the visual editor or the 2017 wikitext editor. If you click on you can enter the information in a pop-up. You can turn on TemplateWizard in your beta feature preferences. [512]\nChanges later this week\n\nYou can choose to see edit conflicts in a two-column view. This is a beta feature. You can find it in your preferences. The interface for the two-column edit conflict will change. You can read more.\nWhen you edit with the visual editor you can use the \"Automatic\" citation tab. This helps you generate citations. You will now be able to write plain text citations or the title of a journal article or a book in this tab. This will search the Crossref and WorldCat databases and add the top result. [513]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 November. It will be on all wikis from 8 November (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 7 November at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.17:28, 5 November 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-46[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nSome old mobile browsers can use the watchlist again. This has not worked for a while. These browsers are called grade C browsers. This helps for example Windows Phone 8.1 with Internet Explorer and Lumia 535 with Windows 10. [514]\nProblems\n\nYou can choose to see edit conflicts in a two-column view. This is a beta feature. You can find it in your preferences. Users who use this view saw the edit conflict resolution page when they wanted to see a preview. This has been fixed. [515][516][517]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 13 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 14 November. It will be on all wikis from 15 November (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 14 November at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nYou can use the content translation tool to translate articles. The developers are working on a new version. One of the changes will be a maintenance category. Articles where users add a lot of text from machine translation without changing it will be in that category. This is so the community can review it. The users will also have been warned before they publish the article that it has a lot of unchanged text from machine translations. [518]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.19:21, 12 November 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-47[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nYou can vote on proposals in the Community Wishlist Survey. The survey decides what the Community Tech team will work on. You can vote until 30 November.\n There is an A/B test for sameAs data. This is to make it easier to find the right information with a search engine. This changes the metadata for a wiki page. It doesn't change how the page looks. [519]\nChanges later this week\n\nThere is no new MediaWiki version this week.\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 21 November at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nThe Wikimedia wikis use templates to show readers there are problems with the content on some pages. For example if there are no sources or the page needs to be rewritten. The mobile website will soon show more information when you use these templates. Some templates may need to be updated. [520]\nThe Education Program extension was removed from all Wikimedia projects. The database tables used by the extension will be archived. This will happen in a month. If you want the information on your wiki you should move it to a normal wiki page. [521]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.23:28, 19 November 2018 (UTC)ArbCom 2018 election voter message[edit]Hello, Cpiral. Voting in the 2018 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23.59 on Sunday, 3 December. All users who registered an account before Sunday, 28 October 2018, made at least 150 mainspace edits before Thursday, 1 November 2018 and are not currently blocked are eligible to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.\nThe Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.\nIf you wish to participate in the 2018 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 18:42, 19 November 2018 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2018 election voter message[edit]Hello, Cpiral. Voting in the 2018 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23.59 on Sunday, 3 December. All users who registered an account before Sunday, 28 October 2018, made at least 150 mainspace edits before Thursday, 1 November 2018 and are not currently blocked are eligible to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.\nThe Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.\nIf you wish to participate in the 2018 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 18:42, 19 November 2018 (UTC)[reply]Tech News: 2018-48[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nOn wikis with translatable pages you could create a mess when you moved a page that had translatable subpages. A subpage is when you use / to create a new page: /wiki/Page/Subpage. The subpages would be moved but not the translations. The subpages are no longer automatically be moved. This is to make it safer to move pages. [522]\nChanges later this week\n\nThe advanced search interface will be available by default on all Wikimedia wikis. It makes it easier to use some of the special search functions that most editors don't know exist. It's already active on German, Farsi, Arabic and Hungarian Wikipedia. [523]\nSpecial:UnusedCategories show empty categories with no files or other categories. You can soon choose to not show soft redirect categories or some maintenance categories there. You can do this with the magic word __EXPECTUNUSEDCATEGORY__. [524]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 27 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 28 November. It will be on all wikis from 29 November (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 28 November at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\n The mw.util.jsMessage() function was deprecated in 2012. It will be removed next week. Look for the warning Use of \"mw.util.jsMessage\" is deprecated in the JavaScript console to know if you use an affected script or gadget. If you are a gadget maintainer you should check if your JavaScript code contains mw.util.jsMessage. There is a migration guide. It explains how to use mw.notify instead. [525]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.22:22, 26 November 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-49[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nAdmins will not be able to unblock themselves if they are blocked by someone other than themselves. This is because it can cause damage if someone else takes over an admin account and other admins can't block them. If this is a problem for your community you can report it on Phabricator. You can also ask questions on Meta. There is a discussion on Phabricator about how to solve this if two admins fight with each other on a small wiki. [526]\nSmall SVG images are now bigger when you see them in MediaViewer. [527]\nYou can go to a section from the edit summary by clicking on the section name. Before this you had to click on the arrow. [528]\nWhen you jumped to a footnote that was referenced several times in an article it could be difficult to see where you were in the text. Now there are jump marks and highlights to help you find your way back. [529][530]\nChanges later this week\n\nThere is no new MediaWiki version this week.\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 5 December at 16:00 (UTC) and at 23:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.16:12, 3 December 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2018-50[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 11 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 12 December. It will be on all wikis from 13 December (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 12 December at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nNew accounts will need passwords that are at least 8 characters long. Admins, interface admins, bureaucrats, oversighters, CentralNotice admins, global renamers, check users, stewards and some other user groups will need passwords that are at least 10 characters long. This is because an attacker could cause damage to the wikis if they took over these accounts. [531][532]\nWhen you hover over a footnote it will show you the reference as a pop-up. This is so you don't have to jump down to the bottom of the page to see a reference. This will happen in 2019. Some wikis already have gadgets that do this. You will be able to turn it off. [533]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.17:33, 10 December 2018 (UTC)My Sandbox[edit]Someone deleted my sandbox just as I was editing it. Can you please help me get this reversed?Farnell, please try asking one of the two system administrators who have just recently posted on your talk page. Review your entire talk page so you are prepared to answer specific questions with supportive answers. Learn how to use your talk pages today, how to sign your communicating to create the all-important user and timestamp links that makes it all easier. Then address this sad issue with them.\n\nThis is one of those opportunities to learn things about Wikipedia. If you love it, you will endure somehow. Don't feel bad. I've lost tons of stuff in one way or another. It goes with the territory. Happy editing! — Cpiral§Cpiral 20:19, 11 December 2018 (UTC)[reply]Tech News: 2018-51[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nTech News\n\nBecause of the holidays the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 7 January 2019.\nRecent changes\n\nSome templates that show notices about the content of the page will now be shown on the mobile website. In many cases they were hidden before. [534][535]\nAdmins can no longer unblock themselves, except for self-blocks. A blocked admin can block the user who blocked them but no one else. This is so no one can block all admins on a wiki without being stopped. [536]\n The ParserMigration extension has been removed. It compared the result of two versions of the MediaWiki wikitext parsing pipeline. It was used when we moved to the Remex parsing library instead of Tidy.\nProblems\n\n<ref> tags can use parameters such as \"name\" or \"group\". For example <ref name=\"adams\" group=\"books\">. If a <ref> tag has more than two parameters all parameters are ignored. You don't get a warning that they don't work. This will soon be fixed. [537]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 December. It will be on all wikis from 20 December (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 19 December at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nThe Wikimedia Foundation Android app team are working on making it easier to edit on mobile phones. You can read more about these plans. If you have an Android phone and speak at least two languages you can help testing in English. Tell Dchen (WMF) you want to be part of the testing by writing on her talk page or email her.\n tiles.wmflabs.org and wma.wmflabs.org will stop working. They have no maintainers and run an old operating system. Tools which use it could stop working. This includes the mapnik gadget, hill shading, and hike and bike layers. New maintainers could help out and keep it going. [538]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.20:34, 17 December 2018 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-02[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nTech News writers, editors and translators wish you a pleasant 2019 year.\nRecent changes\n\nRelatedSites extension has been undeployed. It was used to create interwiki links on Wikivoyage, now handled by Wikidata. [539]\n MediaWiki logstash logging is moving to a new infrastructure. This is an ongoing deployment. [540]\n codesearch.wmflabs.org has been updated, with new and updated repositories and a new search options for code. [541]\n On several wikis, an account named \"Edit filter\" has been created on December 17 to perform some technical maintenance on AbuseFilter. This account has sysop rights but it's a system user and no human can use it. The account already existed on wikis where AbuseFilter can perform blocks, which are issued using this account. See T212268 for more information and future plans.\nProblems\n\n In AbuseFilter, the \"Throttle\" action takes three parameters: count, period and groups. They must now strictly respect the requirements listed on mediawiki.org. A list of broken filters is on Phabricator. If you're familiar with AbuseFilter, please take a look and fix them. [542]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from January 8. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from January 9. It will be on all wikis from January 10 (calendar).\nMeetings\n\nSearch Platform Office Hours is rescheduled to January 9. Check the details for time and date.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.18:29, 7 January 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-03[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nYou can now use Google Translate in the content translation tool. [543][544]\nYou can now add captions to files on Commons. Captions are short descriptions of the file. They can be translated to all languages we use. They can't use wikitext markup.\nEarlier a quoted HTML attribute had to be followed by a space. Now it doesn't. This means that some pages could look different when you save them even if you didn't edit that part of the text. [545][546]\n Templates with <templatestyles> could not show the difference between the live template and the sandbox version when they were tested. This has now been fixed. <templatestyles> has a new wrapper parameter now. You can use it for selectors like .mw-parser-output <wrapper parameter value> <selector from CSS page>. [547]\nProblems\n\nWhen you see an edit in the recent changes feed or in the history of a page some of them have tags. Some tags are added automatically. You can also add tags manually. Tags for edits that have been added manually can be edited. This didn't work for a little while. This has now been fixed. [548]\nChanges later this week\n\nYou can move files from your wiki to Wikimedia Commons and keep the file history with the new FileExporter. It will be a beta feature on all wikis from 16 January. If you want to test it you activate it and check your wiki's configuration file.\nUsers who could cause more damage to the wikis if someone took over their account have to have more secure passwords. This includes administrators and other user groups. They can't use passwords that are in a list of common passwords. Accounts with common passwords are easy to take over. The list of common passwords was made longer a few weeks ago and has a different error message. Some user groups have been added to those who can't use common passwords. This is to protect all accounts with user rights that could cause damage. [549]\n The AbuseFilter variable minor_edit has been removed. It was deprecated in 2016. Now you can't use it. You can fix the filters using it. You can find them if you use the search bar on Special:AbuseFilter.\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from January 1517:54, 14 January 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-04[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nTech News\n\nSome people did not get last week's issue of Tech News. This was because of a problem with MassMessage. If you did not get last week's issue, you can read it on Meta. [550]\nRecent changes\n\nThe content translation tool can now use version 2 as the default version for users who turned on the beta feature. For example it adds the tracking category Pages with unreviewed translations to translations that might have used machine translations without fixing the problems. This is so others can find them. You can find this category in Special:TrackingCategories on Wikipedias.\nhttps://mediawiki2latex-large.wmflabs.org can now convert collects of up to 800 pages to PDF, EPUB or ODT. Previously this was 200 pages.\nProblems\n\nWhen a template was edited with the visual editor, it would sometimes put all information on one line. This makes it difficult to read for editors who use the wikitext editor. It also makes it more difficult to see what happened in a diff. This problem affected edits made between 8 and 17 January and is now fixed. [551]\nMassMessage is used to post a message to many pages. It has not been working reliably. Some messages have not been posted to everyone. [552][553]\nBecause of a database problem that had to be fixed immediately you could not edit most wikis for a couple of minutes on 17 January (UTC). This has now been fixed. [554]\nChanges later this week\n\nYou will be able to use template styles in the Module namespace. [555]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 22 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 23 January. It will be on all wikis from 24 January (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 23 January at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.20:34, 21 January 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-05[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nThe Wikimedia servers use HHVM to run the PHP code. They are going to use PHP7 and stop using HHVM. You can test PHP7 with a new beta feature. That way you can help find and report problems.\nProblems\n\nWhen someone moves a page to a name that already exists that page that had the name the article is moved to is deleted. For a couple of months this didn't always work. Some users saw an error message instead. This has now been fixed. [556]\nChanges later this week\n\nThere is no new MediaWiki version this week.\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 30 January at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.18:15, 28 January 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-06[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nChanges later this week\n\nIt was easy to untick a box by accident in Special:Preferences. This will now be fixed. [557]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 February. It will be on all wikis from 7 February (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 6 February at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.17:12, 4 February 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-07[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nYou can use the ambox CSS class to show page issues to mobile readers. When you use ambox there are classes you can use.\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 February. It will be on all wikis from 14 February (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 13 February at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.18:45, 11 February 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-08[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nWhen you thank someone on the mobile web you will now have two seconds to cancel the thank. This is in case you clicked on the thank button by accident. [558]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 19 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 20 February. It will be on all wikis from 21 February (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 20 February at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nThere is a proposal to add a red link to mobile search results if there is no page with that name. This is how it works on desktop. You can leave feedback. [559]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.23:13, 18 February 2019 (UTC)Talk to us about talking[edit]The Wikimedia Foundation is planning a global consultation about communication. The goal is to bring Wikimedians and wiki-minded people together to improve tools for communication.\nWe want all contributors to be able to talk to each other on the wikis, whatever their experience, their skills or their devices.\nWe are looking for input from as many different parts of the Wikimedia community as possible. It will come from multiple projects, in multiple languages, and with multiple perspectives.\nWe are currently planning the consultation. We need your help.\nWe need volunteers to help talk to their communities or user groups.\nYou can help by hosting a discussion at your wiki. Here's what to do: \n\nFirst, sign up your group here.\nNext, create a page (or a section on a Village pump, or an e-mail thread – whatever is natural for your group) to collect information from other people in your group. This is not a vote or decision-making discussion: we are just collecting feedback.\nThen ask people what they think about communication processes. We want to hear stories and other information about how people communicate with each other on and off wiki. Please consider asking these five questions:\nWhen you want to discuss a topic with your community, what tools work for you, and what problems block you?\nWhat about talk pages works for newcomers, and what blocks them?\nWhat do others struggle with in your community about talk pages?\nWhat do you wish you could do on talk pages, but can't due to the technical limitations?\nWhat are the important aspects of a \"wiki discussion\"?\nFinally, please go to Talk pages consultation 2019 on Mediawiki.org and report what you learned from your group. Please include links if the discussion is available to the public.\nYou can also help build the list of the many different ways people talk to each other.\nNot all groups active on wikis or around wikis use the same way to discuss things: it can happen on wiki, on social networks, through external tools... Tell us how your group communicates.\nYou can read more about the overall process on mediawiki.org. If you have questions or ideas, you can leave feedback about the consultation process in the language you prefer.\nThank you! We're looking forward to talking with you.Trizek (WMF) 15:08, 21 February 2019 (UTC)[reply]Tech News: 2019-09[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available. \nRecent changes\n\nThere is a new version of the iOS Wikipedia app. It has for example syntax highlighting and new toolbars to make it easier to write wikitext. It also has night mode, a find-on-page function and other things. You can give feedback and suggestions. [560]\nChanges later this week\n\nWhen you look at your watchlist or the recent changes page you can use the new filters for edit review. There you can choose tags to filter different edits. Empty tags will no longer be shown. [561]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 27 February. It will be on all wikis from 28 February (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 27 February at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nThe Wikipedia app for Android will invite users to add Wikidata descriptions to Wikidata objects that have Wikipedia articles but no Wikidata descriptions. It will only invite users who have added a number of Wikidata descriptions in the app without being reverted. This is to avoid spam and bad edits. You can read more and leave feedback.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.21:16, 25 February 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-10[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 March. It will be on all wikis from 7 March (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 6 March at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nYou can give feedback on the future of talk pages.\nThe mobile website will use the standard fonts on your computer or phone instead of a generic font. This will make it easier to read text in many scripts. [562][563]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.16:38, 4 March 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-11[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nPages can use geocoordinates from Wikidata with the mw.wikibase.entity:formatStatements Lua function or the #statements parser function. If they do, they will now be shown using a Kartographer <maplink> if the wiki can use Kartographer. You can report bugs or ask questions on Phabricator.\nThere is now an EventStream to see when links are added or removed on Wikimedia wikis. You can read the discussions and plans.\nProblems\n\nSome wikis will not be able to edit for a short period of time on 19 March (UTC). This will start at 15:00 UTC. It will last up to 15 minutes but probably shorter. You can see the list of affected wikis. This is because of network maintenance. You can still read the wikis.\nEditors who use Firefox to edit with the visual editor had a problem with copying text. When they tried to select text that included footnotes, templates or block images in the middle they would often only get part of the text. This has now been fixed. [564]\nSome maps didn't work for a while on 8 March. This has been fixed. [565][566]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 March. It will be on all wikis from 14 March (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 13 March at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.19:29, 11 March 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-12[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nChanges later this week\n\nWhen you use rollback you will be able to get a confirmation prompt on most wikis. It asks you if you wanted to do the rollback. This is to avoid misclicks. You will have to opt in to get it. On German Wikipedia it will be an opt-out feature from 28 March. [567][568]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 19 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 20 March. It will be on all wikis from 21 March (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 20 March at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nAdmins will be able to block someone from editing a page or a namespace. This already works on a few Wikimedia wikis. You can read more. If your wiki wants to be an early tester of this, you can tell the developers. [569]\n Toolforge will shut down the Ubuntu Trusty job grid. This will happen the week of 25 March. Tools that use this grid needs to be moved to the new Debian Stretch job grid. If they haven't, they will be taken offline. Maintainers can restart the tools later. Users may not be able to use them in the meanwhile. You can see a list of affected tools.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.19:43, 18 March 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-13[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nThe new version of the content translation tool will be used for all new translations. The older version will still be used for translations that were started with it. Most users won’t see any change. More than 80% of the published translations are already using the new version. [570]\nProblems\n\nThere was a problem with editing with Safari on iOS. When you wrote an edit summary you couldn't save the edit. This has now been fixed. [571]\nThe editing toolbar sometimes disappears when you scroll on iOS devices. This will be fixed soon. [572]\nWikis can over-ride interface messages on-wiki. A problem meant that sometimes an old versions of any changed messages were shown instead. This included the sitenotice and other important parts of the interface. This was fixed at around 2019-03-22 16:00 (UTC). Logged-out users may still get the wrong message. Purging the page should fix it for them. [573]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 27 March. It will be on all wikis from 28 March (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 27 March at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.18:04, 25 March 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-14[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available. \nChanges later this week\n\nNotifications tell you about things that happen on the wiki. You can turn on notifications about new links to pages you created. For performance reasons you can no longer get e-mails about this. [574]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 2 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 3 April. It will be on all wikis from 4 April (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 3 April at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.16:29, 1 April 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-15[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nMore wikis are now testing visual editor section editing for mobile users. You can read more.\nAdmins on French and Polish Wikipedia can block someone from editing a page or a namespace. If your wiki wants to get these blocks before they are available to all wikis, you can tell the developers. [575][576]\nProblems\n\nYou will be able read but not edit most wikis for 30 minutes on 11 April at 05:00 (UTC). This is because of a hardware problem. You can see a list of the affected wikis. [577]\nA map update caused some problems on 29 March and 30 March. It was rolled back. [578]\nPages on some Wikivoyages had problems with the top headline. This has been fixed. [579]\nChanges later this week\n\nWhen you add an edit summary the VisualEditor will search your recent edit summaries in case you want to re-use one. This works in both the visual and wikitext modes on desktop. It also works on the mobile site. [580]\nThe Wikimedia wikis will get a URL shortener. This will work from 11 April. You can read more. [581]\n The {{REVISIONID}} magic word will no longer work. This is for performance reasons. When you preview a page it will return \"\" (empty string). When you read a page it will return \"-\" (dash). For now this will only affect content namespaces. [582]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 April. It will be on all wikis from 11 April (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 10 April at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nYou will be able to preview references. This means that when you hover over the link you will get a popup that shows you a preview of the reference. It will work much like page previews. This is so you don't have to go to the bottom of the page to see a reference. This will now be available as a beta feature on German and Arabic Wikipedia. [583][584]\n The Wikidata JSON output will change. Empty containers will be serialised as empty objects. This is a breaking change that will affect tools that use JSON outputs and APIs. It will happen on 30 April. You can read more and see how to test your code.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.18:24, 8 April 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-16[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nAll wikis now have the TemplateWizard for the wikitext editor.\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 April. It will be on all wikis from 18 April (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 17 April at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nWikidata will get a new constraint status called suggestion. This will change how the WikibaseQualityConstraints constraint checking API works. [585][586]\nYou can test the depicts property for structured data on Commons.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.23:00, 15 April 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-17[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nThe advanced search function URL now shows which namespaces you search in. The namespace field is collapsed by default on the search page. You can also add new fields to the search interface through a hook. [587][588][589]\nThe wikis now look slightly different in the mobile web version. [590]\nChanges later this week\n\nThere is no new MediaWiki version this week.\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 23 April at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nWikipedia articles will have the sameAs meta property. It adds structured data. This makes it easier for search engines to find Wikipedia articles. It also makes it easier to reuse content. There will an A/B test. [591][592]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.19:08, 23 April 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-18[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nThe Wikipedia app for Android now invites users to add Wikidata descriptions to Wikidata objects that have Wikipedia articles but no Wikidata descriptions. It will only invite users who have added a number of Wikidata descriptions in the app without being reverted. This is to avoid spam and bad edits. [593][594]\nProblems\n\nTech News was late last week because of a MassMessage bug. Other newsletters had the same problem. [595]\nChanges later this week\n\nYou will see when you last refreshed the recent changes page. This is so you can see how recent the changes are. [596]\nWhen you write a comment in Structured Discussions but have not posted it yet your web browser will save it in local storage instead of session storage. This means you do not lose them even if you close your web browser. Structured Discussions used to be called Flow. [597]\nYou will be able to turn off milestone notifications. Milestone notifications congratulate you when you have made certain numbers of edits. [598]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 May. It will be on all wikis from 2 May (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 1 May at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\n The Wikidata wb_terms table will be dropped. This will affect some Wikidata tools. They need to be updated. The table has become too big which is causing problems. This will happen on 29 May. You can read more. You can ask for help if you need it.\n Wikimedia wikis will soon use a token when you log out. This changes how the API works. Some tools might need to be updated. [599]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.22:27, 29 April 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-19[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nProblems\n\nSpecial:Watchlist can show the wrong information. It does not always show which edits are read and which are unread. The developers are working on solving the problem. [600]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 May. It will be on all wikis from 9 May (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 8 May at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.16:27, 6 May 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-20[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 May. It will be on all wikis from 16 May (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 15 May at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.00:48, 14 May 2019 (UTC)H:N listed at Redirects for discussion[edit]An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect H:N. Since you had some involvement with the H:N redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. UnitedStatesian (talk) 16:48, 14 May 2019 (UTC)[reply]Tech News: 2019-21[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nThe report for phase 1 of the talk pages consultation 2019 has been published. Communities are invited to start phase 2 of the consultation on their wikis.\nProblems\n\nFile descriptions for files from Commons were not shown properly on other Wikimedia wikis for a few days. For example the image descriptions and license information were missing. This has now been fixed. [601][602]\nSome diffs show an error message when you try to see them. The developers are working on fixing it. It could be because of some edit comments. [603][604]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 May. It will be on all wikis from 23 May (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 22 May at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nThe content translation tool on Wikipedia can use machine translations. There is a system to stop translations where the editors do not fix machine translation mistakes. This warns or stops them if they seem to just copy what the machine translation gives them. If this system is too strict or not strict enough you can tell the language team. [605]\n The Wikidata wbeditentity API endpoint will remove all aliases if the request includes an empty alias. This is how it supposed to work. It has not been working this way because of a bug. This will start on 12 June. [606]\n\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.13:03, 20 May 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-22[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nChanges later this week\n\n Big changes to the replica database will happen on 3 June. Some tools on Cloud Services will stop working if the maintainers do not update them to use the new schema. This probably affects tools that query for revisions or log entries made by a user. [607][608]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 29 May. It will be on all wikis from 30 May (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 29 May at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.15:33, 27 May 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-23[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nYou can now write all special letters in all African Wikipedia languages. This works in the desktop version. [609]\nThere is now a field called depicts on Commons. This is a way to show what is in a picture with the help of Wikidata. It is still in development. [610]\nSome tools on Toolforge may break on or after 3 June because of database changes. Maintainers should update their tools to use the new schema. [611][612]\nProblems\n\nYou will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for 30 minutes on 19 June at 05:00 (UTC). This is to fix a hardware problem. [613]\nChanges later this week\n\nSome wikis have one tab for the visual editor and one tab for a wikitext editor. Others wikis just have one tab. If your wiki has two tabs, clicking a link to create a new page has always opened a wikitext editor. It will now open the editor you used the last time you edited. [614]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 4 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 5 May. It will be on all wikis from 6 May (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 5 May at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.15:24, 3 June 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-24[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nWhen you create a PDF from a page on the wiki this is now done by Proton. Before this we used Electron. It should look the same but work better. Both use Chromium. This is a different system from when you collect several articles into a book and make a PDF from them. [615][616]\nThe Flagged Revisions extension now uses the standard OOUI icons. There will be additional minor fixes for positioning in the next deployment. [617]\n Bots and other scripts that do not set an identifiable User-Agent may find their requests strictly rate-limited until they identify themselves properly. [618]\nProblems\n\nPlease check if the Flagged Revisions configuration on your wiki is as you expect (or as it was a few weeks ago). If not, please report it. [619]\nChanges later this week\n\nThere is no new MediaWiki version this week.\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 12 June at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.17:06, 10 June 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-25[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nProblems\n\nYou will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for 30 minutes on 19 June at 05:00 (UTC). This is to fix a hardware problem. [620]\nChanges later this week\n\nMIDI files can soon be played without the Score extension. You can then add them with [[File:Filename.midi]]. Later override_midi and override_audio will stop working. Instead you will need to add the MIDI file below the music score. [621]\nA new video player will soon replace the old one. You will be able to enable it as a beta feature in your preferences. It will later be enabled for everyone if there are no big problems. [622]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 June. It will be on all wikis from 20 June (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 19 June at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\n Some gadgets and user scripts still use the old wgEnableAPI and wgEnableWriteAPI values. These values are always true. They will soon be removed. This might break the gadgets and scripts. You should fix your gadgets to not use these values. [623]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.20:37, 17 June 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-26[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nProblems\n\nThe new version of MediaWiki for last week was not fully released due to issues. It was removed from most wikis on Tuesday and from test wikis on Thursday. [624]\nMost wikis were slow and then briefly read-only last week due to one of the database servers having a problem. It is now replaced. [625]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 June. It will be on all wikis from 27 June (calendar).\nMeetings\n\nYou can watch or join the next Wikimedia Language showcase. It will be about the usage of Machine Translation in Wikimedia projects. The showcase will be on 26 June at 13:00 (UTC). A recording will be kept for later viewing\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 26 June at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.17:29, 24 June 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-27[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nThe development of Wikidata Bridge has started. The goal is to allow Wikidata edits from Wikipedia. [626]\nProblems\n\nSometimes pages load slowly for users routed to the Amsterdam data center. Investigation is in progress. [627]\nWikidata query service was overloaded between 11:50 UTC until 13:15 UTC on June 24. It has been fixed. [628]\nChanges later this week\n\nYou will be able to read but not to edit all wikis for a short amount of time, on 3 July at 06:00 (UTC). This is to move a database. [629]\nThere is no deployment of a new version of MediaWiki on the wikis this week (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 3 July at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.21:22, 1 July 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-28[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nFor event organizers, if you request a temporary lift of the IP cap for mass account creation, this will now also raise the edit rate limit for those new accounts at the event, which will prevent another bottleneck. [630]\nAdministrators at all Wiktionary, Wikivoyage, and Wikisource wikis are now able to use the new partial blocks feature. [631]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 July. It will be on all wikis from 11 July (calendar).\nThe design of MediaWiki's software windows will change for desktop users. Layout will be simpler, buttons will be bolder and clearer, and close buttons will be just icons. This is like the mobile design. This will affect ContentTranslation, VisualEditor, TemplateWizard, and other tools. [632]\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 10 July at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nWikidata will be in read-only mode on 30 July from 05:00 to 05:30 UTC because of a server switch. [633]\n There will be a change in the name format of new Wikidata RDF dumps starting on 15 July. [634]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.20:12, 8 July 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-29[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available. \nRecent changes\n\nThe mobile web will get more advanced editing tools. Seven more Wikipedias can use them now. This works for Arabic, Indonesian, Italian, Persian, Japanese, Spanish and Thai Wikipedia. You can try the tools on the mobile web and give feedback. [635]\nChanges later this week\n\n The abuse filter system user will soon do maintenance edits on broken abuse filters. This user is called Edit filter and has administrator rights. This is meant to fix technical problems. It will not do any other changes. You can read more.\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 July. It will be on all wikis from 18 July (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 17 July at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nThe Wikipedia app for Android will invite users to add image captions to images on Commons. It will only invite users who have added a number of edits in the app without being reverted. This is to avoid spam and bad edits. You can read more and leave feedback. [636]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.15:29, 15 July 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-30[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nCommunities interested by easing newcomers' first steps can now benefit from the Growth team experiments on their wikis. Check the conditions and the request process.\nThe Coolest Tool Award 2019 is looking for nominations. You can recommend tools by July 29. The awarded tools will be presented at Wikimania. [637]\nProblems\n\nThe release of the last version of MediaWiki (1.34.0-wmf.14) has been blocked for groups 1 and 2. [638]\nChanges later this week\n\nPhabricator database will be moved to a different server. Writes will be blocked on Thursday 25 July, between 05:30 and 06:00 AM UTC. Reads will remain unaffected. [639]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 23 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 24 July. It will be on all wikis from 25 July (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 24 July at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nSome items in the visual editor will change later this week. This will make it easier to edit links, citations, and templates on both desktop and mobile. [640][641]\nWith advanced search turned on you will be able to choose the sorting order of the search results when you do a search. [642][643]\nUsers who edit from IP addresses whitelisted on a request for temporary lift of the IP cap for mass account creation will bypass CAPTCHAs. This will happen in August. If you think this should not happen for some reason, please let us know.\n The variable user_wpzero will be removed from AbuseFilter. A list of filters needing a fix is provided.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.13:07, 22 July 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-31[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nProblems\n\nWikidata will be in read-only mode on 30 July from 05:00 to 05:30 UTC because of a server switch. [644]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 31 July. It will be on all wikis from 1 August (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 31 July at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.21:42, 29 July 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-32[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 August. It will be on all wikis from 8 August (calendar).\nProblems\n\nA change in RelatedArticles extension accidentally enabled it for everyone, not just for mobile users. This has been fixed. [645][646]\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 7 August at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nToday everyone can see IP addresses if someone edits without an account. In the future this could be more hidden. This is to protect unregistered editors so fewer can see their IP address. This would only happen after we make sure the tools for vandal fighting can still be effective. You can read more and comment.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.13:24, 5 August 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-33[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nEditors using the mobile website on Wikipedia can opt-in to new advanced features via your settings page. This will give access to more interface links, special pages, and tools. Feedback on the discussion page is appreciated. [647]\nDue to the absence of volunteer maintenance of Cologne Blue skin, the link to activate it will be hidden. The skin will still work, but editors using it are encouraged to switch to another skin. [648]\nChanges later this week\n\nDue to Wikimania, there is no deployment this week. [649]\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 13 August at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nThe \"Wikidata item\" link will be moved from \"Tools\" to \"In other projects\" section on all Wikimedia projects, starting on August 21. Full announcement, Phabricator task.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.18:19, 12 August 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-34[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nTech News\n\nThere will be no Tech News issue next week. The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 2 September 2019.\nProblems\n\n Some abuse filters stopped working because of a code change. Only variables for the current action will work. Variables defined inside a branch may not work outside of that branch. You can read more to see how to fix the filters.\nOnly six accounts can be created from one IP address per day. Between 12 August and August 15 this was two accounts per day. This was because of a security issue. It is now six accounts per day again. [650]\nChanges later this week\n\nOnly a limited number of accounts can be created from one IP address. An IP address can be whitelisted so that it can create as many accounts as needed. This is useful at events where many new persons learn to edit. IP addresses that are whitelisted for this reason will also not show CAPTCHAs when you create accounts. This will happen on Wednesday. [651]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 20 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 21 August. It will be on all wikis from 22 August (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 21 August at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nThere is an RFC about creating a new global user group with the right to edit abuse filters. This will be used to fix broken filters and make sure all filters will still work when software changes happen. You can read more and comment.\nSpecial:Contributions/newbies will no longer be working. This is because of performance reasons. It showed edits by new accounts. You can see this in the recent changes feed instead. [652]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.15:20, 19 August 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-36[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nYou can use the new termbox interface if you edit Wikidata on a mobile device. This is to edit labels, descriptions and aliases easier on the mobile pages. [653]\n The new version of MediaWiki has been deployed during the last week.\nThe previously announced change of positions of the \"Wikidata item\" link on all wikis has been rollbacked due to unexpected cache issues. [654]\nThe limit for rollbacks has been increased from 10 to 100 rollbacks per minute. [655]\nThe advanced version of the edit review pages (Recent Changes, Watchlist, and Related Changes) now include two new filters. These filters are for \"All contents\" and \"All discussions\". They will filter the view to just those namespaces. However the \"All discussions\" filter does not include pseudo talk pages, like discussions that are in the Project: or Wikipedia: namespaces. But it will include changes happening on Project talk: or the Wikipedia talk:. [656]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 3 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 4 September. It will be on all wikis from 5 September (calendar).\nWhen you log in, the software checks your password to see if it follows the Password policy. From this week, it will also complain if your password is one of the most common passwords in the world. If your password is not strong enough, please consider to change your password for a stronger password. [657]\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 4 September at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nYou will be able to read but not to edit Wikidata for up to 30 minutes on September 10 at 05:00 (UTC). [658]\nYou will be able to read but not to edit some mid-sized wikis for up to 30 minutes September 17 at 05:00 (UTC). You can see which wikis. [659]\nYou will be able to read but not to edit some mid-sized wikis for up to 30 minutes September 24 at 05:00 (UTC). You can see which wikis. [660]\nYou will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for up to 30 minutes on September 26 at 05:00 (UTC). [661]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.09:07, 4 September 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-40[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nProblems\n\nLast week's Tech News had delivery problems. Some did not get the newsletter. Some got it more than one time. The problem where some pages got it three times should now be fixed. [662]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 1 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 2 October. It will be on all wikis from 3 October (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 2 October at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nThe Wikimedia Foundation Community Tech team is working on a watchlist expiry feature. This means you can put things on your watchlist for a period of time instead of forever. They are looking for feedback on the questions they have.\nSpecial:Contributions will get the standard OOUI look. This makes it easier to use on mobile and makes it look like other Special: pages. There is a script you can use to make the form smaller if you want to. [663]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.16:49, 30 September 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-41[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\n The abuse filter function now has a faster parser. This is to shorten the waiting time when you save an edit. [664]\nProblems\n\nThere is a problem in the visual editor when you copy or delete text with footnotes. It will be fixed soon. [665]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 8 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 9 October. It will be on all wikis from 10 October (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 9 October at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nThe Community Wishlist Survey has a new format. It will focus on wikis that typically get less support. It will probably go back to the normal format next year. It is not decided exactly how it will work this year. You can leave feedback.\nThe URL of the Wikimedia wiki main pages could be changed. This is because the current URLs cause several problems. For example https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page would be https://www.wikidata.org/ instead. You can tell the developers if this would cause problems for your wiki.\nThere is a new technical community newsletter. You can read more about the work of Wikimedia's technical community. Subscribe to get the information in the future.\n Outreachy is an internship program for groups who are underrepresented in free and open-source software. There are seven Wikimedia projects about coding, documentation and quality assurance in the next round. Persons who fit the criteria can apply. The last day to apply is 5 November.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.15:35, 7 October 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-42[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nYou can now use more advanced editing tools on the mobile web. You can turn them on and off in your preferences in the mobile version. [666]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 15 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 16 October. It will be on all wikis from 17 October (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 16 October at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nInternet Explorer 6 and 7 are no longer supported. This means the browsers might start looking a bit weird. They will not get security support. You can't read Wikimedia wikis in Internet Explorer on Windows XP or Windows versions that are older than Windows XP. This is because almost no one uses the browsers anymore. Supporting them made the wikis less secure for everyone else. [667]\nIn the future section headings might have a share link. This is to make it easier to link to the section. You can read more and discuss.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.23:33, 14 October 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-43[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\n The API sandbox and help pages now show more clearly when API modules are marked as internal. API modules marked as internal were probably internal before. It was easier to miss. You should look for non-internal alternatives. [668]\nProblems\n\nThere is a translation tool we use on wikis with more than one language. For a few days it did not create pages for new languages when someone translated a page. The languages did not show in the language bar. This has been fixed. [669]\nThe history and diffs can show wrong content. This is because of a cache problem. It will soon be fixed. [670]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 22 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 23 October. It will be on all wikis from 24 October (calendar).\nReference Previews will be a beta feature on all Wikipedias and some Wikivoyages. It shows you a preview of the footnote when you hover over or click on the number. It has been a beta feature on German and Arabic Wikipedia since April.\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 23 October. See how to join.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.14:29, 21 October 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-44[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nYou can post proposals for the Community Wishlist Survey. The survey decides what the Community Tech team will work on. You can post proposals until 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 20 November to 2 December. This year the wishlist will focus on Wikibooks, Wiktionary, Wikiquote, Wikisource, Wikiversity, Wikispecies, Wikivoyage and Wikinews. You can read more about the format for this year.\nMobile users now have a specific design for their Watchlist. [671][672]\nYou can share feedback and ideas on the Desktop Improvements project. The goal is to make the interface easier to use for readers and editors without removing any functionality. The Foundation's Readers Web team will work on this over the next two years.\n OOUI now allows using px (pixels) instead of em (em) for some specific cases. [673][674]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 29 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 30 October. It will be on all wikis from 31 October (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 30 October at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nThere will be no software changes from 19 December to 2 January. The first MediaWiki version next year will come the week of 6 January. [675]\n Gadgets and user scripts can access variables about the current page in JavaScript. In 2015, this information was moved from global variables named wg* to mw.config. The old global variables will be removed later this year. You can know more about it and tell the developers if you want to try this out on your wiki first.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.16:11, 28 October 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-45[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nAt Special:Contributions you could see up to 5000 edits at the same time if you edited the URL. This has been lowered to 500. This is to stop requests which break the sites. [676]\nChanges later this week\n\nMediaWiki:ipb-default-expiry can set the default length to block a user for your wiki. You will be able to use MediaWiki:ipb-default-expiry-ip to set a different default block length for IP editors. [677]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 November. It will be on all wikis from 7 November (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 6 November at 15:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.16:47, 4 November 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-46[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nMediaWiki2LaTeX can put different pages from a Wikimedia wiki into a PDF. It can now make a PDF with around 5000 pages. Previously this was 800 pages.\nChanges later this week\n\nThere is no new MediaWiki version this week.\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 13 November at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nWikimedia will take part in Google Code-in. This is for young students who want to help with open source software. You can read more. Experienced technical Wikimedians can mentor students.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.22:03, 11 November 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-47[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nProblems\n\nYou will be able to read but not to edit some wikis for up to 30 minutes on 26 November at 06:00 (UTC). You can see which wikis. It will probably last much shorter than 30 minutes. This will also affect the centralauth database. This could for example affect changing passwords, logging in to new wikis, changing emails or global renames. [678]\nChanges later this week\n\nYou can soon vote on proposals for the Community Wishlist Survey. The survey decides what the Community Tech team will work on. You can vote on proposals from 20 November to 2 December. This year the wishlist will focus on Wikibooks, Wiktionary, Wikiquote, Wikisource, Wikiversity, Wikispecies, Wikivoyage and Wikinews. You can read more about the format for this year.\nThere is no new MediaWiki version this week.\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 20 November at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.20:16, 18 November 2019 (UTC)ArbCom 2019 election voter message[edit]Tech News: 2019-48[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nChanges later this week\n\nThe mobile beta mode will be disabled to have less maintenance. The developers will focus on the desktop improvements project. You can turn on advanced mobile contributions mode if you want to see the categories. You could also jump back to the top. This can instead be done with a gadget or user script. [679]\nParsoid is software we use for the visual editor, content translation, Flow and the Android app. This has been rewritten. It will come to the wikis gradually over the next two weeks. It has been tested, but there could be some diffs or previews that don't look right. If you see any you can report them. [680]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 November. It will be on the other wikis next week (calendar). This is because of holidays.\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 27 November at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nYou will switch between the article and the talk page in a new way in the mobile view in the future. It will use tabs. This is more like in the desktop view. [681]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.16:51, 25 November 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-49[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nMix'n'match is a tool to connect Wikidata items to information in other databases. It can be used to find subjects that are missing in a Wikipedia. It now has more than 3000 datasets. Before it was closer to 2000.\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 3 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 4 December. It will be on all wikis from 5 December (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 4 December at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\n There will be a new schema for XML dumps. Scripts and apps that use them will need to be updated. If they are not updated they will no longer work. [682]\n The {{REVISIONID}} magic word will no longer work in the content namespaces. This is for performance reasons. When you preview a page it returns \"\" (empty string). When you read a page it returns \"-\" (dash). In the future this will also affect other namespaces. The next ones are file and category namespaces. [683]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.16:58, 2 December 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-50[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nWikimedia projects use Translatewiki to translate the wiki interface. You can now use WatchTranslations to watch projects there. You would get an email if there are missing translations to your language. [684]\n There is a new dataset you can use. It shows the number of editors per country per month for a number of countries. You can read the documentation and download the dataset.\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 December. It will be on all wikis from 12 December (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 11 December at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nYou can test a new reference tool. It makes it possible to reference different parts of a source without repeating all information. You can test it on the beta cluster. You can see an example article. [685]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.16:37, 9 December 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-51[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nProblems\n\nThe Linter extension helps you find technical errors in articles. It did not show new changes last week. This was because of an API problem. It is now working again. [686]\nSpecial:Watchlist can show the wrong information again. It does not always show which edits are read and which are unread. This is because of a database problem. The developers are working on solving the problem. [687]\nChanges later this week\n\nYou can get email notifications. You can get them immediately, a summary every day or a summary once every week. If you choose a summary you can soon choose not to get notifications you have already marked as read on the wiki. [688]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 17 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 18 December. It will be on all wikis from 19 December (calendar).\nMeetings\n\n You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on 18 December at 16:00 (UTC). See how to join.\nFuture changes\n\nThe partial blocks feature is now stable. It will come to most wikis on 6 January. Your wiki can ask to wait. Contact NKohli (WMF) if you don't want it now. [689]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.00:16, 17 December 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2019-52[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nTech News\n\nBecause of the holidays the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 6 January 2020.\nRecent changes\n\nAll mobile site users now have new features. Features include: tabs for page/discussion; an expanded user-menu; direct access to history pages. These features were initially part of the \"advanced mode\".\nChanges later this week\n\nThere is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week.\nFuture changes\n\nYou can use setlang in the URL to change the user interface language. This will no longer happen automatically. When you open the link you will be asked to confirm the language change. This will not happen if Javascript is not working in your browser. [690]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.20:04, 23 December 2019 (UTC)Tech News: 2020-02[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nChanges later this week\n\nWhen trying to move a page, if the target title already exists then a warning message is shown. The warning message will now include a link to the target title. [691]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 January. It will be on all wikis from 9 January (calendar).\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.21:19, 6 January 2020 (UTC)Tech News: 2020-03[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nYou can no longer read Wikimedia wikis if your browser use very old TLS. This is because it is a security problem for everyone. It can lead to downgrade attacks. Since 9 December you just see a warning. Soon the browser will not connect to the wikis at all. Most are users on Android systems older than 4.4. You can read the browser recommendations. [692]\nSpecial:LinkSearch has been moved from the \"Redirecting special pages\" section on Special:SpecialPages to the \"Lists of pages\" section. [693]\nChanges later this week\n\n Wikis can protect pages so that only some users can edit them. The standard protection levels are Require autoconfirmed or confirmed access and Require administrator access. If your wiki use more protection levels the technical name might be renamed for standardisation. This doesn't affect what users see. [694]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 January. It will be on all wikis from 16 January (calendar).\nFuture changes\n\nDeepcat and Catgraph will stop working. This will happen at the end of January. This is because you can now use the normal search function instead. [695]\nYou can use <ref follow=\"…\"> to merge footnotes that follow each other. It is meant to be used for digitised books on Wikisource. If the order of the footnotes is wrong no error was shown but the bad <ref> was shown outside the <references /> list. This will change and you will see an error message instead. [696]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 18:39, 13 January 2020 (UTC)[reply]Tech News: 2020-04[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 January. It will be on all wikis from 23 January (calendar).\nFuture changes\n\nThere is a new suggestion for what to show when someone edits without registering an account. This is to give unregistered editors better privacy and make some anti-vandalism work go faster. You can give feedback.\n Pywikibot is a Python library to automate work on wikis. It will no longer support Python 2. Use the python2 tag if you need to continue running Python 2 scripts. The Pywikibot team strongly recommends to migrate to Python 3. You can get help to do so. [697]\n The weekly MediaWiki branch cut will soon become automated. The timing for this cut may change. You can discuss in Phabricator if this affects you. [698]\n You can read about coming technical events and mentoring interns.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.19:41, 20 January 2020 (UTC)Tech News: 2020-05[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nProblems\n\nSome mobile diffs have problems. A couple of buttons are not shown. Structured data diffs on Commons are confusing. The developers are working on fixing it. [699][700]\nAdministrators on wikis that use Structured Discussions can't move discussion pages. This is a bug. The developers are working on fixing it. [701]\nChanges later this week\n\nThere is no new MediaWiki version this week.\nFuture changes\n\nThere is JavaScript code on Special:Undelete for administrators that makes it possible to automatically select multiple checkboxes by holding the \"Shift\" key and clicking. This code is also loaded by accident on other special pages and on articles. This makes pages slower to load. This will be fixed. If you know of other special pages where this is useful please tell the developers at phab:T232688.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.18:52, 27 January 2020 (UTC)Tech News: 2020-06[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 4 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 5 February. It will be on all wikis from 6 February (calendar).\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.20:04, 3 February 2020 (UTC)Tech News: 2020-07[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nThere is a new version of the Wikimedia Commons app for Android. It should fix the failed uploads problem. [702]\nProblems\n\nThere was a problem with the new MediaWiki version last week. It deleted some messages by accident. The new version was late because it was stopped to fix things. [703]\nChanges later this week\n\n The MediaWiki action API is used by various tools like bots and gadgets. Some error codes will change. Some parameter values that do not follow the standard will no longer work. [704]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 11 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 12 February. It will be on all wikis from 13 February (calendar).\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.19:10, 10 February 2020 (UTC)Tech News: 2020-08[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nPages on Wikidata and Commons now load faster. You can read more about page load performance. [705][706]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 February. It will be on all wikis from 20 February (calendar).\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.16:17, 17 February 2020 (UTC)Tech News: 2020-09[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 February. It will be on all wikis from 27 February (calendar).\nFuture changes\n\nThere will be a reply button after each post on a talk page if you want one. This will soon be a beta feature on the Arabic, French, Dutch and Hungarian Wikipedias. You will have to turn it on if you want to use it. It will come to more wikis later. You can test the reply button. It was briefly shown earlier than planned by mistake on the four first wikis last week.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.20:59, 24 February 2020 (UTC)Tech News: 2020-10[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nProblems\n\nReaders who were not logged in briefly saw the interface in a language decided by their browser. It should normally be in the language of the wiki. This happened for a short period of time last week. This was because of a bug. [707]\nChanges later this week\n\nIf you forget your password you can ask for a new one to be sent to your email address. You need to know your email address or your username. You will now be able to choose that you need to enter both your email address and your username. This will be a preference. This is to get fewer password reset emails someone else asked for. [708]\nWhen you asked for a new password you could see if the username didn't exist on Special:PasswordReset. Now the page will show the username you entered and tell you an email has been sent if the username exists. This is for better security. [709]\nOn Special:WhatLinksHere you can see what other pages link to a page. You can see if the link is from a redirect. You can now see which section the redirect links to. [710]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 3 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 4 March. It will be on all wikis from 5 March (calendar).\nFuture changes\n\nThe developers are working on a new interface to solve edit conflicts on talk pages. You can give feedback. [711]\nThere is a vote on the creation of a new user group called abuse filter manager. The vote runs from March 1 to March 31 on Meta.\n wgMFSpecialCaseMainPage was used for the mobile site. It was deprecated in 2017. It will stop working in April. Wikis should see if they use it. If they do they should fix it. You can read more and ask for help. This affects 183 wikis. There is a list. [712]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.00:35, 3 March 2020 (UTC)Tech News: 2020-11[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nThere is a new search word called articletopic. You can use it to search for articles on a specific topic. It is available on the Arabic, Czech, English and Vietnamese Wikipedias. It will come to more Wikipedias soon. [713][714][715]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 March. It will be on all wikis from 12 March (calendar).\nFuture changes\n\nThere is a plan for new requirements for user signatures. You can give feedback.\nThe Wikipedia Android app will do push notifications if users want them. This could help you see for example when someone wrote on your talk page or your edit was reverted. This will come later this year. [716]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.17:14, 9 March 2020 (UTC)Tech News: 2020-12[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\n There is a new API module for changing the content model of existing pages. Use action=changecontentmodel to specify the new model. You can read the documentation on mediawiki.org. [717]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 17 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 18 March. It will be on all wikis from 19 March (calendar).\nFuture changes\n\nIf you edit a page at the same time as someone else you can get an edit conflict. There is a new two-column interface to make it easier to solve this. It will soon be active by default on the German, Arabic, and Farsi Wikipedias. It will be on by default on more wikis within the next months. You will be able to opt out of the new interface. [718][719]\nYou can see a proposed design for replying to comments in an easier way.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.21:17, 16 March 2020 (UTC)Tech News: 2020-13[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nProblems\n\nSome development will be slower than planned. This is because of the current pandemic. You can see the new deployment guidelines. This is to avoid risks when some persons could be unavailable.\nThere was a problem when adding interwiki links. The tool you use to add interwiki links could suggest the wrong project to link to. This has now been fixed. [720][721]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 24 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 25 March. It will be on all wikis from 26 March (calendar).\nFuture changes\n\nThere is a project to make editing easier for newcomers. The developers are trying to understand what initiatives different Wikipedias have to welcome newcomers. They also want to know which templates are often used for maintenance activities. You can help this project by checking if your wiki's pages are listed on Wikidata.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.17:07, 23 March 2020 (UTC)Tech News: 2020-14[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nThe beta version of the Wikipedia app for Android can now help users add tags on Commons. These tags are called depicts. [722]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 31 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 April. It will be on all wikis from 2 April (calendar).\nFuture changes\n\nThe video player will change to be simpler and more modern. The current beta feature will become the video player for everyone. The old player will be removed. [723]\nThere is a project to make templates easier to use. The next few weeks the developers will present ideas on the project page. You can watch that page if you are interested in giving feedback. [724]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.17:25, 30 March 2020 (UTC)Tech News: 2020-15[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nProblems\n\nThere was a problem with user pages not being shown properly on desktop. This was because of a bug. It will soon be fixed. [725]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 April. It will be on all wikis from 9 April (calendar).\nFuture changes\n\nMediaWiki will use a newer version of Unicode. Some characters that did not have an upper case equivalent before do now. Titles beginning with one of these characters will be moved. A list of these titles can be seen on Phabricator. The titles will be renamed by the user Maintenance script. This will start on 13 April 2020. You can rename them before this if you wish and the new title can be different from the one the script would rename it to. [726]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.19:02, 6 April 2020 (UTC)Tech News: 2020-16[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available. \nRecent changes\n\nYou can now use the articletopic search word on all Wikipedias. It searches articles by topic. [727]\nYou can see wiki tools in the new Tools Gallery. [728]\nYou can see edits from the Wikimedia Cloud Services in a new dashboard.\nWhen you use filters on a history page you sometimes don't see any edits. There is a text explaining this now. Before it was just empty. [729]\nThere is a new Wikimedia Technical Blog. [730]\nProblems\n\nThere was a problem with the Wikidata database last week. Some wikis went down for twenty minutes. Wikidata and other projects showed error messages. Interwiki links were not shown, some tools did not work and other problems. Some of this was fixed quickly. The developers are working on fixing the rest. [731][732][733]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from April 14. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from April 15. It will be on all wikis from April 16 (calendar).\nFuture changes\n\nSome graphs have not worked on mobile. This will soon be fixed. [734]\nThe article tab on talk pages of redirects links to the target of the redirect. It could link to the redirect page itself instead. You can leave feedback on this.\nFor pages using syntax highlighting, the use of the deprecated <source> tag, as well as the use of the deprecated enclose parameter, will add tracking categories.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.15:30, 13 April 2020 (UTC)Tech News: 2020-17[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nTech News\n\nThe next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 4 May 2020.\nRecent changes\n\n The small wiki toolkits is to help smaller wikis that need technical skills. They can learn and share technical skills. [735]\n Over-qualified CSS selectors in Wikimedia skins have been removed. div#content is now .mw-body. div.portal is now .portal. div#footer is now #footer. This is so the skins can use HTML5 elements. If your gadgets or user styles used them you will have to update them. [736]\nChanges later this week\n\nThere is no new MediaWiki version this week.\nFuture changes\n\nSome things on the wikis might look weird or not work in Internet Explorer 8 in the future. Internet Explorer 8 was replaced in 2011. [737]\nThe font in the diffs will change. [738]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 April next week. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 29 April next week. It will be on all wikis from 30 April next week (calendar).\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.18:44, 20 April 2020 (UTC)Tech News: 2020-19[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nProblems\n\nSome wikis will be on read-only for a few minutes on 5 May. This will happen around 05:00 UTC. This is for database maintenance. [739]\nSome wikis will be on read-only for a few minutes on 7 May. This will also affect CentralAuth. This can for example affect global renames, password changes, changing or confirming your email address and logging in to new wikis. This will happen around 05:00 UTC. This is for database maintenance. [740]\nChanges later this week\n\nYou can get a notification when someone links to a page you created. You can soon turn these notifications off for individual pages. [741]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 May. It will be on all wikis from 7 May (calendar).\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.16:59, 4 May 2020 (UTC)Tech News: 2020-20[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nEveryone can now import photos from Flickr to Commons with the UploadWizard. Before this only autopatrollers on Commons could import photos from Flickr. [742]\nProblems\n\nCommons will be on read-only for a few minutes on 12 May. This will happen around 05:00 UTC. This is for database maintenance. [743]\nSeveral wikis including Wikidata will be on read-only for a few minutes on 19 May. This will happen around 05:00 UTC. English Wikipedia will be on read-only for a few minutes on 21 May 05:00 UTC. This is for database maintenance. [744][745]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 May. It will be on all wikis from 14 May (calendar).\nFuture changes\n\n JavaScript scripts and gadgets can no longer check multiple keys at once via mw.config.exists() or mw.user.tokens.exists(). You can use exists() or get() to check one at a time instead. [746]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.20:40, 11 May 2020 (UTC)Tech News: 2020-21[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nIf you forget your password you can ask for a new one to be sent to your email address. You need to know your email address or your username. You can choose that you need to enter both your email address and your username. This is a preference. This is to get fewer password reset emails someone else asked for. This is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. [747][748]\nProblems\n\nThere is a bug that creates problems for iPhone users with iOS 13 and Safari. If you use an iPhone to read or edit Wikipedia and see bugs on the mobile site you can report them. [749]\nSeveral wikis including Wikidata will be on read-only for a few minutes on 19 May. This will happen around 05:00 UTC. English Wikipedia will be on read-only for a few minutes on 21 May 05:00 UTC. This is for database maintenance. [750][751]\nChanges later this week\n\nThe Wikipedia app for Android can let users add depicts on Commons. The beta version used computer-aided tagging. This was removed to get more specific depicts. [752]\nThere is no new MediaWiki version this week.\nFuture changes\n\nGraphs will be rendered in the reader's browser. This will use Javascript. Graphs will hopefully work better for everyone who uses Javascript. It will not work for users who don't use Javascript. This will not affect diagrams in image files. [753]\n Some CSS for the skins has been simplified. This affects div#p-personal, div#p-navigation, div#p-interaction, div#p-tb, div#p-lang, div#p-namespaces, div#p-variants and div#footer. They will have to remove div. You will have to update your gadgets, scripts or user styles. This is so we can use HTML5. [754]\n Some CSS for the Vector skin has been changed. This affects #p-variants, #p-namespaces, #p-personal, #p-views and #p-cactions. They can no longer use > ul. You might need to update your gadgets, scripts or user styles. See how.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.17:18, 18 May 2020 (UTC)Tech News: 2020-22[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nChanges later this week\n\nThe visual editor will now work in the Modern skin. The changes that needed to happen for this to work could cause problems for some scripts or gadgets. [755]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from May 26. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from May 27. It will be on all wikis from May 28 (calendar).\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.14:17, 25 May 2020 (UTC)Tech News: 2020-23[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nThere is a new beta version of the Wikimedia Commons app for Android. It has a new zoom function when you look at images. It can also suggest places when you upload geotagged photos. [756]\nProblems\n\nThere was a problem with the Commons database on 27 May. Commons could not be edited for eight minutes. Because of this problem the database was moved. This caused another short read-only time on 29 May. [757][758][759]\nThe Vector skin had a problem where you couldn't add links to the article in other languages. You couldn't see the section if there were no links to other languages already. It also removed content translation links and links to language settings. This has now been fixed. [760]\nChanges later this week\n\nYou can get a notification when someone links to a page you created. You can turn these notifications off for individual pages. You can soon turn them off also in the notifications you get. [761]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 2 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 3 June. It will be on all wikis from 4 June (calendar).\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.22:31, 1 June 2020 (UTC)Tech News: 2020-24[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nSome articles have tables that can be sorted in different ways. For example a list of countries can be sorted alphabetically but you can click on the size column to sort them by size. If you clicked on the column a second time it would sort the countries from the bottom to the top instead. A third click will now take you back to the original sorting. [762]\nSelf-closed tags now work as in the HTML5 specifications. This means you should stop using some of them. <b/> is an example of a self-closed tag that won't work. area, base, br, col, embed, hr, img, input, keygen, link, meta, param, source, track, wbr can be self-closed. Pages with tags that should not be self-closed have been listed in a tracking category since 2016. They will be listed in Special:LintErrors/self-closed-tag. This doesn't affect <references /> or <ref />. [763]\nThere is a banner called WikidataPageBanner. It is for example used by the Wikivoyages, Wikimedia Russia and the Catalan, Basque, Galician and Turkish Wikipedias. It will now been seen by mobile visitors too. Before this it was only seen on desktop. The wikis should update instructions on MediaWiki:Sitenotice so that editors know to test and style for mobile too. [764][765]\nChanges later this week\n\n You can now edit MassMessage descriptions through the API. This is useful for tools and gadgets. [766]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 June. It will be on all wikis from 11 June (calendar).\nFuture changes\n\nA temporary fix helped wikis make their main pages more mobile friendly. This was in 2012. It has not been recommended since 2017. It will not work after 13 July. Wikis should use TemplateStyles instead. 118 wikis need to fix this. You can read more and see if your wiki is affected. [767]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.21:11, 8 June 2020 (UTC)Tech News: 2020-25[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\n Toolforge hosts several tools created by the Wikimedia community like edit counters or enhanced editors. It is changing the domain from tools.wmflabs.org to toolforge.org. The routing scheme is moving from tools.wmflabs.org/toolname to toolname.toolforge.org. You can read the details. Tools that use OAuth will have to be updated to keep working. You can ask for help.\nProblems\n\nThere is a Wikidata item link in the sidebar on many pages. This disappeared for a couple of days for users who have the Monobook skin. This was because of a bug. It has now been fixed. [768]\nEditing, logging in and logging out didn't work properly for a short period of time last week. It was soon fixed. [769]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 June. It will be on all wikis from 18 June (calendar).\nFuture changes\n\n Pywikibot is a Python library to automate work on wikis. It will not support Python 2 after the new version in July. Support for Python 3.4 and MediaWiki below 1.19 will also be dropped. You should migrate to Python 3. You can ask for help. [770]\nThe selectors .menu and .vectorMenu will no longer work in the Vector skin. This can affect gadgets and user scripts. .menu should be replaced by ul. .vectorMenu should be replaced by .vector-menu. [771]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.21:37, 15 June 2020 (UTC)Tech News: 2020-26[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nProblems\n\nThere are some new tools to make it easier for newcomers to start editing. They are available on some wikis. These wikis had a problem with the visual editor for a short period of time last week. This was because of a bug in the new tools. It was soon fixed. [772]\n Some user scripts and gadgets stopped working because of a change to CSS selectors. .vectorTabs should be replaced with .vector-menu-tabs to fix this. [773]\nChanges later this week\n\nThe developers are working on a new interface to solve edit conflicts on talk pages. This will be released on 24 June. You can give feedback. [774]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 23 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 24 June. It will be on all wikis from 25 June (calendar).\nFuture changes\n\nA temporary fix helped wikis make their main pages more mobile friendly. This was in 2012. It has not been recommended since 2017. It will not work after 13 July. Wikis should use TemplateStyles instead. 91 wikis still need to fix this. You can read more and see if your wiki is affected. [775]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.18:48, 22 June 2020 (UTC)Tech News: 2020-27[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nProblems\n\nEveryone was logged out. This was because a few users saw the wikis as if they were logged in to someone else's account. The problem should be fixed now. [776]\nSome readers didn't see new edits to pages. If the page had been recently changed they saw an older version of the page instead. This only affected readers who were logged out. It lasted for ten days. It has been fixed. [777]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 July. It will be on all wikis from 1 July (calendar).\nFuture changes\n\n The Modern and Monobook skins use the ID searchGoButton for the go button. This is searchButton for Vector. To have the same ID for all skins it will change to searchButton in Monobook and Modern too. This will affect gadgets and user scripts. It will happen on 23 July. They should be updated to use searchButton. You can read more and see a list of affected scripts.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.16:30, 29 June 2020 (UTC)Tech News: 2020-28[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nProblems\n\nThe Score extension has been disabled for now. This is because of a security issue. It will work again as soon as the security issue has been fixed. [778]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 July. It will be on all wikis from 9 July (calendar).\nFuture changes\n\nAbstract Wikipedia is a new Wikimedia project. It will collect language-independent information that can be easily read in different languages. It builds on Wikidata. The name is preliminary. You can read more. [779]\nThe iOS Wikipedia app developers are thinking about new experimental tools. If you use an iPhone you can help them by answering the survey.\nSome rules for user signatures will soon be enforced. Lint errors and invalid HTML will no longer be allowed in user signatures. Nested substitution will not be allowed. A link to your user page, user talk page or user contributions will be required. You can check if your signature works with the new rules. This is because the signatures can cause problems for tools or other text on the page.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.20:18, 6 July 2020 (UTC)Tech News: 2020-29[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available. \nRecent changes\n\nUsers can thank others for their edits. Checkusers can now see user data related to that action. This can help identify sock puppets who harass others using thanks. [780]\nProblems\n\nEveryone was logged out a couple of weeks ago to fix a security problem. The problem was not entirely fixed. Because of this everyone was logged out once again last week. [781][782]\nChanges later this week\n\nWikis that are not for one specific language can translate pages. Sometimes parts of translations are outdated or missing. Outdated translations are marked with a pink background. Missing translations will also be marked in the future. This markup can sometimes break things. It can soon be disabled by using <translate nowrap></translate> on the source page. [783]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 July. It will be on all wikis from 16 July (calendar).\nFuture changes\n\n Wikimedia code review plans to use GitLab. It would be hosted on Wikimedia servers. [784][785][786][787]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.16:29, 13 July 2020 (UTC)Tech News: 2020-30[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nA temporary fix helped wikis make their main pages more mobile friendly. This was in 2012. It has not been recommended since 2017. The mobile main page special casing stopped working 14 July. 60 wikis now have main pages that don't work well on mobile. You can see which ones, how to fix it and how to get help in Phabricator. This is the same problem that was reported in Tech News 2020/24 and 2020/26.\nProblems\n\nThere is a problem with the interlanguage links. The interlanguage links are the links that help you find a specific page in a different language. The sorting is broken. The developers are working on a solution. [788]\nSome users keep getting the notifications for the same event. Some of these are old events. [789]\nSome users have trouble logging in. This is probably a browser cookie problem. The developers are working on understanding the problem. If you have trouble logging in you can see the details on Phabricator. [790]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 July. It will be on all wikis from 23 July (calendar).\nFuture changes\n\nThere is a Printable version link. This will disappear. That is because web browsers today can create a printable version or show how it will look in print anyway. [791]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.19:13, 20 July 2020 (UTC)Tech News: 2020-31[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nThe Starter kit is now available for wiki communities. This page lists technical resources, tools, and recommendations. These are essential to operate a wiki project. This is mostly useful for smaller wikis where the community has limited experience with this. [792]\nThe first features of the Desktop Improvements project are available for logged-in users on all wikis. In order to use them, uncheck Use Legacy Vector in your local or global preferences in section Skin preferences. More improvements are planned. Feedback is welcome.\n On multiple wikis, a UTCLiveClock gadget is available. For wikis that import the gadget directly from mediawiki.org, end users can now choose a different timezone to show instead of UTC.\nProblems\n\n The deployment train for MediaWiki has been blocked this week. [793][794]\nTranslation Notification Bot was sending the same message multiple times to every translator. This has been fixed. [795]\nSome users were receiving the same notification multiple times. This has been fixed. [796]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from July 28. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from July 29. It will be on all wikis from JUly 30 (calendar).\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.13:52, 27 July 2020 (UTC)Tech News: 2020-32[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nProblems\n\nAll queries to the Wikidata Query Service failed between 17:50 and 17:59 UTC on Thursday 23 July. Some queries failed during a longer period. [797]\nInterlanguage links were ordered incorrectly for the past few weeks. This problem was also mentioned in Tech News two weeks ago. The problem is now fixed. [798]\nThere is a problem with the global preferences for the \"Use Legacy Vector\" option. Developers are working on fixing it. [799]\nA bug in the Wikibase extension had disabled the \"move\" and \"create\" types of protection in the main (Gallery) namespace on Wikimedia Commons. New protections could not be added, and existing protections were not enforced, allowing some page moves and page creations that should not have been possible. This has now been fixed. [800]\nChanges later this week\n\nThe video player will change to be simpler and more modern. This week, the current beta feature will become the video player for everyone on most non-Wikipedia wikis. The old player will be removed. [801]\nUsers' global.js and global.css pages will now also be loaded on the mobile site. You can read documentation for how to avoid applying styles to the mobile skin. [802]\n In the MonoBook skin, the searchGoButton identifier is now searchButton. This may affect CSS and JS gadgets. Migration instructions can be found in T255953. This was previously mentioned in issue 27.\n Bot operators can use Pywikibot to regularly archive discussions. The behavior when the bot uses counter to prevent large archives was changed. [803]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from August 4. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from August 5. It will be on all wikis from August 6 (calendar).\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.15:43, 3 August 2020 (UTC)Tech News: 2020-33[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nFileImporter and FileExporter became standard features on all Wikis during the first week of August. They help you transfer files from local wikis to Wikimedia Commons with the original file information and history intact. [804]\nProblems\n\nThe mobile skin displays a message at the bottom of the page about who edited last. This message showed raw wikitext. This has now been fixed. Some messages in Structured Discussions and content translation may still appear as raw wikitext. Developers are working on it. [805]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from August 11. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from August 12. It will be on all wikis from August 13 (calendar).\nFuture changes\n\nAll wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 1. This is planned between 13:30 and 15:30 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [806][807]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.16:06, 10 August 2020 (UTC)Tech News: 2020-34[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nRecent changes\n\nIf you revert an edit using the undo link your edit is marked with an undo tag. This will now only happen if you don't change anything in the edit window before publishing the undo. This is to keep users from marking edits as undos when they actually do something else. [808]\nThe new OOUI version will not work with Internet Explorer 8. This means the wikis will look strange and not work well in Internet Explorer 8. This was reported in Tech/News/2020/17. This is because keeping the wikis working with very old browsers creates other problems. [809]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 August. It will be on all wikis from 20 August (calendar).\nFuture changes\n\nAll wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 1. This is planned between 13:30 and 15:30 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis next week. This is a reminder. You can help by translating the announcement message. [810][811]\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.20:41, 17 August 2020 (UTC)Tech News: 2020-35[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 August. It will be on all wikis from 27 August (calendar).\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.17:59, 24 August 2020 (UTC)Tech News: 2020-36[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nProblems\n\nThis is a reminder. All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 1. This is planned between 14:00 and 15:00 UTC. Please check on the details on the announcement message. [812][813]\nChanges later this week\n\nThere is no new MediaWiki version this week.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.20:08, 31 August 2020 (UTC)Tech News: 2020-37[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nChanges later this week\n\nNormally pages can be moved to a title that has no existing page yet or to a page that has only one revision, which is a redirect to the page to be moved. A new user right allows editors to move pages over one-revision pages that redirect to anywhere. [814]\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 8 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 9 September. It will be on all wikis from 10 September (calendar).\n All MediaWiki API modules will now use watchlist instead of watch. This was inconsistent before. [815]\nFuture changes\n\nThe Wikipedia Android app team might work on patrolling tools in the future. You can let them know what tools would be useful for you or for less experienced patrollers. See the page on mediawiki.org.\nOTRS will be updated to a new version. This will probably take around two days. OTRS agents will not have access to the system during these days. Emails that come in during the update will be delivered when the update is done. The plan is to start around 08:00 UTC on 14 September. This could change. [816]\nThe Wikipedia Android app will send push notifications if users want them. This could help you see for example when someone wrote on your talk page or your edit was reverted. This will need Google Play Services to work. It will also be possible to get the app without Google Play Services but push notifications will not work. Google Play Services is also used to make the app work for Android 4.4 users. [817][818]\n Wikimedia code review could move to GitLab. It would be hosted on Wikimedia servers. You can take part in the consultation.\n Dropdown menus in the Vector skin use a .menu class. This will not work in the future. Scripts can use nav ul instead. .vectorTabs and .vectorMenu will also not work. Some scripts need to be updated. You can read more in Phabricator.\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.15:59, 7 September 2020 (UTC)Tech News: 2020-38[edit]Latest tech news from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. Translations are available.\nProblems\n\nThe Wikipedia apps briefly showed pages without CSS last week. This meant they looked wrong. It was quickly fixed but cached pages without CSS were shown for a few hours. [819][820]\nChanges later this week\n\n The new version of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 15 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 16 September. It will be on all wikis from 17 September (calendar).\nTech news prepared by Tech News writers and posted by bot • Contribute • Translate • Get help • Give feedback • Subscribe or unsubscribe.16:18, 14 September 2020 (UTC)ArbCom 2020 Elections voter message[edit]ArbCom 2021 Elections voter message[edit]Nomination for deletion of Template:Val/list/test[edit]Template:Val/list/test has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. Q28 (talk) 09:28, 18 December 2021 (UTC)[reply]Nomination for deletion of Template:Val/sandboxlua/doc[edit]Template:Val/sandboxlua/doc has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. – Jonesey95 (talk) 17:31, 1 March 2022 (UTC)[reply]Regex doc[edit]Much thanks for all the regex doc you contributed, mostly in 2015 I think, that I'm finding at places like Help:Searching/Regex, Template:Template usage/doc, and pretty much all over. This is *highly* appreciated. If you ever questioned whether it was worth all the effort and if anybody was benefiting from all that work you did, rest assured that the answer is a resounding *yes* to both. I consider myself an intermediate to advanced regex user outside of WP (familiar with stuff like negative lookahead, etc.) and that's a great foundation for using it here, but the picture at WP is sufficiently different that the doc is really required; and of course, the templates are a whole, 'nother layer on top of that. This is really very helpful (and I have a feeling I'm only discovering the tip of the iceberg), and even though it was a long time ago, it continues to be really useful (and I'm probably just the tip of the iceberg of users that it is benefiting). So, a big 'Thanks' for all your effort on regular expression documentation at Wikipedia! Mathglot (talk) 20:17, 4 September 2022 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message[edit]Hello! Voting in the 2022 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 12 December 2022. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.\nThe Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.\nIf you wish to participate in the 2022 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:30, 29 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]Nomination for deletion of Template:Regex/quote[edit]Template:Regex/quote has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. – Jonesey95 (talk) 16:01, 23 June 2023 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message[edit]Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 11 December 2023. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.\nThe Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.\nIf you wish to participate in the 2023 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:31, 28 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]","title":"User talk:Cpiral"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/15/Ambox_warning_pn.svg/48px-Ambox_warning_pn.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-rtl.svg/120px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-rtl.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/Information.svg/30px-Information.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/387-clapping-hands-1.svg/36px-387-clapping-hands-1.svg.png"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Double_image&action=edit","external_links_name":"Double image just calls multiple 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taijiang_National_Park | Taijiang National Park | ["1 History","2 Geology","3 See also","4 References"] | Coordinates: 23°03′47″N 120°03′18″E / 23.063°N 120.055°E / 23.063; 120.055Taijiang National Park台江國家公園IUCN category II (national park)A tunnel of mangroves in Taijiang National ParkLocation of Taijiang National ParkLocationTainan, TaiwanCoordinates23°03′47″N 120°03′18″E / 23.063°N 120.055°E / 23.063; 120.055Area393.1 km2 (151.8 sq mi)EstablishedOctober 15, 2009www.tjnp.gov.tw/Eng/
Taijiang National Park Dingtou Sandbar
Taijiang National Park (Chinese: 台江國家公園; pinyin: Táijiāng Guójiā Gōngyuán) is a national park in Tainan, Taiwan.
History
Taijiang National Park was established on October 15, 2009.
Geology
The majority of the park is within the city of Tainan. In total, the park's planned area stretches from the southern sea wall of Qingshan Fishing Harbor to the south bank of the Yanshui River and is mostly public coastal land. The westernmost point on the island of Taiwan, Guosheng Port Lighthouse, is within the boundaries of the park which measures 20.7 km (12.9 mi) north to south and has an area of 393.1 km2 (151.8 sq mi), of which land accounts for 49.05 km2 (18.94 sq mi). The marine area covers a band extending 20 metres (66 ft) from the shore and 54 km (34 mi) long from Yanshui River to Dongji Island, an area of 344.05 km2 (132.84 sq mi).
See also
List of national parks in Taiwan
References
^ "National Parks of Taiwan - Taijiang". np.cpami.gov.tw. Construction and Planning Agency, Ministry of the Interior, R.O.C. 2014. Archived from the original on 2016-05-24. Retrieved 2017-10-16.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Taijiang National Park.
vteNational parks of TaiwanNational parks
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Shoushan
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This article about a location in Taiwan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E8%87%BA%E6%B1%9F%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92_%E9%A0%82%E9%A0%AD%E9%A1%8D%E6%B2%99%E6%B4%B2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"national park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_park"},{"link_name":"Tainan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tainan"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"}],"text":"Taijiang National Park Dingtou SandbarTaijiang National Park (Chinese: 台江國家公園; pinyin: Táijiāng Guójiā Gōngyuán) is a national park in Tainan, Taiwan.","title":"Taijiang National Park"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Taijiang National Park was established on October 15, 2009.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tainan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tainan"},{"link_name":"Qingshan Fishing Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qingshan_Fishing_Harbor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yanshui River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanshui_River"},{"link_name":"Guosheng Port Lighthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guosheng_Port_Lighthouse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dongji Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongji_Island"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The majority of the park is within the city of Tainan. In total, the park's planned area stretches from the southern sea wall of Qingshan Fishing Harbor to the south bank of the Yanshui River and is mostly public coastal land. The westernmost point on the island of Taiwan, Guosheng Port Lighthouse, is within the boundaries of the park which measures 20.7 km (12.9 mi) north to south and has an area of 393.1 km2 (151.8 sq mi), of which land accounts for 49.05 km2 (18.94 sq mi). The marine area covers a band extending 20 metres (66 ft) from the shore and 54 km (34 mi) long from Yanshui River to Dongji Island, an area of 344.05 km2 (132.84 sq mi).[1]","title":"Geology"}] | [{"image_text":"Taijiang National Park Dingtou Sandbar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/%E8%87%BA%E6%B1%9F%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92_%E9%A0%82%E9%A0%AD%E9%A1%8D%E6%B2%99%E6%B4%B2.jpg/300px-%E8%87%BA%E6%B1%9F%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92_%E9%A0%82%E9%A0%AD%E9%A1%8D%E6%B2%99%E6%B4%B2.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of national parks in Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_parks_in_Taiwan"}] | [{"reference":"\"National Parks of Taiwan - Taijiang\". np.cpami.gov.tw. Construction and Planning Agency, Ministry of the Interior, R.O.C. 2014. Archived from the original on 2016-05-24. Retrieved 2017-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://np.cpami.gov.tw/english/files/15-1000-1549,c91-1.php","url_text":"\"National Parks of Taiwan - Taijiang\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160524042525/http://np.cpami.gov.tw/english/files/15-1000-1549,c91-1.php","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Taijiang_National_Park¶ms=23.063_N_120.055_E_region:TW-TNQ_type:landmark","external_links_name":"23°03′47″N 120°03′18″E / 23.063°N 120.055°E / 23.063; 120.055"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Taijiang_National_Park¶ms=23.063_N_120.055_E_region:TW-TNQ_type:landmark","external_links_name":"23°03′47″N 120°03′18″E / 23.063°N 120.055°E / 23.063; 120.055"},{"Link":"https://www.tjnp.gov.tw/Eng/","external_links_name":"www.tjnp.gov.tw/Eng/"},{"Link":"http://np.cpami.gov.tw/english/files/15-1000-1549,c91-1.php","external_links_name":"\"National Parks of Taiwan - Taijiang\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160524042525/http://np.cpami.gov.tw/english/files/15-1000-1549,c91-1.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007407567905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2014100028","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taijiang_National_Park&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Derennes | Charles Derennes | ["1 Biography","2 Literary work","3 Works","3.1 Poems","3.2 Essays and novels","3.3 Works written in collaboration","4 Bibliography","5 References","6 External links"] | French novelist, essayist and poet (1882–1930)
Charles Derennes (4 August 1882 – 27 April 1930) was a French novelist, essayist and poet, the winner of the Prix Femina in 1924.
Biography
Derennes was born in Charente, the son of Gustave, a professor of history, and Marthe Cassan, the daughter of a baker. Charles spent his childhood in Villeneuve-sur-Lot. In 1892, he entered the lyceum of Talence in the suburbs of Bordeaux. There he met the poet Émile Despax from Dax, and Marcel Gounouilhou, future director of the daily La Petite Gironde with whom he would collaborate.
After graduating the lyceum in 1899, he seemed destined for a career as a teacher by family tradition, and went to Paris to prepare for the entrance examination for the École Normale Supérieure at the Lycée Henri-IV and the Lycée Louis-le-Grand, from which he was expelled.
He attended classes at the Sorbonne, obtained a bachelor's degree in letters in 1903, and frequented literary salons such as that of Anna de Noailles and the poetry evenings of the magazine La Plume at the Caveau du Soleil d'Or.
On May 11, 1909, in Paris he married Rosita Finaly, one of the daughters of Hugo Finaly, founder of the Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas, which ended in divorce on January 19, 1911. During the Great War, he was a military nurse in southwestern France. He married a second time in Paris on March 23, 1916, with Christiane. In 1917, Derennes settled temporarily in the Landes. From 1905, he was part of the group of writers, including Rosny jeune, Paul Margueritte, and Maxime Leroy, which, at the beginning of the 20th century, made Hossegor known and where he stayed regularly until the early 1920s.
On December 10, 1924, he obtained the Prix Femina for Émile et les autres, third volume of the series Bestiaire sentimental. Appointed a knight of the Legion of Honour on January 4, 1925, he died on April 27, 1930, and was buried in Villeneuve-sur-Lot.
Literary work
Derennes began a literary career at a young age, but success came gradually. He published more than fifty books in the twenty-five years of his career, and collaborated at the same time in numerous newspapers and magazines. Critics often praised his work
He is known for his collections of poems: L'Enivrante Angoisse, La Tempête, La Chanson des Deux Jeunes Filles or Perséphone. He is also the author of a volume of poems, Romivatge, of the Occitan language, a language he had practiced since his youth.
After L'Amour fessé and Le Peuple du pôle, he published "Parisian" before the war and novels that were published originally in the weekly magazine La Vie Parisienne: Les Caprices de Nouche, Le Béguin des Muses, Le Miroir des pécheresses, Nique et ses cousines. Subsequently, he published other novels, among which are La Nuit d'été, Cassinou va-t-en guerre, La Petite Faunesse, Le Renard bleu, Mon Gosse..., Ouily et Bibi, Amours basques, Le Pauvre et son chien.
Le Bestiaire sentimental, which was a favorite with the public, comprises three volumes: Vie de Grillon, La Chauve-Souris and Émile et les autres. In these stories, he gave tender attention to animals such as crickets, bats, cats, and frogs.
Works
Poems
1904: L'Énivrante angoisse, Librairie Paul Ollendorff
1906: La Tempête, Ollendorff
1918: La Chanson des deux Jeunes Filles, À la Belle Édition
1920: Perséphone, Garnier
1921: Le Livre d'Annie, François Bernouard
1923: La Fontaine Jouvence, Garnier
1924: La Princesse, "Les Amis d'Edouard"
1924: Romivatge, Samatan, Editorial Occitan, "Amics del Libre Occitan", (poems in Occitan language).
1925: Premières poésies, Albert Messein, (with L'Énivrante angoisse and La Tempête).
Essays and novels
1906: L'Amour fessé, Mercure de France, novel
1907: Le Peuple du Pôle, Mercure de France, novel (translated into English by Brian Stableford as The People of the Pole, Black Coat Press, 2008 ISBN 978-1-934543-39-9 )
1907: La Vie et la Mort de M. de Tournèves, Éditions Grasset, novel
1908: La Guenille, Louis-Michaud, novel
1909: Les Caprices de Nouche, Éditions de la Vie Parisienne, novel
1912: Le Béguin des Muses, Éditions de la Vie Parisienne, novel
1912: Le Miroir des Pécheresses, Louis-Michaud, novel
1913: Les Enfants sages, Louis-Michaud, novel
1914: Nique et ses Cousines, Louis-Michaud, novel
1914: La Nuit d'été, L'Édition, novel
1917: Cassinou va-t-en guerre, L'Édition française illustrée, novel
1918: Leur tout petit cœur, La Renaissance du Livre, novel
1918: Le Pèlerin de Gascogne, L'Édition française illustrée, tales and narrations
1918: La Petite Faunesse, L'Édition, novel
1919: Les Conquérants d'idoles, L'Édition française illustrée (illustrations by Charles Genty), then Georges-Crès, novel
1919: Les Bains dans le Pactole, Albin Michel, novel
1920: L'Aventure de Roland Ombreval, poète – 1830, Société anonyme d'édition et de librairie, novel
1920: Vie de Grillon, Albin Michel, essay
1921: Le Renard bleu, Albin Michel, novel
1921: Le Beau Max, Ferenczi, novel
1922: La Chauve-Souris, Albin Michel, essay
1923: Le Pou et l'Agneau, Ferenczi, novel
1923: Mon Gosse..., Baudinière, novel
1924: Bellurot, Éditions du Monde moderne, novel
1924: Émile et les autres, Albin Michel, essay
1925: L'Enfant dans l'herbe, Ferenczi, novel
1925: Ouily et Bibi, Albert Messein, novel
1925: Le Mirage sentimental, Éditions de la Nouvelle Revue critique, (with La Vie et la Mort de M. de Tournèves and L'Aventure de Roland Ombreval, poète).
1925: Gaby, mon amour, Albin Michel, novel (reprint of La Nuit d'été)
1925: Les Petites alliances, Albin Michel, novel
1926: La Fortune et le Jeu. Le jeu, les jeux et l'activité humaine, Ed. Georges Anquetil , essay
1926: Mouti, chat de Paris, Albin Michel, novel
1927: Amours et Crimes, Éditions de France, historical essay
1927: Mouti, fils de Mouti, Éditions de la Nouvelle Revue critique, novel
1927: Les Cocus célèbres, Éditions de France, historical essay
1928: Amours basques, Nouvelle Société d'Édition, novel
1928: La Mort du Prince impérial, Hachette, historical essay
1928: Les Noces sur la banquise, Éditions de la Nouvelle Revue critique, novel
1930: Le Pauvre et son chien, La Renaissance du Livre, novel
1930: Dieu, les Bêtes et Nous. Les Porte-Bonheur, Éditions des Portiques, essay
Works written in collaboration
1914: La Grande Anthologie, la seule qui ne publie que de l'inédit, Louis-Michaud, s. d., Collections of literary pastiches written in particular in collaboration with Pierre Benoit and Charles Perrot
1921: La Pléiade, Librairie de France, collection of poems by comtesse de Noailles, Pierre Camo, Charles Derennes, Joachim Gasquet, Xavier de Magallon, Fernand Mazade, Paul Valéry
1921: Journal des Goncours. Mémoires de la vie littéraire par un groupe d'indiscrets (partie inédite). Année 1896, La Renaissance du Livre, s. d., literary pastiche attributed to Pierre Benoit, to which he collaborated closely with other authors such as Léon Deffoux
1924: Un train entre en gare, Éditions du Siècle, novel signed Henri Seguin, a literary mystification to which Pierre Benoit, Tristan Derème and other authors also collaborated
1925: Le Jocond, Éditions du Siècle, another novel signed Henri Seguin, mystification by the same
1927: La Promenade Euskadienne. Notes et Souvenirs du Pays basque, 1892-1927, in Le Pays basque, by Charles Derennes, François de Vaux de Foletier, Hector Talvart, foreword by Thierry Sandre, La Rochelle, Éditions d'art Raymond Bergevin
1927: Le Limousin, le Quercy et le Périgord, in Le Visage de la France , Éditions des Horizons de France, fasc. 14.
1928: Le Nouveau Livre de la Pléiade, Librairie de France, F. Sant'Andrea, collection of poems by Joachim Gasquet, Comtesse de Noailles, Pierre Camo, Charles Derennes, Xavier de Magallon, Fernand Mazade, Paul Valéry
1928: La dompteuse, in La Femme, selon , Baudinière
1930: Gens et Bêtes de Gascogne, in Sud-Ouest. Béarn, Pays basque, Côte d'Argent, Gascogne, by Xavier de Cardaillac, Charles Derennes, François Duhourcau, Pierre Frondaie, Étienne Huyard, Francis Jammes, Hervé Lauwick, Maxime Leroy, François Mauriac, Joseph de Pesquidoux, J. H. Rosny Jeune, drawings by P.-G. Rigaud, Léon Fauret, Suzanne Labatut, Hossegor, Librairie D. Chabas
Bibliography
Raoul Davray, Henry Rigal, Anthologie des Poètes du Midi, Ollendorff, 1908, p. 69-76.
Gabriel Boissy, Dominique Folacci, L'amour dans la poésie française. Essai suivi d'un recueil sur les plus beaux poèmes d'amour, Fayard, s. d. , p. 45, p. 275-276.
Adolphe Van Bever, Les Poètes du Terroir, Delagrave, 1920, t. 2, p. 356-358.
Henri Martineau, "Charles Derennes, poète", Le Divan, n°67, September–October 1922.
Pierre Lièvre, "Les Poètes du Divan. Anthologie", Le Divan, n°92, September–October 1923, p. 477-478.
Robert de La Vaissière, Anthologie poétique du XXe siècle, Crès, t. 1, 1923, p. 116-123.
Adolphe Van Bever, Paul Léautaud, Poètes d'Aujourd'hui, Mercure de France, 1927, t. 1, p. 107-121.
Maurice-Pierre Boyé, "Poètes : Charles Derennes", La Muse française, n°3, 15 July 1935, p. 299-312
Louis Ducla, Trois Grands Poètes d'Aquitaine, Carcassonne, Éditions du Domaine, 1938, p. 15-25
Jean-Louis Lambert, Charles Derennes (1882-1930). Un écrivain à Hossegor et dans les Landes. L'homme et l'œuvre, Hossegor, Éditions "Lac et lande", 2004.
Gérard Maignan, Ils ont fait Hossegor, Biarritz, Atlantica, 2006, p. 71-79.
Charles Picot, "Charles Derennes", Revue de l'Agenais, n°4, October–December 2006, p. 893-906 and n°1, January–March 2007, p. 45-54
References
^ Jacques Mortane and Léo Paillet, « Les Souvenirs de collège des Célébrités contemporaines. Les joyeuses tribulations de M. Charles Derennes », Les Maîtres de la Plume, n° 20, 1 May 1924, p. 20-21.
External links
Charles Derennes on "Tristan Derème"
À la découverte de Charles Derennes on "Les amis de la musique française"
Charles Derennes on "Les amis de la musique française"
Charles Derennes et le « Peuple du Pôle » on "Le chasseur de chimères"
Works by or about Charles Derennes at Internet Archive
vteLaureates of the Prix Femina1904–1925
1904 Myriam Harry
1905 Romain Rolland
1906 André Corthis
1907 Colette Yver
1908 Édouard Estaunié
1909 Edmond Jaloux
1910 Marguerite Audoux
1911 Louis de Robert
1912 Jacques Morel
1913 Camille Marbo
1914
1915
1916
1917 Maurice Larrouy
1918 Henri Bachelin
1919 Roland Dorgelès
1920 Edmond Gojon
1921 Raymond Escholier
1922 Jacques de Lacretelle
1923 Jeanne Galzy
1924 Charles Derennes
1925 Joseph Delteil
1926–1950
1926 Charles Silvestre
1927 Marie Le Franc
1928 Dominique Dunois
1929 Georges Bernanos
1930 Marc Chadourne
1931 Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
1932 Ramon Fernandez
1933 Geneviève Fauconnier
1934 Robert Francis
1935 Claude Silve
1936 Louise Hervieu
1937 Raymonde Vincent
1938 Félix de Chazournes
1939 Paul Vialar
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944 Éditions de Minuit (publisher)
1945 Anne-Marie Monnet
1946 Michel Robida
1947 Gabrielle Roy
1948 Emmanuel Roblès
1949 Maria Le Hardouin
1950 Serge Groussard
1951–1975
1951 Anne de Tourville
1952 Dominique Rolin
1953 Zoé Oldenbourg
1954 Gabriel Veraldi
1955 André Dhôtel
1956 François-Régis Bastide
1957 Christian Mégret
1958 Françoise Mallet-Joris
1959 Bernard Privat
1960 Louise Bellocq
1961 Henri Thomas
1962 Yves Berger
1963 Roger Vrigny
1964 Jean Blanzat
1965 Robert Pinget
1966 Irène Monesi
1967 Claire Etcherelli
1968 Marguerite Yourcenar
1969 Jorge Semprún
1970 François Nourissier
1971 Angelo Rinaldi
1972 Roger Grenier
1973 Michel Dard
1974 René-Victor Pilhes
1975 Claude Faraggi
1976–2000
1976 Marie-Louise Haumont
1977 Régis Debray
1978 François Sonkin
1979 Pierre Moinot
1980 Jocelyne François
1981 Catherine Hermary-Vieille
1982 Anne Hébert
1983 Florence Delay
1984 Bertrand Visage
1985 Hector Bianciotti
1986 René Belletto
1987 Alain Absire
1988 Alexandre Jardin
1989 Sylvie Germain
1990 Pierrette Fleutiaux
1991 Paula Jacques
1992 Anne-Marie Garat
1993 Marc Lambron
1994 Olivier Rolin
1995 Emmanuel Carrère
1996 Geneviève Brisac
1997 Dominique Noguez
1998 François Cheng
1999 Maryline Desbiolles
2000 Camille Laurens
2001–present
2001 Marie NDiaye
2002 Chantal Thomas
2003 Dai Sijie
2004 Jean-Paul Dubois
2005 Régis Jauffret
2006 Nancy Huston
2007 Éric Fottorino
2007 Gwenaëlle Aubry
2008 Jean-Louis Fournier
2010 Patrick Lapeyre
2011 Simon Liberati
2012 Patrick Deville
2013 Léonora Miano
2014 Yanick Lahens
2015 Christophe Boltanski
2016 Marcus Malte
2017 Philippe Jaenada
2018 Philippe Lançon
2019 Sylvain Prudhomme
2020 Serge Joncour
2021 Clara Dupont-Monod
2022 Claudie Hunzinger
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Portal: poetry | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prix Femina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Femina"}],"text":"Charles Derennes (4 August 1882 – 27 April 1930) was a French novelist, essayist and poet, the winner of the Prix Femina in 1924.","title":"Charles Derennes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charente"},{"link_name":"Villeneuve-sur-Lot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villeneuve-sur-Lot"},{"link_name":"Dax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dax,_Landes"},{"link_name":"Lycée Henri-IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Henri-IV"},{"link_name":"Lycée Louis-le-Grand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Louis-le-Grand"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Anna de Noailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_de_Noailles"},{"link_name":"Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paribas"},{"link_name":"Rosny jeune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.-H._Rosny_jeune"},{"link_name":"Paul Margueritte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Margueritte"},{"link_name":"Maxime Leroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxime_Leroy"},{"link_name":"Hossegor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hossegor"},{"link_name":"Prix Femina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Femina"},{"link_name":"Legion of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honour"}],"text":"Derennes was born in Charente, the son of Gustave, a professor of history, and Marthe Cassan, the daughter of a baker. Charles spent his childhood in Villeneuve-sur-Lot. In 1892, he entered the lyceum of Talence in the suburbs of Bordeaux. There he met the poet Émile Despax from Dax, and Marcel Gounouilhou, future director of the daily La Petite Gironde with whom he would collaborate.After graduating the lyceum in 1899, he seemed destined for a career as a teacher by family tradition, and went to Paris to prepare for the entrance examination for the École Normale Supérieure at the Lycée Henri-IV and the Lycée Louis-le-Grand, from which he was expelled.\n[1] He attended classes at the Sorbonne, obtained a bachelor's degree in letters in 1903, and frequented literary salons such as that of Anna de Noailles and the poetry evenings of the magazine La Plume at the Caveau du Soleil d'Or.On May 11, 1909, in Paris he married Rosita Finaly, one of the daughters of Hugo Finaly, founder of the Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas, which ended in divorce on January 19, 1911. During the Great War, he was a military nurse in southwestern France. He married a second time in Paris on March 23, 1916, with Christiane. In 1917, Derennes settled temporarily in the Landes. From 1905, he was part of the group of writers, including Rosny jeune, Paul Margueritte, and Maxime Leroy, which, at the beginning of the 20th century, made Hossegor known and where he stayed regularly until the early 1920s.On December 10, 1924, he obtained the Prix Femina for Émile et les autres, third volume of the series Bestiaire sentimental. Appointed a knight of the Legion of Honour on January 4, 1925, he died on April 27, 1930, and was buried in Villeneuve-sur-Lot.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Derennes began a literary career at a young age, but success came gradually. He published more than fifty books in the twenty-five years of his career, and collaborated at the same time in numerous newspapers and magazines. Critics often praised his workHe is known for his collections of poems: L'Enivrante Angoisse, La Tempête, La Chanson des Deux Jeunes Filles or Perséphone. He is also the author of a volume of poems, Romivatge, of the Occitan language, a language he had practiced since his youth.After L'Amour fessé and Le Peuple du pôle, he published \"Parisian\" before the war and novels that were published originally in the weekly magazine La Vie Parisienne: Les Caprices de Nouche, Le Béguin des Muses, Le Miroir des pécheresses, Nique et ses cousines. Subsequently, he published other novels, among which are La Nuit d'été, Cassinou va-t-en guerre, La Petite Faunesse, Le Renard bleu, Mon Gosse..., Ouily et Bibi, Amours basques, Le Pauvre et son chien.Le Bestiaire sentimental, which was a favorite with the public, comprises three volumes: Vie de Grillon, La Chauve-Souris and Émile et les autres. In these stories, he gave tender attention to animals such as crickets, bats, cats, and frogs.","title":"Literary work"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"L'Énivrante angoisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2045260"},{"link_name":"Perséphone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5467945g?rk=21459;2"}],"sub_title":"Poems","text":"1904: L'Énivrante angoisse, Librairie Paul Ollendorff\n1906: La Tempête, Ollendorff\n1918: La Chanson des deux Jeunes Filles, À la Belle Édition\n1920: Perséphone, Garnier\n1921: Le Livre d'Annie, François Bernouard\n1923: La Fontaine Jouvence, Garnier\n1924: La Princesse, \"Les Amis d'Edouard\"\n1924: Romivatge, Samatan, Editorial Occitan, \"Amics del Libre Occitan\", (poems in Occitan language).\n1925: Premières poésies, Albert Messein, (with L'Énivrante angoisse and La Tempête).","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brian Stableford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Stableford"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-934543-39-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934543-39-9"},{"link_name":"Éditions Grasset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Grasset"},{"link_name":"Charles Genty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Genty"},{"link_name":"Albin Michel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albin_Michel"},{"link_name":"Georges Anquetil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georges_Anquetil&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Anquetil"}],"sub_title":"Essays and novels","text":"1906: L'Amour fessé, Mercure de France, novel\n1907: Le Peuple du Pôle, Mercure de France, novel (translated into English by Brian Stableford as The People of the Pole, Black Coat Press, 2008 ISBN 978-1-934543-39-9 )\n1907: La Vie et la Mort de M. de Tournèves, Éditions Grasset, novel\n1908: La Guenille, Louis-Michaud, novel\n1909: Les Caprices de Nouche, Éditions de la Vie Parisienne, novel\n1912: Le Béguin des Muses, Éditions de la Vie Parisienne, novel\n1912: Le Miroir des Pécheresses, Louis-Michaud, novel\n1913: Les Enfants sages, Louis-Michaud, novel\n1914: Nique et ses Cousines, Louis-Michaud, novel\n1914: La Nuit d'été, L'Édition, novel\n1917: Cassinou va-t-en guerre, L'Édition française illustrée, novel\n1918: Leur tout petit cœur, La Renaissance du Livre, novel\n1918: Le Pèlerin de Gascogne, L'Édition française illustrée, tales and narrations\n1918: La Petite Faunesse, L'Édition, novel\n1919: Les Conquérants d'idoles, L'Édition française illustrée (illustrations by Charles Genty), then Georges-Crès, novel\n1919: Les Bains dans le Pactole, Albin Michel, novel\n1920: L'Aventure de Roland Ombreval, poète – 1830, Société anonyme d'édition et de librairie, novel\n1920: Vie de Grillon, Albin Michel, essay\n1921: Le Renard bleu, Albin Michel, novel\n1921: Le Beau Max, Ferenczi, novel\n1922: La Chauve-Souris, Albin Michel, essay\n1923: Le Pou et l'Agneau, Ferenczi, novel\n1923: Mon Gosse..., Baudinière, novel\n1924: Bellurot, Éditions du Monde moderne, novel\n1924: Émile et les autres, Albin Michel, essay\n1925: L'Enfant dans l'herbe, Ferenczi, novel\n1925: Ouily et Bibi, Albert Messein, novel\n1925: Le Mirage sentimental, Éditions de la Nouvelle Revue critique, (with La Vie et la Mort de M. de Tournèves and L'Aventure de Roland Ombreval, poète).\n1925: Gaby, mon amour, Albin Michel, novel (reprint of La Nuit d'été)\n1925: Les Petites alliances, Albin Michel, novel\n1926: La Fortune et le Jeu. Le jeu, les jeux et l'activité humaine, Ed. Georges Anquetil [fr], essay\n1926: Mouti, chat de Paris, Albin Michel, novel\n1927: Amours et Crimes, Éditions de France, historical essay\n1927: Mouti, fils de Mouti, Éditions de la Nouvelle Revue critique, novel\n1927: Les Cocus célèbres, Éditions de France, historical essay\n1928: Amours basques, Nouvelle Société d'Édition, novel\n1928: La Mort du Prince impérial, Hachette, historical essay\n1928: Les Noces sur la banquise, Éditions de la Nouvelle Revue critique, novel\n1930: Le Pauvre et son chien, La Renaissance du Livre, novel\n1930: Dieu, les Bêtes et Nous. Les Porte-Bonheur, Éditions des Portiques, essay","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pierre Benoit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Benoit_(novelist)"},{"link_name":"comtesse de Noailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_de_Noailles"}],"sub_title":"Works written in collaboration","text":"1914: La Grande Anthologie, la seule qui ne publie que de l'inédit, Louis-Michaud, s. d., Collections of literary pastiches written in particular in collaboration with Pierre Benoit and Charles Perrot\n1921: La Pléiade, Librairie de France, collection of poems by comtesse de Noailles, Pierre Camo, Charles Derennes, Joachim Gasquet, Xavier de Magallon, Fernand Mazade, Paul Valéry\n1921: Journal des Goncours. Mémoires de la vie littéraire par un groupe d'indiscrets (partie inédite). Année 1896, La Renaissance du Livre, s. d., literary pastiche attributed to Pierre Benoit, to which he collaborated closely with other authors such as Léon Deffoux\n1924: Un train entre en gare, Éditions du Siècle, novel signed Henri Seguin, a literary mystification to which Pierre Benoit, Tristan Derème and other authors also collaborated\n1925: Le Jocond, Éditions du Siècle, another novel signed Henri Seguin, mystification by the same\n1927: La Promenade Euskadienne. Notes et Souvenirs du Pays basque, 1892-1927, in Le Pays basque, by Charles Derennes, François de Vaux de Foletier, Hector Talvart, foreword by Thierry Sandre, La Rochelle, Éditions d'art Raymond Bergevin\n1927: Le Limousin, le Quercy et le Périgord, in Le Visage de la France [collective], Éditions des Horizons de France, fasc. 14.\n1928: Le Nouveau Livre de la Pléiade, Librairie de France, F. Sant'Andrea, collection of poems by Joachim Gasquet, Comtesse de Noailles, Pierre Camo, Charles Derennes, Xavier de Magallon, Fernand Mazade, Paul Valéry\n1928: La dompteuse, in La Femme, selon [collective], Baudinière\n1930: Gens et Bêtes de Gascogne, in Sud-Ouest. Béarn, Pays basque, Côte d'Argent, Gascogne, by Xavier de Cardaillac, Charles Derennes, François Duhourcau, Pierre Frondaie, Étienne Huyard, Francis Jammes, Hervé Lauwick, Maxime Leroy, François Mauriac, Joseph de Pesquidoux, J. H. Rosny Jeune, drawings by P.-G. Rigaud, Léon Fauret, Suzanne Labatut, Hossegor, Librairie D. Chabas","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fayard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayard"}],"text":"Raoul Davray, Henry Rigal, Anthologie des Poètes du Midi, Ollendorff, 1908, p. 69-76.\nGabriel Boissy, Dominique Folacci, L'amour dans la poésie française. Essai suivi d'un recueil sur les plus beaux poèmes d'amour, Fayard, s. d. [1910], p. 45, p. 275-276.\nAdolphe Van Bever, Les Poètes du Terroir, Delagrave, 1920, t. 2, p. 356-358.\nHenri Martineau, \"Charles Derennes, poète\", Le Divan, n°67, September–October 1922.\nPierre Lièvre, \"Les Poètes du Divan. Anthologie\", Le Divan, n°92, September–October 1923, p. 477-478.\nRobert de La Vaissière, Anthologie poétique du XXe siècle, Crès, t. 1, 1923, p. 116-123.\nAdolphe Van Bever, Paul Léautaud, Poètes d'Aujourd'hui, Mercure de France, 1927, t. 1, p. 107-121.\nMaurice-Pierre Boyé, \"Poètes : Charles Derennes\", La Muse française, n°3, 15 July 1935, p. 299-312\nLouis Ducla, Trois Grands Poètes d'Aquitaine, Carcassonne, Éditions du Domaine, 1938, p. 15-25\nJean-Louis Lambert, Charles Derennes (1882-1930). Un écrivain à Hossegor et dans les Landes. L'homme et l'œuvre, Hossegor, Éditions \"Lac et lande\", 2004.\nGérard Maignan, Ils ont fait Hossegor, Biarritz, Atlantica, 2006, p. 71-79.\nCharles Picot, \"Charles Derennes\", Revue de l'Agenais, n°4, October–December 2006, p. 893-906 and n°1, January–March 2007, p. 45-54","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2045260","external_links_name":"L'Énivrante angoisse"},{"Link":"http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5467945g?rk=21459;2","external_links_name":"Perséphone"},{"Link":"http://tristan-dereme.fr/tag/charles-derennes/","external_links_name":"Charles Derennes"},{"Link":"http://xn--lesamisdelamusiquefranaise-dkc.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/A-la-decouverte-de-Charles-Derennes.JAJ_.-2006.pdf","external_links_name":"À la découverte de Charles Derennes"},{"Link":"http://xn--lesamisdelamusiquefranaise-dkc.com/?dossier=derennes-charles","external_links_name":"Charles Derennes"},{"Link":"http://merveilleuxscientifiqueunblogfr.unblog.fr/2015/02/28/charles-derennes-et-le-peuple-du-pole/","external_links_name":"Charles Derennes et le « Peuple du Pôle »"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Derennes%2C%20Charles%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Charles%20Derennes%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Derennes%2C%20Charles%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Charles%20Derennes%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Derennes%2C%20C%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Charles%20Derennes%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Derennes%2C%20Charles%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Charles%20Derennes%22%29%20OR%20%28%221882-1930%22%20AND%20Derennes%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29","external_links_name":"Works by or about Charles Derennes"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1524169/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000011042282X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/19711564","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJd3JwXjtg3pCMV38VTj4q","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX904705","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12126220n","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12126220n","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/131474294","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007290159305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr95037403","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990001722&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p110957652","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810650993505606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/414735","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA14448579?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/029692776","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnali_Province | Karnali Province | ["1 Etymology","2 History","3 Geography","4 Demographics","4.1 Ethnic groups","4.2 Languages","4.3 Religion","5 Government and administration","5.1 Administrative subdivisions","6 Economy","6.1 Agriculture","7 Environment","8 See also","9 References"] | Coordinates: 29°16′N 82°11′E / 29.27°N 82.18°E / 29.27; 82.18Province of Nepal
Place in NepalKarnali Province
कर्णाली प्रदेशKarnali PradeshFrom top going clockwise:Phoksundo lake, Sinja Valley, Simikot, Rara lake, ruins of Kakre Bihar in Surkhet and Kanjiroba
SealLocation of Karnali Province
Humla
Mugu
Dolpa
Jumla
Kalikot
Dailekh
Jajarkot
Rukumwest
Surkhet
Salyan
Gandaki
Lumbini
China (Tibet)
Sudurpashchim
India(UP)
Divisions of Karnali ProvinceCoordinates: 29°16′N 82°11′E / 29.27°N 82.18°E / 29.27; 82.18Country NepalFormation20 September 2015CapitalBirendranagarLargest cityBirendranagarDistricts10Government • TypeProvince • BodyGovernment of Karnali Province • GovernorTilak Pariyar • Chief MinisterJeevan Bahadur Shahi (NC) • High CourtSurkhet High Court • Provincial AssemblyUnicameral (40 seats) • Parliamentary constituencyPratinidhi Sabha 12 Rastriya Sabha 8Area • Total27,984 km2 (10,805 sq mi) • Rank1stPopulation (2021) • Total1,694,889 • Rank7th • Density61/km2 (160/sq mi) • Rank7thDemonymMadhya Pashchimeli NepaliTime zoneUTC+5:45 (NST)GeocodeNP-SIISO 3166 codeNP-P6Official LanguageNepaliOther Official Languages1.Khas-Jumli 2.MagarHDI0.469 (low)HDI rank7thLiteracy62.77%Sex ratio95.78 ♂ /100 ♀ (2011)GDPUS$1.44 billionGDP rank7thWebsitewww.karnali.gov.np
Karnali Province (Nepali: कर्णाली प्रदेश) is one of the seven federal provinces of Nepal formed by the new constitution, which was adopted on 20 September 2015. The total area of the province is 27,984 square kilometres (10,805 sq mi), making it the largest province in Nepal with 18.97% of the country's area. According to the 2011 Nepal census, the population of the province was 1,570,418, making it the least populous province in Nepal. The province borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north, Gandaki Province to the east, Sudurpashchim Province to the west, and Lumbini Province to the south. Birendranagar with a population of 154,886 is both the province's capital and largest city.
Etymology
The province's name is derived from the Karnali River, which flows through the province. A meeting of the provincial assembly on 25 February 2018 adopted the name Karnali for the province.
History
Further information: Khasa kingdom and Baise Rajya
Karnali is an old civilization connected with the Karnali River Archaeological sites found in Jumla, Surkhet and Dailekh infer that the area was part of the old Khasa kingdom, established during the 11th century. The capital of the Khas Kingdom was Sinja in present-day Jumla district. The kingdom expanded to a great extent in the 13th and 14th century; expanding to Garhwal in the west, Mansarowar and Guge regions of Tibet in the north, Gorkha-Nuwakot regions in the east and Kapilvastu with large areas of Terai in the south. After the late 14th century, the Khas empire collapsed and was divided into the Baise Rajya (22 principalities) in Karnali-Bheri region.
Before the unification of modern Nepal, a part of Karnali (from Karnali River to Bheri River) was in the Sanghiya Baise Rajya (22 principality confederacy). The principalities were sovereign but intermittently allied among themselves until they were annexed during the unification of modern Nepal from 1744 to 1810.
Geography
Karnali is the largest province of Nepal with an area of 27,984 km2 (10,805 sq mi). The province is surrounded by Gandaki Province in east, Lumbini Province in south-east and south, Sudurpashchim Province in the west and Tibet Autonomous Region of China in north.
The province has occupied higher mountains land of north and mid-hills of Nepal. It contains Kubi Gangri, Changla and Kanjiroba mountains in north. The Shey Phoksundo National Park with Phoksundo lake is the largest national park of Nepal and Rara lake is the largest lake of Nepal which are located in Karnali Province. Karnali River is the biggest river of the province which is thought to be the longest river in Nepal. Seti River and Bheri River are tributaries of Karnali, and Kupinde Daha is a lake of Karnali.
Average temperatures and precipitation for selected communities in Karnali
Location
August
(°F)
August
(°C)
January
(°F)
January
(°C)
Annual
Precipitation (mm/in)
Kharpunath
48
8.9
9.5
−12.5
209.5/8.2
Simikot
54.9
12.7
17.6
−8
304.2/12
Chandannath
60.8
16
29.7
−1.3
728.9/28.7
Narayan
71.8
22.1
45.3
7.4
1252.3/49.3
Birendranagar
78.4
25.8
53.2
11.8
1651/65
Demographics
According to the 2021 Census of Nepal, Karnali Province has a population of 1,688,412 comprising 864,651 females and 823,761 males. The province has the lowest population in the country, having 5.93% of the population on 19.74% of the land. The population density of the province is 56 people per square kilometer.
Ethnic groups
Castes/ethnicities in Karnali province (2011)
Chhetri (41.61%) Kami (15.84%) Magar (10.88%) Thakuri (10.29%) Hill Brahmin (8.36%) Damai (3.98%) Sarki (2.63%) Sanyasi (1.69%) Others (4.72%)
Community
Population
Percentage
Chhetri
653,379
41.61%
Kami
248,761
15.84%
Magar
170,797
10.88%
Thakuri
161,556
10.29%
Hill Brahmin
131,288
8.36%
Damai
62,464
3.98%
Sarki
41,230
2.63%
Sanyasi
26,513
1.69%
Khas Arya is the largest ethno-linguistic indigenous group in the province, with Chhetri, Kami, Thakuri and Bahun dominating the population. The largest non-Khas Arya group are the Magars who make up 170,797 (10.88%) of the population. Tamang (0.88%) and Gurung (0.70%) are other Janajati groups in the province with a significant population.
Languages
Main article: Languages of Karnali Province
Language
Speakers
Percentage
Nepali
1,500,538
95.55%
Magar
32,537
2.07%
Tamang
11,252
0.72%
Tharu
6,443
0.41%
Others
19,648
1.25%
Languages of Karnali province (2011)
Nepali (95.55%) Magar (2.07%) Others (2.38%)
Of the population, 95.55% in the province speak Nepali as their native language. Other languages spoken in the region are Magar (2.07%) and Tamang (0.72%).
The Language Commission of Nepal has recommended Magar as an additional official language in the province. The most spoken language is Nepali, which is known with its original name Khas Bhasha in the province.
Religion
Religion in Karnali Province
Hinduism (95.34%) Buddhism (3.09%) Christianity (1.30%) Others (0.27%)
Hinduism is the most followed religion in the province with 95.34% of the people identifying as Hindus. Buddhism is the largest minority religion, being followed by 3.09%, and Christianity is the second-largest minority religion, being followed by 1.30% of the population.
Government and administration
Main articles: Provincial governments of Nepal, Provincial Assembly of Karnali Province, and Cabinet of Karnali Province
The Governor acts as the head of the province while the Chief Minister is the head of the provincial government. The Chief Judge of the Surkhet High Court is the head of the judiciary. The present Governor, Chief Minister and Chief Judge are Govindra Prasad Kaulani, Jeevan Bahadur Shahi and Hari Kumar Pokharel respectively. The province has 40 provincial assembly constituencies, 12 House of Representative constituencies and eight National Assembly seats.
Karnali has a unicameral legislature, like all of the other provinces in Nepal. The term length of the provincial assembly is five years. The Provincial Assembly of Karnali Province is temporarily housed at the Irrigation Division Office in Birendranagar.
Administrative subdivisions
Further information: Administration in Karnali Province
See also: Districts of Nepal, List of cities in Nepal, and List of gaupalikas of Nepal
Karnali is divided into ten districts.
Districts
Headquarters
Population (2011)
Western Rukum District
Musikot
155,383
Salyan District
Salyan
242,444
Dolpa District
Dunai
36,700
Humla District
Simikot
50,858
Jumla District
Chandannath
108,921
Kalikot District
Manma
136,948
Mugu District
Gamgadhi
55,286
Surkhet District
Birendranagar
350,804
Dailekh District
Narayan
261,770
Jajarkot District
Khalanga
171,304
A district is administered by the head of the District Coordination Committee and the District Administration Officer. The districts are further dived to municipalities or rural municipalities which are further divided into wards. There are 25 municipalities and 54 rural municipalities in the province. The capital and largest city of the province is Birendranagar. It is only city in the province with a population of over 50,000.
Largest cities or towns in Karnali ProvinceCentral Bureau of Statistics
Rank
District
Municipal pop.
Birendranagar
1
Birendranagar
Surkhet
100,458
2
Gurbhakot
Surkhet
43,765
3
Dullu
Dailekh
41,540
4
Bheriganga
Surkhet
41,407
5
Bangad Kupinde
Salyan
36,052
6
Chhedagad
Jajarkot
35,295
7
Bagchaur
Salyan
34,118
8
Shaarada
Salyan
33,730
9
Aathbiskot
Rukum West
33,601
10
Bheri
Jajarkot
33,515
Economy
Karnali Province has the lowest growth rate in the country with an annual economic growth rate of 5.7% and is also contributes the least to the GDP at 4.1%. The province is among the poorest in Nepal with an estimated 28.9% of people living under absolute poverty (second highest in the country) and 51.7% of the people are multidimensionally poor (highest in the country). The unemployment rate in the province stands at 9.7% which is the third-lowest in the country.
Agriculture
Karnali is the largest producer of barley in the country and accounted for 43% of the country's total share of barley production in 2018/19.
Environment
It is estimated in 2023, or the year 2078 in Nepal, that more than 96 percent or 1,644,022 of the citizens of Karnali province are forced to drink contaminated water, and only 3 percent or 50,847 of citizens in the province have access to clean drinking water, according to Nepalnews.
See also
Provinces of Nepal
List of districts in Nepal
References
^ "Nepal Provinces". statoids.com. Archived from the original on 2017-07-18. Retrieved 2016-03-21.
^ "Prov 6 named as Karnali, permanent capital in Birendranagar". www.myrepublica.com. 24 February 2018. Archived from the original on 25 February 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
^ "Government finalises provinces' governors and temporary headquarters". nepalekhabar.com. 17 January 2018. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
^ "Province 6 named Karnali; Surkhet capital". kathmandupost.ekantipur.com. Archived from the original on 2019-02-02. Retrieved 2019-03-07.
^ Times, Nepali (13 July 2018). "Naming new provinces". Archived from the original on 2018-09-17. Retrieved 2019-03-07.
^ "कर्णाली प्रदेश एक चिनारी". www.ocmcm.karnali.gov.np. The office of chief minister and cabinet of Karnali Province. Archived from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
^ "Nepal in the Medieval Period". www.telegraphnepal.com. 2 February 2015. Archived from the original on 26 February 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
^ "Nepal Travel Weather Averages (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Archived from the original on 2020-09-30. Retrieved 2018-04-28.
^ a b c "तथ्याङ्कमा कर्णाली प्रदेश.pdf". Google Docs (in Nepali). Central Bureau of Statistics, Nepal. p. 34. Archived from the original on 2023-04-25. Retrieved 2020-12-24.
^ a b c "National Data Portal-Nepal". nationaldata.gov.np. Archived from the original on 2020-02-16. Retrieved 2020-12-24.
^ "सरकारी कामकाजको भाषाका आधारहरूको निर्धारण तथा भाषासम्बन्धी सिफारिसहरू (पञ्चवर्षीय प्रतिवेदन- साराांश) २०७८" (PDF). Language Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 September 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
^ "High Courts get their chief judges". Archived from the original on 2018-03-23. Retrieved 2018-04-27.
^ "Mahendra Bahadur Shahi set to be Province 6 CM | Setopati – Nepal's Digital Newspaper". setopati.net. Archived from the original on 2018-04-28. Retrieved 2018-04-28.
^ "President administers oath of office to newly-appointed governors". The Himalayan Times. 2019-11-05. Archived from the original on 2019-12-19. Retrieved 2019-12-19.
^ "CDC creates 495 constituencies". The Himalayan Times. 2017-08-31. Archived from the original on 2018-04-25. Retrieved 2018-04-27.
^ "First Provincial Assembly meeting begins in 4 provinces". Archived from the original on 2018-04-28. Retrieved 2018-04-27.
^ 2011 Census District Level Detail Report Archived 2018-09-02 at the Wayback Machine, Central Bureau of Statistics.
^ "स्थानिय तह". 103.69.124.141. Archived from the original on 2018-08-31. Retrieved 2018-04-27.
^ a b Khatiwada, Dr. Yuba Raj. "Economic survey 2018/19, Government of Nepal, Ministry of Finance". Government of Nepal, Ministry of Finance: 14.
^ Samiti, Rastriya Samachar (2023). "96% drinking contaminated water". nepalnews.com. Archived from the original on 2023-03-25. Retrieved 2023-03-25.
Places adjacent to Karnali Province
Tibet Autonomous Region, China
Sudurpashchim Province
Karnali Province
Gandaki Province
Lumbini Province
vteMunicipalities of Karnali ProvinceUrban municipality: 25
Shaarada
Bagchaur
Bangad Kupinde
Birendranagar
Bheriganga
Gurbhakot
Panchapuri
Lekbeshi
Narayan
Dullu
Chamunda Bindrasaini
Aathabis
Bheri
Chhedagad
Nalgad
Thuli Bheri
Tripura Sundari
Chandannath
Khandachakra
Raskot
Tilagufa
Chhayanath Rara
Musikot
Chaurjahari
Aathbis Kot
Rural municipality: 54
Gurans
Bhairabi
Naumule
Mahabu
Thantikandh
Bhagawatimai
Dungeshwor
Mudkechula
Kaike
She Phoksundo
Jagadulla
Dolpo Buddha
Chharka Tangsong
Simkot
Sarkegad
Adanchuli
Kharpunath
Tanjakot
Chankheli
Namkha
Junichande
Kushe
Barekot
Shivalaya
Tatopani
Patarasi
Tila
Kankasundari
Sinja
Hima
Guthichaur
Narharinath
Palata
Shubha Kalika
Sanni Triveni
Pachaljharana
Mahawai
Khatyad
Soru
Mugum Karmarong
Sani Bheri
Tribeni
Banphikot
Kumakh
Kalimati
Chhatreshwori
Darma
Kapurkot
Tribeni
Siddha Kumakh
Barahatal
Simta
Chaukune
Chingad
vteProvinces of Nepal
Koshi
Madhesh
Bagmati
Gandaki
Lumbini
Karnali
Sudurpashchim
Nepal portal
vteProvinces and Districts of NepalKoshi
Bhojpur
Dhankuta
Ilam
Jhapa
Khotang
Morang
Okhaldhunga
Panchthar
Sankhuwasabha
Solukhumbu
Sunsari
Taplejung
Tehrathum
Udayapur
Nepal portalMadhesh
Bara
Parsa
Dhanusha
Mahottari
Rautahat
Saptari
Sarlahi
Siraha
Bagmati
Bhaktapur
Chitwan
Dhading
Dolakha
Kathmandu
Kavrepalanchok
Lalitpur
Makwanpur
Nuwakot
Ramechhap
Rasuwa
Sindhuli
Sindhupalchok
Gandaki
Baglung
Gorkha
Kaski
Lamjung
Manang
Mustang
Myagdi
Nawalpur
Parbat
Syangja
Tanahun
Lumbini
Arghakhanchi
Banke
Bardiya
Dang
Eastern Rukum
Gulmi
Kapilavastu
Parasi
Palpa
Pyuthan
Rolpa
Rupandehi
Karnali
Dailekh
Dolpa
Humla
Jajarkot
Jumla
Kalikot
Mugu
Salyan
Surkhet
Western Rukum
Sudurpashchim
Achham
Baitadi
Bajhang
Bajura
Dadeldhura
Darchula
Doti
Kailali
Kanchanpur | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nepali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language"},{"link_name":"federal provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"new constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Nepal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statoids-1"},{"link_name":"2011 Nepal census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Nepal_census"},{"link_name":"Tibet Autonomous Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Gandaki Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandaki_Province"},{"link_name":"Sudurpashchim Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudurpashchim_Province"},{"link_name":"Lumbini Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbini_Province"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Birendranagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birendranagar"},{"link_name":"largest city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_in_Nepal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Province of NepalPlace in NepalKarnali Province (Nepali: कर्णाली प्रदेश) is one of the seven federal provinces of Nepal formed by the new constitution, which was adopted on 20 September 2015.[1] The total area of the province is 27,984 square kilometres (10,805 sq mi), making it the largest province in Nepal with 18.97% of the country's area. According to the 2011 Nepal census, the population of the province was 1,570,418, making it the least populous province in Nepal. The province borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north, Gandaki Province to the east, Sudurpashchim Province to the west, and Lumbini Province to the south.[2] Birendranagar with a population of 154,886 is both the province's capital and largest city.[3]","title":"Karnali Province"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karnali River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaghara"},{"link_name":"provincial assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_of_Karnali_Province"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The province's name is derived from the Karnali River, which flows through the province. A meeting of the provincial assembly on 25 February 2018 adopted the name Karnali for the province.[4][5]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khasa kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khasa_kingdom"},{"link_name":"Baise Rajya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baise_Rajya"},{"link_name":"Karnali River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnali_River"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Jumla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumla_District"},{"link_name":"Surkhet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surkhet_District"},{"link_name":"Dailekh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dailekh_District"},{"link_name":"Khasa kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khasa_kingdom"},{"link_name":"Sinja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinja_Valley"},{"link_name":"Jumla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumla_District"},{"link_name":"Garhwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garhwal_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Mansarowar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansarowar"},{"link_name":"Gorkha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorkha_District"},{"link_name":"Nuwakot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuwakot_District"},{"link_name":"Kapilvastu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taulihawa,_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Terai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terai"},{"link_name":"Baise Rajya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baise_rajya"},{"link_name":"Karnali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnali_Zone"},{"link_name":"Bheri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bheri_Zone"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"unification of modern Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Karnali River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnali_River"},{"link_name":"Bheri River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bheri_River"},{"link_name":"Sanghiya Baise Rajya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baise_Rajya"}],"text":"Further information: Khasa kingdom and Baise RajyaKarnali is an old civilization connected with the Karnali River[6] Archaeological sites found in Jumla, Surkhet and Dailekh infer that the area was part of the old Khasa kingdom, established during the 11th century. The capital of the Khas Kingdom was Sinja in present-day Jumla district. The kingdom expanded to a great extent in the 13th and 14th century; expanding to Garhwal in the west, Mansarowar and Guge regions of Tibet in the north, Gorkha-Nuwakot regions in the east and Kapilvastu with large areas of Terai in the south. After the late 14th century, the Khas empire collapsed and was divided into the Baise Rajya (22 principalities) in Karnali-Bheri region.[7]Before the unification of modern Nepal, a part of Karnali (from Karnali River to Bheri River) was in the Sanghiya Baise Rajya (22 principality confederacy). The principalities were sovereign but intermittently allied among themselves until they were annexed during the unification of modern Nepal from 1744 to 1810.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"Gandaki Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandaki_Province"},{"link_name":"Lumbini Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbini_Province"},{"link_name":"Sudurpashchim Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudurpashchim_Province"},{"link_name":"Tibet Autonomous Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"Kubi Gangri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubi_Gangri"},{"link_name":"Changla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changla"},{"link_name":"Kanjiroba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanjiroba"},{"link_name":"Shey Phoksundo National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shey_Phoksundo_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Phoksundo lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoksundo_lake"},{"link_name":"Rara lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rara_lake"},{"link_name":"Karnali River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnali_River"},{"link_name":"Seti River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seti_River"},{"link_name":"Bheri River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bheri_River"},{"link_name":"Kupinde Daha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupinde_Daha"}],"text":"Karnali is the largest province of Nepal with an area of 27,984 km2 (10,805 sq mi). The province is surrounded by Gandaki Province in east, Lumbini Province in south-east and south, Sudurpashchim Province in the west and Tibet Autonomous Region of China in north.The province has occupied higher mountains land of north and mid-hills of Nepal. It contains Kubi Gangri, Changla and Kanjiroba mountains in north. The Shey Phoksundo National Park with Phoksundo lake is the largest national park of Nepal and Rara lake is the largest lake of Nepal which are located in Karnali Province. Karnali River is the biggest river of the province which is thought to be the longest river in Nepal. Seti River and Bheri River are tributaries of Karnali, and Kupinde Daha is a lake of Karnali.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"}],"text":"According to the 2021 Census of Nepal, Karnali Province has a population of 1,688,412 comprising 864,651 females and 823,761 males. The province has the lowest population in the country, having 5.93% of the population on 19.74% of the land. The population density of the province is 56 people per square kilometer.[9]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chhetri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhetri"},{"link_name":"Kami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kami_(caste)"},{"link_name":"Magar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magars"},{"link_name":"Thakuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thakuri"},{"link_name":"Hill Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahun"},{"link_name":"Damai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damai"},{"link_name":"Sarki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarki_(ethnic_group)"},{"link_name":"Sanyasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C5%9Ban%C4%81mi_Sampradaya"},{"link_name":"ethno-linguistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group"},{"link_name":"Magars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magars"},{"link_name":"Tamang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamang_people"},{"link_name":"Gurung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurung_people"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"}],"sub_title":"Ethnic groups","text":"Castes/ethnicities in Karnali province (2011)\n\n Chhetri (41.61%) Kami (15.84%) Magar (10.88%) Thakuri (10.29%) Hill Brahmin (8.36%) Damai (3.98%) Sarki (2.63%) Sanyasi (1.69%) Others (4.72%)Khas Arya is the largest ethno-linguistic indigenous group in the province, with Chhetri, Kami, Thakuri and Bahun dominating the population. The largest non-Khas Arya group are the Magars who make up 170,797 (10.88%) of the population. Tamang (0.88%) and Gurung (0.70%) are other Janajati groups in the province with a significant population.[9][10]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nepali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language"},{"link_name":"Magar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magar_language"},{"link_name":"Nepali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language"},{"link_name":"Magar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magar_language"},{"link_name":"Tamang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamang_language"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"Language Commission of Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_Commission_(Nepal)"},{"link_name":"Magar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magar_language"},{"link_name":"Nepali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-langcomreport-11"}],"sub_title":"Languages","text":"Languages of Karnali province (2011)\n\n Nepali (95.55%) Magar (2.07%) Others (2.38%)Of the population, 95.55% in the province speak Nepali as their native language. Other languages spoken in the region are Magar (2.07%) and Tamang (0.72%).[9][10]The Language Commission of Nepal has recommended Magar as an additional official language in the province. The most spoken language is Nepali, which is known with its original name Khas Bhasha in the province.[11]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"Religion in Karnali Province\n\n Hinduism (95.34%) Buddhism (3.09%) Christianity (1.30%) Others (0.27%)Hinduism is the most followed religion in the province with 95.34% of the people identifying as Hindus. Buddhism is the largest minority religion, being followed by 3.09%, and Christianity is the second-largest minority religion, being followed by 1.30% of the population.[10]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Jeevan Bahadur Shahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeevan_Bahadur_Shahi"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"provincial assembly constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pradesh_Sabha"},{"link_name":"House of Representative constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Nepal)"},{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nepal)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"unicameral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameralism"},{"link_name":"Provincial Assembly of Karnali Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_of_Karnali_Province"},{"link_name":"Birendranagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birendranagar"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The Governor acts as the head of the province while the Chief Minister is the head of the provincial government. The Chief Judge of the Surkhet High Court is the head of the judiciary.[12] The present Governor, Chief Minister and Chief Judge are Govindra Prasad Kaulani, Jeevan Bahadur Shahi and Hari Kumar Pokharel respectively.[13][14] The province has 40 provincial assembly constituencies, 12 House of Representative constituencies and eight National Assembly seats.[15]Karnali has a unicameral legislature, like all of the other provinces in Nepal. The term length of the provincial assembly is five years. The Provincial Assembly of Karnali Province is temporarily housed at the Irrigation Division Office in Birendranagar.[16]","title":"Government and administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Administration in Karnali Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_in_Karnali_Province"},{"link_name":"Districts of Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Nepal"},{"link_name":"List of cities in Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Nepal"},{"link_name":"List of gaupalikas of Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_gaupalikas_of_Nepal"},{"link_name":"District Coordination Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Coordination_Committee"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Birendranagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birendranagar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cbs.gov.np/image/data/2017/Population_Ward_Level_753_Local_Unit.pdf"},{"link_name":"District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Nepal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birendranagar_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Birendranagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birendranagar"},{"link_name":"Birendranagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birendranagar"},{"link_name":"Surkhet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surkhet_District"},{"link_name":"Gurbhakot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbhakot"},{"link_name":"Surkhet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surkhet_District"},{"link_name":"Dullu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dullu"},{"link_name":"Dailekh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dailekh_District"},{"link_name":"Bheriganga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bheriganga"},{"link_name":"Surkhet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surkhet_District"},{"link_name":"Bangad Kupinde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangad_Kupinde"},{"link_name":"Salyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyan_District,_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Chhedagad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhedagad"},{"link_name":"Jajarkot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajarkot_District"},{"link_name":"Bagchaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagchaur"},{"link_name":"Salyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyan_District,_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Shaarada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaarada"},{"link_name":"Salyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyan_District,_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Aathbiskot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aathbiskot"},{"link_name":"Rukum West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Rukum_District"},{"link_name":"Bheri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bheri,_Jajarkot"},{"link_name":"Jajarkot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajarkot_District"}],"sub_title":"Administrative subdivisions","text":"Further information: Administration in Karnali ProvinceSee also: Districts of Nepal, List of cities in Nepal, and List of gaupalikas of NepalKarnali is divided into ten districts.A district is administered by the head of the District Coordination Committee and the District Administration Officer. The districts are further dived to municipalities or rural municipalities which are further divided into wards. There are 25 municipalities and 54 rural municipalities in the province.[18] The capital and largest city of the province is Birendranagar. It is only city in the province with a population of over 50,000.Largest cities or towns in Karnali ProvinceCentral Bureau of Statistics [1]\n\n\n\nRank\n\n\n\nDistrict\n\nMunicipal pop.\n\n\nBirendranagar\n\n1\nBirendranagar\nSurkhet\n100,458\n\n\n2\nGurbhakot\nSurkhet\n43,765\n\n\n3\nDullu\nDailekh\n41,540\n\n\n4\nBheriganga\nSurkhet\n41,407\n\n\n5\nBangad Kupinde\nSalyan\n36,052\n\n\n6\nChhedagad\nJajarkot\n35,295\n\n\n7\nBagchaur\nSalyan\n34,118\n\n\n8\nShaarada\nSalyan\n33,730\n\n\n9\nAathbiskot\nRukum West\n33,601\n\n\n10\nBheri\nJajarkot\n33,515","title":"Government and administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multidimensionally poor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multidimensional_Poverty_Index"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-19"}],"text":"Karnali Province has the lowest growth rate in the country with an annual economic growth rate of 5.7% and is also contributes the least to the GDP at 4.1%. The province is among the poorest in Nepal with an estimated 28.9% of people living under absolute poverty (second highest in the country) and 51.7% of the people are multidimensionally poor (highest in the country). The unemployment rate in the province stands at 9.7% which is the third-lowest in the country.[19]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-19"}],"sub_title":"Agriculture","text":"Karnali is the largest producer of barley in the country and accounted for 43% of the country's total share of barley production in 2018/19.[19]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"contaminated water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution"},{"link_name":"drinking water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"It is estimated in 2023, or the year 2078 in Nepal, that more than 96 percent or 1,644,022 of the citizens of Karnali province are forced to drink contaminated water, and only 3 percent or 50,847 of citizens in the province have access to clean drinking water, according to Nepalnews.[20]","title":"Environment"}] | [] | [{"title":"Provinces of Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Nepal"},{"title":"List of districts in Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_districts_in_Nepal"}] | [{"reference":"\"Nepal Provinces\". statoids.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Toft | Omar Toft | ["1 Motorsports career results","1.1 Indianapolis 500 results[2]","2 References"] | American racing driver (1886–1921)
Omar ToftToft in 1916Born(1886-06-30)June 30, 1886Bourbon, Missouri, U.S.DiedNovember 12, 1921(1921-11-12) (aged 35)Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.Champ Car career25 races run over 4 yearsBest finish27th (tie) (1916)First race1916 Montamarathon/Potlach Trophy (Tacoma)Last race1919 Cincinnati 250 (Sharonville)
Wins
Podiums
Poles
0
4
0
Omar Toft (June 30, 1886 – November 12, 1921) was an American racing driver. Toft succumbed to injuries sustained in a racing accident at the Arizona State Fairgrounds.
Motorsports career results
Indianapolis 500 results
Year
Car
Start
Qual
Rank
Finish
Laps
Led
Retired
1919
43
30
91.500
29
28
44
0
Rod
Totals
44
0
Starts
1
Poles
0
Front Row
0
Wins
0
Top 5
0
Top 10
0
Retired
1
References
^ The New York Times page 13 13th November 1921
^ "Driver Stats". IndianapolisMotorSpeedway.com. Retrieved 2016-07-30. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"racing driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_driver"},{"link_name":"Arizona State Fairgrounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Fairgrounds"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Omar Toft (June 30, 1886 – November 12, 1921) was an American racing driver. Toft succumbed to injuries sustained in a racing accident at the Arizona State Fairgrounds.[1]","title":"Omar Toft"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Motorsports career results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Indianapolis 500 results[2]","title":"Motorsports career results"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Driver Stats\". IndianapolisMotorSpeedway.com. Retrieved 2016-07-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indianapolismotorspeedway.com/events/indy500/history/historical-stats/driver-stats/drivers/omar-toft","url_text":"\"Driver Stats\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.indianapolismotorspeedway.com/events/indy500/history/historical-stats/driver-stats/drivers/omar-toft","external_links_name":"\"Driver Stats\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_under_Nick_Saban | Alabama Crimson Tide football under Nick Saban | ["1 Overview","1.1 Hiring","1.2 First season","1.3 2008 season","1.4 First national championship","1.5 2010 season","1.6 Second national championship","1.7 Third national championship","1.8 2013 season","1.9 2014 season","1.10 Fourth national championship","1.11 2016 season","1.12 Fifth national championship","1.13 2018 season","1.14 2019 season","1.15 Sixth national championship","1.16 2021 season","1.17 2022 season","1.18 Final season","2 Rivalries","2.1 Auburn","2.2 Tennessee","2.3 LSU","2.4 Mississippi State","2.5 Clemson","2.6 Florida","2.7 Georgia","2.8 Former rivalries","3 Head coaching record","4 First-team All-Americans","5 NFL draftees","6 All-time assistant coaches","7 Bryant–Denny Stadium","8 Notes","9 References"] | History of the football program since 2007
Alabama Crimson Tide football under Nick SabanAthletic directorMal Moore (2007–2013)Bill Battle (2013–2017)Greg Byrne (2017–2023)Head coachNick Saban 17 season, 201–29 (.874)StadiumBryant–Denny StadiumConferenceSoutheastern ConferenceDivisionWestern DivisionBowl record16–7 (.696)Claimed national titles6Conference titles9Division titles10Heisman winners4Consensus All-Americans47
Alabama Crimson Tide football under Nick Saban covers the history of the Alabama Crimson Tide football program from when Nick Saban was hired as head coach in 2007 up until his retirement after the 2023 season. Alabama plays as part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) and is a member of the West Division of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). The Tide plays its home games at Bryant–Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Their overall official record under Saban was 201–29 (.878) (206–29 on the field), 23 bowl game appearances with 16 victories, ten SEC West titles, nine SEC championships, and six national championships. From 2008 up until his retirement, Saban's teams have spent part or all of each season ranked at least top 4 in national polls.
On January 3, 2007, Nick Saban officially accepted the head coaching position with the Crimson Tide. In 2008, Saban led them to their first undefeated regular season since 92-93, but they lost the SEC Championship Game and the Sugar Bowl. In 2009, Saban led Alabama to a perfect 14–0 and its first BCS National Championship, as well as its first overall national championship since 1992. After a relatively disappointing 10–3 2010 season, Saban led the Tide to back-to-back BCS National Championships in the 2011 and 2012 seasons. The 2013 team won its first eleven games but failed to capture a third consecutive national championship, losing the last two. Saban's 2014 team won the SEC West and SEC championships, then lost to Ohio State in the inaugural College Football Playoff's semi-final round at the Sugar Bowl, finishing 12–2. Saban won his fourth national championship at Alabama in 2015 and his fifth at the new Mercedes-Benz Stadium in 2017. In 2018, the team experienced many highs and lows, losing the National Championship Game to No.2 Clemson. Saban won his sixth national championship at Alabama and seventh of his career in 2020 by defeating Ohio State 52–24. The win gave Saban the most national titles of all time, breaking Paul Bear Bryant's previous record of six, at the same school.
Before Saban, Alabama had no Heisman Trophy winners, and many players who competed at Alabama during Saban's tenure were also recognized for their on-field accomplishments. Mark Ingram II (2009), Derrick Henry (2015), DeVonta Smith (2020) and Bryce Young (2021) are Alabama's four Heisman Trophy winners, with Young taking 83% of voters. 76 players were recognized as First Team All-Americans, 47 by consensus or unanimously. Additionally, 133 former Crimson Tide players were drafted into the National Football League, 47 as first-round selections, under Coach Saban. The University of Alabama Crimson Tide football, under AD Greg Byrne, extended HC Nick Saban's contract until the 2028 season, however Saban retired after the 2023 season.
Overview
Hiring
After four seasons as head coach in which he compiled an overall record of 26–23 (.531) on November 26, 2006, Mike Shula was fired as head coach of the Crimson Tide. At the time of his firing, athletic director Mal Moore promoted defensive coordinator Joe Kines into the role of interim head coach for the Independence Bowl and that the search for a permanent replacement would begin immediately. At that time several current coaches were rumored to be in consideration for the position at Alabama, with Steve Spurrier of South Carolina and Saban of the Miami Dolphins thought to be the preferred candidates. On November 27, Saban publicly stated he had not been contacted by Alabama and that he had no interest in leaving the Dolphins to become the head coach of the Crimson Tide.
In early December, Moore made a preliminary offer to Saban's agent Jimmy Sexton to coach at Alabama for $5 million per season for seven years with a $7 million signing bonus. At that time Saban also stated he had not personally interviewed at Alabama and told his players that he was not leaving. After West Virginia head coach Rich Rodriguez turned down an offer to coach the Crimson Tide, speculation again focused on Saban. As the rumors persisted that he was prepared to take the Alabama job, on December 21 Saban stated "I guess I have to say it, I'm not going to be the Alabama coach" in an effort to stop the Alabama rumors. After the Dolphins season ended, it was speculated again that Alabama was to offer their head coaching position to Saban. On January 3, 2007, Saban officially resigned from the Dolphins and became the head coach of the Crimson Tide. At that time he signed an eight-year contract worth a guaranteed $32 million to coach Alabama.
First season
Main article: 2007 Alabama Crimson Tide football team
Alabama attempts a two-point conversion in their 24–10 victory at Vanderbilt on September 8, 2007.
After his hiring, Saban worked to hire his first staff and complete his first recruiting class with the Crimson Tide. His staff did not include any of Shula's former staff, and Kevin Steele was hired as defensive coordinator and Major Applewhite as offensive coordinator. On February 7, he landed his first recruiting class that was highly ranked by the major recruiting services in spite of having just over a month to complete it. Anticipation for his first season continued to build through his first spring practices, and reached its peak when an overflow crowd of 92,138 attended the A-Day spring game on April 21.
In Saban's debut as head coach, the Crimson Tide defeated Western Carolina for his first win at Alabama. They followed that victory with his first road win at Vanderbilt and his first win over a ranked opponent against No. 16 Arkansas for a 3–0 record to open the season. They entered the polls at the No. 16 position, but then lost in overtime at home against Georgia and in the River City Showdown at Jacksonville Municipal Stadium to Florida State. Alabama rebounded with three consecutive wins over Houston on homecoming, at Ole Miss and at home over Tennessee.
Prior to their game against the Vols, Antoine Caldwell, Marlon Davis, Glen Coffee, Marquis Johnson and Chris Rogers were suspended as a result of violating NCAA rules. The violation was a result of a failure in the distribution system of textbooks that was deemed to be an improper benefits as defined by the NCAA. After the NCAA reviewed the case, in June 2009 they determined all players who received the improper benefits to be retroactively ineligible. As part of their penalty, the NCAA forced Alabama to vacate football victories that dated back to the 2005 season through the first five games of the 2007 season.
After their victory over Tennessee, the Crimson Tide lost their four remaining regular season games. Against his former team LSU, the Crimson Tide lost to the eventual national champions in what was dubbed "the Saban Bowl". They followed that with a loss at Mississippi State and against Louisiana–Monroe in one of the bigger upsets of the 2007 season. After their sixth consecutive loss to Auburn in the Iron Bowl, Alabama closed the season with a victory over Colorado in the Independence Bowl and finished the season with a winning record at 7–6 in Saban's first season.
2008 season
Main article: 2008 Alabama Crimson Tide football team
Alabama lines up on defense during their 34–10, season opening victory against Clemson at the Georgia Dome.
Looking to improve on their 7–6 record from the previous season, Alabama signed the top recruiting class as determined by a wide variety of selectors. The class featured many players who were later drafted into the NFL and formed the foundation for their championship run from 2009 through 2012. Players from the class included future first round draft picks Marcell Dareus, Julio Jones, Mark Barron, Dont'a Hightower, and Mark Ingram II. The Crimson Tide then completed spring practice with another large A-Day crowd before the season started later in the fall.
The Crimson Tide opened the season ranked No. 24, and they defeated No. 9 Clemson in the inaugural Chick-fil-A College Kickoff to open the season. They followed the victory with home wins over Tulane and Western Kentucky and won on the road over Arkansas before a much-hyped game at Georgia. Ranked No. 8 and playing against the No. 3 Bulldogs in what was deemed a "blackout" game by Georgia head coach Mark Richt, the Crimson Tide took a 31–0 halftime lead en route to a 41–30 upset victory. After their win, the Crimson Tide moved into the No. 2 ranking and then defeated Kentucky, Ole Miss, Tennessee and Arkansas State on homecoming to extend their record to 9–0.
After No. 1 Texas lost to Texas Tech, the Crimson Tide achieved their first regular season No. 1 ranking in the AP Poll since the 1980 season and their first ever No. 1 Bowl Championship Series (BCS) ranking prior to their game at LSU. In what was Saban's first game at Tiger Stadium since he resigned as LSU's coach after their 2004 season, the Crimson Tide defeated the Tigers 27–21 in overtime. The victory over LSU also allowed the Crimson Tide to clinch the SEC West Division championship, and earned a spot in the SEC Championship Game. Alabama then closed with wins over Mississippi State and Auburn, that ended their six-game losing streak in the Iron Bowl, and finished the regular season undefeated 12–0. Although favored, a two touchdown rally led by Florida's Tim Tebow in the fourth quarter resulted in the Crimson Tide failing to capture the SEC championship and instead of playing for a national championship, they accepted an invitation to play in the Sugar Bowl. Against an undefeated Utah team, Alabama was upset 31–17 and finished the season with an overall record of 12–2.
First national championship
Main article: 2009 Alabama Crimson Tide football team
Alabama defeated Texas for the first time in school history 37–21 for the BCS national championship.
Although they reached their first BCS game since the 1999 season, Alabama looked improve for the 2009 season after they closed 2008 on a two-game losing streak after a 12–0 start to the year. Again, the Crimson Tide secured one of the top ranked recruiting classes for the third consecutive season in February 2009. Just as in the previous year, the 2009 class included many players who played significant roles in their championship run. These players included first round NFL draft picks James Carpenter, Dre Kirkpatrick, Trent Richardson, D. J. Fluker, and Chance Warmack in addition to Eddie Lacy and A. J. McCarron. In the annual A-Day game, the Crimson team defeated the White team by a score of 14–7 before 84,050 fans at Bryant–Denny Stadium.
For the second year in a row, Alabama opened the season at Atlanta in the Chick-fil-A Kickoff Game. Against Virginia Tech, the Crimson Tide trailed at halftime, but an 18-point rally in the fourth quarter gave Alabama the 34–24 win. After consecutive wins over non-conference Florida International and North Texas, the Crimson Tide defeated Arkansas 35–7 to open conference play at Bryant–Denny Stadium. Alabama next went on a two-game road trip, defeated both Kentucky and Ole Miss and extended their record to 6–0.
The Crimson Tide then returned home where they played South Carolina on homecoming. Against the Gamecocks, Mark Ingram II had a career-high with 246 rushing yards and entered the Heisman Trophy conversation as he led Alabama to a 20–6 victory. In their next game, a pair of Terrence Cody blocked field goals, one of which came as time expired, preserved a 12–10 win over rival Tennessee. With a berth in the SEC Championship Game on the line, the Crimson Tide clinched the West division championship with a 24–15 victory LSU in their next game. Alabama then closed the season with wins over Mississippi State, Chattanooga and Auburn and completed their second consecutive, undefeated regular season.
In the SEC Championship Game, Alabama faced East division champion Florida for the second season in a row in a No. 1 versus No. 2 matchup. With both the conference championship and a berth in the 2010 BCS National Championship Game on the line, the Crimson Tide defeated the Gators 32–13 and won the SEC for the first time since 1999. At the conclusion of the regular season, Mark Ingram II won the first Heisman Trophy in Alabama history with the closest margin of victory in the history of the award over Toby Gerhart. The Crimson Tide then closed the season with a 37–21 victory over Texas to finish a perfect 14-0 and recorded their first national championship since the 1992 season and their 13th overall in the history of the program.
2010 season
Main article: 2010 Alabama Crimson Tide football team
Jeremy Shelley made two field goals in Alabama's 30–10 win over Mississippi State.
As the defending national champions, Alabama entered the 2010 season as the favorite to repeat and win their second national championship in as many years. After again signing a highly rated recruiting class, the Crimson Tide opened the season in the No. 1 position in the polls. Alabama then won their first five games over San Jose State, Penn State, Duke, Arkansas, and Florida and retained their unanimous No. 1 ranking. However, in their sixth game, the Crimson Tide lost their first regular season game since the 2007 season when they were upset at South Carolina 35–21.
They rebounded the next week with a 23–10 win over Ole Miss on homecoming and at Tennessee by a margin of 41–10 before their top ten matchup at LSU. Against the Tigers, a late Stevan Ridley touchdown run set up by a 23-yard DeAngelo Peterson run on a fourth-down play gave LSU the upset victory and effectively ended the opportunity for an Alabama repeat of the national championship. The Crimson Tide then defeated Mississippi State and Georgia State prior to their season finale against Auburn. With the No. 2 Tigers still in the national championship picture, Auburn overcame a 24–0 deficit and won 28–27 in what was the largest comeback in Iron Bowl history. Alabama then closed the season with a 49–7 victory over Michigan State, Saban's former two-time employer, in the Capital One Bowl and finished with an overall record of 10–3.
Second national championship
Main article: 2011 Alabama Crimson Tide football team
The Alabama offense lines up against the LSU defense in their 9–6 overtime loss.
After a disappointing 2010 season in which they opened the year as a national title favorite and ended with three losses, the Crimson Tide looked to regain their championship form for the 2011 campaign. After again signing one of the top recruiting classes in the country, and going through spring practice, tragedy struck Tuscaloosa on April 27, 2011, when an EF4 rated tornado devastated the city. The tornado resulted in the deaths of 43 people in the city, including the girlfriend of Crimson Tide long snapper Carson Tinker, and the team later would dedicate their season to both the victims and survivors of the storm.
The Crimson Tide opened the season with a 48–7 victory over Saban's alma mater, Kent State and then traveled to Beaver Stadium and defeated Penn State 27–11 in what would be Joe Paterno's final meeting vs. the Crimson Tide (he was fired November 9, 2011 in the wake of the Jerry Sandusky child sex abuse scandal, then died January 22, 2012). After a 41–0 shutout over North Texas, Alabama opened conference play with a 38–14 victory over Arkansas. After they defeated Florida 38–10 at Gainesville, the Crimson Tide shutout Vanderbilt 34–0, and defeated both Ole Miss and Tennessee to set up a "Game of the Century" against LSU.
Against the Tigers, neither team scored a touchdown and LSU won by a final score of 9–6 in overtime. With the loss, Alabama dropped into the No. 3 BCS position prior to their game against Mississippi State. However, they regained the No. 2 ranking in all the polls after Oklahoma State was upset by Iowa State, and they defeated the Bulldogs at Starkville. Alabama then closed the regular season with wins over both Georgia Southern and Auburn and finished in second place in the West division behind LSU.
After the Tigers won the SEC Championship Game, a rematch against the Crimson Tide became the likely pairing for the 2012 BCS National Championship Game. Alabama qualified for the BCS National Championship Game after they received a final BCS score of .942, just slightly ahead of Oklahoma State's BCS score of .933. In their rematch against LSU at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans, the Crimson Tide shutout the SEC champion Tigers 21–0 and captured Alabama's second BCS championship and 14th overall national championship.
Third national championship
Main article: 2012 Alabama Crimson Tide football team
The Alabama defense in motion during their 49–0 victory over Auburn.
After they captured their second national championship in three years, Alabama again signed one of the nation's top recruiting classes in February 2012. After they completed spring practice in April, the Crimson Tide entered the season with a No. 2 ranking and as a favorite to repeat as national champions. Alabama opened the season with a 41–14 victory over Michigan in the Cowboys Classic. After their win over the Wolverines, the Crimson Tide moved into the No. 1 ranking prior to their game against Western Kentucky that they won 35–0 in their home opener. The next week, Alabama posted their second consecutive shutout with their 52–0 win at Arkansas to open conference play. The Crimson Tide then returned to Tuscaloosa and defeated Florida Atlantic and Ole Miss prior to their first win over Missouri as conference foes at Faurot Field.
Next Alabama defeated rival Tennessee 44–13 at Neyland Stadium and followed that with a 38–7 win over then undefeated and No. 13 ranked Mississippi State. The Crimson Tide then defeated LSU at Tiger Stadium 21–17 when A. J. McCarron threw a screen pass to T. J. Yeldon that he took 28 yards for the game-winning touchdown within the final minute of play. However, the next week, Alabama suffered their only loss of the season when Texas A&M upset the Tide 29–24 in Tuscaloosa.
After their loss to the Aggies, Alabama dropped into the No. 4 ranking for their 49–0 win over Western Carolina. In the evening after their win over the Catamounts, Alabama moved back into the No. 2 position as a result of upset losses for both Kansas State and Oregon. Alabama then closed the regular season with a 49–0 win over Auburn and captured the SEC West division title to play Georgia in the SEC Championship Game. In the championship game, Alabama escaped with a 32–28 win after the Bulldogs were stopped inside the Crimson Tide's five-yard line as time expired and captured the SEC Championship and a berth in the BCS National Championship Game against Notre Dame. In the BCS Championship Game, the Tide defeated the Irish 42–14 and captured their third national championship in four years and the schools 15th overall football championship.
2013 season
Main article: 2013 Alabama Crimson Tide football team
A. J. McCarron takes a snap for the White team at the 2013 A-Day Game.
As the two-time defending national champions, Alabama entered the 2013 season as the favorite to repeat and win their third consecutive national championship and their fourth in five years. After again signing a highly rated recruiting class, the Crimson Tide opened the season in the No. 1 position in the polls. Alabama then won their first eleven games and retained their unanimous No. 1 ranking throughout. The Crimson Tide opened the season with a victory over Virginia Tech in the Chick-fil-A Kickoff Game at Atlanta. After their first bye week Alabama traveled to Kyle Field where they defeated Texas A&M in a 49–42 shootout that saw the Aggies have the best offensive day against a Crimson Tide defense in the history of the program.
The defense responded after the A&M game and did not allow a touchdown over the next 14-quarters in victories over Colorado State, Ole Miss, Georgia State and Kentucky. After the touchdown-free streak ended, started a three-game homestand that saw Alabama shutout Arkansas and defeat both Tennessee and LSU in back-to-back rivalry games. They next defeated Mississippi State and Chattanooga that set up a top five matchup against Auburn.
In the Iron Bowl, Alabama kicker Adam Griffith attempted and missed a 57-yard field goal attempt as time expired in regulation. In what was since dubbed "The Kick Six", Chris Davis returned the missed field goal 109 yards (officially, 100 yards; unlike the NFL, the NCAA only counts return yardage from goal line to goal line) for the game-winning score with no time left on the clock to clinch a 34–28 Auburn victory. As the loss also cost the Crimson Tide an opportunity to play for both the SEC and national championships, they were selected to play in the 2014 Sugar Bowl. In the game, Alabama was defeated by Oklahoma 45–31 and closed the season with an overall record of 11–2.
2014 season
Main article: 2014 Alabama Crimson Tide football team
Alabama entered the 2014 season ranked #3 in the polls. The Crimson Tide rolled off four straight victories before losing to Ole Miss 17–23. Their loss to Ole Miss dropped them down to #7 in the rankings. However, Alabama rebounded by winning eight straight games, including victories against #14 LSU, #1 Mississippi State, and #15 Auburn in the Iron Bowl. They then defeated #14 Missouri in the SEC Championship 42–13 and earned a spot in the inaugural College Football Playoff, where they lost to the eventual national champion Ohio State 35–42.
Fourth national championship
Main article: 2015 Alabama Crimson Tide football team
Alabama started the 2015 season with a win against 20th ranked Wisconsin. Alabama would start 2–0 but would lose their next game against Ole Miss 43–37. Following the loss the Crimson Tide would go in to win the next twelve games including the 2015 Cotton Bowl Playoff Semifinal 38–0 over Michigan State and winning the 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship over undefeated Clemson 45–40 to claim Alabama's 16th National Championship and Saban's fourth national championship at the Capstone.
2016 season
Main article: 2016 Alabama Crimson Tide football team
Alabama entered the 2016 season ranked #1 in the polls. The reigning national champions began 2016 with a resounding 52–6 win over #9 USC in Arlington, Texas, led by true freshman quarterback, Jalen Hurts. In what was the first meeting between the Tide and the Trojans since 1985, Blake Barnett started the game, but was soon replaced by Hurts, who would then go on to be the starting QB for the season. Hurts was the first true freshman QB to start for the Crimson Tide since 1984. For the first time since 2009, Alabama would go undefeated all the way through the SEC Championship Game. Alabama crushed Florida 54–16 to win their third consecutive SEC Title. This made the Tide the first three-peat SEC Champion since the Florida Gators won four in a row from 1993 to 1996. It also marked the first three peat for Alabama since the late 1970s when Alabama won SEC Championships from 1977 to 1979. The Tide would once again go on to the Playoffs where they would defeat the Washington Huskies 24–7 in the Peach Bowl to advance to their second consecutive College Football Playoff National Championship Game in Tampa, Florida. In the first-ever national title game rematch, Alabama would fall to Clemson, 35–31. In the closing seconds of the game, Clemson QB Deshaun Watson found Hunter Renfrow for a two-yard touchdown pass to give Clemson the win and their first national championship since 1981. The loss ended Alabama's 26 game winning streak, the second-longest in program history. It marked the first time Nick Saban had ever lost in a national championship game.
Fifth national championship
Main article: 2017 Alabama Crimson Tide football team
Alabama entered the 2017 season ranked No. 1 in the polls once again. The season began with the Tide defeating No. 3 Florida State 24–7 in the Chick Fila Kick off Game at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta. Alabama would then go on to win their next ten games, heading into the Iron Bowl undefeated and still ranked number 1. However, the regular season was not without its issues. The Tide lost several key defensive players to injury throughout the season. There were some impressive blow outs, but also some very close games against Texas A&M, LSU, and Mississippi State. With the SEC West on the line, the Tide would fall to Auburn, 26–14 in a game that saw the worst performance by an Alabama team since the Mike Shula era. However, the season was not over for the Tide by a long shot. Auburn would go on to the SEC Championship Game, where they would face Georgia in a rematch from earlier in the season. The Bulldogs would prevail the second time around, crushing the Tigers 28–7 and leading to discussion of whether a similar situation to 2011 would take place. When the rankings were released, the playoff selection committee tapped both Alabama and Georgia for the playoffs. Alabama was selected to face Clemson in the Sugar Bowl Playoff Semifinal. In a rematch of the previous season's College Football Playoff National Championship Game, the Tide would prevail, blowing out Clemson 24–6. Georgia's 54–48 overtime win over Oklahoma in the Rose Bowl Playoff semifinal set up an all-SEC National Championship Game where the Tide would win its 17th national championship by defeating Georgia 26–23 in overtime. With Alabama trailing 13–0 at halftime, a change was made at quarterback with freshman Tua Tagovailoa replacing a struggling Jalen Hurts. Tagovailoa went 14 of 24 passing for 166 yards and three touchdowns, including the game-winning touchdown pass to freshman wide receiver, DeVonta Smith in overtime. The 2017 national title was the sixth for head coach Nick Saban, and his fifth at the Capstone. This accomplishment tied coach Saban with iconic Alabama head coach, Paul W. Bryant, who also won six national titles in his storied career.
2018 season
Main article: 2018 Alabama Crimson Tide football team
Alabama entered the 2018 season as the reigning national champions and ranked No. 1 in the nation once again. Alabama opened the season with a dominating win over Louisville, 51–14 in the Camping World Kickoff in Orlando, Florida. Tua Tagovailoa had won the starting QB job in the off season over two-year starter, Jalen Hurts. Tagovailoa turned in several stellar performances as Alabama rolled to their 2nd undefeated regular season in three years. Alabama would score 50-plus points in eight of their games. Alabama also set three records during the season. They became the first ever SEC team to score 50-plus points in three consecutive games. Also, when Alabama shut out LSU 29–0 and Mississippi State 24–0, it marked the first time in history that an SEC team had shut out two consecutive conference opponents. As well, Alabama become the first team since Yale in 1888 to outscore each of their first twelve opponents by 20 or more points. Alabama avenged their only loss of the 2017 season with a decisive 31 point win over arch rival Auburn, 52–21 in Tuscaloosa. Tagovailoa completed 25 of 32 passes and threw for 324 yards and five touchdowns in the Tide's Iron Bowl win. He also had a TD himself, running one in early in the game, bringing the total to 6, an Iron Bowl record. The following week, Alabama would meet Georgia in the 2018 SEC Championship Game, a rematch of the 2017 CFP National Championship Game. In a mirror image of the previous season's National Championship Game, Alabama's backup QB (this time Jalen Hurts) came in and engineered a dramatic comeback. Tagovailoa had been injured in the fourth quarter, and it was Hurts who led Alabama to a 35–28 victory. This was the school's 27th SEC Championship and it sent Alabama to the playoffs once again where they would defeat the Oklahoma Sooners in the Orange Bowl Playoff Semifinal, 45–34. The Cotton Bowl was the site of the other Playoff Semifinal, where Clemson would defeat Notre Dame 30–3 to set up a fourth consecutive Alabama-Clemson meeting in the postseason. This time, Clemson would win handily, routing Alabama 44–16 in the CFP National Championship Game in Santa Clara, California. It was the worst loss of the Saban era and the worst loss for the program since 2003, when LSU defeated Alabama 27–3.
2019 season
Main article: 2019 Alabama Crimson Tide football team
Alabama entered the 2019 season as the reigning SEC Champions and ranked number 2 in the nation behind reigning national champion Clemson. Alabama opened the season with a blowout win over Duke, 42–3 in the 2019 Chick Fila Kickoff Game in Atlanta. The season saw its share of misfortune. While Alabama was undefeated going into their game vs LSU in November, the season ending injuries had piled up, mainly on an already young and inexperienced defense. It turned out to be the worst defense in Nick Saban's career. QB Tua Tagovailoa suffered a high ankle sprain against Tennessee that required surgery and put him out of action for weeks. Backup QB Mac Jones took over and Alabama won the game 35–13, but the game was closer than the final score indicated. Jones would play the entire game the following week vs. Arkansas as Bama rolled to a 48–7 win. Tagovailoa returned for the game against LSU which saw the Tigers prevail over Bama 46–41. It was LSU's first win over Alabama since the 2011 regular season meeting between the teams. Although Alabama battled back in the game, they never had the lead. They trailed by 3 touchdowns at halftime. It was also their first home loss since 2015. The following week saw even more misfortune. Tua Tagovailoa, still recovering from the injury in the Tennessee game, suffered a dislocated hip against Mississippi State, but unlike before, he would not play again. This thrust Mac Jones into the starting role for the remainder of the season. Jones turned in a great performance the following week, albeit in a 66–3 win over FCS team, Western Carolina. Jones then had the task of playing in his first ever SEC road game against Auburn at Jordan Hare Stadium, a place where Alabama had not fared well in recent years. While Jones had a great game, Auburn would prevail 48–45. Despite going up against the number one defense in the nation, the Alabama backup QB went 26 of 39 and passed for 335 yards. Wide receiver Jaylen Waddle had 230 yards and 4 touchdowns, including a 98-yard kickoff return for a score. Alabama's inability to stop Auburn on offense and Jones' two interceptions returned for touchdowns proved impossible to overcome. Alabama would finish the 2019 regular season with a 10–2 record. It would mark the first time since 2010 that the Tide would lose two regular season games and it would be the first time in the playoff era that they would not make the semifinals. Bama closed out 2019 with a 35–16 win over Michigan in the Citrus Bowl, finishing the season with an 11–2 record. This game marked the end of the 2010s decade for Alabama football. For the first time in program history, Alabama went the entirety of a decade with double digit wins in every year.
Sixth national championship
Main article: 2020 Alabama Crimson Tide football team
In a season that was under constant threat of cancellation due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Alabama began the year ranked number 2 in the nation. Like all other teams in the nation, Alabama's schedule had been drastically altered so as to play a revised season due to the pandemic. Gone off the schedule were USC, Georgia State, Kent State, and UT-Martin. All teams played within their own conferences until the postseason. Alabama opened the season on the last weekend of September by defeating Missouri 38–19 in Columbia. Next came a 52–24 win over Texas A&M in the home opener. It would be the Aggies only loss of the 2020 season. The season would see its share of disruptions due to COVID-19. Nick Saban tested positive before the game against Georgia on October 17. However, it was later deemed a false positive and he was able to coach the game, which saw Alabama defeat Georgia by a final score of 41–24. The following week, wide receiver Jaylen Waddle suffered an injury on the opening kickoff against Tennessee in Knoxville. It was to keep him out for the remainder of the season, although he did have successful surgery and did return in a limited role in the CFP national championship game against Ohio State. The game against LSU had to be postponed until December due to COVID-19 and thus the Tide had a long layoff during the regular season, going three weeks without playing. Alabama returned to action by defeating Kentucky 63–3 and avenging the previous season's Iron Bowl loss by crushing Auburn 42–13 in Tuscaloosa. Coach Saban was unable to be at the game due to having tested positive for COVID-19 just a few days earlier. Unlike before, this was not a false positive. Offensive coordinator Steve Sarkisian was acting head coach in the win against their cross state rivals. The Tide would then avenge the 2019 loss to LSU by blowing them out 55–17 in Baton Rouge. It was the most points Alabama had ever scored against LSU and it was the second worse home loss for LSU in their history. The regular season concluded with a 52–3 win against Arkansas in Fayetteville in another game that had been rescheduled. Alabama became the first team ever to win 10 SEC games in a single season. Next came the 2020 SEC Championship Game which saw the Tide win the 2020 SEC Title by defeating the Florida Gators in a high scoring affair, 52–46. Alabama would next meet Notre Dame in the Rose Bowl Playoff Semifinal defeating the Fighting Irish 31–14. The Ohio State Buckeyes defeated the heavily favored Clemson Tigers, 49–28 in the Sugar Bowl Playoff Semifinal to set up an Alabama- Ohio State CFP National Championship Game in Miami. On January 5, 2021, wide receiver Devonta Smith would win the Heisman Trophy, becoming the third winner of the award in school history. In what was the first meeting between the Tide and the Buckeyes since 2014, the inaugural year of the playoffs, the Tide rolled to a 52–24 win over the Buckeyes. The win gave the Tide its sixth national title under head coach Nick Saban and its 18th overall. It was an unprecedented seventh national title for coach Saban, giving him the most all time of any head coach, breaking the legendary Paul Bear Bryant's previous record of six.
2021 season
Main article: 2021 Alabama Crimson Tide football team
Alabama began 2021 as the reigning national champions and once again, ranked number one in the nation. Bryce Young won the starting QB role in the offseason, and in the season opener, Alabama routed Miami, 44–13 in the 2021 Chick Fila Kickoff Game in Atlanta. The third game of the season saw the Tide struggle in a 31–29 win against Florida in Gainesville, after getting out to huge lead early on. Alabama's issues caught up with them in October as the Tide fell to Texas A&M, 41–38, in College Station. This was the first win for the Aggies over the Tide since 2012. The remainder of the season was a rollercoaster. While Alabama would roll through the remainder of the regular season without a loss, the season was not without its woes. Shockingly close games against LSU and Auburn saw the Tide escape with narrow wins. In the first ever Iron Bowl to go to overtime, Alabama managed to escape against Auburn 24–22 in 4 overtimes at Jordan Hare Stadium. Bryce Young hit wide receiver John Metchie for the game winning two point play in the 4th overtime to lift the Tide to a win. However, the following week, Alabama would rout Georgia in the SEC Championship Game by the same score as the previous season, 41–24. It was the Tide's second consecutive SEC Championship and the win sent Alabama to the playoffs once again where they would defeat Cincinnati 27–6 in the Cotton Bowl Semifinal. Georgia would defeat Michigan in the Orange Bowl Semifinal, setting up an Alabama-Georgia rematch in the CFP National Championship Game. Georgia would defeat Alabama the second time around, 33–18, giving the Bulldogs their first national championship since 1980. It marked Georgia's first win against the Tide since 2007 and it was Alabama's first loss to an SEC East team since 2010. Alabama finished 2021 with a record of 13–2. Also in 2021, Bryce Young won the Heisman Trophy, becoming Alabama's the second consecutive winner of the award, the fourth overall, and the first quarterback in Alabama history to win it.
2022 season
Main article: 2022 Alabama Crimson Tide football team
Alabama began 2022 ranked number one in the nation. The season began with a 55–0 win over Utah State. It was Bama's first shutout win in a season opener since 1988 when the Tide defeated Temple 37–0. The following week was a road game against Texas in Austin. In what was the Tide and the Longhorns' first meeting since the BCS National Championship Game played after the 2009 season as well as Bama's first trip to Austin, TX in 100 years, Bama squeaked by with a 20–19 win. The Tide would go on to win convincingly in games against UL-Monroe, Vanderbilt, and Arkansas. QB Bryce Young was seriously injured against Arkansas, and thus could not play in the following game against Texas A&M. Backup QB Jalen Milroe got the start. The Tide barely escaped with a 24–20 win against the Aggies in Tuscaloosa, narrowly avoiding a second consecutive shocking upset loss to them. The next week was the annual Third Saturday in October vs Tennessee. After falling behind early, Bama came back and took the lead, only to watch Tennessee come back late and tie the game. Bama had one final chance to get the win, but Will Reichard missed what would have been the game winning field goal. This enabled Tennessee time to put together one final drive to get into Tennessee place kicker Chase McGrath's range. McGrath hit a 40-yard field goal as time expired, giving Tennessee a 52–49 win over Alabama, the Vols' first since 2006 over the Tide, thus ending a 15-year Alabama win streak. The Tide would suffer its only other loss of the 2022 season in overtime, 32–31 against LSU in Baton Rouge. It was Alabama's first loss in Tiger Stadium since 2010. This solidified the SEC West title for LSU, and effectively knocked Bama out of the playoffs. After lackluster performances against Ole Miss and Austin Peay, the Tide would defeat their cross state rival, Auburn by a final of 49–27 in Tuscaloosa. The Tigers were being led by interim head coach, Carnell "Cadillac" Williams after the midseason dismissal of previous head coach Bryan Harsin. Bama was selected to go to the Sugar Bowl where they would meet Kansas State for the first time ever. The Tide concluded the 2022 season with a 45–20 win against the Wildcats. Alabama would finish 2022 11–2, having missed the playoffs for just the second time since the playoff format began.
Final season
Main article: 2023 Alabama Crimson Tide football team
Alabama began the 2023 season (which would turn out to be Coach Saban's final season) ranked number four in the nation. The season began with a 56–7 win over Middle Tennessee in Tuscaloosa. After the departure of Bryce Young, previous backup quarterback Jalen Milroe was now the starter and turned in a great performance in the season opening win. The next week saw the Tide lose at home to Texas, 34–24. It was the Longhorns' first trip to Tuscaloosa since 1902. The 10-point loss marked the only time that Nick Saban lost at Bryant Denny Stadium by double digits during his tenure at Alabama. 2023 also marked the last season that Texas played in the Big 12 as they, along with Oklahoma joined the SEC. The shaky performance by Milroe lead to a quarterback change the following week at South Florida. Coach Saban rotated quarterbacks Ty Simpson and Tyler Buchner in a very sloppy 17–3 win over the Bulls. The following week saw the return of starter Jalen Milroe as Alabama cruised past Ole Miss in Tuscaloosa, 24–10. The Tide would not lose again in the regular season, going undefeated in the SEC and avenging the two losses from the previous season to Tennessee and LSU. The regular season finale saw the Tide pull off a last minute win over archrival Auburn, 27–24. Just as the 2021 trip to Jordan Hare stadium, Alabama played very subpar and needed a last minute drive for the win over a heavy underdog Auburn team. Jalen Milroe found receiver Isiah Bond on a 4th and goal play from the Auburn 31 yard line. The win marked the first time that Alabama had won 4 in a row over the Tigers since their 9-game win streak in the series from 1973 to 1981. Next up was the SEC Championship Game against back to back reigning national champion Georgia. The Bulldogs were undefeated, ranked number one in the nation, and vying for an unprecedented third consecutive national title. However, that would not be realized for Georgia, as Alabama would win, 27–24, giving the program its 30th SEC title. It was the first loss for Georgia since the 2021 SEC Championship Game, when Alabama defeated Georgia 41–24, and it ended Georgia's record 29 game win streak. The win secured a spot for the Tide in the College Football Playoffs. In a Rose Bowl semifinal against Michigan, Alabama would fall 27–20 in overtime. After leading 20–13 late in the game, Michigan quarterback JJ McCarthy found receiver Roman Wilson for a 4-yard touchdown reception to tie the game at 20–20. The game went into overtime where Michigan would take the lead. In an attempt to win or possibly tie the game to go to a second overtime, quarterback Jalen Milroe was stopped on a 4th and goal quarterback sneak to give Michigan the victory. It marked the first semifinal loss for Alabama since the 2014 season (the first year of the playoffs) when Alabama lost to Ohio State. 2023 also marked the end of the 4-team playoff format, as an expanded format will take place beginning in 2024. Bama would finish with a record of 12–2. The 2023 season was the third consecutive year without a national championship, which was the only time in the entire Nick Saban era that this occurred. It also marked the first time since 2007 that the Tide was not ranked #1 at some point in the season. At the end of the season, Coach Saban announced his retirement from coaching, bringing to an end a truly historic time in college football history.
Rivalries
Auburn
Main article: Iron Bowl
Alabama on offense against the Tigers in 2010
The main rivalry of the Crimson Tide is against its in-state rival, Auburn University Tigers; considered one of the top sporting rivalries in the US. The Alabama-Auburn annual game has come to be known as the Iron Bowl. The outcome of the game generally determines "bragging rights" in the state of Alabama until the following contest. The game may also have implications as to which team will represent the SEC Western Division in the SEC Championship Game.
On February 22, 1893, at Lakeview Park in Birmingham, Auburn was victorious in the first ever Iron Bowl, 32–22. The series was suspended after the 1907 contest, due to violence and financial complications. In 1944, Auburn suggested to reopen the series, though the board of trustees at Alabama rejected. The series was resumed in 1948, with Alabama crushing the Tigers 55–0, which is still the largest margin of victory in the series. In the following contest, Auburn shocked Alabama with a 14–13 victory, which is credited with helping revive the series.
For many years, the contest was held at Legion Field in Birmingham, before the teams began alternating between Bryant-Denny Stadium, in Tuscaloosa, and Jordan–Hare Stadium, in Auburn. Alabama won the most recent meeting 27–24 in Auburn, and leads the series at 50–37–1.
Tennessee
Main article: Third Saturday in October
Alabama on offense versus Tennessee in Tuscaloosa during the 2009 season
Despite the heated in-state rivalry with Auburn, Bear Bryant was more adamant about defeating his rivals to the north, the Tennessee Volunteers. The series is named the Third Saturday in October, the traditional calendar date on which the game was played. Despite the name, the game has been played on the third Saturday only five times between 1995 and 2007. The first game between the two sides was played in 1901 in Birmingham, ending in a 6–6 tie. From 1902 to 1913, Alabama dominated the series, losing only once, and never allowing a touchdown by the Volunteers. Beginning in 1928, the rivalry was first played on its traditional date and began to be a challenge for the Crimson Tide as Robert Neyland began challenging Alabama for their perennial spot on top of the conference standings. In the 1950s, Jim Goostree, the head trainer for Alabama, began another tradition as he began handing out cigars following a victory over the Volunteers.
Between 1971 and 1981, Alabama held an 11-game winning streak over the Volunteers and, between 1986 and 1994, a nine-game unbeaten streak. However, following Alabama's streak, Tennessee responded with a seven-game winning streak from 1995 to 2001. Alabama holds the longest winning streak at 15 from 2007 to 2021. Alabama won the most recent meeting 34–20 in Tuscaloosa, and leads the series 59–39–7.
LSU
Main article: Alabama–LSU football rivalry
Alabama vs. LSU 2011
A rivalry within the SEC Western Division occurs yearly between Alabama and the LSU Tigers. Starting in 1895, the Tigers were victorious 12–6 in the first meeting. The teams did not regularly meet until the mid-1960s during Alabama's dominance of the SEC. Between 1971 and 1981, the Crimson Tide won 11 consecutive times. In the 1969 game, LSU defeated Alabama 20–15 in Baton Rouge. Alabama did not lose again in Baton Rouge until 2000.
In 2007, the meeting was more heated following Alabama's hiring of head coach Nick Saban, who previously coached at LSU. With the hiring, many media outlets dubbed the 2007 meeting as the "Saban Bowl". The Crimson Tide lost the first "Saban Bowl" in 2007, won the 2008 and 2009 meetings only to lose in Baton Rouge in 2010.
In 2011, the teams played as the consensus No. 1 and No. 2 ranked teams in the polls with LSU winning 9–6 in overtime. They played each other again for the BCS National Championship with Alabama winning 21–0 to secure its 14th National Championship. Alabama won the most recent meeting 42–28 in Tuscaloosa, and leads the series 56–27-5.
Mississippi State
Main article: Alabama–Mississippi State football rivalry
Alabama's most-played rival is Mississippi State. The rivalry has been called the "Battle for Highway 82", with the schools being only 90 miles apart. Many cite the 2014 meeting as the biggest game in the series where Alabama faced a #1 ranked, 10–0 Mississippi State team with Dak Prescott as its quarterback. Alabama won 25–20, which helped catapult them into the first College Football Playoff. Alabama won the most recent meeting 40–17 in Starkville, and leads the series 86–18–3.
Clemson
Main article: Alabama–Clemson football rivalry
The series dates back to 1900 but the rivalry has intensified in recent years, with the last four meetings having national championship implications. Alabama leads the series 14–5.
Florida
Main article: Alabama–Florida football rivalry
Alabama has a rivalry with the Florida Gators, which was largely developed with the start of the SEC Championship Game. Alabama and Florida have met in 10 SEC Title Games (Alabama leads 6–4 in Title games), including the first 3 from 1992 to 1994. Alabama won the most recent meeting 31–29 in Gainesville, and leads the entire series 28–14 on the field (27–14 with the Alabama 2005 win vacated).
Georgia
Main article: Alabama–Georgia football rivalry
Alabama has a traditional rivalry with the Georgia Bulldogs, especially from the 1920s through 1965 and in recent years under Nick Saban. Alabama won the most recent meeting 27–24 in the 2023 SEC Championship Game, and leads the series 43–26–4.
Former rivalries
The Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets were at one time considered an Alabama rival. During the suspension of the Iron Bowl between 1907 and 1948, Georgia Tech (then a member of the SEC) emerged as one of the most intense games on Alabama's schedule. The teams played many significant games, especially in the late 1950s and early 1960s. A heated feud developed between Bear Bryant and Georgia Tech head coach Bobby Dodd following a controversial hit in the 1961 game, a 10–0 Alabama victory. Dodd cited this feud as the primary impetus for Georgia Tech leaving the SEC three years later. The two teams have met 52 times, making Georgia Tech Alabama's most played among current non-conference opponents. Alabama leads the series 28–21–3; Georgia Tech won the last meeting in 1984. Alabama's fight song, "Yea Alabama", mentions Georgia Tech with the line "Send the Yellow Jackets to a watery grave."
There have been many historic games between Alabama and Penn State. The two teams met five times during the tenure of Bear Bryant, including in the 1979 Sugar Bowl, which determined the national championship for the 1978 season. The games usually have national implications—seven of the 15 meetings between the two schools have featured both teams ranked in the top ten—and eight of the meetings have been decided by a touchdown or less. The most recent game was in 2011, with Alabama winning 27–11. It was the final loss for long-time Penn State head coach Joe Paterno. Alabama leads the series 10–5.
Head coaching record
Year
Team
Overall
Conference
Standing
Bowl/playoffs
Coaches#
AP°
2007
Alabama
7–6
4–4
T–3rd (Western)
W Independence
2008
Alabama
12–2
8–0
1st (Western)
L Sugar†
6
6
2009
Alabama
14–0
8–0
1st (Western)
W BCS NCG†
1
1
2010
Alabama
10–3
5–3
4th (Western)
W Capital One
11
10
2011
Alabama
12–1
7–1
2nd (Western)
W BCS NCG†
1
1
2012
Alabama
13–1
7–1
1st (Western)
W BCS NCG†
1
1
2013
Alabama
11–2
7–1
T–1st (Western)
L Sugar†
8
7
2014
Alabama
12–2
7–1
1st (Western)
L Sugar†
4
4
2015
Alabama
14–1
7–1
1st (Western)
W Cotton†, W CFP NCG†
1
1
2016
Alabama
14–1
8–0
1st (Western)
W Peach†, L CFP NCG†
2
2
2017
Alabama
13–1
7–1
T–1st (Western)
W Sugar†, W CFP NCG†
1
1
2018
Alabama
14–1
8–0
1st (Western)
W Orange†, L CFP NCG†
2
2
2019
Alabama
11–2
6–2
2nd (Western)
W Citrus
8
8
2020
Alabama
13–0
10–0
1st (Western)
W Rose†, W CFP NCG†
1
1
2021
Alabama
13–2
7–1
1st (Western)
W Cotton†, L CFP NCG†
2
2
2022
Alabama
11–2
6–2
T–1st (Western)
W Sugar†
5
5
2023
Alabama
12–2
8–0
1st (Western)
L Rose†
5
5
Alabama:
206–29
120–18
Total:
National championship Conference title Conference division title or championship game berth
†Indicates Bowl Coalition, Bowl Alliance, BCS, or CFP / New Years' Six bowl.
#Rankings from final Coaches Poll.
First-team All-Americans
Main article: List of Alabama Crimson Tide football All-Americans
Year
Player name
Position
Selector(s)
2008
Antoine Caldwell†
Center
AFCA, AP, TSN, SI
Terrence Cody†
Defensive tackle
AFCA, AP, FWAA, TSN, SI, Rivals.com, CBS
Rashad Johnson
Safety
AFCA, Rivals.com
Andre Smith‡
Offensive tackle
AFCA, AP, FWAA, TSN, WC, ESPN, FN, SI, CBS, Rivals.com
2009
Javier Arenas†
Cornerback
AFCA, AP, SI
Javier Arenas
Punt returner
CBS, Rivals.com
Terrence Cody†
Defensive tackle
AP, FWAA, WC, CBS
Mark Ingram II‡
Running back
AP, FWAA, AFCA, WC, TSN, SI, ESPN, CBS, Rivals.com
Mike Johnson†
Offensive guard
AP, AFCA, WC, TSN, SI, ESPN, CBS, Rivals.com
Rolando McClain‡
Linebacker
AP, FWAA, AFCA, WC, TSN, SI, ESPN, CBS, Rivals.com
Leigh Tiffin
Placekicker
AP, CBS
2010
Mark Barron
Safety
FWAA
2011
Mark Barron‡
Safety
AFCA, AP, FWAA, WC, TSN, CBS, ESPN, PFW, Scout.com, SI
Dont'a Hightower†
Linebacker
AFCA, AP, WC, PFW
Barrett Jones‡
Tackle
AP, AFCA, FWAA, WC, CBS, ESPN, Scout.com, TSN
Dre Kirkpatrick
Cornerback
FWAA, CBS, PFW
DeQuan Menzie
Cornerback
AFCA
Trent Richardson‡
Running back
AP, AFCA, FWAA, WCFF, CBS, ESPN, Scout.com, TSN
Courtney Upshaw
Linebacker
FWAA, TSN, CBS, ESPN, PFW, Scout.com, SI
2012
D. J. Fluker
Offensive tackle
CBS, Scout.com
Barrett Jones†
Center
WCFF, AP, FWAA, TSN, CBS, Scout.com, ESPN, SI
Dee Milliner‡
Cornerback
WCFF, AFCA, AP, FWAA, TSN, CBS, Scout.com, ESPN, PFW
C. J. Mosley†
Linebacker
WCFF, AFCA, AP, TSN, CBS, Scout.com, SI
Chance Warmack‡
Offensive guard
WCFF, AFCA, AP, TSN, FWAA, CBS, Scout.com, ESPN, SI, PFW
2013
Ha Ha Clinton-Dix†
Safety
AFCA, FWAA, TSN, ESPN
Cyrus Kouandjio†
Offensive tackle
AFCA, FWAA, WCFF, AP, CBS, Athlon
A. J. McCarron
Quarterback
AFCA, WCFF
C. J. Mosley‡
Linebacker
AFCA, FWAA, TSN, WCFF, AP, USAT, CBS, ESPN, Athlon
2014
Landon Collins‡
Safety
AP, WCFF, TSN, AFCA, FWAA, CBS, ESPN, Scout, SI
Amari Cooper‡
Wide receiver
AP, WCFF, TSN, AFCA, FWAA, USAT, CBS, ESPN, Scout, SI
Trey DePriest
Linebacker
AFCA
Arie Kouandjio
Offensive Guard
AFCA, USAT, SI
J. K. Scott
Punter
TSN, USAT, ESPN, SI
2015
Derrick Henry‡
Running back
AP, WCFF, FWAA, AFCA, TSN, USAT, CBS, SI, ESPN, FOX
Reggie Ragland‡
Linebacker
AP, WCFF, FWAA, AFCA, TSN, USAT, CBS, SI, ESPN
Ryan Kelly†
Center
WCFF, FWAA, AFCA, TSN, USAT, ESPN
A'Shawn Robinson†
Defensive tackle
AP, FWAA, AFCA, TSN, CBS, SI, FOX
2016
Jonathan Allen‡
Defensive end
AFCA, FWAA, AP, WCFF, TSN, SI, USAT, ESPN, FOX, CBS
Reuben Foster‡
Linebacker
AFCA, FWAA, AP, WCFF, TSN, SI, USAT, ESPN, FOX, CBS
Cam Robinson‡
Offensive tackle
AFCA, FWAA, AP, WCFF, TSN, SI, ESPN, FOX, CBS, Athlon
Minkah Fitzpatrick†
Defensive back
AFCA, AP, ESPN
Marlon Humphrey
Defensive back
FWAA
O. J. Howard
Tight end
FOX
2017
Minkah Fitzpatrick‡
Defensive back
AP, AFCA, FWAA, WCFF, TSN, SI, USAT, ESPN, CBS, CFN, Athlon
Rashaan Evans
Linebacker
AFCA
J. K. Scott
Punter
CFN
2018
Tua Tagovailoa†
Quarterback
AFCA, TSN, WCFF, Athlon
Jerry Jeudy†
Wide receiver
AFCA, AP, TSN, WCFF, SI, ESPN, CBS, Athlon
Jonah Williams‡
Offensive tackle
AFCA, AP, FWAA, TSN, WCFF, SI, USAT, CFN, ESPN, CBS, Athlon
Ross Pierschbacher
Center
TSN
Quinnen Williams‡
Defensive tackle
AFCA, AP, FWAA, TSN, WCFF, SI, USAT, CFN, ESPN, CBS, Athlon
Deionte Thompson†
Safety
AFCA, AP, TSN, SI, USAT, CFN, ESPN, CBS, Athlon
2019
Jerry Jeudy
Wide receiver
AFCA
Alex Leatherwood
Offensive tackle
AFCA
Jedrick Wills
Offensive tackle
Athletic, CBS, USAT
Xavier McKinney
Safety
Athletic, CBS, USAT
Jaylen Waddle
Kick Returner
CBS, FWAA, SI, TSN, USAT
2020
Christian Barmore
Defensive tackle
CBS
Landon Dickerson ‡
Center
AFCA, AP, CBS, ESPN, FWAA, Phil Steele, TSN, WCFF
Mac Jones †
Quarterback
AFCA, AP, Athletic, ESPN, TSN, USAT, WCFF
Najee Harris ‡
Running back
AFCA, AP, CBS, ESPN, FWAA, Phil Steele, TSN, WCFF
Alex Leatherwood ‡
Offensive tackle
AFCA, AP, Athletic, CBS, ESPN, FWAA, Phil Steele, TSN, USAT, WCFF
Dylan Moses
Linebacker
AFCA
Will Reichard
Placekicker
CBS
DeVonta Smith ‡
Wide receiver
AFCA, AP, Athletic, CBS, ESPN, FWAA, Phil Steele, TSN, USAT, WCFF
DeVonta Smith
Return Specialist
CBS
Patrick Surtain II ‡
Cornerback
AFCA, AP, Athletic, CBS, ESPN, FWAA, Phil Steele, TSN, USAT, WCFF
Thomas Fletcher
Long snapper
Phil Steele
2021
Will Anderson Jr. ‡
Linebacker
Athletic, CBS, ESPN, FWAA, USAT, WCFF
Evan Neal ‡
Offensive tackle
CBS, ESPN, FWAA, USAT, WCFF
Jameson Williams
Wide receiver
CBS, ESPN, USAT
Bryce Young †
Quarterback
Athletic, CBS, ESPN, FWAA, USAT
2022
Will Anderson Jr. †
Linebacker
AP, Athletic, ESPN, CBS, FWAA, TSN, USAT, WCFF
Brian Branch
Safety
ESPN, CBS
2023
Dallas Turner †
Linebacker
AP, AFCA, FWAA, TSN, Athlon Sports, ESPN, CBS, The Athletic, USAT, Phil Steele
Kool-Aid McKinstry†
Cornerback
AP, TSN, CBS, Athlon Sports, PFF, USAT, SI
Terrion Arnold
Defensive back
AP, ESPN
Caleb Downs
Safety
PFF
James Burnip
Punter
PFF
† Consensus selection
‡ Unanimous selection
Reference:
NFL draftees
Main article: List of Alabama Crimson Tide players in the NFL Draft
Year
Round
Pick
Overall
Player name
Position
NFL team
Notes
2009
1
6
6
Andre Smith
Offensive tackle
Cincinnati Bengals
—
3
10
74
Glen Coffee
Running back
San Francisco 49ers
—
3
13
77
Antoine Caldwell
Center
Houston Texans
—
3
31
95
Rashad Johnson
Defensive back
Arizona Cardinals
—
2010
1
8
8
Rolando McClain
Linebacker
Oakland Raiders
—
1
20
20
Kareem Jackson
Cornerback
Houston Texans
—
2
18
50
Javier Arenas
Defensive back
Kansas City Chiefs
—
2
25
57
Terrence Cody
Defensive end
Baltimore Ravens
Super Bowl Champion (XLVII)
3
34
98
Mike Johnson
Offensive guard
Atlanta Falcons
—
7
4
211
Marquis Johnson
Defensive back
St. Louis Rams
—
7
40
247
Brandon Deaderick
Defensive end
New England Patriots
—
2011
1
3
3
Marcell Dareus
Defensive tackle
Buffalo Bills
2× Pro Bowl (2013, 2014), First-team All-Pro (2014)
1
6
6
Julio Jones
Wide receiver
Atlanta Falcons
7x Pro Bowl (2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019), 2x First-team All-Pro (2015, 2016), 3x Second-team All-Pro (2017, 2018, 2019)
1
25
25
James Carpenter
Offensive tackle
Seattle Seahawks
Super Bowl Champion (XLVIII)
1
28
28
Mark Ingram II
Running back
New Orleans Saints
3x Pro Bowl (2014, 2017, 2019)
7
5
208
Greg McElroy
Quarterback
New York Jets
—
2012
1
3
3
Trent Richardson
Running back
Cleveland Browns
—
1
7
7
Mark Barron
Safety
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
—
1
17
17
Dre Kirkpatrick
Cornerback
Cincinnati Bengals
—
1
25
25
Dont'a Hightower
Linebacker
New England Patriots
3x Super Bowl Champion (XLIX, LI, LIII), 2x Pro Bowl (2016, 2019), Second-team All-Pro (2016)
2
3
35
Courtney Upshaw
Linebacker
Baltimore Ravens
Super Bowl Champion (XLVII)
5
1
136
Josh Chapman
Defensive tackle
Indianapolis Colts
—
5
11
146
DeQuan Menzie
Cornerback
Kansas City Chiefs
—
7
40
247
Brad Smelley
Tight end
Cleveland Browns
—
2013
1
9
9
Dee Milliner
Cornerback
New York Jets
—
1
10
10
Chance Warmack
Guard
Tennessee Titans
Super Bowl Champion (LII)
1
11
11
D. J. Fluker
Offensive tackle
San Diego Chargers
—
2
29
61
Eddie Lacy
Running back
Green Bay Packers
Pro Bowl (2013), Second-team All-Pro (2013)
4
2
99
Nico Johnson
Linebacker
Kansas City Chiefs
—
4
16
113
Barrett Jones
Center
St. Louis Rams
—
5
4
137
Jesse Williams
Defensive tackle
Seattle Seahawks
Super Bowl Champion (XLVIII)
5
24
157
Quinton Dial
Defensive end
San Francisco 49ers
—
7
5
211
Michael Williams
Tight end
Detroit Lions
Super Bowl Champion (LI)
2014
1
17
17
C. J. Mosley
Linebacker
Baltimore Ravens
5x Pro Bowl (2014, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2022), 5x Second-team All-Pro (2014, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2022)
1
21
21
Ha Ha Clinton-Dix
Safety
Green Bay Packers
Pro Bowl (2016), Second-team All-Pro (2016)
2
12
44
Cyrus Kouandjio
Offensive tackle
Buffalo Bills
—
4
23
123
Kevin Norwood
Wide receiver
Seattle Seahawks
—
5
20
160
Ed Stinson
Defensive end
Arizona Cardinals
—
5
24
164
A. J. McCarron
Quarterback
Cincinnati Bengals
—
5
27
167
Vinnie Sunseri
Safety
New Orleans Saints
—
6
1
177
Jeoffrey Pagan
Defensive end
Houston Texans
—
2015
1
4
4
Amari Cooper
Wide receiver
Oakland Raiders
5x Pro Bowl (2015, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2023)
2
1
33
Landon Collins
Safety
New York Giants
3x Pro Bowl (2016, 2017, 2018), First-team All-Pro (2016)
2
4
36
T. J. Yeldon
Running back
Jacksonville Jaguars
—
4
9
108
Jalston Fowler
Fullback
Tennessee Titans
—
4
13
112
Arie Kouandjio
Guard
Washington Redskins
—
7
11
228
Austin Shepherd
Offensive tackle
Minnesota Vikings
—
7
36
253
Xzavier Dickson
Linebacker
New England Patriots
—
2016
1
18
18
Ryan Kelly
Center
Indianapolis Colts
3x Pro Bowl (2019, 2020, 2021), All-Pro (2020)
2
10
41
Reggie Ragland
Linebacker
Buffalo Bills
Super Bowl Champion (LIV)
2
14
45
Derrick Henry
Running back
Tennessee Titans
4x Pro Bowl (2019, 2020, 2022, 2023), 2x First-team All-Pro (2020, 2022), Second-Team All-Pro (2019), AP Offensive Player of the Year (2020)
2
15
46
A'Shawn Robinson
Defensive tackle
Detroit Lions
Super Bowl Champion (LVI)
2
18
49
Jarran Reed
Defensive tackle
Seattle Seahawks
—
2
29
60
Cyrus Jones
Cornerback
New England Patriots
Super Bowl Champion (LI)
3
10
73
Kenyan Drake
Running back
Miami Dolphins
—
2017
1
16
16
Marlon Humphrey
Cornerback
Baltimore Ravens
3x Pro Bowl (2019, 2020, 2022), First-team All-Pro (2019)
1
17
17
Jonathan Allen
Defensive end
Washington Redskins
2x Pro Bowl (2021, 2022)
1
19
19
O.J. Howard
Tight end
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Super Bowl Champion (LV)
1
31
31
Reuben Foster
Linebacker
San Francisco 49ers
—
2
2
34
Cam Robinson
Offensive tackle
Jacksonville Jaguars
—
2
17
49
Ryan Anderson
Linebacker
Washington Redskins
—
2
23
55
Dalvin Tomlinson
Defensive tackle
New York Giants
—
3
14
78
Tim Williams
Linebacker
Baltimore Ravens
—
3
15
79
ArDarius Stewart
Wide receiver
New York Jets
—
4
5
121
Eddie Jackson
Safety
Chicago Bears
2x Pro Bowl (2018, 2019), First-team All-Pro (2018)
2018
1
11
11
Minkah Fitzpatrick
Safety
Miami Dolphins
4x Pro Bowl (2019, 2020, 2022, 2022), 3x First-team All-Pro (2019, 2020, 2022)
1
13
13
Daron Payne
Nose tackle
Washington Redskins
—
1
22
22
Rashaan Evans
Linebacker
Tennessee Titans
—
1
26
26
Calvin Ridley
Wide receiver
Atlanta Falcons
Second-team All-Pro (2020)
3
29
93
Ronnie Harrison
Safety
Jacksonville Jaguars
—
4
14
114
Da'Shawn Hand
Defensive end
Detroit Lions
—
4
18
118
Anthony Averett
Cornerback
Baltimore Ravens
—
5
35
172
J. K. Scott
Punter
Green Bay Packers
—
6
23
197
Shaun Dion Hamilton
Linebacker
Washington Redskins
—
6
41
215
Bradley Bozeman
Center
Baltimore Ravens
—
7
18
236
Bo Scarbrough
Running back
Dallas Cowboys
—
7
28
246
Joshua Frazier
Defensive tackle
Pittsburgh Steelers
—
2019
1
3
3
Quinnen Williams
Defensive tackle
New York Jets
2x Pro Bowl (2022, 2023), First-team All-Pro (2022)
1
11
11
Jonah Williams
Offensive tackle
Cincinnati Bengals
—
1
24
24
Josh Jacobs
Running back
Oakland Raiders
2x Pro Bowl (2020, 2022), First-team All-Pro (2022)
2
18
50
Irv Smith Jr.
Tight end
Minnesota Vikings
—
3
24
87
Damien Harris
Running back
New England Patriots
—
4
13
115
Christian Miller
Linebacker
Carolina Panthers
—
5
1
139
Deionte Thompson
Safety
Arizona Cardinals
—
5
15
153
Ross Pierschbacher
Center
Washington Redskins
—
5
17
155
Mack Wilson
Linebacker
Cleveland Browns
—
6
20
192
Isaiah Buggs
Defensive tackle
Pittsburgh Steelers
—
2020
1
5
5
Tua Tagovailoa
Quarterback
Miami Dolphins
Pro Bowl (2023)
1
10
10
Jedrick Wills
Offensive tackle
Cleveland Browns
—
1
12
12
Henry Ruggs III
Wide receiver
Las Vegas Raiders
—
1
15
15
Jerry Jeudy
Wide receiver
Denver Broncos
—
2
4
36
Xavier McKinney
Safety
New York Giants
—
2
19
51
Trevon Diggs
Cornerback
Dallas Cowboys
2x Pro Bowl (2021, 2022), First-team All-Pro (2021)
2
24
56
Raekwon Davis
Defensive tackle
Miami Dolphins
—
3
20
84
Terrell Lewis
Linebacker
Los Angeles Rams
Super Bowl Champion (LVI)
3
25
87
Anfernee Jennings
Linebacker
New England Patriots
—
2021
1
6
6
Jaylen Waddle
Wide receiver
Miami Dolphins
—
1
9
9
Patrick Surtain II
Cornerback
Denver Broncos
2x Pro Bowl (2022, 2023), First-team All-Pro (2022)
1
10
10
DeVonta Smith
Wide receiver
Philadelphia Eagles
—
1
15
15
Mac Jones
Quarterback
New England Patriots
Pro Bowl (2021)
1
17
17
Alex Leatherwood
Offensive tackle
Las Vegas Raiders
—
1
24
24
Najee Harris
Running back
Pittsburgh Steelers
Pro Bowl (2021)
2
5
37
Landon Dickerson
Center
Philadelphia Eagles
Pro Bowl (2023)
2
6
38
Christian Barmore
Defensive tackle
New England Patriots
—
6
9
193
Deonte Brown
Offensive guard
Carolina Panthers
—
6
38
222
Thomas Fletcher
Long snapper
Carolina Panthers
—
2022
1
7
7
Evan Neal
Offensive tackle
New York Giants
—
1
12
12
Jameson Williams
Wide receiver
Detroit Lions
—
2
12
44
John Metchie III
Wide receiver
Houston Texans
—
2
15
47
Phidarian Mathis
Defensive tackle
Washington Commanders
—
3
11
75
Christian Harris
Linebacker
Houston Texans
—
3
34
98
Brian Robinson Jr.
Running back
Washington Commanders
—
4
14
119
Jalyn Armour-Davis
Cornerback
Baltimore Ravens
—
2023
1
1
1
Bryce Young
Quarterback
Carolina Panthers
—
1
3
3
Will Anderson Jr.
Linebacker
Houston Texans
—
1
9
9
Jahmyr Gibbs
Running back
Detroit Lions
—
2
14
45
Brian Branch
Cornerback
Detroit Lions
—
3
2
65
Tyler Steen
Offensive tackle
Philadelphia Eagles
—
3
7
70
Byron Young
Defensive tackle
Las Vegas Raiders
—
3
32
95
Jordan Battle
Safety
Cincinnati Bengals
—
3
38
101
Cameron Latu
Tight end
San Francisco 49ers
—
5
32
167
Henry To'oTo'o
Linebacker
Houston Texans
—
7
7
224
DeMarcco Hellams
Safety
Atlanta Falcons
—
2024
1
7
7
JC Latham
Offensive tackle
Tennessee Titans
—
1
17
17
Dallas Turner
Defensive end
Minnesota Vikings
—
1
24
24
Terrion Arnold
Cornerback
Detroit Lions
—
2
9
41
Kool-Aid McKinstry
Cornerback
New Orleans Saints
—
2
25
57
Chris Braswell
Defensive end
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
—
3
16
80
Jermaine Burton
Wide receiver
Cincinnati Bengals
—
4
5
105
Justin Eboigbe
Defensive tackle
Los Angeles Chargers
—
6
10
186
Jase McClellan
Running back
Atlanta Falcons
—
6
27
203
Will Reichard
Kicker
Minnesota Vikings
—
7
37
257
Jaylen Key
Safety
New York Jets
—
Reference:
All-time assistant coaches
Coach
Position
Alma mater
Years served
Major Applewhite
Offensive coordinator
Texas
2007
Brian Baker
Associate head coach/defensive line
Maryland
2019–Present
Jeff Banks
Special Teams/tight ends
Washington State
2018–Present
Greg Brown
Secondary
UTEP
2013
Burton Burns
Running backs
Nebraska
2007–present
Curt Cignetti
Wide receivers
West Virginia
2007–2010
Mario Cristobal
Offensive line
Miami
2013–2016
Bo Davis
Defensive line
LSU
2007–2010
Brian Daboll
Offensive coordinator
Rochester
2017–2018
Dan Enos
Quarterbacks
Michigan State
2018
Kyle Flood
Offensive line
Iona Gaels football
2019–Present
Josh Gattis
Wide receivers
Wake Forest
2018
Pete Golding
Defensive coordinator
Delta State
2018–Present
Mike Groh
Wide receivers
Virginia
2011–2012
Charles Huff
Running backs
Hampton
2019–Present
Brent Key
Offensive line/special teams
Georgia Tech
2016–2018
Charles Kelly
Associate DC/safeties
Auburn
2019–Present
Lane Kiffin
Offensive coordinator
Fresno State
2014–2016
Craig Kuligowski
Defensive line
Toledo
2018
Mike Locksley
Offensive coordinator
Towson
2018
Tosh Lupoi
Defensive coordinator
California
2018
Jim McElwain
Offensive coordinator
Eastern Washington
2008–2011
Billy Napier
Wide receivers
Furman
2013–2016
Doug Nussmeier
Offensive coordinator
Idaho
2012–2013
Bill O'Brien
Offensive coordinator/quarterbacks
Brown
2021–Present
Joe Pannunzio
Secondary
Southern Colorado
2017–2018
Joe Pendry
Offensive line
West Virginia
2007–2010
Jeremy Pruitt
Secondary
Defensive coordinator
West Alabama
2010–2012, 2016–2017
Chris Rumph
Defensive line
South Carolina
2011–2014
Steve Sarkisian
Offensive coordinator/quarterbacks
BYU
2017, 2019–2020
Karl Scott
Secondary
McMurry University
2018–Present
Kirby Smart
Defensive coordinator
Georgia
2007–2015
Kevin Steele
Defensive line
Tennessee
2007–2008
Jeff Stoutland
Offensive line
Southern Connecticut
2011–2012
Sal Sunseri
Linebackers
Pittsburgh
2009–2011, 2019–Present
Lance Thompson
Linebackers
The Citadel
2007–20082012–2014
Holmon Wiggins
Wide receivers
New Mexico State
2019–Present
Bobby Williams
Tight endsSpecial teams
Purdue
2008–2015
James Willis
Linebackers
Auburn
2009
Reference:
Bryant–Denny Stadium
Main article: Bryant–Denny Stadium
Nick Saban statue located at the Walk of Champions outside Bryant–Denny Stadium.
During Saban's tenure as head coach of the Crimson Tide, Alabama has played all home games on-campus at Bryant–Denny Stadium. Prior to the 2006 season, the north endzone expansion brought the total seating capacity of Bryant–Denny to 92,138, the seventh largest stadium in college football. After Saban became head coach, in February 2009, the University of Alabama System Board of Trustees unanimously approved a proposal to expand the south endzone with an upper deck that seated approximately 9,000 spectators and added 36 luxury boxes. The expansion was budgeted at $80.6 million and Davis Architects of Birmingham, Alabama served as the architect of record for the project. The expansion was completed just prior to the start of the 2010 season on August 20 and increased Bryant–Denny's capacity to 101,821, the fifth largest in college football.
Outside the stadium on its northern side is the Walk of Champions. This areas pays tribute to past championship teams at Alabama in addition to featuring bronze statues of all five head coaches who won national championships with the Crimson Tide. After he led them to the 2009 national championship, athletics director Mal Moore indicated that a statue of Saban would be erected in the Walk of Champions just as the previous four coaches. The nine-foot statue was designed by Alabama student Jeremy Davis and fabricated by MTM Recognition of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. It was officially unveiled prior to the 2011 A-Day spring game on April 16, 2011, and has since been updated to include subsequent championships.
Notes
^ a b c d e Saban's record for the 2007 season was 7–6. In March 2009, the NCAA ruled that Alabama must vacate 21 victories due to sanctions stemming from textbook-related infractions discovered during the 2007 season, including five for the 2007 season. As such Saban's official record for the 2007 season stands at 2–6.
^ Shula's overall record at time of his firing was 26–23. In March 2009, the NCAA ruled that Alabama must vacate 21 victories due to sanctions stemming from textbook-related infractions discovered during the 2007 season, including 16 for the 2005 and 2006 seasons. As such Shula's official record at Alabama stands at 10–23.
References
^ a b "Alabama routs Notre Dame, wins 3rd BCS title in past 4 years". ESPN.com. ESPN.com news services. January 7, 2013. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
^ a b c "Alabama fires Shula, names Kines interim coach". ESPN.com. ESPN.com news services. November 28, 2006. Retrieved April 1, 2013.
^ a b Hurt, Cecil (November 27, 2006). "Shula fired: Alabama football coach dismissed after four seasons". The Tuscaloosa News. p. A1. Retrieved April 1, 2013.
^ Walsh, Christopher (November 27, 2006). "Options abound for Alabama coaching search". The Tuscaloosa News. p. C1. Retrieved April 1, 2013.
^ "Saban says he won't leave Dolphins for Alabama". USA Today. usatoday.com. Associated Press. November 27, 2006. Retrieved April 1, 2013.
^ a b "Saban rejects 'Bama; Rodriguez gets offer". The Ledger. December 8, 2006. p. C7. Retrieved April 1, 2013.
^ "Saban: 'I'm not going to be the Alabama coach'". ESPN.com. Associated Press. December 21, 2006. Retrieved April 1, 2013.
^ Hurt, Cecil (January 1, 2007). "UA officials keep Saban as top target". The Tuscaloosa News. TuscaloosaNews.com. Retrieved April 1, 2013.
^ Nobles, Charlie (January 4, 2007). "Saban leaving the Dolphins for Alabama". The New York Times. Retrieved April 1, 2013.
^ "Saban embraces high expectations at Alabama". ESPN.com. ESPN.com news services. January 4, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2013.
^ Walsh, Christopher (January 10, 2007). "Saban confirms hirings". The Tuscaloosa News. Retrieved April 1, 2013.
^ "Alabama adds Major Applewhite to coaching staff". The Tuscaloosa News. January 14, 2007. p. C1.
^ Evans, Thayer (February 8, 2007). "Saban and Davis show they can still recruit". The New York Times. Retrieved April 1, 2013.
^ "An overflow crowd watches Saban's Bama debut". ESPN.com. Associated Press. April 22, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2013.
^ "Bama faithful bask in Saban's winning debut as coach". ESPN.com. Associated Press. September 1, 2007. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
^ "Grant's 173 rushing yards continues Tide's dominance over Vandy". ESPN.com. Associated Press. September 8, 2007. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
^ "Caddell TD caps wild finish as Bama upsets Arkansas". ESPN.com. Associated Press. September 15, 2007. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
^ "Stafford's 25-yard TD strike dumps No. 16 Alabama in OT". ESPN.com. Associated Press. September 22, 2007. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
^ "Lee comes off bench, rescues Florida State from Alabama". ESPN.com. Associated Press. September 29, 2007. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
^ "Alabama notches biggest win in series with Vols since 1986". ESPN.com. Associated Press. October 20, 2007. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
^ "Five Crimson Tide players suspended for violating school textbook policy". ESPN.com. Associated Press. October 20, 2007. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
^ a b c "Alabama's penalty from '09 ruling stands". ESPN.com. Associated Press. March 23, 2010. Retrieved April 1, 2013.
^ a b c Low, Chris (June 16, 2009). "What does vacating wins really mean?". ESPN.com. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
^ Higgins, Ron (November 3, 2007). "Tigers fans approach Saturday's showdown with mixed emotions". ESPN.com. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
^ "Louisiana–Monroe stops Alabama for upset victory". ESPN.com. Associated Press. November 17, 2007. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
^ "No. 25 Auburn 17, Alabama 10". ESPN.com. Associated Press. November 24, 2007. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
^ "Wilson's 3 TDs carry Alabama to bowl win over Colorado". ESPN.com. Associated Press. December 30, 2007. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
^ "Experts rank the Top 10 college recruiting classes". USA Today. usatoday.com. February 6, 2008. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
^ a b c Myerberg, Paul (January 3, 2013). "Loaded 2008 recruiting class fueled Alabama's rise". USA Today. usatoday.com. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
^ Hurt, Cecil (April 13, 2008). "Passing game dominates in Crimson team victory". The Tuscaloosa News. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
^ "No. 24 Alabama limits No. 9 Clemson's ground game in upset victory". ESPN.com. Associated Press. August 30, 2008. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
^ "Wilson becomes Alabama's offensive leader in rout of WKU". ESPN.com. Associated Press. September 13, 2008. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
^ "Interception returns for TDs spark No. 9 Tide's blowout of Arkansas". ESPN.com. Associated Press. September 20, 2008. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
^ "Bulldogs decide to wear black for only third time ever". ESPN.com. ESPN.com news services. September 22, 2008. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
^ "No. 8 Alabama turns up heat in first half on way to win over No. 3 Georgia". ESPN.com. Associated Press. September 27, 2008. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
^ "Alabama routs Arkansas State for first shutout since 2005". ESPN.com. Associated Press. November 1, 2008. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
^ Deas, Tommy (November 3, 2008). "Tide ranks no. 1". The Tuscaloosa News. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
^ a b "Saban makes victorious return to Tiger Stadium as Bama stays unbeaten". ESPN.com. Associated Press. November 8, 2008. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
^ "Alabama shuts out Auburn for biggest Iron Bowl win in 46 years". ESPN.com. Associated Press. November 29, 2008. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
^ "Tebow's 3 TD strikes lead Gators' waltz past Tide". ESPN.com. Associated Press. December 6, 2008. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
^ "Utah secures perfect season with Sugar Bowl win over Alabama". ESPN.com. Associated Press. January 2, 2009. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
^ Matuszewski, Erik (February 4, 2009). "LSU, Alabama, USC land top college football recruiting classes". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
^ Staples, Andy (February 6, 2012). "Re-ranking 2009 recruiting classes based on actual on-field production". SportsIllustrated.com. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
^ Hurt, Cecil (April 18, 2009). "Saban pleased with A-Day effort, crowd". The Tuscaloosa News. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
^ King, Randy (September 6, 2009). "Tide foils Hokies' hopes". The Roanoke Times. p. CF1.
^ "Alabama rolls Arkansas as McElroy passes for career-high 291 yards, 3 TDs". ESPN.com. Associated Press. September 26, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
^ "Alabama rolls as Snead's four interceptions doom Mississippi". ESPN.com. Associated Press. October 10, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
^ "Ingram's career night fuels Bama's late charge past South Carolina". ESPN.com. Associated Press. October 17, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
^ "Cody blocks FG on final play to save perfect season for Bama". ESPN.com. Associated Press. October 24, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
^ "Crimson Tide hold back Tigers for 2nd straight SEC title-game berth". ESPN.com. Associated Press. November 7, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
^ "Alabama takes lead with 1:24 left, holds off late Auburn drive". ESPN.com. Associated Press. November 27, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
^ "Alabama finishes off Florida for berth in BCS title game". ESPN.com. Associated Press. December 5, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
^ "Ingram wins Alabama's 1st Heisman". ESPN.com. Associated Press. December 13, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
^ "Alabama defeats Texas, rolls to first national title since 1992". ESPN.com. Associated Press. January 7, 2010. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
^ a b Carey, Jack (August 8, 2010). "Alabama not resting on laurels as it starts title defense at No. 1". USA Today. usatoday.com. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
^ "Mark Ingram scores two TDs as Alabama overwhelms Florida". ESPN.com. Associated Press. October 2, 2010. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
^ "Stephen Garcia tosses 3 TDs to help South Carolina upset Alabama". ESPN.com. Associated Press. October 9, 2010. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
^ "Trent Richardson, Julio Jones spark No. 8 Alabama in huge 2nd half". ESPN.com. Associated Press. October 23, 2010. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
^ "Coach Les Miles' key fourth down call helps LSU pull upset". ESPN.com. Associated Press. November 6, 2010. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
^ "Cam Newton leads Auburn back from 24-point deficit to beat Alabama". ESPN.com. Associated Press. November 26, 2010. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
^ "Mark Ingram runs for two touchdowns as Alabama cruises". ESPN.com. Associated Press. January 1, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
^ a b Anderson, Lars (May 23, 2011). "Terror, tragedy and hope in Tuscaloosa". Sports Illustrated. sportsillustrated.cnn.com. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
^ "AJ McCarron calmly leads No. 3 Alabama past No. 23 Penn State". ESPN.com. Associated Press. September 10, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
^ "Trent Richardson's big day helps Alabama overwhelm Arkansas". ESPN.com. Associated Press. September 24, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
^ "Alabama breaks halftime tie, goes on to pound Tennessee". ESPN.com. Associated Press. October 22, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
^ Bachman, Rachel (October 31, 2011). "Another Game of the Century". The Wall Street Journal. WSJ.com. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
^ "LSU kicks winning field goal in OT for defensive-minded win over Alabama". ESPN.com. Associated Press. November 5, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
^ Solomon, Jon (November 18, 2011). "Iowa State upsets Oklahoma State to open door for LSU–Alabama rematch". AL.com. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
^ "Trent Richardson rushes for 127 yards as Alabama rebounds from loss". ESPN.com. Associated Press. November 12, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
^ "Alabama stomps Auburn behind Trent Richardson's 203 yards". ESPN.com. Associated Press. November 26, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
^ Matuszewski, Erik (December 5, 2011). "LSU, Alabama to Meet Again for College Football's Championship". Bloomberg Businessweek. Businessweek.com. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
^ "Alabama's D embarrasses LSU as five FGs, late TD seal national title". ESPN.com. Associated Press. January 9, 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
^ "Signing day 2012: Alabama has top-rated recruiting class". USA Today. usatoday.com. February 3, 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
^ Greenberg, Steve (January 10, 2012). "Alabama, LSU reload, will compete for another title in 2012". Sporting News. SportingNews.com. Archived from the original on January 19, 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
^ "Alabama dominates in win against Michigan". ESPN.com. Associated Press. September 1, 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
^ "AJ McCarron, No. 1 Alabama cruise past Western Kentucky". ESPN.com. Associated Press. September 8, 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
^ "No. 1 Alabama forces five turnovers, shuts out Arkansas". ESPN.com. Associated Press. September 15, 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
^ "Eddie Lacy, T. J. Yeldon total 5 TDs, power No. 1 Bama by Mizzou". ESPN.com. Associated Press. October 13, 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
^ "Top-ranked Alabama rides fast start to rout of Mississippi State". ESPN.com. Associated Press. October 27, 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
^ "AJ McCarron's late TD helps Alabama escape LSU with victory". ESPN.com. Associated Press. November 3, 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
^ "Johnny Manziel, Texas A&M pull upset as No. 1 Alabama's rally falls short". ESPN.com. Associated Press. November 10, 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
^ "AJ McCarron sets Alabama's single-season TD passes record in rout". ESPN.com. Associated Press. November 17, 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
^ Mandel, Stewart (November 18, 2012). "Stunning upsets to K-State, Oregon send BCS race into a state of chaos". Sports Illustrated. SportsIllustrated.com. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
^ "AJ McCarron-led Alabama steamrolls rival Auburn". ESPN.com. Associated Press. November 24, 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
^ "Alabama holds off Georgia, reaches BCS Championship Game". ESPN.com. Associated Press. December 1, 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
^ a b Rickman, Martin (August 1, 2013). "Coaches' Poll: Alabama, Ohio State, Oregon top 2013 preseason rankings". SI.com. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
^ a b "Alabama tops AP's preseason Top 25". ESPN.com. Associated Press. August 17, 2013. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
^ "2013 NCAA Football Rankings – Week 13". ESPN.com. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
^ "Alabama cruises as Christion Jones returns two for touchdowns". ESPN.com. Associated Press. August 31, 2013. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
^ "No. 1 Alabama beats Johnny Manziel, No. 6 Texas A&M". ESPN.com. Associated Press. September 14, 2013. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
^ Casagrande, Michael (October 13, 2013). "Alabama defenders disappointed after touchdown-free streak ends in blowout Kentucky win". AL.com. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
^ "No. 1 Alabama silences struggling Arkansas". ESPN.com. Associated Press. October 19, 2013. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
^ "T.J. Yeldon, No. 1 Alabama run over Tennessee". ESPN.com. Associated Press. October 26, 2013. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
^ "AJ McCarron guides No. 1 Alabama to win over No. 13 LSU". ESPN.com. Associated Press. November 9, 2013. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
^ "Auburn stuns Alabama with 109-yard field-goal return to end it". ESPN.com. Associated Press. November 30, 2013. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
^ "Trevor Knight throws for 4 TDs as Sooners upend Bama in Sugar Bowl". ESPN.com. Associated Press. January 2, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
^ "The 10 greatest rivalries". ESPN. January 3, 2007. Archived from the original on September 24, 2008. Retrieved October 8, 2008.
^ Rappoport, Ken; Barry Wilner (2007). "The Iron Bowl: Auburn-Alabama". Football Feuds: The Greatest College Football Rivalries. Globe Pequot. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-59921-014-8.
^ Football Feuds: 79
^ "The University of Alabama Football Facts". 2000. Archived from the original on November 19, 2008. Retrieved October 8, 2008.
^ "This is Alabama Football: Iron Bowl" (PDF). University of Alabama Athletics. p. 157. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 4, 2017. Retrieved October 8, 2008.
^ Football Feuds: 80
^ "Winsipedia - Alabama Crimson Tide vs. Auburn Tigers football series history". Winsipedia.
^ Football Feuds: 81
^ Browning, Al (2001). Third Saturday in October: Tennessee Vs. Alabama: the Game-by-game Story of the South's Most Intense Football Rivalry. Cumberland House. ISBN 1-58182-217-0.
^ Dunnavant, Keith (2006). "The Missing Ring". The Missing Ring: How Bear Bryant and the 1966 Alabama Crimson Tide Were Denied College Football's Most Elusive Prize. Macmillan. p. 170. ISBN 0-312-33683-7.
^ "Winsipedia - Alabama Crimson Tide vs. Tennessee Volunteers football series history". Winsipedia.
^ "The Record Book" (PDF). University of Alabama Athletics. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 20, 2009. Retrieved October 2, 2008.
^ Carlton, Chuck (November 2, 2007). "LSU, Alabama to meet in first Saban Bowl". The Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on December 5, 2008. Retrieved October 8, 2008.
^ "Bayou, LSU fans brace for Nick Saban Bowl". New York Daily News. November 1, 2007. Retrieved October 8, 2008.
^ "It's Saban Bowl for riled LSU fans". The Seattle Times. November 1, 2007. Archived from the original on December 5, 2008. Retrieved October 8, 2008.
^ "Winsipedia - Alabama Crimson Tide vs. LSU Tigers football series history". Winsipedia.
^ "Alabama Crimson Tide vs. Mississippi State Bulldogs football series history". Winsipedia.
^ "Clemson-Alabama is the embodiment of the modern rivalry". January 7, 2019.
^ "Winsipedia - Alabama Crimson Tide vs. Clemson Tigers football series history games list".
^ Brooks, Trey (September 18, 2014). "Alabama vs. Florida: A Rivalry Made by Champions". Tide 100.9. Archived from the original on October 27, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
^ "Winsipedia - Alabama Crimson Tide vs. Florida Gators football series history". Winsipedia.
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^ "St. Petersburg Times - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.
^ "GEORGIA TECH LEAVES THE SEC". cecilbuffington.com.
^ "Alabama Yea Lyrics - Alabama Yea Fight Song Lyrics". Lyrics On Demand.
^ UA Athletics Media Relations Office. "First-Team All-America" (PDF). RollTide.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 20, 2009. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
^ "Draft History by School–Alabama". National Football League. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
^ "All-Time Assistant Coaches". 2012 Alabama Crimson Tide Football Record Book. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Athletics Media Relations Office. 2012. pp. 202–203.
^ Hurt, Cecil (July 2, 2006). "Alabama football unveils its new-look stadium". TimesDaily. p. 5C. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
^ a b c Rapoport, Ian (February 7, 2009). "Expansion of Alabama's Bryant–Denny Stadium is officially on". The Birmingham News. AL.com. Archived from the original on April 12, 2009. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
^ Hudson, Phil (August 22, 2010). "Bryant–Denny Stadium expansion officially opens". The Crimson White. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
^ Goodbread, Chase (January 8, 2010). "Moore ready to erect Saban's statue on walk of champions". The Tuscaloosa News. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
^ a b Gould, Izzy (April 13, 2011). "Nick Saban statue to be unveiled on A-Day; artist describes process". AL.com. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
vteAlabama Crimson Tide footballVenues
University of Alabama Quad (1893–1914)
Denny Field (1915–1928)
Bryant–Denny Stadium (1929–present)
Rickwood Field (alternate, 1912–1927)
Cramton Bowl (alternate, 1922–1954)
Ernest F. Ladd Stadium (alternate, 1948–1968)
Legion Field (alternate, 1927–2003)
Bowls & rivalries
Bowl games
Auburn: Iron Bowl (James E. Foy, V-ODK Sportsmanship Trophy)
Clemson
Florida
Georgia
Georgia Tech
LSU
Mississippi State
Ole Miss
Penn State
Tennessee: Third Saturday in October
Culture & lore
History
Saban era
Traditions
Big Al
"Yea Alabama"
"Dixieland Delight"
A-Day
1922 Penn game
Million Dollar Band
Walk of Fame
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The Bear
The Bear Bryant Show
Porter Cup
1943 Informals
Forrest Gump
Punt Bama Punt
Bo Over the Top
1992 SEC Championship Game
2009 SEC Championship Game
2011 "Game of the Century"
Kick Six (Kick Bama Kick)
2019 "Game of the Century"
People
Head coaches
All-Americans
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
NFL draftees
Starting quarterbacks
Statistical leaders
Yearly leaders
Champ Pickens
Seasons
1892
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National championship seasons in bold | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alabama Crimson Tide football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football"},{"link_name":"Nick Saban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Saban"},{"link_name":"National Collegiate Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"Football Bowl Subdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Bowl_Subdivision"},{"link_name":"Southeastern Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Conference"},{"link_name":"Bryant–Denny Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant%E2%80%93Denny_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Tuscaloosa, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscaloosa,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-notea-1"},{"link_name":"bowl game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowl_game"},{"link_name":"national championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football_national_championships_in_NCAA_Division_I_FBS"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team"},{"link_name":"92-93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team"},{"link_name":"SEC Championship Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_SEC_Championship_Game"},{"link_name":"Sugar Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Sugar_Bowl"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team"},{"link_name":"2010 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012ND-2"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team"},{"link_name":"College Football Playoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_Playoff"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Mark Ingram II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Ingram_II"},{"link_name":"Derrick Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrick_Henry"},{"link_name":"DeVonta Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeVonta_Smith"},{"link_name":"Bryce Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_Young"},{"link_name":"Heisman Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisman_Trophy"},{"link_name":"First Team All-Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_All-America_Team"}],"text":"Alabama Crimson Tide football under Nick Saban covers the history of the Alabama Crimson Tide football program from when Nick Saban was hired as head coach in 2007 up until his retirement after the 2023 season. Alabama plays as part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) and is a member of the West Division of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). The Tide plays its home games at Bryant–Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Their overall official record under Saban was 201–29[a] (.878) (206–29 on the field), 23 bowl game appearances with 16 victories, ten SEC West titles, nine SEC championships, and six national championships. From 2008 up until his retirement, Saban's teams have spent part or all of each season ranked at least top 4 in national polls.On January 3, 2007, Nick Saban officially accepted the head coaching position with the Crimson Tide. In 2008, Saban led them to their first undefeated regular season since 92-93, but they lost the SEC Championship Game and the Sugar Bowl. In 2009, Saban led Alabama to a perfect 14–0 and its first BCS National Championship, as well as its first overall national championship since 1992. After a relatively disappointing 10–3 2010 season, Saban led the Tide to back-to-back BCS National Championships in the 2011 and 2012 seasons.[1] The 2013 team won its first eleven games but failed to capture a third consecutive national championship, losing the last two. Saban's 2014 team won the SEC West and SEC championships, then lost to Ohio State in the inaugural College Football Playoff's semi-final round at the Sugar Bowl, finishing 12–2. Saban won his fourth national championship at Alabama in 2015 and his fifth at the new Mercedes-Benz Stadium in 2017. In 2018, the team experienced many highs and lows, losing the National Championship Game to No.2 Clemson. Saban won his sixth national championship at Alabama and seventh of his career in 2020 by defeating Ohio State 52–24. The win gave Saban the most national titles of all time, breaking Paul Bear Bryant's previous record of six, at the same school.Before Saban, Alabama had no Heisman Trophy winners, and many players who competed at Alabama during Saban's tenure were also recognized for their on-field accomplishments. Mark Ingram II (2009), Derrick Henry (2015), DeVonta Smith (2020) and Bryce Young (2021) are Alabama's four Heisman Trophy winners, with Young taking 83% of voters. 76 players were recognized as First Team All-Americans, 47 by consensus or unanimously. Additionally, 133 former Crimson Tide players were drafted into the National Football League, 47 as first-round selections, under Coach Saban. The University of Alabama Crimson Tide football, under AD Greg Byrne, extended HC Nick Saban's contract until the 2028 season, however Saban retired after the 2023 season.","title":"Alabama Crimson Tide football under Nick Saban"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noteb-3"},{"link_name":"Mike Shula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Shula"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shula1-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shula2-5"},{"link_name":"athletic director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_director"},{"link_name":"Mal Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal_Moore"},{"link_name":"defensive coordinator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_coordinator"},{"link_name":"Joe Kines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Kines"},{"link_name":"Independence Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Independence_Bowl"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shula1-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shula2-5"},{"link_name":"Steve Spurrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Spurrier"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Gamecocks_football"},{"link_name":"Miami Dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Dolphins"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shula1-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shula3-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SabanMIA1-7"},{"link_name":"agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_agent"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Sexton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Sexton_(sports_agent)"},{"link_name":"signing bonus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signing_bonus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SabanMIA2-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SabanMIA2-8"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_Mountaineers_football"},{"link_name":"Rich Rodriguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Rodriguez"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SabanMIA3-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SabanMIA4-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SabanMIA5-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SabanMIA6-12"}],"sub_title":"Hiring","text":"After four seasons as head coach in which he compiled an overall record of 26[b]–23 (.531) on November 26, 2006, Mike Shula was fired as head coach of the Crimson Tide.[2][3] At the time of his firing, athletic director Mal Moore promoted defensive coordinator Joe Kines into the role of interim head coach for the Independence Bowl and that the search for a permanent replacement would begin immediately.[2][3] At that time several current coaches were rumored to be in consideration for the position at Alabama, with Steve Spurrier of South Carolina and Saban of the Miami Dolphins thought to be the preferred candidates.[2][4] On November 27, Saban publicly stated he had not been contacted by Alabama and that he had no interest in leaving the Dolphins to become the head coach of the Crimson Tide.[5]In early December, Moore made a preliminary offer to Saban's agent Jimmy Sexton to coach at Alabama for $5 million per season for seven years with a $7 million signing bonus.[6] At that time Saban also stated he had not personally interviewed at Alabama and told his players that he was not leaving.[6] After West Virginia head coach Rich Rodriguez turned down an offer to coach the Crimson Tide, speculation again focused on Saban. As the rumors persisted that he was prepared to take the Alabama job, on December 21 Saban stated \"I guess I have to say it, I'm not going to be the Alabama coach\" in an effort to stop the Alabama rumors.[7] After the Dolphins season ended, it was speculated again that Alabama was to offer their head coaching position to Saban.[8] On January 3, 2007, Saban officially resigned from the Dolphins and became the head coach of the Crimson Tide.[9] At that time he signed an eight-year contract worth a guaranteed $32 million to coach Alabama.[10]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alabama_Vanderbilt_2007-09-08.jpg"},{"link_name":"recruiting class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recruiting_(college_athletics)"},{"link_name":"Kevin Steele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Steele"},{"link_name":"Major Applewhite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Applewhite"},{"link_name":"offensive coordinator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offensive_coordinator"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007Staff1-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007Staff2-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007recruit-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007ADay-16"},{"link_name":"Western Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Western_Carolina_Catamounts_football_team"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007WC-17"},{"link_name":"Vanderbilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Vanderbilt_Commodores_football_team"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Arkansas_Razorbacks_football_team"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007VU-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007AR-19"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Georgia_Bulldogs_football_team"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville Municipal Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_Municipal_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Florida State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Florida_State_Seminoles_football_team"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007GA-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007FSU-21"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Houston_Cougars_football_team"},{"link_name":"homecoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homecoming"},{"link_name":"Ole Miss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Ole_Miss_Rebels_football_team"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Tennessee_Volunteers_football_team"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007TN-22"},{"link_name":"Antoine Caldwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Caldwell"},{"link_name":"Marlon Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlon_Davis_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Glen Coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Coffee"},{"link_name":"Marquis Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007NCAA1-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TextbookNCAA-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007NCAA2-25"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TextbookNCAA-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007NCAA2-25"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TextbookNCAA-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007NCAA2-25"},{"link_name":"LSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_LSU_Tigers_football_team"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Mississippi State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Mississippi_State_Bulldogs_football_team"},{"link_name":"Louisiana–Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Louisiana%E2%80%93Monroe_Warhawks_football_team"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007ULM-27"},{"link_name":"Auburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Auburn_Tigers_football_team"},{"link_name":"Iron Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Colorado_Buffaloes_football_team"},{"link_name":"Independence Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Independence_Bowl"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007AU-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007CU-29"}],"sub_title":"First season","text":"Alabama attempts a two-point conversion in their 24–10 victory at Vanderbilt on September 8, 2007.After his hiring, Saban worked to hire his first staff and complete his first recruiting class with the Crimson Tide. His staff did not include any of Shula's former staff, and Kevin Steele was hired as defensive coordinator and Major Applewhite as offensive coordinator.[11][12] On February 7, he landed his first recruiting class that was highly ranked by the major recruiting services in spite of having just over a month to complete it.[13] Anticipation for his first season continued to build through his first spring practices, and reached its peak when an overflow crowd of 92,138 attended the A-Day spring game on April 21.[14]In Saban's debut as head coach, the Crimson Tide defeated Western Carolina for his first win at Alabama.[15] They followed that victory with his first road win at Vanderbilt and his first win over a ranked opponent against No. 16 Arkansas for a 3–0 record to open the season.[16][17] They entered the polls at the No. 16 position, but then lost in overtime at home against Georgia and in the River City Showdown at Jacksonville Municipal Stadium to Florida State.[18][19] Alabama rebounded with three consecutive wins over Houston on homecoming, at Ole Miss and at home over Tennessee.[20]Prior to their game against the Vols, Antoine Caldwell, Marlon Davis, Glen Coffee, Marquis Johnson and Chris Rogers were suspended as a result of violating NCAA rules.[21] The violation was a result of a failure in the distribution system of textbooks that was deemed to be an improper benefits as defined by the NCAA.[22][23] After the NCAA reviewed the case, in June 2009 they determined all players who received the improper benefits to be retroactively ineligible.[22][23] As part of their penalty, the NCAA forced Alabama to vacate football victories that dated back to the 2005 season through the first five games of the 2007 season.[22][23]After their victory over Tennessee, the Crimson Tide lost their four remaining regular season games. Against his former team LSU, the Crimson Tide lost to the eventual national champions in what was dubbed \"the Saban Bowl\".[24] They followed that with a loss at Mississippi State and against Louisiana–Monroe in one of the bigger upsets of the 2007 season.[25] After their sixth consecutive loss to Auburn in the Iron Bowl, Alabama closed the season with a victory over Colorado in the Independence Bowl and finished the season with a winning record at 7–6 in Saban's first season.[26][27]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alabama_vs_Clemson_2008-08-30.jpg"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008Recruit1-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008Recruit2-31"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008Recruit2-31"},{"link_name":"Marcell Dareus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcell_Dareus"},{"link_name":"Julio Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_Jones"},{"link_name":"Mark Barron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Barron"},{"link_name":"Dont'a Hightower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dont%27a_Hightower"},{"link_name":"Mark Ingram II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Ingram_II"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008Recruit2-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008ADay-32"},{"link_name":"Clemson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Clemson_Tigers_football_team"},{"link_name":"Chick-fil-A College Kickoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chick-fil-A_College_Kickoff"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008CU-33"},{"link_name":"Tulane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Tulane_Green_Wave_football_team"},{"link_name":"Western Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Western_Kentucky_Hilltoppers_football_team"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Arkansas_Razorbacks_football_team"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Georgia_Bulldogs_football_team"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008WKU-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008AR-35"},{"link_name":"Mark Richt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Richt"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008GA1-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008GA2-37"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Kentucky_Wildcats_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ole Miss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Ole_Miss_Rebels_football_team"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Tennessee_Volunteers_football_team"},{"link_name":"Arkansas State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Arkansas_State_Red_Wolves_football_team"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008ARS-38"},{"link_name":"No. 1 Texas lost to Texas Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Texas_vs._Texas_Tech_football_game"},{"link_name":"AP Poll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_Poll"},{"link_name":"the 1980 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team"},{"link_name":"Bowl Championship Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowl_Championship_Series"},{"link_name":"LSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_LSU_Tigers_football_team"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Tiger Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Stadium_(LSU)"},{"link_name":"2004 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_LSU_Tigers_football_team"},{"link_name":"overtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008LSU-40"},{"link_name":"SEC Championship Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_SEC_Championship_Game"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008LSU-40"},{"link_name":"Mississippi State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Mississippi_State_Bulldogs_football_team"},{"link_name":"Auburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Auburn_Tigers_football_team"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008AU-41"},{"link_name":"Florida's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Florida_Gators_football_team"},{"link_name":"Tim Tebow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Tebow"},{"link_name":"Sugar Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Sugar_Bowl"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008FL-42"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Utah_Utes_football_team"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008UT-43"}],"sub_title":"2008 season","text":"Alabama lines up on defense during their 34–10, season opening victory against Clemson at the Georgia Dome.Looking to improve on their 7–6 record from the previous season, Alabama signed the top recruiting class as determined by a wide variety of selectors.[28][29] The class featured many players who were later drafted into the NFL and formed the foundation for their championship run from 2009 through 2012.[29] Players from the class included future first round draft picks Marcell Dareus, Julio Jones, Mark Barron, Dont'a Hightower, and Mark Ingram II.[29] The Crimson Tide then completed spring practice with another large A-Day crowd before the season started later in the fall.[30]The Crimson Tide opened the season ranked No. 24, and they defeated No. 9 Clemson in the inaugural Chick-fil-A College Kickoff to open the season.[31] They followed the victory with home wins over Tulane and Western Kentucky and won on the road over Arkansas before a much-hyped game at Georgia.[32][33] Ranked No. 8 and playing against the No. 3 Bulldogs in what was deemed a \"blackout\" game by Georgia head coach Mark Richt, the Crimson Tide took a 31–0 halftime lead en route to a 41–30 upset victory.[34][35] After their win, the Crimson Tide moved into the No. 2 ranking and then defeated Kentucky, Ole Miss, Tennessee and Arkansas State on homecoming to extend their record to 9–0.[36]After No. 1 Texas lost to Texas Tech, the Crimson Tide achieved their first regular season No. 1 ranking in the AP Poll since the 1980 season and their first ever No. 1 Bowl Championship Series (BCS) ranking prior to their game at LSU.[37] In what was Saban's first game at Tiger Stadium since he resigned as LSU's coach after their 2004 season, the Crimson Tide defeated the Tigers 27–21 in overtime.[38] The victory over LSU also allowed the Crimson Tide to clinch the SEC West Division championship, and earned a spot in the SEC Championship Game.[38] Alabama then closed with wins over Mississippi State and Auburn, that ended their six-game losing streak in the Iron Bowl, and finished the regular season undefeated 12–0.[39] Although favored, a two touchdown rally led by Florida's Tim Tebow in the fourth quarter resulted in the Crimson Tide failing to capture the SEC championship and instead of playing for a national championship, they accepted an invitation to play in the Sugar Bowl.[40] Against an undefeated Utah team, Alabama was upset 31–17 and finished the season with an overall record of 12–2.[41]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2010_BCS_Champ.jpg"},{"link_name":"1999 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2009Recruit1-44"},{"link_name":"James Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Carpenter_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Dre Kirkpatrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dre_Kirkpatrick"},{"link_name":"Trent Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_Richardson"},{"link_name":"D. J. Fluker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._J._Fluker"},{"link_name":"Chance Warmack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chance_Warmack"},{"link_name":"Eddie Lacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Lacy"},{"link_name":"A. J. McCarron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._McCarron"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2009Recruit2-45"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2009ADay-46"},{"link_name":"Chick-fil-A Kickoff Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chick-fil-A_Kickoff_Game"},{"link_name":"Virginia Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Virginia_Tech_Hokies_football_team"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2009VT-47"},{"link_name":"Florida International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_FIU_Golden_Panthers_football_team"},{"link_name":"North Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_North_Texas_Mean_Green_football_team"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Arkansas_Razorbacks_football_team"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2009AR-48"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Kentucky_Wildcats_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ole Miss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Ole_Miss_Rebels_football_team"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2009OM-49"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_South_Carolina_Gamecocks_football_team"},{"link_name":"Heisman Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisman_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2009SC-50"},{"link_name":"Terrence Cody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrence_Cody"},{"link_name":"field goals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_goal_(American_and_Canadian_football)"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Tennessee_Volunteers_football_team"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2009TN-51"},{"link_name":"SEC Championship Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_SEC_Championship_Game"},{"link_name":"LSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_LSU_Tigers_football_team"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2009LSU-52"},{"link_name":"Mississippi State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Mississippi_State_Bulldogs_football_team"},{"link_name":"Chattanooga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Chattanooga_Mocs_football_team"},{"link_name":"Auburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Auburn_Tigers_football_team"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2009AU-53"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Florida_Gators_football_team"},{"link_name":"2010 BCS National Championship Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_BCS_National_Championship_Game"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2009FL-54"},{"link_name":"Toby Gerhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby_Gerhart"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2009Heisman-55"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Texas_Longhorns_football_team"},{"link_name":"1992 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2009TX-56"}],"sub_title":"First national championship","text":"Alabama defeated Texas for the first time in school history 37–21 for the BCS national championship.Although they reached their first BCS game since the 1999 season, Alabama looked improve for the 2009 season after they closed 2008 on a two-game losing streak after a 12–0 start to the year. Again, the Crimson Tide secured one of the top ranked recruiting classes for the third consecutive season in February 2009.[42] Just as in the previous year, the 2009 class included many players who played significant roles in their championship run. These players included first round NFL draft picks James Carpenter, Dre Kirkpatrick, Trent Richardson, D. J. Fluker, and Chance Warmack in addition to Eddie Lacy and A. J. McCarron.[43] In the annual A-Day game, the Crimson team defeated the White team by a score of 14–7 before 84,050 fans at Bryant–Denny Stadium.[44]For the second year in a row, Alabama opened the season at Atlanta in the Chick-fil-A Kickoff Game. Against Virginia Tech, the Crimson Tide trailed at halftime, but an 18-point rally in the fourth quarter gave Alabama the 34–24 win.[45] After consecutive wins over non-conference Florida International and North Texas, the Crimson Tide defeated Arkansas 35–7 to open conference play at Bryant–Denny Stadium.[46] Alabama next went on a two-game road trip, defeated both Kentucky and Ole Miss and extended their record to 6–0.[47]The Crimson Tide then returned home where they played South Carolina on homecoming. Against the Gamecocks, Mark Ingram II had a career-high with 246 rushing yards and entered the Heisman Trophy conversation as he led Alabama to a 20–6 victory.[48] In their next game, a pair of Terrence Cody blocked field goals, one of which came as time expired, preserved a 12–10 win over rival Tennessee.[49] With a berth in the SEC Championship Game on the line, the Crimson Tide clinched the West division championship with a 24–15 victory LSU in their next game.[50] Alabama then closed the season with wins over Mississippi State, Chattanooga and Auburn and completed their second consecutive, undefeated regular season.[51]In the SEC Championship Game, Alabama faced East division champion Florida for the second season in a row in a No. 1 versus No. 2 matchup. With both the conference championship and a berth in the 2010 BCS National Championship Game on the line, the Crimson Tide defeated the Gators 32–13 and won the SEC for the first time since 1999.[52] At the conclusion of the regular season, Mark Ingram II won the first Heisman Trophy in Alabama history with the closest margin of victory in the history of the award over Toby Gerhart.[53] The Crimson Tide then closed the season with a 37–21 victory over Texas to finish a perfect 14-0 and recorded their first national championship since the 1992 season and their 13th overall in the history of the program.[54]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Field_goal_Bama-MSU_2010-11-14.jpg"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010Pre-57"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010Pre-57"},{"link_name":"San Jose State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_San_Jose_State_Spartans_football_team"},{"link_name":"Penn State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_football_team"},{"link_name":"Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Duke_Blue_Devils_football_team"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Arkansas_Razorbacks_football_team"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Florida_Gators_football_team"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010FL-58"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_South_Carolina_Gamecocks_football_team"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010SC-59"},{"link_name":"Ole Miss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Ole_Miss_Rebels_football_team"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Tennessee_Volunteers_football_team"},{"link_name":"LSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_LSU_Tigers_football_team"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010TN-60"},{"link_name":"Stevan Ridley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevan_Ridley"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010LSU-61"},{"link_name":"Mississippi State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Mississippi_State_Bulldogs_football_team"},{"link_name":"Georgia State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Georgia_State_Panthers_football_team"},{"link_name":"Auburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Auburn_Tigers_football_team"},{"link_name":"Iron Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Bowl"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010AU-62"},{"link_name":"Michigan State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Michigan_State_Spartans_football_team"},{"link_name":"Capital One Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Capital_One_Bowl"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010MISU-63"}],"sub_title":"2010 season","text":"Jeremy Shelley made two field goals in Alabama's 30–10 win over Mississippi State.As the defending national champions, Alabama entered the 2010 season as the favorite to repeat and win their second national championship in as many years.[55] After again signing a highly rated recruiting class, the Crimson Tide opened the season in the No. 1 position in the polls.[55] Alabama then won their first five games over San Jose State, Penn State, Duke, Arkansas, and Florida and retained their unanimous No. 1 ranking.[56] However, in their sixth game, the Crimson Tide lost their first regular season game since the 2007 season when they were upset at South Carolina 35–21.[57]They rebounded the next week with a 23–10 win over Ole Miss on homecoming and at Tennessee by a margin of 41–10 before their top ten matchup at LSU.[58] Against the Tigers, a late Stevan Ridley touchdown run set up by a 23-yard DeAngelo Peterson run on a fourth-down play gave LSU the upset victory and effectively ended the opportunity for an Alabama repeat of the national championship.[59] The Crimson Tide then defeated Mississippi State and Georgia State prior to their season finale against Auburn. With the No. 2 Tigers still in the national championship picture, Auburn overcame a 24–0 deficit and won 28–27 in what was the largest comeback in Iron Bowl history.[60] Alabama then closed the season with a 49–7 victory over Michigan State, Saban's former two-time employer, in the Capital One Bowl and finished with an overall record of 10–3.[61]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alabama_on_offense_against_LSU_11-5-2011_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"EF4 rated tornado devastated the city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Super_Outbreak#Tuscaloosa%E2%80%93Birmingham,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011Tornado-64"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011Tornado-64"},{"link_name":"Kent State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Kent_State_Golden_Flashes_football_team"},{"link_name":"Beaver Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Penn State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_football_team"},{"link_name":"Joe Paterno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Paterno"},{"link_name":"Jerry Sandusky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Sandusky"},{"link_name":"child sex abuse scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_State_child_sex_abuse_scandal"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011PSU-65"},{"link_name":"North Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_North_Texas_Mean_Green_football_team"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Arkansas_Razorbacks_football_team"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011AR-66"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Florida_Gators_football_team"},{"link_name":"Vanderbilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Vanderbilt_Commodores_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ole Miss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Ole_Miss_Rebels_football_team"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Tennessee_Volunteers_football_team"},{"link_name":"Game of the Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_the_Century_(college_football)"},{"link_name":"LSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_LSU_Tigers_football_team"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011TN-67"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201LSU1-68"},{"link_name":"LSU won by a final score of 9–6 in overtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_LSU_vs._Alabama_football_game"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201LSU2-69"},{"link_name":"Mississippi State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Mississippi_State_Bulldogs_football_team"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Oklahoma_State_Cowboys_football_team"},{"link_name":"Iowa State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Iowa_State_Cyclones_football_team"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011Upset-70"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011MSU-71"},{"link_name":"Georgia Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Georgia_Southern_Eagles_football_team"},{"link_name":"Auburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Auburn_Tigers_football_team"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011AU-72"},{"link_name":"SEC Championship Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_SEC_Championship_Game"},{"link_name":"2012 BCS National Championship Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_BCS_National_Championship_Game"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011ALBCSChamp-73"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz Superdome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Superdome"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011LSUBCS-74"}],"sub_title":"Second national championship","text":"The Alabama offense lines up against the LSU defense in their 9–6 overtime loss.After a disappointing 2010 season in which they opened the year as a national title favorite and ended with three losses, the Crimson Tide looked to regain their championship form for the 2011 campaign. After again signing one of the top recruiting classes in the country, and going through spring practice, tragedy struck Tuscaloosa on April 27, 2011, when an EF4 rated tornado devastated the city.[62] The tornado resulted in the deaths of 43 people in the city, including the girlfriend of Crimson Tide long snapper Carson Tinker, and the team later would dedicate their season to both the victims and survivors of the storm.[62]The Crimson Tide opened the season with a 48–7 victory over Saban's alma mater, Kent State and then traveled to Beaver Stadium and defeated Penn State 27–11 in what would be Joe Paterno's final meeting vs. the Crimson Tide (he was fired November 9, 2011 in the wake of the Jerry Sandusky child sex abuse scandal, then died January 22, 2012).[63] After a 41–0 shutout over North Texas, Alabama opened conference play with a 38–14 victory over Arkansas.[64] After they defeated Florida 38–10 at Gainesville, the Crimson Tide shutout Vanderbilt 34–0, and defeated both Ole Miss and Tennessee to set up a \"Game of the Century\" against LSU.[65][66]Against the Tigers, neither team scored a touchdown and LSU won by a final score of 9–6 in overtime.[67] With the loss, Alabama dropped into the No. 3 BCS position prior to their game against Mississippi State. However, they regained the No. 2 ranking in all the polls after Oklahoma State was upset by Iowa State, and they defeated the Bulldogs at Starkville.[68][69] Alabama then closed the regular season with wins over both Georgia Southern and Auburn and finished in second place in the West division behind LSU.[70]After the Tigers won the SEC Championship Game, a rematch against the Crimson Tide became the likely pairing for the 2012 BCS National Championship Game. Alabama qualified for the BCS National Championship Game after they received a final BCS score of .942, just slightly ahead of Oklahoma State's BCS score of .933.[71] In their rematch against LSU at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans, the Crimson Tide shutout the SEC champion Tigers 21–0 and captured Alabama's second BCS championship and 14th overall national championship.[72]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alabama_on_defense_in_the_2012_Iron_Bowl_against_Auburn.jpg"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012Recruit-75"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012Enter-76"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Michigan_Wolverines_football_team"},{"link_name":"Cowboys Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowboys_Classic"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012MI-77"},{"link_name":"Western Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Western_Kentucky_Hilltoppers_football_team"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012WKU-78"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Arkansas_Razorbacks_football_team"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012AR-79"},{"link_name":"Florida Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Florida_Atlantic_Owls_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ole Miss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Ole_Miss_Rebels_football_team"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Missouri_Tigers_football_team"},{"link_name":"Faurot Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faurot_Field"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012MO-80"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Tennessee_Volunteers_football_team"},{"link_name":"Neyland Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neyland_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Mississippi State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Mississippi_State_Bulldogs_football_team"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012MSST-81"},{"link_name":"LSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_LSU_Tigers_football_team"},{"link_name":"Tiger Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Stadium_(LSU)"},{"link_name":"A. J. McCarron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._McCarron"},{"link_name":"screen pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_pass"},{"link_name":"T. J. Yeldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._J._Yeldon"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012LSU-82"},{"link_name":"Texas A&M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Texas_A%26M_Aggies_football_team"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012A&M-83"},{"link_name":"Western Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Western_Carolina_Catamounts_football_team"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012WCU-84"},{"link_name":"upset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upset_(competition)"},{"link_name":"Kansas State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Kansas_State_Wildcats_football_team"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Oregon_Ducks_football_team"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012ORKSU-85"},{"link_name":"Auburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Auburn_Tigers_football_team"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Georgia_Bulldogs_football_team"},{"link_name":"SEC Championship Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_SEC_Championship_Game"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012AU-86"},{"link_name":"BCS National Championship Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_BCS_National_Championship_Game"},{"link_name":"Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_football_team"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012GA-87"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2012ND-2"}],"sub_title":"Third national championship","text":"The Alabama defense in motion during their 49–0 victory over Auburn.After they captured their second national championship in three years, Alabama again signed one of the nation's top recruiting classes in February 2012.[73] After they completed spring practice in April, the Crimson Tide entered the season with a No. 2 ranking and as a favorite to repeat as national champions.[74] Alabama opened the season with a 41–14 victory over Michigan in the Cowboys Classic.[75] After their win over the Wolverines, the Crimson Tide moved into the No. 1 ranking prior to their game against Western Kentucky that they won 35–0 in their home opener.[76] The next week, Alabama posted their second consecutive shutout with their 52–0 win at Arkansas to open conference play.[77] The Crimson Tide then returned to Tuscaloosa and defeated Florida Atlantic and Ole Miss prior to their first win over Missouri as conference foes at Faurot Field.[78]Next Alabama defeated rival Tennessee 44–13 at Neyland Stadium and followed that with a 38–7 win over then undefeated and No. 13 ranked Mississippi State.[79] The Crimson Tide then defeated LSU at Tiger Stadium 21–17 when A. J. McCarron threw a screen pass to T. J. Yeldon that he took 28 yards for the game-winning touchdown within the final minute of play.[80] However, the next week, Alabama suffered their only loss of the season when Texas A&M upset the Tide 29–24 in Tuscaloosa.[81]After their loss to the Aggies, Alabama dropped into the No. 4 ranking for their 49–0 win over Western Carolina.[82] In the evening after their win over the Catamounts, Alabama moved back into the No. 2 position as a result of upset losses for both Kansas State and Oregon.[83] Alabama then closed the regular season with a 49–0 win over Auburn and captured the SEC West division title to play Georgia in the SEC Championship Game.[84] In the championship game, Alabama escaped with a 32–28 win after the Bulldogs were stopped inside the Crimson Tide's five-yard line as time expired and captured the SEC Championship and a berth in the BCS National Championship Game against Notre Dame.[85] In the BCS Championship Game, the Tide defeated the Irish 42–14 and captured their third national championship in four years and the schools 15th overall football championship.[1]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2013_Alabama_A-Day_spring_football_game.jpg"},{"link_name":"A-Day Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-Day_(University_of_Alabama)"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013PreseasonCoaches-88"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013PreseasonAP-89"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013PreseasonCoaches-88"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013PreseasonAP-89"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013Rank13-90"},{"link_name":"Virginia Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Virginia_Tech_Hokies_football_team"},{"link_name":"Chick-fil-A Kickoff Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chick-fil-A_Kickoff_Game"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013VT-91"},{"link_name":"bye week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bye_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Kyle Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Field"},{"link_name":"Texas A&M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Texas_A%26M_Aggies_football_team"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013A&M-92"},{"link_name":"Colorado State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Colorado_State_Rams_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ole Miss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Ole_Miss_Rebels_football_team"},{"link_name":"Georgia State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Georgia_State_Panthers_football_team"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Kentucky_Wildcats_football_team"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013KY-93"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Arkansas_Razorbacks_football_team"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Tennessee_Volunteers_football_team"},{"link_name":"LSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_LSU_Tigers_football_team"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013AR-94"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013UT-95"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013LSU-96"},{"link_name":"Mississippi State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Mississippi_State_Bulldogs_football_team"},{"link_name":"Chattanooga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Chattanooga_Mocs_football_team"},{"link_name":"Auburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Auburn_Tigers_football_team"},{"link_name":"The Kick Six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kick_Six"},{"link_name":"Chris Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Davis_(cornerback)"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AUESPN2013-97"},{"link_name":"2014 Sugar Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Sugar_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Oklahoma_Sooners_football_team"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013OU-98"}],"sub_title":"2013 season","text":"A. J. McCarron takes a snap for the White team at the 2013 A-Day Game.As the two-time defending national champions, Alabama entered the 2013 season as the favorite to repeat and win their third consecutive national championship and their fourth in five years.[86][87] After again signing a highly rated recruiting class, the Crimson Tide opened the season in the No. 1 position in the polls.[86][87] Alabama then won their first eleven games and retained their unanimous No. 1 ranking throughout.[88] The Crimson Tide opened the season with a victory over Virginia Tech in the Chick-fil-A Kickoff Game at Atlanta.[89] After their first bye week Alabama traveled to Kyle Field where they defeated Texas A&M in a 49–42 shootout that saw the Aggies have the best offensive day against a Crimson Tide defense in the history of the program.[90]The defense responded after the A&M game and did not allow a touchdown over the next 14-quarters in victories over Colorado State, Ole Miss, Georgia State and Kentucky.[91] After the touchdown-free streak ended, started a three-game homestand that saw Alabama shutout Arkansas and defeat both Tennessee and LSU in back-to-back rivalry games.[92][93][94] They next defeated Mississippi State and Chattanooga that set up a top five matchup against Auburn.In the Iron Bowl, Alabama kicker Adam Griffith attempted and missed a 57-yard field goal attempt as time expired in regulation. In what was since dubbed \"The Kick Six\", Chris Davis returned the missed field goal 109 yards (officially, 100 yards; unlike the NFL, the NCAA only counts return yardage from goal line to goal line) for the game-winning score with no time left on the clock to clinch a 34–28 Auburn victory.[95] As the loss also cost the Crimson Tide an opportunity to play for both the SEC and national championships, they were selected to play in the 2014 Sugar Bowl. In the game, Alabama was defeated by Oklahoma 45–31 and closed the season with an overall record of 11–2.[96]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ole Miss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Ole_Miss_Rebels_football_team"},{"link_name":"LSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_LSU_Tigers_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mississippi State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Mississippi_State_Bulldogs_football_team"},{"link_name":"Auburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Auburn_Tigers_football_team"},{"link_name":"Iron Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Missouri_Tigers_football_team"},{"link_name":"SEC Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_SEC_Championship_Game"},{"link_name":"College Football Playoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_Playoff"},{"link_name":"Ohio State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Ohio_State_Buckeyes_football_team"}],"sub_title":"2014 season","text":"Alabama entered the 2014 season ranked #3 in the polls. The Crimson Tide rolled off four straight victories before losing to Ole Miss 17–23. Their loss to Ole Miss dropped them down to #7 in the rankings. However, Alabama rebounded by winning eight straight games, including victories against #14 LSU, #1 Mississippi State, and #15 Auburn in the Iron Bowl. They then defeated #14 Missouri in the SEC Championship 42–13 and earned a spot in the inaugural College Football Playoff, where they lost to the eventual national champion Ohio State 35–42.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ole Miss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Ole_Miss_Rebels_football_team"}],"sub_title":"Fourth national championship","text":"Alabama started the 2015 season with a win against 20th ranked Wisconsin. Alabama would start 2–0 but would lose their next game against Ole Miss 43–37. Following the loss the Crimson Tide would go in to win the next twelve games including the 2015 Cotton Bowl Playoff Semifinal 38–0 over Michigan State and winning the 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship over undefeated Clemson 45–40 to claim Alabama's 16th National Championship and Saban's fourth national championship at the Capstone.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jalen Hurts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalen_Hurts"},{"link_name":"Blake Barnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Barnett"},{"link_name":"Deshaun Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deshaun_Watson"},{"link_name":"Hunter Renfrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Renfrow"}],"sub_title":"2016 season","text":"Alabama entered the 2016 season ranked #1 in the polls. The reigning national champions began 2016 with a resounding 52–6 win over #9 USC in Arlington, Texas, led by true freshman quarterback, Jalen Hurts. In what was the first meeting between the Tide and the Trojans since 1985, Blake Barnett started the game, but was soon replaced by Hurts, who would then go on to be the starting QB for the season. Hurts was the first true freshman QB to start for the Crimson Tide since 1984. For the first time since 2009, Alabama would go undefeated all the way through the SEC Championship Game. Alabama crushed Florida 54–16 to win their third consecutive SEC Title. This made the Tide the first three-peat SEC Champion since the Florida Gators won four in a row from 1993 to 1996. It also marked the first three peat for Alabama since the late 1970s when Alabama won SEC Championships from 1977 to 1979. The Tide would once again go on to the Playoffs where they would defeat the Washington Huskies 24–7 in the Peach Bowl to advance to their second consecutive College Football Playoff National Championship Game in Tampa, Florida. In the first-ever national title game rematch, Alabama would fall to Clemson, 35–31. In the closing seconds of the game, Clemson QB Deshaun Watson found Hunter Renfrow for a two-yard touchdown pass to give Clemson the win and their first national championship since 1981. The loss ended Alabama's 26 game winning streak, the second-longest in program history. It marked the first time Nick Saban had ever lost in a national championship game.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tua Tagovailoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tua_Tagovailoa"},{"link_name":"DeVonta Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeVonta_Smith"}],"sub_title":"Fifth national championship","text":"Alabama entered the 2017 season ranked No. 1 in the polls once again. The season began with the Tide defeating No. 3 Florida State 24–7 in the Chick Fila Kick off Game at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta. Alabama would then go on to win their next ten games, heading into the Iron Bowl undefeated and still ranked number 1. However, the regular season was not without its issues. The Tide lost several key defensive players to injury throughout the season. There were some impressive blow outs, but also some very close games against Texas A&M, LSU, and Mississippi State. With the SEC West on the line, the Tide would fall to Auburn, 26–14 in a game that saw the worst performance by an Alabama team since the Mike Shula era. However, the season was not over for the Tide by a long shot. Auburn would go on to the SEC Championship Game, where they would face Georgia in a rematch from earlier in the season. The Bulldogs would prevail the second time around, crushing the Tigers 28–7 and leading to discussion of whether a similar situation to 2011 would take place. When the rankings were released, the playoff selection committee tapped both Alabama and Georgia for the playoffs. Alabama was selected to face Clemson in the Sugar Bowl Playoff Semifinal. In a rematch of the previous season's College Football Playoff National Championship Game, the Tide would prevail, blowing out Clemson 24–6. Georgia's 54–48 overtime win over Oklahoma in the Rose Bowl Playoff semifinal set up an all-SEC National Championship Game where the Tide would win its 17th national championship by defeating Georgia 26–23 in overtime. With Alabama trailing 13–0 at halftime, a change was made at quarterback with freshman Tua Tagovailoa replacing a struggling Jalen Hurts. Tagovailoa went 14 of 24 passing for 166 yards and three touchdowns, including the game-winning touchdown pass to freshman wide receiver, DeVonta Smith in overtime. The 2017 national title was the sixth for head coach Nick Saban, and his fifth at the Capstone. This accomplishment tied coach Saban with iconic Alabama head coach, Paul W. Bryant, who also won six national titles in his storied career.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2018 season","text":"Alabama entered the 2018 season as the reigning national champions and ranked No. 1 in the nation once again. Alabama opened the season with a dominating win over Louisville, 51–14 in the Camping World Kickoff in Orlando, Florida. Tua Tagovailoa had won the starting QB job in the off season over two-year starter, Jalen Hurts. Tagovailoa turned in several stellar performances as Alabama rolled to their 2nd undefeated regular season in three years. Alabama would score 50-plus points in eight of their games. Alabama also set three records during the season. They became the first ever SEC team to score 50-plus points in three consecutive games. Also, when Alabama shut out LSU 29–0 and Mississippi State 24–0, it marked the first time in history that an SEC team had shut out two consecutive conference opponents. As well, Alabama become the first team since Yale in 1888 to outscore each of their first twelve opponents by 20 or more points. Alabama avenged their only loss of the 2017 season with a decisive 31 point win over arch rival Auburn, 52–21 in Tuscaloosa. Tagovailoa completed 25 of 32 passes and threw for 324 yards and five touchdowns in the Tide's Iron Bowl win. He also had a TD himself, running one in early in the game, bringing the total to 6, an Iron Bowl record. The following week, Alabama would meet Georgia in the 2018 SEC Championship Game, a rematch of the 2017 CFP National Championship Game. In a mirror image of the previous season's National Championship Game, Alabama's backup QB (this time Jalen Hurts) came in and engineered a dramatic comeback. Tagovailoa had been injured in the fourth quarter, and it was Hurts who led Alabama to a 35–28 victory. This was the school's 27th SEC Championship and it sent Alabama to the playoffs once again where they would defeat the Oklahoma Sooners in the Orange Bowl Playoff Semifinal, 45–34. The Cotton Bowl was the site of the other Playoff Semifinal, where Clemson would defeat Notre Dame 30–3 to set up a fourth consecutive Alabama-Clemson meeting in the postseason. This time, Clemson would win handily, routing Alabama 44–16 in the CFP National Championship Game in Santa Clara, California. It was the worst loss of the Saban era and the worst loss for the program since 2003, when LSU defeated Alabama 27–3.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mac Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_Jones"}],"sub_title":"2019 season","text":"Alabama entered the 2019 season as the reigning SEC Champions and ranked number 2 in the nation behind reigning national champion Clemson. Alabama opened the season with a blowout win over Duke, 42–3 in the 2019 Chick Fila Kickoff Game in Atlanta. The season saw its share of misfortune. While Alabama was undefeated going into their game vs LSU in November, the season ending injuries had piled up, mainly on an already young and inexperienced defense. It turned out to be the worst defense in Nick Saban's career. QB Tua Tagovailoa suffered a high ankle sprain against Tennessee that required surgery and put him out of action for weeks. Backup QB Mac Jones took over and Alabama won the game 35–13, but the game was closer than the final score indicated. Jones would play the entire game the following week vs. Arkansas as Bama rolled to a 48–7 win. Tagovailoa returned for the game against LSU which saw the Tigers prevail over Bama 46–41. It was LSU's first win over Alabama since the 2011 regular season meeting between the teams. Although Alabama battled back in the game, they never had the lead. They trailed by 3 touchdowns at halftime. It was also their first home loss since 2015. The following week saw even more misfortune. Tua Tagovailoa, still recovering from the injury in the Tennessee game, suffered a dislocated hip against Mississippi State, but unlike before, he would not play again. This thrust Mac Jones into the starting role for the remainder of the season. Jones turned in a great performance the following week, albeit in a 66–3 win over FCS team, Western Carolina. Jones then had the task of playing in his first ever SEC road game against Auburn at Jordan Hare Stadium, a place where Alabama had not fared well in recent years. While Jones had a great game, Auburn would prevail 48–45. Despite going up against the number one defense in the nation, the Alabama backup QB went 26 of 39 and passed for 335 yards. Wide receiver Jaylen Waddle had 230 yards and 4 touchdowns, including a 98-yard kickoff return for a score. Alabama's inability to stop Auburn on offense and Jones' two interceptions returned for touchdowns proved impossible to overcome. Alabama would finish the 2019 regular season with a 10–2 record. It would mark the first time since 2010 that the Tide would lose two regular season games and it would be the first time in the playoff era that they would not make the semifinals. Bama closed out 2019 with a 35–16 win over Michigan in the Citrus Bowl, finishing the season with an 11–2 record. This game marked the end of the 2010s decade for Alabama football. For the first time in program history, Alabama went the entirety of a decade with double digit wins in every year.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sixth national championship","text":"In a season that was under constant threat of cancellation due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Alabama began the year ranked number 2 in the nation. Like all other teams in the nation, Alabama's schedule had been drastically altered so as to play a revised season due to the pandemic. Gone off the schedule were USC, Georgia State, Kent State, and UT-Martin. All teams played within their own conferences until the postseason. Alabama opened the season on the last weekend of September by defeating Missouri 38–19 in Columbia. Next came a 52–24 win over Texas A&M in the home opener. It would be the Aggies only loss of the 2020 season. The season would see its share of disruptions due to COVID-19. Nick Saban tested positive before the game against Georgia on October 17. However, it was later deemed a false positive and he was able to coach the game, which saw Alabama defeat Georgia by a final score of 41–24. The following week, wide receiver Jaylen Waddle suffered an injury on the opening kickoff against Tennessee in Knoxville. It was to keep him out for the remainder of the season, although he did have successful surgery and did return in a limited role in the CFP national championship game against Ohio State. The game against LSU had to be postponed until December due to COVID-19 and thus the Tide had a long layoff during the regular season, going three weeks without playing. Alabama returned to action by defeating Kentucky 63–3 and avenging the previous season's Iron Bowl loss by crushing Auburn 42–13 in Tuscaloosa. Coach Saban was unable to be at the game due to having tested positive for COVID-19 just a few days earlier. Unlike before, this was not a false positive. Offensive coordinator Steve Sarkisian was acting head coach in the win against their cross state rivals. The Tide would then avenge the 2019 loss to LSU by blowing them out 55–17 in Baton Rouge. It was the most points Alabama had ever scored against LSU and it was the second worse home loss for LSU in their history. The regular season concluded with a 52–3 win against Arkansas in Fayetteville in another game that had been rescheduled. Alabama became the first team ever to win 10 SEC games in a single season. Next came the 2020 SEC Championship Game which saw the Tide win the 2020 SEC Title by defeating the Florida Gators in a high scoring affair, 52–46. Alabama would next meet Notre Dame in the Rose Bowl Playoff Semifinal defeating the Fighting Irish 31–14. The Ohio State Buckeyes defeated the heavily favored Clemson Tigers, 49–28 in the Sugar Bowl Playoff Semifinal to set up an Alabama- Ohio State CFP National Championship Game in Miami. On January 5, 2021, wide receiver Devonta Smith would win the Heisman Trophy, becoming the third winner of the award in school history. In what was the first meeting between the Tide and the Buckeyes since 2014, the inaugural year of the playoffs, the Tide rolled to a 52–24 win over the Buckeyes. The win gave the Tide its sixth national title under head coach Nick Saban and its 18th overall. It was an unprecedented seventh national title for coach Saban, giving him the most all time of any head coach, breaking the legendary Paul Bear Bryant's previous record of six.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2021 season","text":"Alabama began 2021 as the reigning national champions and once again, ranked number one in the nation. Bryce Young won the starting QB role in the offseason, and in the season opener, Alabama routed Miami, 44–13 in the 2021 Chick Fila Kickoff Game in Atlanta. The third game of the season saw the Tide struggle in a 31–29 win against Florida in Gainesville, after getting out to huge lead early on. Alabama's issues caught up with them in October as the Tide fell to Texas A&M, 41–38, in College Station. This was the first win for the Aggies over the Tide since 2012. The remainder of the season was a rollercoaster. While Alabama would roll through the remainder of the regular season without a loss, the season was not without its woes. Shockingly close games against LSU and Auburn saw the Tide escape with narrow wins. In the first ever Iron Bowl to go to overtime, Alabama managed to escape against Auburn 24–22 in 4 overtimes at Jordan Hare Stadium. Bryce Young hit wide receiver John Metchie for the game winning two point play in the 4th overtime to lift the Tide to a win. However, the following week, Alabama would rout Georgia in the SEC Championship Game by the same score as the previous season, 41–24. It was the Tide's second consecutive SEC Championship and the win sent Alabama to the playoffs once again where they would defeat Cincinnati 27–6 in the Cotton Bowl Semifinal. Georgia would defeat Michigan in the Orange Bowl Semifinal, setting up an Alabama-Georgia rematch in the CFP National Championship Game. Georgia would defeat Alabama the second time around, 33–18, giving the Bulldogs their first national championship since 1980. It marked Georgia's first win against the Tide since 2007 and it was Alabama's first loss to an SEC East team since 2010. Alabama finished 2021 with a record of 13–2. Also in 2021, Bryce Young won the Heisman Trophy, becoming Alabama's the second consecutive winner of the award, the fourth overall, and the first quarterback in Alabama history to win it.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2022 season","text":"Alabama began 2022 ranked number one in the nation. The season began with a 55–0 win over Utah State. It was Bama's first shutout win in a season opener since 1988 when the Tide defeated Temple 37–0. The following week was a road game against Texas in Austin. In what was the Tide and the Longhorns' first meeting since the BCS National Championship Game played after the 2009 season as well as Bama's first trip to Austin, TX in 100 years, Bama squeaked by with a 20–19 win. The Tide would go on to win convincingly in games against UL-Monroe, Vanderbilt, and Arkansas. QB Bryce Young was seriously injured against Arkansas, and thus could not play in the following game against Texas A&M. Backup QB Jalen Milroe got the start. The Tide barely escaped with a 24–20 win against the Aggies in Tuscaloosa, narrowly avoiding a second consecutive shocking upset loss to them. The next week was the annual Third Saturday in October vs Tennessee. After falling behind early, Bama came back and took the lead, only to watch Tennessee come back late and tie the game. Bama had one final chance to get the win, but Will Reichard missed what would have been the game winning field goal. This enabled Tennessee time to put together one final drive to get into Tennessee place kicker Chase McGrath's range. McGrath hit a 40-yard field goal as time expired, giving Tennessee a 52–49 win over Alabama, the Vols' first since 2006 over the Tide, thus ending a 15-year Alabama win streak. The Tide would suffer its only other loss of the 2022 season in overtime, 32–31 against LSU in Baton Rouge. It was Alabama's first loss in Tiger Stadium since 2010. This solidified the SEC West title for LSU, and effectively knocked Bama out of the playoffs. After lackluster performances against Ole Miss and Austin Peay, the Tide would defeat their cross state rival, Auburn by a final of 49–27 in Tuscaloosa. The Tigers were being led by interim head coach, Carnell \"Cadillac\" Williams after the midseason dismissal of previous head coach Bryan Harsin. Bama was selected to go to the Sugar Bowl where they would meet Kansas State for the first time ever. The Tide concluded the 2022 season with a 45–20 win against the Wildcats. Alabama would finish 2022 11–2, having missed the playoffs for just the second time since the playoff format began.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Final season","text":"Alabama began the 2023 season (which would turn out to be Coach Saban's final season) ranked number four in the nation. The season began with a 56–7 win over Middle Tennessee in Tuscaloosa. After the departure of Bryce Young, previous backup quarterback Jalen Milroe was now the starter and turned in a great performance in the season opening win. The next week saw the Tide lose at home to Texas, 34–24. It was the Longhorns' first trip to Tuscaloosa since 1902. The 10-point loss marked the only time that Nick Saban lost at Bryant Denny Stadium by double digits during his tenure at Alabama. 2023 also marked the last season that Texas played in the Big 12 as they, along with Oklahoma joined the SEC. The shaky performance by Milroe lead to a quarterback change the following week at South Florida. Coach Saban rotated quarterbacks Ty Simpson and Tyler Buchner in a very sloppy 17–3 win over the Bulls. The following week saw the return of starter Jalen Milroe as Alabama cruised past Ole Miss in Tuscaloosa, 24–10. The Tide would not lose again in the regular season, going undefeated in the SEC and avenging the two losses from the previous season to Tennessee and LSU. The regular season finale saw the Tide pull off a last minute win over archrival Auburn, 27–24. Just as the 2021 trip to Jordan Hare stadium, Alabama played very subpar and needed a last minute drive for the win over a heavy underdog Auburn team. Jalen Milroe found receiver Isiah Bond on a 4th and goal play from the Auburn 31 yard line. The win marked the first time that Alabama had won 4 in a row over the Tigers since their 9-game win streak in the series from 1973 to 1981. Next up was the SEC Championship Game against back to back reigning national champion Georgia. The Bulldogs were undefeated, ranked number one in the nation, and vying for an unprecedented third consecutive national title. However, that would not be realized for Georgia, as Alabama would win, 27–24, giving the program its 30th SEC title. It was the first loss for Georgia since the 2021 SEC Championship Game, when Alabama defeated Georgia 41–24, and it ended Georgia's record 29 game win streak. The win secured a spot for the Tide in the College Football Playoffs. In a Rose Bowl semifinal against Michigan, Alabama would fall 27–20 in overtime. After leading 20–13 late in the game, Michigan quarterback JJ McCarthy found receiver Roman Wilson for a 4-yard touchdown reception to tie the game at 20–20. The game went into overtime where Michigan would take the lead. In an attempt to win or possibly tie the game to go to a second overtime, quarterback Jalen Milroe was stopped on a 4th and goal quarterback sneak to give Michigan the victory. It marked the first semifinal loss for Alabama since the 2014 season (the first year of the playoffs) when Alabama lost to Ohio State. 2023 also marked the end of the 4-team playoff format, as an expanded format will take place beginning in 2024. Bama would finish with a record of 12–2. The 2023 season was the third consecutive year without a national championship, which was the only time in the entire Nick Saban era that this occurred. It also marked the first time since 2007 that the Tide was not ranked #1 at some point in the season. At the end of the season, Coach Saban announced his retirement from coaching, bringing to an end a truly historic time in college football history.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rivalries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alabama_offense_IronBowl_2010-11-26.jpg"},{"link_name":"Auburn University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn_University"},{"link_name":"Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn_Tigers_football"},{"link_name":"Iron Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Bowl"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"SEC Championship Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEC_Championship_Game"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Legion Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_Field"},{"link_name":"Jordan–Hare Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan-Hare_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Auburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"}],"sub_title":"Auburn","text":"Alabama on offense against the Tigers in 2010The main rivalry of the Crimson Tide is against its in-state rival, Auburn University Tigers; considered one of the top sporting rivalries in the US. The Alabama-Auburn annual game has come to be known as the Iron Bowl.[97][98] The outcome of the game generally determines \"bragging rights\" in the state of Alabama until the following contest. The game may also have implications as to which team will represent the SEC Western Division in the SEC Championship Game.On February 22, 1893, at Lakeview Park in Birmingham, Auburn was victorious in the first ever Iron Bowl, 32–22. The series was suspended after the 1907 contest, due to violence and financial complications.[99] In 1944, Auburn suggested to reopen the series, though the board of trustees at Alabama rejected. The series was resumed in 1948, with Alabama crushing the Tigers 55–0, which is still the largest margin of victory in the series.[100][101] In the following contest, Auburn shocked Alabama with a 14–13 victory, which is credited with helping revive the series.[102]For many years, the contest was held at Legion Field in Birmingham, before the teams began alternating between Bryant-Denny Stadium, in Tuscaloosa, and Jordan–Hare Stadium, in Auburn. Alabama won the most recent meeting 27–24 in Auburn, and leads the series at 50–37–1.[103]","title":"Rivalries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alabama_vs_Tennessee_2009-10-24.jpg"},{"link_name":"2009 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Volunteers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Volunteers_football"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Third Saturday in October","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Saturday_in_October"},{"link_name":"Robert Neyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Neyland"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"}],"sub_title":"Tennessee","text":"Alabama on offense versus Tennessee in Tuscaloosa during the 2009 seasonDespite the heated in-state rivalry with Auburn, Bear Bryant was more adamant about defeating his rivals to the north, the Tennessee Volunteers.[104] The series is named the Third Saturday in October, the traditional calendar date on which the game was played. Despite the name, the game has been played on the third Saturday only five times between 1995 and 2007. The first game between the two sides was played in 1901 in Birmingham, ending in a 6–6 tie. From 1902 to 1913, Alabama dominated the series, losing only once, and never allowing a touchdown by the Volunteers. Beginning in 1928, the rivalry was first played on its traditional date and began to be a challenge for the Crimson Tide as Robert Neyland began challenging Alabama for their perennial spot on top of the conference standings.[105] In the 1950s, Jim Goostree, the head trainer for Alabama, began another tradition as he began handing out cigars following a victory over the Volunteers.[106]Between 1971 and 1981, Alabama held an 11-game winning streak over the Volunteers and, between 1986 and 1994, a nine-game unbeaten streak. However, following Alabama's streak, Tennessee responded with a seven-game winning streak from 1995 to 2001. Alabama holds the longest winning streak at 15 from 2007 to 2021. Alabama won the most recent meeting 34–20 in Tuscaloosa, and leads the series 59–39–7.[107]","title":"Rivalries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sidline_picture_of_Alabama_vs_LSU_on_November_5th_2011.png"},{"link_name":"Alabama vs. LSU 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_LSU_vs._Alabama_football_game"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Record-book-110"},{"link_name":"Baton Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Nick Saban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Saban"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"}],"sub_title":"LSU","text":"Alabama vs. LSU 2011A rivalry within the SEC Western Division occurs yearly between Alabama and the LSU Tigers. Starting in 1895, the Tigers were victorious 12–6 in the first meeting.[108] The teams did not regularly meet until the mid-1960s during Alabama's dominance of the SEC. Between 1971 and 1981, the Crimson Tide won 11 consecutive times. In the 1969 game, LSU defeated Alabama 20–15 in Baton Rouge. Alabama did not lose again in Baton Rouge until 2000.In 2007, the meeting was more heated following Alabama's hiring of head coach Nick Saban, who previously coached at LSU. With the hiring, many media outlets dubbed the 2007 meeting as the \"Saban Bowl\".[109][110][111] The Crimson Tide lost the first \"Saban Bowl\" in 2007, won the 2008 and 2009 meetings only to lose in Baton Rouge in 2010.In 2011, the teams played as the consensus No. 1 and No. 2 ranked teams in the polls with LSU winning 9–6 in overtime. They played each other again for the BCS National Championship with Alabama winning 21–0 to secure its 14th National Championship. Alabama won the most recent meeting 42–28 in Tuscaloosa, and leads the series 56–27-5.[112]","title":"Rivalries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mississippi State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_State_Bulldogs_football"},{"link_name":"Dak Prescott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dak_Prescott"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"}],"sub_title":"Mississippi State","text":"Alabama's most-played rival is Mississippi State. The rivalry has been called the \"Battle for Highway 82\", with the schools being only 90 miles apart. Many cite the 2014 meeting as the biggest game in the series where Alabama faced a #1 ranked, 10–0 Mississippi State team with Dak Prescott as its quarterback. Alabama won 25–20, which helped catapult them into the first College Football Playoff. Alabama won the most recent meeting 40–17 in Starkville, and leads the series 86–18–3.[113]","title":"Rivalries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"}],"sub_title":"Clemson","text":"The series dates back to 1900 but the rivalry has intensified in recent years, with the last four meetings having national championship implications.[114] Alabama leads the series 14–5.[115]","title":"Rivalries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Florida Gators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Gators_football"},{"link_name":"SEC Championship Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEC_Championship_Game"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-series-119"}],"sub_title":"Florida","text":"Alabama has a rivalry with the Florida Gators, which was largely developed with the start of the SEC Championship Game.[116] Alabama and Florida have met in 10 SEC Title Games (Alabama leads 6–4 in Title games), including the first 3 from 1992 to 1994. Alabama won the most recent meeting 31–29 in Gainesville, and leads the entire series 28–14 on the field (27–14 with the Alabama 2005 win vacated).[117]","title":"Rivalries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georgia Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Bulldogs_football"},{"link_name":"2023 SEC Championship Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_SEC_Championship_Game"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"}],"sub_title":"Georgia","text":"Alabama has a traditional rivalry with the Georgia Bulldogs, especially from the 1920s through 1965 and in recent years under Nick Saban. Alabama won the most recent meeting 27–24 in the 2023 SEC Championship Game, and leads the series 43–26–4.[118]","title":"Rivalries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Tech_Yellow_Jackets_football"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bobby Dodd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Dodd"},{"link_name":"1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Alabama and Penn State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama%E2%80%93Penn_State_football_rivalry"},{"link_name":"1979 Sugar Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Sugar_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Joe Paterno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Paterno"}],"sub_title":"Former rivalries","text":"The Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets were at one time considered an Alabama rival.[citation needed] During the suspension of the Iron Bowl between 1907 and 1948, Georgia Tech (then a member of the SEC) emerged as one of the most intense games on Alabama's schedule. The teams played many significant games, especially in the late 1950s and early 1960s. A heated feud developed between Bear Bryant and Georgia Tech head coach Bobby Dodd following a controversial hit in the 1961 game, a 10–0 Alabama victory.[119] Dodd cited this feud as the primary impetus for Georgia Tech leaving the SEC three years later.[120] The two teams have met 52 times, making Georgia Tech Alabama's most played among current non-conference opponents. Alabama leads the series 28–21–3; Georgia Tech won the last meeting in 1984. Alabama's fight song, \"Yea Alabama\", mentions Georgia Tech with the line \"Send the Yellow Jackets to a watery grave.\"[121]There have been many historic games between Alabama and Penn State. The two teams met five times during the tenure of Bear Bryant, including in the 1979 Sugar Bowl, which determined the national championship for the 1978 season. The games usually have national implications—seven of the 15 meetings between the two schools have featured both teams ranked in the top ten—and eight of the meetings have been decided by a touchdown or less. The most recent game was in 2011, with Alabama winning 27–11. It was the final loss for long-time Penn State head coach Joe Paterno. Alabama leads the series 10–5.","title":"Rivalries"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Head coaching record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"}],"text":"† Consensus selection‡ Unanimous selectionReference:[122]","title":"First-team All-Americans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"}],"text":"Reference:[123]","title":"NFL draftees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"}],"text":"Reference:[124]","title":"All-time assistant coaches"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nick_Saban_statue.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bryant–Denny Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant%E2%80%93Denny_Stadium"},{"link_name":"2006 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2006BDS-127"},{"link_name":"University of Alabama System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alabama_System"},{"link_name":"luxury boxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxury_boxes"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2009BDS-128"},{"link_name":"Birmingham, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2009BDS-128"},{"link_name":"2010 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2009BDS-128"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010BDS-129"},{"link_name":"Mal Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal_Moore"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statue1-130"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statue2-131"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statue2-131"}],"text":"Nick Saban statue located at the Walk of Champions outside Bryant–Denny Stadium.During Saban's tenure as head coach of the Crimson Tide, Alabama has played all home games on-campus at Bryant–Denny Stadium. Prior to the 2006 season, the north endzone expansion brought the total seating capacity of Bryant–Denny to 92,138, the seventh largest stadium in college football.[125] After Saban became head coach, in February 2009, the University of Alabama System Board of Trustees unanimously approved a proposal to expand the south endzone with an upper deck that seated approximately 9,000 spectators and added 36 luxury boxes.[126] The expansion was budgeted at $80.6 million and Davis Architects of Birmingham, Alabama served as the architect of record for the project.[126] The expansion was completed just prior to the start of the 2010 season on August 20 and increased Bryant–Denny's capacity to 101,821, the fifth largest in college football.[126][127]Outside the stadium on its northern side is the Walk of Champions. This areas pays tribute to past championship teams at Alabama in addition to featuring bronze statues of all five head coaches who won national championships with the Crimson Tide. After he led them to the 2009 national championship, athletics director Mal Moore indicated that a statue of Saban would be erected in the Walk of Champions just as the previous four coaches.[128] The nine-foot statue was designed by Alabama student Jeremy Davis and fabricated by MTM Recognition of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.[129] It was officially unveiled prior to the 2011 A-Day spring game on April 16, 2011, and has since been updated to include subsequent championships.[129]","title":"Bryant–Denny Stadium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notea_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notea_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notea_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notea_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-notea_1-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-noteb_3-0"}],"text":"^ a b c d e Saban's record for the 2007 season was 7–6. In March 2009, the NCAA ruled that Alabama must vacate 21 victories due to sanctions stemming from textbook-related infractions discovered during the 2007 season, including five for the 2007 season. As such Saban's official record for the 2007 season stands at 2–6.\n\n^ Shula's overall record at time of his firing was 26–23. In March 2009, the NCAA ruled that Alabama must vacate 21 victories due to sanctions stemming from textbook-related infractions discovered during the 2007 season, including 16 for the 2005 and 2006 seasons. As such Shula's official record at Alabama stands at 10–23.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Alabama attempts a two-point conversion in their 24–10 victory at Vanderbilt on September 8, 2007.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Alabama_Vanderbilt_2007-09-08.jpg/220px-Alabama_Vanderbilt_2007-09-08.jpg"},{"image_text":"Alabama lines up on defense during their 34–10, season opening victory against Clemson at the Georgia Dome.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Alabama_vs_Clemson_2008-08-30.jpg/220px-Alabama_vs_Clemson_2008-08-30.jpg"},{"image_text":"Alabama defeated Texas for the first time in school history 37–21 for the BCS national championship.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/2010_BCS_Champ.jpg/220px-2010_BCS_Champ.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jeremy Shelley made two field goals in Alabama's 30–10 win over Mississippi State.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Field_goal_Bama-MSU_2010-11-14.jpg/220px-Field_goal_Bama-MSU_2010-11-14.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Alabama offense lines up against the LSU defense in their 9–6 overtime loss.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Alabama_on_offense_against_LSU_11-5-2011_02.jpg/220px-Alabama_on_offense_against_LSU_11-5-2011_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Alabama defense in motion during their 49–0 victory over Auburn.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Alabama_on_defense_in_the_2012_Iron_Bowl_against_Auburn.jpg/220px-Alabama_on_defense_in_the_2012_Iron_Bowl_against_Auburn.jpg"},{"image_text":"A. J. McCarron takes a snap for the White team at the 2013 A-Day Game.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/2013_Alabama_A-Day_spring_football_game.jpg/220px-2013_Alabama_A-Day_spring_football_game.jpg"},{"image_text":"Alabama on offense against the Tigers in 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Alabama_offense_IronBowl_2010-11-26.jpg/220px-Alabama_offense_IronBowl_2010-11-26.jpg"},{"image_text":"Alabama on offense versus Tennessee in Tuscaloosa during the 2009 season","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Alabama_vs_Tennessee_2009-10-24.jpg/220px-Alabama_vs_Tennessee_2009-10-24.jpg"},{"image_text":"Alabama vs. LSU 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Sidline_picture_of_Alabama_vs_LSU_on_November_5th_2011.png/220px-Sidline_picture_of_Alabama_vs_LSU_on_November_5th_2011.png"},{"image_text":"Nick Saban statue located at the Walk of Champions outside Bryant–Denny Stadium.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Nick_Saban_statue.jpg/220px-Nick_Saban_statue.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Alabama routs Notre Dame, wins 3rd BCS title in past 4 years\". ESPN.com. ESPN.com news services. January 7, 2013. Retrieved April 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://scores.espn.go.com/ncf/recap?gameId=330070333","url_text":"\"Alabama routs Notre Dame, wins 3rd BCS title in past 4 years\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alabama fires Shula, names Kines interim coach\". ESPN.com. ESPN.com news services. November 28, 2006. Retrieved April 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=2677110","url_text":"\"Alabama fires Shula, names Kines interim coach\""}]},{"reference":"Hurt, Cecil (November 27, 2006). \"Shula fired: Alabama football coach dismissed after four seasons\". The Tuscaloosa News. p. A1. Retrieved April 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pR0fAAAAIBAJ&sjid=26cEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2883%2C6148456","url_text":"\"Shula fired: Alabama football coach dismissed after four seasons\""}]},{"reference":"Walsh, Christopher (November 27, 2006). \"Options abound for Alabama coaching search\". The Tuscaloosa News. p. C1. Retrieved April 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pR0fAAAAIBAJ&sjid=26cEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5938%2C6205548","url_text":"\"Options abound for Alabama coaching search\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saban says he won't leave Dolphins for Alabama\". USA Today. usatoday.com. Associated Press. November 27, 2006. Retrieved April 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/football/nfl/dolphins/2006-11-27-saban-alabama_x.htm?POE=SPOISVA","url_text":"\"Saban says he won't leave Dolphins for Alabama\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saban rejects 'Bama; Rodriguez gets offer\". The Ledger. December 8, 2006. p. C7. Retrieved April 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NIosAAAAIBAJ&sjid=sicEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6534%2C7935148","url_text":"\"Saban rejects 'Bama; Rodriguez gets offer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saban: 'I'm not going to be the Alabama coach'\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. December 21, 2006. Retrieved April 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=2705288","url_text":"\"Saban: 'I'm not going to be the Alabama coach'\""}]},{"reference":"Hurt, Cecil (January 1, 2007). \"UA officials keep Saban as top target\". The Tuscaloosa News. TuscaloosaNews.com. Retrieved April 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tuscaloosanews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070101/NEWS/701010333/1015/SPORTS&tc=ar","url_text":"\"UA officials keep Saban as top target\""}]},{"reference":"Nobles, Charlie (January 4, 2007). \"Saban leaving the Dolphins for Alabama\". The New York Times. Retrieved April 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/04/sports/ncaafootball/04saban.html","url_text":"\"Saban leaving the Dolphins for Alabama\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saban embraces high expectations at Alabama\". ESPN.com. ESPN.com news services. January 4, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=2720017","url_text":"\"Saban embraces high expectations at Alabama\""}]},{"reference":"Walsh, Christopher (January 10, 2007). \"Saban confirms hirings\". The Tuscaloosa News. Retrieved April 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AxsfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2qcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4771%2C3325861","url_text":"\"Saban confirms hirings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alabama adds Major Applewhite to coaching staff\". The Tuscaloosa News. January 14, 2007. p. C1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Evans, Thayer (February 8, 2007). \"Saban and Davis show they can still recruit\". The New York Times. Retrieved April 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/08/sports/ncaafootball/08sign.html","url_text":"\"Saban and Davis show they can still recruit\""}]},{"reference":"\"An overflow crowd watches Saban's Bama debut\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. April 22, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=2845304","url_text":"\"An overflow crowd watches Saban's Bama debut\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bama faithful bask in Saban's winning debut as coach\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. September 1, 2007. Retrieved April 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://scores.espn.go.com/ncf/recap?gameId=272440333","url_text":"\"Bama faithful bask in Saban's winning debut as coach\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grant's 173 rushing yards continues Tide's dominance over Vandy\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. September 8, 2007. Retrieved April 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://scores.espn.go.com/ncf/recap?gameId=272510238","url_text":"\"Grant's 173 rushing yards continues Tide's dominance over Vandy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Caddell TD caps wild finish as Bama upsets Arkansas\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. September 15, 2007. Retrieved April 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://scores.espn.go.com/ncf/recap?gameId=272580333","url_text":"\"Caddell TD caps wild finish as Bama upsets Arkansas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stafford's 25-yard TD strike dumps No. 16 Alabama in OT\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. September 22, 2007. Retrieved April 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://scores.espn.go.com/ncf/recap?gameId=272650333","url_text":"\"Stafford's 25-yard TD strike dumps No. 16 Alabama in OT\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lee comes off bench, rescues Florida State from Alabama\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. September 29, 2007. Retrieved April 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://scores.espn.go.com/ncf/recap?gameId=272720052","url_text":"\"Lee comes off bench, rescues Florida State from Alabama\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alabama notches biggest win in series with Vols since 1986\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. October 20, 2007. Retrieved April 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://scores.espn.go.com/ncf/recap?gameId=272930333","url_text":"\"Alabama notches biggest win in series with Vols since 1986\""}]},{"reference":"\"Five Crimson Tide players suspended for violating school textbook policy\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. October 20, 2007. Retrieved April 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=3071566","url_text":"\"Five Crimson Tide players suspended for violating school textbook policy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alabama's penalty from '09 ruling stands\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. March 23, 2010. Retrieved April 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=5021464","url_text":"\"Alabama's penalty from '09 ruling stands\""}]},{"reference":"Low, Chris (June 16, 2009). \"What does vacating wins really mean?\". ESPN.com. Retrieved April 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/blog/ncfnation/post/_/id/4734/what-does-vacating-wins-really-mean","url_text":"\"What does vacating wins really mean?\""}]},{"reference":"Higgins, Ron (November 3, 2007). \"Tigers fans approach Saturday's showdown with mixed emotions\". ESPN.com. Retrieved April 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=3088098","url_text":"\"Tigers fans approach Saturday's showdown with mixed emotions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Louisiana–Monroe stops Alabama for upset victory\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. November 17, 2007. Retrieved April 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://scores.espn.go.com/ncf/recap?gameId=273210333","url_text":"\"Louisiana–Monroe stops Alabama for upset victory\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 25 Auburn 17, Alabama 10\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. November 24, 2007. Retrieved April 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://scores.espn.go.com/ncf/recap?gameId=273280002","url_text":"\"No. 25 Auburn 17, Alabama 10\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wilson's 3 TDs carry Alabama to bowl win over Colorado\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. December 30, 2007. Retrieved April 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://scores.espn.go.com/ncf/recap?gameId=273640038","url_text":"\"Wilson's 3 TDs carry Alabama to bowl win over Colorado\""}]},{"reference":"\"Experts rank the Top 10 college recruiting classes\". USA Today. usatoday.com. February 6, 2008. Retrieved April 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/recruiting/football/2008-02-06-top-10-classes_N.htm","url_text":"\"Experts rank the Top 10 college recruiting classes\""}]},{"reference":"Myerberg, Paul (January 3, 2013). \"Loaded 2008 recruiting class fueled Alabama's rise\". USA Today. usatoday.com. Retrieved April 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/ncaaf/sec/2013/01/02/bcs-national-championship-alabama-crimson-tide-nick-saban-2008-recruiting-class/1804409/","url_text":"\"Loaded 2008 recruiting class fueled Alabama's rise\""}]},{"reference":"Hurt, Cecil (April 13, 2008). \"Passing game dominates in Crimson team victory\". The Tuscaloosa News. Retrieved April 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/20080413/NEWS/381927811","url_text":"\"Passing game dominates in Crimson team victory\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 24 Alabama limits No. 9 Clemson's ground game in upset victory\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. August 30, 2008. Retrieved April 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://scores.espn.go.com/ncf/recap?gameId=282430228","url_text":"\"No. 24 Alabama limits No. 9 Clemson's ground game in upset victory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wilson becomes Alabama's offensive leader in rout of WKU\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. September 13, 2008. Retrieved April 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://scores.espn.go.com/ncf/recap?gameId=282570333","url_text":"\"Wilson becomes Alabama's offensive leader in rout of WKU\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interception returns for TDs spark No. 9 Tide's blowout of Arkansas\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. September 20, 2008. Retrieved April 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://scores.espn.go.com/ncf/recap?gameId=282640008","url_text":"\"Interception returns for TDs spark No. 9 Tide's blowout of Arkansas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bulldogs decide to wear black for only third time ever\". ESPN.com. ESPN.com news services. September 22, 2008. Retrieved April 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=3602063","url_text":"\"Bulldogs decide to wear black for only third time ever\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 8 Alabama turns up heat in first half on way to win over No. 3 Georgia\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. September 27, 2008. Retrieved April 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://scores.espn.go.com/ncf/recap?gameId=282710061","url_text":"\"No. 8 Alabama turns up heat in first half on way to win over No. 3 Georgia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alabama routs Arkansas State for first shutout since 2005\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. November 1, 2008. Retrieved April 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://scores.espn.go.com/ncf/recap?gameId=283060333","url_text":"\"Alabama routs Arkansas State for first shutout since 2005\""}]},{"reference":"Deas, Tommy (November 3, 2008). \"Tide ranks no. 1\". The Tuscaloosa News. Retrieved April 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/20081103/news/811020282","url_text":"\"Tide ranks no. 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saban makes victorious return to Tiger Stadium as Bama stays unbeaten\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. November 8, 2008. Retrieved April 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://scores.espn.go.com/ncf/recap?gameId=283130099","url_text":"\"Saban makes victorious return to Tiger Stadium as Bama stays unbeaten\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alabama shuts out Auburn for biggest Iron Bowl win in 46 years\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. November 29, 2008. Retrieved April 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://scores.espn.go.com/ncf/recap?gameId=283340333","url_text":"\"Alabama shuts out Auburn for biggest Iron Bowl win in 46 years\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tebow's 3 TD strikes lead Gators' waltz past Tide\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. December 6, 2008. Retrieved April 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://scores.espn.go.com/ncf/recap?gameId=283410057","url_text":"\"Tebow's 3 TD strikes lead Gators' waltz past Tide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Utah secures perfect season with Sugar Bowl win over Alabama\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. January 2, 2009. Retrieved April 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://scores.espn.go.com/ncf/recap?gameId=290020333","url_text":"\"Utah secures perfect season with Sugar Bowl win over Alabama\""}]},{"reference":"Matuszewski, Erik (February 4, 2009). \"LSU, Alabama, USC land top college football recruiting classes\". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved April 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aY31be7Gc6L4&refer=home","url_text":"\"LSU, Alabama, USC land top college football recruiting classes\""}]},{"reference":"Staples, Andy (February 6, 2012). \"Re-ranking 2009 recruiting classes based on actual on-field production\". SportsIllustrated.com. Retrieved April 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2012/writers/andy_staples/02/06/re-ranking-class-of-2009/index.html","url_text":"\"Re-ranking 2009 recruiting classes based on actual on-field production\""}]},{"reference":"Hurt, Cecil (April 18, 2009). \"Saban pleased with A-Day effort, crowd\". The Tuscaloosa News. Retrieved April 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/20090418/NEWS/904189922?tc=ar","url_text":"\"Saban pleased with A-Day effort, crowd\""}]},{"reference":"King, Randy (September 6, 2009). \"Tide foils Hokies' hopes\". The Roanoke Times. p. CF1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Alabama rolls Arkansas as McElroy passes for career-high 291 yards, 3 TDs\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. September 26, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/recap?gameId=292690333","url_text":"\"Alabama rolls Arkansas as McElroy passes for career-high 291 yards, 3 TDs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alabama rolls as Snead's four interceptions doom Mississippi\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. October 10, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/recap?gameId=292830145","url_text":"\"Alabama rolls as Snead's four interceptions doom Mississippi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ingram's career night fuels Bama's late charge past South Carolina\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. October 17, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/recap?gameId=292900333","url_text":"\"Ingram's career night fuels Bama's late charge past South Carolina\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cody blocks FG on final play to save perfect season for Bama\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. October 24, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/recap?gameId=292970333","url_text":"\"Cody blocks FG on final play to save perfect season for Bama\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crimson Tide hold back Tigers for 2nd straight SEC title-game berth\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. November 7, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/recap?gameId=293110333","url_text":"\"Crimson Tide hold back Tigers for 2nd straight SEC title-game berth\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alabama takes lead with 1:24 left, holds off late Auburn drive\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. November 27, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://scores.espn.go.com/ncf/recap?gameId=293310002","url_text":"\"Alabama takes lead with 1:24 left, holds off late Auburn drive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alabama finishes off Florida for berth in BCS title game\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. December 5, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/recap?gameId=293390333","url_text":"\"Alabama finishes off Florida for berth in BCS title game\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ingram wins Alabama's 1st Heisman\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. December 13, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=4737524","url_text":"\"Ingram wins Alabama's 1st Heisman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alabama defeats Texas, rolls to first national title since 1992\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. January 7, 2010. Retrieved April 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/ncf/recap?id=300070333","url_text":"\"Alabama defeats Texas, rolls to first national title since 1992\""}]},{"reference":"Carey, Jack (August 8, 2010). \"Alabama not resting on laurels as it starts title defense at No. 1\". USA Today. usatoday.com. Retrieved April 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/college/football/sec/2010-08-06-alabama-poll-cover_N.htm","url_text":"\"Alabama not resting on laurels as it starts title defense at No. 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mark Ingram scores two TDs as Alabama overwhelms Florida\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. October 2, 2010. 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Retrieved April 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=M08eAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VccEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3613%2C201497","url_text":"\"Alabama football unveils its new-look stadium\""}]},{"reference":"Rapoport, Ian (February 7, 2009). \"Expansion of Alabama's Bryant–Denny Stadium is officially on\". The Birmingham News. AL.com. Archived from the original on April 12, 2009. Retrieved April 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090412185813/http://www.al.com/alabamafootball/birminghamnews/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fsports%2F1233998133164210.xml&coll=2","url_text":"\"Expansion of Alabama's Bryant–Denny Stadium is officially on\""},{"url":"http://www.al.com/alabamafootball/birminghamnews/index.ssf?/base/sports/1233998133164210.xml&coll=2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hudson, Phil (August 22, 2010). \"Bryant–Denny Stadium expansion officially opens\". The Crimson White. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eloise_Broady_DeJoria | Eloise Broady DeJoria | ["1 Personal life and career","2 Film career","3 References","4 External links"] | American model, actress, and businesswoman
Eloise Broady DeJoriaBornEloise Lucille Broady (1957-05-13) May 13, 1957 (age 67)Houston, Texas, U.S.Other namesEloise DeJoriaSpouse
John Paul DeJoria (m. 1993)Websitehttp://eloisedejoria.com/
Playboy centerfold appearanceApril 1988Personal detailsHeight5 ft 8 in (1.73 m)
Eloise Broady DeJoria (born May 13, 1957) is an American model, actress, producer, businesswoman and philanthropist. As an actress, she is known for Weekend at Bernie's.
Personal life and career
She was chosen as Playboy's Playmate for April 1988. Her business enterprises include Ultimate Face Professional, Arbor Behavioral Healthcare, and Renew Logic.
She is involved in some charities, such as Help Clifford Help Kids, The Palmer Drug Abuse Program, The Austin Recovery Center, The Austin Children's Shelter, Helping Hands, as well as Club 100, Long Center for the Performing Arts, The Paramount Theater, and The Austin Film Society. She is a business partner with John Paul.
Married her husband, billionaire John Paul DeJoria in 1993.
Film career
She played Tawny in Weekend at Bernie's She also appeared in Songwriter (1984),Friday Night Lights, Grand Champion, Our Wild Hearts, and You Don't Mess with the Zohan. She acted in Robert Davi's directorial debut, The Dukes.
She's the hot blonde in Kiss's Reason to Live music video, circa 1987-1988.
References
^ "Married in Malibu (Money No Object)".
^ "Who is John Paul DeJoria on 'Shark Tank'?".
^ Interactive, Burning Flame. "Online Store". www.ultimatefacecosmetics.com.
^ "The Arbor Behavioral Healthcare". The Arbor Behavioral Healthcare.
^ "Renew Logic - Reverse Logistics Specialists". Renew Logic - Reverse Logistics Specialists.
^ "At Home with John Paul and Eloise DeJoria". Archived from the original on 2019-04-28. Retrieved 2018-01-22.
^ Leach, Robin; Regan, Mardee Haidin (1995). Robin Leach's Healthy Lifestyles Cookbook: Menus and Recipes from the Rich, Famous, and Fascinating. Penguin Studio. ISBN 978-0-670-85730-2.
^ Andrew Goldman (2018-05-29). "How Tequila and Shampoo Might Save the World". Town & Country. Retrieved 2021-06-19.
^ "John Paul DeJoria Rose From Homelessness To King Of Hairstyling". Investor's Business Daily. investors.com/. 26 October 2017.
^ "See the Cast of 'Weekend at Bernie's' then and Now".
^ "Ricky Schroder's Newest Co-Star: His 14-Year-Old Daughter". 23 March 2011.
^ "A family affair: Actress Eloise DeJoria and her philanthropist husband stand behind her son's innovative addiction rehab center". 14 January 2014.
^ "Dukes, the: Robert Davi's Comic Tale of Down-and-Out Doo Wop Band | Emanuel Levy".
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eloise Broady DeJoria.
Eloise Broady DeJoria at IMDb
vtePlayboy Playmates of 1988
Kimberley Conrad
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Pia Reyes
Kata Kärkkäinen
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2019 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Weekend at Bernie's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekend_at_Bernie%27s"}],"text":"Eloise Broady DeJoria (born May 13, 1957) is an American model, actress, producer, businesswoman and philanthropist. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alastair_Macdonald_(British_Army_officer) | Alastair Macdonald (British Army officer) | ["1 Military career","2 References"] | British Army general
Alastair MacdonaldAllegiance United KingdomService/branch British ArmyRankGeneralCommands heldCommander-in-Chief, ScotlandBattles/warsCrimean War
General Alastair M'Ian Macdonald was a British Army officer who became Commander-in-Chief, Scotland.
Military career
Macdonald was commissioned as an ensign in the 92nd Regiment of Foot in 1846 and became aide-de-camp to Sir John Pennefather in 1854. He fought at the Battle of Alma in September 1854 and the Battle of Inkerman in November 1854 during the Crimean War. He became Assistant-Adjutant-General at Dover and then aide-de-camp to the Duke of Cambridge. Promoted to major-general, he went on to command the troops in the North British District in 1881 before retiring in 1885.
In August 1881 he oversaw and commanded the second Royal Volunteer Review in Holyrood Park with 44,000 soldiers parading in front of Queen Victoria.
References
^ a b c d "The clan Donald (Volume 3)". Retrieved 29 November 2014.
^ "No. 24954". The London Gazette. 25 March 1881. p. 1360.
^ Cassell's Old and New Edinburgh; vol. 4, ch. 37
Military offices
Preceded bySir William Hope
Commanding the troops in the North British District 1881–1885
Succeeded byAlexander Elliot | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Commander-in-Chief, Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_Scotland"}],"text":"General Alastair M'Ian Macdonald was a British Army officer who became Commander-in-Chief, Scotland.","title":"Alastair Macdonald (British Army officer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ensign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_(rank)"},{"link_name":"92nd Regiment of Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/92nd_(Gordon_Highlanders)_Regiment_of_Foot"},{"link_name":"aide-de-camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aide-de-camp"},{"link_name":"Sir John Pennefather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lysaght_Pennefather"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"Battle of Alma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Alma"},{"link_name":"Battle of Inkerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Inkerman"},{"link_name":"Crimean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover"},{"link_name":"Duke of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"major-general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major-general"},{"link_name":"command the troops in the North British District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"Holyrood Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyrood_Park"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Macdonald was commissioned as an ensign in the 92nd Regiment of Foot in 1846 and became aide-de-camp to Sir John Pennefather in 1854.[1] He fought at the Battle of Alma in September 1854 and the Battle of Inkerman in November 1854 during the Crimean War.[1] He became Assistant-Adjutant-General at Dover and then aide-de-camp to the Duke of Cambridge.[1] Promoted to major-general, he went on to command the troops in the North British District in 1881[2] before retiring in 1885.[1]In August 1881 he oversaw and commanded the second Royal Volunteer Review in Holyrood Park with 44,000 soldiers parading in front of Queen Victoria.[3]","title":"Military career"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"The clan Donald (Volume 3)\". Retrieved 29 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/angus-macdonald/the-clan-donald-volume-3-dca/page-32-the-clan-donald-volume-3-dca.shtml","url_text":"\"The clan Donald (Volume 3)\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 24954\". The London Gazette. 25 March 1881. p. 1360.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24954/page/1360","url_text":"\"No. 24954\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/angus-macdonald/the-clan-donald-volume-3-dca/page-32-the-clan-donald-volume-3-dca.shtml","external_links_name":"\"The clan Donald (Volume 3)\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24954/page/1360","external_links_name":"\"No. 24954\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nushrat_Bharucha | Nushrratt Bharuccha | ["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Early career and struggles (2002–2014)","2.2 Breakthrough and further career (2015–present)","3 Personal life and media image","4 Filmography","4.1 Film","4.2 Television","4.3 Music videos","5 Accolades","6 References","7 External links"] | Indian actress (born 1985)
Nushrratt BharucchaBharuccha in 2023BornNushrat Bharucha (1985-05-17) 17 May 1985 (age 39)Bombay, Maharashtra, IndiaAlma materJai Hind CollegeOccupationActressYears active2002–present
Nushrratt Bharuccha (born Nushrat Bharucha; 17 May 1985) is an Indian actress who mainly works in Hindi films. After working in television, she made her film debut with Jai Santoshi Maa (2006). She gained recognition for her roles in Love Sex Aur Dhokha (2010) and Pyaar Ka Punchnama (2011). Bharuccha's career progressed with starring roles in the comedies Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2 (2015), Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety (2018), and Dream Girl (2019). She has since starred in Chhorii (2021), Janhit Mein Jaari (2022) and Ram Setu (2022).
Early life
Bharuccha was born on 17 May 1985 in a Dawoodi Bohra family of Mumbai. She is the only child of Tanvir Bharucha, a businessman and Tasneem Bharucha, a housewife. She has graduated with a degree in Fine Arts from Jai Hind College in Mumbai.
Career
Early career and struggles (2002–2014)
Bharuccha made her acting debut with a minor role in the 2002 television series Kittie Party. She got her first Hindi film with Jai Santoshi Maa (2006) and did the music video "Zindagi Kahin Gum Hai" by Zubeen Garg in 2007. She had a cameo in Kal Kissne Dekha (2009) and did the Telugu film Taj Mahal (2010). Her final television role occurred in Seven as Drishika Kashyap.
Bharuccha had her first leading role in Hindi films with Dibakar Banerjee and Ekta Kapoor's anthology Love Sex Aur Dhokha (2010), that did moderately well. She next starred opposite Kartik Aaryan in Luv Ranjan's directorials Pyaar Ka Punchnama (2011) and Akaash Vani (2013), both of which underperformed, as like her next disaster Darr @ the Mall (2014) with Jimmy Sheirgill.
Breakthrough and further career (2015–present)
Bharuccha rose to success by appearing with Aaryan for the third time in Ranjan's Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2 (2015). The film turned out to be her first commercial hit, earning over ₹88 crore worldwide. However, her other release Meeruthiya Gangsters (2015) and the Tamil film Valeba Raja (2016) underperformed.
In 2018, she received wider attention after portraying a grey shaded character opposite Aaryan and Sunny Singh in Luv Ranjan and Bhushan Kumar's rom-com Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety. It proved to be a surprise blockbuster at the box-office, earning ₹150 crores worldwide. She retained this widespread success with Kapoor, Bhushan Kumar and Raaj Shaandilyaa's ₹200 crores-grossing comedy Dream Girl (2019), where she played Ayushmann Khurrana's love interest. Both Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety and Dream Girl entered the 100 Crore Club in India and rank among her highest grossing releases.
Bharuccha in 2019
Bharuccha performed an item number in 2019, "Peeyo Datt Ke" alongside Sidharth Malhotra in the Milap Zaveri and Bhushan Kumar's romantic thriller Marjaavaan which was sung by Yo Yo Honey Singh. She starred in two music videos, Atif Aslam's "Baarishein" and Guru Randhawa's "Ishq Tera".
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in India that led long closure of theatres, Bharuccha's next sports film Chhalaang (2020) directed by Hansal Mehta and produced by Bhushan Kumar and Ajay Devgn, was directly released on OTT platform Amazon Prime Video. She played Rajkummar Rao's ladylove in the film that met with mixed reviews.
In 2021, she headlined Yo Yo Honey Singh's music video "Saiyaan Ji" and featured in two OTT films. Firstly she was seen in Karan Johar and Raj Mehta's Netflix anthology film Ajeeb Daastaans and then in Vishal Furia and Bhushan Kumar's Amazon Prime horror film Chhorii, both of which earned her critical praise for her acting. Chhorii marked her first film as a solo female-centric character.
The following year, Bharuccha appeared firstly in the love triangle Hurdang (2022) alongside Sunny Kaushal and Vijay Varma. A huge box office failure, it was directed by Nikhil Nagesh Tiwari and produced by Bhushan Kumar. That year, she also earned critical praise for appearing in the female-centric social comedy Janhit Mein Jaari.
She featured in the historical drama Ram Setu with Akshay Kumar and Jacqueline Fernandez, which released on Diwali 2022. This will be followed by Chhorii 2, a sequel to Chhorii. She also teamed up with Akshay Kumar, Diana Penty and Emraan Hashmi in Johar and Mehta's 2023 comedy Selfiee.
Im 2023, Bharuccha had a cameo in the Ranbir Kapoor, Shraddha Kapoor starrer Tu Jhoothi Main Makkar.
Personal life and media image
Bharuccha in 2018
In June 2020, Bharuccha changed the spelling of her name to Nushrratt Bharuccha, due to numerological reasons. Bharuccha has a keen interest in writing, mainly poems.
Bharuccha has appeared on Times' 50 Most Desirable Woman list various times. She ranked 29th in 2018, 34th in 2019 and 34th in 2020. She is a celebrity endorser for brands and products including Cadbury and BoroPlus.
Bharuccha and her mother speak vociferously against the custom of female genital mutilation, the latter had undergone it as a child.
In 2023, during her visit to Tel Aviv, Israel to promote her film at a film festival, Nushrat got stuck in the Hamas-led attack on Israel. She was rescued and brought home to India by the help of Indian embassy.
Filmography
Film
All films are in Hindi unless otherwise noted.
Key
†
Denotes films that have not yet been released
List of film credits
Year
Title
Role
Notes
Ref.
2006
Jai Santoshi Maa
Mahima
2009
Kal Kissne Dekha
Ria
2010
Taj Mahal
Shruthi
Telugu film; credited as Shruthi
Love Sex Aur Dhokha
Shruti Dhaiya
2011
Pyaar Ka Punchnama
Neha
2013
Akaash Vani
Vani Mehra
2014
Darr @ the Mall
Ahana Manchanda
2015
Meeruthiya Gangsters
Mansi
Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2
Ruchika "Chiku" Khanna
2016
Valeba Raja
Sweety
Tamil film
2018
Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety
Sweety Sharma
2019
Dream Girl
Mahi Rajput
Marjaavaan
Herself
Special appearance in song "Peeyu Datt Ke"
2020
Jai Mummy Di
Young Laali Khanna
Cameo
Chhalaang
Neelima Mehra
2021
Ajeeb Daastaans
Meenal
Chhorii
Sakshi Devi
2022
Hurdang
Jhulan Yadav
Janhit Mein Jaari
Manokamna "Mannu" Tripathi
Ram Setu
Gayatri Kulshrestha
2023
Selfiee
Minti Agarwal
Tu Jhoothi Main Makkaar
Aanya
Cameo
Chatrapathi
Sapna
Akelli
Jyoti
Chhorii 2 †
TBA
Completed
Television
List of television credits
Year
Title
Role
Network
Ref.
2002
Kittie Party
Chiku
Zee TV
2010
Seven
Drishika Kashyap
Sony Entertainment Television
Music videos
List of music video credits
Year
Title
Singer(s)
Ref.
2007
"Zindagi Kahin Gum Hai"
Zubeen Garg
2019
"Baarishein"
Atif Aslam
"Ishq Tera"
Guru Randhawa
2021
"Saiyaan Ji"
Yo Yo Honey Singh, Neha Kakkar
2023
"Savage"
Yo Yo Honey Singh
Accolades
List of awards and nominations received by Bharuccha
Year
Award
Category
Film
Result
Ref.
2011
Screen Awards
Best Ensemble Cast
Love Sex Aur Dhokha
Nominated
2012
Zee Cine Awards
Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female
Pyaar Ka Punchnama
Nominated
2015
BIG Star Entertainment Awards
Most Entertaining Actor in a Comedy Role – Female
Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2
Won
Most Entertaining Ensemble Cast
Won
2016
Screen Awards
Best Ensemble Cast
Nominated
2021
Busan International Film Festival
Best Actress
Ajeeb Daastaans
Nominated
2022
Lokmat Stylish Awards
Most Stylish Performer of the Year
—
Won
Iconic Gold Awards
Best Actress- Critics
Chhorii
Won
Filmfare OTT Awards
Best Actor in a Web Original Film – Female
Chhorii
Nominated
2023
Bollywood Hungama Style Icons
Most Stylish Haute Stepper
—
Nominated
2023
Lokmat Stylish Awards
Most Stylish Trendsetter – Female
—
Won
2024
Bollywood Hungama Style Icons
Most Stylish Magnetic Star of the Year
—
Won
References
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^ "Sunny Kaushal, Nushrat Bharucha and Vijay Varma to feature in 'Hurdang'; deets inside". Deccan Chronicle. 19 June 2019. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
^ Singh, Raghuvendra (19 June 2019). "Nushrat Bharucha to romance Sunny Kaushal in Hurdang". Filmfare. Archived from the original on 21 June 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
^ "Nushrratt Bharuccha to headline comedy 'Janhit Mein Jaari'". The Hindu. 23 September 2021. Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
^ "It's a wrap for Nushrratt Bharuccha and team of Janhit Mein Jaari". Bollywood Hungama. 17 December 2021. Archived from the original on 17 December 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
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^ PTI (22 March 2022). "Nushrratt Bharuccha, Diana Penty join 'Selfiee'". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 23 March 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
^ "Find out why Nushrratt Bharuccha changed the spelling of her name". The Times of India. 3 November 2020. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
^ "Actress Nushrat Bharucha is ready to share her poems with the world!". Mumbai Mirror. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
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^ "Kartik, Nushrat, Sunny head to Rishikesh for new Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety song". Hindustan Times. 3 January 2018. Archived from the original on 12 January 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
^ "Nushrratt Bharuccha starts dubbing for her next Chhori". Bollywood Hungama. 8 June 2021. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
^ "Nushrratt Bharuccha starrer Janhit Mein Jaari gets a release date: 'Ab yeh andar ki baat nahi hai'". The Indian Express. 2 May 2022. Archived from the original on 5 May 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
^ "Nushrratt Bharuccha and Diana Penty join Akshay Kumar and Emraan Hashmi in Selfiee, see the announcement". Bollywood Hungama. 21 March 2022. Archived from the original on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
^ "Nushrratt Bharuccha set for her 1st pan-India film, to star in Hindi remake of SS Rajamouli's 'Chatrapathi'". The Economic Times. 17 April 2023. Archived from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 18 June 2023 – via The Times of India.
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^ "Neha Kakkar, Yo Yo Honey Singh release new song Saiyaan Ji, featuring Nushrratt Bharuccha". Firstpost. 27 January 2021. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
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External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nushrat Bharucha.
Nushrratt Bharuccha at IMDb
Nushrratt Bharuccha at Bollywood Hungama
Portals: Biography Bollywood Films India
Authority control databases
VIAF
WorldCat | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HBNB-2"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_cinema"},{"link_name":"Love Sex Aur Dhokha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Sex_Aur_Dhokha"},{"link_name":"Pyaar Ka Punchnama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyaar_Ka_Punchnama"},{"link_name":"Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyaar_Ka_Punchnama_2"},{"link_name":"Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonu_Ke_Titu_Ki_Sweety"},{"link_name":"Dream Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Girl_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"Chhorii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhorii"},{"link_name":"Janhit Mein Jaari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janhit_Mein_Jaari"},{"link_name":"Ram Setu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Setu_(film)"}],"text":"Nushrratt Bharuccha (born Nushrat Bharucha;[1] 17 May 1985[2]) is an Indian actress who mainly works in Hindi films. After working in television, she made her film debut with Jai Santoshi Maa (2006). She gained recognition for her roles in Love Sex Aur Dhokha (2010) and Pyaar Ka Punchnama (2011). Bharuccha's career progressed with starring roles in the comedies Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2 (2015), Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety (2018), and Dream Girl (2019). She has since starred in Chhorii (2021), Janhit Mein Jaari (2022) and Ram Setu (2022).","title":"Nushrratt Bharuccha"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17May1985-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HBNB-2"},{"link_name":"Dawoodi Bohra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Society:_Why_we_work-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jai Hind College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jai_Hind_College"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Bharuccha was born on 17 May 1985[3][2] in a Dawoodi Bohra family of Mumbai. She is the only child of Tanvir Bharucha, a businessman and Tasneem Bharucha, a housewife.[4][5] She has graduated with a degree in Fine Arts from Jai Hind College in Mumbai.[6]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kittie Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kittie_Party"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Hindi film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_cinema"},{"link_name":"Zubeen Garg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubeen_Garg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Kal Kissne Dekha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal_Kissne_Dekha"},{"link_name":"Telugu film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_cinema"},{"link_name":"Taj Mahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taj_Mahal_(2010_film)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Dibakar Banerjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibakar_Banerjee"},{"link_name":"Ekta Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekta_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Love Sex Aur Dhokha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Sex_Aur_Dhokha"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Kartik Aaryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartik_Aaryan"},{"link_name":"Luv Ranjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luv_Ranjan"},{"link_name":"Pyaar Ka Punchnama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyaar_Ka_Punchnama"},{"link_name":"Akaash Vani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akaash_Vani"},{"link_name":"Darr @ the Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darr_@_the_Mall"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Sheirgill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Sheirgill"}],"sub_title":"Early career and struggles (2002–2014)","text":"Bharuccha made her acting debut with a minor role in the 2002 television series Kittie Party.[7] She got her first Hindi film with Jai Santoshi Maa (2006) and did the music video \"Zindagi Kahin Gum Hai\" by Zubeen Garg in 2007.[8] She had a cameo in Kal Kissne Dekha (2009) and did the Telugu film Taj Mahal (2010).[9] Her final television role occurred in Seven as Drishika Kashyap.[10]Bharuccha had her first leading role in Hindi films with Dibakar Banerjee and Ekta Kapoor's anthology Love Sex Aur Dhokha (2010), that did moderately well.[11] She next starred opposite Kartik Aaryan in Luv Ranjan's directorials Pyaar Ka Punchnama (2011) and Akaash Vani (2013), both of which underperformed, as like her next disaster Darr @ the Mall (2014) with Jimmy Sheirgill.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyaar_Ka_Punchnama_2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Meeruthiya Gangsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meeruthiya_Gangsters"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Valeba Raja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeba_Raja"},{"link_name":"Aaryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartik_Aaryan"},{"link_name":"Sunny Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_Singh_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Luv Ranjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luv_Ranjan"},{"link_name":"Bhushan Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhushan_Kumar"},{"link_name":"rom-com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_comedy"},{"link_name":"Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonu_Ke_Titu_Ki_Sweety"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Raaj Shaandilyaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raaj_Shaandilyaa"},{"link_name":"Dream Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Girl_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"Ayushmann Khurrana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayushmann_Khurrana"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonu_Ke_Titu_Ki_Sweety"},{"link_name":"100 Crore Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_Crore_Club"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nushrat_Bharucha_at_Lokmat_Most_Stylish_Awards_2019_(14)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Sidharth Malhotra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidharth_Malhotra"},{"link_name":"Milap Zaveri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milap_Zaveri"},{"link_name":"Marjaavaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjaavaan"},{"link_name":"Yo Yo Honey Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo_Yo_Honey_Singh"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Atif Aslam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atif_Aslam"},{"link_name":"Guru Randhawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Randhawa"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India"},{"link_name":"Chhalaang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhalaang"},{"link_name":"Hansal Mehta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansal_Mehta"},{"link_name":"Ajay Devgn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajay_Devgn"},{"link_name":"OTT platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-top_media_service"},{"link_name":"Amazon Prime Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Rajkummar Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajkummar_Rao"},{"link_name":"Yo Yo Honey Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo_Yo_Honey_Singh"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SaiyaanJi-22"},{"link_name":"Karan Johar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karan_Johar"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"Ajeeb Daastaans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajeeb_Daastaans"},{"link_name":"Chhorii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhorii"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"love triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_triangle"},{"link_name":"Hurdang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurdang"},{"link_name":"Sunny Kaushal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_Kaushal"},{"link_name":"Vijay Varma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_Varma"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Janhit Mein Jaari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janhit_Mein_Jaari"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Ram Setu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Setu_(film)"},{"link_name":"Akshay Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akshay_Kumar"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline Fernandez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Fernandez"},{"link_name":"Diwali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Diana Penty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Penty"},{"link_name":"Emraan Hashmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emraan_Hashmi"},{"link_name":"Selfiee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfiee"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Ranbir Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranbir_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Shraddha Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shraddha_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Tu Jhoothi Main Makkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu_Jhoothi_Main_Makkaar"}],"sub_title":"Breakthrough and further career (2015–present)","text":"Bharuccha rose to success by appearing with Aaryan for the third time in Ranjan's Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2 (2015). The film turned out to be her first commercial hit, earning over ₹88 crore worldwide.[12] However, her other release Meeruthiya Gangsters (2015) and the Tamil film Valeba Raja (2016) underperformed.In 2018, she received wider attention after portraying a grey shaded character opposite Aaryan and Sunny Singh in Luv Ranjan and Bhushan Kumar's rom-com Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety.[13][14] It proved to be a surprise blockbuster at the box-office, earning ₹150 crores worldwide. She retained this widespread success with Kapoor, Bhushan Kumar and Raaj Shaandilyaa's ₹200 crores-grossing comedy Dream Girl (2019), where she played Ayushmann Khurrana's love interest.[15] Both Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety and Dream Girl entered the 100 Crore Club in India and rank among her highest grossing releases.[16]Bharuccha in 2019Bharuccha performed an item number in 2019, \"Peeyo Datt Ke\" alongside Sidharth Malhotra in the Milap Zaveri and Bhushan Kumar's romantic thriller Marjaavaan which was sung by Yo Yo Honey Singh.[17] She starred in two music videos, Atif Aslam's \"Baarishein\" and Guru Randhawa's \"Ishq Tera\".[18][19]Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in India that led long closure of theatres, Bharuccha's next sports film Chhalaang (2020) directed by Hansal Mehta and produced by Bhushan Kumar and Ajay Devgn, was directly released on OTT platform Amazon Prime Video.[20][21] She played Rajkummar Rao's ladylove in the film that met with mixed reviews.In 2021, she headlined Yo Yo Honey Singh's music video \"Saiyaan Ji\" and featured in two OTT films.[22] Firstly she was seen in Karan Johar and Raj Mehta's Netflix anthology film Ajeeb Daastaans and then in Vishal Furia and Bhushan Kumar's Amazon Prime horror film Chhorii, both of which earned her critical praise for her acting.[23][24] Chhorii marked her first film as a solo female-centric character.The following year, Bharuccha appeared firstly in the love triangle Hurdang (2022) alongside Sunny Kaushal and Vijay Varma.[25] A huge box office failure, it was directed by Nikhil Nagesh Tiwari and produced by Bhushan Kumar.[26] That year, she also earned critical praise for appearing in the female-centric social comedy Janhit Mein Jaari.[27][28]She featured in the historical drama Ram Setu with Akshay Kumar and Jacqueline Fernandez, which released on Diwali 2022.[29] This will be followed by Chhorii 2, a sequel to Chhorii. She also teamed up with Akshay Kumar, Diana Penty and Emraan Hashmi in Johar and Mehta's 2023 comedy Selfiee.[30]Im 2023, Bharuccha had a cameo in the Ranbir Kapoor, Shraddha Kapoor starrer Tu Jhoothi Main Makkar.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nushrat_Bharucha_on_the_sets_of_India%E2%80%99s_Next_Superstars.jpg"},{"link_name":"numerological reasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerology"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Times' 50 Most Desirable Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_of_India"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Cadbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadbury"},{"link_name":"BoroPlus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emami"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"female genital mutilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv, Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv,_Israel"},{"link_name":"Hamas-led attack on Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"Bharuccha in 2018In June 2020, Bharuccha changed the spelling of her name to Nushrratt Bharuccha, due to numerological reasons.[31] Bharuccha has a keen interest in writing, mainly poems.[32]Bharuccha has appeared on Times' 50 Most Desirable Woman list various times. She ranked 29th in 2018, 34th in 2019 and 34th in 2020.[33][34] She is a celebrity endorser for brands and products including Cadbury and BoroPlus.[35]Bharuccha and her mother speak vociferously against the custom of female genital mutilation, the latter had undergone it as a child.[36]In 2023, during her visit to Tel Aviv, Israel to promote her film at a film festival, Nushrat got stuck in the Hamas-led attack on Israel. She was rescued and brought home to India by the help of Indian embassy.[37][38]","title":"Personal life and media image"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","text":"All films are in Hindi unless otherwise noted.","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Music videos","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Accolades"}] | [{"image_text":"Bharuccha in 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Nushrat_Bharucha_at_Lokmat_Most_Stylish_Awards_2019_%2814%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Nushrat_Bharucha_at_Lokmat_Most_Stylish_Awards_2019_%2814%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bharuccha in 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Nushrat_Bharucha_on_the_sets_of_India%E2%80%99s_Next_Superstars.jpg/170px-Nushrat_Bharucha_on_the_sets_of_India%E2%80%99s_Next_Superstars.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Nushrat Bharucha changes her name to 'Nushrratt Bharuccha'?\". The Times of India. 30 June 2020. Archived from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 18 June 2023. Nushrat has altered the spelling of her name from Nushrat Bharucha to Nushrratt Bharuccha, by adding extra 'r', 't', and 'c' to her existing name.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/nushrat-bharucha-changes-her-name-to-nushrratt-bharuccha/videoshow/76711740.cms","url_text":"\"Nushrat Bharucha changes her name to 'Nushrratt Bharuccha'?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230426203601/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/nushrat-bharucha-changes-her-name-to-nushrratt-bharuccha/videoshow/76711740.cms","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dedhia, Sonil (20 May 2021). \"I'll remember this birthday for lifetime: Nushrat Bharucha\". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 20 May 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/i-ll-remember-this-birthday-for-lifetime-nushrat-bharucha/story-F94NEArtk5Is6DKONGjVTK_amp.html","url_text":"\"I'll remember this birthday for lifetime: Nushrat Bharucha\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200520013214/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/i-ll-remember-this-birthday-for-lifetime-nushrat-bharucha/story-F94NEArtk5Is6DKONGjVTK_amp.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Nushrratt Bharuccha birthday: When she played a girl with superpowers in YRF TV show Seven\". The Indian Express. 17 May 2021. Archived from the original on 14 September 2021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_Al-Farsi_Mosque | Mosque of Salman al-Farsi | ["1 History","1.1 Modern history","2 Usage","3 2006 attack","4 See also","5 References"] | Coordinates: 33°05′54″N 44°34′52″E / 33.0982656°N 44.5809823°E / 33.0982656; 44.5809823Mosque in Salman Pak, Iraq
Mosque of Salman al-FarsiArabic: مسجد سلمان الفارسيReligionAffiliationShi'aDistrictAl-Mada'inProvinceDiyala ProvinceStatusActiveLocationLocationSalman Pak, IraqLocation in IraqGeographic coordinates33°05′54″N 44°34′52″E / 33.0982656°N 44.5809823°E / 33.0982656; 44.5809823ArchitectureTypemosque and mausoleumStyleModern architecture with elements from Ottoman and Abbasid stylesDate established1950 (mausoleum existed before that)SpecificationsCapacityat least 800 worshippersInterior area500 square metresDome(s)4Dome height (outer)17 metres (main dome)Minaret(s)2Minaret height23 metresShrine(s)2 (one shrine for Salman al-Farsi, the other shrine for the companions)
The Mosque of Salman al-Farsi (Arabic: مسجد سلمان الفارسي) is a historic mosque located in the city of Salman Pak, Al-Mada'in district, Iraq. It contains the purported tomb of Salman al-Farsi, a Sahaba, and this the mosque is named after him.
It is historically a Sunni mosque, however, at some point of time the mosque was removed from the Sunni Endowment and given to the Shi'ite managements.
History
The original mausoleum of Salman al-Farsi in 1917, before the mosque was constructed
The mosque was established in 1950 over a pre-existing mausoleum dedicated to Salman al-Farsi which was already in existence before the 1920s. In 1931, the bodies of Jabir ibn Abdullah, Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman, and Ali al-Tahir ibn Muhammad al-Baqir were exhumed due to their graves being water-logged, and the bodies were transferred to new tombs next to the old mausoleum. The report of the bodies being transferred is sometimes contested, however, as Jabir ibn Abdullah is reported to have died in Medina. Later in 1950, the mosque was established over the mausoleum and new tombs, with funding from the Iraqi government.
Modern history
The old zarih enclosing the grave of Salman al-Farsi
In 2017, a new zarih was placed around the grave of Salman al-Farsi. The ceremony of the placement of the zarih was also attended by Iraj Masjedi, the Iranian ambassador to Iraq, as well as several other Shi'ite clerics.
Usage
The mosque is visited because of the sacred tombs within it. However, the mosque also holds Qur'anic memorization courses as well as classes to study the Shari'ah law. Religious festivals are held in the mosque as well.
2006 attack
Main article: 2006 al-Askari mosque bombing
On February 24, 2006, during the year the Al-Askari Shrine was bombed, two rockets were fired by rebels, which landed in the area of the mosque. Significant damage was caused to the building, but no casualties were reported. Damage was done to the main dome and a minaret.
See also
Islam portalIraq portal
Islam in Iraq
List of mosques in Iraq
References
^ Silverman, Adam L. (August 24, 2009). "Religion and Politics in Iraq: What Type of Sectarianism Really Exists?". Informed Comment. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
^ a b c d e f g h i "مرقد الصحابي الجليل سلمان المحمدي رضوان الله تعالى عليه - اسلاميات". 2017-04-28. Archived from the original on 2017-04-28. Retrieved 2023-12-13.
^ Silverman, Adam L. (August 24, 2009). "Religion and Politics in Iraq: What Type of Sectarianism Really Exists?". Informed Comment. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
^ IslamQA (2019-08-04). "Where is Jabir ibn Abdullah buried?". IslamQA. Retrieved 2023-12-13.
^ "جامع سلمان الفارسي (رضي الله عنه)". almd3aein.ahlamontada.net (in Arabic). Retrieved 2023-12-13.
^ a b "وضع الضريح على مرقد الصحابي سلمان الفارسي في المدائن - قناة العالم الاخبارية". www.alalam.ir (in Arabic). Retrieved 2023-12-13.
^ a b "Rockets hit Shia tomb in Iraq". Al Jazeera. February 27, 2006. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
^ "USATODAY.com - Holy Shiite tomb attacked with rockets". usatoday30.usatoday.com. Retrieved 2019-02-03. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Salman Pak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_Pak"},{"link_name":"Al-Mada'in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mada%27in"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Salman al-Farsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_al-Farsi"},{"link_name":"Sahaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahaba"},{"link_name":"Sunni Endowment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Endowment_Office"},{"link_name":"Shi'ite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27ite"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Mosque in Salman Pak, IraqThe Mosque of Salman al-Farsi (Arabic: مسجد سلمان الفارسي) is a historic mosque located in the city of Salman Pak, Al-Mada'in district, Iraq. It contains the purported tomb of Salman al-Farsi, a Sahaba, and this the mosque is named after him.It is historically a Sunni mosque, however, at some point of time the mosque was removed from the Sunni Endowment and given to the Shi'ite managements.[3]","title":"Mosque of Salman al-Farsi"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Salman_al-Farisi,_Baghdad,_1917.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jabir ibn Abdullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Abd-Allah"},{"link_name":"Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudhayfah_ibn_al-Yaman"},{"link_name":"Ali al-Tahir ibn Muhammad al-Baqir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ali_al-Tahir_ibn_Muhammad_al-Baqir&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The original mausoleum of Salman al-Farsi in 1917, before the mosque was constructedThe mosque was established in 1950 over a pre-existing mausoleum dedicated to Salman al-Farsi which was already in existence before the 1920s. In 1931, the bodies of Jabir ibn Abdullah, Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman, and Ali al-Tahir ibn Muhammad al-Baqir were exhumed due to their graves being water-logged, and the bodies were transferred to new tombs next to the old mausoleum.[2] The report of the bodies being transferred is sometimes contested, however, as Jabir ibn Abdullah is reported to have died in Medina.[4] Later in 1950, the mosque was established over the mausoleum and new tombs, with funding from the Iraqi government.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Salman_Al_Farsi_(30236215970).jpg"},{"link_name":"zarih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarih"},{"link_name":"zarih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarih"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"zarih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarih"},{"link_name":"Iraj Masjedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraj_Masjedi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"}],"sub_title":"Modern history","text":"The old zarih enclosing the grave of Salman al-FarsiIn 2017, a new zarih was placed around the grave of Salman al-Farsi.[6] The ceremony of the placement of the zarih was also attended by Iraj Masjedi, the Iranian ambassador to Iraq, as well as several other Shi'ite clerics.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"The mosque is visited because of the sacred tombs within it.[2] However, the mosque also holds Qur'anic memorization courses as well as classes to study the Shari'ah law.[2] Religious festivals are held in the mosque as well.[2]","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al-Askari Shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Askari_Shrine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AlJ-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AlJ-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"On February 24, 2006, during the year the Al-Askari Shrine was bombed, two rockets were fired by rebels, which landed in the area of the mosque.[7] Significant damage was caused to the building, but no casualties were reported.[7][8] Damage was done to the main dome and a minaret.[2]","title":"2006 attack"}] | [{"image_text":"The original mausoleum of Salman al-Farsi in 1917, before the mosque was constructed","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Tomb_of_Salman_al-Farisi%2C_Baghdad%2C_1917.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_Salman_al-Farisi%2C_Baghdad%2C_1917.jpg"},{"image_text":"The old zarih enclosing the grave of Salman al-Farsi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Tomb_of_Salman_Al_Farsi_%2830236215970%29.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_Salman_Al_Farsi_%2830236215970%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Islam portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Islam"},{"title":"Iraq portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Iraq"},{"title":"Islam in Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Iraq"},{"title":"List of mosques in Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Iraq"}] | [{"reference":"Silverman, Adam L. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldo_Salt | Waldo Salt | ["1 Early life and career","2 Personal life and death","3 Documentary","4 The Waldo Salt Screenwriting Award","5 Filmography","6 Awards and nominations","7 References","8 External links"] | American screenwriter
For the documentary film, see Waldo Salt: A Screenwriter's Journey.
Waldo SaltPoster for WALDO SALT: A SCREENWRITER'S JOURNEY (1990)BornWaldo Miller Salt(1914-10-18)October 18, 1914Chicago, Illinois, U.S.DiedMarch 7, 1987(1987-03-07) (aged 72)Los Angeles, California, U.S.Other namesArthur BehrstockM.L. DavenportMel DavenportOccupationScreenwriterYears active1937–1978Spouses
Amber Dana (1939)
Mary Davenport (19?? - 19??)
Gladys Schwartz (19?? - 19??)
Eve Merriam (19?? - March 7, 1987)
Waldo Miller Salt (October 18, 1914 – March 7, 1987) was an American screenwriter who won Academy Awards for both Midnight Cowboy and Coming Home.
Early life and career
Salt was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Winifred (née Porter) and William Haslem Salt, an artist and business executive. He graduated from Stanford University in 1934. The first of the nineteen films he wrote or co-wrote was released in 1937 with the title The Bride Wore Red.
Salt's career in Hollywood was interrupted when he was blacklisted after refusing to testify before the House Committee on Un-American Activities in 1951. Like many other blacklisted writers, while he was unable to work in Hollywood, Salt wrote under a pseudonym for the British television series The Adventures of Robin Hood.
After the collapse of the blacklist, Salt won Academy Awards for Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium for his work on Midnight Cowboy and Coming Home, as well as earning a nomination for Serpico.https://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/
Salt is featured in the extras for the Criterion Collection's Midnight Cowboy blu-ray release, specifically in an audio interview with Michael Childers; many photos of Waldo Salt can be seen here as he was a collaborator for the screenplay. The documentary listed below, Waldo Salt: A Screenwriter's Journey, is also featured on the disc.
Personal life and death
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Salt was married four times, first to Amber Dana, then to actress Mary Davenport with whom he had two children, actress/writer/producer Jennifer, and Deborah. After his divorce from Davenport, he married Gladys Schwartz and later playwright Eve Merriam. He remained married to Merriam until his death in Los Angeles, aged 72, on March 7, 1987.
Documentary
Waldo Salt was the subject of a 1990 documentary Waldo Salt: A Screenwriter's Journey, which featured interviews with Dustin Hoffman, Robert Redford, Jon Voight, John Schlesinger and other collaborators and friends.
The Waldo Salt Screenwriting Award
The Waldo Salt Screenwriting Award, first presented in 1992, is awarded at the Sundance Film Festival annually. It is determined by the dramatic jury, and recognizes outstanding screenwriting in a film screened at the festival that year.
Filmography
Films
Year
Title
Notes
1937
The Bride Wore Red
Adaptation, uncredited
1938
The Shopworn Angel
Screenplay
1939
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
Dialogue, uncredited
1940
The Philadelphia Story
Uncredited
1941
The Wild Man of Borneo
Screenplay
1943
Tonight We Raid Calais
Screenplay
1944
Mr. Winkle Goes to War
Alternative title: Arms and the Woman
1948
Rachel and the Stranger
Screenplay
1950
The Flame and the Arrow
Screenplay
1951
M
Additional dialogue
1961
Blast of Silence
Narration written by, credited as Mel Davenport
1962
Taras Bulba
Screenplay together with Karl Tunberg
1964
Flight from Ashiya
Alternative title: Ashiya kara no hiko
Wild and Wonderful
1969
Midnight Cowboy
Screenplay; Oscar winner for Best Adapted Screenplay
1971
The Gang That Couldn't Shoot Straight
Alternative title: The Gang That Couldn't Shoot
1973
Serpico
Screenplay
1975
The Day of the Locust
Screenplay
1978
Coming Home
Oscar Winner for Best Original Screenplay
Television
Year
Title
Notes
1955
Star Stage
1 episode
1956
Colonel March of Scotland Yard
2 episodes
1958
Swiss Family Robinson
Television movie, credited as Mel Davenport
Ivanhoe
4 episodes
1961
Tallahassee 7000
1 episode
1964
Espionage
1 episode
1965
The Nurses
1 episode
1967
Coronet Blue
1 episode
Awards and nominations
Year
Award
Result
Category
Film or series
1949
Writers Guild of America Award
Nominated
Best Written American Western
Rachel and the Stranger
1970
Won
Best Drama Adapted from Another Medium
Midnight Cowboy
1974
Best Drama Adapted from Another Medium
Serpico (Shared with Norman Wexler)
1979
Best Drama Written Directly for the Screen
Coming Home (Shared with Robert C. Jones)
1986
Laurel Award for Screenwriting Achievement
-
1970
Academy Award
Won
Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium
Midnight Cowboy
1974
Nominated
Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium
Serpico (Shared with Norman Wexler)
1979
Won
Best Writing, Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen
Coming Home (Shared with Nancy Dowd and Robert C. Jones)
1970
BAFTA Award
Won
Best Screenplay
Midnight Cowboy
1974
Edgar Allan Poe Awards
Nominated
Serpico (Shared with Norman Wexler)
1970
Golden Globe Award
Nominated
Best Screenplay
Midnight Cowboy
1979
Best Screenplay - Motion Picture
Coming Home (Shared with Robert C. Jones)
References
^ "Waldo Salt". New York. 4. New York Magazine Co. 1971.
^ "Waldo Salt Biography (1914-1987)". filmreference.com.
^ Hal Erickson (2015). "Waldo Salt - Biography - Movies & TV - NYTimes.com". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2015-09-27. Retrieved 2015-09-26.
^ Matthews, Tom Dewe (2006-10-07). "The outlaws" (free registration required). The Guardian. Retrieved 2006-10-11.
^ "2021 Sundance Film Festival".
External links
Waldo Salt at IMDb
Waldo Salt from the American Masters website
Waldo Salt Papers, an inventory of papers kept in the UCLA Library
Works by Waldo Salt at Open Library
Awards for Waldo Salt
vteAcademy Award for Best Original Screenplay1940–1975
Preston Sturges (1940)
Herman J. Mankiewicz and Orson Welles (1941)
Michael Kanin and Ring Lardner Jr. (1942)
Norman Krasna (1943)
Lamar Trotti (1944)
Richard Schweizer (1945)
Muriel Box and Sydney Box (1946)
Sidney Sheldon (1947)
No award (1948)
Robert Pirosh (1949)
Charles Brackett, D. M. Marshman Jr., and Billy Wilder (1950)
Alan Jay Lerner (1951)
T. E. B. Clarke (1952)
Charles Brackett, Richard L. Breen, and Walter Reisch (1953)
Budd Schulberg (1954)
Sonya Levien and William Ludwig (1955)
Albert Lamorisse (1956)
George Wells (1957)
Nathan E. Douglas and Harold Jacob Smith (1958)
Clarence Greene, Maurice Richlin, Russell Rouse, and Stanley Shapiro (1959)
I. A. L. Diamond and Billy Wilder (1960)
William Inge (1961)
Ennio de Concini, Pietro Germi, and Alfredo Giannetti (1962)
James Webb (1963)
S. H. Barnett, Peter Stone and Frank Tarloff (1964)
Frederic Raphael (1965)
Claude Lelouch and Pierre Uytterhoeven (1966)
William Rose (1967)
Mel Brooks (1968)
William Goldman (1969)
Francis Ford Coppola and Edmund H. North (1970)
Paddy Chayefsky (1971)
Jeremy Larner (1972)
David S. Ward (1973)
Robert Towne (1974)
Frank Pierson (1975)
1976–2000
Paddy Chayefsky (1976)
Woody Allen and Marshall Brickman (1977)
Robert C. Jones, Waldo Salt, and Nancy Dowd (1978)
Steve Tesich (1979)
Bo Goldman (1980)
Colin Welland (1981)
John Briley (1982)
Horton Foote (1983)
Robert Benton (1984)
William Kelley, Pamela Wallace, and Earl W. Wallace (1985)
Woody Allen (1986)
John Patrick Shanley (1987)
Ronald Bass and Barry Morrow (1988)
Tom Schulman (1989)
Bruce Joel Rubin (1990)
Callie Khouri (1991)
Neil Jordan (1992)
Jane Campion (1993)
Quentin Tarantino and Roger Avary (1994)
Christopher McQuarrie (1995)
Joel Coen and Ethan Coen (1996)
Ben Affleck and Matt Damon (1997)
Marc Norman and Tom Stoppard (1998)
Alan Ball (1999)
Cameron Crowe (2000)
2001–present
Julian Fellowes (2001)
Pedro Almodóvar (2002)
Sofia Coppola (2003)
Pierre Bismuth, Michel Gondry and Charlie Kaufman (2004)
Paul Haggis and Bobby Moresco (2005)
Michael Arndt (2006)
Diablo Cody (2007)
Dustin Lance Black (2008)
Mark Boal (2009)
David Seidler (2010)
Woody Allen (2011)
Quentin Tarantino (2012)
Spike Jonze (2013)
Alejandro G. Iñárritu, Nicolás Giacobone, Alexander Dinelaris Jr., and Armando Bo (2014)
Tom McCarthy and Josh Singer (2015)
Kenneth Lonergan (2016)
Jordan Peele (2017)
Nick Vallelonga, Brian Currie and Peter Farrelly (2018)
Bong Joon-ho and Han Jin-won (2019)
Emerald Fennell (2020)
Kenneth Branagh (2021)
Daniel Kwan and Daniel Scheinert (2022)
Justine Triet and Arthur Harari (2023)
vteAcademy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay1928–1950
Benjamin Glazer (1928)
Hanns Kräly (1929)
Frances Marion (1930)
Howard Estabrook (1931)
Edwin J. Burke (1932)
Victor Heerman and Sarah Y. Mason (1933)
Robert Riskin (1934)
Dudley Nichols (1935)
Pierre Collings and Sheridan Gibney (1936)
Heinz Herald, Geza Herczeg, and Norman Reilly Raine (1937)
Ian Dalrymple, Cecil Arthur Lewis, W. P. Lipscomb, and George Bernard Shaw (1938)
Sidney Howard (1939)
Donald Ogden Stewart (1940)
Sidney Buchman and Seton I. Miller (1941)
George Froeschel, James Hilton, Claudine West, and Arthur Wimperis (1942)
Philip G. Epstein, Julius J. Epstein, and Howard Koch (1943)
Frank Butler and Frank Cavett (1944)
Charles Brackett and Billy Wilder (1945)
Robert Sherwood (1946)
George Seaton (1947)
John Huston (1948)
Joseph L. Mankiewicz (1949)
Joseph L. Mankiewicz (1950)
1951–1975
Harry Brown and Michael Wilson (1951)
Charles Schnee (1952)
Daniel Taradash (1953)
George Seaton (1954)
Paddy Chayefsky (1955)
John Farrow, S. J. Perelman, and James Poe (1956)
Pierre Boulle, Carl Foreman and Michael Wilson (1957)
Alan Jay Lerner (1958)
Neil Paterson (1959)
Richard Brooks (1960)
Abby Mann (1961)
Horton Foote (1962)
John Osborne (1963)
Edward Anhalt (1964)
Robert Bolt (1965)
Robert Bolt (1966)
Stirling Silliphant (1967)
James Goldman (1968)
Waldo Salt (1969)
Ring Lardner Jr. (1970)
Ernest Tidyman (1971)
Francis Ford Coppola and Mario Puzo (1972)
William Peter Blatty (1973)
Francis Ford Coppola and Mario Puzo (1974)
Bo Goldman and Lawrence Hauben (1975)
1976–2000
William Goldman (1976)
Alvin Sargent (1977)
Oliver Stone (1978)
Robert Benton (1979)
Alvin Sargent (1980)
Ernest Thompson (1981)
Costa-Gavras and Donald E. Stewart (1982)
James L. Brooks (1983)
Peter Shaffer (1984)
Kurt Luedtke (1985)
Ruth Prawer Jhabvala (1986)
Bernardo Bertolucci and Mark Peploe (1987)
Christopher Hampton (1988)
Alfred Uhry (1989)
Michael Blake (1990)
Ted Tally (1991)
Ruth Prawer Jhabvala (1992)
Steven Zaillian (1993)
Eric Roth (1994)
Emma Thompson (1995)
Billy Bob Thornton (1996)
Curtis Hanson and Brian Helgeland (1997)
Bill Condon (1998)
John Irving (1999)
Stephen Gaghan (2000)
2001–present
Akiva Goldsman (2001)
Ronald Harwood (2002)
Philippa Boyens, Peter Jackson, and Fran Walsh (2003)
Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor (2004)
Larry McMurtry and Diana Ossana (2005)
William Monahan (2006)
Joel Coen and Ethan Coen (2007)
Simon Beaufoy (2008)
Geoffrey S. Fletcher (2009)
Aaron Sorkin (2010)
Alexander Payne, Jim Rash, and Nat Faxon (2011)
Chris Terrio (2012)
John Ridley (2013)
Graham Moore (2014)
Adam McKay and Charles Randolph (2015)
Barry Jenkins and Tarell Alvin McCraney (2016)
James Ivory (2017)
Charlie Wachtel, David Rabinowitz, Kevin Willmott and Spike Lee (2018)
Taika Waititi (2019)
Christopher Hampton and Florian Zeller (2020)
Sian Heder (2021)
Sarah Polley (2022)
Cord Jefferson (2023)
vteBAFTA Award for Best Screenplay
Calder Willingham and Buck Henry (1968)
Waldo Salt (1969)
William Goldman (1970)
Harold Pinter (1971)
Paddy Chayefsky / Larry McMurtry and Peter Bogdanovich (1972)
Luis Buñuel and Jean-Claude Carrière (1973)
Robert Towne (1974)
Robert Getchell (1975)
Alan Parker (1976)
Woody Allen and Marshall Brickman (1977)
Alvin Sargent (1978)
Woody Allen and Marshall Brickman (1979)
Jerzy Kosiński (1980)
Bill Forsyth (1981)
Costa-Gavras and Donald E. Stewart (1982)
vteWriters Guild of America Award for Best Original ScreenplayOriginal Drama (1969–1983)
William Goldman (1969)
Francis Ford Coppola & Edmund H. North (1970)
Penelope Gilliatt (1971)
Jeremy Larner (1972)
Steve Shagan (1973)
Robert Towne (1974)
Frank Pierson (1975)
Paddy Chayefsky (1976)
Arthur Laurents (1977)
Nancy Dowd, Robert C. Jones & Waldo Salt (1978)
Mike Gray, T. S. Cook & James Bridges (1979)
Bo Goldman (1980)
Warren Beatty & Trevor Griffiths (1981)
Melissa Mathison (1982)
Horton Foote (1983)
Original Comedy (1969–1983)
Paul Mazursky & Larry Tucker (1969)
Neil Simon (1970)
Paddy Chayefsky (1971)
Peter Bogdanovich, Buck Henry, David Newman & Robert Benton (1972)
Melvin Frank & Jack Rose (1973)
Mel Brooks, Norman Steinberg, Andrew Bergman, Richard Pryor & Alan Uger (1974)
Robert Towne & Warren Beatty (1975)
Bill Lancaster (1976)
Woody Allen & Marshall Brickman (1977)
Larry Gelbart & Sheldon Keller (1978)
Steve Tesich (1979)
Nancy Meyers, Harvey Miller & Charles Shyer (1980)
Steve Gordon (1981)
Don McGuire, Larry Gelbart & Murray Schisgal (1982)
Lawrence Kasdan & Barbara Benedek (1983)
Original Screenplay (1984–present)
Woody Allen (1984)
William Kelley & Earl W. Wallace (1985)
Woody Allen (1986)
John Patrick Shanley (1987)
Ron Shelton (1988)
Woody Allen (1989)
Barry Levinson (1990)
Callie Khouri (1991)
Neil Jordan (1992)
Jane Campion (1993)
Richard Curtis (1994)
Randall Wallace (1995)
Joel Coen & Ethan Coen (1996)
James L. Brooks & Mark Andrus (1997)
Marc Norman & Tom Stoppard (1998)
Alan Ball (1999)
Kenneth Lonergan (2000)
Julian Fellowes (2001)
Michael Moore (2002)
Sofia Coppola (2003)
Pierre Bismuth, Michel Gondry, & Charlie Kaufman (2004)
Paul Haggis & Bobby Moresco (2005)
Michael Arndt (2006)
Diablo Cody (2007)
Dustin Lance Black (2008)
Mark Boal (2009)
Christopher Nolan (2010)
Woody Allen (2011)
Mark Boal (2012)
Spike Jonze (2013)
Wes Anderson & Hugo Guinness (2014)
Tom McCarthy & Josh Singer (2015)
Barry Jenkins & Tarell Alvin McCraney (2016)
Jordan Peele (2017)
Bo Burnham (2018)
Bong Joon-ho & Han Jin-won (2019)
Emerald Fennell (2020)
Adam McKay & David Sirota (2021)
Daniel Kwan and Daniel Scheinert (2022)
David Hemingson (2023)
vteWriters Guild of America Award for Best Adapted ScreenplayAdapted Drama (1969–1983)
Waldo Salt (1969)
Robert Anderson (1970)
Ernest Tidyman (1971)
Francis Ford Coppola & Mario Puzo (1972)
Waldo Salt & Norman Wexler (1973)
Francis Ford Coppola & Mario Puzo (1974)
Bo Goldman & Lawrence Hauben (1975)
William Goldman (1976)
Alvin Sargent (1977)
Oliver Stone (1978)
Robert Benton (1979)
Alvin Sargent (1980)
Ernest Thompson (1981)
Costa-Gavras & Donald E. Stewart (1982)
Julius J. Epstein (1983)
Adapted Comedy (1969–1983)
Arnold Schulman (1969)
Ring Lardner Jr. (1970)
John Paxton (1971)
Jay Presson Allen (1972)
Alvin Sargent (1973)
Lionel Chetwynd & Mordecai Richler (1974)
Neil Simon (1975)
Blake Edwards & Frank Waldman (1976)
Larry Gelbart (1977)
Elaine May & Warren Beatty (1978)
Jerzy Kosiński (1979)
Jim Abrahams, David Zucker & Jerry Zucker (1980)
Gerald Ayres (1981)
Blake Edwards (1982)
James L. Brooks (1983)
Adapted Screenplay (1984–present)
Bruce Robinson (1984)
Richard Condon & Janet Roach (1985)
Ruth Prawer Jhabvala (1986)
Steve Martin (1987)
Christopher Hampton (1988)
Alfred Uhry (1989)
Michael Blake (1990)
Ted Tally (1991)
Michael Tolkin (1992)
Steven Zaillian (1993)
Eric Roth (1994)
Emma Thompson (1995)
Billy Bob Thornton (1996)
Curtis Hanson & Brian Helgeland (1997)
Scott Frank (1998)
Alexander Payne & Jim Taylor (1999)
Stephen Gaghan (2000)
Akiva Goldsman (2001)
David Hare (2002)
Shari Springer Berman & Robert Pulcini (2003)
Alexander Payne & Jim Taylor (2004)
Larry McMurtry & Diana Ossana (2005)
William Monahan (2006)
Joel Coen & Ethan Coen (2007)
Simon Beaufoy (2008)
Jason Reitman & Sheldon Turner (2009)
Aaron Sorkin (2010)
Alexander Payne, Jim Rash & Nat Faxon (2011)
Chris Terrio (2012)
Billy Ray (2013)
Graham Moore (2014)
Adam McKay & Charles Randolph (2015)
Eric Heisserer (2016)
James Ivory (2017)
Nicole Holofcener & Jeff Whitty (2018)
Taika Waititi (2019)
Sacha Baron Cohen, Anthony Hines, Dan Swimer, Peter Baynham, Erica Rivinoja, Dan Mazer, Jena Friedman, Lee Kern & Nina Pedrad (2020)
Sian Heder (2021)
Sarah Polley (2022)
Cord Jefferson (2023)
vteLaurel Award for Screenwriting Achievement1950s
Sonya Levien (1953)
Dudley Nichols (1954)
Robert Riskin (1955)
Julius Epstein & Philip Epstein and Albert Hackett & Frances Goodrich (1956)
Charles Brackett & Billy Wilder (1957)
John Lee Mahin (1958)
Nunnally Johnson (1959)
1960s
Norman Krasna (1960)
George Seaton (1961)
Philip Dunne (1962)
Joseph L. Mankiewicz (1963)
John Huston (1964)
Sidney Buchman (1965)
Isobel Lennart (1966)
Richard Brooks (1967)
Casey Robinson (1968)
Carl Foreman (1969)
1970s
Dalton Trumbo (1970)
James Poe (1971)
Ernest Lehman (1972)
William Rose (1973)
Paddy Chayefsky (1974)
Preston Sturges (1975)
Michael Wilson (1976)
Samson Raphaelson (1977)
Edward Anhalt (1978)
Neil Simon (1979)
1980s
Billy Wilder & I. A. L. Diamond (1980)
Ben Hecht (1981)
Paul Osborn (1982)
Lamar Trotti (1983)
Melville Shavelson, Jack Rose, Norman Panama, and Melvin Frank (1984)
William Goldman (1985)
Waldo Salt (1986)
Woody Allen (1987)
Irving Ravetch & Harriet Frank Jr. (1988)
Ring Lardner Jr. (1989)
1990s
Donald Ogden Stewart (1990)
Alvin Sargent (1991)
Frank Pierson (1992)
Horton Foote (1993)
Ruth Prawer Jhabvala (1994)
Charles Bennett (1995)
Daniel Taradash (1996)
Robert Towne (1997)
Bo Goldman (1998)
Paul Schrader (1999)
2000s
Jean-Claude Carrière (2000)
Betty Comden and Adolph Green (2001)
Blake Edwards (2002)
Mel Brooks (2003)
John Michael Hayes (2004)
David Mamet (2005)
Lawrence Kasdan (2006)
Robert Benton (2007)
Budd Schulberg (2008)
No award (2009)
2010s
Barry Levinson (2010)
Steven Zaillian (2011)
Eric Roth (2012)
Tom Stoppard (2013)
Paul Mazursky (2014)
Harold Ramis (2015)
Elaine May (2016)
Oliver Stone (2017)
James L. Brooks (2018)
Lowell Ganz and Babaloo Mandel (2019)
2020s
Nancy Meyers (2020)
No award (2021)
No award (2022)
Charlie Kaufman (2023)
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Poland
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
SNAC
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waldo Salt: A Screenwriter's Journey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldo_Salt:_A_Screenwriter%27s_Journey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyves-1"},{"link_name":"screenwriter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenwriter"},{"link_name":"Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Midnight Cowboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_Cowboy"},{"link_name":"Coming Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_Home_(1978_film)"}],"text":"For the documentary film, see Waldo Salt: A Screenwriter's Journey.Waldo Miller Salt[1] (October 18, 1914 – March 7, 1987) was an American screenwriter who won Academy Awards for both Midnight Cowboy and Coming Home.","title":"Waldo Salt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The Bride Wore Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bride_Wore_Red"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"blacklisted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_blacklist"},{"link_name":"House Committee on Un-American Activities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Committee_on_Un-American_Activities"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Robin Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Robin_Hood_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Writing_Adapted_Screenplay"},{"link_name":"Midnight Cowboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_Cowboy"},{"link_name":"Coming Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_Home_(1978_film)"},{"link_name":"Serpico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpico"},{"link_name":"https://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//awardsdatabase.oscars.org/"},{"link_name":"Waldo Salt: A Screenwriter's Journey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldo_Salt:_A_Screenwriter%27s_Journey"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Salt was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Winifred (née Porter) and William Haslem Salt, an artist and business executive.[2] He graduated from Stanford University in 1934.[3] The first of the nineteen films he wrote or co-wrote was released in 1937 with the title The Bride Wore Red.Salt's career in Hollywood was interrupted when he was blacklisted after refusing to testify before the House Committee on Un-American Activities in 1951. Like many other blacklisted writers, while he was unable to work in Hollywood, Salt wrote under a pseudonym for the British television series The Adventures of Robin Hood.[4]After the collapse of the blacklist, Salt won Academy Awards for Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium for his work on Midnight Cowboy and Coming Home, as well as earning a nomination for Serpico.https://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/Salt is featured in the extras for the Criterion Collection's Midnight Cowboy blu-ray release, specifically in an audio interview with Michael Childers; many photos of Waldo Salt can be seen here as he was a collaborator for the screenplay. The documentary listed below, Waldo Salt: A Screenwriter's Journey, is also featured on the disc.[citation needed]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jennifer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Salt"},{"link_name":"playwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playwright"},{"link_name":"Eve Merriam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_Merriam"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"}],"text":"Salt was married four times, first to Amber Dana, then to actress Mary Davenport with whom he had two children, actress/writer/producer Jennifer, and Deborah. After his divorce from Davenport, he married Gladys Schwartz and later playwright Eve Merriam. He remained married to Merriam until his death in Los Angeles, aged 72, on March 7, 1987.","title":"Personal life and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waldo Salt: A Screenwriter's Journey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldo_Salt:_A_Screenwriter%27s_Journey"},{"link_name":"Dustin Hoffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustin_Hoffman"},{"link_name":"Robert Redford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Redford"},{"link_name":"Jon Voight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Voight"},{"link_name":"John Schlesinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Schlesinger"}],"text":"Waldo Salt was the subject of a 1990 documentary Waldo Salt: A Screenwriter's Journey, which featured interviews with Dustin Hoffman, Robert Redford, Jon Voight, John Schlesinger and other collaborators and friends.","title":"Documentary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sundance Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Waldo Salt Screenwriting Award, first presented in 1992, is awarded at the Sundance Film Festival annually. It is determined by the dramatic jury, and recognizes outstanding screenwriting in a film screened at the festival that year.[5]","title":"The Waldo Salt Screenwriting Award"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Waldo Salt\". New York. 4. New York Magazine Co. 1971.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Waldo Salt Biography (1914-1987)\". filmreference.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.filmreference.com/film/56/Waldo-Salt.html","url_text":"\"Waldo Salt Biography (1914-1987)\""}]},{"reference":"Hal Erickson (2015). \"Waldo Salt - Biography - Movies & TV - NYTimes.com\". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2015-09-27. Retrieved 2015-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Erickson_(author)","url_text":"Hal Erickson"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150927040053/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/151668/Waldo-Salt/biography","url_text":"\"Waldo Salt - Biography - Movies & TV - NYTimes.com\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/151668/Waldo-Salt/biography","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Matthews, Tom Dewe (2006-10-07). \"The outlaws\" (free registration required). The Guardian. Retrieved 2006-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,1888594,00.html","url_text":"\"The outlaws\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"2021 Sundance Film Festival\".","urls":[{"url":"http://festival.sundance.org/2009/film_events/films/waldo_salt_screenwriting_award","url_text":"\"2021 Sundance Film Festival\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/","external_links_name":"https://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Waldo+Salt%22","external_links_name":"\"Waldo Salt\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Waldo+Salt%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Waldo+Salt%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Waldo+Salt%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Waldo+Salt%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Waldo+Salt%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.filmreference.com/film/56/Waldo-Salt.html","external_links_name":"\"Waldo Salt Biography (1914-1987)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150927040053/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/151668/Waldo-Salt/biography","external_links_name":"\"Waldo Salt - Biography - Movies & TV - NYTimes.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/151668/Waldo-Salt/biography","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,1888594,00.html","external_links_name":"\"The outlaws\""},{"Link":"http://festival.sundance.org/2009/film_events/films/waldo_salt_screenwriting_award","external_links_name":"\"2021 Sundance Film Festival\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0759029/","external_links_name":"Waldo Salt"},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/database/salt_w.html","external_links_name":"Waldo Salt"},{"Link":"http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf000002td","external_links_name":"Waldo Salt Papers"},{"Link":"https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL6137235A","external_links_name":"Works by Waldo Salt"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/302630/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000108823608","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/27267911","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtRHdgPX7K7jVx7YvppT3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1050514","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb140433123","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb140433123","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/127014896","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007287610005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no92009189","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0184193&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071308660","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810615739405606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd127014896.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6qv5q7p","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/067205380","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Orta | Pete Orta | ["1 References","2 External links"] | American musician
Pete Thelonious Orta (born August 26, 1971) is a Christian rock singer, guitarist, and songwriter and music producer. He was a member of Christian rock band Petra from 1996 to 2000.
Born in Port Lavaca, Orta moved to Lubbock at age six. Despite the roughly 540-mile initial relocation from south to north Texas, Orta's family kept moving within Lubbock city limits. Orta attended Haynes Elementary School, Mackenzie Junior High School, Evans Middle School, Matthews Junior High School and Lubbock High School before graduating from Coronado High School.
Orta was given his first guitar—a red, no-brand toy—by his aunt when he was four, which he taught himself to play.
At age 18, Orta left home, and although he had a job, he couldn't afford to pay both rent and for the black Steinberger guitar he had financed from Jent's House of Music. Choosing his guitar over a home, he lived in his car, slept in open churches and showered at the YMCA for a year. He eventually landed a job at Jent's, where he fell under the tutelage of co-worker and revered local guitarist, John Ellis. Ellis was surprised by Orta's melodic lines and fast playing ability, which he says often don't go hand in hand. He was also surprised that Orta had never heard of music greats, like Jimi Hendrix, Led Zeppelin or Van Halen, all of which he had been deprived of hearing as a child with no electronics made available to him.
In 1996, Orta moved to Nashville and joined Petra; he contributed greatly to the band's success in the late 90s. His awards include a Gold Record, a Dove Award, three Grammy Nominations and for Gospel Rock Album of the year was presented a Grammy in the year 2000 for the award-winning album, Double Take.
Petra's single Breathe In on Petra's Double Take. album, which attracted the attention of Word/Sony Records A&R staff and eventually led to the Recording of his first solo record Born Again. In 2000, Orta left Petra and embarked on a solo career and was inducted with Petra, into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame and also had his guitars inducted in Hard Rock Cafes around the world. In 2001, prior to the release of his album, friend and label mate singer Jaci Velasquez invited Orta to tour as her guitar player on her Crystal Clear Tour where she featured him in a step out solo performance and he was presented another Gold Record, this time while touring with Velasquez. Soon after, Orta recorded a duet with Jaci on her 2001 Christmas release Season of Love. In 2001, his solo album, Born Again on Word Records was finally released to rave reviews and rock radio success, which culminated in a 2002 Dove Award Nomination for Rock Recorded Song of the Year.
In late 2001, Orta performed as part of the all-star chorus of CCM artists who recorded the 9/11 tribute song, "In God We Trust," penned by Mark Heimermann and Wayne Kirkpatrick and
commissioned by the Gospel Music Association.
Aside from Velasquez, Orta has performed on the albums of other CCM artists, including Tammy Trent, Steven Delopoulos, and Rachel Lampa. He also rearranged and performed Jimmie Dale Gilmore's "Braver Newer World" for use in the 2002 motion picture Joshua.
In 2005, Orta produced the debut album from Jaci Velasquez's record label, Apostrophe, by Michael Cook called Imprint Orta also contributed his production techniques to the soundtrack for the Left Behind: World at War soundtrack.
Apart from Jaci Velasquez, Orta has worked with other artist including: Jack Blades, Desmond Child, Tommy Sims, Michael W. Smith, Tony Rich, The Waiting, Guardian, Chris Rodriguez, Trey Bruce, Rosas Divinas Pete Kipley and David Rice.
In 2023, P. Thelonious Orta lives with his family in Denton, Texas and oil paints professionally.
References
^ Petra Means Rock Archived February 2, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Accessed: February 17, 2008.
^ a b c d Kerns, William. "A Persistent Calling to Play" Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Lubbock Avalanche-Journal. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
^ "Lubbock, TX to Port Lavaca, TX". Google Maps. January 1, 1970. Retrieved January 24, 2014.
^ Archived October 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Home Page". Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
^ a b All Music.com: Double Take Awards. Accessed: February 18, 2008.
^ Kerns, William. "Lubbock Native Orta Embarks on Solo Career." Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine (September 23, 2001). Lubbock Avalanche-Journal. Retrieved February 18, 2008.
^ Price, Deborah Evans. "Higher Ground" Billboard (January 12, 2002), p. 17. Retrieved from Infotrac Academic One File February 17, 2008.
^ a b All Music.com: Pete Orta Credits. Accessed: February 18, 2008.
^
^ Kerns, William. Christian recording artist Orta blazes personal trail Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine (April 28, 2002). 'Lubbock Avalanche-Journal. Retrieved February 18, 2008.
^ "Michael Cook – Imprint CD Album". Cduniverse.com. January 25, 2005. Retrieved January 24, 2014.
^ Price, Deborah Evans. "Velasquez's Label Dream" Billboard (February 28, 2004), p. 8. Retrieved from eLibrary February 17, 2008.
External links
P. Thelonious Orta's official site
P. Thelonious Orta's Non-Profit
Pete Orta Recent Interview
More About Pete Orta's Life
Christianity Today's Review of Born Again
vtePetra
John Schlitt
Bob Hartman
Greg Bailey
Cristian Borneo
John Lawry
Greg Hough
John DeGroff
Bill Glover
Greg X. Volz
Rob Frazier
John Slick
Mark Kelly
Louie Weaver
Ronny Cates
Jim Cooper
David Lichens
Lonnie Chapin
Pete Orta
Kevin Brandow
Trent Thomason
Bryce Bell
Quinton Gibson
Paul Simmons
Albums
Petra
Come and Join Us
Washes Whiter Than
Never Say Die
More Power to Ya
Not of this World
Beat the System
Captured in Time and Space
Back to the Street
This Means War!
On Fire!
Petra Praise: The Rock Cries Out
Beyond Belief
Unseen Power
Wake-Up Call
No Doubt
Petra Praise 2: We Need Jesus
God Fixation
Double Take
Revival
Jekyll and Hyde
Petra Farewell
Other works
Petra en Alabanza
Jekyll & Hyde en Español
Petra Means Rock
Related articles
Discography
John Elefante
Never Say Dinosaur (tribute album)
Authority control databases: Artists
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Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_W._Smith"},{"link_name":"Tony Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Rich"},{"link_name":"The Waiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Waiting_(band)"},{"link_name":"Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardian_(band)"},{"link_name":"Chris Rodriguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Rodriguez_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Trey Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trey_Bruce"}],"text":"Pete Thelonious Orta (born August 26, 1971)[1][2] is a Christian rock singer, guitarist, and songwriter and music producer. He was a member of Christian rock band Petra from 1996 to 2000.Born in Port Lavaca, Orta moved to Lubbock at age six. Despite the roughly 540-mile initial relocation[3] from south to north Texas, Orta's family kept moving within Lubbock city limits. Orta attended Haynes Elementary School, Mackenzie Junior High School,[4] Evans Middle School,[5] Matthews Junior High School and Lubbock High School before graduating from Coronado High School.[2]Orta was given his first guitar—a red, no-brand toy—by his aunt when he was four, which he taught himself to play.[2]At age 18, Orta left home, and although he had a job, he couldn't afford to pay both rent and for the black Steinberger guitar he had financed from Jent's House of Music. Choosing his guitar over a home, he lived in his car, slept in open churches and showered at the YMCA for a year. He eventually landed a job at Jent's, where he fell under the tutelage of co-worker and revered local guitarist, John Ellis. Ellis was surprised by Orta's melodic lines and fast playing ability, which he says often don't go hand in hand. He was also surprised that Orta had never heard of music greats, like Jimi Hendrix, Led Zeppelin or Van Halen, all of which he had been deprived of hearing as a child with no electronics made available to him.[2]In 1996, Orta moved to Nashville and joined Petra; he contributed greatly to the band's success in the late 90s. His awards include a Gold Record, a Dove Award, three Grammy Nominations and for Gospel Rock Album of the year was presented a Grammy in the year 2000 for the award-winning album, Double Take.[6]Petra's single Breathe In on Petra's Double Take.[6] album, which attracted the attention of Word/Sony Records A&R staff and eventually led to the Recording of his first solo record Born Again. In 2000, Orta left Petra and embarked on a solo career and was inducted with Petra, into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame and also had his guitars inducted in Hard Rock Cafes around the world. In 2001, prior to the release of his album, friend and label mate singer Jaci Velasquez invited Orta to tour as her guitar player on her Crystal Clear Tour where she featured him in a step out solo performance and he was presented another Gold Record, this time while touring with Velasquez. Soon after, Orta recorded a duet with Jaci on her 2001 Christmas release Season of Love. In 2001, his solo album, Born Again on Word Records was finally released to rave reviews and rock radio success, which culminated in a 2002 Dove Award Nomination for Rock Recorded Song of the Year.[7]In late 2001, Orta performed as part of the all-star chorus of CCM artists who recorded the 9/11 tribute song, \"In God We Trust,\" penned by Mark Heimermann and Wayne Kirkpatrick and\ncommissioned by the Gospel Music Association.[8]Aside from Velasquez, Orta has performed on the albums of other CCM artists, including Tammy Trent, Steven Delopoulos, and Rachel Lampa.[9] He also rearranged and performed Jimmie Dale Gilmore's \"Braver Newer World\" for use in the 2002 motion picture Joshua.[10][11]In 2005, Orta produced the debut album from Jaci Velasquez's record label, Apostrophe, by Michael Cook called Imprint[12][13] Orta also contributed his production techniques to the soundtrack for the Left Behind: World at War soundtrack.[9]Apart from Jaci Velasquez, Orta has worked with other artist including: Jack Blades, Desmond Child, Tommy Sims, Michael W. Smith, Tony Rich, The Waiting, Guardian, Chris Rodriguez, Trey Bruce, Rosas Divinas Pete Kipley and David Rice.In 2023, P. Thelonious Orta lives with his family in Denton, Texas and oil paints professionally.","title":"Pete Orta"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Lubbock, TX to Port Lavaca, TX\". Google Maps. January 1, 1970. Retrieved January 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS258US259&q=from+lubbock,+tx+to+port+lavaca,+tx&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wl","url_text":"\"Lubbock, TX to Port Lavaca, TX\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home Page\". Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080509102842/http://www.lubbockisd.org/evans/","url_text":"\"Home Page\""},{"url":"http://www.lubbockisd.org/evans/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Michael Cook – Imprint CD Album\". Cduniverse.com. January 25, 2005. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirko_Miki%C4%87 | Mirko Mikić | ["1 References"] | Bosnian handball player
Mirko MikićPersonal informationBorn
(1985-08-23) 23 August 1985 (age 38)Banja Luka, SR Bosnia and HerzegovinaHeight
1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)Playing position
Left wingClub informationCurrent club
RK Borac Banja LukaNumber
14National team 1Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
23
(34)Teams managedYears
Team
2024.
RK Sloboda Tuzla
1 National team caps and goals correct as of 4.5.2015.
Mirko Mikić (born 23 August 1985) is a Bosnian handball player for RK Borac Banja Luka and the Bosnian national team. He started playing handball for local club RK Kotor Varoš in Kotor Varoš.
References
^ "2015 World Championship Roster" (PDF). IHF. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
^ "Profile". eurohandball.com. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
vteBosnia and Herzegovina squad – 2015 World Men's Handball Championship – 20th place
1 Grahovac
2 Vražalić
3 Ovčina
4 Perić
5 Mikić
8 S. Burić
11 Janković
12 B. Burić
13 Savić
14 Terzić
15 Toromanović
16 Dejanović
17 Čelica
18 Karačić
19 Prce
21 Vranješ
22 Malinović
24 Zulfić
Coach: Marković
This biographical article relating to a Bosnia and Herzegovina team handball figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bosnian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia"},{"link_name":"handball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handball"},{"link_name":"RK Borac Banja Luka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RK_Borac_Banja_Luka"},{"link_name":"Bosnian national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_men%27s_national_handball_team"},{"link_name":"RK Kotor Varoš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RK_Fagus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kotor Varoš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotor_Varo%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Mirko Mikić (born 23 August 1985) is a Bosnian handball player for RK Borac Banja Luka and the Bosnian national team. He started playing handball for local club RK Kotor Varoš in Kotor Varoš.[2]","title":"Mirko Mikić"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"2015 World Championship Roster\" (PDF). IHF. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150128114219/http://ihf.info/files/CompetitionData/153/pdf/BIH.pdf","url_text":"\"2015 World Championship Roster\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Handball_Federation","url_text":"IHF"},{"url":"http://ihf.info/files/CompetitionData/153/pdf/BIH.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Profile\". eurohandball.com. Retrieved 15 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eurohandball.com/player/523814","url_text":"\"Profile\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150128114219/http://ihf.info/files/CompetitionData/153/pdf/BIH.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2015 World Championship Roster\""},{"Link":"http://ihf.info/files/CompetitionData/153/pdf/BIH.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.eurohandball.com/player/523814","external_links_name":"\"Profile\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mirko_Miki%C4%87&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_M._Hauptman | Laurence M. Hauptman | ["1 Biography","2 Partial bibliography","3 References"] | American historian
Laurence M. Hauptman is an American historian who is currently Distinguished Professor Emeritus of History at SUNY New Paltz. He is an expert on Native American history, specifically the Iroquois in the 19th and 20th centuries.
Biography
Hauptman attended New York University (NYU), where he received a PhD in history. He became interested in Iroquois history while a graduate student when he read The Death and Rebirth of the Seneca by Anthony F. C. Wallace. Hauptman began researching the people and found "a gap in the historical literature" after 1815, and sought to "fill in that gap by writing 19th and 20th century Haudenosaunee history." Bayrd Still mentored Hauptman at NYU, where he wrote a master's essay on the Dawes Act and contemporary Native policies that was finished by 1968.
Hauptman began teaching at the State University of New York at New Paltz in 1971. On September 22, 1999, the SUNY Board of Trustees made Hauptman a Distinguished Professor, the highest rank in the SUNY system for teachers. He has worked for the Adirondack Museum, New York State Museum, and Rochester Museum and Science Center as a historian, and has served as an expert witness in several cases on Native Americans, testifying to the United States Congress in 1990 about the Seneca Nation Settlement Act. He has also consulted with several native tribes and taught at various universities, including NYU, the University of New Mexico, and Saint Bonaventure University's graduate school. From at least 1989 to 1999 he edited the Iroquois Book Series of Syracuse University Press.
Partial bibliography
Conspiracy of Interests: Iroquois Dispossession and the Rise of New York State (1999) ISBN 978-0-585-24811-0
The Iroquois and the New Deal (1981) ISBN 978-0-8156-2247-5
The Iroquois in the Civil War (1993) ISBN 978-0-8156-0272-9
Tribes and Tribulations: Misconceptions about American Indians and Their History (1995) ISBN 978-0-8263-1581-6
Between Two Fires: American Indians in the Civil War (1995) ISBN 978-0-02-914180-9
Formulating American Indian Policy in New York State, 1970-1986 (1988) ISBN 978-0-585-05525-1
Chief Daniel Bread and the Oneida Nation of Indians of Wisconsin (with L. Gordon McLester III) (2002) ISBN 978-0-8061-3412-3
The Iroquois Struggle for Survival: World War II to Red Power (1986) ISBN 978-0-8156-2349-6
The Tonawanda Senecas' heroic battle against removal : conservative activist Indians (2011) ISBN 9781441697868
The Pequots in southern New England : the fall and rise of an American Indian nation (1990) ISBN 978-0-585-14540-2
An Oneida Indian in foreign waters : the life of Chief Chapman Scanandoah, 1870-1953 (2016) ISBN 978-0-8156-5387-5
In the shadow of Kinzua : the Seneca nation of indians since World War II (2013) ISBN 978-0-8156-5238-0
Seven generations of Iroquois leadership : the Six Nations since 1800 (2008) ISBN 978-0-8156-3165-1
He has also edited works including The Oneida Indian Experience: Two Perspectives (with Jack Campisi, 1988, ISBN 978-0-8156-2453-0), The Oneida Indian Journey: From New York to Wisconsin, 1784-1860 (with Gordon McLester III).
References
^ a b c d e "SUNY Trustees Appoint Laurence M. Hauptman Distinguished Professor – SUNY New Paltz News". Retrieved 2021-06-03.
^ "This month scholars will participate in the 75th Annual Iroquois Research Conference. In celebration of this conference, Syracuse University Press is featuring an interview with Laurence M. Hauptman". Syracuse University Press blog. 2020-10-14. Retrieved 2021-06-03.
^ a b Hauptman, Laurence M. (2003). ""Going Off the Reservation": A Memoir". The Public Historian. 25 (4): 81–94. doi:10.1525/tph.2003.25.4.81. ISSN 0272-3433. JSTOR 10.1525/tph.2003.25.4.81.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
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France
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Germany
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Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SUNY New Paltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUNY_New_Paltz"},{"link_name":"Iroquois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquois"}],"text":"Laurence M. Hauptman is an American historian who is currently Distinguished Professor Emeritus of History at SUNY New Paltz. He is an expert on Native American history, specifically the Iroquois in the 19th and 20th centuries.","title":"Laurence M. Hauptman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"Iroquois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquois"},{"link_name":"Anthony F. C. Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_F._C._Wallace"},{"link_name":"Bayrd Still","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayrd_Still"},{"link_name":"Dawes Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawes_Act"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"State University of New York at New Paltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_at_New_Paltz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"SUNY Board of Trustees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUNY_Board_of_Trustees"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"Adirondack Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_Museum"},{"link_name":"New York State Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Museum"},{"link_name":"Rochester Museum and Science Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_Museum_and_Science_Center"},{"link_name":"expert witness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_witness"},{"link_name":"United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"University of New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Saint Bonaventure University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Bonaventure_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"Syracuse University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"}],"text":"Hauptman attended New York University (NYU), where he received a PhD in history.[1] He became interested in Iroquois history while a graduate student when he read The Death and Rebirth of the Seneca by Anthony F. C. Wallace. Hauptman began researching the people and found \"a gap in the historical literature\" after 1815, and sought to \"fill in that gap by writing 19th and 20th century Haudenosaunee history.\" Bayrd Still mentored Hauptman at NYU, where he wrote a master's essay on the Dawes Act and contemporary Native policies that was finished by 1968.[2]Hauptman began teaching at the State University of New York at New Paltz in 1971.[1][3] On September 22, 1999, the SUNY Board of Trustees made Hauptman a Distinguished Professor, the highest rank in the SUNY system for teachers.[1] He has worked for the Adirondack Museum, New York State Museum, and Rochester Museum and Science Center as a historian, and has served as an expert witness in several cases on Native Americans, testifying to the United States Congress in 1990 about the Seneca Nation Settlement Act.[3] He has also consulted with several native tribes and taught at various universities, including NYU, the University of New Mexico, and Saint Bonaventure University's graduate school.[1] From at least 1989 to 1999 he edited the Iroquois Book Series of Syracuse University Press.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-585-24811-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-585-24811-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8156-2247-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2247-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8156-0272-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0272-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8263-1581-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-1581-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-02-914180-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-914180-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-585-05525-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-585-05525-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8061-3412-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3412-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8156-2349-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2349-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781441697868","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441697868"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-585-14540-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-585-14540-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8156-5387-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-5387-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8156-5238-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-5238-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8156-3165-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3165-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8156-2453-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2453-0"}],"text":"Conspiracy of Interests: Iroquois Dispossession and the Rise of New York State (1999) ISBN 978-0-585-24811-0\nThe Iroquois and the New Deal (1981) ISBN 978-0-8156-2247-5\nThe Iroquois in the Civil War (1993) ISBN 978-0-8156-0272-9\nTribes and Tribulations: Misconceptions about American Indians and Their History (1995) ISBN 978-0-8263-1581-6\nBetween Two Fires: American Indians in the Civil War (1995) ISBN 978-0-02-914180-9\nFormulating American Indian Policy in New York State, 1970-1986 (1988) ISBN 978-0-585-05525-1\nChief Daniel Bread and the Oneida Nation of Indians of Wisconsin (with L. Gordon McLester III) (2002) ISBN 978-0-8061-3412-3\nThe Iroquois Struggle for Survival: World War II to Red Power (1986) ISBN 978-0-8156-2349-6\nThe Tonawanda Senecas' heroic battle against removal : conservative activist Indians (2011) ISBN 9781441697868\nThe Pequots in southern New England : the fall and rise of an American Indian nation (1990) ISBN 978-0-585-14540-2\nAn Oneida Indian in foreign waters : the life of Chief Chapman Scanandoah, 1870-1953 (2016) ISBN 978-0-8156-5387-5\nIn the shadow of Kinzua : the Seneca nation of indians since World War II (2013) ISBN 978-0-8156-5238-0\nSeven generations of Iroquois leadership : the Six Nations since 1800 (2008) ISBN 978-0-8156-3165-1He has also edited works including The Oneida Indian Experience: Two Perspectives (with Jack Campisi, 1988, ISBN 978-0-8156-2453-0), The Oneida Indian Journey: From New York to Wisconsin, 1784-1860 (with Gordon McLester III).","title":"Partial bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"SUNY Trustees Appoint Laurence M. Hauptman Distinguished Professor – SUNY New Paltz News\". Retrieved 2021-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.newpaltz.edu/news/1999/09/suny-trustees-appoint-laurence-m-hauptman-distinguished-professor/","url_text":"\"SUNY Trustees Appoint Laurence M. Hauptman Distinguished Professor – SUNY New Paltz News\""}]},{"reference":"\"This month scholars will participate in the 75th Annual Iroquois Research Conference. In celebration of this conference, Syracuse University Press is featuring an interview with Laurence M. Hauptman\". Syracuse University Press blog. 2020-10-14. Retrieved 2021-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://syracusepress.wordpress.com/2020/10/14/this-month-scholars-will-participate-in-the-75th-annual-iroquois-research-conference-in-celebration-of-this-conference-syracuse-university-press-is-featuring-an-interview-with-laurence-m-hauptman/","url_text":"\"This month scholars will participate in the 75th Annual Iroquois Research Conference. In celebration of this conference, Syracuse University Press is featuring an interview with Laurence M. Hauptman\""}]},{"reference":"Hauptman, Laurence M. (2003). \"\"Going Off the Reservation\": A Memoir\". The Public Historian. 25 (4): 81–94. doi:10.1525/tph.2003.25.4.81. ISSN 0272-3433. JSTOR 10.1525/tph.2003.25.4.81.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/tph.2003.25.4.81","url_text":"\"\"Going Off the Reservation\": A Memoir\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Ftph.2003.25.4.81","url_text":"10.1525/tph.2003.25.4.81"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0272-3433","url_text":"0272-3433"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/tph.2003.25.4.81","url_text":"10.1525/tph.2003.25.4.81"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://sites.newpaltz.edu/news/1999/09/suny-trustees-appoint-laurence-m-hauptman-distinguished-professor/","external_links_name":"\"SUNY Trustees Appoint Laurence M. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tt | .tt | ["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"] | Internet country code top-level domain for Trinidad and Tobago
.ttIntroducedSeptember 3, 1991; 32 years ago (1991-09-03)TLD typeCountry code top-level domainStatusActiveRegistryTrinidad and Tobago Network Information Centre (TTNIC)SponsorUniversity of the West Indies (Faculty of Engineering)Intended useEntities connected with Trinidad and TobagoActual useUsed largely in Trinidad and Tobago, with a scattering of other use including free third-level subdomains offered by outside vendorRegistration restrictionsNone (except under .gov.tt, .mil.tt and .edu.tt)StructureRegistrations permitted directly at second level or at third level beneath various labelsDocumentsTerms and conditionsDispute policiesUDRPRegistry websiteTTNIC
.tt is the internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet for Trinidad and Tobago.
The Trinidad and Tobago Network Information Centre (TTNIC) allows registrations under tt for second-level domains, and for third-level domains under the following domains: co.tt, com.tt, org.tt, net.tt, biz.tt, info.tt, pro.tt, int.tt, coop.tt, jobs.tt, mobi.tt, travel.tt, museum.tt, aero.tt, tel.tt and name.tt. Registration under the above domains is unrestricted and the registry does not require applicants to have a physical presence in Trinidad and Tobago. However, registrants with a foreign address are charged double.
In addition, there is mil.tt, restricted to entities in the Military of Trinidad and Tobago, edu.tt is a registry for educational institutions in Trinidad and Tobago, and gov.tt reserved for agencies of the government.
Domain hacks using .tt include db.tt, ift.tt and mi.tt, URL shorteners used for Dropbox, IFTTT and the 2012 U.S. presidential campaign of Mitt Romney, respectively.
See also
Internet in Trinidad and Tobago
References
^ "Trinidad and Tobago Network Information Centre". Archived from the original on 24 September 2005. Retrieved 27 September 2005.
^ "TTNIC Registration fees". Retrieved 24 August 2011.
^ "edu.tt". Archived from the original on 24 June 2009. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
^ "Romney to quit Libyan domain". Ben Smith on Politics and Media. Politico. 6 October 2010. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
External links
IANA .tt whois information
vteCountry code top-level domainsISO 3166-1
A .ac .ad .ae .af .ag .ai .al .am .ao .aq .ar .as .at .au .aw .ax .az
B .ba .bb .bd .be .bf .bg .bh .bi .bj .bm .bn .bo .br .bs .bt .bw .by .bz
C .ca .cc .cd .cf .cg .ch .ci .ck .cl .cm .cn .co .cr .cu .cv .cw .cx .cy .cz
D .de .dj .dk .dm .do .dz
E .ec .ee .eg .er .es .et .eu
F .fi .fj .fk .fm .fo .fr
G .ga .gd .ge .gf .gg .gh .gi .gl .gm .gn .gp .gq .gr .gs .gt .gu .gw .gy
H .hk .hm .hn .hr .ht .hu
I .id .ie .il .im .in .io .iq .ir .is .it
J .je .jm .jo .jp
K .ke .kg .kh .ki .km .kn .kp .kr .kw .ky .kz
L .la .lb .lc .li .lk .lr .ls .lt .lu .lv .ly
M .ma .mc .md .me .mg .mh .mk .ml .mm .mn .mo .mp .mq .mr .ms .mt .mu .mv .mw .mx .my .mz
N .na .nc .ne .nf .ng .ni .nl .no .np .nr .nu .nz
O .om
P .pa .pe .pf .pg .ph .pk .pl .pm .pn .pr .ps .pt .pw .py
Q .qa
R .re .ro .rs .ru .rw
S .sa .sb .sc .sd .se .sg .sh .si .sk .sl .sm .sn .so .sr .ss .st .su .sv .sx .sy .sz
T .tc .td .tf .tg .th .tj .tk .tl .tm .tn .to .tr .tt .tv .tw .tz
U .ua .ug .uk .us .uy .uz
V .va .vc .ve .vg .vi .vn .vu
W .wf .ws
Y .ye .yt
Z .za .zm .zw
Internationalized (IDN) ccTLDCyrillic scriptArabic scriptBrahmic scriptsChinese charactersOther scripts
.бг (bg, Bulgaria)
.бел (bieł, Belarus)
.ею (eyu, European Union)
.қаз (qaz, Kazakhstan)
.мон (mon, Mongolia)
.мкд (mkd, North Macedonia)
.рф (rf, Russia)
.срб (srb, Serbia)
.укр (ukr, Ukraine)
الجزائر. (al-Jazā’ir, Algeria)
مصر. (Miṣr, Egypt)
بھارت. (Bhārat, India)
ایران. (Irân, Iran)
الاردن. (al-Urdun, Jordan)
فلسطين. (Filasṭin, Palestine)
پاکستان. (Pākistān, Pakistan)
قطر. (Qaṭar)
السعودية. (al-Saudiah, Saudi Arabia)
سوريا. (Sūryā, Syria)
تونس. (Tunis, Tunisia)
امارات. (Emarat, UAE)
عمان. (ʻUmān, Oman)
مليسيا. (Maleesya, Malaysia)
المغرب. (al-Maġrib, Morocco)
سودان. (Sūdān, Sudan)
اليمن. (al-Yaman, Yemen)
.বাংলা (Bāṅla, Bangladesh)
.ভাৰত (Bhārat, India)
.ভারত (Bhārat, India)
.भारत (Bhārat, India)
.భారత్ (Bhārat, India)
.ભારત (Bhārat, India)
.ਭਾਰਤ (Bhārat, India)
.ଭାରତ (Bhārata, India)
.இந்தியா (Indiyā, India)
.ລາວ (Lao, Laos)
.சிங்கப்பூர் (Cinkappūr, Singapore)
.ලංකා (Laṅkā, Sri Lanka)
.இலங்கை (Ilaṅkai, Sri Lanka)
.ไทย (Thai, Thailand)
.中国 (Zhōngguó/Zung1gwok3/Tiong-kok/Chûng-koet, China)
.中國 (Zhōngguó/Zung1gwok3/Tiong-kok/Chûng-koet, China)
.香港 (Xiānggǎng/Hoeng1gong2, Hong Kong)
.澳門 (Àomén/Ou3mun4, Macau)
.澳门 (Àomén/Ou3mun4, Macau)
.新加坡 (Xīnjiāpō/Sin-ka-pho, Singapore)
.台灣 (Táiwān/Tâi-uân/Thòi-vàn, Taiwan)
.台湾 (Táiwān/Tâi-uân/Thòi-vàn, Taiwan)
.հայ (hay, Armenia)
.ευ (ey, European Union)
.გე (ge, Georgia)
.ελ (el, Greece)
.한국 (Han-guk, South Korea)
ישראל. (Yisrael, Israel)
Proposed ccTLDs
.κπ (kp, Cyprus) - .日本 (Nippon, Japan)
OthersReserved / unassignedAllocated / unusedPhased out / deleted
.bl .bq .eh .mf .su .xk
.bv .gb .sj
.an .bu .cs .dd .tp .um .yu .zr
See also: Generic top-level domains
This Trinidad and Tobago article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Internet domain name article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"country code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code"},{"link_name":"top-level domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domain"},{"link_name":"Domain Name System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"second-level domains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-level_domain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Military of Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Domain hacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_hack"},{"link_name":"URL shorteners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL_shortener"},{"link_name":"Dropbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dropbox_(service)"},{"link_name":"IFTTT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFTTT"},{"link_name":"the 2012 U.S. presidential campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney_presidential_campaign,_2012"},{"link_name":"Mitt Romney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":".tt is the internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet for Trinidad and Tobago.The Trinidad and Tobago Network Information Centre (TTNIC) allows registrations under tt for second-level domains, and for third-level domains under the following domains: co.tt, com.tt, org.tt, net.tt, biz.tt, info.tt, pro.tt, int.tt, coop.tt, jobs.tt, mobi.tt, travel.tt, museum.tt, aero.tt, tel.tt and name.tt.[1] Registration under the above domains is unrestricted and the registry does not require applicants to have a physical presence in Trinidad and Tobago. However, registrants with a foreign address are charged double.[2]In addition, there is mil.tt, restricted to entities in the Military of Trinidad and Tobago, edu.tt is a registry for educational institutions in Trinidad and Tobago,[3] and gov.tt reserved for agencies of the government.Domain hacks using .tt include db.tt, ift.tt and mi.tt, URL shorteners used for Dropbox, IFTTT and the 2012 U.S. presidential campaign of Mitt Romney,[4] respectively.","title":".tt"}] | [] | [{"title":"Internet in Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago"}] | [{"reference":"\"Trinidad and Tobago Network Information Centre\". Archived from the original on 24 September 2005. Retrieved 27 September 2005.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nic.tt/","url_text":"\"Trinidad and Tobago Network Information Centre\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050924120116/http://www.nic.tt/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"TTNIC Registration fees\". Retrieved 24 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nic.tt/fee.shtml","url_text":"\"TTNIC Registration fees\""}]},{"reference":"\"edu.tt\". Archived from the original on 24 June 2009. Retrieved 24 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.edu.tt/","url_text":"\"edu.tt\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090624094746/http://www.edu.tt/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Romney to quit Libyan domain\". Ben Smith on Politics and Media. Politico. 6 October 2010. Retrieved 20 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.politico.com/blogs/bensmith/1010/Romney_to_quit_Libyan_domain_.html","url_text":"\"Romney to quit Libyan domain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico","url_text":"Politico"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.nic.tt/agreement.html","external_links_name":"Terms and conditions"},{"Link":"http://www.nic.tt/","external_links_name":"TTNIC"},{"Link":"http://www.nic.tt/","external_links_name":"\"Trinidad and Tobago Network Information Centre\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050924120116/http://www.nic.tt/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nic.tt/fee.shtml","external_links_name":"\"TTNIC Registration fees\""},{"Link":"http://www.edu.tt/","external_links_name":"\"edu.tt\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090624094746/http://www.edu.tt/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.politico.com/blogs/bensmith/1010/Romney_to_quit_Libyan_domain_.html","external_links_name":"\"Romney to quit Libyan domain\""},{"Link":"https://www.iana.org/root-whois/tt.htm","external_links_name":"IANA .tt whois information"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=.tt&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=.tt&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EME_(psychedelic) | EME (psychedelic) | ["1 See also","2 References"] | This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "EME" psychedelic – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2019)
EME
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
1-(2,5-Diethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine
Identifiers
CAS Number
23693-34-7 Y
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive imageInteractive image
ChemSpider
21106298 Y
PubChem CID
44719562
UNII
J5Z2GQ2QK7
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID80660363
InChI
InChI=1S/C14H23NO3/c1-5-17-12-9-13(16-4)14(18-6-2)8-11(12)7-10(3)15/h8-10H,5-7,15H2,1-4H3 YKey: IVHFHHXLFFHTTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N YInChI=1/C14H23NO3/c1-5-17-12-9-13(16-4)14(18-6-2)8-11(12)7-10(3)15/h8-10H,5-7,15H2,1-4H3Key: IVHFHHXLFFHTTA-UHFFFAOYAT
SMILES
C1(=CC(=C(C=C1CC(C)N)OCC)OC)OCCCOc1cc(OCC)c(cc1OCC)CC(C)N
Properties
Chemical formula
C14H23NO3
Molar mass
253.342 g·mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
Y verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references
Chemical compound
EME (2,5-diethoxy-4-methoxyamphetamine) is a lesser-known psychedelic drug. It is a diethoxy-methoxy analog of TMA-2. EME was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book PiHKAL, both the dosage and duration are unknown. EME produces few to no effects. Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of EME.
See also
Phenethylamine
Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants
References
^ EME Entry in PiHKAL
This psychoactive drug-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"psychedelic drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelics,_dissociatives_and_deliriants"},{"link_name":"analog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"TMA-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethoxyamphetamine"},{"link_name":"Alexander Shulgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Shulgin"},{"link_name":"PiHKAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PiHKAL"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Chemical compoundEME (2,5-diethoxy-4-methoxyamphetamine) is a lesser-known psychedelic drug. It is a diethoxy-methoxy analog of TMA-2. EME was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book PiHKAL, both the dosage and duration are unknown.[1] EME produces few to no effects. Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of EME.","title":"EME (psychedelic)"}] | [] | [{"title":"Phenethylamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenethylamine"},{"title":"Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelics,_dissociatives_and_deliriants"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EME_(psychedelic)&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22EME%22+psychedelic","external_links_name":"\"EME\" psychedelic"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22EME%22+psychedelic+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22EME%22+psychedelic&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22EME%22+psychedelic+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22EME%22+psychedelic","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22EME%22+psychedelic&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=23693-34-7","external_links_name":"23693-34-7"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=C1%28%3DCC%28%3DC%28C%3DC1CC%28C%29N%29OCC%29OC%29OCC","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=COc1cc%28OCC%29c%28cc1OCC%29CC%28C%29N","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.21106298.html","external_links_name":"21106298"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/44719562","external_links_name":"44719562"},{"Link":"https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/J5Z2GQ2QK7","external_links_name":"J5Z2GQ2QK7"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID80660363","external_links_name":"DTXSID80660363"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=424673232&page2=EME+%28psychedelic%29","external_links_name":"verify"},{"Link":"http://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/pihkal075.shtml","external_links_name":"EME Entry in PiHKAL"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EME_(psychedelic)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tjiater_Pass | Battle of Tjiater Pass | ["1 Prelude","2 Forces","3 Battle","4 Aftermath","5 References","6 Bibliography"] | Battle of Tjiater PassPart of Battle of Java in the Dutch East Indies campaignA Dutch pillbox at Tjiater passDate5–7 March 1942LocationTjiater Pass, West JavaResult
Japanese victoryBelligerents
Netherlands
Dutch East Indies
United Kingdom
JapanCommanders and leaders
Jacob Pesman W.J. de Veer †
Toshinari ShōjiUnits involved
KNIL Royal Air Force
16th Army 3rd Air DivisionStrength
9,00027 aircraft
3,00039 aircraft
vteBattle of Java
Kalijati
Leuwiliang
Tjiater Pass
The Battle of Tjiater Pass occurred between 5 and 7 March 1942 during the Dutch East Indies campaign between invading Japanese forces and the Dutch colonial forces, supported by warplanes from the Royal Air Force. It was fought over control of the Tjiater Pass (now Ciater, part of Subang Regency), as part of an attempted defense of the city of Bandung.
Following Dutch withdrawal from most urban centers in Java in the aftermath of Japanese landings and the loss of the Kalijati airfield, remaining units of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL) established a defensive perimeter in the mountain passes around Bandung in the hopes of regrouping with retreating KNIL and Australian units abandoning Batavia and Buitenzorg. Despite the Japanese forces, led by Colonel Toshinari Shōji, being numerically inferior, they opted to launch an attack on the spread-out Dutch forces in order to prevent a possible counterattack.
Benefiting from air superiority and better training than their KNIL counterparts, Japanese soldiers successfully stormed and captured the undermanned defensive positions guarding the pass after three days of fighting, securing their path to Bandung after capturing the town of Lembang. Dutch forces, on the other hand, were demoralized by constant air raids and the intensive fighting. Wishing to avoid combat in Bandung, Dutch forces surrendered shortly after the battle. This led to the eventual capitulation of the entirety of the Dutch East Indies to Japan.
Prelude
After a victory in the Battle of the Java Sea, Japanese land forces landed in the island of Java in three main locations, including one detachment led by Colonel Toshinari Shōji landing at Eretan Wetan, in what is today Indramayu, on dawn of 1 March 1942. The detachment quickly secured the Kalijati airfield and surrounding territories, allowing for the forward deployment of the Japanese air support (from the 3rd Air Division under Major General Endō Saburō). From Japanese-controlled territories in Subang, there were two paths leading to the Bandung plateau - through Purwakarta, or through the less-developed roads of the Tjiater Pass on the foothills of the Tangkuban Perahu. Dutch forces attempted to launch counterattacks via the Tjiater Pass on 2 and 3 March to recapture the Kalijati airfield, but the attempts failed.
The failed counteroffensive had exhausted Allied reserves, and the "West Group" of the Allied forces (including one KNIL infantry regiment and the Australian "Blackforce" brigade) had been ordered to abandon Batavia and Buitenzorg on 4 March. Another group of the KNIL, the "Bandoeng Group", was tasked with defending the Bandung plateau until the West Group could withdraw to Bandung and merge with them, forming a new unit which was expected to be able to hold the Japanese advance better. The Bandoeng Group was commanded by Major General Jacob Pesman. The Dutch forces were however successful in preventing the Japanese from severing the land connection between Batavia and Bandung.
Forces
Movement of the Shoji Detachment after its landing
Pesman had at his disposal around 9,000 men, including 5,900 from his original force within the KNIL and augmented by the attachment of KNIL's 2nd infantry regiment and a battalion, but the units were split as they had to defend multiple locations at once. Additionally, the attached regiment had lost much of its combat effectiveness. In terms of air forces, there were 27 operational combat airplanes available to the KNIL forces - comprising 12 bombers, 11 fighters, and 4 reconnaissance aircraft. The West Group, under the command of Major General Wijbrandus Schilling, was retreating from its positions west of Bandung, with expectations of arriving in the area between 6 and 7 March and being combat effective by 10 March, until which the Bandung Group was tasked to "fill the gaps" in the defensive lines. Both passes which allowed motor access into Bandung were fortified by the Dutch, and the men guarding the fortifications were commanded by Colonel W.J. de Veer, who had commanded the KNIL's 4th infantry regiment.
Shōji's forces had been expected by the command of the Sixteenth Army to simply hold onto captured positions in Kalijati and onto crossings for the Citarum River, and to wait for further reinforcements in form of the 2nd Division, approaching from the west. However, due to constant air raids from allied aircraft sapping the potency of his air support and the threat of further counterattacks, Shōji opted to launch an attack on Bandung instead, concentrating his forces in order to launch an attack through Tjiater. Although there were concerns within the Japanese command with a potential stalemate at Tjiater, Shōji's operation was approved. His detachment comprised around 3,000 men who were better trained and more experienced than their KNIL counterparts, and out of these somewhere around 2,000 to 2,400 men were deployed in the battle. The Japanese were estimated to have 39 aircraft available for operations - including 14 bombers, 14 assault airplanes, 10 fighters, and a single reconnaissance aircraft.
Tjiater's fortifications on the northern end of the mountain pass had been designed to be held by an infantry regiment, and consisted of trenches, two lines of casemates, and barbed wire obstacle, with the first defensive line measuring about two kilometers in length and located right in front of a ravine. At the start of the battle, it was manned by one infantry battalion, reinforced by two additional platoons and several support units. There was also a secondary defensive line at the southern end of the mountain pass, though it was not fully constructed. The northern fortifications were undermanned, with only one infantry company holding the first line and the fortification itself having only limited operationality due to a lack of laborers following the Japanese invasion.
Battle
On the morning of 4 March, both sides launched air raids on one another, the Dutch and the Royal Air Force aircraft targeting potential new Japanese troop landings and the Kalijati airfield while the Japanese targeted the Dutch airbase at Andir and forward Dutch defenses. Due to further air raids, the depleted Dutch forward units withdrew towards the main concentration of Dutch forces in Lembang. Later in that day, both sides continued to launch air raids. Air raids continued on both Andir and Kalijati in the early morning of the following day, accompanied by aerial reconnaissance missions.
The land battle for the pass began around noon of 5 March, when Japanese vanguard light tanks encountered Dutch fortifications in form of pillboxes and a 5-cm gun. Dutch defenders were supported by just a single battery of four guns, which did not have a significant effect on the fighting. The effectiveness of the pillboxes were also hindered by foliage. After around three hours of combat, Japanese infantrymen had approached the forward defenses and around 50 men were withdrawn, with the 5-cm gun being destroyed and a bridge crossing the ravine ahead of the fortifications blown up. As the Dutch soldiers retreated, the main first line of defenses began firing at the Japanese soldiers with mortars and machine guns, initially doing some damage before the Japanese responded with their own mortars. Within half an hour, Japanese infantrymen had infiltrated unmanned sections of the defensive line and attempted to encircle the defending company, forcing a retreat to the second line, around 500 meters away. The second line had poor visibility for artillery observers and some equipment such as searchlights and radio had been abandoned in the retreat. By 4 PM, Japanese soldiers were firmly entrenched in the first line and exchanged fire with Dutch troops in the second line, but did not manage to dislodge the defenders.
After receiving reports of the Japanese attack, Pesman deployed his reserves to Tjiater. They were however delayed by a traffic jam in the road leading to the defenses. As dusk approached, the reinforcements arrived in the vicinity, but were prevented from entering the second line due to some Japanese soldiers who managed to infiltrate the lines. As more Dutch soldiers arrived, the men in second line were eventually evacuated before daylight the following day. A new line of defense was established behind the fortifications, manned by some 950 soldiers. Behind the defense lines, there were just 400 inexperienced soldiers defending the southern exit of the pass. The Japanese had captured five pillboxes, and opted to pause their attack for the day. A KNIL motorized column moving north from Bandung was also intercepted by Japanese aerial bombardment.
On 6 March, the Japanese initially assessed that the defensive line was held by some 3,000 soldiers with a number of guns, but after the interrogation of a captured prisoner of war they found out that the defenders were considerably less than their assessment. The Japanese themselves had around 1,000 men in the pass, and still had an advantage in mortars and armor. There were also a large number of Japanese air raids, with hundreds of bombs being dropped, destroying vehicles and eroding Dutch morale. The initial infantry attacks on 6 March were launched against the western section of the defensive line at around 5:30 AM, which was initially repelled, and so was a second assault which was launched following an air raid. Japanese commanders, however, followed with a third wave supported by mortar fire and three tanks, which was successful in breaking the two infantry companies holding the section under attack. During the attacks, the Japanese had taken advantage of a thick fog in order to surprise the defenders. Between 30 and 50 were killed in combat from the two companies, and a further 75 were captured and massacred by the Japanese, leaving just six survivors. Later tallying in 1948 calculated 120 soldiers killed from the two companies from both combat and the massacre. Around midday, forward Japanese patrols had exchanged some machine gun fire with soldiers in the unfinished fortifications. In the afternoon, the Japanese had managed to outflank the defenses, launching an attack against the defenders which was pushed back by a Dutch counterattack. However, de Veer was killed in the counterattack and the fortifications were evacuated after the assault was repelled, and the remaining defenders were ordered to withdraw to Lembang.
Once the positions were captured, the Japanese were in control of the ridgeline of the mountain pass, and the Dutch forces were left in poor reserve defenses. Fighting on 7 March largely consisted of Japanese mopping-up operations, eliminating Dutch units close to the ridgeline. Japanese soldiers also continued to move towards Lembang, though their advance was halted at a destroyed bridge for some time. After some more fighting, the units in Lembang began to further retreat towards Bandung.
Aftermath
With the Japanese securing the mountain pass, the allied forces in West Java found their position untenable. At night on 7 March, the Japanese forces moved in and occupied Lembang, and there at around 7:30 PM they received a Dutch messenger carrying a flag of truce. While the Dutch initially intended to discuss the capitulation of KNIL soldiers exclusively in the Bandung area, Japanese 16th Army Commander Hitoshi Imamura decided to demand the total capitulation of allied forces in the Dutch East Indies, during negotiations held the following day in Kalijati Airfield. There, governor-general Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer and Dutch East Indies military commander Hein ter Poorten initially refused a total capitulation.
Units of the West Group, excluding the Australian brigade, had arrived in Bandung. Its commander initially intended to launch a guerilla campaign against the Japanese, but gave up due to unfavourable conditions. Due to the threat of continued fighting in Bandung, which was filled with a large number of refugees, the Dutch authorities broadcast their general surrender on noon on 9 March. Formal instruments of surrender were signed less than three hours later.
References
^ a b OCMH 1958, p. 26.
^ Remmelink 2015, p. 189.
^ de Jong 1985, p. 1017.
^ de Jong 1985, pp. 1018–1020.
^ Boer 2011, p. 365.
^ Boer 2011, pp. 369–370.
^ a b c Boer 2011, p. 367.
^ a b c d Boer 2011, p. 368.
^ Boer 2011, p. 392.
^ Boer 2011, pp. 393–394.
^ Boer 2011, p. 417.
^ OCMH 1958, p. 28.
^ a b Boer 2011, p. 369.
^ Boer 2011, p. 395.
^ Boer 2011, pp. 404–405.
^ Boer 2011, pp. 406–407.
^ Boer 2011, pp. 373–382.
^ Boer 2011, pp. 382–386.
^ Boer 2011, pp. 390–392.
^ Boer 2011, pp. 397–400.
^ Boer 2011, p. 409.
^ a b Remmelink 2015, p. 522.
^ a b Boer 2011, p. 410.
^ Boer 2011, p. 411.
^ Boer 2011, pp. 413–414.
^ Boer 2011, pp. 416–417.
^ Boer 2011, p. 418.
^ Boer 2011, p. 420.
^ Boer 2011, p. 423.
^ a b Boer 2011, p. 434.
^ Boer 2011, p. 435.
^ Remmelink 2015, p. 524.
^ Boer 2011, p. 440.
^ Boer 2011, pp. 443–445.
^ a b Remmelink 2015, p. 525.
^ Boer 2011, pp. 446–447.
^ Boer 2011, p. 449.
^ Boer 2011, pp. 467–468.
^ de Jong 1985, p. 1039.
^ Remmelink 2015, p. 526.
^ Boer 2011, p. 478.
^ a b Remmelink 2015, p. 528.
^ Boer 2011, p. 479.
^ a b Boer 2011, pp. 484–485.
^ Remmelink 2015, pp. 529–533.
^ Boer 2011, p. 425.
^ Remmelink 2015, pp. 534–535.
Bibliography
Boer, P. C. (2011). The Loss of Java: The Final Battles for the Possession of Java Fought by Allied Air, Naval and Land Forces in the Period of 18 February - 7 March 1942. Singapore: NUS Press. ISBN 978-9971-69-513-2.
de Jong, Louis (1985). Het Konikrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog Deel 11a: Nederlands-Indië II (PDF) (in Dutch). Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.
United States Army Forces in the Far East; Eighth U.S. Army (1958). The Invasion of the Netherlands East Indies (16th Army) (PDF). Office of the Chief of Military History. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 28, 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
National Defense College of Japan (2015) . The invasion of the Dutch East Indies (PDF). Translated by William Remmelink. Leiden: Leiden University Press. 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It was fought over control of the Tjiater Pass (now Ciater, part of Subang Regency), as part of an attempted defense of the city of Bandung.Following Dutch withdrawal from most urban centers in Java in the aftermath of Japanese landings and the loss of the Kalijati airfield, remaining units of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL) established a defensive perimeter in the mountain passes around Bandung in the hopes of regrouping with retreating KNIL and Australian units abandoning Batavia and Buitenzorg. Despite the Japanese forces, led by Colonel Toshinari Shōji, being numerically inferior, they opted to launch an attack on the spread-out Dutch forces in order to prevent a possible counterattack.Benefiting from air superiority and better training than their KNIL counterparts, Japanese soldiers successfully stormed and captured the undermanned defensive positions guarding the pass after three days of fighting, securing their path to Bandung after capturing the town of Lembang. Dutch forces, on the other hand, were demoralized by constant air raids and the intensive fighting. Wishing to avoid combat in Bandung, Dutch forces surrendered shortly after the battle. This led to the eventual capitulation of the entirety of the Dutch East Indies to Japan.","title":"Battle of Tjiater Pass"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of the Java Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"},{"link_name":"Toshinari Shōji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshinari_Sh%C5%8Dji"},{"link_name":"Indramayu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indramayu_Regency"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOCMH195826-1"},{"link_name":"Kalijati airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suryadarma_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOCMH195826-1"},{"link_name":"3rd Air Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3rd_Air_Division_(Japan)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Major General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_general"},{"link_name":"Endō Saburō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=End%C5%8D_Sabur%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemmelink2015189-2"},{"link_name":"Purwakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purwakarta"},{"link_name":"Tangkuban Perahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangkuban_Perahu"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Jong19851017-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Jong19851018%E2%80%931020-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011365-5"},{"link_name":"Batavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"Buitenzorg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buitenzorg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011369%E2%80%93370-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011367-7"},{"link_name":"Major General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_general"},{"link_name":"Jacob Pesman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Pesman"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011368-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011392-9"}],"text":"After a victory in the Battle of the Java Sea, Japanese land forces landed in the island of Java in three main locations, including one detachment led by Colonel Toshinari Shōji landing at Eretan Wetan, in what is today Indramayu, on dawn of 1 March 1942.[1] The detachment quickly secured the Kalijati airfield and surrounding territories,[1] allowing for the forward deployment of the Japanese air support (from the 3rd Air Division under Major General Endō Saburō).[2] From Japanese-controlled territories in Subang, there were two paths leading to the Bandung plateau - through Purwakarta, or through the less-developed roads of the Tjiater Pass on the foothills of the Tangkuban Perahu.[3] Dutch forces attempted to launch counterattacks via the Tjiater Pass on 2 and 3 March to recapture the Kalijati airfield, but the attempts failed.[4][5]The failed counteroffensive had exhausted Allied reserves, and the \"West Group\" of the Allied forces (including one KNIL infantry regiment and the Australian \"Blackforce\" brigade) had been ordered to abandon Batavia and Buitenzorg on 4 March.[6] Another group of the KNIL, the \"Bandoeng Group\", was tasked with defending the Bandung plateau until the West Group could withdraw to Bandung and merge with them, forming a new unit which was expected to be able to hold the Japanese advance better.[7] The Bandoeng Group was commanded by Major General Jacob Pesman.[8] The Dutch forces were however successful in preventing the Japanese from severing the land connection between Batavia and Bandung.[9]","title":"Prelude"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Operational_Progress_of_Shoji_Detachment.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011368-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011368-8"},{"link_name":"Major General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_General"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011393%E2%80%93394-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011367-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011417-11"},{"link_name":"Sixteenth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixteenth_Army_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Citarum River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citarum_River"},{"link_name":"2nd Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOCMH195828-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011369-13"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011367-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011395-14"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011368-8"},{"link_name":"casemates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casemate"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011404%E2%80%93405-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011406%E2%80%93407-16"}],"text":"Movement of the Shoji Detachment after its landingPesman had at his disposal around 9,000 men, including 5,900 from his original force within the KNIL and augmented by the attachment of KNIL's 2nd infantry regiment and a battalion, but the units were split as they had to defend multiple locations at once. Additionally, the attached regiment had lost much of its combat effectiveness. [8] In terms of air forces, there were 27 operational combat airplanes available to the KNIL forces - comprising 12 bombers, 11 fighters, and 4 reconnaissance aircraft.[8] The West Group, under the command of Major General Wijbrandus Schilling, was retreating from its positions west of Bandung, with expectations of arriving in the area between 6 and 7 March and being combat effective by 10 March, until which the Bandung Group was tasked to \"fill the gaps\" in the defensive lines.[10] Both passes which allowed motor access into Bandung were fortified by the Dutch,[7] and the men guarding the fortifications were commanded by Colonel W.J. de Veer, who had commanded the KNIL's 4th infantry regiment.[11]Shōji's forces had been expected by the command of the Sixteenth Army to simply hold onto captured positions in Kalijati and onto crossings for the Citarum River, and to wait for further reinforcements in form of the 2nd Division, approaching from the west.[12][13] However, due to constant air raids from allied aircraft sapping the potency of his air support and the threat of further counterattacks, Shōji opted to launch an attack on Bandung instead, concentrating his forces in order to launch an attack through Tjiater.[7] Although there were concerns within the Japanese command with a potential stalemate at Tjiater, Shōji's operation was approved.[14] His detachment comprised around 3,000 men who were better trained and more experienced than their KNIL counterparts, and out of these somewhere around 2,000 to 2,400 men were deployed in the battle. The Japanese were estimated to have 39 aircraft available for operations - including 14 bombers, 14 assault airplanes, 10 fighters, and a single reconnaissance aircraft.[8]Tjiater's fortifications on the northern end of the mountain pass had been designed to be held by an infantry regiment, and consisted of trenches, two lines of casemates, and barbed wire obstacle, with the first defensive line measuring about two kilometers in length and located right in front of a ravine. At the start of the battle, it was manned by one infantry battalion, reinforced by two additional platoons and several support units. There was also a secondary defensive line at the southern end of the mountain pass, though it was not fully constructed.[15] The northern fortifications were undermanned, with only one infantry company holding the first line and the fortification itself having only limited operationality due to a lack of laborers following the Japanese invasion.[16]","title":"Forces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"airbase at Andir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husein_Sastranegara_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011373%E2%80%93382-17"},{"link_name":"Lembang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lembang"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011382%E2%80%93386-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011390%E2%80%93392-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011397%E2%80%93400-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011409-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemmelink2015522-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011410-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011410-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011411-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011413%E2%80%93414-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011416%E2%80%93417-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011418-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011420-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011423-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011434-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011435-31"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemmelink2015522-22"},{"link_name":"prisoner of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemmelink2015524-32"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011434-30"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011440-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011443%E2%80%93445-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemmelink2015525-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011446%E2%80%93447-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011449-37"},{"link_name":"Lembang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lembang"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011467%E2%80%93468-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Jong19851039-39"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemmelink2015525-35"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemmelink2015526-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011478-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemmelink2015528-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011479-43"}],"text":"On the morning of 4 March, both sides launched air raids on one another, the Dutch and the Royal Air Force aircraft targeting potential new Japanese troop landings and the Kalijati airfield while the Japanese targeted the Dutch airbase at Andir and forward Dutch defenses.[17] Due to further air raids, the depleted Dutch forward units withdrew towards the main concentration of Dutch forces in Lembang.[18] Later in that day, both sides continued to launch air raids.[19] Air raids continued on both Andir and Kalijati in the early morning of the following day, accompanied by aerial reconnaissance missions.[20]The land battle for the pass began around noon of 5 March, when Japanese vanguard light tanks encountered Dutch fortifications in form of pillboxes and a 5-cm gun. Dutch defenders were supported by just a single battery of four guns, which did not have a significant effect on the fighting.[21] The effectiveness of the pillboxes were also hindered by foliage.[22] After around three hours of combat, Japanese infantrymen had approached the forward defenses and around 50 men were withdrawn, with the 5-cm gun being destroyed and a bridge crossing the ravine ahead of the fortifications blown up.[23] As the Dutch soldiers retreated, the main first line of defenses began firing at the Japanese soldiers with mortars and machine guns, initially doing some damage before the Japanese responded with their own mortars.[23] Within half an hour, Japanese infantrymen had infiltrated unmanned sections of the defensive line and attempted to encircle the defending company, forcing a retreat to the second line, around 500 meters away. The second line had poor visibility for artillery observers and some equipment such as searchlights and radio had been abandoned in the retreat.[24] By 4 PM, Japanese soldiers were firmly entrenched in the first line and exchanged fire with Dutch troops in the second line, but did not manage to dislodge the defenders.[25]After receiving reports of the Japanese attack, Pesman deployed his reserves to Tjiater.[26] They were however delayed by a traffic jam in the road leading to the defenses.[27] As dusk approached, the reinforcements arrived in the vicinity, but were prevented from entering the second line due to some Japanese soldiers who managed to infiltrate the lines.[28] As more Dutch soldiers arrived, the men in second line were eventually evacuated before daylight the following day.[29] A new line of defense was established behind the fortifications, manned by some 950 soldiers.[30] Behind the defense lines, there were just 400 inexperienced soldiers defending the southern exit of the pass.[31] The Japanese had captured five pillboxes, and opted to pause their attack for the day. A KNIL motorized column moving north from Bandung was also intercepted by Japanese aerial bombardment.[22]On 6 March, the Japanese initially assessed that the defensive line was held by some 3,000 soldiers with a number of guns, but after the interrogation of a captured prisoner of war they found out that the defenders were considerably less than their assessment.[32] The Japanese themselves had around 1,000 men in the pass, and still had an advantage in mortars and armor.[30] There were also a large number of Japanese air raids, with hundreds of bombs being dropped, destroying vehicles and eroding Dutch morale.[33] The initial infantry attacks on 6 March were launched against the western section of the defensive line at around 5:30 AM, which was initially repelled, and so was a second assault which was launched following an air raid. Japanese commanders, however, followed with a third wave supported by mortar fire and three tanks, which was successful in breaking the two infantry companies holding the section under attack.[34] During the attacks, the Japanese had taken advantage of a thick fog in order to surprise the defenders.[35] Between 30 and 50 were killed in combat from the two companies, and a further 75 were captured and massacred by the Japanese, leaving just six survivors. Later tallying in 1948 calculated 120 soldiers killed from the two companies from both combat and the massacre.[36] Around midday, forward Japanese patrols had exchanged some machine gun fire with soldiers in the unfinished fortifications.[37] In the afternoon, the Japanese had managed to outflank the defenses, launching an attack against the defenders which was pushed back by a Dutch counterattack. However, de Veer was killed in the counterattack and the fortifications were evacuated after the assault was repelled, and the remaining defenders were ordered to withdraw to Lembang.[38]Once the positions were captured, the Japanese were in control of the ridgeline of the mountain pass, and the Dutch forces were left in poor reserve defenses.[39][35] Fighting on 7 March largely consisted of Japanese mopping-up operations, eliminating Dutch units close to the ridgeline.[40] Japanese soldiers also continued to move towards Lembang, though their advance was halted at a destroyed bridge for some time.[41][42] After some more fighting, the units in Lembang began to further retreat towards Bandung.[43]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011369-13"},{"link_name":"flag of truce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_flag"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011484%E2%80%93485-44"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemmelink2015528-42"},{"link_name":"Hitoshi Imamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitoshi_Imamura"},{"link_name":"Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alidius_Tjarda_van_Starkenborgh_Stachouwer"},{"link_name":"Hein ter Poorten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hein_ter_Poorten"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemmelink2015529%E2%80%93533-45"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011484%E2%80%93485-44"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2011425-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemmelink2015534%E2%80%93535-47"}],"text":"With the Japanese securing the mountain pass, the allied forces in West Java found their position untenable.[13] At night on 7 March, the Japanese forces moved in and occupied Lembang, and there at around 7:30 PM they received a Dutch messenger carrying a flag of truce.[44][42] While the Dutch initially intended to discuss the capitulation of KNIL soldiers exclusively in the Bandung area, Japanese 16th Army Commander Hitoshi Imamura decided to demand the total capitulation of allied forces in the Dutch East Indies, during negotiations held the following day in Kalijati Airfield. There, governor-general Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer and Dutch East Indies military commander Hein ter Poorten initially refused a total capitulation.[45]Units of the West Group, excluding the Australian brigade, had arrived in Bandung. Its commander initially intended to launch a guerilla campaign against the Japanese, but gave up due to unfavourable conditions.[44] Due to the threat of continued fighting in Bandung, which was filled with a large number of refugees,[46] the Dutch authorities broadcast their general surrender on noon on 9 March. Formal instruments of surrender were signed less than three hours later.[47]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Loss of Java: The Final Battles for the Possession of Java Fought by Allied Air, Naval and Land Forces in the Period of 18 February - 7 March 1942","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=iHsuCAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-9971-69-513-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-513-2"},{"link_name":"Het Konikrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog Deel 11a: Nederlands-Indië II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//loe.niod.knaw.nl/grijswaarden/De-Jong_Koninkrijk_deel-11a_tweede-helft_zw.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Kingdom of the Netherlands During World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands_During_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Martinus Nijhoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinus_Nijhoff_Publishers"},{"link_name":"The Invasion of the Netherlands East Indies (16th Army)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a606375.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200128063455/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a606375.pdf"},{"link_name":"The invasion of the Dutch East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cortsfoundation.org/images/PDF/9789087282370%20The%20Invasion%20of%20the%20Dutch%20East%20Indies.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-9087-28-237-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9087-28-237-0"}],"text":"Boer, P. C. (2011). The Loss of Java: The Final Battles for the Possession of Java Fought by Allied Air, Naval and Land Forces in the Period of 18 February - 7 March 1942. Singapore: NUS Press. ISBN 978-9971-69-513-2.\nde Jong, Louis (1985). Het Konikrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog Deel 11a: Nederlands-Indië II [The Kingdom of the Netherlands During World War II Part 11a: Dutch East Indies II] (PDF) (in Dutch). Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.\nUnited States Army Forces in the Far East; Eighth U.S. Army (1958). The Invasion of the Netherlands East Indies (16th Army) (PDF). Office of the Chief of Military History. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 28, 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.\nNational Defense College of Japan (2015) [1967]. The invasion of the Dutch East Indies (PDF). Translated by William Remmelink. Leiden: Leiden University Press. ISBN 978-9087-28-237-0.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"Movement of the Shoji Detachment after its landing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Operational_Progress_of_Shoji_Detachment.jpg/300px-Operational_Progress_of_Shoji_Detachment.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Boer, P. C. (2011). The Loss of Java: The Final Battles for the Possession of Java Fought by Allied Air, Naval and Land Forces in the Period of 18 February - 7 March 1942. Singapore: NUS Press. ISBN 978-9971-69-513-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iHsuCAAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Loss of Java: The Final Battles for the Possession of Java Fought by Allied Air, Naval and Land Forces in the Period of 18 February - 7 March 1942"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-513-2","url_text":"978-9971-69-513-2"}]},{"reference":"de Jong, Louis (1985). Het Konikrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog Deel 11a: Nederlands-Indië II [The Kingdom of the Netherlands During World War II Part 11a: Dutch East Indies II] (PDF) (in Dutch). Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.","urls":[{"url":"http://loe.niod.knaw.nl/grijswaarden/De-Jong_Koninkrijk_deel-11a_tweede-helft_zw.pdf","url_text":"Het Konikrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog Deel 11a: Nederlands-Indië II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands_During_World_War_II","url_text":"The Kingdom of the Netherlands During World War II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinus_Nijhoff_Publishers","url_text":"Martinus Nijhoff"}]},{"reference":"United States Army Forces in the Far East; Eighth U.S. Army (1958). The Invasion of the Netherlands East Indies (16th Army) (PDF). Office of the Chief of Military History. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 28, 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a606375.pdf","url_text":"The Invasion of the Netherlands East Indies (16th Army)"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200128063455/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a606375.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"National Defense College of Japan (2015) [1967]. The invasion of the Dutch East Indies (PDF). Translated by William Remmelink. Leiden: Leiden University Press. ISBN 978-9087-28-237-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cortsfoundation.org/images/PDF/9789087282370%20The%20Invasion%20of%20the%20Dutch%20East%20Indies.pdf","url_text":"The invasion of the Dutch East Indies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9087-28-237-0","url_text":"978-9087-28-237-0"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iHsuCAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Loss of Java: The Final Battles for the Possession of Java Fought by Allied Air, Naval and Land Forces in the Period of 18 February - 7 March 1942"},{"Link":"http://loe.niod.knaw.nl/grijswaarden/De-Jong_Koninkrijk_deel-11a_tweede-helft_zw.pdf","external_links_name":"Het Konikrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog Deel 11a: Nederlands-Indië II"},{"Link":"https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a606375.pdf","external_links_name":"The Invasion of the Netherlands East Indies (16th Army)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200128063455/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a606375.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cortsfoundation.org/images/PDF/9789087282370%20The%20Invasion%20of%20the%20Dutch%20East%20Indies.pdf","external_links_name":"The invasion of the Dutch East Indies"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_grass_vole | Japanese grass vole | ["1 References"] | Species of rodent
Japanese grass vole
Taxidermy (Tochigi Prefectural Museum)
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Rodentia
Family:
Cricetidae
Subfamily:
Arvicolinae
Genus:
Alexandromys
Species:
A. montebelli
Binomial name
Alexandromys montebelli(Milne-Edwards, 1872)
Synonyms
Arvicola montebelli Milne-Edwards, 1872Microtus montebelli (Milne-Edwards, 1872)
The Japanese grass vole (Alexandromys montebelli) is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae.
It is found only in Japan.
References
^ a b Cassola, F. (2017) . "Microtus montebelli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T13446A115113547. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T13446A22346318.en.
^ a b "Alexandromys montebelli". ASM Mammal Diversity Database. American Society of Mammalogists.
vteExtant species of subfamily Arvicolinae
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Eutheria
Superorder: Euarchontoglires
Order: Rodentia
Family: Cricetidae
ArvicoliniArvicola(Water voles)
European water vole (A. amphibius)
Southwestern water vole (A. sapidus)
Montane water vole (A. scherman)
MicrotiniAlexandromys
Clarke's vole (M. clarkei)
Evorsk vole (M. evoronensis)
Reed vole (M. fortis)
Gerbe's vole (M. gerbei)
Taiwan vole (M. kikuchii)
Lacustrine vole (M. limnophilus)
Maximowicz's vole (M. maximowiczii)
Middendorff's vole (M. middendorffi)
Mongolian vole (M. mongolicus)
Japanese grass vole (M. montebelli)
Muisk vole (M. mujanensis)
Tundra vole (M. oeconomus)
Sakhalin vole (M. sachalinensis)
Chionomys(Snow voles)
Caucasian snow vole (C. gud)
European snow vole (C. nivalis)
Robert's snow vole (C. roberti)
Hyperacrius(Voles from Pakistan)
True's vole (H. fertilis)
Murree vole (H. wynnei)
Lasiopodomys
Brandt's vole (L. brandtii)
Plateau vole (L. fuscus)
Mandarin vole (L. mandarinus)
Lemmiscus
Sagebrush vole (L. curtatus)
Microtus(Voles)
Subgenus Microtus: Field vole (M. agrestis)
Anatolian vole (M. anatolicus)
Common vole (M. arvalis)
Cabrera's vole (M. cabrerae)
Doğramaci's vole (M. dogramacii)
Günther's vole (M. guentheri)
Tien Shan vole (M. ilaeus)
Persian vole (M. irani)
Kerman vole (M. kermanensis)
Southern vole (M. levis)
Paradox vole (M. paradoxus)
Qazvin vole (M. qazvinensis)
Schidlovsky's vole (M. schidlovskii)
Social vole (M. socialis)
European pine vole (M. subterraneus)
Transcaspian vole (M. transcaspicus)
Subgenus Blanfordimys: Afghan vole (B. afghanus)
Bucharian vole (B. bucharicus)
Juniper vole (B. juldaschi)
Subgenus Terricola: Bavarian pine vole (M. bavaricus)
Calabria pine vole (M. brachycercus)
Daghestan pine vole (M. daghestanicus)
Mediterranean pine vole (M. duodecimcostatus)
Felten's vole (M. felteni)
Liechtenstein's pine vole (M. liechtensteini)
Lusitanian pine vole (M. lusitanicus)
Major's pine vole (M. majori)
Alpine pine vole (M. multiplex)
Savi's pine vole (M. savii)
Tatra pine vole (M. tatricus)
Thomas's pine vole (M. thomasi)
Subgenus Mynomes: Beach Vole (M. breweri)
Gray-tailed vole (M. canicaudus)
Montane vole (M. montanus)
Creeping vole (M. oregoni)
Meadow vole (M. pennsylvanicus)
Townsend's vole (M. townsendii)
Subgenus Pitymys: Guatemalan vole (M. guatemalensis)
Tarabundí vole (M. oaxacensis)
Woodland Vole (M. pinetorum)
Jalapan pine vole (M. quasiater)
Subgenus Pedomys: Prairie vole (M. ochrogaster)
Subgenus Hyrcanicola: Schelkovnikov's pine vole (M. schelkovnikovi)
incertae sedis: Insular vole (M. abbreviatus)
California vole (M. californicus)
Rock vole (M. chrotorrhinus)
Long-tailed vole (M. longicaudus)
Mexican vole (M. mexicanus)
Singing vole (M. miurus)
Water vole (M. richardsoni)
Zempoaltépec vole (M. umbrosus)
Taiga vole (M. xanthognathus)
Neodon(Mountain voles)
Forrest's mountain vole (N. forresti)
Chinese scrub vole (N. irene)
Linzhi mountain vole (N. linzhiensis)
Sikkim mountain vole (N. sikimensis)
Blyth's vole (N. leucurus)
Proedromys
Duke of Bedford's vole (P. bedfordi)
P. liangshanensis
Stenocranius
Narrow-headed vole (S. gregalis)
Radde's vole (S. raddei)
Volemys
Szechuan vole (V. millicens)
Marie's vole (V. musseri)
Dicrostonychini(Collared lemmings)Dicrostonyx
Northern collared lemming (D. groenlandicus)
Ungava collared lemming (D. hudsonius)
Nelson's collared lemming (D. nelsoni)
Ogilvie Mountains collared lemming (D. nunatakensis)
Richardson's collared lemming (D. richardsoni)
Arctic lemming (D. torquatus)
Unalaska collared lemming (D. unalascensis)
Ellobiusini(mole voles)Ellobius(Mole voles)
Alai mole vole (E. alaicus)
Southern mole vole (E. fuscocapillus)
Transcaucasian mole vole (E. lutescens)
Northern mole vole (E. talpinus)
Zaisan mole vole (E. tancrei)
Lagurini(Steppe lemmings)Eolagurus
Yellow steppe lemming (E. luteus)
Przewalski's steppe lemming (E. przewalskii)
Lagurus
Steppe lemming (L. lagurus)
Lemmini(Lemmings)Lemmus(True lemmings)
Amur lemming (L. amurensis)
Norway lemming (L. lemmus)
Beringian lemming (L. nigripes)
Wrangel Island lemming (L. paulus)
Siberian brown lemming (L. sibiricus)
North American brown lemming (L. trimucronatus)
Myopus
Wood lemming (M. schisticolor)
Synaptomys(Bog lemmings)
Northern bog lemming (S. borealis)
Southern bog lemming (S. cooperi)
ClethrionomyiniAlticola(Voles fromCentral Asia)
Subgenus Alticola: White-tailed mountain vole (A. albicauda)
Silver mountain vole (A. argentatus)
Gobi Altai mountain vole (A. barakshin)
Central Kashmir vole (A. montosa)
Royle's mountain vole (A. roylei)
Mongolian silver vole (A. semicanus)
Stolička's mountain vole (A. stoliczkanus)
Tuva silver vole (A. tuvinicus)
Subgenus Aschizomys: Lemming vole (A. lemminus)
Large-eared vole (A. macrotis)
Lake Baikal mountain vole (A. olchonensis)
Subgenus Platycranius: Flat-headed vole (A. strelzowi)
Caryomys
Ganzu vole (C. eva)
Kolan vole (C. inez)
Eothenomys(Voles fromEast Asia)
Kachin red-backed vole (E. cachinus)
Pratt's vole (E. chinensis)
Southwest China vole (E. custos)
Père David's vole (E. melanogaster)
Yunnan red-backed vole (E. miletus)
Chaotung vole (E. olitor)
Yulungshan vole (E. proditor)
Ward's red-backed vole (E. wardi)
Clethrionomys(some Red-backedvoles)
Western red-backed vole (C. californicus)
Tien Shan red-backed vole (C. centralis)
Southern red-backed Vole (C. gapperi)
Bank vole (C. glareolus)
Imaizumi's red-backed vole (C. imaizumii)
Northern red-backed vole (C. rutilus)
Shansei vole (C. shanseius)
Craseomys(other Red-backedvoles)
Japanese red-backed vole (C. andersoni)
Royal vole (C. regulus)
Hokkaido red-backed vole (C. rex)
Grey red-backed vole (C. rufocanus)
Smith's vole (C. smithii)
OndatriniNeofiber
Round-tailed muskrat (N. alleni)
Ondatra
Muskrat (O. zibethicus)
PliomyiniDinaromys
Balkan snow vole (D. bogdanovi)
PliophenacomyiniArborimus(Tree voles)
White-footed vole (A. albipes)
Red tree vole (A. longicaudus)
California red tree mouse (A. pomo)
Phenacomys(Heather voles)
Western heather vole (P. intermedius)
Eastern heather vole (P. ungava)
PrometheomyiniPrometheomys
Long-clawed mole vole (P. schaposchnikowi)
Taxon identifiersMicrotus montebelli
Wikidata: Q1769453
Wikispecies: Microtus montebelli
EoL: 1179658
GBIF: 2438676
iNaturalist: 44270
IRMNG: 11238932
ITIS: 632880
IUCN: 13446
MSW: 13000282
NCBI: 79202
Observation.org: 84989
Open Tree of Life: 930591
This Arvicolinae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rodent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodent"},{"link_name":"Cricetidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricetidae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asm-2"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asm-2"}],"text":"The Japanese grass vole (Alexandromys montebelli) is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae.[2]\nIt is found only in Japan.[2]","title":"Japanese grass vole"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. \"Microtus montebelli\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T13446A115113547. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T13446A22346318.en.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/13446/115113547","url_text":"\"Microtus montebelli\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T13446A22346318.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T13446A22346318.en"}]},{"reference":"\"Alexandromys montebelli\". ASM Mammal Diversity Database. American Society of Mammalogists.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1002033","url_text":"\"Alexandromys montebelli\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Mammalogists","url_text":"American Society of Mammalogists"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/13446/115113547","external_links_name":"\"Microtus montebelli\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T13446A22346318.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T13446A22346318.en"},{"Link":"https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1002033","external_links_name":"\"Alexandromys montebelli\""},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/1179658","external_links_name":"1179658"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2438676","external_links_name":"2438676"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/44270","external_links_name":"44270"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11238932","external_links_name":"11238932"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=632880","external_links_name":"632880"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/13446","external_links_name":"13446"},{"Link":"https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=13000282","external_links_name":"13000282"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=79202","external_links_name":"79202"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/84989/","external_links_name":"84989"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=930591","external_links_name":"930591"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese_grass_vole&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levon_Helm_Band | Levon Helm | ["1 Biography","1.1 Early years","1.2 The Hawks","1.3 The Band","1.4 Solo, acting and the reformed Band","1.5 The Midnight Ramble","1.6 Dirt Farmer and comeback","1.7 Illness and death","2 Legacy","3 Personal life","4 Discography","4.1 Live albums","4.2 Live appearances","4.3 Session work","5 Filmography","6 References","7 External links"] | American musician (1940–2012)
Levon HelmHelm playing the mandolin in 1971BornMark Lavon Helm(1940-05-26)May 26, 1940Elaine, Arkansas, U.S.DiedApril 19, 2012(2012-04-19) (aged 71)New York City, U.S.Resting placeWoodstock CemeteryOccupationsMusiciansongwritersingerrecord produceractorYears active1957–2012Spouse
Sandra Dodd (m. 1981)PartnerLibby Titus (1969–1978)ChildrenAmy Helm 1970–Musical careerGenres
Rock
Americana
country
folk
roots rock
Instrument(s)
Drums
vocals
mandolin
guitar
bass
harmonica
Labels
Capitol
MCA
Formerly of
The Band
Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band
Websitelevonhelm.com
Musical artist
Mark Lavon "Levon" Helm (May 26, 1940 – April 19, 2012) was an American musician who achieved fame as the drummer and one of the three lead vocalists for The Band, for which he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994. Helm was known for his deeply soulful, country-accented voice, multi-instrumental ability, and creative drumming style, highlighted on many of the Band's recordings, such as "The Weight", "Up on Cripple Creek", and "The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down".
Helm also had a successful career as a film actor, appearing as Loretta Lynn's father in Coal Miner's Daughter (1980), as Chuck Yeager's friend and colleague Captain Jack Ridley in The Right Stuff (1983), as a Tennessee firearms expert in Shooter (2007), and as General John Bell Hood in In the Electric Mist (2009).
In 1998, Helm was diagnosed with throat cancer which caused him to lose his singing voice. After treatment, his cancer eventually went into remission, and he gradually regained the use of his voice. His 2007 comeback album Dirt Farmer earned the Grammy Award for Best Traditional Folk Album in February 2008, and in November of that year, Rolling Stone magazine ranked him No. 91 in its list of 100 Greatest Singers of All Time. In 2010, Electric Dirt, his 2009 follow-up to Dirt Farmer, won the first Grammy Award for Best Americana Album, a category inaugurated in 2010. In 2011, his live album Ramble at the Ryman won the Grammy in the same category. In 2016, Rolling Stone magazine ranked him No. 22 in its list of 100 Greatest Drummers of All Time.
Biography
Early years
Born Mark Lavon Helm in Elaine, Arkansas, Helm grew up in Turkey Scratch, a hamlet of Marvell, Arkansas. His parents, Nell and Diamond Helm, were cotton farmers who shared a strong affinity for music. They encouraged their children to play and sing at a young age. He saw Bill Monroe and His Blue Grass Boys at the age of six and decided to become a musician. Helm began playing the guitar at the age of eight and also played drums.
Arkansas in the 1940s and '50s stood at the confluence of a variety of musical styles, including traditional Delta blues, electric blues, country (including old-time music) and the incipient genre of rhythm and blues. Helm was influenced by each of these styles, which he heard on the Grand Ole Opry on radio station WSM and R&B on radio station WLAC in Nashville. He also saw the last vestiges of minstrelsy and other traveling variety shows, such as F. S. Wolcott's Original Rabbit's Foot Minstrels, which featured top Black artists of the era.
A key early influence on Helm was Sonny Boy Williamson II, who played electric blues and early rhythm and blues on the King Biscuit Time radio show on KFFA in Helena and performed regularly in Marvell with blues guitarist Robert Lockwood, Jr. In his 1993 autobiography, This Wheel's on Fire: Levon Helm and the Story of the Band, Helm describes watching Williamson's drummer, James "Peck" Curtis, intently during a live performance in the early 1950s and later imitating this R&B drumming style. Helm established his first band, the Jungle Bush Beaters, while in high school.
Helm also witnessed some of the earliest performances by early rock and roll and rockabilly artists, including Elvis Presley, Conway Twitty, Bo Diddley and fellow Arkansan Ronnie Hawkins. At age 17, Helm began playing in clubs and bars around Helena.
The Hawks
While he was still in high school, Helm was invited to join Ronnie Hawkins' band, the Hawks, a popular bar and club act in the South and Canada where rockabilly acts were very successful. Helm's mother insisted that he graduate from high school before touring with Hawkins, but he was able to play with the Hawks locally on weekends. After his graduation in 1958, Helm joined the Hawks as a full-time member and they moved to Toronto where they signed with Roulette Records in 1959 and released several singles, including a few hits.
Helm reported in his autobiography that fellow Hawks band members had difficulty pronouncing "Lavon" correctly and started calling him "Levon" (/ˈliːvɒn/ LEE-von) because it was easier to pronounce.
In 1961, Helm with bassist Rick Danko backed jazz guitarist Lenny Breau on several tracks recorded at Hallmark Studios in Toronto. These tracks are included on the 2003 release The Hallmark Sessions.
By the early 1960s, Helm and Hawkins had recruited an all-Canadian lineup of musicians: guitarist Robbie Robertson, bassist Rick Danko, pianist Richard Manuel, and organist Garth Hudson, all of whom were multi-instrumentalists. In 1963, the band parted ways with Hawkins and started touring as Levon and the Hawks and later as the Canadian Squires, before changing back to the Hawks. They recorded two singles but remained mostly a popular touring bar band in Texas, Arkansas, Canada, and on the East Coast of the United States where they found regular summer club gigs on the New Jersey shore.
By the mid-1960s, songwriter and musician Bob Dylan was interested in performing electric rock music and asked the Hawks to be his backing band. Disheartened by fans' negative response to Dylan's new sound, Helm left the group in the autumn of 1965 for what turned out to be a two-year layoff, being replaced by a range of touring drummers (most notably Mickey Jones) and Manuel, who began to double on the instrument. He spent time with his family in Arkansas, and undertook sojourns in Los Angeles, where he experimented with LSD and performed with Bobby Keys, and Memphis and New Orleans, where he worked on a nearby oil platform). In the autumn of 1967, after what would later be called "the Summer of Love", he returned to the group.
After the Hawks toured Europe with Dylan, they followed him back to the U.S., remaining under salary, and settled near Dylan's home in Woodstock, New York. The Hawks recorded a large number of demos and practice tapes in nearby West Saugerties, New York, playing almost daily with Dylan, who had completely withdrawn from public life following a motorcycle accident in July 1966. These recordings were widely bootlegged and were partially released officially in 1975 as The Basement Tapes. The songs and themes developed during this period played a crucial role in the group's future direction and style. The Hawks also began writing their own songs, with Danko and Manuel also sharing writing credits with Dylan on a few songs.
The Band
See also: The Band
Helm returned to the group, then referred to simply as "the band,” as it was known around Woodstock. While contemplating a recording contract, Helm had dubbed the band "The Crackers.” However, when Robertson and their new manager Albert Grossman worked out the contracts, the group's name was given as "The Band.” Under these contracts, the Band was contracted to Grossman, who in turn contracted their services to Capitol Records. This arrangement allowed the Band to release recordings on other labels if the work was done in support of Dylan. Thus the Band was able to play on Dylan's Planet Waves album and to release The Last Waltz, both on other labels. The Band also recorded their own album Music from Big Pink (1968), which catapulted them into stardom. Helm was the Band's only American member.
Helm, center, performing with the Band. Hamburg, 1971
On Music from Big Pink, Manuel was the most prominent vocalist and Helm sang backup and harmony, with the exception of "The Weight". However, as Manuel's health deteriorated and Robbie Robertson's songwriting increasingly looked to the South for influence and direction, subsequent albums relied more and more on Helm's vocals, alone or in harmony with Danko. Helm was primarily a drummer and vocalist and increasingly sang lead, although, like all his bandmates, he was also a multi-instrumentalist. On occasion Manuel switched to drums while Helm played mandolin, guitar, or bass guitar (while Danko played fiddle) on some songs. Helm played the 12-string guitar backdrop to "Daniel and the Sacred Harp".
Helm with the Band at the Santa Cruz Civic Auditorium, 1976 (photo: David Gans)
Helm remained with the Band until their farewell performance on Thanksgiving Day, November 25, 1976, which was the subject of the documentary film The Last Waltz, directed by Martin Scorsese. Helm repudiated his involvement with The Last Waltz shortly after the completion of its final scenes. In his autobiography Helm criticized the film and Robertson who produced it.
Solo, acting and the reformed Band
With the breakup of the Band in its original form, Helm began working on a solo-ensemble album, Levon Helm & the RCO All-Stars, with Paul Butterfield, Fred Carter, Jr., Emmeretta Marks, Howard Johnson, Steve Cropper, Donald "Duck" Dunn, Booker T. Jones, and others. Levon Helm and the RCO All-Stars recorded Live at The Palladium NYC, New Year's Eve 1977. The CD album released in March 2006 features over one hour of blues-rock music performed by an ensemble featuring Levon Helm (drums/vocals), Dr. John (keys/vocals), Paul Butterfield (harmonica/vocals), Fred Carter (guitar/vocals), Donald "Duck" Dunn (bass), Cropper (guitar), Lou Marini (saxophones), Howard Johnson (tuba/baritone sax), Tom "Bones" Malone (trombone), and Alan Rubin (trumpet).
This was followed in 1978 by the solo album Levon Helm. More solo albums were released in 1980 and 1982: American Son and (once again) Levon Helm, both produced by Fred Carter, Jr. He also participated in musician Paul Kennerley's 1980 country music concept album, The Legend of Jesse James singing the role of Jesse James alongside Johnny Cash, Emmylou Harris, Charlie Daniels, Albert Lee, and others.
In addition to his work as musician, Helm also acted in several dramatic films. He was cast as Loretta Lynn's father in the 1980 film Coal Miner's Daughter, followed three years later by a role as U.S. Air Force test pilot and engineer Capt. Jack Ridley, in The Right Stuff. Helm was also the latter film's narrator. 1987's under-appreciated End of the Line featured Levon as a small-town railroad employee alongside Wilford Brimley and Kevin Bacon. He played a Kentucky backwoods preacher in Fire Down Below. He played an eccentric old man in the 2005 film The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada and appeared as Gen. John Bell Hood in the 2009 film In the Electric Mist. He also had a brief cameo as a weapons expert in the film Shooter with Mark Wahlberg.
In 1983, the Band reunited without Robbie Robertson, at first playing with an expanded lineup that included the entire Cate Brothers Band, but in 1985 paring down and adding Jim Weider on guitar. In 1986, while on tour Manuel committed suicide. Helm, Danko, and Hudson continued in the Band, adding pianist Richard Bell and drummer/vocalist Randy Ciarlante and releasing the album Jericho in 1993 and High on the Hog in 1996. The final album from the Band was the 30th anniversary album, Jubilation released in 1998.
In 1989, Helm and Danko toured with drummer Ringo Starr as part of his All-Starr Band. Other musicians in the band included singer and guitarist Joe Walsh, singer and pianist Dr. John, singer and guitarist Nils Lofgren, singer Billy Preston, saxophonist Clarence Clemons, and drummer Jim Keltner. Garth Hudson was a guest on accordion on some dates. Helm played drums and harmonica and sang "The Weight" and "Up on Cripple Creek" each night.
In the televised 1989 Juno Awards celebration, the Band was inducted into the Juno Awards' Hall of Fame. Helm was not present at the ceremony, but a taped segment of him offering his thanks was broadcast after the acceptance speeches by Rick Danko and Robbie Robertson. Richard Manuel's children accepted the award on behalf of their father. To conclude the televised special, Rick Danko, Garth Hudson, and Robbie Robertson performed "The Weight" with Blue Rodeo.
Helm performed with Danko and Hudson as the Band in 1990 at Roger Waters's epic The Wall – Live in Berlin Concert in Germany to an estimated 300,000 to half a million people.
In 1993, Helm published an autobiography entitled This Wheel's on Fire: Levon Helm and the Story of the Band.
The Midnight Ramble
Helm performing in 2004
Helm's performance career in the 2000s revolved mainly around the Midnight Ramble at his home and studio, "The Barn," in Woodstock, New York. These concerts, featuring Helm and various musical guests, allowed him to raise money for his medical bills and to resume performing after a bout with cancer that nearly ended his career.
In the late 1990s, Helm was diagnosed with throat cancer after suffering hoarseness. Advised to undergo a laryngectomy, he instead underwent an arduous regimen of radiation treatments at Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center in New York City. The tumor was then successfully removed, but Helm's vocal cords were damaged, and his clear, powerful tenor voice was replaced by a quiet rasp. Initially Helm only played drums and relied on guest vocalists at the Rambles, but eventually his singing voice grew stronger. On January 10, 2004, he sang again at his Ramble sessions. In 2007, during production of Dirt Farmer, Helm estimated that his singing voice was 80 percent recovered.
The Levon Helm Band featured his daughter Amy Helm, Larry Campbell, Teresa Williams, Jim Weider (The Band's last guitarist), Jimmy Vivino, Mike Merritt, Brian Mitchell, Erik Lawrence, Steven Bernstein, Howard Johnson (tuba player in the horn section on the Band's Rock of Ages and The Last Waltz), Clark Gayton, Jay Collins (Helm's now former son-in-law), Byron Isaacs, and blues harmonica player Little Sammy Davis. Helm hosted Midnight Rambles that were open to the public at his home in Woodstock.
The Midnight Ramble was an outgrowth of an idea Helm explained to Martin Scorsese in The Last Waltz. Earlier in the 20th century, Helm recounted, traveling medicine shows and music shows such as F. S. Wolcott's Original Rabbit's Foot Minstrels, featuring African-American blues singers and dancers, would put on titillating performances in rural areas. (This was also turned into a song by the Band, "The W.S. Walcott Medicine Show," with the name altered so the lyric was easier to sing.)
Helm performing in Central Park, New York, 2007
"After the finale, they'd have the midnight ramble," Helm told Scorsese. With young children off the premises, the show resumed: "The songs would get a little bit juicier. The jokes would get a little funnier and the prettiest dancer would really get down and shake it a few times. A lot of the rock and roll duck walks and moves came from that."
Artists who performed at the Rambles include Helm's former bandmate Garth Hudson, Elvis Costello, Emmylou Harris, Dr. John, Mavis Staples, Chris Robinson, Allen Toussaint, Donald Fagen and Jon Herington of Steely Dan, Jimmy Vivino (of the house band on Late Night with Conan O'Brien), the Max Weinberg 7, My Morning Jacket, Billy Bob Thornton, Alexis P. Suter, Sean Costello, the Muddy Waters Tribute Band, Pinetop Perkins, Hubert Sumlin, Carolyn Wonderland, Kris Kristofferson, Gillian Welch, David Rawlings, Justin Townes Earle, Bow Thayer, Luther "Guitar Junior" Johnson, Rickie Lee Jones, Kate Taylor, Ollabelle, the Holmes Brothers, Catherine Russell, Norah Jones, Arlen Roth, Elvis Perkins in Dearland, Phil Lesh, Grahame Lesh, Brian Lesh, Hot Tuna (Jorma Kaukonen introduced the group as "the Secret Squirrels"), Michael Angelo D'Arrigo with various members of the Sistine Chapel, Johnny Johnson, Ithalia, David Bromberg, the Youngers, and Grace Potter and the Nocturnals.
During this period, Helm switched to the matched grip and adopted a less busy, greatly simplified drumming style, as opposed to the traditional grip he used during his years with the Band.
The Levon Helm Band performing at Austin City Limits Music Festival 2009
Helm was busy touring every year during the 2000s, generally traveling by tour bus to venues in eastern Canada and the eastern United States. After 2007, he performed in large venues such the Beacon Theatre in New York. Dr. John and Warren Haynes (the Allman Brothers Band, Gov't Mule) and Garth Hudson played at the concerts along with several other guests. At a show in Vancouver Elvis Costello joined to sing "Tears of Rage". The Alexis P. Suter Band was a frequent opening act. Helm was a favorite of radio personality Don Imus and was frequently featured on Imus in the Morning. In the summer of 2009, it was reported that a reality television series centering on the Midnight Ramble was in development.
In 2012, Levon Helm and his "midnight rambles" were featured on the PBS Arts site, "Sound Tracks: Music Without Borders," including a poignant last interview with PBS's Marco Werman.
Dirt Farmer and comeback
The autumn of 2007 saw the release of Dirt Farmer, Helm's first studio solo album since 1982. Dedicated to his parents and co-produced by his daughter Amy, the album combines traditional tunes Levon recalled from his youth with newer songs (by Steve Earle, Paul Kennerley, and others) which flow from similar historical streams. The album was released to almost immediate critical acclaim, and earned him a Grammy Award in the Traditional Folk Album category for 2007. Also in 2007, Helm recorded "Toolin' Around Woodstock", an album with Arlen Roth on which Levon played drums and sang Sweet Little 16 and "Crying Time." This album also featured Levon's daughter Amy, and Roth's daughter Lexie, along with Sonny Landreth and Bill Kirchen.
Levon Helm at Life is Good Festival in 2011
Helm declined to attend the Grammy Awards ceremony, instead holding a "Midnight Gramble" and celebrating the birth of his grandson, Lavon (Lee) Henry Collins.
In 2008, Helm performed at Warren Haynes's Mountain Jam Music Festival in Hunter, New York, playing alongside Haynes on the last day of the three-day festival. Helm also joined guitarist Bob Weir and his band RatDog on stage as they closed out the festival. Helm performed to great acclaim at the 2008 Bonnaroo Music Festival in Manchester, Tennessee.
Helm drummed on a couple of tracks for Jorma Kaukonen's February 2009 album River of Time, recorded at the Levon Helm Studios.
Helm released the album Electric Dirt on his own label on June 30, 2009. Like Dirt Farmer, an aim of Electric Dirt was to capture of feel of Helm's Midnight Rambles. The album won a best album Grammy for the newly created Americana category in 2010. Helm performed on the CBS television program Late Show with David Letterman on July 9, 2009. He also toured that same year in a supporting role with the band Black Crowes.
A documentary on Helm's day-to-day life, entitled Ain't in It for My Health: A Film About Levon Helm was released in March 2010. Directed by Jacob Hatley, it made its debut at the South by Southwest film festival in Austin, Texas, and went on to be screened at the Los Angeles Film Festival in June 2010. The film had a limited release in select theaters in the United States in the spring of 2013 and was released on DVD and Blu-ray later that year.
On May 11, 2011, Helm released Ramble at the Ryman, a live album recorded during his performance of September 17, 2008, at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville. The album features Helm's band playing six songs by the Band and other cover material, including some songs from previous Helm solo releases. The album won the Grammy Award for Best Americana Album.
Some of his last sessions recorded in 2011 with Mavis Staples would be released in 2022 as Carry Me Home.
Illness and death
In April 2012, during the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremonies in Cleveland, Robbie Robertson sent "love and prayers" to Helm, fueling speculation about Helm's health. Helm had previously cancelled a number of performances, citing health issues or a slipped disk in his back; his final performances took place in Tarrytown, New York at Tarrytown Music Hall on March 24, and a final Midnight Ramble (with Los Lobos as the opening act) in Woodstock on March 31.
On April 17, 2012, Helm's wife Sandy and daughter Amy revealed that he had end-stage throat cancer. They posted the following message on Helm's website:
Dear Friends,
Levon is in the final stages of his battle with cancer. Please send your prayers and love to him as he makes his way through this part of his journey.
Thank you fans and music lovers who have made his life so filled with joy and celebration ... he has loved nothing more than to play, to fill the room up with music, lay down the back beat, and make the people dance! He did it every time he took the stage ...
We appreciate all the love and support and concern.
From his daughter Amy, and wife Sandy
On April 18, Robertson revealed on his Facebook page that he had a long visit with Helm at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center the previous Sunday. On the same day, Garth Hudson posted on his personal website that he was "too sad for words". He then left a link for a video of himself and the Alexis P. Suter Band performing Bob Dylan's song "Knocking on Heaven's Door". Helm died on April 19 from complications of throat cancer at age 71.
Fans were invited to a public wake at Helm's Barn studio complex on April 26. Approximately 2,000 fans came to pay their respects to the rock icon. The following day, after a private funeral service and a procession through the streets of Woodstock, Helm was interred in the Woodstock Cemetery, within sight of the grave of his longtime bandmate and friend Rick Danko. Former President Bill Clinton issued a statement following Helm's passing.
Legacy
George Harrison said that while writing his 1970 song "All Things Must Pass", he imagined Levon Helm singing it.
Elton John's lyricist, Bernie Taupin named the song "Levon" after Helm, although the song is not actually about him. Both John and Taupin cited that they were inspired by Helm; Taupin saying in various interviews that they would "go down to their favourite record stores to buy The Band's records" along with Elton. In 1994, Helm was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Band.
Marc Cohn wrote the song "Listening to Levon" in 2007.
"The Man behind the Drums," written by Robert Earl Keen and Bill Whitbeck, appeared on Keen's 2009 album The Rose Hotel.
Tracy K. Smith's 2011 poem "Alternate Take", included in her Pulitzer Prize–winning collection Life on Mars, is dedicated to Helm. On the day of Helm's death, April 19, 2012, Tom Petty & the Heartbreakers, in a concert at the First Bank Center in Broomfield, Colorado, paid tribute to Levon by performing their song "The Best of Everything" and dedicating it to him.
At a concert on May 2, 2012, at the Prudential Center in Newark, NJ, Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band performed "The Weight" as a tribute to Helm. Springsteen called Helm "one of the greatest, greatest voices in country, rockabilly and rock 'n' roll ... staggering ... while playing the drums. Both his voice and his drumming were so incredibly personal. He had a feel on the drums that comes out of certain place in the past and you can't replicate it." Springsteen also said it was one of the songs that he had played with drummer Max Weinberg in Weinberg's audition with the band.
On June 2, 2012, at Mountain Jam, Gov't Mule along with the Levon Helm Band (with Lukas Nelson coming on stage for the closing song) played a tribute set, including "The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down," "Up on Cripple Creek,""It Makes No Difference," and closing with "The Weight".
Gravel entrance road to ...... and 2019 performance within, Levon Helm Studios in Woodstock
A tribute concert called Love for Levon took place at the Izod Center in East Rutherford, New Jersey, on October 3, 2012. The concert featured many special guests who had collaborated with and were inspired by Helm and the Band, including Roger Waters, Garth Hudson, Joe Walsh, Gregg Allman, Bruce Hornsby, Jorma Kaukonen, John Mayer, Mavis Staples, My Morning Jacket, Marc Cohn, John Hiatt, Allen Toussaint, Jakob Dylan, Mike Gordon, and others. Proceeds from the concert were to "help support the lasting legacy of Levon Helm by helping his estate keep ownership of his home, barn and studio, and to continue the Midnight Ramble Sessions".
At the 2013 Grammy Awards, the Zac Brown Band, Mumford & Sons, Elton John, Mavis Staples, T-Bone Burnett, and Alabama Shakes singer Brittany Howard performed "The Weight" as a tribute to Levon and other recently deceased musicians. They also dedicated the song to the victims of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. In May 2013, the New York State Legislature approved a resolution to name State Route 375—the road which connects State Route 28 with the town of Woodstock—"Levon Helm Memorial Boulevard". Governor Andrew Cuomo signed the bill on June 20, 2013. In July 2017, U.S. 49 from Marvell, Arkansas, to Helena–West Helena was named The Levon Helm Memorial Highway by Act 810 of the Arkansas State Legislature. The Levon Helm Legacy Project is raising money to commission a bronze bust of Helm and to restore his boyhood home. The house, originally located in Turkey Scratch, Arkansas, was moved in 2015 to Marvell, where Helm attended school.
Personal life
Helm met singer-songwriter Libby Titus in April 1969, while the Band was recording its second album. They began a lengthy relationship which produced daughter Amy Helm (born December 3, 1970). Amy formed the band Ollabelle and performed with her father's band at the Midnight Rambles and other concerts.
Helm met Sandra Dodd in 1975 in California, while he was still involved with Titus. Helm and Dodd were married on September 7, 1981. They had no children together.
Discography
See also: The Band discography
Studio albums
Levon Helm & the RCO All-Stars (1977)
Levon Helm (1978)
American Son (1980)
Levon Helm (1982)
Souvenir, Vol. 1 with the Crowmatix (1998)
Dirt Farmer (2007)
Electric Dirt (2009)
Soundtrack
Staying Together ("Lean on Me", "Hotel Buick", and "Big Love in a Small Town") (1989)
Other appearances
"Blue Moon of Kentucky" – for Coal Miner's Daughter (1980)
"Soulful Wind" – for Labour of Love: The Music of Nick Lowe (2001)
"You Better Move On" – for The Imus Ranch Record (2008)
"It Takes a Lot to Laugh, It Takes a Train to Cry" – for The Imus Ranch Record II (2010)
"You'll Never Again Be Mine" – for The Lost Notebooks of Hank Williams (2011)
Live albums
The Midnight Ramble Sessions, Volume One (2006)
The Midnight Ramble Sessions, Volume Two (2006)
Levon Helm & the RCO All Stars: Live at the Palladium NYC, New Years Eve 1977 (2006)
FestivalLink.Net presents: Levon Helm Band MerleFest Ramble (MerleFest, NC 4/26/08)
Ramble at the Ryman (2011)
The Midnight Ramble Sessions, Volume Three (2014)
Carry Me Home with Mavis Staples (2022)
Live appearances
Musical guest performing "Sweet Peach Georgia Wine" and "Summertime Blues" with the Cate Brothers Band, and interacting with Eugene Levy, on Episode #79 ("One on the Town"), Second City Television Network ("SCTV") May 15, 1981
"Going Back to Memphis" with James Cotten – for The Mississippi River of Song: A Musical Journey Down the Mississippi (1998)
Session work
With John P. Hammond
So Many Roads (1965)
With Muddy Waters
The Muddy Waters Woodstock Album (Chess, 1975)
With Eric Clapton
No Reason to Cry (RSO, 1976)
With Paul Burlison
Train Kept a-Rollin' (1997)
With Jorma Kaukonen
River of Time (2009)
Other
The Legend of Jesse James (1980)
Filmography
Levon Helm performances and appearances
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1978
The Last Waltz
Himself – drums / mandolin / vocal
Documentary
1980
Coal Miner's Daughter
Ted Webb
1982
Seven Brides for Seven Brothers
Stormy Weathers
Episode: "Catch a Falling Star"
1983
The Right Stuff
Jack Ridley / Narrator
1984
The Dollmaker
Clovis
TV movie
1984
Best Revenge
Bo
1985
Smooth Talk
Harry
1987
End of the Line
Leo Pickett
1987
Man Outside
Sheriff Leland Laughlin
1989
Staying Together
Denny Stockton
1990
The Wall – Live in Berlin
Video documentary
1993
The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration
1996
Feeling Minnesota
Bible Salesman
1997
Fire Down Below
Rev. Goodall
1998
The Adventures of Sebastian Cole
Juvie Bob
2003
Festival Express
Himself – The Band
Documentary
2005
The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada
Old Man with Radio
2005
The Life and Hard Times of Guy Terrifico
Himself
2007
Shooter
Mr. Rate
2008
Only Halfway Home
Helm – Levon
2009
In the Electric Mist
General John Bell Hood
Final acting role
2010
Ain't in It for My Health – A Film about Levon Helm
Himself
Documentary
References
^ "Levon Helm Dies at 71". Poughkeepsie Journal.com. Archived from the original on October 2, 2013. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
^ "100 Greatest Singers: Levon Helm". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on January 4, 2011. Retrieved December 5, 2012.
^ "Woodstock residents Levon Helm, Steve Earle win Grammys". dailyfreeman.com. Archived from the original on February 20, 2012. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
^ a b "Best Americana Album". Grammy.com. Archived from the original on December 3, 2011. Retrieved December 9, 2011.
^ "100 Greatest Drummers: Levon Helm". Rolling Stone. March 31, 2016.
^ "Levon Helm Biography". Archived from the original on May 9, 2012. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
^ a b c Bowden, Bill. "Helming A Memorial: Musician's fans hope for statue, restored boyhood home in Marvell." The Free Weekly, August 3, 2017. 2.
^ Helm, Levon; Davis, Stephen (1993). This Wheel's on Fire: Levon Helm and the Story of The Band. London: Plexus Publishing. p. 48. ISBN 9780688109066. Retrieved November 13, 2022.
^ "Lenny Breau: The Hallmark Sessions". Theband.hiof.no. Archived from the original on August 2, 2016. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
^ "Who Plays What Instruments "Index"". Geocities.jp. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
^ Helm, Levon; Davis, Stephen (1993). This Wheel's on Fire: Levon Helm and the Story of the Band. London: Plexus Publishing. p. 276. ISBN 9780688109066. Retrieved November 13, 2022.
^ "Levon Helm's midnight ramble with Grace Potter and the Nocturnals // Grace Potter and the Nocturnals". This Is Somewhere. January 11, 2010. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved December 1, 2013.
^ "The Band's Levon Helm, Making Music Again". NPR. July 29, 2006. Archived from the original on March 5, 2017. Retrieved December 1, 2013.
^ "Levon Helm | Quick Hits | Sound Tracks | PBS". PBS. Archived from the original on June 20, 2018. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
^ Helm, Levon; Davis, Stephen (1993). This Wheel's on Fire: Levon Helm and the Story of The Band. London: Plexus Publishing. p. 248. ISBN 9780688109066. Retrieved November 13, 2022.
^ "Browse businesses and events in Los Angeles – FindLocal Los Angeles Times". calendarlive.com. Archived from the original on February 14, 2008. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
^ "2008 Bonnaroo Lineup". Bonnaroo.com. Archived from the original on October 16, 2011. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
^ "Wanee Music Festival – April 11th & 12th Live Oak, Florida". Waneefestival.com. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved October 18, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "Levon Helm Going "Electric" This June". Billboard. Archived from the original on July 12, 2014. Retrieved December 1, 2013.
^ "Levon Helm and Larry Campbell: Building A Band". Jambands.com. May 25, 2012. Retrieved August 19, 2023.
^ "Living legend Levon Helm finally gets his close-up in 'Health' - latimes.com". Latimesblogs.latimes.com. June 25, 2010. Archived from the original on July 2, 2010. Retrieved December 1, 2013.
^ Mark Deming. "Ramble at the Ryman review". AllMusic. Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
^ "Robbie Robertson Sends "Love and Prayers" to Levon Helm at Rock Hall Ceremony". April 16, 2012. Archived from the original on April 18, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2012.
^ Malanowski, Jamie (October 11, 2012). "Levon Helm's Midnight Rambles". The New Yorker. Retrieved October 25, 2022.
^ "Levon Helm, singer and drummer for The Band, in final stages of cancer". LevonHelm.com. Archived from the original on April 22, 2012. Retrieved April 18, 2012.
^ Collis, Clark (April 19, 2012). "Robbie Robertson pays tribute to ailing Levon Helm: 'I will miss him and love forever'". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
^ "Robbie Robertson on Ailing Levon Helm: 'I'll Miss Him and Love Him Forever'". ABCNews.com. April 19, 2012. Archived from the original on April 19, 2012. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
^ Browne, David (April 19, 2012). "Levon Helm, Drummer and Singer of The Band, Dead at 71". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on April 20, 2012. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
^ "Levon Helm dead at age 71". Archived from the original on April 19, 2012. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
^ Jon Pareles (April 20, 2012). "Levon Helm, Drummer and Rough-Throated Singer for The Band, Dies at 71". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 19, 2012. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
^ "Bill Clinton Remembers Levon Helm". Jambands. April 20, 2012.
^ "George Harrison: 'All Things' In Good Time". Billboard.com. Archived from the original on August 27, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
^ "In the Elton John song "Levon," who is Alvin Tostig?". The Straight Dope. March 24, 2000. Archived from the original on September 5, 2008. Retrieved December 1, 2013.
^ "Bernie Taupin :: Blog". Berniejtaupin.com. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved December 1, 2013.
^ Kurt Schlosser (May 3, 2012). "Bruce Springsteen pays tribute to Levon Helm with cover of 'The Weight' - NBC News.com". Entertainment.msnbc.msn.com. Archived from the original on May 6, 2012. Retrieved December 1, 2013.
^ "Need We Say More? > News > Levon Helm Tributes Highlight Mountain Jam 2012". Jambands.com. June 4, 2012. Archived from the original on June 6, 2012. Retrieved December 5, 2012.
^ "Welcome". Love For Levon. October 3, 2012. Archived from the original on September 29, 2012. Retrieved December 5, 2012.
^ "Levon Helm To Be Celebrated With "Love For Levon"On October 3, 2012 at the Izod Center". Love For Levon. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
^ "Elton John, Mumford Sons Lead Tribute to Levon Helm at Grammys | Music News". Rolling Stone. February 11, 2013. Archived from the original on September 16, 2017. Retrieved December 1, 2013.
^ Helm, Levon; Davis, Stephen (1993). This Wheel's on Fire: Levon Helm and the Story of The Band. London: Plexus Publishing. pp. 196–197. ISBN 9780688109066. Retrieved November 13, 2022.
^ Helm, Levon; Davis, Stephen (1993). This Wheel's on Fire: Levon Helm and the Story of The Band. London: Plexus Publishing. pp. 213–214. ISBN 9780688109066. Retrieved November 13, 2022.
^ Helm, Levon; Davis, Stephen (1993). This Wheel's on Fire: Levon Helm and the Story of The Band. London: Plexus Publishing. pp. 278–280. ISBN 9780688109066. Retrieved November 13, 2022.
^ Various - Staying Together (Original Soundtrack), 1989, retrieved April 28, 2023
^ Paul Burlison - Train Kept A-Rollin' Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic, retrieved May 5, 2023
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Levon Helm.
Official website
Levon Helm at IMDb
AllMusic
Awards
Preceded byEmmylou Harris
AMA Lifetime Achievement Award for Performing 2003
Succeeded byChris Hillman
Preceded byPatty Griffin
AMA Artist of the Year 2008
Succeeded byBuddy Miller
vteLevon HelmStudio albums
Levon Helm & the RCO All-Stars (1977)
Levon Helm (1978)
American Son (1980)
Levon Helm (1982)
Dirt Farmer (2007)
Electric Dirt (2009)
Live albums
Ramble at the Ryman (2011)
Carry Me Home (2022, with Mavis Staples)
Other albums
The Legend of Jesse James (1980)
The Lost Notebooks of Hank Williams (2011)
Related articles
Amy Helm
Larry Campbell
Libby Titus
Love for Levon
The Band
This Wheel's on Fire: Levon Helm and the Story of the Band
vteThe Band
Rick Danko
Levon Helm
Garth Hudson
Richard Manuel
Robbie Robertson
Richard Bell
Randy Ciarlante
Stan Szelest
Jim Weider
Studio albums
Music from Big Pink
The Band
Stage Fright
Cahoots
Moondog Matinee
Northern Lights – Southern Cross
Islands
Jericho
High on the Hog
Jubilation
with Bob Dylan
Planet Waves
The Basement Tapes
Live albums
Rock of Ages
Before the Flood
The Last Waltz (1978 soundtrack album)
The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down: The Best of the Band Live in Concert
Live at Watkins Glen
The Bootleg Series Vol. 4: Bob Dylan Live 1966
The Last Waltz (2002 box set)
Live at the Academy of Music 1971
Compilations
The Best of the Band
Anthology
To Kingdom Come
Across the Great Divide
The Best of the Band, Vol. II
Greatest Hits
A Musical History
The Bootleg Series Vol. 11: The Basement Tapes Complete
Films
The Last Waltz
Festival Express
Once Were Brothers: Robbie Robertson and the Band
Singles
"Uh-Uh-Uh"
"The Stones I Throw"
"Go Go Liza Jane"
"The Weight" / "I Shall Be Released"
"Rag Mama Rag" / "The Unfaithful Servant"
"Up on Cripple Creek" / "The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down"
"Time to Kill" / "The Shape I'm In"
"Life Is a Carnival"
"On a Night Like This" (with Bob Dylan)
"Most Likely You Go Your Way and I'll Go Mine" (with Bob Dylan)
"Ophelia"
"Atlantic City"
Other songs
"Tears of Rage"
"We Can Talk"
"Long Black Veil"
"Chest Fever"
"Lonesome Suzie
"This Wheel's on Fire"
"Across the Great Divide"
"When You Awake"
"Whispering Pines"
"Jemima Surrender"
"Look Out Cleveland"
"King Harvest (Has Surely Come)"
"Sleeping"
"The W.S. Walcott Medicine Show"
"Daniel and the Sacred Harp"
"Stage Fright"
"When I Paint My Masterpiece"
"4% Pantomime"
"Don't Do It"
"Mystery Train"
"Holy Cow"
"Acadian Driftwood"
"It Makes No Difference"
"Georgia on My Mind"
"Blind Willie McTell"
"What Am I Living For"
Related
Discography
Bob Dylan
Bob Dylan World Tour 1966
Bob Dylan and the Band 1974 Tour
Cate Brothers
Ronnie Hawkins
The Weight Band
Big Pink
Shangri-La
List of Basement Tapes songs
List of Basement Tapes songs (1975)
So Many Roads (1965, Helm, Hudson, Robertson)
The Muddy Waters Woodstock Album (1975, Helm, Hudson)
No Reason to Cry (1976, Danko, Helm, Hudson, Manuel, Robertson)
Let It Rock (1995, Bell, Ciarlante, Danko, Helm, Hudson, Weider)
Carry Me Home (2022, Helm, Weider)
Endless Highway: The Music of the Band
The Complete Last Waltz
This Wheel's on Fire: Levon Helm and the Story of the Band
vteRock and Roll Hall of Fame – Class of 1994Performers
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Eric Burdon, Chas Chandler, Alan Price, John Steel, Hilton Valentine
The Band
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levon_Helm_Dies_at_71-1"},{"link_name":"The Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Band"},{"link_name":"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"multi-instrumental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-instrumentalist"},{"link_name":"The Weight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weight"},{"link_name":"Up on Cripple Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_on_Cripple_Creek"},{"link_name":"The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Night_They_Drove_Old_Dixie_Down"},{"link_name":"Loretta Lynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loretta_Lynn"},{"link_name":"Coal Miner's Daughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_Miner%27s_Daughter_(film)"},{"link_name":"Chuck Yeager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Yeager"},{"link_name":"Jack Ridley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Ridley_(pilot)"},{"link_name":"The Right Stuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(film)"},{"link_name":"Shooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooter_(2007_film)"},{"link_name":"In the Electric Mist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Electric_Mist"},{"link_name":"Dirt Farmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirt_Farmer"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award for Best Traditional Folk Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Contemporary_Folk_Album"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Electric Dirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Dirt"},{"link_name":"Dirt Farmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirt_Farmer"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award for Best Americana Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Americana_Album"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ramble at the Ryman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramble_at_the_Ryman"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Best_Americana_Album-4"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Mark Lavon \"Levon\" Helm (May 26, 1940 – April 19, 2012)[1] was an American musician who achieved fame as the drummer and one of the three lead vocalists for The Band, for which he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994. Helm was known for his deeply soulful, country-accented voice, multi-instrumental ability, and creative drumming style, highlighted on many of the Band's recordings, such as \"The Weight\", \"Up on Cripple Creek\", and \"The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down\".Helm also had a successful career as a film actor, appearing as Loretta Lynn's father in Coal Miner's Daughter (1980), as Chuck Yeager's friend and colleague Captain Jack Ridley in The Right Stuff (1983), as a Tennessee firearms expert in Shooter (2007), and as General John Bell Hood in In the Electric Mist (2009).In 1998, Helm was diagnosed with throat cancer which caused him to lose his singing voice. After treatment, his cancer eventually went into remission, and he gradually regained the use of his voice. His 2007 comeback album Dirt Farmer earned the Grammy Award for Best Traditional Folk Album in February 2008, and in November of that year, Rolling Stone magazine ranked him No. 91 in its list of 100 Greatest Singers of All Time.[2] In 2010, Electric Dirt, his 2009 follow-up to Dirt Farmer, won the first Grammy Award for Best Americana Album, a category inaugurated in 2010.[3] In 2011, his live album Ramble at the Ryman won the Grammy in the same category.[4] In 2016, Rolling Stone magazine ranked him No. 22 in its list of 100 Greatest Drummers of All Time.[5]","title":"Levon Helm"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elaine, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaine,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Turkey Scratch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_Scratch,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(place)"},{"link_name":"Marvell, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvell,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lavon-7"},{"link_name":"Bill Monroe and His Blue Grass Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Monroe"},{"link_name":"Delta blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_blues"},{"link_name":"electric blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_blues"},{"link_name":"country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"old-time music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old-time_music"},{"link_name":"rhythm and blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues"},{"link_name":"Grand Ole Opry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Ole_Opry"},{"link_name":"WSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSM_(AM)"},{"link_name":"WLAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLAC"},{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"minstrelsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel_show"},{"link_name":"F. 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Wolcott's Original Rabbit's Foot Minstrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rabbit%27s_Foot_Company"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American"},{"link_name":"Sonny Boy Williamson II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Boy_Williamson_II"},{"link_name":"King Biscuit Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Biscuit_Time"},{"link_name":"KFFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFFA_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Helena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Robert Lockwood, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lockwood,_Jr."},{"link_name":"This Wheel's on Fire: Levon Helm and the Story of the Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Wheel%27s_on_Fire:_Levon_Helm_and_the_Story_of_the_Band"},{"link_name":"rock and roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll"},{"link_name":"rockabilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockabilly"},{"link_name":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"Conway Twitty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway_Twitty"},{"link_name":"Bo Diddley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Diddley"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Hawkins"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"Born Mark Lavon Helm in Elaine, Arkansas,[6] Helm grew up in Turkey Scratch, a hamlet of Marvell, Arkansas.[7] His parents, Nell and Diamond Helm, were cotton farmers who shared a strong affinity for music. They encouraged their children to play and sing at a young age. He saw Bill Monroe and His Blue Grass Boys at the age of six and decided to become a musician. Helm began playing the guitar at the age of eight and also played drums.Arkansas in the 1940s and '50s stood at the confluence of a variety of musical styles, including traditional Delta blues, electric blues, country (including old-time music) and the incipient genre of rhythm and blues. Helm was influenced by each of these styles, which he heard on the Grand Ole Opry on radio station WSM and R&B on radio station WLAC in Nashville. He also saw the last vestiges of minstrelsy and other traveling variety shows, such as F. S. Wolcott's Original Rabbit's Foot Minstrels, which featured top Black artists of the era.A key early influence on Helm was Sonny Boy Williamson II, who played electric blues and early rhythm and blues on the King Biscuit Time radio show on KFFA in Helena and performed regularly in Marvell with blues guitarist Robert Lockwood, Jr. In his 1993 autobiography, This Wheel's on Fire: Levon Helm and the Story of the Band, Helm describes watching Williamson's drummer, James \"Peck\" Curtis, intently during a live performance in the early 1950s and later imitating this R&B drumming style. Helm established his first band, the Jungle Bush Beaters, while in high school.Helm also witnessed some of the earliest performances by early rock and roll and rockabilly artists, including Elvis Presley, Conway Twitty, Bo Diddley and fellow Arkansan Ronnie Hawkins. At age 17, Helm began playing in clubs and bars around Helena.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ronnie Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Hawkins"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Roulette Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roulette_Records"},{"link_name":"/ˈliːvɒn/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"LEE-von","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"Rick Danko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Danko"},{"link_name":"Lenny Breau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenny_Breau"},{"link_name":"The Hallmark Sessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hallmark_Sessions"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Robbie Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Robertson"},{"link_name":"Rick Danko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Danko"},{"link_name":"Richard Manuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Manuel"},{"link_name":"Garth Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garth_Hudson"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"East Coast of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"backing band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backing_band"},{"link_name":"Mickey Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Jones"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"LSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD"},{"link_name":"Bobby Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Keys"},{"link_name":"Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"oil platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_platform"},{"link_name":"Summer of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_of_Love"},{"link_name":"Woodstock, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock,_New_York"},{"link_name":"West Saugerties, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Saugerties,_New_York"},{"link_name":"bootlegged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootleg_recording"},{"link_name":"The Basement Tapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Basement_Tapes"}],"sub_title":"The Hawks","text":"While he was still in high school, Helm was invited to join Ronnie Hawkins' band, the Hawks, a popular bar and club act in the South and Canada where rockabilly acts were very successful. Helm's mother insisted that he graduate from high school before touring with Hawkins, but he was able to play with the Hawks locally on weekends.[8] After his graduation in 1958, Helm joined the Hawks as a full-time member and they moved to Toronto where they signed with Roulette Records in 1959 and released several singles, including a few hits.Helm reported in his autobiography that fellow Hawks band members had difficulty pronouncing \"Lavon\" correctly and started calling him \"Levon\" (/ˈliːvɒn/ LEE-von) because it was easier to pronounce.In 1961, Helm with bassist Rick Danko backed jazz guitarist Lenny Breau on several tracks recorded at Hallmark Studios in Toronto. These tracks are included on the 2003 release The Hallmark Sessions.[9]By the early 1960s, Helm and Hawkins had recruited an all-Canadian lineup of musicians: guitarist Robbie Robertson, bassist Rick Danko, pianist Richard Manuel, and organist Garth Hudson, all of whom were multi-instrumentalists. In 1963, the band parted ways with Hawkins and started touring as Levon and the Hawks and later as the Canadian Squires, before changing back to the Hawks. They recorded two singles but remained mostly a popular touring bar band in Texas, Arkansas, Canada, and on the East Coast of the United States where they found regular summer club gigs on the New Jersey shore.By the mid-1960s, songwriter and musician Bob Dylan was interested in performing electric rock music and asked the Hawks to be his backing band. Disheartened by fans' negative response to Dylan's new sound, Helm left the group in the autumn of 1965 for what turned out to be a two-year layoff, being replaced by a range of touring drummers (most notably Mickey Jones) and Manuel, who began to double on the instrument. He spent time with his family in Arkansas, and undertook sojourns in Los Angeles, where he experimented with LSD and performed with Bobby Keys, and Memphis and New Orleans, where he worked on a nearby oil platform). In the autumn of 1967, after what would later be called \"the Summer of Love\", he returned to the group.After the Hawks toured Europe with Dylan, they followed him back to the U.S., remaining under salary, and settled near Dylan's home in Woodstock, New York. The Hawks recorded a large number of demos and practice tapes in nearby West Saugerties, New York, playing almost daily with Dylan, who had completely withdrawn from public life following a motorcycle accident in July 1966. These recordings were widely bootlegged and were partially released officially in 1975 as The Basement Tapes. The songs and themes developed during this period played a crucial role in the group's future direction and style. The Hawks also began writing their own songs, with Danko and Manuel also sharing writing credits with Dylan on a few songs.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Band"},{"link_name":"Albert Grossman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Grossman"},{"link_name":"Capitol Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Records"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Planet Waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Waves"},{"link_name":"The Last Waltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Waltz"},{"link_name":"Music from Big Pink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_from_Big_Pink"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Band_in_Hamburg,_1971.jpg"},{"link_name":"the Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Band"},{"link_name":"The Weight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weight"},{"link_name":"Robbie Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Robertson"},{"link_name":"mandolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolin"},{"link_name":"fiddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddle"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Levon_Helm_with_drums.jpg"},{"link_name":"David Gans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gans_(musician)"},{"link_name":"The Last Waltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Waltz"},{"link_name":"Martin Scorsese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Scorsese"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"The Band","text":"See also: The BandHelm returned to the group, then referred to simply as \"the band,” as it was known around Woodstock. While contemplating a recording contract, Helm had dubbed the band \"The Crackers.” However, when Robertson and their new manager Albert Grossman worked out the contracts, the group's name was given as \"The Band.” Under these contracts, the Band was contracted to Grossman, who in turn contracted their services to Capitol Records. This arrangement allowed the Band to release recordings on other labels if the work was done in support of Dylan.[citation needed] Thus the Band was able to play on Dylan's Planet Waves album and to release The Last Waltz, both on other labels. The Band also recorded their own album Music from Big Pink (1968), which catapulted them into stardom. Helm was the Band's only American member.Helm, center, performing with the Band. Hamburg, 1971On Music from Big Pink, Manuel was the most prominent vocalist and Helm sang backup and harmony, with the exception of \"The Weight\". However, as Manuel's health deteriorated and Robbie Robertson's songwriting increasingly looked to the South for influence and direction, subsequent albums relied more and more on Helm's vocals, alone or in harmony with Danko. Helm was primarily a drummer and vocalist and increasingly sang lead, although, like all his bandmates, he was also a multi-instrumentalist. On occasion Manuel switched to drums while Helm played mandolin, guitar, or bass guitar (while Danko played fiddle) on some songs. Helm played the 12-string guitar backdrop to \"Daniel and the Sacred Harp\".[10]Helm with the Band at the Santa Cruz Civic Auditorium, 1976 (photo: David Gans)Helm remained with the Band until their farewell performance on Thanksgiving Day, November 25, 1976, which was the subject of the documentary film The Last Waltz, directed by Martin Scorsese. Helm repudiated his involvement with The Last Waltz shortly after the completion of its final scenes. In his autobiography Helm criticized the film and Robertson who produced it.[11]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Levon Helm & the RCO All-Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levon_Helm_%26_the_RCO_All-Stars"},{"link_name":"Paul Butterfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Butterfield"},{"link_name":"Fred Carter, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Carter,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Howard Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Johnson_(jazz_musician)"},{"link_name":"Steve Cropper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Cropper"},{"link_name":"Donald \"Duck\" Dunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_%22Duck%22_Dunn"},{"link_name":"Booker T. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker_T._Jones"},{"link_name":"Palladium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"CD album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Disc"},{"link_name":"blues-rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues-rock"},{"link_name":"Dr. John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._John"},{"link_name":"Lou Marini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Marini"},{"link_name":"Tom \"Bones\" Malone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Malone_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Alan Rubin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Rubin"},{"link_name":"Levon Helm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levon_Helm_(1978_album)"},{"link_name":"American Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Son_(album)"},{"link_name":"Levon Helm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levon_Helm_(1982_album)"},{"link_name":"Fred Carter, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Carter,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Paul Kennerley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kennerley"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"concept album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_album"},{"link_name":"The Legend of Jesse James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_Jesse_James"},{"link_name":"Jesse James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_James"},{"link_name":"Johnny Cash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Cash"},{"link_name":"Emmylou Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmylou_Harris"},{"link_name":"Charlie Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Daniels"},{"link_name":"Albert Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Lee"},{"link_name":"Loretta Lynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loretta_Lynn"},{"link_name":"Coal Miner's Daughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_Miner%27s_Daughter_(film)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Jack Ridley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Ridley_(pilot)"},{"link_name":"The Right Stuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(film)"},{"link_name":"End of the Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_the_Line_(1987_film)"},{"link_name":"Wilford Brimley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilford_Brimley"},{"link_name":"Kevin Bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Bacon"},{"link_name":"Fire Down Below","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_Down_Below_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Burials_of_Melquiades_Estrada"},{"link_name":"John Bell Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bell_Hood"},{"link_name":"In the Electric Mist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Electric_Mist"},{"link_name":"Shooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooter_(2007_film)"},{"link_name":"Mark Wahlberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Wahlberg"},{"link_name":"Cate Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cate_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Jim Weider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Weider"},{"link_name":"Richard Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bell_(Canadian_musician)"},{"link_name":"Randy Ciarlante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Ciarlante"},{"link_name":"Jericho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jericho_(The_Band_album)"},{"link_name":"High on the Hog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_on_the_Hog_(The_Band_album)"},{"link_name":"Jubilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubilation_(The_Band_album)"},{"link_name":"Ringo Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringo_Starr"},{"link_name":"All-Starr Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringo_Starr_and_His_All-Starr_Band"},{"link_name":"Joe Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Walsh"},{"link_name":"Dr. John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._John"},{"link_name":"Nils Lofgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Lofgren"},{"link_name":"Billy Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Preston"},{"link_name":"Clarence Clemons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Clemons"},{"link_name":"Jim Keltner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Keltner"},{"link_name":"Garth Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garth_Hudson"},{"link_name":"accordion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accordion"},{"link_name":"1989 Juno Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Juno_Awards"},{"link_name":"Blue Rodeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Rodeo"},{"link_name":"Roger Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Waters"},{"link_name":"The Wall – Live in Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_%E2%80%93_Live_in_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"This Wheel's on Fire: Levon Helm and the Story of the Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Wheel%27s_on_Fire:_Levon_Helm_and_the_Story_of_the_Band"}],"sub_title":"Solo, acting and the reformed Band","text":"With the breakup of the Band in its original form, Helm began working on a solo-ensemble album, Levon Helm & the RCO All-Stars, with Paul Butterfield, Fred Carter, Jr., Emmeretta Marks, Howard Johnson, Steve Cropper, Donald \"Duck\" Dunn, Booker T. Jones, and others. Levon Helm and the RCO All-Stars recorded Live at The Palladium NYC, New Year's Eve 1977. The CD album released in March 2006 features over one hour of blues-rock music performed by an ensemble featuring Levon Helm (drums/vocals), Dr. John (keys/vocals), Paul Butterfield (harmonica/vocals), Fred Carter (guitar/vocals), Donald \"Duck\" Dunn (bass), Cropper (guitar), Lou Marini (saxophones), Howard Johnson (tuba/baritone sax), Tom \"Bones\" Malone (trombone), and Alan Rubin (trumpet).This was followed in 1978 by the solo album Levon Helm. More solo albums were released in 1980 and 1982: American Son and (once again) Levon Helm, both produced by Fred Carter, Jr. He also participated in musician Paul Kennerley's 1980 country music concept album, The Legend of Jesse James singing the role of Jesse James alongside Johnny Cash, Emmylou Harris, Charlie Daniels, Albert Lee, and others.In addition to his work as musician, Helm also acted in several dramatic films. He was cast as Loretta Lynn's father in the 1980 film Coal Miner's Daughter, followed three years later by a role as U.S. Air Force test pilot and engineer Capt. Jack Ridley, in The Right Stuff. Helm was also the latter film's narrator. 1987's under-appreciated End of the Line featured Levon as a small-town railroad employee alongside Wilford Brimley and Kevin Bacon. He played a Kentucky backwoods preacher in Fire Down Below. He played an eccentric old man in the 2005 film The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada and appeared as Gen. John Bell Hood in the 2009 film In the Electric Mist. He also had a brief cameo as a weapons expert in the film Shooter with Mark Wahlberg.In 1983, the Band reunited without Robbie Robertson, at first playing with an expanded lineup that included the entire Cate Brothers Band, but in 1985 paring down and adding Jim Weider on guitar. In 1986, while on tour Manuel committed suicide. Helm, Danko, and Hudson continued in the Band, adding pianist Richard Bell and drummer/vocalist Randy Ciarlante and releasing the album Jericho in 1993 and High on the Hog in 1996. The final album from the Band was the 30th anniversary album, Jubilation released in 1998.In 1989, Helm and Danko toured with drummer Ringo Starr as part of his All-Starr Band. Other musicians in the band included singer and guitarist Joe Walsh, singer and pianist Dr. John, singer and guitarist Nils Lofgren, singer Billy Preston, saxophonist Clarence Clemons, and drummer Jim Keltner. Garth Hudson was a guest on accordion on some dates. Helm played drums and harmonica and sang \"The Weight\" and \"Up on Cripple Creek\" each night.In the televised 1989 Juno Awards celebration, the Band was inducted into the Juno Awards' Hall of Fame. Helm was not present at the ceremony, but a taped segment of him offering his thanks was broadcast after the acceptance speeches by Rick Danko and Robbie Robertson. Richard Manuel's children accepted the award on behalf of their father. To conclude the televised special, Rick Danko, Garth Hudson, and Robbie Robertson performed \"The Weight\" with Blue Rodeo.Helm performed with Danko and Hudson as the Band in 1990 at Roger Waters's epic The Wall – Live in Berlin Concert in Germany to an estimated 300,000 to half a million people.In 1993, Helm published an autobiography entitled This Wheel's on Fire: Levon Helm and the Story of the Band.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LevonHelmWoodstockNY2004.jpg"},{"link_name":"Woodstock, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock,_New_York"},{"link_name":"throat cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_and_neck_cancer"},{"link_name":"hoarseness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoarseness"},{"link_name":"laryngectomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laryngectomy"},{"link_name":"radiation treatments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_treatment"},{"link_name":"Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Sloan%E2%80%93Kettering_Cancer_Center"},{"link_name":"vocal cords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_cords"},{"link_name":"tenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor"},{"link_name":"Dirt Farmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirt_Farmer"},{"link_name":"Amy Helm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Helm"},{"link_name":"Larry Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Campbell_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Jim Weider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Weider"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Vivino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Vivino"},{"link_name":"Mike Merritt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Merritt_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Brian Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mitchell_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Erik Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Electric_Piano"},{"link_name":"Steven Bernstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Bernstein_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Howard Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Johnson_(jazz_musician)"},{"link_name":"tuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuba"},{"link_name":"Clark Gayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Gayton"},{"link_name":"Little Sammy Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Sammy_Davis"},{"link_name":"The Last Waltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Waltz"},{"link_name":"medicine shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_show"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Levon_Helm_2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"Central Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park"},{"link_name":"duck walks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duckwalk"},{"link_name":"Garth Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garth_Hudson"},{"link_name":"Elvis Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Costello"},{"link_name":"Emmylou Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmylou_Harris"},{"link_name":"Dr. John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._John"},{"link_name":"Mavis Staples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavis_Staples"},{"link_name":"Chris Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Robinson_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Allen Toussaint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Toussaint"},{"link_name":"Donald Fagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Fagen"},{"link_name":"Jon Herington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Herington"},{"link_name":"Steely Dan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steely_Dan"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Vivino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Vivino"},{"link_name":"Late Night with Conan O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Night_with_Conan_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"Max Weinberg 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weinberg_7"},{"link_name":"My Morning Jacket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Morning_Jacket"},{"link_name":"Billy Bob Thornton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Bob_Thornton"},{"link_name":"Alexis P. Suter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_P._Suter"},{"link_name":"Sean Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Costello"},{"link_name":"Pinetop Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinetop_Perkins"},{"link_name":"Hubert Sumlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Sumlin"},{"link_name":"Carolyn Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolyn_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Kris Kristofferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Kristofferson"},{"link_name":"Gillian Welch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillian_Welch"},{"link_name":"David Rawlings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rawlings"},{"link_name":"Justin Townes Earle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Townes_Earle"},{"link_name":"Bow Thayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_Thayer"},{"link_name":"Luther \"Guitar Junior\" Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Johnson_(Guitar_Junior)"},{"link_name":"Rickie Lee Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickie_Lee_Jones"},{"link_name":"Kate Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Ollabelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollabelle"},{"link_name":"Holmes Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmes_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Norah Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norah_Jones"},{"link_name":"Arlen Roth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlen_Roth"},{"link_name":"Elvis Perkins in Dearland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Perkins_in_Dearland"},{"link_name":"Phil Lesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Lesh"},{"link_name":"Grahame Lesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grahame_Lesh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brian Lesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brian_Lesh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hot Tuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Tuna"},{"link_name":"Jorma Kaukonen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorma_Kaukonen"},{"link_name":"David Bromberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bromberg"},{"link_name":"Grace Potter and the Nocturnals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Potter_and_the_Nocturnals"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"matched grip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matched_grip"},{"link_name":"traditional grip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_grip"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Levon_Helm_ACL_2009_Photo-RonBaker.jpg"},{"link_name":"Beacon Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Theatre_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"Dr. John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._John"},{"link_name":"Warren Haynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Haynes"},{"link_name":"Allman Brothers Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allman_Brothers_Band"},{"link_name":"Gov't Mule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gov%27t_Mule"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"Elvis Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Costello"},{"link_name":"Tears of Rage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tears_of_Rage"},{"link_name":"Alexis P. Suter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_P._Suter"},{"link_name":"Don Imus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Imus"},{"link_name":"Imus in the Morning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imus_in_the_Morning"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"The Midnight Ramble","text":"Helm performing in 2004Helm's performance career in the 2000s revolved mainly around the Midnight Ramble at his home and studio, \"The Barn,\" in Woodstock, New York. These concerts, featuring Helm and various musical guests, allowed him to raise money for his medical bills and to resume performing after a bout with cancer that nearly ended his career.In the late 1990s, Helm was diagnosed with throat cancer after suffering hoarseness. Advised to undergo a laryngectomy, he instead underwent an arduous regimen of radiation treatments at Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center in New York City. The tumor was then successfully removed, but Helm's vocal cords were damaged, and his clear, powerful tenor voice was replaced by a quiet rasp. Initially Helm only played drums and relied on guest vocalists at the Rambles, but eventually his singing voice grew stronger. On January 10, 2004, he sang again at his Ramble sessions. In 2007, during production of Dirt Farmer, Helm estimated that his singing voice was 80 percent recovered.The Levon Helm Band featured his daughter Amy Helm, Larry Campbell, Teresa Williams, Jim Weider (The Band's last guitarist), Jimmy Vivino, Mike Merritt, Brian Mitchell, Erik Lawrence, Steven Bernstein, Howard Johnson (tuba player in the horn section on the Band's Rock of Ages and The Last Waltz), Clark Gayton, Jay Collins (Helm's now former son-in-law), Byron Isaacs, and blues harmonica player Little Sammy Davis. Helm hosted Midnight Rambles that were open to the public at his home in Woodstock.The Midnight Ramble was an outgrowth of an idea Helm explained to Martin Scorsese in The Last Waltz. Earlier in the 20th century, Helm recounted, traveling medicine shows and music shows such as F. S. Wolcott's Original Rabbit's Foot Minstrels, featuring African-American blues singers and dancers, would put on titillating performances in rural areas. (This was also turned into a song by the Band, \"The W.S. Walcott Medicine Show,\" with the name altered so the lyric was easier to sing.)Helm performing in Central Park, New York, 2007\"After the finale, they'd have the midnight ramble,\" Helm told Scorsese. With young children off the premises, the show resumed: \"The songs would get a little bit juicier. The jokes would get a little funnier and the prettiest dancer would really get down and shake it a few times. A lot of the rock and roll duck walks and moves came from that.\"Artists who performed at the Rambles include Helm's former bandmate Garth Hudson, Elvis Costello, Emmylou Harris, Dr. John, Mavis Staples, Chris Robinson, Allen Toussaint, Donald Fagen and Jon Herington of Steely Dan, Jimmy Vivino (of the house band on Late Night with Conan O'Brien), the Max Weinberg 7, My Morning Jacket, Billy Bob Thornton, Alexis P. Suter, Sean Costello, the Muddy Waters Tribute Band, Pinetop Perkins, Hubert Sumlin, Carolyn Wonderland, Kris Kristofferson, Gillian Welch, David Rawlings, Justin Townes Earle, Bow Thayer, Luther \"Guitar Junior\" Johnson, Rickie Lee Jones, Kate Taylor, Ollabelle, the Holmes Brothers, Catherine Russell, Norah Jones, Arlen Roth, Elvis Perkins in Dearland, Phil Lesh, Grahame Lesh, Brian Lesh, Hot Tuna (Jorma Kaukonen introduced the group as \"the Secret Squirrels\"), Michael Angelo D'Arrigo with various members of the Sistine Chapel, Johnny Johnson, Ithalia, David Bromberg, the Youngers, and Grace Potter and the Nocturnals.[12]During this period, Helm switched to the matched grip and adopted a less busy, greatly simplified drumming style, as opposed to the traditional grip he used during his years with the Band.[13]The Levon Helm Band performing at Austin City Limits Music Festival 2009Helm was busy touring every year during the 2000s, generally traveling by tour bus to venues in eastern Canada and the eastern United States. After 2007, he performed in large venues such the Beacon Theatre in New York. Dr. John and Warren Haynes (the Allman Brothers Band, Gov't Mule) and Garth Hudson played at the concerts along with several other guests. At a show in Vancouver Elvis Costello joined to sing \"Tears of Rage\". The Alexis P. Suter Band was a frequent opening act. Helm was a favorite of radio personality Don Imus and was frequently featured on Imus in the Morning. In the summer of 2009, it was reported that a reality television series centering on the Midnight Ramble was in development.In 2012, Levon Helm and his \"midnight rambles\" were featured on the PBS Arts site, \"Sound Tracks: Music Without Borders,\" including a poignant last interview with PBS's Marco Werman.[14]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dirt Farmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirt_Farmer"},{"link_name":"Steve Earle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Earle"},{"link_name":"Paul Kennerley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kennerley"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"Arlen Roth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlen_Roth"},{"link_name":"Sweet Little 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweet_Little_16&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sonny Landreth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Landreth"},{"link_name":"Bill Kirchen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_Kirchen.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Levon_Helm_at_%22life_is_Good_Festival%22_in_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Warren Haynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Haynes"},{"link_name":"Mountain Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Jam_(festival)"},{"link_name":"Hunter, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Bob Weir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Weir"},{"link_name":"RatDog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RatDog"},{"link_name":"Bonnaroo Music Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnaroo_Music_Festival"},{"link_name":"Manchester, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Jorma Kaukonen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorma_Kaukonen"},{"link_name":"River of Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_of_Time_(Jorma_Kaukonen_album)"},{"link_name":"Electric Dirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Dirt"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"CBS television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Television"},{"link_name":"Late Show with David Letterman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Show_with_David_Letterman"},{"link_name":"Black Crowes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Crowes"},{"link_name":"South by Southwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_by_Southwest"},{"link_name":"Austin, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Ramble at the Ryman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramble_at_the_Ryman"},{"link_name":"Ryman Auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryman_Auditorium"},{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award for Best Americana Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Americana_Album"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Best_Americana_Album-4"},{"link_name":"Mavis Staples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavis_Staples"},{"link_name":"Carry Me Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carry_Me_Home_(Levon_Helm_and_Mavis_Staples_album)"}],"sub_title":"Dirt Farmer and comeback","text":"The autumn of 2007 saw the release of Dirt Farmer, Helm's first studio solo album since 1982. Dedicated to his parents and co-produced by his daughter Amy, the album combines traditional tunes Levon recalled from his youth with newer songs (by Steve Earle, Paul Kennerley, and others) which flow from similar historical streams. The album was released to almost immediate critical acclaim, and earned him a Grammy Award in the Traditional Folk Album category for 2007. Also in 2007, Helm recorded \"Toolin' Around Woodstock\", an album with Arlen Roth on which Levon played drums and sang Sweet Little 16 and \"Crying Time.\" This album also featured Levon's daughter Amy, and Roth's daughter Lexie, along with Sonny Landreth and Bill Kirchen.Levon Helm at Life is Good Festival in 2011Helm declined to attend the Grammy Awards ceremony, instead holding a \"Midnight Gramble\" and celebrating the birth of his grandson, Lavon (Lee) Henry Collins.[15][16]In 2008, Helm performed at Warren Haynes's Mountain Jam Music Festival in Hunter, New York, playing alongside Haynes on the last day of the three-day festival. Helm also joined guitarist Bob Weir and his band RatDog on stage as they closed out the festival. Helm performed to great acclaim at the 2008 Bonnaroo Music Festival in Manchester, Tennessee.[17][18]Helm drummed on a couple of tracks for Jorma Kaukonen's February 2009 album River of Time, recorded at the Levon Helm Studios.Helm released the album Electric Dirt on his own label on June 30, 2009.[19] Like Dirt Farmer, an aim of Electric Dirt was to capture of feel of Helm's Midnight Rambles.[20] The album won a best album Grammy for the newly created Americana category in 2010. Helm performed on the CBS television program Late Show with David Letterman on July 9, 2009. He also toured that same year in a supporting role with the band Black Crowes.A documentary on Helm's day-to-day life, entitled Ain't in It for My Health: A Film About Levon Helm was released in March 2010. Directed by Jacob Hatley, it made its debut at the South by Southwest film festival in Austin, Texas, and went on to be screened at the Los Angeles Film Festival in June 2010.[21] The film had a limited release in select theaters in the United States in the spring of 2013 and was released on DVD and Blu-ray later that year.On May 11, 2011, Helm released Ramble at the Ryman, a live album recorded during his performance of September 17, 2008, at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville. The album features Helm's band playing six songs by the Band and other cover material, including some songs from previous Helm solo releases.[22] The album won the Grammy Award for Best Americana Album.[4]Some of his last sessions recorded in 2011 with Mavis Staples would be released in 2022 as Carry Me Home.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"slipped disk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slipped_disk"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Tarrytown Music Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarrytown_Music_Hall"},{"link_name":"Los Lobos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Lobos"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Sloan-Kettering_Cancer_Center"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Alexis P. Suter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_P._Suter"},{"link_name":"Knocking on Heaven's Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knocking_on_Heaven%27s_Door"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Rick Danko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Danko"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Illness and death","text":"In April 2012, during the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremonies in Cleveland, Robbie Robertson sent \"love and prayers\" to Helm, fueling speculation about Helm's health. Helm had previously cancelled a number of performances, citing health issues or a slipped disk in his back;[23] his final performances took place in Tarrytown, New York at Tarrytown Music Hall on March 24, and a final Midnight Ramble (with Los Lobos as the opening act) in Woodstock on March 31.[24]On April 17, 2012, Helm's wife Sandy and daughter Amy revealed that he had end-stage throat cancer. They posted the following message on Helm's website:Dear Friends,\nLevon is in the final stages of his battle with cancer. Please send your prayers and love to him as he makes his way through this part of his journey.\nThank you fans and music lovers who have made his life so filled with joy and celebration ... he has loved nothing more than to play, to fill the room up with music, lay down the back beat, and make the people dance! He did it every time he took the stage ...\nWe appreciate all the love and support and concern.\n\nFrom his daughter Amy, and wife Sandy[25]On April 18, Robertson revealed on his Facebook page that he had a long visit with Helm at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center the previous Sunday.[26] On the same day, Garth Hudson posted on his personal website that he was \"too sad for words\". He then left a link for a video of himself and the Alexis P. Suter Band performing Bob Dylan's song \"Knocking on Heaven's Door\".[27] Helm died on April 19 from complications of throat cancer at age 71.[28][29][30]Fans were invited to a public wake at Helm's Barn studio complex on April 26. Approximately 2,000 fans came to pay their respects to the rock icon. The following day, after a private funeral service and a procession through the streets of Woodstock, Helm was interred in the Woodstock Cemetery, within sight of the grave of his longtime bandmate and friend Rick Danko. Former President Bill Clinton issued a statement following Helm's passing.[31]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Harrison"},{"link_name":"All Things Must Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Things_Must_Pass_(song)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"Bernie Taupin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Taupin"},{"link_name":"Levon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levon_(song)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elton-john-song-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"inducted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_inductees"},{"link_name":"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Marc Cohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Cohn"},{"link_name":"Listening to Levon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Join_the_Parade"},{"link_name":"Robert Earl Keen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Earl_Keen"},{"link_name":"The Rose Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rose_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Tracy K. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_K._Smith"},{"link_name":"Life on Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars_(poetry_collection)"},{"link_name":"Tom Petty & the Heartbreakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Petty_%26_the_Heartbreakers"},{"link_name":"Prudential Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prudential_Center"},{"link_name":"Newark, NJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_NJ"},{"link_name":"Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen_and_the_E_Street_Band"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bruce-springsteen-levon-35"},{"link_name":"Max Weinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weinberg"},{"link_name":"Gov't Mule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gov%27t_Mule"},{"link_name":"Lukas Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukas_Nelson_%26_Promise_of_the_Real"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Entrance_road_and_sign_to_Levon_Helm_Studios.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Gipsy_Kings_performing_at_LHS_2019.jpg"},{"link_name":"Love for Levon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_for_Levon"},{"link_name":"Izod Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izod_Center"},{"link_name":"East Rutherford, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Rutherford,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Roger Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Waters"},{"link_name":"Garth Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garth_Hudson"},{"link_name":"Joe Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Walsh"},{"link_name":"Gregg Allman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_Allman"},{"link_name":"Bruce Hornsby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Hornsby"},{"link_name":"Jorma Kaukonen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorma_Kaukonen"},{"link_name":"John Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mayer"},{"link_name":"Mavis Staples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavis_Staples"},{"link_name":"My Morning Jacket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Morning_Jacket"},{"link_name":"Marc Cohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Cohn"},{"link_name":"John Hiatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hiatt"},{"link_name":"Allen Toussaint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Toussaint"},{"link_name":"Jakob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"Mike Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Gordon"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Zac Brown Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zac_Brown_Band"},{"link_name":"Mumford & Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumford_%26_Sons"},{"link_name":"Mavis Staples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavis_Staples"},{"link_name":"T-Bone Burnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Bone_Burnett"},{"link_name":"Alabama Shakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Shakes"},{"link_name":"Brittany Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany_Howard"},{"link_name":"Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"New York State Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"State Route 375","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_375"},{"link_name":"State Route 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_28"},{"link_name":"Andrew Cuomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo"},{"link_name":"U.S. 49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_49"},{"link_name":"Marvell, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvell,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Helena–West Helena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena%E2%80%93West_Helena,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Arkansas State Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lavon-7"},{"link_name":"Turkey Scratch, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_Scratch,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lavon-7"}],"text":"George Harrison said that while writing his 1970 song \"All Things Must Pass\", he imagined Levon Helm singing it.[32]Elton John's lyricist, Bernie Taupin named the song \"Levon\" after Helm, although the song is not actually about him.[33] Both John and Taupin cited that they were inspired by Helm; Taupin saying in various interviews that they would \"go down to their favourite record stores to buy The Band's records\" along with Elton.[34] In 1994, Helm was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Band.Marc Cohn wrote the song \"Listening to Levon\" in 2007.\n\"The Man behind the Drums,\" written by Robert Earl Keen and Bill Whitbeck, appeared on Keen's 2009 album The Rose Hotel.\nTracy K. Smith's 2011 poem \"Alternate Take\", included in her Pulitzer Prize–winning collection Life on Mars, is dedicated to Helm. On the day of Helm's death, April 19, 2012, Tom Petty & the Heartbreakers, in a concert at the First Bank Center in Broomfield, Colorado, paid tribute to Levon by performing their song \"The Best of Everything\" and dedicating it to him.At a concert on May 2, 2012, at the Prudential Center in Newark, NJ, Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band performed \"The Weight\" as a tribute to Helm.[35] Springsteen called Helm \"one of the greatest, greatest voices in country, rockabilly and rock 'n' roll ... staggering ... while playing the drums. Both his voice and his drumming were so incredibly personal. He had a feel on the drums that comes out of certain place in the past and you can't replicate it.\" Springsteen also said it was one of the songs that he had played with drummer Max Weinberg in Weinberg's audition with the band.On June 2, 2012, at Mountain Jam, Gov't Mule along with the Levon Helm Band (with Lukas Nelson coming on stage for the closing song) played a tribute set, including \"The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down,\" \"Up on Cripple Creek,\"\"It Makes No Difference,\" and closing with \"The Weight\".[36]Gravel entrance road to ...... and 2019 performance within, Levon Helm Studios in WoodstockA tribute concert called Love for Levon took place at the Izod Center in East Rutherford, New Jersey, on October 3, 2012. The concert featured many special guests who had collaborated with and were inspired by Helm and the Band, including Roger Waters, Garth Hudson, Joe Walsh, Gregg Allman, Bruce Hornsby, Jorma Kaukonen, John Mayer, Mavis Staples, My Morning Jacket, Marc Cohn, John Hiatt, Allen Toussaint, Jakob Dylan, Mike Gordon, and others.[37] Proceeds from the concert were to \"help support the lasting legacy of Levon Helm by helping his estate keep ownership of his home, barn and studio, and to continue the Midnight Ramble Sessions\".[38]At the 2013 Grammy Awards, the Zac Brown Band, Mumford & Sons, Elton John, Mavis Staples, T-Bone Burnett, and Alabama Shakes singer Brittany Howard performed \"The Weight\" as a tribute to Levon and other recently deceased musicians. They also dedicated the song to the victims of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting.[39] In May 2013, the New York State Legislature approved a resolution to name State Route 375—the road which connects State Route 28 with the town of Woodstock—\"Levon Helm Memorial Boulevard\". Governor Andrew Cuomo signed the bill on June 20, 2013. In July 2017, U.S. 49 from Marvell, Arkansas, to Helena–West Helena was named The Levon Helm Memorial Highway by Act 810 of the Arkansas State Legislature.[7] The Levon Helm Legacy Project is raising money to commission a bronze bust of Helm and to restore his boyhood home. The house, originally located in Turkey Scratch, Arkansas, was moved in 2015 to Marvell, where Helm attended school.[7]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Libby Titus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libby_Titus"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Amy Helm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Helm"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Ollabelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollabelle"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"Helm met singer-songwriter Libby Titus in April 1969, while the Band was recording its second album.[40] They began a lengthy relationship which produced daughter Amy Helm (born December 3, 1970).[41] Amy formed the band Ollabelle and performed with her father's band at the Midnight Rambles and other concerts.Helm met Sandra Dodd in 1975 in California, while he was still involved with Titus. Helm and Dodd were married on September 7, 1981. They had no children together.[42]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Band discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Band_discography"},{"link_name":"Levon Helm & the RCO All-Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levon_Helm_%26_the_RCO_All-Stars"},{"link_name":"Levon Helm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levon_Helm_(1978_album)"},{"link_name":"American Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Son_(album)"},{"link_name":"Levon Helm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levon_Helm_(1982_album)"},{"link_name":"Dirt Farmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirt_Farmer"},{"link_name":"Electric Dirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Dirt"},{"link_name":"Lean on Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lean_on_Me_(song)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Blue Moon of Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Moon_of_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Coal Miner's Daughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_Miner%27s_Daughter_(film)#Soundtrack"},{"link_name":"Soulful Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Impossible_Bird"},{"link_name":"You Better Move On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Better_Move_On_(song)"},{"link_name":"It Takes a Lot to Laugh, It Takes a Train to Cry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Takes_a_Lot_to_Laugh,_It_Takes_a_Train_to_Cry"},{"link_name":"The Lost Notebooks of Hank Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_Notebooks_of_Hank_Williams"}],"text":"See also: The Band discographyStudio albumsLevon Helm & the RCO All-Stars (1977)\nLevon Helm (1978)\nAmerican Son (1980)\nLevon Helm (1982)\nSouvenir, Vol. 1 with the Crowmatix (1998)\nDirt Farmer (2007)\nElectric Dirt (2009)SoundtrackStaying Together (\"Lean on Me\", \"Hotel Buick\", and \"Big Love in a Small Town\") (1989)[43]Other appearances\"Blue Moon of Kentucky\" – for Coal Miner's Daughter (1980)\n\"Soulful Wind\" – for Labour of Love: The Music of Nick Lowe (2001)\n\"You Better Move On\" – for The Imus Ranch Record (2008)\n\"It Takes a Lot to Laugh, It Takes a Train to Cry\" – for The Imus Ranch Record II (2010)\n\"You'll Never Again Be Mine\" – for The Lost Notebooks of Hank Williams (2011)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MerleFest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MerleFest"},{"link_name":"Ramble at the Ryman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramble_at_the_Ryman"},{"link_name":"Carry Me Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carry_Me_Home_(Levon_Helm_and_Mavis_Staples_album)"},{"link_name":"Mavis Staples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavis_Staples"}],"sub_title":"Live albums","text":"The Midnight Ramble Sessions, Volume One (2006)\nThe Midnight Ramble Sessions, Volume Two (2006)\nLevon Helm & the RCO All Stars: Live at the Palladium NYC, New Years Eve 1977 (2006)\nFestivalLink.Net presents: Levon Helm Band MerleFest Ramble (MerleFest, NC 4/26/08)\nRamble at the Ryman (2011)\nThe Midnight Ramble Sessions, Volume Three (2014)\nCarry Me Home with Mavis Staples (2022)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Live appearances","text":"Musical guest performing \"Sweet Peach Georgia Wine\" and \"Summertime Blues\" with the Cate Brothers Band, and interacting with Eugene Levy, on Episode #79 (\"One on the Town\"), Second City Television Network (\"SCTV\") May 15, 1981\n\"Going Back to Memphis\" with James Cotten – for The Mississippi River of Song: A Musical Journey Down the Mississippi (1998)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John P. Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_P._Hammond"},{"link_name":"So Many Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Many_Roads_(John_P._Hammond_album)"},{"link_name":"Muddy Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muddy_Waters"},{"link_name":"The Muddy Waters Woodstock Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Muddy_Waters_Woodstock_Album"},{"link_name":"Eric Clapton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Clapton"},{"link_name":"No Reason to Cry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Reason_to_Cry"},{"link_name":"Paul Burlison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Burlison"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Jorma Kaukonen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorma_Kaukonen"},{"link_name":"River of Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_of_Time_(Jorma_Kaukonen_album)"},{"link_name":"The Legend of Jesse James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_Jesse_James"}],"sub_title":"Session work","text":"With John P. HammondSo Many Roads (1965)With Muddy WatersThe Muddy Waters Woodstock Album (Chess, 1975)With Eric ClaptonNo Reason to Cry (RSO, 1976)With Paul BurlisonTrain Kept a-Rollin' (1997)[44]With Jorma KaukonenRiver of Time (2009)OtherThe Legend of Jesse James (1980)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}] | [{"image_text":"Helm, center, performing with the Band. Hamburg, 1971","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_Band_in_Hamburg%2C_1971.jpg/220px-The_Band_in_Hamburg%2C_1971.jpg"},{"image_text":"Helm with the Band at the Santa Cruz Civic Auditorium, 1976 (photo: David Gans)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Levon_Helm_with_drums.jpg/220px-Levon_Helm_with_drums.jpg"},{"image_text":"Helm performing in 2004","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/LevonHelmWoodstockNY2004.jpg/220px-LevonHelmWoodstockNY2004.jpg"},{"image_text":"Helm performing in Central Park, New York, 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Levon_Helm_2007.jpg/220px-Levon_Helm_2007.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Levon Helm Band performing at Austin City Limits Music Festival 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Levon_Helm_ACL_2009_Photo-RonBaker.jpg/220px-Levon_Helm_ACL_2009_Photo-RonBaker.jpg"},{"image_text":"Levon Helm at Life is Good Festival in 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Levon_Helm_at_%22life_is_Good_Festival%22_in_2011.jpg/220px-Levon_Helm_at_%22life_is_Good_Festival%22_in_2011.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Levon Helm Dies at 71\". Poughkeepsie Journal.com. Archived from the original on October 2, 2013. Retrieved April 19, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/article/20120419/ENT04/120419019/LEVON-HELM-DIES-71?odyssey=mod%7Cnewswell%7Ctext%7C%7Cp","url_text":"\"Levon Helm Dies at 71\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131002173759/http://www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/article/20120419/ENT04/120419019/LEVON-HELM-DIES-71?odyssey=mod%7Cnewswell%7Ctext%7C%7Cp","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"100 Greatest Singers: Levon Helm\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on January 4, 2011. Retrieved December 5, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110104195120/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-singers-of-all-time-19691231/levon-helm-19691231","url_text":"\"100 Greatest Singers: Levon Helm\""},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-singers-of-all-time-19691231/levon-helm-19691231","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Woodstock residents Levon Helm, Steve Earle win Grammys\". dailyfreeman.com. Archived from the original on February 20, 2012. Retrieved October 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailyfreeman.com/articles/2010/01/31/life/doc4b661dc126721222385056.txt","url_text":"\"Woodstock residents Levon Helm, Steve Earle win Grammys\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120220010623/http://www.dailyfreeman.com/articles/2010/01/31/life/doc4b661dc126721222385056.txt","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Best Americana Album\". Grammy.com. Archived from the original on December 3, 2011. Retrieved December 9, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.grammy.com/nominees?year=2011&genre=59","url_text":"\"Best Americana Album\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111203203945/http://www.grammy.com/nominees?year=2011&genre=59","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"100 Greatest Drummers: Levon Helm\". Rolling Stone. March 31, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/100-greatest-drummers-of-all-time-77933/","url_text":"\"100 Greatest Drummers: Levon Helm\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"\"Levon Helm Biography\". Archived from the original on May 9, 2012. Retrieved April 20, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120509175533/http://levonhelm.com/biography.htm","url_text":"\"Levon Helm Biography\""},{"url":"http://www.levonhelm.com/biography.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Helm, Levon; Davis, Stephen (1993). This Wheel's on Fire: Levon Helm and the Story of The Band. London: Plexus Publishing. p. 48. ISBN 9780688109066. Retrieved November 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Davis_(music_journalist)","url_text":"Davis, Stephen"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/thiswheelsonfire0000helm/page/48/","url_text":"This Wheel's on Fire: Levon Helm and the Story of The Band"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Today","url_text":"Plexus Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780688109066","url_text":"9780688109066"}]},{"reference":"\"Lenny Breau: The Hallmark Sessions\". Theband.hiof.no. Archived from the original on August 2, 2016. Retrieved September 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://theband.hiof.no/albums/hallmark_sessions.html","url_text":"\"Lenny Breau: The Hallmark Sessions\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160802131536/http://theband.hiof.no/albums/hallmark_sessions.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Who Plays What Instruments \"Index\"\". Geocities.jp. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007. Retrieved October 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071014063454/http://www.geocities.jp/hideki_wtnb/bandplay.html","url_text":"\"Who Plays What Instruments \"Index\"\""},{"url":"http://www.geocities.jp/hideki_wtnb/bandplay.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Helm, Levon; Davis, Stephen (1993). This Wheel's on Fire: Levon Helm and the Story of the Band. London: Plexus Publishing. p. 276. ISBN 9780688109066. Retrieved November 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Davis_(music_journalist)","url_text":"Davis, Stephen"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/thiswheelsonfire0000helm/page/276/","url_text":"This Wheel's on Fire: Levon Helm and the Story of the Band"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Today","url_text":"Plexus Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780688109066","url_text":"9780688109066"}]},{"reference":"\"Levon Helm's midnight ramble with Grace Potter and the Nocturnals // Grace Potter and the Nocturnals\". This Is Somewhere. January 11, 2010. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved December 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203055411/http://www.thisissomewhere.com/2010/01/11/levon-and-gpn-ramble/","url_text":"\"Levon Helm's midnight ramble with Grace Potter and the Nocturnals // Grace Potter and the Nocturnals\""},{"url":"http://www.thisissomewhere.com/2010/01/11/levon-and-gpn-ramble/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Band's Levon Helm, Making Music Again\". NPR. July 29, 2006. Archived from the original on March 5, 2017. Retrieved December 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5591685","url_text":"\"The Band's Levon Helm, Making Music Again\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170305180134/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5591685","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Levon Helm | Quick Hits | Sound Tracks | PBS\". PBS. Archived from the original on June 20, 2018. 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71\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120420040648/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/levon-helm-drummer-and-singer-of-the-band-dies-at-71-20120419","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.recordonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20120419%2FENTERTAIN%2F120419640","external_links_name":"\"Levon Helm dead at age 71\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120419192026/http://www.recordonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20120419%2FENTERTAIN%2F120419640","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/20/arts/music/levon-helm-drummer-and-singer-dies-at-71.html","external_links_name":"\"Levon Helm, Drummer and Rough-Throated Singer for The Band, Dies at 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_(crater) | Sylvester (crater) | ["1 Satellite craters","2 External links","3 References"] | Coordinates: 82°42′N 79°36′W / 82.7°N 79.6°W / 82.7; -79.6Lunar impact crater
Feature on the moonSylvesterLunar Orbiter 4 imageCoordinates82°42′N 79°36′W / 82.7°N 79.6°W / 82.7; -79.6Diameter58 kmDepthUnknownColongitude87° at sunriseEponymJames J. Sylvester
Sylvester is a lunar impact crater that is located near the north pole of the Moon, along the northern limb in the libration zone. It lies just to the south-southeast of the craters Grignard and Hermite; the latter of which is within one crater diameter of the pole. South of Sylvester is Pascal. Due to its location, Sylvester receives sunlight at only a low angle.
This crater is generally circular, with a sharp-edged rim that has received only a moderate amount of wear. There are no craters of note along the rim, although Sylvester intrudes into a smaller, shallow-rimmed crater to the southeast. The interior floor is relatively flat, but punctuated by several tiny craters. At the midpoint is a small central peak.
Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Sylvester.
Sylvester
Latitude
Longitude
Diameter
N
82.4° N
67.3° W
20 km
External links
LAC-1 area - Map of northern lunar pole
References
Andersson, L. E.; Whitaker, E. A. (1982). NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA RP-1097.
Blue, Jennifer (July 25, 2007). "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature". USGS. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
Bussey, B.; Spudis, P. (2004). The Clementine Atlas of the Moon. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81528-4.
Cocks, Elijah E.; Cocks, Josiah C. (1995). Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature. Tudor Publishers. ISBN 978-0-936389-27-1.
McDowell, Jonathan (July 15, 2007). "Lunar Nomenclature". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved 2007-10-24.
Menzel, D. H.; Minnaert, M.; Levin, B.; Dollfus, A.; Bell, B. (1971). "Report on Lunar Nomenclature by the Working Group of Commission 17 of the IAU". Space Science Reviews. 12 (2): 136–186. Bibcode:1971SSRv...12..136M. doi:10.1007/BF00171763. S2CID 122125855.
Moore, Patrick (2001). On the Moon. Sterling Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-304-35469-6.
Price, Fred W. (1988). The Moon Observer's Handbook. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33500-3.
Rükl, Antonín (1990). Atlas of the Moon. Kalmbach Books. ISBN 978-0-913135-17-4.
Webb, Rev. T. W. (1962). Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes (6th revised ed.). Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-20917-3.
Whitaker, Ewen A. (1999). Mapping and Naming the Moon. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62248-6.
Wlasuk, Peter T. (2000). Observing the Moon. Springer. ISBN 978-1-85233-193-1.
Authority control databases
VIAF | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lunar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_craters"},{"link_name":"impact crater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_crater"},{"link_name":"Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"},{"link_name":"libration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libration"},{"link_name":"Grignard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grignard_(crater)"},{"link_name":"Hermite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermite_(crater)"},{"link_name":"Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(crater)"}],"text":"Lunar impact craterFeature on the moonSylvester is a lunar impact crater that is located near the north pole of the Moon, along the northern limb in the libration zone. It lies just to the south-southeast of the craters Grignard and Hermite; the latter of which is within one crater diameter of the pole. South of Sylvester is Pascal. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation/LAX_(Los_Angeles_Metro_station) | Aviation/LAX station | ["1 Service","1.1 Station layout","1.2 Hours and frequency","1.3 Connections","2 Notable places nearby","3 References"] | Coordinates: 33°55′47″N 118°22′42″W / 33.9298°N 118.3784°W / 33.9298; -118.3784Los Angeles Metro Rail station
Aviation/LAX Aviation/LAX station platformGeneral informationOther namesAviation/ImperialLocation11500 Aviation BoulevardLos Angeles, CaliforniaCoordinates33°55′47″N 118°22′42″W / 33.9298°N 118.3784°W / 33.9298; -118.3784Owned byLos Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation AuthorityPlatforms1 island platformTracks2ConnectionsSee Connections sectionConstructionStructure typeElevatedParking435 spacesBicycle facilitiesRacks and lockersAccessibleYesHistoryOpenedAugust 12, 1995; 28 years ago (1995-08-12)Previous namesAviation Blvd/I-105 (1995–2000)Aviation (2000–2003)Services
Preceding station
Metro Rail
Following station
Mariposatoward Redondo Beach
C Line
Hawthorne/Lennoxtoward Norwalk
Future services
Preceding station
Metro Rail
Following station
Aviation/Centurytoward LAX/Metro Transit Center
C Line(2024)
Hawthorne/Lennoxtoward Norwalk
Location
Aviation/LAX station is an elevated light rail station on the C Line of the Los Angeles Metro Rail system. It is located over Aviation Boulevard, after which the station is named, near its intersection with Imperial Highway and south of Century Freeway in Los Angeles, California. It opened as part of the Green Line on August 12, 1995. The station was initially named Aviation Blvd/I-105, but in 2003, it was simplified and renamed Aviation/LAX to highlight its proximity to Los Angeles International Airport.
A free LAX Shuttle bus connects this station to the airport. However, when the K Line fully opens in 2024, the shuttle will be replaced by the LAX Automated People Mover which will connect with LAX/Metro Transit Center station. This station will then be renamed Aviation/Imperial station.
The train platform, currently suitable for two-car trains, is planned to be lengthened by 2028 to accommodate longer three-car trains.
Service
Station layout
Platform
Westbound
← C Line (under construction) toward LAX/Metro Transit Center (Aviation/Century)← C Line toward Redondo Beach (Mariposa)
Island platform, doors will open on the left
Eastbound
→ C Line toward Norwalk (Hawthorne/Lennox) →
G
Street level
Entrance/Exit, faregates, ticket machines, bus plaza, park and ride
Hours and frequency
C Line service hours are approximately from 4:00 a.m. until 12:30 a.m. daily. Trains operate every 10 minutes throughout the day. Night and early morning weekend service is every 20 minutes.
Connections
As of December 10, 2023, the following connections are available:
Beach Cities Transit: 109
Big Blue Bus (Santa Monica): 3, Rapid 3
Culver City Transit: 6, Rapid 6
GTrans (Gardena): 5
LADOT Commuter Express: 438
LAX Shuttle: M (serves Los Angeles International Airport Terminals 1-8 and the Bradley International Terminal counterclockwise via the lower level of World Way)
Los Angeles Metro Bus: 40 (late night only), 120, 857 ("C & K Line Link" to Westchester/Veterans station)
Notable places nearby
The station is within walking distance of the following facilities:
Los Angeles Times Headquarters (in El Segundo)
Los Angeles County LAX Courthouse (in Del Aire)
LAX Global Entry Enrollment Center
References
^ "Metro Parking Lots by Line". Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on August 10, 2020. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
^ "Secure Bike Parking on Metro" (PDF). Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 6, 2021. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
^ Allah, Salaam (March 12, 2005). "Image showing Aviation Blvd/I-105 sign". www.nycsubway.org. Archived from the original on November 13, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
^ "2020 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Los Angeles city, CA" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. p. 54 (PDF p. 55/72). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 25, 2023. Retrieved March 17, 2023. - Compare the census map to the location of the station.
^ "Green Light for the Green Line". The Los Angeles Times. August 12, 1995. p. 334. Retrieved June 30, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "August 2003 Board Meeting - Item 10" (PDF). Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. August 21, 2003. p. 4. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
^ Hymon, Steve (June 18, 2018). "Report explains operating plan for Crenshaw/LAX Line and Green Line". The Source. Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on August 23, 2018. Retrieved August 24, 2018.
^ "Take our new survey on the C and K Line operating plan!". The Source. Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. March 30, 2023. Retrieved July 1, 2023.
^ Sharp, Steven (January 14, 2020). "Metro Seeks State Funds to Extend Green Line Platforms". Urbanize Los Angeles. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
^ Steven, Sharp (April 25, 2023). "State awards more funding for L.A. area transportation projects". Urbanize Los Angeles. Retrieved April 25, 2023.
^ "Metro C Line schedule". December 10, 2023. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
^ "C Line Timetable – Connections section" (PDF). Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. December 10, 2023. p. 2. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
^ "K Line Timetable – Connections section" (PDF). Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. December 10, 2023. p. 2. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
Media related to Aviation / LAX (Los Angeles Metro station) at Wikimedia Commons
vte Los Angeles Metro Rail and Busway stations A Line
Pomona
La Verne
San Dimas
Glendora
APU/Citrus College
Azusa Downtown
Irwindale
Duarte/City of Hope
Monrovia
Arcadia
Sierra Madre Villa
Allen
Lake
Memorial Park
Del Mar
Fillmore
South Pasadena
Highland Park
Southwest Museum
Heritage Square
Lincoln/Cypress
Chinatown
Union Station
Little Tokyo/Arts District
Historic Broadway
Grand Avenue Arts/Bunker Hill
7th Street/Metro Center
Pico
Grand/LATTC
San Pedro Street
Washington
Vernon
Slauson
Florence
Firestone
103rd Street/Watts Towers
Willowbrook/Rosa Parks
Compton
Artesia
Del Amo
Wardlow
Willow Street
Pacific Coast Highway
Anaheim Street
5th Street
1st Street
Downtown Long Beach
Pacific Avenue
B Line
North Hollywood
Universal City/Studio City
Hollywood/Highland
Hollywood/Vine
Hollywood/Western
Vermont/Sunset
Vermont/Santa Monica
Vermont/Beverly
Wilshire/Vermont
Westlake/MacArthur Park
7th Street/Metro Center
Pershing Square
Civic Center/Grand Park
Union Station
C Line
LAX/Metro Transit Center
Aviation/Century
Redondo Beach
Douglas
El Segundo
Mariposa
Aviation/LAX
Hawthorne/Lennox
Crenshaw
Vermont/Athens
Harbor Freeway
Avalon
Willowbrook/Rosa Parks
Long Beach Boulevard
Lakewood Boulevard
Norwalk
D Line
Westwood/VA Hospital
Westwood/UCLA
Century City/Constellation
Wilshire/Rodeo
Wilshire/La Cienega
Wilshire/Fairfax
Wilshire/La Brea
Wilshire/Western
Wilshire/Normandie
Wilshire/Vermont
Westlake/MacArthur Park
7th Street/Metro Center
Pershing Square
Civic Center/Grand Park
Union Station
E Line
Downtown Santa Monica
17th Street/SMC
26th Street/Bergamot
Expo/Bundy
Expo/Sepulveda
Westwood/Rancho Park
Palms
Culver City
La Cienega/Jefferson
Expo/La Brea
Farmdale
Expo/Crenshaw
Expo/Western
Expo/Vermont
Expo Park/USC
Jefferson/USC
LATTC/Ortho Institute
Pico
7th Street/Metro Center
Grand Avenue Arts/Bunker Hill
Historic Broadway
Little Tokyo/Arts District
Pico/Aliso
Mariachi Plaza
Soto
Indiana
Maravilla
East LA Civic Center
Atlantic
G Line
Chatsworth
Nordhoff
Roscoe
Sherman Way
Canoga
De Soto
Pierce College
Tampa
Reseda
Balboa
Woodley
Sepulveda
Van Nuys
Woodman
Valley College
Laurel Canyon
North Hollywood
J Line
El Monte
Cal State LA
LA General Medical Center
Union Station
37th Street/USC
Slauson
Manchester
Harbor Freeway
Rosecrans
Harbor Gateway
Carson
Pacific Coast Highway
K Line
Expo/Crenshaw
Martin Luther King Jr.
Leimert Park
Hyde Park
Fairview Heights
Downtown Inglewood
Westchester/Veterans
LAX/Metro Transit Center
Aviation/Century
Mariposa
El Segundo
Douglas
Redondo Beach
List of Metro Rail stations
List of Metro Busway stationsItalics denote future stations | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"light rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_rail"},{"link_name":"C Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Line_(Los_Angeles_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Metro Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metro_Rail"},{"link_name":"Aviation Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Imperial Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Highway"},{"link_name":"Century Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_Freeway"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT1995-5"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"LAX Shuttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAX_Shuttle"},{"link_name":"K Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_Line_(Los_Angeles_Metro)"},{"link_name":"LAX Automated People Mover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAX_Automated_People_Mover"},{"link_name":"LAX/Metro Transit Center station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAX/Metro_Transit_Center_station"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Los Angeles Metro Rail stationAviation/LAX station is an elevated light rail station on the C Line of the Los Angeles Metro Rail system. It is located over Aviation Boulevard, after which the station is named, near its intersection with Imperial Highway and south of Century Freeway in Los Angeles, California.[4] It opened as part of the Green Line on August 12, 1995.[5] The station was initially named Aviation Blvd/I-105, but in 2003, it was simplified and renamed Aviation/LAX to highlight its proximity to Los Angeles International Airport.[6]A free LAX Shuttle bus connects this station to the airport. However, when the K Line fully opens in 2024, the shuttle will be replaced by the LAX Automated People Mover which will connect with LAX/Metro Transit Center station.[7] This station will then be renamed Aviation/Imperial station.[8]The train platform, currently suitable for two-car trains, is planned to be lengthened by 2028 to accommodate longer three-car trains.[9][10]","title":"Aviation/LAX station"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Station layout","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Hours and frequency","text":"C Line service hours are approximately from 4:00 a.m. until 12:30 a.m. daily. Trains operate every 10 minutes throughout the day. Night and early morning weekend service is every 20 minutes.[11]","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aviation/LAX_station&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Beach Cities Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_Cities_Transit"},{"link_name":"109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_Cities_Transit#109"},{"link_name":"broken anchor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS"},{"link_name":"Big Blue Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Blue_Bus"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Blue_Bus#3"},{"link_name":"Rapid 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Blue_Bus#R3"},{"link_name":"Culver City Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culver_City_Transit"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culver_City_Transit#6"},{"link_name":"Rapid 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culver_City_Transit#R6"},{"link_name":"GTrans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTrans"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTrans#5"},{"link_name":"LADOT Commuter Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LADOT_Commuter_Express"},{"link_name":"438","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Department_of_Transportation#438"},{"link_name":"LAX Shuttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAX_Shuttle"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAX_Shuttle"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Metro Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metro_Bus"},{"link_name":"40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metro_Bus#40"},{"link_name":"120","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metro_Bus#120"},{"link_name":"857","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metro_Bus#857"},{"link_name":"Westchester/Veterans station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westchester/Veterans_station"}],"sub_title":"Connections","text":"As of December 10, 2023[update], the following connections are available:[12][13]Beach Cities Transit: 109[broken anchor]\nBig Blue Bus (Santa Monica): 3, Rapid 3\nCulver City Transit: 6, Rapid 6\nGTrans (Gardena): 5\nLADOT Commuter Express: 438\nLAX Shuttle: M (serves Los Angeles International Airport Terminals 1-8 and the Bradley International Terminal counterclockwise via the lower level of World Way)\nLos Angeles Metro Bus: 40 (late night only), 120, 857 (\"C & K Line Link\" to Westchester/Veterans station)","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"El Segundo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Segundo,_California"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County"},{"link_name":"Del Aire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Aire,_California"},{"link_name":"LAX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAX"}],"text":"The station is within walking distance of the following facilities:Los Angeles Times Headquarters (in El Segundo)\nLos Angeles County LAX Courthouse (in Del Aire)\nLAX Global Entry Enrollment Center","title":"Notable places nearby"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Metro Parking Lots by Line\". Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on August 10, 2020. Retrieved November 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metro.net/riding/parking/lotsbyline/","url_text":"\"Metro Parking Lots by Line\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200810121559/https://www.metro.net/riding/parking/lotsbyline/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Secure Bike Parking on Metro\" (PDF). Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 6, 2021. Retrieved November 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210906210731/https://bikehub.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/20-2070_Secure_Bike_Parking_Master_Map_jp-ENG.pdf","url_text":"\"Secure Bike Parking on Metro\""},{"url":"https://bikehub.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/20-2070_Secure_Bike_Parking_Master_Map_jp-ENG.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Allah, Salaam (March 12, 2005). \"Image showing Aviation Blvd/I-105 sign\". www.nycsubway.org. Archived from the original on November 13, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nycsubway.org/perl/show?86101","url_text":"\"Image showing Aviation Blvd/I-105 sign\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211113015553/https://www.nycsubway.org/perl/show?86101","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2020 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Los Angeles city, CA\" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. p. 54 (PDF p. 55/72). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 25, 2023. Retrieved March 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/DC20BLK/st06_ca/place/p0644000_los_angeles/DC20BLK_P0644000.pdf","url_text":"\"2020 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Los Angeles city, CA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau","url_text":"U.S. Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230225143017/https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/DC20BLK/st06_ca/place/p0644000_los_angeles/DC20BLK_P0644000.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Green Light for the Green Line\". The Los Angeles Times. August 12, 1995. p. 334. Retrieved June 30, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times/127346949/","url_text":"\"Green Light for the Green Line\""}]},{"reference":"\"August 2003 Board Meeting - Item 10\" (PDF). Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. August 21, 2003. p. 4. Retrieved March 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://boardarchives.metro.net/Items/2003/08_August/11007555.pdf","url_text":"\"August 2003 Board Meeting - Item 10\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority"}]},{"reference":"Hymon, Steve (June 18, 2018). \"Report explains operating plan for Crenshaw/LAX Line and Green Line\". The Source. Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on August 23, 2018. Retrieved August 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://thesource.metro.net/2018/06/18/report-explains-operating-plan-for-crenshaw-lax-line-and-green-line/","url_text":"\"Report explains operating plan for Crenshaw/LAX Line and Green Line\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180823211033/http://thesource.metro.net/2018/06/18/report-explains-operating-plan-for-crenshaw-lax-line-and-green-line/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Take our new survey on the C and K Line operating plan!\". The Source. Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. March 30, 2023. Retrieved July 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://thesource.metro.net/2023/03/30/take-our-new-survey-on-the-c-and-k-line-operating-plan/","url_text":"\"Take our new survey on the C and K Line operating plan!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority"}]},{"reference":"Sharp, Steven (January 14, 2020). \"Metro Seeks State Funds to Extend Green Line Platforms\". Urbanize Los Angeles. Retrieved April 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://la.urbanize.city/post/metro-seeks-state-funds-extend-green-line-platforms","url_text":"\"Metro Seeks State Funds to Extend Green Line Platforms\""}]},{"reference":"Steven, Sharp (April 25, 2023). \"State awards more funding for L.A. area transportation projects\". Urbanize Los Angeles. Retrieved April 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://la.urbanize.city/post/state-awards-more-funding-la-area-transportation-projects","url_text":"\"State awards more funding for L.A. area transportation projects\""}]},{"reference":"\"Metro C Line schedule\". December 10, 2023. Retrieved December 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metro.net/riding/schedules/?line=803","url_text":"\"Metro C Line schedule\""}]},{"reference":"\"C Line Timetable – Connections section\" (PDF). Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. December 10, 2023. p. 2. Retrieved December 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdn.beta.metro.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/01154126/803_TT_12-10-23-1.pdf","url_text":"\"C Line Timetable – Connections section\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority"}]},{"reference":"\"K Line Timetable – Connections section\" (PDF). Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. December 10, 2023. p. 2. Retrieved December 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdn.beta.metro.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/01154130/807_TT_12-10-23-1.pdf","url_text":"\"K Line Timetable – Connections section\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aviation/LAX_station¶ms=33.9298_N_118.3784_W_type:railwaystation_region:","external_links_name":"33°55′47″N 118°22′42″W / 33.9298°N 118.3784°W / 33.9298; -118.3784"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aviation/LAX_station¶ms=33.9298_N_118.3784_W_type:railwaystation_region:","external_links_name":"33°55′47″N 118°22′42″W / 33.9298°N 118.3784°W / 33.9298; -118.3784"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aviation/LAX_station&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.metro.net/riding/parking/lotsbyline/","external_links_name":"\"Metro Parking Lots by Line\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200810121559/https://www.metro.net/riding/parking/lotsbyline/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210906210731/https://bikehub.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/20-2070_Secure_Bike_Parking_Master_Map_jp-ENG.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Secure Bike Parking on Metro\""},{"Link":"https://bikehub.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/20-2070_Secure_Bike_Parking_Master_Map_jp-ENG.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nycsubway.org/perl/show?86101","external_links_name":"\"Image showing Aviation Blvd/I-105 sign\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211113015553/https://www.nycsubway.org/perl/show?86101","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/DC20BLK/st06_ca/place/p0644000_los_angeles/DC20BLK_P0644000.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2020 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Los Angeles city, CA\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230225143017/https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/DC20BLK/st06_ca/place/p0644000_los_angeles/DC20BLK_P0644000.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times/127346949/","external_links_name":"\"Green Light for the Green Line\""},{"Link":"https://boardarchives.metro.net/Items/2003/08_August/11007555.pdf","external_links_name":"\"August 2003 Board Meeting - Item 10\""},{"Link":"http://thesource.metro.net/2018/06/18/report-explains-operating-plan-for-crenshaw-lax-line-and-green-line/","external_links_name":"\"Report explains operating plan for Crenshaw/LAX Line and Green Line\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180823211033/http://thesource.metro.net/2018/06/18/report-explains-operating-plan-for-crenshaw-lax-line-and-green-line/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://thesource.metro.net/2023/03/30/take-our-new-survey-on-the-c-and-k-line-operating-plan/","external_links_name":"\"Take our new survey on the C and K Line operating plan!\""},{"Link":"https://la.urbanize.city/post/metro-seeks-state-funds-extend-green-line-platforms","external_links_name":"\"Metro Seeks State Funds to Extend Green Line Platforms\""},{"Link":"https://la.urbanize.city/post/state-awards-more-funding-la-area-transportation-projects","external_links_name":"\"State awards more funding for L.A. area transportation projects\""},{"Link":"https://www.metro.net/riding/schedules/?line=803","external_links_name":"\"Metro C Line schedule\""},{"Link":"https://cdn.beta.metro.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/01154126/803_TT_12-10-23-1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"C Line Timetable – Connections section\""},{"Link":"https://cdn.beta.metro.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/01154130/807_TT_12-10-23-1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"K Line Timetable – Connections section\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Companions_of_O._R._Tambo | Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo | ["1 Current classes","2 Symbolism","3 Recipients","4 Refusals","5 See also","6 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo Badge (c. 2002)Awarded by President of South AfricaTypeNational OrderStatusCurrently constitutedGrades
Supreme Companion
Grand Companion
Companion
StatisticsFirst induction10 December 2002Total inductees110Ribbon bar of the Order
The Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo is a South African honour. It was instituted on 6 December 2002, and is granted by the President of South Africa to foreign citizens who have promoted South African interests and aspirations through co-operation, solidarity, and support.
The order is named after the late Oliver Tambo, who was the African National Congress's president-in-exile for many years.
Walking stick awarded with Order
Current classes
The three classes of appointment to the Order are, in descending order of precedence:
Supreme Companion of OR Tambo in gold, for heads of state and, in special cases, heads of government (SCOT)
Grand Companion of OR Tambo in silver, for heads of government, ministers of state, supreme court judges, presidents of legislatures, secretaries of state, ambassadors, commanders-in-chief (GCOT)
Companion of OR Tambo in bronze, for legislators, envoys, senior military officers (COT)
Symbolism
The badge of the order is oval, and depicts a symbol similar to that of the Taijitu between two arrowheads, framed by two mole snakes. The symbol represents the meeting of diverse spiritual energies, and the snakes represent solidarity and support. The South African coat of arms is displayed on the reverse.
The ribbon is white, with recurring grey symbols down the centre. All three classes are worn around the neck.
Recipients are also presented with a carved wooden walking stick, which has a serpent wound around the shaft and a spoon-shaped head displaying the badge of the order and the national arms. The walking stick symbolises support and solidarity, and a commitment to stand by the recipient in return.
Recipients
Name
Grade
Awarded
Olof Palme
SCOT
10 December 2002
Kenneth David Kaunda
SCOT
10 December 2002
Mahatma Gandhi
SCOT
10 December 2002
Eduardo Chivambo Mondlane
SCOT
16 June 2004
Agostinho Neto
SCOT
16 June 2004
Kwame Nkrumah
SCOT
16 June 2004
Julius Nyerere
SCOT
16 June 2004
Amílcar Cabral
SCOT
16 June 2004
Salim Ahmed Salim
SCOT
16 June 2004
Kofi Annan
SCOT
16 June 2004
Salvador Allende
SCOT
16 June 2004
Martti Ahtisaari
SCOT
16 June 2004
Michael Manley
SCOT
16 June 2004
Martin Luther King Jr.
SCOT
16 June 2004
Patrice Lumumba
SCOT
16 June 2004
Ahmed Ben Bella
SCOT
16 June 2004
Ernst Michanek
GCOT
16 June 2004
Ramesh Chandra
GCOT
16 June 2004
Barbara Castle
GCOT
16 June 2004
Reiulf Steen
GCOT
16 June 2004
Thorvald Stoltenberg
GCOT
16 June 2004
Maxine Waters
GCOT
16 June 2004
Vasily Grigoryevich Solodovnikov
GCOT
16 June 2004
Robert Hughes
GCOT
16 June 2004
Boudewijn Sjollema
GCOT
16 June 2004
FIFA
SCOT
29 October 2004
Lennart Johansson
SCOT
29 October 2004
Trevor Richards
SCOT
29 October 2004
Ahmed Sékou Touré
SCOT
29 October 2004
Gamal Abdel Nasser
SCOT
29 October 2004
Dr. Cheddi Jagan
SCOT
26 April 2005
Ahmed Sukarno
SCOT
26 April 2005
Diallo Telli
SCOT
26 April 2005
Motsamai Keyecwe Mpho
GCOT
26 April 2005
Jawaharlal Nehru
GCOT
26 April 2005
Vladimir Gennadyevich Shubin
GCOT
26 April 2005
Sheikh Yusuf
SCOT
27 September 2005
Modibo Keita
SCOT
20 April 2006
Seretse Khama
SCOT
20 April 2006
King Sobhuza II
SCOT
20 April 2006
King Moshoeshoe II
SCOT
20 April 2006
Sotiris Mousouris
GCOT
20 April 2006
Anthony Sampson
GCOT
20 April 2006
Chief Joseph Leabua Jonathan
SCOT
24 April 2007
Dr. Eric Eustace Williams
SCOT
24 April 2007
Shridath Ramphal
SCOT
24 April 2007
Dr. Ali Al'amin Mazrui
GCOT
24 April 2007
Michael Kitso Dingake
GCOT
24 April 2007
Canon John Collins
GCOT
24 April 2007
Harry Belafonte
GCOT
24 April 2007
Mandlenkosi Aloysius Isaac Zwane
COT
24 April 2007
Salman El-Herfi
COT
24 April 2007
Chief Emeka Anyaoku
SCOT
22 April 2008
Vengalil Krishnan Krishna Menon
GCOT
22 April 2008
Philip Potter
GCOT
22 April 2008
Per Wästberg
GCOT
22 April 2008
Ron Dellums
GCOT
22 April 2008
Harry Belafonte
GCOT
22 April 2008
Jerry Dunfey
GCOT
22 April 2008
Linda Biehl
COT
22 April 2008
Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz
SCOT
27 March 2009
Christian Krause
GCOT
27 March 2009
Sadako Ogata
GCOT
27 March 2009
Marcelino dos Santos
GCOT
27 March 2009
Bengt Säve-Söderbergh
GCOT
27 March 2009
Andimba Toivo ya Toivo
GCOT
27 March 2009
Jennifer Davis
COT
27 March 2009
Anna Abdallah
GCOT
2 December 2009
Rev. William Cullen Wilcox
GCOT
2 December 2009
Ida Belle Wilcox
GCOT
2 December 2009
Elizabeth II
SCOT
3 March 2010
José Eduardo dos Santos
SCOT
27 April 2010
Joseph Blatter
SCOT
27 April 2010
Jacques Rogge
GCOT
27 April 2010
Issa Hayatou
GCOT
27 April 2010
Herbert Kaiser
GCOT
27 April 2010
Joy Kaiser
GCOT
27 April 2010
Vernon Berrangé
GCOT
27 April 2010
George Houser
GCOT
27 April 2010
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
SCOT
27 April 2011
Hélène Pastoors
GCOT
27 April 2011
Viacheslav Shiryaev
GCOT
27 April 2011
Edward M. Kennedy
SCOT
27 April 2012
Prof. Apollon B Davidson
GCOT
27 April 2012
Randall Robinson
GCOT
27 April 2012
Linden Forbes Sampson Burnham
SCOT
27 April 2013
Percival Noel James Patterson
SCOT
27 April 2013
Enuga Sreenivasulu Reddy
GCOT
27 April 2013
Rev. Jesse Louis Jackson
GCOT
27 April 2013
Dina Forti
COT
27 April 2013
Giuseppe Soncini
COT
27 April 2013
Lord Attenborough
GCOT
27 April 2014
Prof. Gwendolen Margaret Carter
GCOT
27 April 2014
Jeanne-Martin Cissé
GCOT
27 April 2014
Jerry David Dammers
GCOT
27 April 2014
Danny Glover
GCOT
27 April 2014
Quincy Delight Jones
GCOT
27 April 2014
Thomas Karis
GCOT
27 April 2014
Lord Kinnock
GCOT
27 April 2014
Alexander Moumbaris
GCOT
27 April 2014
Ruth Neto
GCOT
27 April 2014
Alfre Woodard
GCOT
27 April 2014
Brian Mulroney
SCOT
27 April 2015
Hashim Mbita
SCOT
27 April 2015
Gareth Evans
GCOT
27 April 2015
Lord Hain
GCOT
27 April 2015
Vladimir Kazimirov
GCOT
27 April 2015
Gay McDougall
GCOT
27 April 2015
Lars Nordbo
GCOT
27 April 2015
Andrey Urnov
GCOT
27 April 2015
Dr. Lim Kok Wing
GCOT
27 April 2015
Sam Nujoma
SCOT
27 April 2018
Walter Khotso Makhulu
GCOT
25 April 2019
Tracy Chapman
GCOT
1 May 2023
Christabel Gurney
GCOT
1 May 2023
Thomas Oliver Newnham (Posthumous)
GCOT
1 May 2023
Peter Tosh (Posthumous)
GCOT
1 May 2023
Ruth Weiss
GCOT
1 May 2023
Refusals
On 28 January 2008, New Zealand anti-apartheid activist John Minto created a controversy over his letter to former South African President Thabo Mbeki after being nominated for the award, saying that he would refuse, on principle, to accept any award from the ANC.
See also
South African civil honours
References
^ a b "The Order of the Companions of O.R. Tambo". The Presidency. Republic of South Africa. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
^ "2002 National Orders awards". southafrica.info. Brand SA. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
^ "2004 National Orders awards". southafrica.info. Brand SA. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
^ "24 outstanding South Africans". southafrica.info. Brand SA. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
^ "National Orders awards 29 October 2004". South African Government Information. Archived from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
^ "National Orders awards 27 April 2005". South African Government Information. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
^ "National Orders awards 27 September 2005". South African Government Information. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
^ "National Orders awards 20 April 2006". South African Government Information. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
^ "National Orders awards 27 April 2007". South African Government Information. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
^ "National Orders awards 22 April 2008". South African Government Information. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
^ "National Orders awards 27 March 2009". South African Government Information. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
^ "National Orders awards December 2009". South African Government Information. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
^ "President Zuma officially begins United Kingdom state visit". South African Government Information. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
^ "National Orders awards April 2010". South African Government Information. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
^ "National Orders awards April 2011". South African Government Information. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
^ "National Orders awards April 2012". South African Government Information. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
^ Lubisi, Cassius (22 April 2013). "South African National Orders 2013 – The Presidency". politicsweb. South African Government Information. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
^ Lubisi, Cassius. "Media Statement by the Chancellor of the National Orders and Director-General in the Presidency". The Presidency of South Africa. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
^ Lubisi, Cassius. "Presidency announces recipients of National Orders". South African Government Information. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
^ "Archbishop Makhulu honoured for helping SA's liberation". anglicanchurchsa.org. 26 April 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
^ "Archbishop Khotso Makhulu (United Kingdom (UK)) | The Presidency". www.thepresidency.gov.za. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
^ a b c d e Khumalo, Juniour. "Siya Kolisi, Desiree Ellis, Tracy Chapman among 32 bestowed national orders by Ramaphosa". News24. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
^ "Open letter to the President of South Africa". John Minto. 28 January 2008.
vte Orders, decorations, and medals of South AfricaCurrent national orders(2002-)
Mapungubwe
Baobab
Companions of OR Tambo
Luthuli
Ikhamanga
Mendi
Historical decorations(1986-2002)
Southern Cross
Star of South Africa
Meritorious Service
Good Hope
Woltemade Cross for Bravery, Gold
Woltemade Cross for Bravery, Silver
Historical decorations(until 1986)
Star of South Africa
Good Hope
Decoration for Meritorious Service
Union of South Africa King's Medal for Bravery, Gold
Union of South Africa Queen's Medal for Bravery, Gold
Woltemade Decoration for Bravery, Gold
Union of South Africa King's Medal for Bravery, Silver
Union of South Africa Queen's Medal for Bravery, Silver
Woltemade Decoration for Bravery, Silver | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gov-site-1"},{"link_name":"President of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Oliver Tambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Tambo"},{"link_name":"African National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tambo_Order_Stick.jpg"}],"text":"The Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo is a South African honour.[1] It was instituted on 6 December 2002, and is granted by the President of South Africa to foreign citizens who have promoted South African interests and aspirations through co-operation, solidarity, and support.The order is named after the late Oliver Tambo, who was the African National Congress's president-in-exile for many years.Walking stick awarded with Order","title":"Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The three classes of appointment to the Order are, in descending order of precedence:Supreme Companion of OR Tambo in gold, for heads of state and, in special cases, heads of government (SCOT)\nGrand Companion of OR Tambo in silver, for heads of government, ministers of state, supreme court judges, presidents of legislatures, secretaries of state, ambassadors, commanders-in-chief (GCOT)\nCompanion of OR Tambo in bronze, for legislators, envoys, senior military officers (COT)","title":"Current classes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taijitu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taijitu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gov-site-1"},{"link_name":"South African coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_Arms_of_South_Africa"}],"text":"The badge of the order is oval, and depicts a symbol similar to that of the Taijitu between two arrowheads, framed by two mole snakes.[1] The symbol represents the meeting of diverse spiritual energies, and the snakes represent solidarity and support. The South African coat of arms is displayed on the reverse.The ribbon is white, with recurring grey symbols down the centre. All three classes are worn around the neck.Recipients are also presented with a carved wooden walking stick, which has a serpent wound around the shaft and a spoon-shaped head displaying the badge of the order and the national arms. The walking stick symbolises support and solidarity, and a commitment to stand by the recipient in return.","title":"Symbolism"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Recipients"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"John Minto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Minto"},{"link_name":"Thabo Mbeki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"On 28 January 2008, New Zealand anti-apartheid activist John Minto created a controversy over his letter to former South African President Thabo Mbeki after being nominated for the award, saying that he would refuse, on principle, to accept any award from the ANC.[23]","title":"Refusals"}] | [{"image_text":"Walking stick awarded with Order","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Tambo_Order_Stick.jpg"}] | [{"title":"South African civil honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_civil_honours"}] | [{"reference":"\"The Order of the Companions of O.R. 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Retrieved 26 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://anglicanchurchsa.org/archbishop-makhulu-honoured-for-helping-sas-liberation/","url_text":"\"Archbishop Makhulu honoured for helping SA's liberation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archbishop Khotso Makhulu (United Kingdom (UK)) | The Presidency\". www.thepresidency.gov.za. Retrieved 2 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/archbishop-khotso-makhulu-united-kingdom-uk","url_text":"\"Archbishop Khotso Makhulu (United Kingdom (UK)) | The Presidency\""}]},{"reference":"Khumalo, Juniour. \"Siya Kolisi, Desiree Ellis, Tracy Chapman among 32 bestowed national orders by Ramaphosa\". News24. Retrieved 2 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news24.com/news24/politics/government/siya-kolisi-desiree-ellis-tracy-chapman-among-32-bestowed-national-orders-by-ramaphosa-20230429","url_text":"\"Siya Kolisi, Desiree Ellis, Tracy Chapman among 32 bestowed national orders by Ramaphosa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Open letter to the President of South Africa\". John Minto. 28 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://johnminto.wordpress.com/2008/01/28/open-letter-to-the-president-of-south-africa/","url_text":"\"Open letter to the President of South Africa\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Order+of+the+Companions+of+O.+R.+Tambo%22","external_links_name":"\"Order of the Companions of O. R. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxstoke_Castle | Maxstoke Castle | ["1 History","2 Current","3 See also","4 References"] | Coordinates: 52°29′58″N 1°40′22″W / 52.4994°N 1.6729°W / 52.4994; -1.6729
Maxstoke CastleWarwickshire, England Maxstoke GardensMaxstoke CastleCoordinates52°29′58″N 1°40′22″W / 52.4994°N 1.6729°W / 52.4994; -1.6729Grid referencegrid reference SP223891TypeQuadrangular castleSite informationOwnerFetherson-Dilke FamilyOpen tothe publicAnnuallyConditionOccupiedSite historyMaterialsSandstone
Maxstoke Castle is a privately owned moated castle dating from the 14th century, situated to the north of Maxstoke in Warwickshire, England.
History
Vaulted entrance and 15th century doors
It was built by Sir William de Clinton, 1st Earl of Huntingdon, in 1345 to a rectangular plan, with octagonal towers at each angle, a gatehouse on the east, and a residential range on the west, the whole surrounded by a broad moat. Clinton died in 1354 but his widow, Juliana Leybourne spent time here even after her next marriage. Additions were made by Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, who acquired it in 1437 by exchanging it for other manors in Northamptonshire. The castle is unusual in that it has survived largely intact.
Amongst the antiquities there is a 15th-century chair upon which Henry VII was crowned after the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, a table owned by Sir Everard Digby (cousin to the Digbys of Coleshill) around which the Gunpowder Plot was planned in 1605, and a 'Whispering Door' (two doors with a common jamb) brought from Kenilworth Castle.
The present family, the Fetherston-Dilkes, first came into possession in the 17th century.
During the Civil War Maxstoke was garrisoned for Parliament. The first known Governor of Maxstoke Castle in 1642/43 was a Captain Layfield. The garrison musters reveal that between March 1644 to October 1645, the captain of the garrison was Mr Henry Kendall Sr, lord of the manor of Austrey. His son Henry Kendall Jr. was his lieutenant. The garrison included several of their Austrey tenants: William Smart (a joiner's son), Henry Orton, Henry Spencer and John Crispe.
In the 18th century William Dilke of Maxstoke married Mary Fetherstone-Leigh of Packwood House near Knowle. Since then the two families and houses have been closely linked.
Current
Maxstoke Castle is opened to the public annually (usually in mid-June), in aid of local charities. Tours for interested historical groups can be booked year round. It is a Scheduled Ancient Monument and a Grade I listed building.
The parkland of Maxstoke has been a golf course since 1898. At one time, the land was listed as a deer park and deer can still be seen there.
See also
Castles in Great Britain and Ireland
List of castles in England
References
^ Ormrod, W. M. (23 September 2004). "Leybourne, Juliana, countess of Huntingdon (1303/4–1367), noblewoman". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/54433. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ P.R.O. Exchequer SP28/121A-122. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle"},{"link_name":"Maxstoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxstoke"},{"link_name":"Warwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwickshire"}],"text":"Maxstoke Castle is a privately owned moated castle dating from the 14th century, situated to the north of Maxstoke in Warwickshire, England.","title":"Maxstoke Castle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maxstoke_Castle_06-2022_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"William de Clinton, 1st Earl of Huntingdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Clinton,_1st_Earl_of_Huntingdon"},{"link_name":"moat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moat"},{"link_name":"Juliana Leybourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliana_Leybourne"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Stafford,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham"},{"link_name":"Northamptonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"Henry VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bosworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth"},{"link_name":"Everard Digby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everard_Digby"},{"link_name":"Coleshill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleshill,_Warwickshire"},{"link_name":"Gunpowder Plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot"},{"link_name":"Kenilworth Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenilworth_Castle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Packwood House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packwood_House"},{"link_name":"Knowle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowle,_West_Midlands"}],"text":"Vaulted entrance and 15th century doorsIt was built by Sir William de Clinton, 1st Earl of Huntingdon, in 1345 to a rectangular plan, with octagonal towers at each angle, a gatehouse on the east, and a residential range on the west, the whole surrounded by a broad moat. Clinton died in 1354 but his widow, Juliana Leybourne spent time here even after her next marriage.[1] Additions were made by Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, who acquired it in 1437 by exchanging it for other manors in Northamptonshire. The castle is unusual in that it has survived largely intact.Amongst the antiquities there is a 15th-century chair upon which Henry VII was crowned after the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, a table owned by Sir Everard Digby (cousin to the Digbys of Coleshill) around which the Gunpowder Plot was planned in 1605, and a 'Whispering Door' (two doors with a common jamb) brought from Kenilworth Castle.The present family, the Fetherston-Dilkes, first came into possession in the 17th century.\nDuring the Civil War Maxstoke was garrisoned for Parliament. The first known Governor of Maxstoke Castle in 1642/43 was a Captain Layfield. The garrison musters reveal that between March 1644 to October 1645, the captain of the garrison was Mr Henry Kendall Sr, lord of the manor of Austrey. His son Henry Kendall Jr. was his lieutenant. The garrison included several of their Austrey tenants: William Smart (a joiner's son), Henry Orton, Henry Spencer and John Crispe.[2]In the 18th century William Dilke of Maxstoke married Mary Fetherstone-Leigh of Packwood House near Knowle. Since then the two families and houses have been closely linked.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scheduled Ancient Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_Ancient_Monument"},{"link_name":"Grade I listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_I_listed_building"},{"link_name":"golf course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_course"},{"link_name":"deer park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer_park_(England)"},{"link_name":"deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer"}],"text":"Maxstoke Castle is opened to the public annually (usually in mid-June), in aid of local charities. Tours for interested historical groups can be booked year round. It is a Scheduled Ancient Monument and a Grade I listed building.The parkland of Maxstoke has been a golf course since 1898. At one time, the land was listed as a deer park and deer can still be seen there.","title":"Current"}] | [{"image_text":"Vaulted entrance and 15th century doors","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Maxstoke_Castle_06-2022_1.jpg/220px-Maxstoke_Castle_06-2022_1.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Castles in Great Britain and Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castles_in_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"title":"List of castles in England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_castles_in_England"}] | [{"reference":"Ormrod, W. M. (23 September 2004). \"Leybourne, Juliana, countess of Huntingdon (1303/4–1367), noblewoman\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/54433.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/54433","url_text":"\"Leybourne, Juliana, countess of Huntingdon (1303/4–1367), noblewoman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F54433","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/54433"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Maxstoke_Castle¶ms=52.4994_N_1.6729_W_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"52°29′58″N 1°40′22″W / 52.4994°N 1.6729°W / 52.4994; -1.6729"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Maxstoke_Castle¶ms=52.4994_N_1.6729_W_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"52°29′58″N 1°40′22″W / 52.4994°N 1.6729°W / 52.4994; -1.6729"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Maxstoke_Castle¶ms=52.499352_N_1.672937_W_region:GB_scale:25000","external_links_name":"SP223891"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/54433","external_links_name":"\"Leybourne, Juliana, countess of Huntingdon (1303/4–1367), noblewoman\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F54433","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/54433"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Sm8900/workpage1 | User talk:Sm8900/workpage1 | ["1 Category items","2 history"] | Category items
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_(Sauk_leader) | Black Hawk (Sauk leader) | ["1 Early life","2 War leader","3 War of 1812","4 Black Hawk War","4.1 Tour of the East","5 Early autobiography by Native American","6 Assessment as Sauk leader","7 Last days","8 Personal life","9 Legacy","10 Notable examples of eponyms","11 See also","12 References","13 Further reading","14 External links"] | American Indian tribal leader (1767–1838)
Black HawkPortrait by George Catlin, 1832BornMu-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak1767 (1767)Saukenuk, Illinois Country, British America(modern-day Rock Island, Illinois, U.S.)DiedOctober 3, 1838(1838-10-03) (aged 70–71)Davis County, Iowa, U.S.MonumentsBlack Hawk Statue, Black Hawk State Historic SiteNationalitySaukOther namesBlack Sparrow HawkOccupation(s)War captain; band leaderKnown forBlack Hawk War
Black Hawk, born Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak (Sauk: Mahkatêwe-meshi-kêhkêhkwa) (1767 – October 3, 1838), was a Sauk leader and warrior who lived in what is now the Midwestern United States. Although he had inherited an important historic sacred bundle from his father, he was not a hereditary civil chief. Black Hawk earned his status as a war chief or captain by his actions: leading raiding and war parties as a young man and then a band of Sauk warriors during the Black Hawk War of 1832.
During the War of 1812, Black Hawk fought on the side of the British against the US in the hope of pushing white American settlers away from Sauk territory. Later, he led a band of Sauk and Fox warriors, known as the British Band, against white settlers in Illinois and present-day Wisconsin during the 1832 Black Hawk War. After the war, he was captured by US forces and taken to the Eastern US, where he and other war leaders were taken on a tour of several cities.
Shortly before being released from custody, Black Hawk told his story to an interpreter. Aided also by a newspaper reporter, he published Autobiography of Ma-Ka-Tai-Me-She-Kia-Kiak, or Black Hawk, Embracing the Traditions of his Nation... in 1833. The first Native American autobiography to be published in the US, his book became an immediate bestseller and has gone through several editions. Black Hawk died in 1838, at age 70 or 71, in what is now southeastern Iowa. He has been honored by an enduring legacy: his book, many eponyms, and other tributes.
Early life
Black Hawk, or Black Sparrow Hawk (Sauk Ma-kat-tai-me-she-kia-kiak , "be a large black hawk") was born in 1767 in the village of Saukenuk on the Rock River (present-day Rock Island, Illinois).: p.13 Black Hawk's father Pyesa was the tribal medicine man of the Sauk people.
Little is known about Black Hawk's youth. He was said to be a descendant of Nanamakee (Thunder), a Sauk chief who, according to tradition, met an early French explorer, possibly Samuel de Champlain.: p.4, p.12 At about age 15, Black Hawk distinguished himself by wounding an enemy and was placed in the ranks of the braves. Shortly after this Black Hawk accompanied his father Pyesa on a raid against the Osage. He won approval by killing and scalping his first enemy.: pp.19-20 : p.14 The young Black Hawk tried to establish himself as a war captain by leading other raids. He had limited success until, at about age 19, he led 200 men in a battle against the Osage, in which he personally killed five men and one woman.: p.21 : p.16 Soon after, he joined his father in a raid against Cherokee along the Meramec River in Missouri. After Pyesa died from wounds received in the battle, Black Hawk inherited the Sauk sacred bundle which his father had carried, giving him an important role in the tribe.: pp. 16–17
War leader
After an extended period of mourning for his father, Black Hawk resumed leading raiding parties over the next years, usually targeting the traditional enemy, the Osage. Black Hawk did not belong to a clan that provided the Sauk with hereditary civil leaders, or "chiefs." He achieved status through his exploits as a warrior and by leading successful raiding parties. Men like Black Hawk are sometimes called "war chiefs," but historian Patrick Jung writes, "It is more accurate to call them 'war leaders' since the nature of their office and the power that it wielded was much different from that of a civil chief." Twenty-first-century historians such as John W. Hall have suggested the term "war captain" for this role.
War of 1812
Plans of the original Fort Madison, 1810. Black Hawk participated in the 1809 and 1812 sieges; the fort was captured by British-supported Indians in 1813.
During the War of 1812, Black Hawk, then 45, served as a war leader of a Sauk band at their village of Saukenuk, which fielded about 200 warriors. He supported the invalidity of Quashquame's Treaty of St. Louis (1804) between the Sauk and Fox nations and then-governor William Henry Harrison of the Indiana Territory that ceded territory, including Saukenuk, to the United States. The Sauk and Fox are consensus-based decision makers and those representatives sent to the meeting with the US government did not have the power to cede tribal territory, although Quashquame did. The lack of the consensus aspect by each of the Sauk and Fox councils meant that the treaty could never be considered valid by Black Hawk and other traditionalists. Black Hawk took part in skirmishes against US forces at the newly constructed Fort Madison in the disputed land; this was the first time he fought directly against the U.S. Army.
During the War of 1812, the forces of Great Britain and its colonies in present-day Canada were engaged against those of the U.S., with major battles on the Great Lakes and surrounding remote lands. The British depended upon alliances with the Native American population to wage war in this area since the British were occupied with Napoleon in Europe. Robert Dickson, a Scottish fur trader, amassed a sizable force of Native Americans at Green Bay to assist the British in operations around the Great Lakes. Most were from the Potawatomi, Ho-Chunk, Kickapoo, and Ottawa tribes. Black Hawk and his band of about 200 Sauk warriors were included in this group of allies.
Dickson commissioned Black Hawk at the rank of brevet brigadier general, with command over all native allies at Green Bay, and presented him with a silk flag, a medal, and a written certificate of good behavior and alliance with the British. The war leader preserved the certificate for 20 years; it was found by U.S. forces after the Battle of Bad Axe, along with a flag similar in description to that which Dickson gave to Black Hawk.
During the war, Black Hawk and Native warriors fought in several engagements alongside Major-General Henry Procter on the borders of Lake Erie. Black Hawk was at the Battle of Frenchtown, Fort Meigs, and the attack on Fort Stephenson. The United States Army was able to inflict a significant defeat on Tecumseh's Confederacy by killing Tecumseh during the war.
Black Hawk despaired over the many killed in the fighting; soon after, he quit the war to return home. Back in Saukenuk, he found that his rival, Keokuk, had become the tribe's war chief. Black Hawk rejoined the British effort toward the end of the war, fighting alongside British forces in campaigns along the Mississippi River near the Illinois Territory. At the Battle of Credit Island, and by harassing U.S. troops at Fort Johnson, Black Hawk helped the British to push the Americans out of the upper Mississippi River valley.
Black Hawk fought in the Battle of the Sink Hole (May 1815), leading an ambush on a group of Missouri Rangers. Conflicting accounts of the action were given by the Missouri leader John Shaw and by Black Hawk.
After the end of the War of 1812, Black Hawk signed a peace treaty in May 1816 that re-affirmed the treaty of 1804. Later he said he was not aware of this stipulation.
Black Hawk War
Main article: Black Hawk War
Plaster life cast of Black Hawk, original ca. 1830, at Black Hawk State Historic Site
As a consequence of the 1804 treaty, the American government believed that the Sauk and Fox tribes had ceded their lands in Illinois and in 1828 were moved west of the Mississippi River. Black Hawk and other tribal members disputed the treaty, as noted above, and said leaders had signed it without full tribal authorization. Angered by the loss of his birthplace, between 1830 and 1831 Black Hawk led a number of incursions across the Mississippi to Illinois. He was persuaded to return west each time without bloodshed.
In April 1832, encouraged by promises of alliance with other tribes and with Britain, he moved his so-called "British Band" of more than 1500 people, both warriors and non-combatants, into Illinois. Finding no allies, he tried to return to Iowa, but the undisciplined Illinois militia provoked open attack at the Battle of Stillman's Run. A number of other violent engagements followed. The governors of Michigan Territory and Illinois mobilized their militias to hunt down Black Hawk's Band. These actions led to the last Native American War fought on the east side of the Mississippi River. The conflict became known as the Black Hawk War.
When Black Hawk entered Illinois in April, his British Band was composed of about 500 warriors and 1,000 old men, women, and children. The group included members of the Sauk, Fox and Kickapoo tribes. They crossed the river near the mouth of the Iowa River and followed the Rock River northeast. Along the way, they passed the ruins of Saukenuk and headed for the village of Ho-Chunk prophet White Cloud.
As the war progressed, factions of other tribes joined, or tried to join Black Hawk. Other Native Americans and settlers carried out acts of violence for personal reasons amidst the chaos of the war. In one example, a band of hostile Ho-Chunk intent on joining Black Hawk's Band attacked and killed the party of Felix St. Vrain in what Americans knew as the St. Vrain massacre. This act was an exception as most Ho-Chunk sided with the U.S. during the Black Hawk War; the warriors who attacked St. Vrain's party had acted independently of the Ho-Chunk nation. From April to August, Potawatomi warriors also joined with Black Hawk's Band.
The war stretched from April to August 1832, with a number of battles, skirmishes and massacres on both sides. Black Hawk led his men in another conflict, the Battle of Wisconsin Heights. Afterward, the Illinois and Michigan Territory militias caught up with Black Hawk's "British Band" for the final confrontation at Bad Axe. At the mouth of the Bad Axe River, pursuing soldiers, their Indian allies, and a U.S. gunboat killed hundreds of Sauk and Potawatomi men, women and children. On August 27, 1832, Black Hawk and Wabokieshiek asked to surrender to the Indian agent Joseph Street but were instead taken to Zachary Taylor. They surrendered to Lieutenant Jefferson Davis, future president of the Confederacy, after hiding on an unnamed island in the Mississippi River.
Tour of the East
Calumet (or "peace pipe") used by Black Hawk, on display at Black Hawk State Historic Site.
Following the war, with most of the British Band killed and the rest captured or disbanded, the defeated Black Hawk was held in captivity at Jefferson Barracks near Saint Louis, Missouri together with Neapope, White Cloud, and eight other leaders. After eight months, in April 1833 they were taken east, as ordered by U.S. President Andrew Jackson. The men were taken by steamboat, carriage, and railroad, and met with large crowds wherever they went. Jackson wanted them to be impressed with the power of the United States. Once in Washington, D.C., they met with Jackson and Secretary of War Lewis Cass. Afterward, they were delivered to their final destination, prison at Fortress Monroe in Hampton, Virginia. They were held only a few weeks at the prison, during which they posed for portraits by different artists.
On June 5, 1833, the men were sent west by steamboat on a circuitous route that took them through many large cities. Again, the men were a spectacle everywhere they went, and were greeted by huge crowds of people in cities such as Baltimore, Philadelphia and New York,. In the west, closer to the battle sites and history of conflict, the reception was much different. For instance, in Detroit, a crowd burned and hanged effigies of the prisoners.
Early autobiography by Native American
Near the end of his captivity in 1833, Black Hawk told his life story to Antoine LeClaire, a government interpreter. Edited by the local reporter J.B. Patterson, Black Hawk's account was one of the first Native American autobiographies published in the U.S. The book immediately became a best seller and has gone through numerous editions. In its time, it was not without controversy. Thomas Ford, governor of Illinois, disliked Black Hawk, Le Claire, and George Davenport, and believed that Black Hawk had little to do with the writing of his autobiography, dismissing the book as a "catch-penny publication."
The doubt surrounding the work’s authenticity is more than merited as the words were dictated by Black Hawk, translated into English by LeClaire, and written into manuscript form by Patterson. It is worth noting that both LeClaire and Patterson swore and signed a document verifying the authenticity of the work. Furthermore, Judge James Hall stated that Black Hawk had told him the autobiography was authentic.
In 1882, John B. Patterson released a new edition of the Black Hawk autobiography which included various changes to the wording and new material. This edition is often discredited due to the changes made indicating it was not what Black Hawk said word for word. A notable example of a difference in wording across editions is: "...by the utter annihilation, if possible, of all of their race (1833 edition)" vs "...by the utter annihilation, if possible, of the last remnant of their tribe (1882 edition)."
Assessment as Sauk leader
Statue of Black Hawk at Black Hawk State Historic Site
Although not a hereditary chief, Black Hawk filled a leadership void within the Sauk community. When Quashquame ceded much of the Sauk homeland in 1804 to the United States, including the main village Saukenuk, he was viewed as ineffective. Black Hawk wrote in his autobiography:
It subsequently appeared that they had been drunk the greater part of the time while at St. Louis. This was all myself and nation knew of the treaty of 1804. It has since been explained to me. I found by that treaty, that all of the country east of the Mississippi, and south of Jeffreon was ceded to the United States for one thousand dollars a year. I will leave it to the people of the United States to say whether our nation was properly represented in this treaty? Or whether we received a fair compensation for the extent of country ceded by these four individuals? I could say much more respecting this treaty, but I will not at this time. It has been the origin of all our serious difficulties with the whites.
Portrait of Black Hawk, from the U.S. Library of Congress
Because of his role in the disputed 1804 treaty, the tribe reduced its support of Quashquame and made him a minor chief. "Quasquawma, was chief of this tribe once, but being cheated out of the mineral country, as the Indians allege, he was denigrated from his rank and his son-in-law Taimah elected in his stead." Although Quashquame and Black Hawk were at odds, the younger man did not directly challenge the civil chief. They apparently remained on good terms as Black Hawk rose in importance and Quashquame faded. Quashquame avoided confrontation with the U.S., while Black Hawk did not. After Black Hawk led an aborted takeover of Fort Madison in the Spring of 1809, Quashquame worked to restore relations with the US Army the next day.
Quashquame told Gen. William Clark during a meeting in 1810 or 1811:
My father, I left my home to see my great-grandfather, the president of the United States, but as I cannot proceed to see him, I give you my hand as to himself. I have no father to whom I have paid any attention but yourself. If you hear anything, I hope that you will let me know, and I will do the same. I have been advised several times to raise the tomahawk. Since the last war we have looked upon the Americans as friends, and I shall hold you fast by the hand. The Great Spirit has not put us on the earth to war with the whites. We have never struck a white man. If we go to war it is with the red flesh. Other nations send belts among us, and urge us to war. They say that if we do not, the Americans will encroach upon us, and drive us off our lands.
An illustration of Black Hawk, from History of the Indian Tribes of North America
During the run up to the War of 1812, the US viewed Quashquame as loyal, or at least neutral. They knew Black Hawk led those Sauk warriors allied with the British. Quashquame led all Sauk non-combatants during the war, and they retreated to Saint Louis. Black Hawk thought this was an ideal arrangement:
... all the children and old men and women belonging to the warriors who had joined the British were left with them to provide for. A council had been called which agreed that Quashquame, the Lance, and other chiefs, with the old men, women and children, and such others as chose to accompany them, should descend the Mississippi to St. Louis, and place themselves under the American chief stationed there. They accordingly went down to St. Louis, were received as the friendly band of our nation, were sent up the Missouri and provided for, while their friends were assisting the British!
A rift developed among the Sauk after the war. In 1815 Quashquame was part of a large delegation who signed a treaty confirming a split between the Sauk along the Missouri River and the Sauk who lived along the Rock River at Saukenuk. The Rock River group of Sauk was commonly known as the British Band; their warriors were the core of those Sauk who participated in the Black Hawk War. About 1824, Quashquame sold a large Sauk village in Illinois to a trader Captain James White. White gave Quashquame "a little 'sku-ti-apo' and two thousand bushels of corn" for the land, which later was developed as Nauvoo, Illinois. This land sale likely aggravated Black Hawk and other Sauk who wanted to maintain their claim on Illinois.
As Quashquame was eclipsed by his son-in-law Taimah as the Sauk chief favored by the U.S., his compromise position lost standing compared to Black Hawk's resistance. When Caleb Atwater wrote about his visit to Quashquame in 1829, he depicted the leader as feeble, more interested in art and leisure than politics, but still advocating diplomacy over conflict. In the summer of 1830, Black Hawk began his incursions into the disputed territory of Illinois, which eventually leading to the Black Hawk War.
Black Hawk's frequent rival was Keokuk, a Sauk war chief held in high esteem by the U.S. government. Officials believed that he was calm and reasonable, willing to negotiate, unlike Black Hawk. Black Hawk despised Keokuk, and viewed him as cowardly and self-serving, at one point threatening to kill him for not defending Saukenuk. After the Black Hawk War, US officials designated Keokuk as the main Sauk leader and would only deal with him.
Last days
Putative Black Hawk grave at Iowaville Cemetery. There are conflicting accounts about what happened to his remains.
Black Hawk Memorial Plaque at Iowaville Cemetery
After his tour of the east, Black Hawk lived with the Sauk along the Iowa River and later the Des Moines River near Iowaville in what is now southeast Iowa. He occasionally attended council meeting between the Sauks and the Foxes and the federal government, but had no real power or influence. At the end of his life, he tried to reconcile both with American settlers and with his Sauk rivals, including Keokuk. He spent some time in Burlington, Iowa in the home of businessman and legislator Jeremiah Smith, Jr. An attorney with whom he shared a room recalled, "I roomed with Black Hawk for weeks, and observed him carefully and under all circumstances. He was uniformly kind and polite, especially at the table; but often silent, abstracted and melancholy.... He presented the noble spectacle of a warrior chief, conquered and disgraced with his tribe by his conquerors; but, resigned to his fate and covered with the scars of many battles, in the spirit of true heroism, breaking bread with and enjoying the hospitality of his destroyers." Ultimately, he blamed Keokuk for his and his people's fate.
In an 1838 address at Fort Madison (now Old Settlers Park, Iowa), in the year of his death, he said the following:
It has pleased the Great Spirit that I am here today—I have eaten with my white friends. The earth is our mother—we are now on it, with the Great spirit above us; it is good. I hope we are all friends here. A few winters ago I was fighting against you. I did wrong, perhaps, but that is past—it is buried—let it be forgotten.
Rock River was a beautiful country. I liked my towns, my cornfields and the home of my people. I fought for it. It is now yours. Keep it as we did—it will produce you good crops.
I thank the Great Spirit that I am now friendly with my white brethren. We are here together, we have eaten together; we are friends; it is his wish and mine. I thank you for your friendship.
I was once a great warrior; I am now poor. Keokuk has been the cause of my present situation; but I do not attach blame to him. I am now old. I have looked upon the Mississippi since I have been a child. I love the great river. I have dwelt upon its banks from the time I was an infant. I look upon it now. I shake hands with you, and as it is my wish, I hope you are my friends.— Address by Black Hawk, July 4, 1838, at Fort Madison.
Black Hawk died on October 3, 1838, after two weeks of illness. He was buried on the farm of his friend James Jordan, on the north bank of the Des Moines River in Davis County, Iowa.
In July 1839, his remains were stolen by James Turner, who prepared his skeleton for exhibition. Black Hawk's sons Nashashuk and Gamesett went to Governor Robert Lucas of Iowa Territory, who used his influence to bring the bones to security in his offices in Burlington. With the permission of Black Hawk's sons, the remains were held by the Burlington Geological and Historical Society. When the Society's building burned down in 1855, Black Hawk's remains were destroyed.
An alternative account is that Governor Lucas passed Black Hawk's bones to Enos Lowe, a Burlington physician, who was said to have left them to his partner, Dr. McLaurens. After McLaurens moved to California, workers were reported to have found the bones at his house. They buried the remains in a potter's grave in Aspen Grove Cemetery in Burlington.
There is a marker for him in the Iowaville Cemetery on the hill over the river, although it is unknown if any of his remains are there.
Personal life
Black Hawk's wife was known as As-she-we-qua (died August 28, 1846), or Singing Bird (her English name was Sarah Baker) with whom he had five children. His oldest son and youngest daughter died in the same year, before 1820, and he mourned their passing following Sauk tradition for two years. According to Sauk tradition, Black Hawk spent these two years of his life mourning the loss of his children by living alone and fasting. His other children were a daughter Namequa (Running Fawn, Ailey Baker was her English name) and his sons Nasheakusk (aka Nashashuk) and Gamesett (aka Nasomsee).
Legacy
Through interpreter Antoine LeClair, Black Hawk dictated an autobiography titled Life of Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak (or, Life of Black Hawk), originally published in 1833.
The Eternal Indian, a sculpture by Lorado Taft inspired by Black Hawk.
A sculpture by Lorado Taft overlooks the Rock River in Oregon, Illinois. Entitled The Eternal Indian, this statue is commonly known as the Black Hawk Statue. In modern times Black Hawk is considered a tragic hero and numerous commemorations exist. These are mostly in the form of eponyms; many roads, sports teams and schools are named after Black Hawk. Among the numerous wars in United States history, however, the Black Hawk War is one of few named for a person.
According to a widespread myth, the Olympic gold medal-winning athlete Jim Thorpe was said to be descended from Black Hawk.
The Wisconsin born African American spiritualist and trance medium Leafy Anderson claimed that Black Hawk was one of her major spirit guides. This spirit's guidance and protection are sought by the members of many churches within the loosely allied Spiritual Church Movement which she founded. Special "Black Hawk services" are held to invoke his assistance, and busts or statues representing him are kept on home and church altars by his devotees.
Notable examples of eponyms
Several place names, including Black Hawk County, Iowa, the Black Hawk Bridge between Iowa and Wisconsin, and the historical Black Hawk Purchase in Iowa.
Four United States Navy vessels were named USS Black Hawk.
The 2nd Squadron of the 1st US Cavalry Regiment (2-1 CAVALIER Urdu and the other side of the house are not related to the original
One Liberty ship built in 1943 was named Black Hawk.
The Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League indirectly derive their name from Black Hawk. Their first owner, Frederic McLaughlin, was a commander with the 333rd Machine Gun Battalion of the 86th Infantry Division during World War I, nicknamed the "Black Hawk Division" after the war leader. McLaughlin named the hockey team in honor of his military unit.
The Atlanta Hawks were named the Tri-Cities Blackhawks in the inaugural season of the NBA in the Tri-Cities (now Quad Cities) area in Illinois and Iowa. The team was named for the Black Hawk War.
The Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk, a four-blade, twin-engine, medium-lift utility helicopter manufactured by Sikorsky Aircraft, used by the US military and many armed forces around the world.
Blackhawk Middle School, in Bensenville, Illinois
Black Hawk College, a community college whose main campus is in Moline, IL.
Blackhawk Country Club, a private golf club in Shorewood Hills, Wisconsin is named for Black Hawk.
The athletic teams of Prairie du Chien High School in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin are nicknamed the Blackhawks in his honor.
The athletic teams of Fort Atkinson High School, Wisconsin are named "Blackhawks" for Black Hawk.
The athletic teams of West Aurora High School, Illinois are named the Blackhawks for Black Hawk. Their mascot is also named "Chief Blackhawk".
The film "Big Chief, Black Hawk", named after a Mardi Gras Indian Tribe, came from Terrance Williams Jr. naming his tribe "Black Hawk Hunters" in homage to Black Hawk.
See also
Wisconsin Heights Battlefield
References
^ Bright, William (2004). Native American Place Names of the United States, Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, p. 66.
^ a b c d e f Black Hawk, Antoine LeClair (interpreter), and J.B. Patterson, ed. Autobiography of Ma-Ka-Tai-Me-She-Kia-Kiak or Black Hawk, Embracing the tradition of his nation.... Boston: Russell, Odiorn & Metcalf, 1834. Retrieved: Dec 6, 2022.
^ Stevens, Frank Everett (2000). "Black Hawk War, Part 02 – Black Hawk and His Times". myeducationresearch.org. The Pierian Press. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011. Retrieved May 24, 2011.
^ a b c d Roger L. Nichols, Black Hawk and the Warrior's Path (Arlington Heights, Illinois: Harlan Davidson, 1992; ISBN 0-88295-884-4).
^ Jung, 55.
^ See for example John W. Hall, Uncommon Defense: Indian Allies in the Black Hawk War (Harvard University Press, 2009), p. 2.
^ a b c d Smith, William Rudolph. The History of Wisconsin: In Three Parts, Historical, Documentary, and Descriptive, (Internet Archive), B. Brown: 1854, pp. 221–406. Retrieved September 20, 2007.
^ a b c Lewis, James. ""Background: The Black Hawk War of 1832" Archived May 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University. Retrieved September 20, 2007.
^ McKusick, Marshall B. (2009). "Fort Madison, 1808-1813". In William E. Whittaker (ed.). Frontier Forts of Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, 1682–1862. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. pp. 55–74. ISBN 978-1-58729-831-8.
^ a b c d e Trask, Kerry A. Black Hawk: The Battle for the Heart of America, (Google Books), Henry Holt: 2006, p. 109, 308, (ISBN 0805077588), pp. 220-221. Retrieved October 26, 2007.
^ Lewis, James. "The Black Hawk War of 1832: FAQ Archived September 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine". Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University. Retrieved October 26, 2007.
^ Nolan, David J. (2009). "Fort Johnson, Cantonment Davis, and Fort Edwards". In William E. Whittaker (ed.). Frontier Forts of Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, 1682–1862. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. pp. 85–94. ISBN 978-1-58729-831-8.
^ Stevens, Walter B. (1921). Centennial History of Missouri (The Center State) One Hundred Years in the Union. St. Louis: S. J. Clarke.
^ a b Black Hawk (1916) . Milo M. Quaife (ed.). Life of Black Hawk, Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak. Chicago: Lakeside Press. pp. 66–68. ISBN 9780608437781.
^ a b Lewis, James. "The Black Hawk War of 1832 Archived August 15, 2009, at the Wayback Machine," Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University. Retrieved August 1, 2007.
^ "May 14: Black Hawk's Victory at the Battle of Stillman's Run Archived August 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine," Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, Wisconsin State Historical Society. Retrieved August 6, 2007.
^ "’I Am a Sauk... I Am a Warrior’ Archived January 18, 2016, at the Wayback Machine." Black Hawk State Historic Site. Black Hawk Park & Foundation. Web. September 26, 2014.
^ Harmet, "Apple River Fort," p. 13.
^ Lewis, James. "Introduction Archived April 20, 2009, at the Wayback Machine," The Black Hawk War of 1832, Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University. Retrieved September 20, 2007.
^ Lewis, "Introduction."
^ ""May 21, Indian Creek, Ill.: Abduction of the Hall Sisters" Archived September 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, Wisconsin State Historical Society. Retrieved 20 September 2007.
^ Matile, Roger. "The Black Hawk War: Massacre at Indian Creek Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine," Ledger-Sentinel (Oswego, Illinois), May 31, 2007, Retrieved September 20, 2007
^ a b ""The Killing of Felix St. Vrain" Archived February 21, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Historic Diaries: Black Hawk War, Wisconsin Historical Society, Retrieved September 20, 2007
^ a b c d e Lewis, James. "The Black Hawk War of 1832" Archived 2009-06-19 at the Wayback Machine, Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University, p. 2D. Retrieved September 20, 2007.
^ McCann, Dennis. "Black Hawk's name, country's shame lives on", Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel, April 28, 2007. Retrieved July 30, 2007.
^ Smith, William C. Jefferson Davis: The Man and His Hour, pp. 842–843.
^ Jung, p. 182.
^ Trask, pp. 294–95.
^ "Lincoln/Net: The Black Hawk War". Lincoln/Net. Northern Illinois University. Retrieved: May 3, 2015.
^ "Black Hawk Remembers Village Life Along the Mississippi". History Matters: The U.S. Survey Course on the Web, George Mason University. Retrieved September 20, 2007.
^ Ford, Thomas (1854). A History of Illinois. Chicago: Griggs and Co. pp. 110–111. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
^ Jackson, Donald; Hawk, Black (1955). An Autobiography. Illinois: Urbana. pp. 26. Retrieved December 5, 2023.
^ Jackson, Donald; Hawk, Black (1955). An Autobiography. Illinois: Urbana. pp. 28. Retrieved December 5, 2023.
^ Jackson, Donald; Hawk, Black (1955). An Autobiography. Illinois: Urbana. pp. 29. Retrieved December 5, 2023.
^ Atwater, Caleb. Remarks Made of A Tour to Prairie du Chien: Thence to Washington City, in 1829. Columbus, OH: Isaac N. Whiting, 1831
^ Van der Zee, Jacob (1913) "Old Fort Madison: Some Source Materials", Iowa Journal of History and Politics Vol. 11.
^ Johnson, W.F. (1919) History of Cooper County, Missouri. Topeka: Historical Publishing Co., p. 62.
^ Indian Treaties 1795 to 1862 Vol. XX - Sauk & Fox L.S. Watson (ed.) 1993
^ Campbell, James W. (1884) "Address of Capt. Jas. W. Campbell.", in Report of the Organization and First Reunion of the Tri-State Old Settlers' Association of Illinois, Missouri and Iowa, edited by J. H. Cole and J. M. Schaffer, pp. 33–38, Keokuk: IA, Tri-State Printing
^ Caleb Atwater (1829) Remarks Made of A Tour to Prairie du Chien: Thence to Washington City (published 1831, pp. 60-62)
^ Trask, Kerry (2006) Black Hawk: The Battle for the Heart of America. Henry Holt. pp. 75-80.
^ Andreas Atlas of Iowa", 1903, "Van Buren Co. Early History" and "Davis Co. Early History"
^ Antrobus, Augustine M. History of Des Moines County Iowa and Its People Volume 1. Chicago: The S. J. Clarke Publishing Company, 1915; pp. 110-111
^ Antrobus, Augustine M. (1915) History of Des Moines County, Iowa: And Its People, Vol. 1, p. 141 S.J. Clarke, Chicago.
^ "Makataimeshekiakiak: Black Hawk and his War". Davenport Public Library. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved March 30, 2007.
^ "BLACK HAWK'S VARNISHED BONES.; THEY ARE BELIEVED TO BE LYING UNMARKED IN A POTTER'S FIELD". New York Times. September 25, 1891. Retrieved December 4, 2009.
^ a b "Black Hawk State Historic Site - History". blackhawkpark.org. Archived from the original on January 18, 2016. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
^ a b Native peoples A to Z: a reference guide to native peoples of the western hemisphere, Vol. 8 (2nd ed.). Hamburg, Mich.: Native American Books. 2009. pp. 1784–785. ISBN 978-1878592736. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
^ Christina Boggs. "Chief Black Hawk: Biography & Facts". Study.com. Retrieved August 27, 2019.
^ Wesson, Sarah. "Black Hawk Makataimeshekiakiak: Black Hawk and his War". Davenport (Iowa) Public Library. Archived from the original on June 19, 2013. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
^ "The Life of Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak, or Black Hawk, 1833 summary". Wisconsin Historical Society
^ Oregon Sculpture Trail Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine, The Eternal Indian, City of Oregon. Retrieved September 28, 2007.
^ Shannon, B. Clay. Still Casting Shadows: A Shared Mosaic of U.S. History, (Google Books), iUniverse, New York: 2006, p. 215, (ISBN 0595397239). Retrieved October 26, 2007.
^ County Chronicles: A Vivid Collection of Fayette County, Pennsylvania Histories, (Google Books), Mechling Bookbindery: 2004, pp. 129–30, (ISBN 0976056348). Retrieved October 4, 2007.
^ a b Jason Berry (1995). The Spirit of Blackhawk: a Mystery of Africans and Indians. University Press of Mississippi.
^ Jacobs, Claude F.; Kaslow, Andrew J. (1991). The Spiritual Churches of New Orleans Origins, Beliefs, and Rituals of an African-American Religion. The University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 1-57233-148-8.
^ Smith, Michael (1992). Spirit World: Pattern in the Expressive Folk Culture of New Orleans. Pelican Publishing. ISBN 978-0-88289-895-7.
^ "History", Chicago Blackhawks
^ "Tri-Cities Blackhawks Jersey History | Authentic Jerseys". Archived from the original on September 20, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
^ "Bensenville School District 2, IL - Website - Blackhawk Middle School". Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
^ Hammer, Lisa (May 30, 2019). "Old Native American hunting grounds near wind farm". QCOnline. Moline Dispatch & Rock Island Argus. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
^ "About Us - History". blackhawkcc.com. Archived from the original on August 11, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
^ "Southwest Wisconsin Conference". Retrieved August 27, 2015.
^ "Fort High won't drop 'Blackhawks' name". Daily Jefferson County Union. February 17, 2014. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
^ "Local Filmmaker To Debut 'Big Chief, Black Hawk' At American Black Film Festival". October 5, 2021. Retrieved October 5, 2021.
Further reading
Brown, Nicholas A. and Sarah E. Kanouse. Re-Collecting Black Hawk: Landscape, Memory, and Power in the American Midwest. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2015.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Black Hawk.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Black Hawk (Sauk leader).
Black Hawk, Antoine LeClair (interpreter), and J.B. Patterson, ed. Autobiography of Ma-Ka-Tai-Me-She-Kia-Kiak or Black Hawk, Embracing the tradition of his nation--Indian wars in which he has been engaged--cause of joining the British in their late war with America, and its history--description of the Rock River village--manners and customs--encroachments by the whites, contrary to treaty--removal from his village in 1831. With an account of the cause and general history of the late war, his surrender and confinement at Jefferson Barracks, and travels through the United States. Boston: Russell, Odiorn & Metcalf, 1834
Works by or about Black Hawk at Internet Archive
Black Hawk with his son Whirling Thunder (1833), by John Wesley Jarvis, Gilcrease Museum
"Black Hawk State Historic Site", Illinois History
"Black Hawk Surrender Speech", State Department
"Black Hawk (Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak)", in John E. Hallwas, ed. Illinois Literature: The Nineteenth Century, Macomb, IL: Illinois Heritage Press, 1986
"Black Hawk" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900.
vteBlack Hawk War of 1832Native peopleBritish Band
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James W. Stephenson
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Others
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Places
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Attacks at Fort Blue Mounds
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Battle of Horseshoe Bend
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Attack at Ament's Cabin
Battle of Apple River Fort
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Related topics
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sauk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauk_people"},{"link_name":"Midwestern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_States"},{"link_name":"sacred bundle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_bundle"},{"link_name":"Black Hawk War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_War"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"white American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_American"},{"link_name":"British Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Band"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"}],"text":"Black Hawk, born Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak (Sauk: Mahkatêwe-meshi-kêhkêhkwa) (1767 – October 3, 1838), was a Sauk leader and warrior who lived in what is now the Midwestern United States. Although he had inherited an important historic sacred bundle from his father, he was not a hereditary civil chief. Black Hawk earned his status as a war chief or captain by his actions: leading raiding and war parties as a young man and then a band of Sauk warriors during the Black Hawk War of 1832.During the War of 1812, Black Hawk fought on the side of the British against the US in the hope of pushing white American settlers away from Sauk territory. Later, he led a band of Sauk and Fox warriors, known as the British Band, against white settlers in Illinois and present-day Wisconsin during the 1832 Black Hawk War. After the war, he was captured by US forces and taken to the Eastern US, where he and other war leaders were taken on a tour of several cities.Shortly before being released from custody, Black Hawk told his story to an interpreter. Aided also by a newspaper reporter, he published Autobiography of Ma-Ka-Tai-Me-She-Kia-Kiak, or Black Hawk, Embracing the Traditions of his Nation... in 1833. The first Native American autobiography to be published in the US, his book became an immediate bestseller and has gone through several editions. Black Hawk died in 1838, at age 70 or 71, in what is now southeastern Iowa. He has been honored by an enduring legacy: his book, many eponyms, and other tributes.","title":"Black Hawk (Sauk leader)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sauk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bright-1"},{"link_name":"Saukenuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saukenuk"},{"link_name":"Rock River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_River_(Illinois)"},{"link_name":"Rock Island, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Island,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"medicine man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_man"},{"link_name":"Sauk people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauk_people"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Samuel de Champlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nichols-4"},{"link_name":"Osage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osage_Nation"},{"link_name":"scalping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalping"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nichols-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nichols-4"},{"link_name":"Cherokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee"},{"link_name":"Meramec River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meramec_River"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nichols-4"}],"text":"Black Hawk, or Black Sparrow Hawk (Sauk Ma-kat-tai-me-she-kia-kiak [Mahkate:wi-meši-ke:hke:hkwa], \"be a large black hawk\")[1] was born in 1767 in the village of Saukenuk on the Rock River (present-day Rock Island, Illinois).[2]: p.13 Black Hawk's father Pyesa was the tribal medicine man of the Sauk people.[3]Little is known about Black Hawk's youth. He was said to be a descendant of Nanamakee (Thunder), a Sauk chief who, according to tradition, met an early French explorer, possibly Samuel de Champlain.[4]: p.4, p.12 At about age 15, Black Hawk distinguished himself by wounding an enemy and was placed in the ranks of the braves. Shortly after this Black Hawk accompanied his father Pyesa on a raid against the Osage. He won approval by killing and scalping his first enemy.[2]: pp.19-20 [4]: p.14 The young Black Hawk tried to establish himself as a war captain by leading other raids. He had limited success until, at about age 19, he led 200 men in a battle against the Osage, in which he personally killed five men and one woman.[2]: p.21 [4]: p.16 Soon after, he joined his father in a raid against Cherokee along the Meramec River in Missouri. After Pyesa died from wounds received in the battle, Black Hawk inherited the Sauk sacred bundle which his father had carried, giving him an important role in the tribe.[4]: pp. 16–17","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"chiefs.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_chief"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"After an extended period of mourning for his father, Black Hawk resumed leading raiding parties over the next years, usually targeting the traditional enemy, the Osage. Black Hawk did not belong to a clan that provided the Sauk with hereditary civil leaders, or \"chiefs.\" He achieved status through his exploits as a warrior and by leading successful raiding parties. Men like Black Hawk are sometimes called \"war chiefs,\" but historian Patrick Jung writes, \"It is more accurate to call them 'war leaders' since the nature of their office and the power that it wielded was much different from that of a civil chief.\"[5] Twenty-first-century historians such as John W. Hall have suggested the term \"war captain\" for this role.[6]","title":"War leader"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fort_Madison_1810.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fort Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Madison"},{"link_name":"Quashquame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quashquame"},{"link_name":"Treaty of St. Louis (1804)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_St._Louis_(1804)"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"William Henry Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Indiana Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Territory"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith-7"},{"link_name":"page range too broad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"consensus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consensus_decision-making"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lewis2-8"},{"link_name":"Fort Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Madison"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mckusick2009-9"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Robert Dickson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Dickson_(fur_trader)"},{"link_name":"fur trader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_fur_trade"},{"link_name":"Green Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_(Lake_Michigan)"},{"link_name":"Potawatomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potawatomi"},{"link_name":"Ho-Chunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho-Chunk"},{"link_name":"Kickapoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickapoo_people"},{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"brevet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevet_(military)"},{"link_name":"brigadier general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_general"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith-7"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bad Axe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bad_Axe"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith-7"},{"link_name":"Henry Procter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Procter_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"Lake Erie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Erie"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lewis2-8"},{"link_name":"Battle of Frenchtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Frenchtown"},{"link_name":"Fort Meigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Meigs"},{"link_name":"Fort Stephenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Stephenson"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trask-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lewisb1-11"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Tecumseh's Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_Confederacy"},{"link_name":"Tecumseh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecumseh"},{"link_name":"Keokuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keokuk_(Sauk_leader)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith-7"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Illinois Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Territory"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trask-10"},{"link_name":"Battle of Credit Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Credit_Island"},{"link_name":"Fort Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nolan2009-12"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Sink Hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sink_Hole"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stevens-13"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Life_of_Black_Hawk-14"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lewis2-8"}],"text":"Plans of the original Fort Madison, 1810. Black Hawk participated in the 1809 and 1812 sieges; the fort was captured by British-supported Indians in 1813.During the War of 1812, Black Hawk, then 45, served as a war leader of a Sauk band at their village of Saukenuk, which fielded about 200 warriors. He supported the invalidity of Quashquame's Treaty of St. Louis (1804) between the Sauk and Fox nations and then-governor William Henry Harrison of the Indiana Territory that ceded territory, including Saukenuk, to the United States.[7][page range too broad] The Sauk and Fox are consensus-based decision makers and those representatives sent to the meeting with the US government did not have the power to cede tribal territory, although Quashquame did. The lack of the consensus aspect by each of the Sauk and Fox councils meant that the treaty could never be considered valid by Black Hawk and other traditionalists.[8] Black Hawk took part in skirmishes against US forces at the newly constructed Fort Madison in the disputed land; this was the first time he fought directly against the U.S. Army.[9]During the War of 1812, the forces of Great Britain and its colonies in present-day Canada were engaged against those of the U.S., with major battles on the Great Lakes and surrounding remote lands. The British depended upon alliances with the Native American population to wage war in this area since the British were occupied with Napoleon in Europe. Robert Dickson, a Scottish fur trader, amassed a sizable force of Native Americans at Green Bay to assist the British in operations around the Great Lakes. Most were from the Potawatomi, Ho-Chunk, Kickapoo, and Ottawa tribes. Black Hawk and his band of about 200 Sauk warriors were included in this group of allies.[citation needed]Dickson commissioned Black Hawk at the rank of brevet brigadier general,[7] with command over all native allies at Green Bay, and presented him with a silk flag, a medal, and a written certificate of good behavior and alliance with the British. The war leader preserved the certificate for 20 years; it was found by U.S. forces after the Battle of Bad Axe, along with a flag similar in description to that which Dickson gave to Black Hawk.[7]During the war, Black Hawk and Native warriors fought in several engagements alongside Major-General Henry Procter on the borders of Lake Erie.[8] Black Hawk was at the Battle of Frenchtown, Fort Meigs, and the attack on Fort Stephenson.[10][11] The United States Army was able to inflict a significant defeat on Tecumseh's Confederacy by killing Tecumseh during the war.Black Hawk despaired over the many killed in the fighting; soon after, he quit the war to return home. Back in Saukenuk, he found that his rival, Keokuk, had become the tribe's war chief.[7][page needed] Black Hawk rejoined the British effort toward the end of the war, fighting alongside British forces in campaigns along the Mississippi River near the Illinois Territory.[10] At the Battle of Credit Island, and by harassing U.S. troops at Fort Johnson, Black Hawk helped the British to push the Americans out of the upper Mississippi River valley.[12]Black Hawk fought in the Battle of the Sink Hole (May 1815), leading an ambush on a group of Missouri Rangers. Conflicting accounts of the action were given by the Missouri leader John Shaw[13][page needed] and by Black Hawk.[14]After the end of the War of 1812, Black Hawk signed a peace treaty in May 1816 that re-affirmed the treaty of 1804. Later he said he was not aware of this stipulation.[8]","title":"War of 1812"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_hawk_life_cast.jpg"},{"link_name":"life cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifecasting"},{"link_name":"Black Hawk State Historic Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_State_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lewis-15"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"British Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Band"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lewis-15"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia"},{"link_name":"Battle of Stillman's Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stillman%27s_Run"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wiscsr-16"},{"link_name":"Michigan Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Territory"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Black Hawk War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_War"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhp2-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lewis3-19"},{"link_name":"Sauk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauk_people"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Kickapoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickapoo_people"},{"link_name":"Iowa River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_River"},{"link_name":"Rock River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_River_(Illinois)"},{"link_name":"Ho-Chunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho-Chunk"},{"link_name":"White Cloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Cloud_(prophet)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wisc2-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-matile2-22"},{"link_name":"Felix St. Vrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_St._Vrain"},{"link_name":"St. Vrain massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Vrain_massacre"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wisc-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wisc-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lewis2d-24"},{"link_name":"Battle of Wisconsin Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wisconsin_Heights"},{"link_name":"Bad Axe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bad_Axe"},{"link_name":"Bad Axe River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Axe_River"},{"link_name":"gunboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunboat"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mil-25"},{"link_name":"Joseph Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Street"},{"link_name":"Zachary Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Davis"},{"link_name":"Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Plaster life cast of Black Hawk, original ca. 1830, at Black Hawk State Historic SiteAs a consequence of the 1804 treaty, the American government believed that the Sauk and Fox tribes had ceded their lands in Illinois and in 1828 were moved west of the Mississippi River. Black Hawk and other tribal members disputed the treaty, as noted above, and said leaders had signed it without full tribal authorization.[15] Angered by the loss of his birthplace, between 1830 and 1831 Black Hawk led a number of incursions across the Mississippi to Illinois. He was persuaded to return west each time without bloodshed.In April 1832, encouraged by promises of alliance with other tribes and with Britain, he moved his so-called \"British Band\" of more than 1500 people, both warriors and non-combatants, into Illinois.[15] Finding no allies, he tried to return to Iowa, but the undisciplined Illinois militia provoked open attack at the Battle of Stillman's Run.[16] A number of other violent engagements followed. The governors of Michigan Territory and Illinois mobilized their militias to hunt down Black Hawk's Band. These actions led to the last Native American War fought on the east side of the Mississippi River.[17] The conflict became known as the Black Hawk War.When Black Hawk entered Illinois in April, his British Band was composed of about 500 warriors and 1,000 old men, women, and children.[18][19] The group included members of the Sauk, Fox and Kickapoo tribes. They crossed the river near the mouth of the Iowa River and followed the Rock River northeast. Along the way, they passed the ruins of Saukenuk and headed for the village of Ho-Chunk prophet White Cloud.[20]As the war progressed, factions of other tribes joined, or tried to join Black Hawk. Other Native Americans and settlers carried out acts of violence for personal reasons amidst the chaos of the war.[21][22] In one example, a band of hostile Ho-Chunk intent on joining Black Hawk's Band attacked and killed the party of Felix St. Vrain in what Americans knew as the St. Vrain massacre.[23] This act was an exception as most Ho-Chunk sided with the U.S. during the Black Hawk War; the warriors who attacked St. Vrain's party had acted independently of the Ho-Chunk nation.[23] From April to August, Potawatomi warriors also joined with Black Hawk's Band.[24]The war stretched from April to August 1832, with a number of battles, skirmishes and massacres on both sides. Black Hawk led his men in another conflict, the Battle of Wisconsin Heights. Afterward, the Illinois and Michigan Territory militias caught up with Black Hawk's \"British Band\" for the final confrontation at Bad Axe. At the mouth of the Bad Axe River, pursuing soldiers, their Indian allies, and a U.S. gunboat killed hundreds of Sauk and Potawatomi men, women and children.[25] On August 27, 1832, Black Hawk and Wabokieshiek asked to surrender to the Indian agent Joseph Street but were instead taken to Zachary Taylor. They surrendered to Lieutenant Jefferson Davis, future president of the Confederacy, after hiding on an unnamed island in the Mississippi River.[26][27][28][29]","title":"Black Hawk War"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_hawk_calumet.jpg"},{"link_name":"Calumet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calumet_(pipe)"},{"link_name":"Black Hawk State Historic Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_State_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Barracks"},{"link_name":"Saint Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lewis2d-24"},{"link_name":"U.S. President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._President"},{"link_name":"Andrew Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Secretary of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War"},{"link_name":"Lewis Cass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Cass"},{"link_name":"Fortress Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortress_Monroe"},{"link_name":"Hampton, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lewis2d-24"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lewis2d-24"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"effigies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effigies"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lewis2d-24"}],"sub_title":"Tour of the East","text":"Calumet (or \"peace pipe\") used by Black Hawk, on display at Black Hawk State Historic Site.Following the war, with most of the British Band killed and the rest captured or disbanded, the defeated Black Hawk was held in captivity at Jefferson Barracks near Saint Louis, Missouri together with Neapope, White Cloud, and eight other leaders.[24] After eight months, in April 1833 they were taken east, as ordered by U.S. President Andrew Jackson. The men were taken by steamboat, carriage, and railroad, and met with large crowds wherever they went. Jackson wanted them to be impressed with the power of the United States. Once in Washington, D.C., they met with Jackson and Secretary of War Lewis Cass. Afterward, they were delivered to their final destination, prison at Fortress Monroe in Hampton, Virginia.[24] They were held only a few weeks at the prison, during which they posed for portraits by different artists.On June 5, 1833, the men were sent west by steamboat on a circuitous route that took them through many large cities. Again, the men were a spectacle everywhere they went, and were greeted by huge crowds of people in cities such as Baltimore, Philadelphia and New York,.[24] In the west, closer to the battle sites and history of conflict, the reception was much different. For instance, in Detroit, a crowd burned and hanged effigies of the prisoners.[24]","title":"Black Hawk War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"life story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobiography"},{"link_name":"Antoine LeClaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_LeClaire"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gmu-30"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trask-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trask-10"},{"link_name":"Thomas Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Ford_(politician)"},{"link_name":"George Davenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Davenport"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Near the end of his captivity in 1833, Black Hawk told his life story to Antoine LeClaire, a government interpreter. Edited by the local reporter J.B. Patterson, Black Hawk's account was one of the first Native American autobiographies published in the U.S.[30][2][10] The book immediately became a best seller and has gone through numerous editions.[10] In its time, it was not without controversy. Thomas Ford, governor of Illinois, disliked Black Hawk, Le Claire, and George Davenport, and believed that Black Hawk had little to do with the writing of his autobiography, dismissing the book as a \"catch-penny publication.\"[31]The doubt surrounding the work’s authenticity is more than merited as the words were dictated by Black Hawk, translated into English by LeClaire, and written into manuscript form by Patterson. It is worth noting that both LeClaire and Patterson swore and signed a document verifying the authenticity of the work.[32] Furthermore, Judge James Hall stated that Black Hawk had told him the autobiography was authentic.[33]In 1882, John B. Patterson released a new edition of the Black Hawk autobiography which included various changes to the wording and new material. This edition is often discredited due to the changes made indicating it was not what Black Hawk said word for word. A notable example of a difference in wording across editions is: \"...by the utter annihilation, if possible, of all of their race (1833 edition)\" vs \"...by the utter annihilation, if possible, of the last remnant of their tribe (1882 edition).\"[34]","title":"Early autobiography by Native American"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_hawk_statue.jpg"},{"link_name":"Black Hawk State Historic Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_State_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"Quashquame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quashquame"},{"link_name":"Saukenuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saukenuk"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Hawk_illustration_from_old_book.jpg"},{"link_name":"U.S. Library of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"Taimah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taimah"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Fort Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Madison"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"William Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Clark_(explorer)"},{"link_name":"Great Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Spirit"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chief_Black_Hawk3.jpg"},{"link_name":"History of the Indian Tribes of North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_Tribes_of_North_America"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Black Hawk War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_War"},{"link_name":"Nauvoo, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauvoo,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Taimah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taimah"},{"link_name":"Caleb Atwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb_Atwater"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Keokuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keokuk_(Sauk_leader)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Statue of Black Hawk at Black Hawk State Historic SiteAlthough not a hereditary chief, Black Hawk filled a leadership void within the Sauk community. When Quashquame ceded much of the Sauk homeland in 1804 to the United States, including the main village Saukenuk, he was viewed as ineffective. Black Hawk wrote in his autobiography:It subsequently appeared that they had been drunk the greater part of the time while at St. Louis. This was all myself and nation knew of the treaty of 1804. It has since been explained to me. I found by that treaty, that all of the country east of the Mississippi, and south of Jeffreon was ceded to the United States for one thousand dollars a year. I will leave it to the people of the United States to say whether our nation was properly represented in this treaty? Or whether we received a fair compensation for the extent of country ceded by these four individuals? I could say much more respecting this treaty, but I will not at this time. It has been the origin of all our serious difficulties with the whites.[2]Portrait of Black Hawk, from the U.S. Library of CongressBecause of his role in the disputed 1804 treaty, the tribe reduced its support of Quashquame and made him a minor chief. \"Quasquawma, was chief of this tribe once, but being cheated out of the mineral country, as the Indians allege, he was denigrated from his rank and his son-in-law Taimah elected in his stead.\"[35] Although Quashquame and Black Hawk were at odds, the younger man did not directly challenge the civil chief. They apparently remained on good terms as Black Hawk rose in importance and Quashquame faded. Quashquame avoided confrontation with the U.S., while Black Hawk did not. After Black Hawk led an aborted takeover of Fort Madison in the Spring of 1809, Quashquame worked to restore relations with the US Army the next day.[36]Quashquame told Gen. William Clark during a meeting in 1810 or 1811:My father, I left my home to see my great-grandfather, the president of the United States, but as I cannot proceed to see him, I give you my hand as to himself. I have no father to whom I have paid any attention but yourself. If you hear anything, I hope that you will let me know, and I will do the same. I have been advised several times to raise the tomahawk. Since the last war we have looked upon the Americans as friends, and I shall hold you fast by the hand. The Great Spirit has not put us on the earth to war with the whites. We have never struck a white man. If we go to war it is with the red flesh. Other nations send belts among us, and urge us to war. They say that if we do not, the Americans will encroach upon us, and drive us off our lands.[37]An illustration of Black Hawk, from History of the Indian Tribes of North AmericaDuring the run up to the War of 1812, the US viewed Quashquame as loyal, or at least neutral. They knew Black Hawk led those Sauk warriors allied with the British. Quashquame led all Sauk non-combatants during the war, and they retreated to Saint Louis. Black Hawk thought this was an ideal arrangement:... all the children and old men and women belonging to the warriors who had joined the British were left with them to provide for. A council had been called which agreed that Quashquame, the Lance, and other chiefs, with the old men, women and children, and such others as chose to accompany them, should descend the Mississippi to St. Louis, and place themselves under the American chief stationed there. They accordingly went down to St. Louis, were received as the friendly band of our nation, were sent up the Missouri and provided for, while their friends were assisting the British![2]A rift developed among the Sauk after the war. In 1815 Quashquame was part of a large delegation who signed a treaty confirming a split between the Sauk along the Missouri River and the Sauk who lived along the Rock River at Saukenuk.[38] The Rock River group of Sauk was commonly known as the British Band; their warriors were the core of those Sauk who participated in the Black Hawk War. About 1824, Quashquame sold a large Sauk village in Illinois to a trader Captain James White. White gave Quashquame \"a little 'sku-ti-apo' [liquor] and two thousand bushels of corn\" for the land, which later was developed as Nauvoo, Illinois.[39] This land sale likely aggravated Black Hawk and other Sauk who wanted to maintain their claim on Illinois.As Quashquame was eclipsed by his son-in-law Taimah as the Sauk chief favored by the U.S., his compromise position lost standing compared to Black Hawk's resistance. When Caleb Atwater wrote about his visit to Quashquame in 1829, he depicted the leader as feeble, more interested in art and leisure than politics, but still advocating diplomacy over conflict.[40] In the summer of 1830, Black Hawk began his incursions into the disputed territory of Illinois, which eventually leading to the Black Hawk War.Black Hawk's frequent rival was Keokuk, a Sauk war chief held in high esteem by the U.S. government. Officials believed that he was calm and reasonable, willing to negotiate, unlike Black Hawk. Black Hawk despised Keokuk, and viewed him as cowardly and self-serving, at one point threatening to kill him for not defending Saukenuk.[41] After the Black Hawk War, US officials designated Keokuk as the main Sauk leader and would only deal with him.[citation needed]","title":"Assessment as Sauk leader"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BlackHawkGraveIowaville.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BlackHawkGravePlaque.jpg"},{"link_name":"Iowa River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_River"},{"link_name":"Des Moines River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Moines_River"},{"link_name":"Iowaville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowaville,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Burlington, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah Smith, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Smith,_Jr."},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Fort Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Madison"},{"link_name":"Great Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Spirit"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Des Moines River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Moines_River"},{"link_name":"Davis County, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_County,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Robert Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lucas_(governor)"},{"link_name":"Iowa Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Territory"},{"link_name":"Burlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davlibrary-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-46"},{"link_name":"Iowaville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowaville"}],"text":"Putative Black Hawk grave at Iowaville Cemetery. There are conflicting accounts about what happened to his remains.Black Hawk Memorial Plaque at Iowaville CemeteryAfter his tour of the east, Black Hawk lived with the Sauk along the Iowa River and later the Des Moines River near Iowaville[42] in what is now southeast Iowa. He occasionally attended council meeting between the Sauks and the Foxes and the federal government, but had no real power or influence. At the end of his life, he tried to reconcile both with American settlers and with his Sauk rivals, including Keokuk. He spent some time in Burlington, Iowa in the home of businessman and legislator Jeremiah Smith, Jr. An attorney with whom he shared a room recalled, \"I roomed with Black Hawk for weeks, and observed him carefully and under all circumstances. He was uniformly kind and polite, especially at the table; but often silent, abstracted and melancholy.... He presented the noble spectacle of a warrior chief, conquered and disgraced with his tribe by his conquerors; but, resigned to his fate and covered with the scars of many battles, in the spirit of true heroism, breaking bread with and enjoying the hospitality of his destroyers.\"[43] Ultimately, he blamed Keokuk for his and his people's fate.[citation needed]In an 1838 address at Fort Madison (now Old Settlers Park, Iowa), in the year of his death, he said the following:It has pleased the Great Spirit that I am here today—I have eaten with my white friends. The earth is our mother—we are now on it, with the Great spirit above us; it is good. I hope we are all friends here. A few winters ago I was fighting against you. I did wrong, perhaps, but that is past—it is buried—let it be forgotten.\nRock River was a beautiful country. I liked my towns, my cornfields and the home of my people. I fought for it. It is now yours. Keep it as we did—it will produce you good crops.\nI thank the Great Spirit that I am now friendly with my white brethren. We are here together, we have eaten together; we are friends; it is his wish and mine. I thank you for your friendship.\n\nI was once a great warrior; I am now poor. Keokuk has been the cause of my present situation; but I do not attach blame to him. I am now old. I have looked upon the Mississippi since I have been a child. I love the great river. I have dwelt upon its banks from the time I was an infant. I look upon it now. I shake hands with you, and as it is my wish, I hope you are my friends.— Address by Black Hawk, July 4, 1838, at Fort Madison.[44]Black Hawk died on October 3, 1838, after two weeks of illness. He was buried on the farm of his friend James Jordan, on the north bank of the Des Moines River in Davis County, Iowa.[citation needed]In July 1839, his remains were stolen by James Turner, who prepared his skeleton for exhibition. Black Hawk's sons Nashashuk and Gamesett went to Governor Robert Lucas of Iowa Territory, who used his influence to bring the bones to security in his offices in Burlington. With the permission of Black Hawk's sons, the remains were held by the Burlington Geological and Historical Society. When the Society's building burned down in 1855, Black Hawk's remains were destroyed.[45]An alternative account is that Governor Lucas passed Black Hawk's bones to Enos Lowe, a Burlington physician, who was said to have left them to his partner, Dr. McLaurens. After McLaurens moved to California, workers were reported to have found the bones at his house. They buried the remains in a potter's grave in Aspen Grove Cemetery in Burlington.[46]There is a marker for him in the Iowaville Cemetery on the hill over the river, although it is unknown if any of his remains are there.","title":"Last days"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Black_Hawk_wife.-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Native_peoples_A_to_Z-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Black_Hawk_wife.-47"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Native_peoples_A_to_Z-48"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wesson-50"}],"text":"Black Hawk's wife was known as As-she-we-qua[47] (died August 28, 1846),[48] or Singing Bird (her English name was Sarah Baker) with whom he had five children. His oldest son and youngest daughter died in the same year, before 1820, and he mourned their passing following Sauk tradition for two years.[47] According to Sauk tradition, Black Hawk spent these two years of his life mourning the loss of his children by living alone and fasting.[49] His other children were a daughter Namequa (Running Fawn, Ailey Baker was her English name) and his sons Nasheakusk (aka Nashashuk) and Gamesett (aka Nasomsee).[48][50]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antoine LeClair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_LeClair"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Life_of_Black_Hawk-14"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BlackHawkStatue_003.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eternal Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_Statue"},{"link_name":"Lorado Taft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorado_Taft"},{"link_name":"Lorado Taft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorado_Taft"},{"link_name":"Oregon, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Black Hawk Statue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_Statue"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-or-52"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trask-10"},{"link_name":"eponyms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eponym"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shannon-53"},{"link_name":"Olympic gold medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_gold_medal"},{"link_name":"Jim Thorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Thorpe"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American"},{"link_name":"spiritualist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)"},{"link_name":"trance medium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trance_medium"},{"link_name":"Leafy Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leafy_Anderson"},{"link_name":"spirit guides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_guides"},{"link_name":"Spiritual Church Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_Church_Movement"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-berry-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nola-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spiritworld-57"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-berry-55"}],"text":"Through interpreter Antoine LeClair, Black Hawk dictated an autobiography titled Life of Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak (or, Life of Black Hawk), originally published in 1833.[14][51]The Eternal Indian, a sculpture by Lorado Taft inspired by Black Hawk.A sculpture by Lorado Taft overlooks the Rock River in Oregon, Illinois. Entitled The Eternal Indian, this statue is commonly known as the Black Hawk Statue.[52] In modern times Black Hawk is considered a tragic hero and numerous commemorations exist.[10] These are mostly in the form of eponyms; many roads, sports teams and schools are named after Black Hawk. Among the numerous wars in United States history, however, the Black Hawk War is one of few named for a person.[53]According to a widespread myth, the Olympic gold medal-winning athlete Jim Thorpe was said to be descended from Black Hawk.[54]The Wisconsin born African American spiritualist and trance medium Leafy Anderson claimed that Black Hawk was one of her major spirit guides. This spirit's guidance and protection are sought by the members of many churches within the loosely allied Spiritual Church Movement which she founded.[55][56][57] Special \"Black Hawk services\" are held to invoke his assistance, and busts or statues representing him are kept on home and church altars by his devotees.[55]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black Hawk County, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_County,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Black Hawk Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Black Hawk Purchase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_Purchase"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"USS Black Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Black_Hawk"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Liberty ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Liberty_ships_(A%E2%80%93F)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Chicago Blackhawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Frederic McLaughlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_McLaughlin"},{"link_name":"86th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/86th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Hawks"},{"link_name":"NBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA"},{"link_name":"Quad Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad_Cities"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"Black Hawk War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_War"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_UH-60_Black_Hawk"},{"link_name":"Blackhawk Middle School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackhawk_Middle_School"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Black Hawk College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_College"},{"link_name":"Moline, IL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moline,_IL"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Prairie du Chien High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie_du_Chien_Area_School_District"},{"link_name":"Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie_du_Chien,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Fort Atkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Atkinson,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"West Aurora High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Aurora_High_School"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"text":"Several place names, including Black Hawk County, Iowa, the Black Hawk Bridge between Iowa and Wisconsin, and the historical Black Hawk Purchase in Iowa.[citation needed]\nFour United States Navy vessels were named USS Black Hawk.[citation needed]\nThe 2nd Squadron of the 1st US Cavalry Regiment (2-1 CAVALIER Urdu and the other side of the house are not related to the original\nOne Liberty ship built in 1943 was named Black Hawk.[citation needed]\nThe Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League indirectly derive their name from Black Hawk. Their first owner, Frederic McLaughlin, was a commander with the 333rd Machine Gun Battalion of the 86th Infantry Division during World War I, nicknamed the \"Black Hawk Division\" after the war leader. McLaughlin named the hockey team in honor of his military unit.[58]\nThe Atlanta Hawks were named the Tri-Cities Blackhawks in the inaugural season of the NBA in the Tri-Cities (now Quad Cities) area in Illinois and Iowa. The team was named for the Black Hawk War.[59]\nThe Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk, a four-blade, twin-engine, medium-lift utility helicopter manufactured by Sikorsky Aircraft, used by the US military and many armed forces around the world.\nBlackhawk Middle School,[60] in Bensenville, Illinois\nBlack Hawk College, a community college whose main campus is in Moline, IL.[61]\nBlackhawk Country Club, a private golf club in Shorewood Hills, Wisconsin is named for Black Hawk.[62]\nThe athletic teams of Prairie du Chien High School in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin are nicknamed the Blackhawks in his honor.[63]\nThe athletic teams of Fort Atkinson High School, Wisconsin are named \"Blackhawks\" for Black Hawk.[64]\nThe athletic teams of West Aurora High School, Illinois are named the Blackhawks for Black Hawk. Their mascot is also named \"Chief Blackhawk\".[citation needed]\nThe film \"Big Chief, Black Hawk\", named after a Mardi Gras Indian Tribe, came from Terrance Williams Jr. naming his tribe \"Black Hawk Hunters\" in homage to Black Hawk.[65]","title":"Notable examples of eponyms"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Brown, Nicholas A. and Sarah E. Kanouse. Re-Collecting Black Hawk: Landscape, Memory, and Power in the American Midwest. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2015.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Plans of the original Fort Madison, 1810. Black Hawk participated in the 1809 and 1812 sieges; the fort was captured by British-supported Indians in 1813.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Fort_Madison_1810.jpg/250px-Fort_Madison_1810.jpg"},{"image_text":"Plaster life cast of Black Hawk, original ca. 1830, at Black Hawk State Historic Site","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Black_hawk_life_cast.jpg/180px-Black_hawk_life_cast.jpg"},{"image_text":"Calumet (or \"peace pipe\") used by Black Hawk, on display at Black Hawk State Historic Site.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Black_hawk_calumet.jpg/180px-Black_hawk_calumet.jpg"},{"image_text":"Statue of Black Hawk at Black Hawk State Historic Site","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Black_hawk_statue.jpg/220px-Black_hawk_statue.jpg"},{"image_text":"Portrait of Black Hawk, from the U.S. Library of Congress","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Black_Hawk_illustration_from_old_book.jpg/180px-Black_Hawk_illustration_from_old_book.jpg"},{"image_text":"An illustration of Black Hawk, from History of the Indian Tribes of North America","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Chief_Black_Hawk3.jpg/220px-Chief_Black_Hawk3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Putative Black Hawk grave at Iowaville Cemetery. There are conflicting accounts about what happened to his remains.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/BlackHawkGraveIowaville.JPG/220px-BlackHawkGraveIowaville.JPG"},{"image_text":"Black Hawk Memorial Plaque at Iowaville Cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/BlackHawkGravePlaque.jpg/220px-BlackHawkGravePlaque.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Eternal Indian, a sculpture by Lorado Taft inspired by Black Hawk.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/BlackHawkStatue_003.jpg/220px-BlackHawkStatue_003.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Wisconsin Heights Battlefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Heights_Battlefield"}] | [{"reference":"Stevens, Frank Everett (2000). \"Black Hawk War, Part 02 – Black Hawk and His Times\". myeducationresearch.org. The Pierian Press. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011. Retrieved May 24, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110822212206/http://myeducationresearch.org/databases/cgi-bin/kwq.asp?qu=@recnumber%20EBK30012662&FreeText=&sc=%2Fpierianp%2Febk%2F","url_text":"\"Black Hawk War, Part 02 – Black Hawk and His Times\""},{"url":"http://myeducationresearch.org/databases/cgi-bin/kwq.asp?qu=@recnumber%20EBK30012662&FreeText=&sc=%2Fpierianp%2Febk%2F","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McKusick, Marshall B. (2009). \"Fort Madison, 1808-1813\". In William E. Whittaker (ed.). Frontier Forts of Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, 1682–1862. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. pp. 55–74. ISBN 978-1-58729-831-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58729-831-8","url_text":"978-1-58729-831-8"}]},{"reference":"Nolan, David J. (2009). \"Fort Johnson, Cantonment Davis, and Fort Edwards\". In William E. Whittaker (ed.). Frontier Forts of Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, 1682–1862. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. pp. 85–94. ISBN 978-1-58729-831-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58729-831-8","url_text":"978-1-58729-831-8"}]},{"reference":"Stevens, Walter B. (1921). Centennial History of Missouri (The Center State) One Hundred Years in the Union. St. Louis: S. J. Clarke.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/centennialhist01instev","url_text":"Centennial History of Missouri (The Center State) One Hundred Years in the Union"}]},{"reference":"Black Hawk (1916) [1834]. Milo M. Quaife (ed.). Life of Black Hawk, Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak. Chicago: Lakeside Press. pp. 66–68. ISBN 9780608437781.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JpBOAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Life of Black Hawk, Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780608437781","url_text":"9780608437781"}]},{"reference":"Ford, Thomas (1854). A History of Illinois. Chicago: Griggs and Co. pp. 110–111. Retrieved September 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ahistoryillinoi00shiegoog","url_text":"A History of Illinois"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ahistoryillinoi00shiegoog/page/n110","url_text":"110"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Donald; Hawk, Black (1955). An Autobiography. Illinois: Urbana. pp. 26. Retrieved December 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/blackhawkautobio0000blac/","url_text":"An Autobiography"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/blackhawkautobio0000blac/page/26/mode/2up","url_text":"26"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Donald; Hawk, Black (1955). An Autobiography. Illinois: Urbana. pp. 28. Retrieved December 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/blackhawkautobio0000blac/","url_text":"An Autobiography"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/blackhawkautobio0000blac/page/28/mode/2up","url_text":"28"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Donald; Hawk, Black (1955). An Autobiography. Illinois: Urbana. pp. 29. Retrieved December 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/blackhawkautobio0000blac/","url_text":"An Autobiography"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/blackhawkautobio0000blac/page/26/mode/2up","url_text":"29"}]},{"reference":"\"Makataimeshekiakiak: Black Hawk and his War\". Davenport Public Library. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved March 30, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928065048/http://www.qcmemory.org/Default.aspx?PageId=260&nt=207&nt2=229","url_text":"\"Makataimeshekiakiak: Black Hawk and his War\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa","url_text":"Davenport"},{"url":"http://www.qcmemory.org/Default.aspx?PageId=260&nt=207&nt2=229","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BLACK HAWK'S VARNISHED BONES.; THEY ARE BELIEVED TO BE LYING UNMARKED IN A POTTER'S FIELD\". New York Times. September 25, 1891. Retrieved December 4, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1891/09/25/archives/black-hawks-varnished-bones-they-are-believed-to-be-lying-unmarked.html","url_text":"\"BLACK HAWK'S VARNISHED BONES.; THEY ARE BELIEVED TO BE LYING UNMARKED IN A POTTER'S FIELD\""}]},{"reference":"\"Black Hawk State Historic Site - History\". blackhawkpark.org. Archived from the original on January 18, 2016. Retrieved January 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160118110029/http://www.blackhawkpark.org/History/Black_Hawk.html","url_text":"\"Black Hawk State Historic Site - History\""},{"url":"http://www.blackhawkpark.org/History/Black_Hawk.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Native peoples A to Z: a reference guide to native peoples of the western hemisphere, Vol. 8 (2nd ed.). Hamburg, Mich.: Native American Books. 2009. pp. 1784–785. ISBN 978-1878592736. Retrieved January 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Hx98AgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Native peoples A to Z: a reference guide to native peoples of the western hemisphere, Vol. 8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1878592736","url_text":"978-1878592736"}]},{"reference":"Christina Boggs. \"Chief Black Hawk: Biography & Facts\". Study.com. Retrieved August 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://study.com/academy/lesson/chief-black-hawk-biography-facts.html","url_text":"\"Chief Black Hawk: Biography & Facts\""}]},{"reference":"Wesson, Sarah. \"Black Hawk Makataimeshekiakiak: Black Hawk and his War\". Davenport (Iowa) Public Library. Archived from the original on June 19, 2013. Retrieved January 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130619014831/http://www.davenportlibrary.com/genealogy-and-history/local-history-info/the-people/black-hawk/","url_text":"\"Black Hawk Makataimeshekiakiak: Black Hawk and his War\""},{"url":"http://www.davenportlibrary.com/genealogy-and-history/local-history-info/the-people/black-hawk/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jason Berry (1995). The Spirit of Blackhawk: a Mystery of Africans and Indians. University Press of Mississippi.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jacobs, Claude F.; Kaslow, Andrew J. (1991). The Spiritual Churches of New Orleans Origins, Beliefs, and Rituals of an African-American Religion. The University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 1-57233-148-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780870497025","url_text":"The Spiritual Churches of New Orleans Origins, Beliefs, and Rituals of an African-American Religion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57233-148-8","url_text":"1-57233-148-8"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Michael (1992). Spirit World: Pattern in the Expressive Folk Culture of New Orleans. Pelican Publishing. ISBN 978-0-88289-895-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88289-895-7","url_text":"978-0-88289-895-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Tri-Cities Blackhawks Jersey History | Authentic Jerseys\". Archived from the original on September 20, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160920183720/http://www.sportsmemorabilia.com/resources/team-jerseys/tri-cities-blackhawks.html","url_text":"\"Tri-Cities Blackhawks Jersey History | Authentic Jerseys\""},{"url":"http://www.sportsmemorabilia.com/resources/team-jerseys/tri-cities-blackhawks.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bensenville School District 2, IL - Website - Blackhawk Middle School\". Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194843/http://www.bsd2.org/index.aspx?nid=57","url_text":"\"Bensenville School District 2, IL - Website - Blackhawk Middle School\""},{"url":"http://www.bsd2.org/index.aspx?nid=57","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hammer, Lisa (May 30, 2019). \"Old Native American hunting grounds near wind farm\". QCOnline. Moline Dispatch & Rock Island Argus. Retrieved January 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://qconline.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/old-native-american-hunting-grounds-near-wind-farm/article_c5d598bd-9e4e-57b6-9f6b-10ddaad1b042.html","url_text":"\"Old Native American hunting grounds near wind farm\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Us - History\". blackhawkcc.com. Archived from the original on August 11, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150811093419/http://blackhawkcc.com/about-us/history","url_text":"\"About Us - History\""},{"url":"http://www.blackhawkcc.com/about-us/history","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Southwest Wisconsin Conference\". Retrieved August 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.southwestwisconsinconference.org/g5-bin/client.cgi","url_text":"\"Southwest Wisconsin Conference\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fort High won't drop 'Blackhawks' name\". Daily Jefferson County Union. February 17, 2014. Retrieved August 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailyunion.com/news/article_7b52f32e-97de-11e3-93c3-001a4bcf6878.html","url_text":"\"Fort High won't drop 'Blackhawks' name\""}]},{"reference":"\"Local Filmmaker To Debut 'Big Chief, Black Hawk' At American Black Film Festival\". October 5, 2021. Retrieved October 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offbeat.com/news/big-chief-black-hawk-debuts-at-american-black-film-fest/","url_text":"\"Local Filmmaker To Debut 'Big Chief, Black Hawk' At American Black Film Festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"Black Hawk\" . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertha_Kluge-Pott | Hertha Kluge-Pott | ["1 Early life and education","2 Australia","3 Style","4 Reception","5 Career","6 Exhibitions","6.1 Solo","6.2 Group","7 Awards","8 Collections","9 References"] | German-born Australian printmaker based in Melbourne
Hertha Kluge-Pott is a German-born Australian printmaker based in Melbourne.
Early life and education
Kluge-Pott was born in Berlin in 1934 into an upper-middle-class German family and studied at the Hochschule für Bildende Künste and Braunschweig from 1953 to 1958, where she knew Gunter Grass who was studying graphics and was the student representative.
Australia
Against her family's wishes Kluge-Pott migrated from Hamburg to Australia in 1958, aged 23, having graduated and after the death of her father. The ship on which she was traveling, the Skaubryn, caught fire on 1 April 1958, three days out of Colombo on the way to Perth, and passengers evacuated in life boats, watching as it burned, and in her case, with all her possessions. A cargo ship transferred them to another before their arrival on a Dutch vessel, which sank some time later. Recounting the adventure in a 1988 interview, Kluge-Pott recalled; "I arrived in Australia in a trance. I was 23, I had no money and no belongings. It took me a long time to find my identity in Australia."
Settling in Melbourne, she studied at RMIT from 1960 to 1963 where her work in intaglio and other techniques was recognised, with two etchings included in the important early national touring exhibition 'Australian print survey', organised by the Art Gallery of New South Wales in 1963.
Style
Of Australia Kluge-Pott has said: "I think there is no other country like this. Words are too flat to describe it. It is frightening, threatening, beautiful I have been here for 30 years, and I know the work I do could not have been done anywhere else in the world but Terra Australis." Her favoured technique is intaglio, with added textural qualities in drypoint.
Reception
Writing in 1997 of Kluge-Pott's second solo exhibition at Australian Galleries in Melbourne, Jenny Zimmer writes; Awesome is the word that best describes Hertha Kluge-Pott's recent etchings. Dark, brooding and passionate as ever, they echo oceanic moods and reverberate with the sparse coastal vegetation's harsh struggle with the elements around Cape Bridgewater and west into South Australia's sandy wind-swept Coorong. The artist, a born naturalist, enjoys a symbiotic relationship with sea and coast a union begun dramatically 40 years ago when the ship Skaubryn, on which she set out for Australia, went down in the Bay of Bengal. The prints, etchings and dry points are made with traditional methods learnt at the Berlin Academy. They can be read in numerous ways. Pages of a Survey is a series of eight small drypoints scratched directly on to the plates, probably while on field excursions. Recorded are tangled ti trees and other coastal plants grown dense and gnarled for protection against the ravages of nature. She interprets them as growing inward into complicated bundles of matter, their sturdy outline shapes darkened by detail that grows thicker and richer at each epicentre. Then she extracts a leaf, a pod, a flower or some other distinctive element and, placing it to one side, renders it precisely as if studied under a looking glass. Robert Nelson, though recognising her skilfulness, less understands what is relayed;Imagery of Hertha Kluge-Pott is promising, teeming with vibrant life-forms and detail. Yet ... the earnest decoction of nature in mannered arrangements doesn't succeed in communicating much about the subject matter.
Career
After traveling during 1964–65 to Spain, Italy and Germany, Kluge-Pott continued a career in printmaking, as well as teaching the medium. She established a printmaking workshop at the Melbourne State College in printmaking and drawing 1968–78, with breaks to practice and study overseas at Hamburg Academy of Art and to travel in Italy and the United Kingdom 1974–75, and then lectured at RMIT 1979–92, where in 1985 she was made senior lecturer. She returned to RMIT to teach part-time 1993-4 and in 1995 at the Victorian College of the Arts, also part-time.
She held seven solo exhibitions 1972–90 in Melbourne including at Stuart Gerstman and Powell St galleries, in Brisbane, Canberra and Geelong.
Alongside Graham King, Tate Adams and Udo Sellbach, Kluge-Pott was an early and significant member of the Print Council of Australia and she participated in their touring exhibitions and other group exhibitions including award exhibitions at Fremantle 1985–91; MPAC Spring Festival 1984, 86, 88, 90; Henri Worland, Warrnambool 1981, 87, 90, 91, 92.
She was the 1996 Judge for the Silk Cut Acquisitive Award, Melbourne and in 2003 was appointed patron at the establishment of ‘Portland Bay Press’ print workshop & studio.
Exhibitions
Solo
Source:
1972 Vic Langsam Galleries Melbourne
1978 Susan Gillespie Gallery, Canberra
1981 Studio One Print Workshop & Gallery, Brisbane
1982 Stuart Gerstman Gallery, Melbourne
1985 Works Gallery, Geelong, VIC
1987 Powell Street Graphics Gallery, Melbourne
1990 Powell Street Graphics Gallery, Melbourne
1993 Grahame Galleries + Editions, Brisbane
1994 Australian Galleries, Melbourne
1997 Australian Galleries, Melbourne
2001 Australian Galleries Works on Paper, Sydney
2005 Grahame Galleries + Editions, Brisbane
2005 Australian Galleries Works on Paper, Melbourne
2010 ‘Recent work’, Australian Galleries, Melbourne
2015 Australian Galleries, Derby Street, Melbourne
2018 ‘Recent work’, Australian Galleries, Melbourne
Group
Source:
2019 ‘papermade’, Australian Galleries, Melbourne ‘Imprint: A Survey of the Print Council of Australia’, Parliament House Gallery, Parliament House of Australia, Canberra
‘Art Meets Nature’, presented by WAMA, The Atrium, Sofitel, Melbourne
‘Melbourne Modern: European art & design at RMIT since 1945’, RMIT Gallery, Melbourne 26 June 2019
2018 ‘Native Flora’, Silver Leaf Art Box, Merricks, VIC
2016 ‘Impressions’, Australian Print Workshop, Melbourne
2014 ‘International Print Exhibition, Australia and Japan’, Kyoto Municipal Museum of Art, Kyoto, Japan; Fukuyama Museum of Art, Hiroshima, Japan
‘one of each’, Australian Galleries, Derby Street, Melbourne
2012-13 ‘Works from the Stock Rooms’, Australian Galleries, Smith Street, Melbourne
2011 ‘large exhibition of small works’, Australian Galleries, Roylston Street, Sydney
‘large exhibition of small works’, Australian Galleries, Derby Street, Melbourne
‘Nature of the Mark’, Australian Galleries, Smith Street, Melbourne
2010 ‘Summer stock show’, Australian Galleries, Smith Street, Melbourne
‘Artists’ Prints made with Integrity I’, Australian Galleries, Smith Street, Melbourne
2009-10 ‘Summer Stock Show’, Australian Galleries, Smith Street, Melbourne
2009 ‘Stock show’, Australian Galleries, Glenmore Road, Sydney
‘Artists’ ink: printmaking from the Warrnambool Art Gallery Collection, 1970-2001’, Ararat Regional Art Gallery, Ararat, VIC
2008 ‘Summer Stock Show’, Australian Galleries Smith Street, Melbourne
‘Male Formy Grafici’ Lodz, Poland
2007 ‘Artists Ink’ Warrnambool Art Gallery Collections 1970 -2001, Warrnambool, VIC
2006 ‘Marks and Motives: Prints from the PCA Collection QUT Art Museum, Brisbane
‘Summer Stock Show’, Australian Galleries Works on Paper, Melbourne
‘Bookish’, Australian Galleries Works on Paper, Melbourne
‘50th Anniversary Exhibition’, 5 June, Australian Galleries, Melbourne
2005 ‘Contemporary Works on Paper’, Australian Galleries Works on Paper, Melbourne
‘Notes from the Natural World’, Australian Galleries, Melbourne
2004 ‘Surface Tension’, Twenty one contemporary Australian printmakers, New York Society of Etchers inc, New York, NY, USA; Gallery 101, Melbourne & Academy Gallery, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS
‘Contemporary Australian Prints’ from the collection, Art Gallery of NSW, Sydney
‘Situate’, Prints from the collection, Warrnambool Art Gallery, Warrnambool, VIC
‘Artists’ Books and So…’, Grahame Galleries & Editions, Brisbane
‘Panorama’, Australian Galleries, Melbourne
‘Species’, Australian Galleries, Melbourne
2002 ‘Landscapes’, Australian Galleries, Sydney
‘Wild Nature in Contemporary Australian Art and Craft’, Jam Factory, Adelaide
2001 ‘Workings of the mind; Melbourne Prints 1960’s-1990’s, Heidi Museum of Modern Art, Melbourne
‘Landscape and Environment’, Australian Galleries, Melbourne
‘Contemporary Works on Paper’, Australian Galleries, Sydney
2000 ‘Australian Identities in Printmaking’, Wagga Wagga Regional Art Gallery, Wagga Wagga, NSW
‘Workings of the Mind; Melbourne Prints 1960s – 1990s’, Queensland University of Technology Art Museum, Brisbane
‘Prints, Drawings & Watercolours’, Australian Galleries, Melbourne
1999 ‘Rena Ellen Jones Memorial Print Award’, Warrnambool Art Gallery, Warrnambool, VIC
‘Australian Paper Awards’, George Adams Gallery, Victorian Arts Centre, Melbourne
‘Australian Paper Awards’, Drill Hall Gallery, Canberra
‘Australian Paper Awards’, University of Technology, Ultimo, Sydney
1998-99 ‘Look Again: Contemporary prints and drawings from the collection’, National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne
1998 ‘Australian Prints from the Collection’, Art Gallery of NSW, Sydney
‘Fremantle Print Award Exhibition’, Fremantle, WA 26 June 2019
‘Decalogue’, Catalogue of 10 years of Australian Printmaking, Metropolitan Museum of Seoul, Korea
‘The Big Small Print Show’, Grahame Galleries & Editions, Brisbane
1997 ‘I Had a Dream’, National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne
‘Warrnambool Print Award’, Warrnambool Art Gallery, Warrnambool, VIC
‘Australian Printmedia Award Exhibition’, University of Western Sydney, Macarthur, NSW
‘Geelong Acquisitive Print Prize Exhibition’, Geelong, VIC
‘Relationships’, Works on Paper, Irene Amos Collection, Toowoomba Regional Art Gallery,
Toowoomba, QLD
1996 ‘Male Formy Grafica’, Lodz, Poland
‘UWS Macarthur National Printmedia Acquisitive Exhibition’, Casula Powerhouse Arts Centre, Sydney
‘People, Prints & Patronage’, 1900-1996 Print Collection of Geelong Art Gallery, Geelong, VIC
1995 ‘Contemporary Printmakers from Australian Galleries’, LaTrobe Regional Gallery, Morwell, VIC
‘Sites & Places: A Survey exhibition with Danny McDonald’, touring Victorian & South Australian Regional Galleries, organised by Riddoch Art Gallery
‘Recent Prints’, Australian Galleries, Melbourne
‘Eveolution’, Newcastle Regional Art Gallery, Newcastle, NSW
1994 ‘Artists Book Fair’, State Library of Queensland, Brisbane
1993 ‘City of Richmond Acquisitive Award Exhibition’, Melbourne
1992 ‘Henri Worland Acquisitive Award Survey Exhibition’, Warrnambool Art Gallery, Warrnambool, VIC
‘Transitional Times Plus’, Print Council of Australia & Faculty of Art & Design, RMIT, Melbourne
1991 ‘IV Biennale Small Graphic Forms’, Ostrow, Poland
‘Students Choice’, Survey Exhibition, Wagga Wagga Art Gallery, Wagga Wagga, NSW
1990-91 ‘Henri Worland Print Award Exhibition’, Warrnambool Art Gallery, Warrnambool, VIC
‘Acquisitive Award Exhibitions’, M.L.C, Melbourne
1990 ‘A New Image, Prints’, Powell Street Graphics, Melbourne
1989-91 ‘Small Graphic Forms’, Lodz, Poland
1988 ‘With the Imprint of Another Culture’, Print Council of Australia, Melbourne, touring exhibition
1987 ‘Yarra Valley High School’, Print Award Exhibition, VIC
‘Henri Worland Print Award Exhibition’, Warrnambool Art Gallery, Warrnambool, VIC
1985-93 ‘Fremantle Print Award Exhibition’, Fremantle, WA
1985 ‘Australian prints ’85’, Print Council of Australia Exhibition to the University of Oregon, Memphis Brooks Museum of Art, USA
1984-96 ‘Print Biennial’, Mornington Peninsula Regional Gallery, Mornington, VIC
1984 ‘Selected mini prints’, Print Council of Australia, Melbourne, Travelling Exhibition, Australian State Galleries, Japan AICHI Cultural Centre, OGISU Memorial Museum, Toyohashi City Museum
1983 Stuart Gerstman Galleries, Melbourne
‘Diamond Valley Art Award Exhibition’, Diamond Valley, VIC
1982 ‘12 Australian Printmakers’, Oxford, UK
Darmstadt-Hessisches Landes Museum, Bayreuth Erlangen University, Germany
1978 ‘Australian Etching’, Print Council of Australia, Melbourne
National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne & Main State Galleries
1972-76 ‘International Print Biennale’, Krakow, Poland
1972 ‘Images’, Australian Department of Foreign Affairs, India
1963, Prints '63, Studio One Printmakers, Tate Adams, Barbara Brash, Janet Dawson, Grahame King, Hertha Kluge-Pott, Jan Senbergs, Fred Williams
1963-64 ‘Australian Print Survey’, Print Council of Australia, Melbourne, Travelling Exhibition
Awards
1966: F.E. Richardson Print Prize, Geelong Gallery
1987, 1889, 1991: Henri Worland acquisitive prize, Warrnambool Art Gallery
1982, 1984, 1988. MPAC acquisitive
1990 MLC Acquisitive Art Award, Melbourne
1996 Daily Telegraph Mirror Acquisitive Award, University of Western Sydney, Macarthur, NSW
1999 Australian Paper Art Award, Melbourne
Collections
National Gallery of Australia
Art Gallery of New South Wales
Art Gallery of South Australia
National Gallery of Victoria
Queensland Art Gallery
Geelong Gallery
Newcastle Regional Art Gallery
BHP corporate collection
Ostrow City Museum, Poland
Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane
Queensland State Library - James Hardy Collection, Brisbane
Hamilton Art Gallery, Hamilton, VIC
Ipswich City Art Gallery, Ipswich, NSW
Mornington Peninsula Art Centre, Mornington, VIC
Riddoch Art Gallery, Adelaide
University of Western Sydney, Macarthur Collection, NSW
Wagga Wagga City Art Gallery, Wagga Wagga, NSW
Warrnambool Art Gallery, Warrnambool, VIC
University of Melbourne, Melbourne
Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne
Toowoomba Regional Art Gallery, NSW
City Art Gallery, Newcastle, NSW
City of Banyule, Melbourne
Australian Paper Corporate Art Collection, Australia
Artbank, Sydney
Centre for the Artist Book Collection, Grahame Galleries & Editions, Brisbane
City of Whitehorse, Melbourne
Deakin University, Melbourne
Education Department of Victoria, Melbourne
Geelong Grammar School
Yarra Valley School Gallery
Methodist Ladies College, Melbourne
Lodz, Poland: Male Formy Grafici
Print Council of Australia, Melbourne
Monash University Collection, Melbourne
Australian Embassy, Singapore
Department of Foreign Affairs, Canberra
References
^ Women 150 (Group) (1985). 150 Victorian women artists. Melbourne?: Women 150. ISBN 978-0-9589286-0-1. OCLC 13214779.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ a b c d Pamela Bone, "Terra Australia inspires a 'migrant' artist," The Age (Melbourne, Victoria, Australia), 06 Sep 1988, p.18
^ Australian print survey. Adelaide?. 1963. OCLC 51950511.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ a b Maddocks, Hilary (2015). Hertha Kluge-Pott: printmaker. Macmillan Art. ISBN 978-1-921394-79-9. OCLC 905525127.
^ Grishin, Sasha; ‘Profiles in Print – Hertha Kluge-Pott’, Craft Arts International, No. 68, 2006
^ Zimmer, Jenny (7 October 1997). "A geography of awesome art". The Age. p. 31.
^ a b Nelson, Robert (29 September 1999). "Visual art: Australian Paper Art Awards, George Adams Gallery, Victorian Arts Centre, until 3 October". The Age. Melbourne. p. 22.
^ Kempf, Franz (1976). Contemporary Australian Printmakers. Melbourne: Lansdowne Editions. OCLC 470182588.
^ a b c d e f McCulloch, Alan; MacCulloch, Susan (1994). Encyclopedia of Australian art. Honolulu: Univ. of Hawai Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1688-9. OCLC 231633292.
^ a b Australian Galleries. "Hertha Kluge-Pott" (PDF). Australian Galleries.
^ Listing, The Age (Melbourne, Victoria, Australia), 14 Jun 1985, p.44
^ "Highlights," The Age (Melbourne, Victoria, Australia), 29 Aug 1994, p.21
^ Advertisement, The Sydney Morning Herald (Sydney, New South Wales, Australia), 03 Nov 2001, p.206
^ "Prints '63. Studio One Printmakers. at Multiple venues (1963 – 1964) · Australian Prints + Printmaking". www.printsandprintmaking.gov.au. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
^ Imprint, Print Council of Australia, Volume 31, No. 2, Winter, 1996
^ Nelson, Robert; ‘Australian Paper Art Awards’, The Age, 29 September 1999
^ Harding, Lesley; & Humphries, Tristan; Australian Paper Art Awards, catalogue essay, the George Adams Gallery, Victorian Arts Centre, Melbourne, 1999
^ Collection. "Hertha Kluge-Pott". National Gallery of Australia. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
^ "Works by Hertha Kluge-Pott | Art Gallery of NSW". www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
^ Online Collection. "Tale for Bennelong". AGSA. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
^ Online Collection. "Hertha Kluge-Pott". National Gallery of Victoria.
^ Kluge-Pott, Hertha. "Tale for Benelong no. 3 1990". Queensland Art Gallery | Gallery of Modern Art. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
^ Kluge-Pott, Hertha. "The tomb of man, 1966". Geelong Gallery Collection. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
^ "Newcastle Art Gallery". newcastle-collections.ncc.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
^ Larkin, Annette; Evolution, Works by Australian Women Artists from Newcastle Regional Art Gallery’s Permanent Collection, Catalogue, February 1995 | [{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Hertha Kluge-Pott is a German-born Australian printmaker based in Melbourne.","title":"Hertha Kluge-Pott"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hochschule für Bildende Künste and Braunschweig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Arts,_Berlin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"}],"text":"Kluge-Pott was born in Berlin in 1934 into an upper-middle-class German family and studied at the Hochschule für Bildende Künste and Braunschweig from 1953 to 1958,[1] where she knew Gunter Grass who was studying graphics and was the student representative.[2]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Skaubryn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Skaubryn"},{"link_name":"Colombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Art Gallery of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Against her family's wishes Kluge-Pott migrated from Hamburg to Australia in 1958, aged 23, having graduated and after the death of her father. The ship on which she was traveling, the Skaubryn, caught fire on 1 April 1958, three days out of Colombo on the way to Perth, and passengers evacuated in life boats, watching as it burned, and in her case, with all her possessions. A cargo ship transferred them to another before their arrival on a Dutch vessel, which sank some time later. Recounting the adventure in a 1988 interview, Kluge-Pott recalled; \"I arrived in Australia in a trance. I was 23, I had no money and no belongings. It took me a long time to find my identity in Australia.\"[2]Settling in Melbourne, she studied at RMIT from 1960 to 1963 where her work in intaglio and other techniques was recognised, with two etchings included in the important early national touring exhibition 'Australian print survey', organised by the Art Gallery of New South Wales in 1963.[3]","title":"Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"intaglio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intaglio_(printmaking)"},{"link_name":"drypoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drypoint"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Of Australia Kluge-Pott has said: \"I think there is no other country like this. Words are too flat to describe it. It is frightening, threatening, beautiful [ ... ] I have been here for 30 years, and I know the work I do could not have been done anywhere else in the world but Terra Australis.\"[2] Her favoured technique is intaglio, with added textural qualities in drypoint.[4][5]","title":"Style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"}],"text":"Writing in 1997 of Kluge-Pott's second solo exhibition at Australian Galleries in Melbourne, Jenny Zimmer writes;Awesome is the word that best describes Hertha Kluge-Pott's recent etchings. Dark, brooding and passionate as ever, they echo oceanic moods and reverberate with the sparse coastal vegetation's harsh struggle with the elements around Cape Bridgewater and west into South Australia's sandy wind-swept Coorong. The artist, a born naturalist, enjoys a symbiotic relationship with sea and coast a union begun dramatically 40 years ago when the ship Skaubryn, on which she set out for Australia, went down in the Bay of Bengal. The prints, etchings and dry points are made with traditional methods learnt at the Berlin Academy. They can be read in numerous ways. Pages of a Survey is a series of eight small drypoints scratched directly on to the plates, probably while on field excursions. Recorded are tangled ti trees and other coastal plants grown dense and gnarled for protection against the ravages of nature. She interprets them as growing inward into complicated bundles of matter, their sturdy outline shapes darkened by detail that grows thicker and richer at each epicentre. Then she extracts a leaf, a pod, a flower or some other distinctive element and, placing it to one side, renders it precisely as if studied under a looking glass.[6]Robert Nelson, though recognising her skilfulness, less understands what is relayed;Imagery of Hertha Kluge-Pott is promising, teeming with vibrant life-forms and detail. Yet ... the earnest decoction of nature in mannered arrangements doesn't succeed in communicating much about the subject matter.[7]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melbourne State College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Teachers%27_College"},{"link_name":"Hamburg Academy of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Fine_Arts_of_Hamburg"},{"link_name":"RMIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMIT_University"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"Graham King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grahame_King"},{"link_name":"Tate Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_Adams"},{"link_name":"Udo Sellbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udo_Sellbach"},{"link_name":"Fremantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremantle"},{"link_name":"Warrnambool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrnambool"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"}],"text":"After traveling during 1964–65 to Spain, Italy and Germany, Kluge-Pott continued a career in printmaking, as well as teaching the medium. She established a printmaking workshop at the Melbourne State College in printmaking and drawing 1968–78, with breaks to practice and study overseas at Hamburg Academy of Art and to travel in Italy and the United Kingdom 1974–75, and then lectured at RMIT 1979–92,[8] where in 1985 she was made senior lecturer. She returned to RMIT to teach part-time 1993-4 and in 1995 at the Victorian College of the Arts, also part-time.She held seven solo exhibitions 1972–90 in Melbourne including at Stuart Gerstman and Powell St galleries, in Brisbane, Canberra and Geelong.[9]Alongside Graham King, Tate Adams and Udo Sellbach, Kluge-Pott was an early and significant member of the Print Council of Australia and she participated in their touring exhibitions and other group exhibitions including award exhibitions at Fremantle 1985–91; MPAC Spring Festival 1984, 86, 88, 90; Henri Worland, Warrnambool 1981, 87, 90, 91, 92.[9]She was the 1996 Judge for the Silk Cut Acquisitive Award, Melbourne and in 2003 was appointed patron at the establishment of ‘Portland Bay Press’ print workshop & studio.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Solo","text":"Source:[10]1972 Vic Langsam Galleries Melbourne\n1978 Susan Gillespie Gallery, Canberra\n1981 Studio One Print Workshop & Gallery, Brisbane\n1982 Stuart Gerstman Gallery, Melbourne\n1985 Works Gallery, Geelong, VIC[11]\n1987 Powell Street Graphics Gallery, Melbourne\n1990 Powell Street Graphics Gallery, Melbourne\n1993 Grahame Galleries + Editions, Brisbane\n1994 Australian Galleries, Melbourne[12]\n1997 Australian Galleries, Melbourne\n2001 Australian Galleries Works on Paper, Sydney[13]\n2005 Grahame Galleries + Editions, Brisbane\n2005 Australian Galleries Works on Paper, Melbourne\n2010 ‘Recent work’, Australian Galleries, Melbourne\n2015 Australian Galleries, Derby Street, Melbourne\n2018 ‘Recent work’, Australian Galleries, Melbourne","title":"Exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"Tate Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_Adams"},{"link_name":"Barbara Brash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Brash"},{"link_name":"Janet Dawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Dawson"},{"link_name":"Grahame King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grahame_King"},{"link_name":"Jan Senbergs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Senbergs"},{"link_name":"Fred Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Williams_(artist)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Group","text":"Source:[10]2019 ‘papermade’, Australian Galleries, Melbourne ‘Imprint: A Survey of the Print Council of Australia’, Parliament House Gallery, Parliament House of Australia, Canberra\n‘Art Meets Nature’, presented by WAMA, The Atrium, Sofitel, Melbourne\n‘Melbourne Modern: European art & design at RMIT since 1945’, RMIT Gallery, Melbourne 26 June 2019\n2018 ‘Native Flora’, Silver Leaf Art Box, Merricks, VIC\n2016 ‘Impressions’, Australian Print Workshop, Melbourne\n2014 ‘International Print Exhibition, Australia and Japan’, Kyoto Municipal Museum of Art, Kyoto, Japan; Fukuyama Museum of Art, Hiroshima, Japan\n‘one of each’, Australian Galleries, Derby Street, Melbourne\n2012-13 ‘Works from the Stock Rooms’, Australian Galleries, Smith Street, Melbourne\n2011 ‘large exhibition of small works’, Australian Galleries, Roylston Street, Sydney\n‘large exhibition of small works’, Australian Galleries, Derby Street, Melbourne\n‘Nature of the Mark’, Australian Galleries, Smith Street, Melbourne\n2010 ‘Summer stock show’, Australian Galleries, Smith Street, Melbourne\n‘Artists’ Prints made with Integrity I’, Australian Galleries, Smith Street, Melbourne\n2009-10 ‘Summer Stock Show’, Australian Galleries, Smith Street, Melbourne\n2009 ‘Stock show’, Australian Galleries, Glenmore Road, Sydney\n‘Artists’ ink: printmaking from the Warrnambool Art Gallery Collection, 1970-2001’, Ararat Regional Art Gallery, Ararat, VIC\n2008 ‘Summer Stock Show’, Australian Galleries Smith Street, Melbourne\n‘Male Formy Grafici’ Lodz, Poland\n2007 ‘Artists Ink’ Warrnambool Art Gallery Collections 1970 -2001, Warrnambool, VIC\n2006 ‘Marks and Motives: Prints from the PCA Collection QUT Art Museum, Brisbane\n‘Summer Stock Show’, Australian Galleries Works on Paper, Melbourne\n‘Bookish’, Australian Galleries Works on Paper, Melbourne\n‘50th Anniversary Exhibition’, 5 June, Australian Galleries, Melbourne\n2005 ‘Contemporary Works on Paper’, Australian Galleries Works on Paper, Melbourne\n‘Notes from the Natural World’, Australian Galleries, Melbourne\n2004 ‘Surface Tension’, Twenty one contemporary Australian printmakers, New York Society of Etchers inc, New York, NY, USA; Gallery 101, Melbourne & Academy Gallery, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS\n‘Contemporary Australian Prints’ from the collection, Art Gallery of NSW, Sydney\n‘Situate’, Prints from the collection, Warrnambool Art Gallery, Warrnambool, VIC\n‘Artists’ Books and So…’, Grahame Galleries & Editions, Brisbane\n‘Panorama’, Australian Galleries, Melbourne\n‘Species’, Australian Galleries, Melbourne\n2002 ‘Landscapes’, Australian Galleries, Sydney\n‘Wild Nature in Contemporary Australian Art and Craft’, Jam Factory, Adelaide\n2001 ‘Workings of the mind; Melbourne Prints 1960’s-1990’s, Heidi Museum of Modern Art, Melbourne\n‘Landscape and Environment’, Australian Galleries, Melbourne\n‘Contemporary Works on Paper’, Australian Galleries, Sydney\n2000 ‘Australian Identities in Printmaking’, Wagga Wagga Regional Art Gallery, Wagga Wagga, NSW\n‘Workings of the Mind; Melbourne Prints 1960s – 1990s’, Queensland University of Technology Art Museum, Brisbane\n‘Prints, Drawings & Watercolours’, Australian Galleries, Melbourne\n1999 ‘Rena Ellen Jones Memorial Print Award’, Warrnambool Art Gallery, Warrnambool, VIC\n‘Australian Paper Awards’, George Adams Gallery, Victorian Arts Centre, Melbourne[7]\n‘Australian Paper Awards’, Drill Hall Gallery, Canberra\n‘Australian Paper Awards’, University of Technology, Ultimo, Sydney\n1998-99 ‘Look Again: Contemporary prints and drawings from the collection’, National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne\n1998 ‘Australian Prints from the Collection’, Art Gallery of NSW, Sydney\n‘Fremantle Print Award Exhibition’, Fremantle, WA 26 June 2019\n‘Decalogue’, Catalogue of 10 years of Australian Printmaking, Metropolitan Museum of Seoul, Korea\n‘The Big Small Print Show’, Grahame Galleries & Editions, Brisbane\n1997 ‘I Had a Dream’, National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne\n‘Warrnambool Print Award’, Warrnambool Art Gallery, Warrnambool, VIC\n‘Australian Printmedia Award Exhibition’, University of Western Sydney, Macarthur, NSW\n‘Geelong Acquisitive Print Prize Exhibition’, Geelong, VIC\n‘Relationships’, Works on Paper, Irene Amos Collection, Toowoomba Regional Art Gallery,\nToowoomba, QLD\n1996 ‘Male Formy Grafica’, Lodz, Poland\n‘UWS Macarthur National Printmedia Acquisitive Exhibition’, Casula Powerhouse Arts Centre, Sydney\n‘People, Prints & Patronage’, 1900-1996 Print Collection of Geelong Art Gallery, Geelong, VIC\n1995 ‘Contemporary Printmakers from Australian Galleries’, LaTrobe Regional Gallery, Morwell, VIC\n‘Sites & Places: A Survey exhibition with Danny McDonald’, touring Victorian & South Australian Regional Galleries, organised by Riddoch Art Gallery\n‘Recent Prints’, Australian Galleries, Melbourne\n‘Eveolution’, Newcastle Regional Art Gallery, Newcastle, NSW\n1994 ‘Artists Book Fair’, State Library of Queensland, Brisbane\n1993 ‘City of Richmond Acquisitive Award Exhibition’, Melbourne\n1992 ‘Henri Worland Acquisitive Award Survey Exhibition’, Warrnambool Art Gallery, Warrnambool, VIC\n‘Transitional Times Plus’, Print Council of Australia & Faculty of Art & Design, RMIT, Melbourne\n1991 ‘IV Biennale Small Graphic Forms’, Ostrow, Poland\n‘Students Choice’, Survey Exhibition, Wagga Wagga Art Gallery, Wagga Wagga, NSW\n1990-91 ‘Henri Worland Print Award Exhibition’, Warrnambool Art Gallery, Warrnambool, VIC\n‘Acquisitive Award Exhibitions’, M.L.C, Melbourne\n1990 ‘A New Image, Prints’, Powell Street Graphics, Melbourne\n1989-91 ‘Small Graphic Forms’, Lodz, Poland\n1988 ‘With the Imprint of Another Culture’, Print Council of Australia, Melbourne, touring exhibition[2]\n1987 ‘Yarra Valley High School’, Print Award Exhibition, VIC\n‘Henri Worland Print Award Exhibition’, Warrnambool Art Gallery, Warrnambool, VIC\n1985-93 ‘Fremantle Print Award Exhibition’, Fremantle, WA\n1985 ‘Australian prints ’85’, Print Council of Australia Exhibition to the University of Oregon, Memphis Brooks Museum of Art, USA\n1984-96 ‘Print Biennial’, Mornington Peninsula Regional Gallery, Mornington, VIC\n1984 ‘Selected mini prints’, Print Council of Australia, Melbourne, Travelling Exhibition, Australian State Galleries, Japan AICHI Cultural Centre, OGISU Memorial Museum, Toyohashi City Museum\n1983 Stuart Gerstman Galleries, Melbourne\n‘Diamond Valley Art Award Exhibition’, Diamond Valley, VIC\n1982 ‘12 Australian Printmakers’, Oxford, UK\nDarmstadt-Hessisches Landes Museum, Bayreuth Erlangen University, Germany\n1978 ‘Australian Etching’, Print Council of Australia, Melbourne\nNational Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne & Main State Galleries\n1972-76 ‘International Print Biennale’, Krakow, Poland\n1972 ‘Images’, Australian Department of Foreign Affairs, India\n1963, Prints '63, Studio One Printmakers, Tate Adams, Barbara Brash, Janet Dawson, Grahame King, Hertha Kluge-Pott, Jan Senbergs, Fred Williams[14]\n1963-64 ‘Australian Print Survey’, Print Council of Australia, Melbourne, Travelling Exhibition","title":"Exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"1966: F.E. Richardson Print Prize, Geelong Gallery[4]\n1987, 1889, 1991: Henri Worland acquisitive prize, Warrnambool Art Gallery[9]\n1982, 1984, 1988. MPAC acquisitive[9]\n1990 MLC Acquisitive Art Award, Melbourne\n1996 Daily Telegraph Mirror Acquisitive Award, University of Western Sydney, Macarthur, NSW[15]\n1999 Australian Paper Art Award, Melbourne[16][17]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"BHP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BHP"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"}],"text":"National Gallery of Australia[18]\nArt Gallery of New South Wales[19]\nArt Gallery of South Australia[20]\nNational Gallery of Victoria[21]\nQueensland Art Gallery[22]\nGeelong Gallery[23]\nNewcastle Regional Art Gallery[24][25]\nBHP corporate collection[9]\nOstrow City Museum, Poland[9]\nQueensland University of Technology, Brisbane\nQueensland State Library - James Hardy Collection, Brisbane\nHamilton Art Gallery, Hamilton, VIC\nIpswich City Art Gallery, Ipswich, NSW\nMornington Peninsula Art Centre, Mornington, VIC\nRiddoch Art Gallery, Adelaide\nUniversity of Western Sydney, Macarthur Collection, NSW\nWagga Wagga City Art Gallery, Wagga Wagga, NSW\nWarrnambool Art Gallery, Warrnambool, VIC\nUniversity of Melbourne, Melbourne\nRoyal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne\nToowoomba Regional Art Gallery, NSW\nCity Art Gallery, Newcastle, NSW\nCity of Banyule, Melbourne\nAustralian Paper Corporate Art Collection, Australia\nArtbank, Sydney\nCentre for the Artist Book Collection, Grahame Galleries & Editions, Brisbane\nCity of Whitehorse, Melbourne\nDeakin University, Melbourne\nEducation Department of Victoria, Melbourne\nGeelong Grammar School\nYarra Valley School Gallery\nMethodist Ladies College, Melbourne\nLodz, Poland: Male Formy Grafici\nPrint Council of Australia, Melbourne\nMonash University Collection, Melbourne\nAustralian Embassy, Singapore\nDepartment of Foreign Affairs, Canberra","title":"Collections"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Women 150 (Group) (1985). 150 Victorian women artists. Melbourne?: Women 150. ISBN 978-0-9589286-0-1. OCLC 13214779.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13214779","url_text":"150 Victorian women artists"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9589286-0-1","url_text":"978-0-9589286-0-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13214779","url_text":"13214779"}]},{"reference":"Australian print survey. Adelaide?. 1963. OCLC 51950511.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51950511","url_text":"Australian print survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51950511","url_text":"51950511"}]},{"reference":"Maddocks, Hilary (2015). Hertha Kluge-Pott: printmaker. Macmillan Art. ISBN 978-1-921394-79-9. OCLC 905525127.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/905525127","url_text":"Hertha Kluge-Pott: printmaker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921394-79-9","url_text":"978-1-921394-79-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/905525127","url_text":"905525127"}]},{"reference":"Zimmer, Jenny (7 October 1997). \"A geography of awesome art\". The Age. p. 31.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nelson, Robert (29 September 1999). \"Visual art: Australian Paper Art Awards, George Adams Gallery, Victorian Arts Centre, until 3 October\". The Age. Melbourne. p. 22.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kempf, Franz (1976). Contemporary Australian Printmakers. Melbourne: Lansdowne Editions. OCLC 470182588.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/470182588","url_text":"Contemporary Australian Printmakers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/470182588","url_text":"470182588"}]},{"reference":"McCulloch, Alan; MacCulloch, Susan (1994). Encyclopedia of Australian art. Honolulu: Univ. of Hawai Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1688-9. OCLC 231633292.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/231633292","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Australian art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1688-9","url_text":"978-0-8248-1688-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/231633292","url_text":"231633292"}]},{"reference":"Australian Galleries. \"Hertha Kluge-Pott\" (PDF). Australian Galleries.","urls":[{"url":"https://australiangalleries.com.au/app/uploads/2016/01/KLUGE-POTT_CV19.pdf","url_text":"\"Hertha Kluge-Pott\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prints '63. Studio One Printmakers. at Multiple venues (1963 – 1964) · Australian Prints + Printmaking\". www.printsandprintmaking.gov.au. Retrieved 22 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.printsandprintmaking.gov.au/exhibitions/938/","url_text":"\"Prints '63. Studio One Printmakers. at Multiple venues (1963 – 1964) · Australian Prints + Printmaking\""}]},{"reference":"Collection. \"Hertha Kluge-Pott\". National Gallery of Australia. Retrieved 28 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://searchthecollection.nga.gov.au/artist?irn=16960","url_text":"\"Hertha Kluge-Pott\""}]},{"reference":"\"Works by Hertha Kluge-Pott | Art Gallery of NSW\". www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 28 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/works/?artist_id=kluge-pott-hertha","url_text":"\"Works by Hertha Kluge-Pott | Art Gallery of NSW\""}]},{"reference":"Online Collection. \"Tale for Bennelong\". AGSA. Retrieved 28 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.agsa.sa.gov.au/collection-publications/collection/works/tale-for-bennelong/29974/www.agsa.sa.gov.au/collection-publications/collection/works/tale-for-bennelong/29974/","url_text":"\"Tale for Bennelong\""}]},{"reference":"Online Collection. \"Hertha Kluge-Pott\". National Gallery of Victoria.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/3800/","url_text":"\"Hertha Kluge-Pott\""}]},{"reference":"Kluge-Pott, Hertha. \"Tale for Benelong no. 3 1990\". Queensland Art Gallery | Gallery of Modern Art. Retrieved 28 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://collection.qagoma.qld.gov.au/qag/imu.php?request=display&port=45000&id=bf54&flag=ecatalogue&offset=2&count=default&view=details","url_text":"\"Tale for Benelong no. 3 1990\""}]},{"reference":"Kluge-Pott, Hertha. \"The tomb of man, 1966\". Geelong Gallery Collection. Retrieved 28 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://collections.geelonggallery.org.au/collections/?page=search#view=details&search-limit=artist-details&keywords=Kluge-Pott&id=9663&offset","url_text":"\"The tomb of man, 1966\""}]},{"reference":"\"Newcastle Art Gallery\". newcastle-collections.ncc.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 28 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://newcastle-collections.ncc.nsw.gov.au/gallery.php","url_text":"\"Newcastle Art Gallery\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13214779","external_links_name":"150 Victorian women artists"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13214779","external_links_name":"13214779"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51950511","external_links_name":"Australian print survey"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51950511","external_links_name":"51950511"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/905525127","external_links_name":"Hertha Kluge-Pott: printmaker"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/905525127","external_links_name":"905525127"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/470182588","external_links_name":"Contemporary Australian Printmakers"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/470182588","external_links_name":"470182588"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/231633292","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Australian art"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/231633292","external_links_name":"231633292"},{"Link":"https://australiangalleries.com.au/app/uploads/2016/01/KLUGE-POTT_CV19.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Hertha Kluge-Pott\""},{"Link":"https://www.printsandprintmaking.gov.au/exhibitions/938/","external_links_name":"\"Prints '63. Studio One Printmakers. at Multiple venues (1963 – 1964) · Australian Prints + Printmaking\""},{"Link":"https://searchthecollection.nga.gov.au/artist?irn=16960","external_links_name":"\"Hertha Kluge-Pott\""},{"Link":"https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/works/?artist_id=kluge-pott-hertha","external_links_name":"\"Works by Hertha Kluge-Pott | Art Gallery of NSW\""},{"Link":"https://www.agsa.sa.gov.au/collection-publications/collection/works/tale-for-bennelong/29974/www.agsa.sa.gov.au/collection-publications/collection/works/tale-for-bennelong/29974/","external_links_name":"\"Tale for Bennelong\""},{"Link":"https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/3800/","external_links_name":"\"Hertha Kluge-Pott\""},{"Link":"http://collection.qagoma.qld.gov.au/qag/imu.php?request=display&port=45000&id=bf54&flag=ecatalogue&offset=2&count=default&view=details","external_links_name":"\"Tale for Benelong no. 3 1990\""},{"Link":"http://collections.geelonggallery.org.au/collections/?page=search#view=details&search-limit=artist-details&keywords=Kluge-Pott&id=9663&offset","external_links_name":"\"The tomb of man, 1966\""},{"Link":"https://newcastle-collections.ncc.nsw.gov.au/gallery.php","external_links_name":"\"Newcastle Art Gallery\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxswain_Badge | Coxswain Insignia | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Qualification device of the US Coast Guard
Coxswain Insignia
Auxiliary Coxswain Insignia worn by USCG Auxiliary Coxswains
The Coxswain Insignia (/ˈkɒksən/ KOK-sən) is a qualification device of the United States Coast Guard which is issued to enlisted personnel who qualify as a coxswain. The Coxswain on a Coast Guard Small Boat is in charge of the vessel and all personnel on board. Coxswains, while underway, operate without regard to rank or seniority. A Coxswain in the Coast Guard has a responsibility that is normally only undertaken by officers in other branches of the military.
The Coxswain Insignia and the Surfman Badge may not be worn simultaneously. The United States Navy equivalent of the Coxswain badge is the Small Craft Enlisted Pin.
The Coxswain Pin can be awarded Temporarily or Permanently. To be awarded the Coxswain Insignia permanently a member has to have 5 years of certification with at least 2 years on a Standard Boat and retain certification by retaking and passing the appropriate tests.
The United States Coast Guard Auxiliary also issues its own version of the insignia. The insignia is similar to the Coast Guard version but is bronze instead of pewter, and has the Auxiliary insignia located in the center of the device in place of the compass rose.
See also
Military badges of the United States
References
^ a b "U" (PDF). Retrieved 2018-09-29.
^ "DWO & NavRul Exam Policies". Archived from the original on 2013-11-12. Retrieved 2013-06-12.
^ "Error". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2013-06-12.
This United States Coast Guard article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coxswain.jpeg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Auxiliary_Coxswain.jpg"},{"link_name":"/ˈkɒksən/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"KOK-sən","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"United States Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"coxswain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxswain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guide-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guide-1"},{"link_name":"Surfman Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfman_Badge"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Small Craft Enlisted Pin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Craft_Pin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"United States Coast Guard Auxiliary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Auxiliary"}],"text":"Coxswain InsigniaAuxiliary Coxswain Insignia worn by USCG Auxiliary CoxswainsThe Coxswain Insignia (/ˈkɒksən/ KOK-sən) is a qualification device of the United States Coast Guard which is issued to enlisted personnel who qualify as a coxswain. The Coxswain on a Coast Guard Small Boat is in charge of the vessel and all personnel on board.[1] Coxswains, while underway, operate without regard to rank or seniority.[1] A Coxswain in the Coast Guard has a responsibility that is normally only undertaken by officers in other branches of the military.The Coxswain Insignia and the Surfman Badge may not be worn simultaneously. The United States Navy equivalent of the Coxswain badge is the Small Craft Enlisted Pin.The Coxswain Pin can be awarded Temporarily or Permanently. To be awarded the Coxswain Insignia permanently a member has to have 5 years of certification with at least 2 years on a Standard Boat and retain certification by retaking and passing the appropriate tests. [2][3]The United States Coast Guard Auxiliary also issues its own version of the insignia. The insignia is similar to the Coast Guard version but is bronze instead of pewter, and has the Auxiliary insignia located in the center of the device in place of the compass rose.","title":"Coxswain Insignia"}] | [{"image_text":"Coxswain Insignia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Coxswain.jpeg/220px-Coxswain.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Auxiliary Coxswain Insignia worn by USCG Auxiliary Coxswains","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Auxiliary_Coxswain.jpg/220px-Auxiliary_Coxswain.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Military badges of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_badges_of_the_United_States"}] | [{"reference":"\"U\" (PDF). Retrieved 2018-09-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boatswainsmate.net/BM/Basic_Coxswain_studyguide_Stroud.pdf","url_text":"\"U\""}]},{"reference":"\"DWO & NavRul Exam Policies\". Archived from the original on 2013-11-12. Retrieved 2013-06-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131112225015/http://www.uscg.mil/hq/capemay/Education/nrt4.asp","url_text":"\"DWO & NavRul Exam Policies\""},{"url":"http://www.uscg.mil/hq/capemay/education/nrt4.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Error\". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2013-06-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235907/http://forums.military.com/eve/forums/a/tpc/f/5431969686/m/1350046362001","url_text":"\"Error\""},{"url":"http://forums.military.com/eve/forums/a/tpc/f/5431969686/m/1350046362001","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.boatswainsmate.net/BM/Basic_Coxswain_studyguide_Stroud.pdf","external_links_name":"\"U\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131112225015/http://www.uscg.mil/hq/capemay/Education/nrt4.asp","external_links_name":"\"DWO & NavRul Exam Policies\""},{"Link":"http://www.uscg.mil/hq/capemay/education/nrt4.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235907/http://forums.military.com/eve/forums/a/tpc/f/5431969686/m/1350046362001","external_links_name":"\"Error\""},{"Link":"http://forums.military.com/eve/forums/a/tpc/f/5431969686/m/1350046362001","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coxswain_Insignia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Plat%C3%A9 | Enrico Platé | ["1 Team owner","2 Complete Formula One World Championship results","3 Footnotes","4 References","5 External links"] | Scuderia PlatéFull nameScuderia Enrico PlatéBase SwitzerlandFounder(s)Enrico PlatéNoted staffEnrico PlatéNoted drivers Tazio Nuvolari Toulo de Graffenried B. Bira Harry Schell Louis ChironFormula One World Championship careerFirst entry1950 British Grand PrixRaces entered12ConstructorsMaseratiEnginesMaseratiPlatéDrivers'Championships0Race victories0Pole positions0Fastest laps0Final entry1953 Dutch Grand Prix
Enrico Platé (28 January 1909, Milan, Italy – 2 February 1954, Buenos Aires, Argentina) was a motor racing driver and team manager. Although born in Italy, Platé raced, and latterly ran his racing team Scuderia Enrico Platé, under Swiss nationality. He began his career as a mechanic, but swiftly took to racing cars in addition to repairing them. His best result as a driver was fourth place (albeit also last place) in the 1938 Modena Autodrome. Although he did not achieve any notable success in the pre-World War II voiturette class, Enrico Platé became a significant and influential figure in post-war grand prix and early Formula One racing as a team owner. During his brief career in this role, Platé ran Maseratis for notable drivers such as Prince Bira, Harry Schell and fellow Swiss Toulo de Graffenried.
Team owner
Although he did not fully withdraw from driving until 1948, Enrico Platé tasted success as a team owner as early as 1946, when he provided the car that took racing legend Tazio Nuvolari to his final grand prix victory, in the Albi Grand Prix. In 1947 Christian Kautz won the prestigious Grand Prix de la Marne at Reims-Gueux in a Platé-entered Maserati 4CL, and the following year Nello Pagani drove the same car to victory in the Pau Grand Prix. Sadly for Scuderia Enrico Platé, the team also tasted tragedy in 1948 when Kautz was killed while driving one of their 4CLs in his home Grand Prix at Bremgarten. In 1949 de Graffenried scored Platé's final major race win with victory in the British Grand Prix, this time in Platé's new Maserati 4CLT/48. Bira took the lesser Swedish Summer Grand Prix later that season.
With the dominance of first the works Alfa Romeo and then Ferrari teams, Platé's cars were never front-runners in the early years of the Formula One World Championship. However, minor and non-Championship Grands Prix events saw Scuderia Enrico Platé take a further five race victories between 1950 and 1953. Always loyal to the Maserati marque, Platé's team rebuilt one of the Italian company's Maserati 4CLT Formula One cars to Formula Two specification for the 1952 and 1953 seasons, which were run to F2 regulations. The revisions and alterations were sufficiently significant for Maserati to allow Scuderia Platé to enter the car as the Maserati-Platé, making Platé the only Formula One engine manufacturer to originate in Switzerland.1
In the early part of 1953 Platé began to run into financial difficulty. Although he maintained a presence at races, this was usually by preparing cars for de Graffenried rather than as an entrant himself. Enrico Platé met a premature end when he was killed in an accident during a brief return to the track, driving in a minor Formula Libre race in Buenos Aires in 1954.
Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key) (Results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap; † indicates shared drive.)
Year
Chassis
Engine(s)
Tyres
Drivers
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1950
Maserati 4CLT/48
Maserati 4CLT 1.5 L4s
P
GBR
MON
500
SUI
BEL
FRA
ITA
Toulo de Graffenried
Ret
Ret
6
6
B. Bira
Ret
5
4
Ret
1951
Maserati 4CLT/48
Maserati 4CLT 1.5 L4s
P
SUI
500
BEL
FRA
GBR
GER
ITA
ESP
Louis Chiron
7
Harry Schell
12
Ret
Toulo de Graffenried
Ret
Ret
1952
Maserati 4CLT/48
Platé 2.0 L4
P
SUI
500
BEL
FRA
GBR
GER
NED
ITA
Toulo de Graffenried
6
Ret†
19
DNQ
Harry Schell
Ret
Ret†
17
Alberto Crespo
DNQ
1953
Maserati A6GCM
Maserati A6 2.0 L6
P
ARG
500
NED
BEL
FRA
GBR
GER
SUI
ITA
Toulo de Graffenried
5
† Indicates shared drive
Footnotes
1 Discounting Sauber's rebranded, British-built engines used during the 1993 Formula One season.
References
"Drivers (P)". The Golden Era of GP Racing. Archived from the original on 2020-02-18. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
"Grand-Prix and races 1945-1957". GP Winners: the lists. Archived from the original on 2007-01-19. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
"Maserati Tipo 4CLT/48". The Maserati Race Car Gallery. Archived from the original on 2007-05-05. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
"Engine Manufacturer: Plate". ChicaneF1.com. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
"Scuderia Enrico Plate". GrandPrixStats.com. Archived from the original on 2005-02-15. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
External links
Baron de Graffenried at the wheel of the short-wheelbase Maserati-Platé F2 car.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"motor racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_racing"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_(people)"},{"link_name":"Modena Autodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modena_Autodrome"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"voiturette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiturette_(F2)"},{"link_name":"Formula One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One"},{"link_name":"Maseratis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maserati_in_motorsport"},{"link_name":"Prince Bira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Bira"},{"link_name":"Harry Schell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Schell"},{"link_name":"Toulo de Graffenried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulo_de_Graffenried"}],"text":"Enrico Platé (28 January 1909, Milan, Italy – 2 February 1954, Buenos Aires, Argentina) was a motor racing driver and team manager. Although born in Italy, Platé raced, and latterly ran his racing team Scuderia Enrico Platé, under Swiss nationality. He began his career as a mechanic, but swiftly took to racing cars in addition to repairing them. His best result as a driver was fourth place (albeit also last place) in the 1938 Modena Autodrome. Although he did not achieve any notable success in the pre-World War II voiturette class, Enrico Platé became a significant and influential figure in post-war grand prix and early Formula One racing as a team owner. During his brief career in this role, Platé ran Maseratis for notable drivers such as Prince Bira, Harry Schell and fellow Swiss Toulo de Graffenried.","title":"Enrico Platé"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tazio Nuvolari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tazio_Nuvolari"},{"link_name":"Albi Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albi_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Christian Kautz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Kautz"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix de la Marne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_de_la_Marne"},{"link_name":"Reims-Gueux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims-Gueux"},{"link_name":"Maserati 4CL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maserati_4CL"},{"link_name":"Nello Pagani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nello_Pagani"},{"link_name":"Pau Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pau_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Bremgarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_Bremgarten"},{"link_name":"British Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Maserati 4CLT/48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maserati_4CLT/48"},{"link_name":"Swedish Summer Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Summer_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Alfa Romeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_in_motorsport"},{"link_name":"Ferrari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari"},{"link_name":"Maserati 4CLT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maserati_4CLT"},{"link_name":"Formula Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_Two"},{"link_name":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"1953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"Maserati-Platé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maserati_4CL_and_4CLT#The_Plat%C3%A9_4CLT"},{"link_name":"Formula Libre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_Libre"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"}],"text":"Although he did not fully withdraw from driving until 1948, Enrico Platé tasted success as a team owner as early as 1946, when he provided the car that took racing legend Tazio Nuvolari to his final grand prix victory, in the Albi Grand Prix. In 1947 Christian Kautz won the prestigious Grand Prix de la Marne at Reims-Gueux in a Platé-entered Maserati 4CL, and the following year Nello Pagani drove the same car to victory in the Pau Grand Prix. Sadly for Scuderia Enrico Platé, the team also tasted tragedy in 1948 when Kautz was killed while driving one of their 4CLs in his home Grand Prix at Bremgarten. In 1949 de Graffenried scored Platé's final major race win with victory in the British Grand Prix, this time in Platé's new Maserati 4CLT/48. Bira took the lesser Swedish Summer Grand Prix later that season.With the dominance of first the works Alfa Romeo and then Ferrari teams, Platé's cars were never front-runners in the early years of the Formula One World Championship. However, minor and non-Championship Grands Prix events saw Scuderia Enrico Platé take a further five race victories between 1950 and 1953. Always loyal to the Maserati marque, Platé's team rebuilt one of the Italian company's Maserati 4CLT Formula One cars to Formula Two specification for the 1952 and 1953 seasons, which were run to F2 regulations. The revisions and alterations were sufficiently significant for Maserati to allow Scuderia Platé to enter the car as the Maserati-Platé, making Platé the only Formula One engine manufacturer to originate in Switzerland.1In the early part of 1953 Platé began to run into financial difficulty. Although he maintained a presence at races, this was usually by preparing cars for de Graffenried rather than as an entrant himself. Enrico Platé met a premature end when he was killed in an accident during a brief return to the track, driving in a minor Formula Libre race in Buenos Aires in 1954.","title":"Team owner"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:F1_driver_results_legend_2"}],"text":"(key) (Results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap; † indicates shared drive.)† Indicates shared drive","title":"Complete Formula One World Championship results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sauber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauber"},{"link_name":"1993 Formula One season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Formula_One_season"}],"text":"1 Discounting Sauber's rebranded, British-built engines used during the 1993 Formula One season.","title":"Footnotes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Drivers (P)\". The Golden Era of GP Racing. Archived from the original on 2020-02-18. Retrieved 2007-05-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200218055759/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/dp.htm","url_text":"\"Drivers (P)\""},{"url":"http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/dp.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Grand-Prix and races 1945-1957\". GP Winners: the lists. Archived from the original on 2007-01-19. Retrieved 2007-05-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070119075236/http://jpgleize.club.fr/gp/gppost.htm","url_text":"\"Grand-Prix and races 1945-1957\""},{"url":"http://jpgleize.club.fr/gp/gppost.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Maserati Tipo 4CLT/48\". The Maserati Race Car Gallery. Archived from the original on 2007-05-05. Retrieved 2007-05-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070505041855/http://www.maserati.org.au/gallery/MASERATI/RACE_Cars/Tipo4CLT48_gallery.html","url_text":"\"Maserati Tipo 4CLT/48\""},{"url":"http://www.maserati.org.au/gallery/MASERATI/RACE_Cars/Tipo4CLT48_gallery.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Engine Manufacturer: Plate\". ChicaneF1.com. Retrieved 2007-05-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicanef1.com/indiv.pl?name=Plate&type=e","url_text":"\"Engine Manufacturer: Plate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scuderia Enrico Plate\". GrandPrixStats.com. Archived from the original on 2005-02-15. Retrieved 2007-05-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050215171514/http://www.f1-stats.de/en/teams/details.php?d=137","url_text":"\"Scuderia Enrico Plate\""},{"url":"http://www.f1-stats.de/en/teams/details.php?d=137","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200218055759/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/dp.htm","external_links_name":"\"Drivers (P)\""},{"Link":"http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/dp.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070119075236/http://jpgleize.club.fr/gp/gppost.htm","external_links_name":"\"Grand-Prix and races 1945-1957\""},{"Link":"http://jpgleize.club.fr/gp/gppost.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070505041855/http://www.maserati.org.au/gallery/MASERATI/RACE_Cars/Tipo4CLT48_gallery.html","external_links_name":"\"Maserati Tipo 4CLT/48\""},{"Link":"http://www.maserati.org.au/gallery/MASERATI/RACE_Cars/Tipo4CLT48_gallery.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.chicanef1.com/indiv.pl?name=Plate&type=e","external_links_name":"\"Engine Manufacturer: Plate\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050215171514/http://www.f1-stats.de/en/teams/details.php?d=137","external_links_name":"\"Scuderia Enrico Plate\""},{"Link":"http://www.f1-stats.de/en/teams/details.php?d=137","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://en.f1-facts.com/gallery/d/2121","external_links_name":"Baron de Graffenried at the wheel of the short-wheelbase Maserati-Platé F2 car."},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000451011834","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/316738492","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb169731480","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb169731480","external_links_name":"BnF data"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She-An_Rebellion | She–An Rebellion | ["1 Background","2 Rebellion","3 Aftermath","4 See also","5 References","6 Bibliography"] | She–An RebellionPart of the Ming-Qing transitionDateFall 1621 – Summer 1629LocationSichuan and GuizhouResult
Ming victoryBelligerents
Kingdom of Shu (ethnic Yi)
Chiefdom of Shuixi
Chiefdom of Shuidong
Ming dynastyCommanders and leaders
She Chongming †An Bangyan †An Wei Song Wanhua Song Siyin
Zhu XieyuanWang Sanshan Lin ZhaodingQin LiangyuStrength
300,000
450,000Casualties and losses
27,500+
45,000+
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The She–An Rebellion (Chinese: 奢安之亂), also called the Yongning Rebellion, was a Yi uprising that occurred in Sichuan and Guizhou in late fall of 1621. As a consequence of the taxes imposed by the Ming dynasty, the Yi chieftains She Chongming and An Bangyan rose up in revolt. The rebellion lasted almost eight years and was eventually suppressed in the summer of 1629.
Background
The Ming dynasty raised taxes to finance the war effort in the frontier province of Liaodong where the Later Jin dynasty was invading. Provinces such as Sichuan and Guizhou were required to provide troops, supplies, and grain as taxes.
Rebellion
The Yongning (now Xuyong) tusi chief She Chongming originally agreed to provide Ming 1,500,000 kg of grain and 20,000 Yi tribal warriors for Liaodong. However, when he showed up at Chongqing in 1621 he brought with him 20,000 troops along with their families numbering an additional 80,000, including animals. When the local governor informed them that only fighters were needed and ordered the majority of them to return home while refusing to provide food for the trip back, they attacked Chongqing, killed the governor, and several of the local officials. It is likely that She planned to attack Chongqing from the beginning since he had already started laying waste to regions he passed through on the way to Chongqing. According to one traveler in the region at the time, "any semblance to human activity is gone." She proclaimed the Kingdom of Shu with himself as its ruler and sent his forces, which had reportedly swelled by an additional 100,000 Chinese renegades, to conquer Sichuan. The rebels swept from Sichuan into Guizhou, taking Zunyi, but were unable to conquer Chengdu, which they besieged unsuccessfully for 102 days. Chongqing was recovered by Ming forces a month later.
Following in She Chongming's footsteps, the tusi of Nasu Yi, An Bangyan, also sent troops instead of grain as tax payment. When the Ming officials refused his troops rations and supplies, An rebelled as well and joined She Chongming "in order to reclaim his ancestors' glory." Together the two aboriginal chieftains marched on Guiyang with an army of 300,000 and besieged it. Although Guiyang only contained 5,000 soldiers, the indigenous army was unable to penetrate its defenses since they only attacked one side at a time. The siege of Guiyang was lifted after 296 days in late winter of 1622. Barely 200 defenders survived. An Bangyang retreated into his mountain hideouts and feigned surrender, but when an envoy was sent to negotiate his surrender, he had the messenger killed.
The rebellion renewed in the spring of 1623 when a Ming army of 40,000 was ambushed and killed by local aboriginals. The commander on the scene, Zhu Xieyuan, immediately requested an additional 200,000 troops as well as three million taels in supplies to suppress the rebellion. A year later, the conflict in Sichuan was still ongoing. The Ming army had reportedly killed 18,000 rebels, but could not decisively end the rebellion due to a lack of supplies. By 1625, 27,500 rebels had been killed. Conflict in the Sichuan-Guizhou region would continue until the summer of 1629 when eventually a total of 450,000 troops were mobilized to engage with She Chongming and An Bangyang's Shu forces. Both rebel leaders perished in battle in the same year. The Kingdom of Shu was quickly dismantled.
Aftermath
The She–An Rebellion took an astronomical toll on Ming finances. The entire anti-rebellion effort costed the Ming a total of 35 million taels of silver and consumed 145 billion kilograms of grain.
See also
Late Ming peasant rebellions
Transition from Ming to Qing
References
^ a b c d e Dardess 2012, p. 10.
^ a b c d Swope 2014, p. 43.
^ Dardess 2012, p. 9.
^ Cosmo 2003, p. 246.
Bibliography
Cosmo, Nicola di (2003), Political Frontiers, Ethnic Boundaries, and Human Geographies in Chinese History
Dardess, John (2012), Ming China 1368-1644 A Concise History of A Resilient Empire, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
Swope, Kenneth (2014), The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, Routledge
Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, vol. 1, University of California Press
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Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
Treaty ports
Willow Palisade | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing"},{"link_name":"Ming−Qing transition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing"},{"link_name":"Ming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Southern Ming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ming"},{"link_name":"Tungning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning"},{"link_name":"Qing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Later Jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later_Jin_(1616%E2%80%931636)"},{"link_name":"Peasant rebellions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Ming_peasant_rebellions"},{"link_name":"Shun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shun_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Xi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_dynasty"},{"link_name":"She–An Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Fushun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fushun"},{"link_name":"Qinghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Qinghe"},{"link_name":"Sarhū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sarh%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Kaiyuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kaiyuan"},{"link_name":"Tieling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tieling"},{"link_name":"Xicheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Xicheng"},{"link_name":"Chahar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chahar-Jurchen_War"},{"link_name":"Shen-Liao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shen-Liao"},{"link_name":"Zhenjiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Zhenjiang"},{"link_name":"Guangning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Guangning"},{"link_name":"Ningyuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ningyuan"},{"link_name":"Ning-Jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ning-Jin"},{"link_name":"Jisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jisi_Incident"},{"link_name":"Dalinghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dalinghe"},{"link_name":"Wuqiao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuqiao_mutiny"},{"link_name":"Lüshun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_L%C3%BCshun"},{"link_name":"Amur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amur_campaign"},{"link_name":"Song-Jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Song-Jin"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiashen_Incident"},{"link_name":"Shanhai Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shanhai_Pass"},{"link_name":"Penghu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Penghu"},{"link_name":"Manchuria under Ming rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria_under_Ming_rule"},{"link_name":"Jurchen unification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurchen_unification"},{"link_name":"1st invasion of Joseon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later_Jin_invasion_of_Joseon"},{"link_name":"2nd invasion of Joseon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_invasion_of_Joseon"},{"link_name":"Seven Grievances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Grievances"},{"link_name":"Revolt of the Three Feudatories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Three_Feudatories"},{"link_name":"Great Plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plague_in_the_late_Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Great Clearance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Clearance"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Yi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_people"},{"link_name":"Sichuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan"},{"link_name":"Guizhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guizhou"},{"link_name":"Ming dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"}],"text":"vteMing−Qing transition\nBelligerents\nMing\nSouthern Ming\nTungning\nQing\nLater Jin\nPeasant rebellions\nShun\nXi\nShe–An Rebellion\nBattles\nFushun\nQinghe\nSarhū\nKaiyuan\nTieling\nXicheng\nChahar\nShen-Liao\nZhenjiang\nGuangning\nNingyuan\nNing-Jin\nJisi\nDalinghe\nWuqiao\nLüshun\nAmur\nSong-Jin\nBeijing\nShanhai Pass\nPenghu\nRelated\nManchuria under Ming rule\nJurchen unification\n1st invasion of Joseon\n2nd invasion of Joseon\nSeven Grievances\nRevolt of the Three Feudatories\nGreat Plague\nGreat ClearanceThe She–An Rebellion (Chinese: 奢安之亂), also called the Yongning Rebellion, was a Yi uprising that occurred in Sichuan and Guizhou in late fall of 1621. As a consequence of the taxes imposed by the Ming dynasty, the Yi chieftains She Chongming and An Bangyan rose up in revolt. The rebellion lasted almost eight years and was eventually suppressed in the summer of 1629.","title":"She–An Rebellion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liaodong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaodong"},{"link_name":"Later Jin dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later_Jin_(1616%E2%80%931636)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwope201443-2"}],"text":"The Ming dynasty raised taxes to finance the war effort in the frontier province of Liaodong where the Later Jin dynasty was invading. Provinces such as Sichuan and Guizhou were required to provide troops, supplies, and grain as taxes.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xuyong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuyong"},{"link_name":"tusi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusi"},{"link_name":"Liaodong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaodong"},{"link_name":"Chongqing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqing"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDardess20129-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosmo2003246-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDardess201210-1"},{"link_name":"Zunyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zunyi"},{"link_name":"Chengdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengdu"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwope201443-2"},{"link_name":"Nasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasu_language"},{"link_name":"Guiyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiyang"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwope201443-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDardess201210-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwope201443-2"}],"text":"The Yongning (now Xuyong) tusi chief She Chongming originally agreed to provide Ming 1,500,000 kg of grain and 20,000 Yi tribal warriors for Liaodong. However, when he showed up at Chongqing in 1621 he brought with him 20,000 troops along with their families numbering an additional 80,000, including animals.[3] When the local governor informed them that only fighters were needed and ordered the majority of them to return home while refusing to provide food for the trip back, they attacked Chongqing, killed the governor, and several of the local officials. It is likely that She planned to attack Chongqing from the beginning since he had already started laying waste to regions he passed through on the way to Chongqing. According to one traveler in the region at the time, \"any semblance to human activity is gone.\"[4] She proclaimed the Kingdom of Shu with himself as its ruler and sent his forces, which had reportedly swelled by an additional 100,000 Chinese renegades, to conquer Sichuan.[1] The rebels swept from Sichuan into Guizhou, taking Zunyi, but were unable to conquer Chengdu, which they besieged unsuccessfully for 102 days. Chongqing was recovered by Ming forces a month later.[2]Following in She Chongming's footsteps, the tusi of Nasu Yi, An Bangyan, also sent troops instead of grain as tax payment. When the Ming officials refused his troops rations and supplies, An rebelled as well and joined She Chongming \"in order to reclaim his ancestors' glory.\" Together the two aboriginal chieftains marched on Guiyang with an army of 300,000 and besieged it. Although Guiyang only contained 5,000 soldiers, the indigenous army was unable to penetrate its defenses since they only attacked one side at a time. The siege of Guiyang was lifted after 296 days in late winter of 1622. Barely 200 defenders survived. An Bangyang retreated into his mountain hideouts and feigned surrender, but when an envoy was sent to negotiate his surrender, he had the messenger killed.[2]The rebellion renewed in the spring of 1623 when a Ming army of 40,000 was ambushed and killed by local aboriginals. The commander on the scene, Zhu Xieyuan, immediately requested an additional 200,000 troops as well as three million taels in supplies to suppress the rebellion. A year later, the conflict in Sichuan was still ongoing. The Ming army had reportedly killed 18,000 rebels, but could not decisively end the rebellion due to a lack of supplies. By 1625, 27,500 rebels had been killed. Conflict in the Sichuan-Guizhou region would continue until the summer of 1629 when eventually a total of 450,000 troops were mobilized to engage with She Chongming and An Bangyang's Shu forces.[1] Both rebel leaders perished in battle in the same year. The Kingdom of Shu was quickly dismantled.[2]","title":"Rebellion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDardess201210-1"}],"text":"The She–An Rebellion took an astronomical toll on Ming finances. The entire anti-rebellion effort costed the Ming a total of 35 million taels of silver and consumed 145 billion kilograms of grain.[1]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ming_dynasty_topics"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ming_dynasty_topics"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ming_dynasty_topics"},{"link_name":"Ming dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Red Turban Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Turban_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Wu Mian rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Mian_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Ming conquest of Yunnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_conquest_of_Yunnan"},{"link_name":"Ming–Mong Mao 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rebellions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_late_anti-Qing_rebellions"},{"link_name":"Treaty ports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_ports"},{"link_name":"Willow Palisade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_Palisade"}],"text":"Cosmo, Nicola di (2003), Political Frontiers, Ethnic Boundaries, and Human Geographies in Chinese History\nDardess, John (2012), Ming China 1368-1644 A Concise History of A Resilient Empire, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.\nSwope, Kenneth (2014), The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, Routledge\nWakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, vol. 1, University of California PressvteMing dynasty topicsHistoryEarly (1368–1435)\nRed Turban Rebellion\nWu Mian rebellion\nMing conquest of Yunnan\nMing–Mong Mao War\nCampaign against the Uriankhai\nBattle of Buir Lake\nLin Kuan rebellion\nDao Ganmeng rebellion\nJingnan campaign\nMing treasure voyages\nMing–Turpan conflict\nMing–Đại Ngu War\nBattle of Palembang\nBattle of Kherlen\nMing–Kotte War\nLam Sơn uprising\nCampaigns against the Mongols\nReign of Ren and Xuan\nMiddle (1435–1572)\nLuchuan–Pingmian campaigns\nTumu Crisis\nDefense of Beijing\nRebellion of Cao Qin\nMiao rebellions\nPrince of Anhua rebellion\nPrince of Ning rebellion\nCapture of Malacca\nJapanese missions to Ming China\nNingbo Incident\nGreat Rites Controversy\nRenyin plot\nLuso-Chinese agreement\nJiajing wokou raids\nSingle whip law\nLate (1572–1683)\nJianzhou war\nBozhou rebellion\nOrdos campaign\nJapanese invasions of Korea\nDonglin movement\nSino-Dutch conflicts\nLiaoluo Bay\nTransition from Ming to Qing\nJurchen unification\nSeven Grievances\nSarhū\nGreat Plague\nShe-An Rebellion\nPeasant rebellions\nJiashen Incident\nShanhai Pass\nSouthern Ming\nKingdom of Tungning\nGovernment\nEmperor\nList\nFamily tree\nHouse of Zhu\nGrand Secretariat\nAdministrative divisions\nEastern Depot\nImperial Clan Court\nImperial Commissioner\nGrand coordinator\nEmbroidered Uniform Guard\nTusi\nFotou\nMilitary\nMilitary\nGreat Wall\nGunpowder weapons\nShenjiying\nMilitary conquests\nNine Garrisons\nFrontiers\nInner Asia\nManchuria\nTibet\nVietnam\nWokou\nYunnan\nCompilations and Documents\nHistory of Yuan\nThe Hundred-word Eulogy\nHuang-Ming Zuxun\nYongle Encyclopedia\nCollected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty\nMing Veritable Records\nPalaces and Mausoleums\nForbidden City\nChaotian Palace\nMing Xiaoling\nMing Ancestors Mausoleum\nMing tombs\nImperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties\nSociety and Culture\nPoetry\nMusicians\nPainting\nFour Masters\nWu School\nZhe School\nChinese lacquerware table\nMing presentation porcelain\nCovered jar with carp design\nYongning Temple Stele\nEconomy\nTai history\nIslam\nCurrency\nCoinage\nHongwu Tongbao\nYongle Tongbao\nGreat Ming Treasure Note\nOther topics\nHistory of MingvteQing dynasty topicsHistoryEarly (1616–1683)\nJurchen unification\nLater Jin\nSeven Grievances\nLater Jin invasion of Joseon\nQing invasion of Joseon\nTransition from Ming to Qing\nBattle of Shanhai Pass\nGreat Clearance\nBattle of Penghu\nRevolt of the Three Feudatories\nHigh Qing (1683–1799)\nSino-Russian border conflicts\nDzungar–Qing Wars\nChinese expedition to Tibet (1720)\nChinese Rites controversy\nTen Great Campaigns\nMiao Rebellion (1735–1736)\nLhasa riot of 1750\nRevolt of the Altishahr Khojas\nAfaqi Khoja revolts\nSino-Burmese War (1765–1769)\nLin Shuangwen rebellion\nBattle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa\nSino-Nepalese War\nMiao Rebellion (1795–1806)\nWhite Lotus Rebellion\n19th century (1801–1900)\nEight Trigrams uprising of 1813\nFirst Opium War\nDogra–Tibetan War (Sino-Sikh War)\nTaiping Rebellion\nNian Rebellion\nRed Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)\nSmall Swords Society\nMiao Rebellion (1854–1873)\nNepal-Tibet War (1855–1856)\nPanthay Rebellion\nSecond Opium War\nPunti–Hakka Clan Wars\nAmur Annexation\nSelf-Strengthening Movement\nTongzhi Restoration\nDungan Revolt (1862–1877)\nMudan incident\nTianjin Massacre\nMargary Affair\nJapanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)\nNorthern Chinese Famine\nQing reconquest of Xinjiang\nSino-French War\nSikkim expedition\nJindandao incident\nFirst Sino-Japanese War\nGongche Shangshu movement\nDungan Revolt (1895–1896)\nHundred Days' Reform\nThird plague pandemic\nBoxer Rebellion\nRed Lanterns\nEight-Nation Alliance\nDeclaration of war\n20th century (1901–1912)\nLate Qing reforms\nBritish expedition to Tibet\n1905 Batang uprising\nPreparative Constitutionalism\n1909 Parliamentary election\n1909 Provincial Assembly elections\nChinese expedition to Tibet (1910)\nManchurian plague\nRailway Protection Movement\n1911 Revolution\nWuchang Uprising\nXinhai Lhasa turmoil\nMongolian Revolution of 1911\n1911 Revolution in Xinjiang\nImperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi\nArticles of Favourable Treatment\nManchu Restoration\nGovernment\nEmperor\nList\nFamily tree\nAdvisory Council\nAmban\nConsultative Bureau\nCup of Solid Gold\nDates of establishment of diplomatic relations\nDa-Qing Bank\nDeliberative Council\nDiplomatic missions\nFlag of the Qing dynasty\nGrand Council\nGreat Qing Legal Code\nImperial Clan Court\nImperial Commissioner\nImperial Household Department\nLifan Yuan\nMinistry of Posts and Communications\nNine Gates Infantry Commander\nProvincial governor\nProvincial military commander\nPrinciples of the Constitution (1908)\nRoyal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty\nEjen\nViceroys\nZhili\nShaan-Gan\nLiangjiang\nHuguang\nSichuan\nMin-Zhe\nLiangguang\nYun-Gui\nThree Eastern Provinces\nZongli Yamen\nMilitary\nBeiyang Army\nEight Banners\nEver Victorious Army\nGreen Standard Army\nImperial Guards\nFirearm Battalion\nPeking Field Force\nNew Army\nHushenying\nShuishiying\nWuwei Corps\nYong Ying\nChu Army\nHuai Army\nXiang Army\nNavy\nSpecial regions\nInner Asia\nManchuria\nMongolia\nAdministrative divisions\nTibet\nGolden Urn\nList of ambans\nXinjiang\nTimeline\nGeneral of Ili\nTaiwan\nGuest House of Imperial Envoys\nPalaces &mausoleums\nChengde Mountain Resort\nForbidden City\nHetu Ala\nMukden Palace\nOld Summer Palace\nSummer Palace\nEastern Qing tombs\nWestern Qing tombs\nFuling Mausoleum\nZhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)\nImperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties\nSociety &culture\nBooi Aha\nChangzhou School of Thought\nComplete Classics Collection of Ancient China\nDibao\nEconomy\nperformance criticism\nFour Wangs\nHistory of Ming\nKangxi Dictionary\nKaozheng\nLiterary inquisition\nManchu Han Imperial Feast\nPeiwen Yunfu\nPentaglot Dictionary\nQing official headwear\nQing poetry\nComplete Tang Poems\nQueue\nResearches on Manchu Origins\nSacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor\nShamanism during the Qing dynasty\nIslam during the Qing dynasty\nComplete Library of the Four Treasuries\nAnnotated Bibliography\nTreaties\nTreaty of Kyakhta (1727)\nTreaty of Nerchinsk\nUnequal treaty\nBoxer Protocol\nBurlingame Treaty\nChefoo Convention\nConvention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet\nConvention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory\nConvention of Peking\nConvention of Tientsin\nLi–Lobanov Treaty\nSino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking\nTreaty of Aigun\nTreaty of the Bogue\nTreaty of Canton\nTreaty of Kulja\nTreaty of Nanking\nTreaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)\nTreaty of Shimonoseki\nTreaty of Tarbagatai\nTreaty of Tientsin\nTreaty of Wanghia\nTreaty of Whampoa\nCurrencyCoinage\nZhiqian\nKangxi Tongbao\nQianlong Tongbao\nHongqian\nGreat Qing Copper Coin\nGreat Qing Gold Coin\nPaper money\nGreat Qing Treasure Note\nHubu Guanpiao\nBanknotes of the Da Qing Bank\nOther topics\nAisin Gioro\nAnti-Qing sentiment\nCanton System\nChuang Guandong\nDraft History of Qing\nHistory of Qing (People's Republic)\nImperial hunt of the Qing dynasty\nLegacy of the Qing dynasty\nManchu people\nNames of the Qing dynasty\nNew Qing History\nTimeline of late anti-Qing rebellions\nTreaty ports\nWillow Palisade","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | [{"title":"Late Ming peasant 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ent-kaurene_synthase | Ent-kaurene synthase | ["1 In Stevia","2 References"] | ent-kaurene synthaseIdentifiersEC no.4.2.3.19CAS no.9055-64-5 DatabasesIntEnzIntEnz viewBRENDABRENDA entryExPASyNiceZyme viewKEGGKEGG entryMetaCycmetabolic pathwayPRIAMprofilePDB structuresRCSB PDB PDBe PDBsumGene OntologyAmiGO / QuickGOSearchPMCarticlesPubMedarticlesNCBIproteins
The enzyme ent-kaurene synthase (EC 4.2.3.19) catalyzes the chemical reaction
ent-copalyl diphosphate
⇌
{\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons }
ent-kaurene + diphosphate
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically those carbon-oxygen lyases acting on phosphates. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ent-copalyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, ent-kaurene-forming). Other names in common use include ent-kaurene synthase B, ent-kaurene synthetase B, ent-copalyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase, and (cyclizing). This enzyme participates in diterpenoid biosynthesis.
In Stevia
In Stevia spp., ent-kaurene synthase is a required part of the biosynthesis of steviol. Hajihashemi et al., 2013 find that it is involved in the drought stress response and – because it mimics drought stress – paclobutrazol toxicity. Both inhbit transcription of steviol glycoside synthesis genes including ent-kaurene synthase. This is believed to reduce steviol content in the final plant product.
References
^ a b c d Zhou, Xuan; Gong, Mengyue; Lv, Xueqin; Liu, Yanfeng; Li, Jianghua; Du, Guocheng; Liu, Long (2021). "Metabolic engineering for the synthesis of steviol glycosides: current status and future prospects". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 105 (13). Springer: 5367–5381. doi:10.1007/s00253-021-11419-3. ISSN 0175-7598.
^ a b c d Hajihashemi, Shokoofeh (2021). "Agronomic practices". Steviol Glycosides. Elsevier. pp. 31–56. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820060-5.00002-9.
Fall RR, West CA (1971). "Purification and properties of kaurene synthetase from Fusarium moniliforme". J. Biol. Chem. 246 (22): 6913–28. PMID 4331199.
Yamaguchi S, Saito T, Abe H, Yamane H, Murofushi N, Kamiya Y (1996). "Molecular cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding the gibberellin biosynthetic enzyme ent-kaurene synthase B from pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima L.)". Plant J. 10 (2): 203–13. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313X.1996.10020203.x. PMID 8771778.
Kawaide H, Imai R, Sassa T, Kamiya Y (1997). "Ent-kaurene synthase from the fungus Phaeosphaeria sp. L487. cDNA isolation, characterization, and bacterial expression of a bifunctional diterpene cyclase in fungal gibberellin biosynthesis". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (35): 21706–12. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.35.21706. PMID 9268298.
W, Sassa T; Kawaide, H; Ishizaki, A; Shinoda, S; Otsuka, M; Mitsuhashi, W; Sassa, T (2000). "Cloning of a full-length cDNA encoding ent-kaurene synthase from Gibberella fujikuroi: functional analysis of a bifunctional diterpene cyclase". Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 64 (3): 660–4. doi:10.1271/bbb.64.660. PMID 10803977.
vteCarbon–oxygen lyases (EC 4.2) (primarily dehydratases)4.2.1: Hydro-Lyases
Carbonic anhydrase
Fumarase
Aconitase
Enolase
Alpha
Enolase 2
Enoyl-CoA hydratase/3-Hydroxyacyl ACP dehydrase
Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase
Tryptophan synthase
Cystathionine beta synthase
Porphobilinogen synthase
3-Isopropylmalate dehydratase
Urocanase
Uroporphyrinogen III synthase
Nitrile hydratase
4.2.2: Acting on polysaccharides
Hyaluronate lyase
Pectin lyase
4.2.3: Acting on phosphates
Threonine synthase
4.2.99: Other
Carboxymethyloxysuccinate lyase
Hydroperoxide lyase
vteEnzymesActivity
Active site
Binding site
Catalytic triad
Oxyanion hole
Enzyme promiscuity
Diffusion-limited enzyme
Cofactor
Enzyme catalysis
Regulation
Allosteric regulation
Cooperativity
Enzyme inhibitor
Enzyme activator
Classification
EC number
Enzyme superfamily
Enzyme family
List of enzymes
Kinetics
Enzyme kinetics
Eadie–Hofstee diagram
Hanes–Woolf plot
Lineweaver–Burk plot
Michaelis–Menten kinetics
Types
EC1 Oxidoreductases (list)
EC2 Transferases (list)
EC3 Hydrolases (list)
EC4 Lyases (list)
EC5 Isomerases (list)
EC6 Ligases (list)
EC7 Translocases (list)
Portal: Biology
This EC 4.2 enzyme-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"enzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"catalyzes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysis"},{"link_name":"chemical reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction"},{"link_name":"lyases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyase"},{"link_name":"systematic name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_enzymes"},{"link_name":"diterpenoid biosynthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diterpenoid_biosynthesis"}],"text":"The enzyme ent-kaurene synthase (EC 4.2.3.19) catalyzes the chemical reactionent-copalyl diphosphate \n \n \n \n ⇌\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\rightleftharpoons }\n \n ent-kaurene + diphosphateThis enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically those carbon-oxygen lyases acting on phosphates. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ent-copalyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, ent-kaurene-forming). Other names in common use include ent-kaurene synthase B, ent-kaurene synthetase B, ent-copalyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase, and (cyclizing). This enzyme participates in diterpenoid biosynthesis.","title":"Ent-kaurene synthase"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stevia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevia"},{"link_name":"biosynthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosynthesis"},{"link_name":"steviol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steviol"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhou-et-al-2021-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hajihashemi-2021-2"},{"link_name":"paclobutrazol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paclobutrazol"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhou-et-al-2021-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hajihashemi-2021-2"},{"link_name":"transcription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_transcription"},{"link_name":"steviol glycoside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steviol_glycoside"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhou-et-al-2021-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hajihashemi-2021-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhou-et-al-2021-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hajihashemi-2021-2"}],"text":"In Stevia spp., ent-kaurene synthase is a required part of the biosynthesis of steviol.[1][2] Hajihashemi et al., 2013 find that it is involved in the drought stress response and – because it mimics drought stress – paclobutrazol toxicity.[1][2] Both inhbit transcription of steviol glycoside synthesis genes including ent-kaurene synthase.[1][2] This is believed to reduce steviol content in the final plant product.[1][2]","title":"In Stevia"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Zhou, Xuan; Gong, Mengyue; Lv, Xueqin; Liu, Yanfeng; Li, Jianghua; Du, Guocheng; Liu, Long (2021). \"Metabolic engineering for the synthesis of steviol glycosides: current status and future prospects\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_125 | Virginia State Route 125 | ["1 Route description","2 Major intersections","3 References","4 External links"] | Route map: State highway in Suffolk, Virginia, United States
For former State Routes numbered 125, see State Route 125 (Virginia 1924-1928) and State Route 125 (Virginia 1928).
State Route 125Kings HighwayRoute informationMaintained by VDOTLength5.73 mi (9.22 km)2 sectionsExisted1963–presentMajor junctionsWest end SR 10 / SR 32 at ChuckatuckMajor intersectionsGap at Nansemond RiverEast end SR 337 at Driver
LocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginiaCountiesCity of Suffolk
Highway system
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
Primary
Secondary
Byways
History
HOT lanes
← SR 124→ SR 126
State Route 125 (SR 125) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia. Known as Kings Highway, the state highway has two sections that run a total of 5.73 miles (9.22 km) from SR 10 and SR 32 at Chuckatuck east to SR 337 at Driver within the independent city of Suffolk. SR 125 consists of a 2.69-mile (4.33 km) western section and a 3.04-mile (4.89 km) eastern section separated by a gap at the Nansemond River. This gap arose when the Kings Highway Bridge across the river was removed in 2008.
Route description
View west along SR 125 at Driver Lane in Suffolk
SR 125 begins at an intersection with SR 10 and SR 32 (Godwin Boulevard) in the hamlet of Chuckatuck in the city of Suffolk. The state highway heads east as a two-lane undivided road that passes historic St. John's Church then veers south to a dead end at Hollidays Point on the Nansemond River at the former site of the Kings Highway Bridge. SR 125 picks up again at a dead end due south of the western segment's dead end to the north of Nansemond National Wildlife Refuge. The highway veers east and passes through a forested area to the community of Driver, where the highway reaches its eastern terminus at SR 337 (Nansemond Parkway). Traveling between Chuckatuck and Driver requires crossing the Nansemond River near its mouth on U.S. Route 17 (US 17) on the Nansemond River Bridge or on one of several crossings of the river at its head of navigation in the center of Suffolk.
Major intersections
The entire route is in Suffolk.
mikmDestinationsNotes
0.000.00 SR 10 / SR 32 (Godwin Boulevard) – Downtown Suffolk, Smithfield, Newport NewsWestern terminus
Crittenden Road – Hobsonformer SR 192 east
2.690.004.330.00Gap at former site of Kings Highway Bridge at Nansemond River
3.044.89 SR 337 (Nansemond Parkway) – Portsmouth, Downtown SuffolkEastern terminus
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
References
^ a b c d "2010 Traffic Data". Virginia Department of Transportation. 2010. Retrieved 2011-11-01.
City of Suffolk (PDF)
^ Google (2011-11-01). "Virginia State Route 125 (western section)" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 2011-11-01.
^ Google (2011-11-01). "Virginia State Route 125 (eastern section)" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 2011-11-01.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Virginia State Route 125.
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/Virginia State Route 125KML is from Wikidata
Virginia Highways Project: VA 125 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"State Route 125 (Virginia 1924-1928)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Route_125_(Virginia_1924-1928)"},{"link_name":"State Route 125 (Virginia 1928)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Route_125_(Virginia_1928)"},{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"SR 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_10"},{"link_name":"SR 32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_32"},{"link_name":"Chuckatuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuckatuck,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"SR 337","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_337"},{"link_name":"Driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driver,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"independent city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_city"},{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Nansemond River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nansemond_River"},{"link_name":"Kings Highway Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Highway_Bridge"}],"text":"State highway in Suffolk, Virginia, United StatesFor former State Routes numbered 125, see State Route 125 (Virginia 1924-1928) and State Route 125 (Virginia 1928).State Route 125 (SR 125) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Developers_Choice_Award_for_Game_of_the_Year | Game Developers Choice Award for Game of the Year | ["1 List of winners","1.1 2000s","1.2 2010s","1.3 2020s","2 References"] | The Game Developers Choice Award for the Game of the Year, also known as GDCA Game of the Year, is the main video game award presented at the Game Developers Conference (GDC), the largest annual gathering of professional video game developers. The conference, usually held in or around March in San Francisco, presents the award as part of the Game Developers Choice Awards (GDCA), a series of awards honoring outstanding achievements in video game design for games released during the previous calendar year. It has been awarded since 2001.
Only four studios have won the award more than once:
Valve, for Half-Life 2 (2004) and Portal (2007)
Bethesda Game Studios, for Fallout 3 (2008) and The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim (2011)
Naughty Dog, for Uncharted 2: Among Thieves (2009) and The Last of Us (2013)
Rockstar Games, for Grand Theft Auto III (2001) and Red Dead Redemption (2010)
The most successful video game publisher to date is Sony Interactive Entertainment with 13 nominations and 4 wins, followed by Nintendo (11 nominations, 1 win), Electronic Arts (8 nominations and 1 win) and Rockstar Games (7 nominations and 2 wins). Indie games have won the award 4 times: Journey (published by Sony Interactive Entertainment) in 2012, Untitled Goose Game in 2019, Hades in 2020, and Inscryption in 2021.
List of winners
2000s
Note: From 2005 to 2007 the award was titled Best Game. Years listed represent calendar years for which the awards were given. Ceremonies are usually held in March the following year.
Year
Game
Developer(s)
Publisher(s)
Ref.
2000(1st)
The Sims
Maxis
Electronic Arts
Deus Ex
Ion Storm
Eidos Interactive
Jet Set Radio
Smilebit
Sega
No One Lives Forever
Monolith Productions
Fox Interactive
Shenmue
Sega AM2
Sega
2001(2nd)
Grand Theft Auto III
DMA Design
Rockstar Games
Black & White
Lionhead Studios
Electronic Arts
Halo: Combat Evolved
Bungie
Microsoft Game Studios
Ico
Team Ico
Sony Computer Entertainment
Max Payne
Remedy Entertainment
Gathering of Developers / Rockstar Games
2002(3rd)
Metroid Prime
Retro Studios
Nintendo
Battlefield 1942
Digital Illusions
Electronic Arts
Grand Theft Auto: Vice City
Rockstar North
Rockstar Games
Neverwinter Nights
BioWare
Atari
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell
Ubisoft Montreal
Ubisoft
2003(4th)
Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic
BioWare
LucasArts
Beyond Good & Evil
Ubisoft Montpellier / Ubisoft Milan
Ubisoft
Call of Duty
Infinity Ward
Activision
Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time
Ubisoft Montreal
Ubisoft
The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
2004(5th)
Half-Life 2
Valve
Valve
Burnout 3: Takedown
Criterion Games
Electronic Arts
Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas
Rockstar North
Rockstar Games
Katamari Damacy
Namco
Namco
World of Warcraft
Blizzard Entertainment
Blizzard Entertainment
2005(6th)
Shadow of the Colossus
Team Ico
Sony Computer Entertainment
Animal Crossing: Wild World
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
God of War
Santa Monica Studio
Sony Computer Entertainment
Guitar Hero
Harmonix
RedOctane
The Movies
Lionhead Studios
Activision
2006(7th)
Gears of War
Epic Games
Microsoft Game Studios
The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion
Bethesda Game Studios
Bethesda Softworks
The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
Ōkami
Clover Studio
Capcom
Wii Sports
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
2007(8th)
Portal
Valve
Valve
BioShock
2K Boston / 2K Australia
2K Games
Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare
Infinity Ward
Activision
Rock Band
Harmonix
MTV Games / Electronic Arts
Super Mario Galaxy
Nintendo EAD Tokyo
Nintendo
2008(9th)
Fallout 3
Bethesda Game Studios
Bethesda Softworks
Fable II
Lionhead Studios
Microsoft Game Studios
Grand Theft Auto IV
Rockstar North
Rockstar Games
LittleBigPlanet
Media Molecule
Sony Computer Entertainment
Left 4 Dead
Turtle Rock Studios
Valve
2009(10th)
Uncharted 2: Among Thieves
Naughty Dog
Sony Computer Entertainment
Assassin's Creed II
Ubisoft Montreal
Ubisoft
Batman: Arkham Asylum
Rocksteady Studios
Eidos Interactive / Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment
Demon's Souls
FromSoftware
Sony Computer Entertainment
Dragon Age: Origins
BioWare
Electronic Arts
2010s
Year
Game
Developer(s)
Publisher(s)
Ref.
2010(11th)
Red Dead Redemption
Rockstar San Diego
Rockstar Games
Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood
Ubisoft Montreal
Ubisoft
Call of Duty: Black Ops
Treyarch
Activision
Limbo
Playdead
Playdead
Mass Effect 2
BioWare
Electronic Arts
2011(12th)
The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim
Bethesda Game Studios
Bethesda Softworks
Batman: Arkham City
Rocksteady Studios
Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment
Dark Souls
FromSoftware
Namco Bandai Games
Deus Ex: Human Revolution
Eidos Montréal
Square Enix
Portal 2
Valve
Valve
2012(13th)
Journey
Thatgamecompany
Sony Computer Entertainment
Dishonored
Arkane Studios
Bethesda Softworks
Mass Effect 3
BioWare
Electronic Arts
The Walking Dead
Telltale Games
Telltale Games
XCOM: Enemy Unknown
Firaxis Games
2K Games
2013(14th)
The Last of Us
Naughty Dog
Sony Computer Entertainment
Gone Home
The Fullbright Company
The Fullbright Company
Grand Theft Auto V
Rockstar North
Rockstar Games
Super Mario 3D World
Nintendo EAD Tokyo
Nintendo
Tomb Raider
Crystal Dynamics
Square Enix
2014(15th)
Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor
Monolith Productions
Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment
Alien: Isolation
Creative Assembly
Sega
Bayonetta 2
PlatinumGames
Nintendo
Destiny
Bungie
Activision
Hearthstone
Blizzard Entertainment
Blizzard Entertainment
2015(16th)
The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt
CD Projekt Red
CD Projekt
Bloodborne
FromSoftware
Sony Computer Entertainment
Fallout 4
Bethesda Game Studios
Bethesda Softworks
Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain
Kojima Productions
Konami
Rocket League
Psyonix
Psyonix
2016(17th)
Overwatch
Blizzard Entertainment
Blizzard Entertainment
Dishonored 2
Arkane Studios
Bethesda Softworks
Firewatch
Campo Santo
Panic
Inside
Playdead
Playdead
Uncharted 4: A Thief's End
Naughty Dog
Sony Interactive Entertainment
2017(18th)
The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild
Nintendo EPD
Nintendo
Horizon Zero Dawn
Guerrilla Games
Sony Interactive Entertainment
Nier: Automata
PlatinumGames
Square Enix
PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds
PUBG Corporation
PUBG Corporation
Super Mario Odyssey
Nintendo EPD
Nintendo
2018(19th)
God of War
Santa Monica Studio
Sony Interactive Entertainment
Celeste
Matt Makes Games
Matt Makes Games
Marvel's Spider-Man
Insomniac Games
Sony Interactive Entertainment
Red Dead Redemption 2
Rockstar Games
Rockstar Games
Return of the Obra Dinn
Lucas Pope
3909 LLC
2019(20th)
Untitled Goose Game
House House
Panic
Death Stranding
Kojima Productions
Sony Interactive Entertainment
Control
Remedy Entertainment
505 Games
Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice
FromSoftware
Activision
Outer Wilds
Mobius Digital
Annapurna Interactive
2020s
Year
Game
Developer(s)
Publisher(s)
Ref.
2020(21st)
Hades
Supergiant Games
Supergiant Games
Animal Crossing: New Horizons
Nintendo EPD
Nintendo
Ghost of Tsushima
Sucker Punch Productions
Sony Interactive Entertainment
Half-Life: Alyx
Valve
Valve
The Last of Us Part II
Naughty Dog
Sony Interactive Entertainment
2021(22nd)
Inscryption
Daniel Mullins Games
Devolver Digital
Deathloop
Arkane Studios
Bethesda Softworks
Forza Horizon 5
Playground Games
Xbox Game Studios
It Takes Two
Hazelight Studios
Electronic Arts
Resident Evil Village
Capcom
Capcom
2022(23rd)
Elden Ring
FromSoftware
Bandai Namco Entertainment
God of War Ragnarök
Santa Monica Studio
Sony Interactive Entertainment
Immortality
Sam Barlow
Half Mermaid Productions
Pentiment
Obsidian Entertainment
Xbox Game Studios
Stray
BlueTwelve Studio
Annapurna Interactive
Tunic
Finji
Finji
2023(24th)
Baldur's Gate 3
Larian Studios
Larian Studios
Cocoon
Geometric Interactive
Annapurna Interactive
Dave the Diver
Mintrocket
Mintrocket
Dredge
Black Salt Games
Team17
Marvel's Spider-Man 2
Insomniac Games
Sony Interactive Entertainment
The Legend of Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom
Nintendo EPD
Nintendo
References
^ "1st Annual Game Developers Choice Awards". GameChoiceAwards.com. Game Developer Conference. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
^ "2nd Annual Game Developers Choice Awards". GameChoiceAwards.com. Game Developer Conference. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
^ "3rd Annual Game Developers Choice Awards". GameChoiceAwards.com. Game Developer Conference. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
^ "4th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards". GameChoiceAwards.com. Game Developer Conference. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
^ "5th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards". GameChoiceAwards.com. Game Developer Conference. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
^ "6th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards". GameChoiceAwards.com. Game Developer Conference. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
^ "7th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards". GameChoiceAwards.com. Game Developer Conference. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
^ "8th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards". GameChoiceAwards.com. Game Developer Conference. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
^ "9th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards". GameChoiceAwards.com. Game Developer Conference. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
^ "10th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards". GameChoiceAwards.com. Game Developer Conference. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
^ "11th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards". GameChoiceAwards.com. Game Developer Conference. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
^ "12th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards". GameChoiceAwards.com. Game Developer Conference. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
^ "13th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards". GameChoiceAwards.com. Game Developer Conference. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
^ "14th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards". GameChoiceAwards.com. Game Developer Conference. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
^ "15th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards". GameChoiceAwards.com. Game Developer Conference. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
^ "Game Developers Choice Award winners led by Her Story, The Witcher 3". Polygon.com. 17 March 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
^ "Inside, Overwatch & Firewatch lead GDC 2017 Choice Awards nominees". Gamasutra. 4 January 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
^ Makuch, Eddie; Imms, Jason (March 1, 2017). "Watch The Game Developers Choice Awards Right Here Tonight". GameSpot. Retrieved March 1, 2017.
^ McWhertor, Michael (January 5, 2018). "Zelda, Horizon lead 2018 Game Developers Choice Award nominees". Polygon. Retrieved January 5, 2018.
^ "Breath of the Wild takes top prize at the 2018 Game Developers Choice Awards! - GDC News". GDC News. 2018-03-22. Retrieved 2018-05-02.
^ "Red Dead Redemption 2 leads list of GDC 2019 Choice Awards nominees!". Gamasutra. January 4, 2019. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
^ Staff (2019-03-20). "God of War wins Game of the Year at the 2019 Game Developers Choice Awards". Gamasutra. Retrieved 2019-03-25.
^ "Death Stranding leads the pack of 2020 Game Developers Choice Awards nominees". Gamasutra. January 8, 2020. Retrieved January 8, 2020.
^ "Untitled Goose Game nabs Game of the Year at the 2020 Game Developers Choice Awards!". Gamasutra. March 18, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
^ "'Deathloop,' 'It Takes Two,' And 'Forza Horizon 5' Lead Nominees For GDCA 2022". GDConf. January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
^ Beth Elderkin (March 22, 2023). "'Elden Ring' Wins Game Of The Year At The 2023 Game Developers Choice Awards". Game Developers Choice Conference.
^ Pavey, Vince (January 16, 2024). "The finalists have been announced for the Game Developers Choice Awards 2024". MCVUK. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
^ Elderkin, Beth (20 March 2024). "'Baldur's Gate 3' Wins Game Of The Year At The 2024 Game Developers Choice Awards". Game Developers Conference. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
vteGame Developers Choice Award for Game of the Year2000s
The Sims (2000)
Grand Theft Auto III (2001)
Metroid Prime (2002)
Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic (2003)
Half-Life 2 (2004)
Shadow of the Colossus (2005)
Gears of War (2006)
Portal (2007)
Fallout 3 (2008)
Uncharted 2: Among Thieves (2009)
2010s
Red Dead Redemption (2010)
The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim (2011)
Journey (2012)
The Last of Us (2013)
Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor (2014)
The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt (2015)
Overwatch (2016)
The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild (2017)
God of War (2018)
Untitled Goose Game (2019)
2020s
Hades (2020)
Inscryption (2021)
Elden Ring (2022)
Baldur's Gate 3 (2023)
vteGame Developers Choice Awards
Game of the Year
2000
...
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
Game Developers Conference
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Half-Life 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-Life_2"},{"link_name":"Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Bethesda Game Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethesda_Game_Studios"},{"link_name":"Fallout 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout_3"},{"link_name":"The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Elder_Scrolls_V:_Skyrim"},{"link_name":"Naughty Dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naughty_Dog"},{"link_name":"Uncharted 2: Among Thieves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncharted_2:_Among_Thieves"},{"link_name":"The Last of Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_of_Us"},{"link_name":"Grand Theft Auto III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_III"},{"link_name":"Red Dead Redemption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Dead_Redemption"},{"link_name":"video game publisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_publisher"},{"link_name":"Sony Interactive Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Interactive_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo"},{"link_name":"Electronic Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Arts"},{"link_name":"Rockstar Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockstar_Games"},{"link_name":"Indie games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_game"},{"link_name":"Journey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_(2012_video_game)"},{"link_name":"Untitled Goose Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untitled_Goose_Game"},{"link_name":"Hades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hades_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Inscryption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inscryption"}],"text":"Only four studios have won the award more than once:Valve, for Half-Life 2 (2004) and Portal (2007)\nBethesda Game Studios, for Fallout 3 (2008) and The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim (2011)\nNaughty Dog, for Uncharted 2: Among Thieves (2009) and The Last of Us (2013)\nRockstar Games, for Grand Theft Auto III (2001) and Red Dead Redemption (2010)The most successful video game publisher to date is Sony Interactive Entertainment with 13 nominations and 4 wins, followed by Nintendo (11 nominations, 1 win), Electronic Arts (8 nominations and 1 win) and Rockstar Games (7 nominations and 2 wins). Indie games have won the award 4 times: Journey (published by Sony Interactive Entertainment) in 2012, Untitled Goose Game in 2019, Hades in 2020, and Inscryption in 2021.","title":"Game Developers Choice Award for Game of the Year"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2000s","text":"Note: From 2005 to 2007 the award was titled Best Game. Years listed represent calendar years for which the awards were given. Ceremonies are usually held in March the following year.","title":"List of winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2010s","title":"List of winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2020s","title":"List of winners"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"1st Annual Game Developers Choice Awards\". GameChoiceAwards.com. Game Developer Conference. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitulum_mitella | Capitulum mitella | ["1 Description","2 Distribution and habitat","3 Biology","4 Uses","5 References"] | Species of barnacle
Capitulum mitella
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Thecostraca
Subclass:
Cirripedia
Order:
Pollicipedomorpha
Family:
Pollicipedidae
Genus:
CapitulumGray, 1825
Species:
C. mitella
Binomial name
Capitulum mitella(Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms
Capitulum mitella Foster, 1980
Lepas mitella Linnaeus, 1758
Mitella mitella Pilsbry, 1907
Pollicipes mitella Sowerby, 1833
Capitulum is a monotypic genus of sessile marine stalked barnacles. Capitulum mitella is the only species in the genus. It is commonly known as the Japanese goose barnacle or kamenote and is found on rocky shores in the Indo-Pacific region.
Description
Capitulum mitella has a short leathery stalk or peduncle supporting an upper region or capitulum, the whole being up to 5 cm (2 in) long. The peduncle is muscular and contractile and its surface is covered with fine scales. The capitulum is protected by eight large, sheathing scales and a ring of about twenty tiny scales surround the joint of capitulum and peduncle. Inside these scales is a cavity containing the head and thorax of the animal and its appendages.
Distribution and habitat
Capitulum mitella occurs in the South China Sea and the East China Sea. It is found attached to rocks in the lower part of the intertidal zone in areas with strong currents. It typically occurs crowded with others in cracks and grooves on otherwise smooth rocky surfaces. The barnacle Tetraclita squamosa often occurs in the same locations and grows alongside it, and the primitive barnacle Ibla cumingi may grow in between or on the larger capitulum plates.
Biology
When under water, Capitulum mitella extends its five hind pairs of thoracic legs and spreads them out in the current like a net. It uses the front pair of legs to manipulate the objects it catches and move them into its mouth. Its diet mainly consists of zooplankton.
Capitulum mitella is a simultaneous hermaphrodite. Each barnacle is capable of fertilising other nearby individuals by transmitting sperm through a long, fine tube and also of brooding its own eggs in its mantle cavity. When the eggs hatch, the larvae are released into the sea. They have six naupliar stages during which food reserves are built up and one non-feeding cyprid stage which seeks out a suitable hard surface on which to settle. It then fix itself in place, undergoes metamorphosis and becomes a sessile juvenile.
In Hong Kong harbour, where this barnacle can be found growing on pilings, it often has a nemertean worm (Nemertopsis quadripunctatus) living inside its mantle cavity and feeding on the eggs being brooded there. The worm can be 8 cm (3 in) long but only 1 mm (0.04 in) in diameter.
Uses
Capitulum mitella is one of about a dozen species of goose barnacle that are gathered commercially and eaten by humans. These barnacles are a luxury food item in Japan, Taiwan, Korea and China.
References
^ a b Chan, Benny K. K (2012). "Capitulum mitella (Linnaeus, 1758)". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2012-12-21.
^ a b Ren Xianqiu (2006). "Capitulum mitella". Animal Information Management System. Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 2012-12-21.
^ a b c d e f Rainbow, Phil. "Capitulum mitella". The Natural History Museum. Retrieved 2012-12-21.
^ Chu Lee; Jeong Min Shim; Chang Hyun Kim (2000). "Larval development of Capitulum mitella (Cirripedia: Pedunculata) reared in the laboratory". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK. 80 (3): 457–464. doi:10.1017/s0025315400002150. S2CID 86504370.
^ Suma, Y; Ishizaki, S; Nagashima, Y; Lu, Y; Ushio, H; Shiomi, K. (2007). "Comparative analysis of barnacle tropomyosin: divergence from decapod tropomyosins and role as a potential allergen". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 147 (2): 230–236. doi:10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.01.004. PMID 17321773.
Taxon identifiersCapitulum mitella
Wikidata: Q5035994
Wikispecies: Capitulum mitella
BOLD: 189384
EoL: 4300472
GBIF: 5862485
iNaturalist: 416269
IRMNG: 11770961
NCBI: 41070
OBIS: 535088
Open Tree of Life: 413459
SeaLifeBase: 93815
WoRMS: 535088
Capitulum
Wikidata: Q18607530
Wikispecies: Capitulum
BOLD: 189383
CoL: 3H33
EoL: 4300821
GBIF: 4805369
iNaturalist: 416270
IRMNG: 1174730
NCBI: 41069
Open Tree of Life: 938956
Paleobiology Database: 302284
WoRMS: 534829 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monotypic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotypic"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"sessile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sessility_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"stalked barnacles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goose_barnacle"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"Indo-Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pacific"}],"text":"Capitulum is a monotypic genus of sessile marine stalked barnacles. Capitulum mitella is the only species in the genus. It is commonly known as the Japanese goose barnacle or kamenote and is found on rocky shores in the Indo-Pacific region.","title":"Capitulum mitella"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"peduncle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peduncle_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MHM-3"}],"text":"Capitulum mitella has a short leathery stalk or peduncle supporting an upper region or capitulum, the whole being up to 5 cm (2 in) long. The peduncle is muscular and contractile and its surface is covered with fine scales. The capitulum is protected by eight large, sheathing scales and a ring of about twenty tiny scales surround the joint of capitulum and peduncle. Inside these scales is a cavity containing the head and thorax of the animal and its appendages.[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South China Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea"},{"link_name":"East China Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_China_Sea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CoL-2"},{"link_name":"intertidal zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertidal_zone"},{"link_name":"Tetraclita squamosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraclita_squamosa"},{"link_name":"Ibla cumingi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibla_cumingi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MHM-3"}],"text":"Capitulum mitella occurs in the South China Sea and the East China Sea.[2] It is found attached to rocks in the lower part of the intertidal zone in areas with strong currents. It typically occurs crowded with others in cracks and grooves on otherwise smooth rocky surfaces. The barnacle Tetraclita squamosa often occurs in the same locations and grows alongside it, and the primitive barnacle Ibla cumingi may grow in between or on the larger capitulum plates.[3]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"thoracic legs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod_leg"},{"link_name":"zooplankton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooplankton"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MHM-3"},{"link_name":"hermaphrodite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermaphrodite"},{"link_name":"naupliar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean_larvae"},{"link_name":"metamorphosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphosis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"pilings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piling"},{"link_name":"nemertean worm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemertea"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MHM-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MHM-3"}],"text":"When under water, Capitulum mitella extends its five hind pairs of thoracic legs and spreads them out in the current like a net. It uses the front pair of legs to manipulate the objects it catches and move them into its mouth. Its diet mainly consists of zooplankton.[3]Capitulum mitella is a simultaneous hermaphrodite. Each barnacle is capable of fertilising other nearby individuals by transmitting sperm through a long, fine tube and also of brooding its own eggs in its mantle cavity. When the eggs hatch, the larvae are released into the sea. They have six naupliar stages during which food reserves are built up and one non-feeding cyprid stage which seeks out a suitable hard surface on which to settle. It then fix itself in place, undergoes metamorphosis and becomes a sessile juvenile.[4]In Hong Kong harbour, where this barnacle can be found growing on pilings, it often has a nemertean worm (Nemertopsis quadripunctatus) living inside its mantle cavity and feeding on the eggs being brooded there.[3] The worm can be 8 cm (3 in) long but only 1 mm (0.04 in) in diameter.[3]","title":"Biology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MHM-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Capitulum mitella is one of about a dozen species of goose barnacle that are gathered commercially and eaten by humans. These barnacles are a luxury food item in Japan, Taiwan, Korea and China.[3][5]","title":"Uses"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Chan, Benny K. K (2012). \"Capitulum mitella (Linnaeus, 1758)\". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2012-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=535088","url_text":"\"Capitulum mitella (Linnaeus, 1758)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species","url_text":"World Register of Marine Species"}]},{"reference":"Ren Xianqiu (2006). \"Capitulum mitella\". Animal Information Management System. Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 2012-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://data.sp2000.cn/2010_cnnode_e/show_species_details.php?name_code=9d1d7f52-1cec-44de-ba80-2ad4ef1d65ae","url_text":"\"Capitulum mitella\""}]},{"reference":"Rainbow, Phil. \"Capitulum mitella\". The Natural History Museum. Retrieved 2012-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/species-of-the-day/evolution/capitulum-mitella/","url_text":"\"Capitulum mitella\""}]},{"reference":"Chu Lee; Jeong Min Shim; Chang Hyun Kim (2000). \"Larval development of Capitulum mitella (Cirripedia: Pedunculata) reared in the laboratory\". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK. 80 (3): 457–464. doi:10.1017/s0025315400002150. S2CID 86504370.","urls":[{"url":"http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=20981","url_text":"\"Larval development of Capitulum mitella (Cirripedia: Pedunculata) reared in the laboratory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0025315400002150","url_text":"10.1017/s0025315400002150"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86504370","url_text":"86504370"}]},{"reference":"Suma, Y; Ishizaki, S; Nagashima, Y; Lu, Y; Ushio, H; Shiomi, K. (2007). \"Comparative analysis of barnacle tropomyosin: divergence from decapod tropomyosins and role as a potential allergen\". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 147 (2): 230–236. doi:10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.01.004. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_Giro_di_Lombardia | 1926 Giro di Lombardia | ["1 General classification","2 References"] | Cycling race
1926 Giro di LombardiaRace detailsDates31 October 1926Stages1Distance251 km (156.0 mi)Winning time9h 52' 32"Results
Winner
Alfredo Binda (ITA)
Second
Antonio Negrini (ITA)
Third
Ermanno Vallazza (ITA)← 1925 1927 →
The 1926 Giro di Lombardia was the 22nd edition of the Giro di Lombardia cycle race and was held on 31 October 1926. The race started and finished in Milan. The race was won by Alfredo Binda.
General classification
Final general classification
Rank
Rider
Team
Time
1
Alfredo Binda (ITA)
Legnano-Pirelli
9h 52' 32"
2
Antonio Negrini (ITA)
Wolsit-Pirelli
+ 29' 40"
3
Ermanno Vallazza (ITA)
Legnano-Pirelli
+ 29' 40"
4
Ottavio Bottecchia (ITA)
Automoto-Hutchinson
+ 32' 18"
5
Umberto Brivio (ITA)
+ 33' 12"
6
Domenico Piemontesi (ITA)
Alcyon-Dunlop
+ 33' 26"
7
Marco Giuntelli (ITA)
+ 35' 05"
8
Secondo Martinetto (ITA)
Méteore-Wolber
+ 1h 01' 28"
9
Aimé Dossche (BEL)
Christophe-Hutchinson
+ 1h 01' 28"
10
Battista Gilli (ITA)
+ 1h 08' 28"
References
^ "Tour of Lombardy -Il Lombardia (Giro di Lombardia)". BikeRaceInfo. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
^ "1926 Giro di Lombardia results (Tour of Lombardy)". BikeRaceInfo. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
^ "22ème Giro di Lombardia 1926". Memoire du cyclisme. Archived from the original on 24 January 2004.
^ "Tour de Lombardie 1926". LesSports.info. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
^ "1926 Il Lombardia". First Cycling. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
vte Giro di Lombardia
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This Giro di Lombardia race article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giro di Lombardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_di_Lombardia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Alfredo Binda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Binda"}],"text":"The 1926 Giro di Lombardia was the 22nd edition of the Giro di Lombardia cycle race and was held on 31 October 1926.[2] The race started and finished in Milan.[3] The race was won by Alfredo Binda.","title":"1926 Giro di Lombardia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"General classification"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Tour of Lombardy -Il Lombardia (Giro di Lombardia)\". BikeRaceInfo. Retrieved 5 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bikeraceinfo.com/classics/Tour%20of%20Lombardy/lombindx.html","url_text":"\"Tour of Lombardy -Il Lombardia (Giro di Lombardia)\""}]},{"reference":"\"1926 Giro di Lombardia results (Tour of Lombardy)\". BikeRaceInfo. Retrieved 5 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bikeraceinfo.com/classics/Tour%20of%20Lombardy/1926-giro-di-lombardia.html","url_text":"\"1926 Giro di Lombardia results (Tour of Lombardy)\""}]},{"reference":"\"22ème Giro di Lombardia 1926\". Memoire du cyclisme. Archived from the original on 24 January 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040124212636/http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/cla_lombardie/lombardie1926.php","url_text":"\"22ème Giro di Lombardia 1926\""},{"url":"http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/cla_lombardie/lombardie1926.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tour de Lombardie 1926\". LesSports.info. Retrieved 6 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.les-sports.info/cyclisme-sur-route-tour-de-lombardie-resultats-1926-epr10571.html","url_text":"\"Tour de Lombardie 1926\""}]},{"reference":"\"1926 Il Lombardia\". First Cycling. Retrieved 6 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://firstcycling.com/race.php?r=24&y=1926","url_text":"\"1926 Il Lombardia\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.bikeraceinfo.com/classics/Tour%20of%20Lombardy/lombindx.html","external_links_name":"\"Tour of Lombardy -Il Lombardia (Giro di Lombardia)\""},{"Link":"http://www.bikeraceinfo.com/classics/Tour%20of%20Lombardy/1926-giro-di-lombardia.html","external_links_name":"\"1926 Giro di Lombardia results (Tour of Lombardy)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040124212636/http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/cla_lombardie/lombardie1926.php","external_links_name":"\"22ème Giro di Lombardia 1926\""},{"Link":"http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/cla_lombardie/lombardie1926.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.les-sports.info/cyclisme-sur-route-tour-de-lombardie-resultats-1926-epr10571.html","external_links_name":"\"Tour de Lombardie 1926\""},{"Link":"http://firstcycling.com/race.php?r=24&y=1926","external_links_name":"\"1926 Il Lombardia\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1926_Giro_di_Lombardia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Hopper | Linda Hopper | ["1 History","2 Musical style","3 Discography","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Singer and songwriter for alternative rock band Magnapop
Linda HopperHopper sings with Magnapop at Het Depot in Leuven, Belgium on April 21, 2006Background informationBirth nameLinda Elizabeth HopperBorn (1959-03-14) March 14, 1959 (age 65)United StatesOriginAtlanta, Georgia, United StatesGenresPower poppop punkpop rockOccupation(s)MusiciansongwriterYears active1982–presentLabelsCarolineCollector's Choice MusicDB RecordsDaemonKingMt. FujiNeverPIASPrioritySafety NetSolidWebsiteOfficial websiteMusical artist
Linda Elizabeth Hopper is the vocalist for the Atlanta, Georgia-based rock group Magnapop. Her pop punk/power pop vocal style helped to define the band's sound and she has co-written their minor hit singles "Slowly, Slowly" and "Open the Door". Prior to the formation of Magnapop, Hopper was a member of the Athens, Georgia music scene in the early 1980s, which included R.E.M., The B-52s, and her own band Oh-OK.
History
Hopper performing the Magnapop song "Favorite Writer" with R.E.M. in 2003
Hopper is a native of Marietta, Georgia who moved to Athens to attend the University of Georgia to study art in the late 1970s. There, she befriended Michael Stipe in an art design class and she introduced him to her friends. The two became involved in the early local music scene and formed the short-lived experimental music group Tanzplagen along with Stipe's sister Lynda and other local musicians. After a matter of months, the band split up and Michael Stipe formed R.E.M., while Hopper made Oh-OK with Lynda Stipe on bass guitar and drummer David McNair (a later line-up would also include Matthew Sweet.) Oh-OK opened for Stipe's noise music project 1066 Gaggle O'Sound and would go on to record two mini albums before disbanding in 1984, including 1983's Furthermore What, which was produced by Michael Stipe with a cover that he made. She then briefly belonged to a band named Holiday, who released their only EP in 1987.
In 1989, Hopper was introduced to Ruthie Morris—a guitarist who had recently moved from West Palm Beach, Florida to East Atlanta. The two became friends and began writing songs together, forming the core of what would become Magnapop. Michael Stipe saw their first public performance and offered to produce some demos for them in John Keane's Athens studio in December 1990. Their first high-profile show was at the July 1991 New York New Music Seminar along with three other bands that were introduced by Stipe. Their 1992 self-titled first album included four of the 1990 Stipe demos and was released on Caroline Records in the United States.
The band established a following touring through Benelux in the 1990s and had two minor hit singles, but after the 1996 release of Rubbing Doesn't Help, Magnapop found themselves dropped by their record label and unable to record for seven years due to contractual obligations. Hopper and Morris continued to play a few acoustic live shows as a duo into 1999, occasionally with accompaniment (such as Philadelphia bassist Billy Warburton and drummer Lance Crow) and attempted to record an EP for record label Vital Cog with a drum machine as backing, but ended up putting Magnapop on an indefinite hiatus. Hopper moved to Los Angeles and stopped performing live music until the early 2000s, when Hopper, Morris, and a group of Seattle musicians demoed some Hopper/Morris songs.
The band officially re-formed in 2003 with bassist Scott Rowe and drummer Brian Fletcher to tour the European festival circuit and record an album. In The Netherlands, Hopper also performed vocals on R.E.M.'s cover of "Favorite Writer" at two of the group's concerts on June 21 and 22. In 2005, Magnapop released their first album in nine years—Mouthfeel—on Amy Ray's Daemon Records. The re-formed group toured to support the record throughout the United States and the festival circuit in Europe and has continued to perform and record through 2010. The self-released album Chase Park was made available in late 2009.
Musical style
This Family
The chorus of "This Family" includes Hopper's "speak-in-tune" style of singing and the trade-off between her (first vocal) and backing vocalist Ruthie Morris, who leads out of the sample with her punk-influenced guitar playing.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Hopper is known for her pop-influenced vocals and its interaction with Morris' particularly aggressive guitar-playing. Reviewers have called Hopper's singing "speak-in-tune" (College Music Journal) and "bell-voiced" (Billboard.) In addition, the vocal harmony between the two singers has defined the Magnapop's sound, especially on later releases that feature more of Morris' vocals.
Discography
Main article: Magnapop discography
Hopper's non-Magnapop releases include:
Holiday
Hello, 1987
Oh-OK
Wow Mini Album, 1982 (DB Records DB63)
Furthermore What EP, 1983 (DB Records DB69)
"Random", appearing on the various artists compilation Squares Blot Out the Sun, 1990 (DB Records DB69)
The Complete Recordings, 2002 (Collector's Choice Music 293)
Songwriting and vocals on all
Tanzplagen
The Lost Single / Live 40 Watt Club, 1991 (Strangeways Records EFA 11056–10)
Songwriting and vocals on "Living by the Neck", "Meetin", and "Peter Pan"
See also
Rock music portal
Category:Songs written by Linda Hopper
References
^ a b c Gross, Jason (July 2001), "Linda Hopper: Oh OK", Perfect Sound Forever, archived from the original on July 4, 2009
^ Sullivan, Denise (August 22, 1998), Talk About the Passion: An Oral History of R.E.M. (Paperback) (2nd ed.), Da Capo Press, p. 30, ISBN 0-306-80857-9
^ Hopper, Linda (September 1994), "Linda Hopper on Michael Stipe", Mojo
^ Black, Johnny (June 1, 2004), Reveal: The Story of R.E.M. (Paperback) (1st ed.), Backbeat Books, p. 25, ISBN 0-87930-776-5
^ Powers, Ann (October 1996), "Magna 'Tude: Magnapop proves that spirited pop can pack a serious punch", Spin, vol. 12, no. 7, SPIN Media LLC, ISSN 0886-3032
^ Gray, Marcus (March 21, 1997), It Crawled from the South (paperback) (2nd ed.), Da Capo Press, pp. 151, 202, ISBN 0-306-80751-3
^ Gray, Marcus (March 21, 1997), It Crawled from the South (paperback) (2nd ed.), Da Capo Press, p. 353, ISBN 0-306-80751-3
^ Verrico, Lisa (April 1994), "Magnapop", Vox
^ Soltau, Thomas (September 1992), "Magnapop", INDIEcator
^ Morris, Gina (July 4, 1992), "Magnapop – NME Interview: Pop Will Treat Itself", NME
^ Gray, Marcus (March 21, 1997), It Crawled from the South (paperback) (2nd ed.), Da Capo Press, p. 375, ISBN 0-306-80751-3
^ a b Cokyuce, Ozgur (December 2008), Magnapop/Ruthie Morris, Punk Globe, retrieved June 29, 2009
^ a b Rapa, Patrick (September 24 – October 1, 1998), Magnapop, Philadelphia City Paper, archived from the original on February 15, 2005, retrieved June 24, 2009
^ Michael and Linda Hopper finish singing "Favourite Writer" by Magnapop, R.E.M.HQ, June 22, 2003, archived from the original on July 14, 2009, retrieved June 22, 2009
^ LaBrack, Jill (February 10, 2005). "Magnapop: Mouthfeel". Pop Matters. Retrieved June 17, 2009.
^ Warminsky, Joe (February 2, 2005). "Quick Spins". Washington Post. Retrieved June 17, 2009.
^ College Music Journal, issue 34 (June 1996), p. 40, The Guide to New Music, review by M. Tye Comer
^ Morris, Chris (July 30, 1994), "Declaration of Independents: Priority Goes Magnapop; BOC Remade", Billboard, vol. 106, no. 31, United States: Nielsen Business Media, Inc., p. 49, ISSN 0006-2510
^ Wodraska, Lya (July 5, 1996), "Magnapop Brings Road Tour to Classic City", Athens Banner-Herald
^ Nine, Jennifer (May 18, 1996), Review: Rubbing Doesn't Help, Melody Maker
External links
Linda Hopper at Wikipedia's sister projects
Media from CommonsData from Wikidata
Magnapop homepage
Linda Hopper at AllMusic
Linda Hopper discography at Discogs
Linda Hopper at IMDb
vteMagnapop
Linda Hopper
David McNair
Shannon Mulvaney
Ruthie Morris
Brian Fletcher
Tim Lee
Mark Posgay
Scott Rowe
Johnny Rozas
Chad Williams
Greg Urbaitis
Albums
Magnapop (1992)
Hot Boxing (1994)
Rubbing Doesn't Help (1996)
Mouthfeel (2005)
Magnapop Live at Maxwell's 03/09/2005 (2005, live)
Chase Park (2009)
The Circle Is Round (2019)
EPs
Sugarland (1992)
Kiss My Mouth (1993)
Big Bright Cherry (1994)
Fire All Your Guns at Once (1996)
Singles
"Rip the Wreck" (1990)
"Merry" (1992)
"Slowly, Slowly" (1994)
"Lay It Down" (1994)
"Open the Door" (1996)
"This Family" (1996)
Related articles
Discography
Songs
Band members
Music of Athens, Georgia
Oh-OK
The Complete Recordings (Oh-OK album)
Michael Stipe
Josh Freese
Daemon Records
Audio
Images
Quotes
Database entry
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlanta, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Magnapop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnapop"},{"link_name":"pop punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_punk"},{"link_name":"power pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_pop"},{"link_name":"Slowly, Slowly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slowly,_Slowly_(Magnapop_song)"},{"link_name":"Open the Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_the_Door_(Magnapop_song)"},{"link_name":"Athens, Georgia music scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Athens,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"R.E.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.E.M."},{"link_name":"The B-52s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_B-52s"},{"link_name":"Oh-OK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh-OK"}],"text":"Musical artistLinda Elizabeth Hopper is the vocalist for the Atlanta, Georgia-based rock group Magnapop. Her pop punk/power pop vocal style helped to define the band's sound and she has co-written their minor hit singles \"Slowly, Slowly\" and \"Open the Door\". Prior to the formation of Magnapop, Hopper was a member of the Athens, Georgia music scene in the early 1980s, which included R.E.M., The B-52s, and her own band Oh-OK.","title":"Linda Hopper"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R.E.M._with_Linda_Hopper,_2003.jpg"},{"link_name":"R.E.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.E.M."},{"link_name":"Marietta, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marietta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psf-1"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"University of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-passion-2"},{"link_name":"Michael Stipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Stipe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mojo-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reveal-4"},{"link_name":"local music scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Athens,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"experimental music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_music"},{"link_name":"R.E.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.E.M."},{"link_name":"Oh-OK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh-OK"},{"link_name":"Matthew Sweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Sweet"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spin-5"},{"link_name":"noise music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_music"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gaggle-6"},{"link_name":"mini albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini_album"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-furhtermore-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psf-1"},{"link_name":"Ruthie Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthie_Morris"},{"link_name":"West Palm Beach, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Palm_Beach,_Florida"},{"link_name":"East Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Atlanta"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vox-8"},{"link_name":"Magnapop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnapop"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psf-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indie-9"},{"link_name":"John Keane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keane_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nmeinterview-10"},{"link_name":"New York New Music Seminar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_New_Music_Seminar"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crawled-11"},{"link_name":"self-titled first album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnapop_(album)"},{"link_name":"Caroline Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Records"},{"link_name":"Benelux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux"},{"link_name":"Rubbing Doesn't Help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubbing_Doesn%27t_Help"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-punkglobe-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-citypaper-13"},{"link_name":"drum machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_machine"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-citypaper-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-punkglobe-12"},{"link_name":"R.E.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.E.M."},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-favorite-14"},{"link_name":"Mouthfeel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthfeel_(album)"},{"link_name":"Amy Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Ray"},{"link_name":"Daemon Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemon_Records"},{"link_name":"Chase Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Park"}],"text":"Hopper performing the Magnapop song \"Favorite Writer\" with R.E.M. in 2003Hopper is a native of Marietta, Georgia[1] who moved to Athens to attend the University of Georgia to study art in the late 1970s. There, she befriended[2] Michael Stipe in an art design class[3] and she introduced him to her friends.[4] The two became involved in the early local music scene and formed the short-lived experimental music group Tanzplagen along with Stipe's sister Lynda and other local musicians. After a matter of months, the band split up and Michael Stipe formed R.E.M., while Hopper made Oh-OK with Lynda Stipe on bass guitar and drummer David McNair (a later line-up would also include Matthew Sweet.)[5] Oh-OK opened for Stipe's noise music project 1066 Gaggle O'Sound[6] and would go on to record two mini albums before disbanding in 1984, including 1983's Furthermore What, which was produced by Michael Stipe with a cover that he made.[7] She then briefly belonged to a band named Holiday, who released their only EP in 1987.[1]In 1989, Hopper was introduced to Ruthie Morris—a guitarist who had recently moved from West Palm Beach, Florida to East Atlanta.[8] The two became friends and began writing songs together, forming the core of what would become Magnapop.[1] Michael Stipe saw their first public performance[9] and offered to produce some demos for them in John Keane's Athens studio in December 1990.[10] Their first high-profile show was at the July 1991 New York New Music Seminar along with three other bands that were introduced by Stipe.[11] Their 1992 self-titled first album included four of the 1990 Stipe demos and was released on Caroline Records in the United States.The band established a following touring through Benelux in the 1990s and had two minor hit singles, but after the 1996 release of Rubbing Doesn't Help, Magnapop found themselves dropped by their record label and unable to record for seven years due to contractual obligations.[12] Hopper and Morris continued to play a few acoustic live shows as a duo into 1999, occasionally with accompaniment (such as Philadelphia bassist Billy Warburton and drummer Lance Crow)[13] and attempted to record an EP for record label Vital Cog with a drum machine as backing,[13] but ended up putting Magnapop on an indefinite hiatus. Hopper moved to Los Angeles and stopped performing live music until the early 2000s, when Hopper, Morris, and a group of Seattle musicians demoed some Hopper/Morris songs.[12]The band officially re-formed in 2003 with bassist Scott Rowe and drummer Brian Fletcher to tour the European festival circuit and record an album. In The Netherlands, Hopper also performed vocals on R.E.M.'s cover of \"Favorite Writer\" at two of the group's concerts on June 21 and 22.[14] In 2005, Magnapop released their first album in nine years—Mouthfeel—on Amy Ray's Daemon Records. The re-formed group toured to support the record throughout the United States and the festival circuit in Europe and has continued to perform and record through 2010. The self-released album Chase Park was made available in late 2009.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"This Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Magnapop_-_This_Family.ogg"},{"link_name":"This Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Family"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pop-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapo-16"},{"link_name":"College Music Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Music_Journal"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmj-17"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-priority-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adn-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-melody-20"}],"text":"This Family\n\nThe chorus of \"This Family\" includes Hopper's \"speak-in-tune\" style of singing and the trade-off between her (first vocal) and backing vocalist Ruthie Morris, who leads out of the sample with her punk-influenced guitar playing.\nProblems playing this file? See media help.Hopper is known for her pop-influenced vocals[15] and its interaction with Morris' particularly aggressive guitar-playing.[16] Reviewers have called Hopper's singing \"speak-in-tune\" (College Music Journal)[17] and \"bell-voiced\" (Billboard.)[18] In addition, the vocal harmony between the two singers has defined the Magnapop's sound, especially on later releases[19] that feature more of Morris' vocals.[20]","title":"Musical style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Complete Recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complete_Recordings_(Oh-OK_album)"}],"text":"Hopper's non-Magnapop releases include:HolidayHello, 1987Oh-OKWow Mini Album, 1982 (DB Records DB63)\nFurthermore What EP, 1983 (DB Records DB69)\n\"Random\", appearing on the various artists compilation Squares Blot Out the Sun, 1990 (DB Records DB69)\nThe Complete Recordings, 2002 (Collector's Choice Music 293)Songwriting and vocals on allTanzplagenThe Lost Single / Live 40 Watt Club, 1991 (Strangeways Records EFA 11056–10)Songwriting and vocals on \"Living by the Neck\", \"Meetin\", and \"Peter Pan\"","title":"Discography"}] | [{"image_text":"Hopper performing the Magnapop song \"Favorite Writer\" with R.E.M. in 2003","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/R.E.M._with_Linda_Hopper%2C_2003.jpg/220px-R.E.M._with_Linda_Hopper%2C_2003.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Rock music portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Rock_music"},{"title":"Category:Songs written by Linda Hopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Songs_written_by_Linda_Hopper"}] | [{"reference":"Gross, Jason (July 2001), \"Linda Hopper: Oh OK\", Perfect Sound Forever, archived from the original on July 4, 2009","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090704031518/http://www.furious.com/perfect/lindahopper.html","url_text":"\"Linda Hopper: Oh OK\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_Sound_Forever_(magazine)","url_text":"Perfect Sound Forever"},{"url":"http://www.furious.com/perfect/lindahopper.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sullivan, Denise (August 22, 1998), Talk About the Passion: An Oral History of R.E.M. (Paperback) (2nd ed.), Da Capo Press, p. 30, ISBN 0-306-80857-9","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Capo_Press","url_text":"Da Capo Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80857-9","url_text":"0-306-80857-9"}]},{"reference":"Hopper, Linda (September 1994), \"Linda Hopper on Michael Stipe\", Mojo","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojo_(magazine)","url_text":"Mojo"}]},{"reference":"Black, Johnny (June 1, 2004), Reveal: The Story of R.E.M. (Paperback) (1st ed.), Backbeat Books, p. 25, ISBN 0-87930-776-5","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/revealstoryofrem00john/page/25","url_text":"Reveal: The Story of R.E.M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backbeat_Books","url_text":"Backbeat Books"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/revealstoryofrem00john/page/25","url_text":"25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87930-776-5","url_text":"0-87930-776-5"}]},{"reference":"Powers, Ann (October 1996), \"Magna 'Tude: Magnapop proves that spirited pop can pack a serious punch\", Spin, vol. 12, no. 7, SPIN Media LLC, ISSN 0886-3032","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)","url_text":"Spin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0886-3032","url_text":"0886-3032"}]},{"reference":"Gray, Marcus (March 21, 1997), It Crawled from the South (paperback) (2nd ed.), Da Capo Press, pp. 151, 202, ISBN 0-306-80751-3","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Capo_Press","url_text":"Da Capo Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80751-3","url_text":"0-306-80751-3"}]},{"reference":"Gray, Marcus (March 21, 1997), It Crawled from the South (paperback) (2nd ed.), Da Capo Press, p. 353, ISBN 0-306-80751-3","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Capo_Press","url_text":"Da Capo Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80751-3","url_text":"0-306-80751-3"}]},{"reference":"Verrico, Lisa (April 1994), \"Magnapop\", Vox","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(magazine)","url_text":"Vox"}]},{"reference":"Soltau, Thomas (September 1992), \"Magnapop\", INDIEcator","urls":[]},{"reference":"Morris, Gina (July 4, 1992), \"Magnapop – NME Interview: Pop Will Treat Itself\", NME","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"}]},{"reference":"Gray, Marcus (March 21, 1997), It Crawled from the South (paperback) (2nd ed.), Da Capo Press, p. 375, ISBN 0-306-80751-3","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Capo_Press","url_text":"Da Capo Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80751-3","url_text":"0-306-80751-3"}]},{"reference":"Cokyuce, Ozgur (December 2008), Magnapop/Ruthie Morris, Punk Globe, retrieved June 29, 2009","urls":[{"url":"http://punkglobe.com/magnapopInterview1208.html","url_text":"Magnapop/Ruthie Morris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_Globe","url_text":"Punk Globe"}]},{"reference":"Rapa, Patrick (September 24 – October 1, 1998), Magnapop, Philadelphia City Paper, archived from the original on February 15, 2005, retrieved June 24, 2009","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050215062850/http://citypaper.net/articles/092498/pick.magna.shtml","url_text":"Magnapop"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_City_Paper","url_text":"Philadelphia City Paper"},{"url":"http://www.citypaper.net/articles/092498/pick.magna.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Michael and Linda Hopper finish singing \"Favourite Writer\" by Magnapop, R.E.M.HQ, June 22, 2003, archived from the original on July 14, 2009, retrieved June 22, 2009","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090714235604/http://remhq.com/photo_gallery_detail.php?id=1259&gallery_id=118","url_text":"Michael and Linda Hopper finish singing \"Favourite Writer\" by Magnapop"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.E.M.","url_text":"R.E.M."},{"url":"http://www.remhq.com/photo_gallery_detail.php?id=1259&gallery_id=118","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"LaBrack, Jill (February 10, 2005). \"Magnapop: Mouthfeel\". Pop Matters. Retrieved June 17, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popmatters.com/music/reviews/m/magnapop-mouthfeel.shtml","url_text":"\"Magnapop: Mouthfeel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Matters","url_text":"Pop Matters"}]},{"reference":"Warminsky, Joe (February 2, 2005). \"Quick Spins\". Washington Post. Retrieved June 17, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A55693-2005Feb1.html","url_text":"\"Quick Spins\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post","url_text":"Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Chris (July 30, 1994), \"Declaration of Independents: Priority Goes Magnapop; BOC Remade\", Billboard, vol. 106, no. 31, United States: Nielsen Business Media, Inc., p. 49, ISSN 0006-2510","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"Wodraska, Lya (July 5, 1996), \"Magnapop Brings Road Tour to Classic City\", Athens Banner-Herald","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_Banner-Herald","url_text":"Athens Banner-Herald"}]},{"reference":"Nine, Jennifer (May 18, 1996), Review: Rubbing Doesn't Help, Melody Maker","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody_Maker","url_text":"Melody Maker"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://magnapop.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090704031518/http://www.furious.com/perfect/lindahopper.html","external_links_name":"\"Linda Hopper: Oh OK\""},{"Link":"http://www.furious.com/perfect/lindahopper.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/revealstoryofrem00john/page/25","external_links_name":"Reveal: The Story of R.E.M."},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/revealstoryofrem00john/page/25","external_links_name":"25"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0886-3032","external_links_name":"0886-3032"},{"Link":"http://punkglobe.com/magnapopInterview1208.html","external_links_name":"Magnapop/Ruthie Morris"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050215062850/http://citypaper.net/articles/092498/pick.magna.shtml","external_links_name":"Magnapop"},{"Link":"http://www.citypaper.net/articles/092498/pick.magna.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090714235604/http://remhq.com/photo_gallery_detail.php?id=1259&gallery_id=118","external_links_name":"Michael and Linda Hopper finish singing \"Favourite Writer\" by Magnapop"},{"Link":"http://www.remhq.com/photo_gallery_detail.php?id=1259&gallery_id=118","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.popmatters.com/music/reviews/m/magnapop-mouthfeel.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Magnapop: Mouthfeel\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A55693-2005Feb1.html","external_links_name":"\"Quick Spins\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","external_links_name":"0006-2510"},{"Link":"http://magnapop.com/","external_links_name":"Magnapop homepage"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p154161","external_links_name":"Linda Hopper"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/Linda+Hopper","external_links_name":"Linda Hopper"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3031424/","external_links_name":"Linda Hopper"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/86953436","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmhQmPkq3wFMh7M9MpF8C","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1184330","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/5cbd223a-9ca9-49d0-a464-f379753804e0","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Ridenhour | Ronald Ridenhour | ["1 Life","2 Postwar life","3 Honors","4 Debunked allegations about being in an experiment","5 References","6 External links"] | American whistleblower and investigative journalist (1946–1998)
Ronald Lee "Ron" RidenhourRidenhour in 1969Born(1946-04-06)April 6, 1946Oakland, California, U.S.DiedMay 10, 1998(1998-05-10) (aged 52)Metairie, Louisiana, U.S.Alma materPhoenix Junior College Claremont Men's CollegeOccupationinvestigative journalistKnown forExposing the My Lai Massacre
External image Ron Ridenhour's press card. Displayed at The Ridenhour Prizes: About Ron.
Ronald Lee Ridenhour (April 6, 1946 – May 10, 1998) was an American known for having played a central role in spurring the federal investigation of the 1968 Mỹ Lai massacre in Vietnam. When he first learned of events there, he was serving in the United States 11th Infantry Brigade in Vietnam. He gathered evidence and interviewed people before the end of his tour. After returning to the US in 1969, he wrote to President Nixon, members of his cabinet and two dozen Congressmen recounting what he had learned. A full-scale Department of Defense investigation eventually took place.
Ridenhour became an award-winning investigative journalist, working on a range of topics. The Ridenhour Prizes were established in his honor.
Life
Ridenhour was born in Oakland, California, and was raised in Phoenix, Arizona. He entered the US Army during the Vietnam War, serving as a helicopter gunner.
While serving in Vietnam, Ridenhour heard of the Mỹ Lai massacre from friends in the service. While still on active duty, he gathered eyewitness and participant accounts from other soldiers.
After his return to the United States in 1969, he wrote a letter detailing the evidence he had uncovered, which he sent to President Richard Nixon, five senior officials at the State Department and the Pentagon, and 24 members of Congress.
The Department of Defense conducted a lengthy investigation. A total of 26 soldiers were charged with criminal offenses, although Second Lieutenant William Calley was the only one convicted, for killing 22 villagers. Despite being sentenced to life imprisonment, Calley spent less than three days in prison before being placed under house arrest by order of President Nixon, and after having his sentence reduced by the Army was subsequently released after serving just three years.
Postwar life
Ridenhour went to college after his service and graduated in 1972 from Claremont Men's College. He became an investigative journalist, reporting on a range of government scandals and other issues.
Years later, Ridenhour published an account of learning about the My Lai massacre in his article, "Jesus Was a Gook," published in Nobody Gets Off the Bus: The Viet Nam Generation Big Book (1994).
He died at age 52 of a heart attack in 1998 in Metairie, Louisiana. He had been playing handball.
Honors
In 1987 he won a George Polk Award for his expose of a tax scandal in New Orleans, based on a year-long investigation.
In 1988 he earned the Gerald Loeb Award for Commentary.
The Ridenhour Prizes were established in his honor. They "recognize those who persevere in acts of truth-telling that protect the public interest, promote social justice or illuminate a more just vision of society".
Debunked allegations about being in an experiment
According to Jonathan Glover's book, Humanity: A Moral History of the Twentieth Century (2001), Ridenhour took part in the Princeton University version of the Milgram experiment. This claim was investigated and it was found that the Ron Ridenhour who took part in the Milgram experiment was a different person than Ronald Lee Ridenhour.
References
^ Biographical information from Ronald Ridenhour's obituaries: John H. Cushman, Jr., "Ronald Ridenhour, 52, Veteran Who Reported Mỹ Lai Massacre", The New York Times, May 11, 1998.; and The Times-Picayune, New Orleans, LA, May 11, 1998 and May 18, 1998, reproduced in Louisiana US GenWeb Archives
^ Ridenhour's 1969 letter Archived 2011-02-09 at the Wayback Machine to Congress and Pentagon officials
^ Dan Duffy and Kalí Tal (eds.), Nobody Gets Off the Bus: The Viet Nam Generation Big Book, Woodbridge, CT: Viet Nam Generation, Inc., pp. 138–142, 1994. ISBN 0-9628524-8-1
^ 1968 My Lai Massacre on C-SPAN. March 15, 2018. Retrieved on September 3, 2020.
^ "Historical Winners List". UCLA Anderson School of Management. Retrieved January 31, 2019.
^ Description from official website of The Ridenhour Prizes. Retrieved on September 3, 2020.
^ Bear, Gordon. "Mistake about Milgram and My Lai - Retracting a Meme". SPSP discuss Group. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
External links
Glover, Jonathan (2001). Humanity : a moral history of the twentieth century (9th printing. ed.). London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0712665414.
A first-person account of Ridenhour's investigation and exposure of the My Lai Massacre, transcribed from a talk he gave at Tulane University in 1994
Ronald Ridenhour essay, "Jesus Was a Gook"
vteGerald Loeb Award winners for Columns, Commentary, and EditorialsGerald Loeb Award for Editorials (1970–1972)(1970–1972)
1970: Patricia Shontz
1971: Philip Greer
1972: Robert H. Metz
Gerald Loeb Award for Columns/Editorial (1973–1976, 1978–1982)(1973–1976)
1973: Clem Morgello
1974: Henry Wallich
1975: Edwin Darby
1976: Joseph A. Livingston
(1978–1979)
1978: Hobart Rowen
1979: Robert L. Bartley
(1980–1982)
1980: Alan Gersten
1980 (HM): Paul Lieberman, Chester Goolrick
1980 (HM): Tom Bethell
1981: Sarai Ribicoff
1981 (HM): Stan DeCoster, Ann Baldelli
1982 (tie): George Melloan
1982 (tie): Lester C. Thurow
Gerald Loeb Award for Columns (1977)(1977)
Lee Mitsang
Gerald Loeb Award for Editorial/Commentary (1984)(1984)
Robert L. Heilbroner
Gerald Loeb Award for Commentary (1985–2023)(1985–1989)
1985: Daniel Henninger
1986 (tie): Michael Kinsley
1986 (tie): Robert Samuelson
1987: Richard Doak
1988: Ron Ridenhour
1988 (HM): Gordon Crovitz
1989: David Warsh
(1990–1999)
1990: L. Gordon Crovitz\
1991: Allan Sloan
1992: Warren T. Brookes
1993: Allan Sloan
1994: Robert J. Samuelson
1995: Jane Bryant Quinn
1996: Bill Bishop
1997: Holman W. Jenkins Jr.
1998: Allan Sloan
1999: Walter S. Mossberg
(2000–2009)
2000: David Ignatius
2001: Floyd Norris
2002: Gretchen Morgenson
2003: Jerry Flint
2004: Michael Hiltzik
2005: Peter Eavis
2006 (tie): Robert L. Pollock
2006 (tie): Steven Pearlstein
2007: Steve Bailey
2008: Joe Nocera
2008 (HM): Daniel Howes
2009: Brian M. Carney
(2010–2019)
2010: Joseph E. Stiglitz
2011: Paul Krugman
2012: Zanny Minton Beddoes, Edward Carr, John Peet, Patrick Foulis, John O'Sullivan
2013: John Gapper
2014: Peter Goodman
2015: Jesse Eisinger
2016: James B. Stewart
2017: Adrian Wooldridge
2018: Ed Silverman
2019: Andy Kessler
(2020–2023)
2020 (tie): Elisabeth Rosenthal
2020 (tie): Geoffrey A. Fowler
2021: Michelle Singletary
2022: Chad Livengood
2023: Alyssa Rosenberg
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Deutsche Biographie | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mỹ Lai massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_Lai_massacre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"11th Infantry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"The Ridenhour Prizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ridenhour_Prizes"}],"text":"Ronald Lee Ridenhour (April 6, 1946 – May 10, 1998) was an American known for having played a central role in spurring the federal investigation of the 1968 Mỹ Lai massacre in Vietnam.[1] When he first learned of events there, he was serving in the United States 11th Infantry Brigade in Vietnam. He gathered evidence and interviewed people before the end of his tour. After returning to the US in 1969, he wrote to President Nixon, members of his cabinet and two dozen Congressmen recounting what he had learned. A full-scale Department of Defense investigation eventually took place.Ridenhour became an award-winning investigative journalist, working on a range of topics. The Ridenhour Prizes were established in his honor.","title":"Ronald Ridenhour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oakland, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,_California"},{"link_name":"Phoenix, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Mỹ Lai massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_Lai_massacre"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"State Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Department"},{"link_name":"the Pentagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"Second Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_lieutenant#United_States"},{"link_name":"William Calley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Calley"},{"link_name":"life imprisonment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_imprisonment"}],"text":"Ridenhour was born in Oakland, California, and was raised in Phoenix, Arizona. He entered the US Army during the Vietnam War, serving as a helicopter gunner.While serving in Vietnam, Ridenhour heard of the Mỹ Lai massacre from friends in the service. While still on active duty, he gathered eyewitness and participant accounts from other soldiers.After his return to the United States in 1969, he wrote a letter detailing the evidence he had uncovered, which he sent to President Richard Nixon, five senior officials at the State Department and the Pentagon, and 24 members of Congress.[2]The Department of Defense conducted a lengthy investigation. A total of 26 soldiers were charged with criminal offenses, although Second Lieutenant William Calley was the only one convicted, for killing 22 villagers. Despite being sentenced to life imprisonment, Calley spent less than three days in prison before being placed under house arrest by order of President Nixon, and after having his sentence reduced by the Army was subsequently released after serving just three years.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Claremont Men's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claremont_McKenna_College"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"heart attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction"},{"link_name":"Metairie, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metairie,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Ridenhour went to college after his service and graduated in 1972 from Claremont Men's College. He became an investigative journalist, reporting on a range of government scandals and other issues.Years later, Ridenhour published an account of learning about the My Lai massacre in his article, \"Jesus Was a Gook,\" published in Nobody Gets Off the Bus: The Viet Nam Generation Big Book (1994).[3]He died at age 52 of a heart attack in 1998 in Metairie, Louisiana. He had been playing handball.[4]","title":"Postwar life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Polk Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Polk_Award"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Gerald Loeb Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Loeb_Award"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LOEB-Winners-5"},{"link_name":"The Ridenhour Prizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ridenhour_Prizes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In 1987 he won a George Polk Award for his expose of a tax scandal in New Orleans, based on a year-long investigation.\nIn 1988 he earned the Gerald Loeb Award for Commentary.[5]\nThe Ridenhour Prizes were established in his honor. They \"recognize those who persevere in acts of truth-telling that protect the public interest, promote social justice or illuminate a more just vision of society\".[6]","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jonathan Glover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Glover"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"Milgram experiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milgram_experiment"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gbear-7"}],"text":"According to Jonathan Glover's book, Humanity: A Moral History of the Twentieth Century (2001), Ridenhour took part in the Princeton University version of the Milgram experiment. This claim was investigated and it was found that the Ron Ridenhour who took part in the Milgram experiment was a different person than Ronald Lee Ridenhour.[7]","title":"Debunked allegations about being in an experiment"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Historical Winners List\". UCLA Anderson School of Management. Retrieved January 31, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.anderson.ucla.edu/news-and-events/signature-events/gerald-loeb-awards/winners/historical-winners","url_text":"\"Historical Winners List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA_Anderson_School_of_Management","url_text":"UCLA Anderson School of Management"}]},{"reference":"Bear, Gordon. \"Mistake about Milgram and My Lai - Retracting a Meme\". SPSP discuss Group. Retrieved 20 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://groups.google.com/d/topic/spsp-discuss/Va0vB1laP8E/discussion","url_text":"\"Mistake about Milgram and My Lai - Retracting a Meme\""}]},{"reference":"Glover, Jonathan (2001). Humanity : a moral history of the twentieth century (9th printing. ed.). London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0712665414.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0712665414","url_text":"978-0712665414"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://ridenhourorg.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/ron_press.jpg","external_links_name":"Ron Ridenhour's press card."},{"Link":"http://ridenhourorg.wpengine.com/?page_id=2366","external_links_name":"The Ridenhour Prizes: About Ron"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/11/us/ronald-ridenhour-52-veteran-who-reported-my-lai-massacre.html","external_links_name":"John H. Cushman, Jr., \"Ronald Ridenhour, 52, Veteran Who Reported Mỹ Lai Massacre\", The New York Times, May 11, 1998."},{"Link":"http://files.usgwarchives.net/la/orleans/obits/1/r-08.txt","external_links_name":"Louisiana US GenWeb Archives"},{"Link":"http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/mylai/ridenhour_ltr.html","external_links_name":"Ridenhour's 1969 letter"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110209113219/http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/mylai/ridenhour_ltr.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.c-span.org/video/?442602-1/1968-lai-massacre","external_links_name":"1968 My Lai Massacre"},{"Link":"https://www.anderson.ucla.edu/news-and-events/signature-events/gerald-loeb-awards/winners/historical-winners","external_links_name":"\"Historical Winners List\""},{"Link":"http://ridenhourorg.wpengine.com/?page_id=2354","external_links_name":"The Ridenhour Prizes"},{"Link":"https://groups.google.com/d/topic/spsp-discuss/Va0vB1laP8E/discussion","external_links_name":"\"Mistake about Milgram and My Lai - Retracting a Meme\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040830080800/http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/mylai/Myl_hero.html#RON","external_links_name":"A first-person account"},{"Link":"http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/sixties/HTML_docs/Texts/Narrative/Ridenhour_Jesus_01.html","external_links_name":"Ronald Ridenhour essay, \"Jesus Was a Gook\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/431050/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000049549345","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/56530060","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxx9vWbbDpvw3bJM7jjYP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1061282406","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr99009231","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1061282406.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig_Plebiscite | 1920 Schleswig plebiscites | ["1 Background","2 Defining the plebiscite boundaries","3 Plebiscite preparations","4 Plebiscite voting and results","5 Settlement of the Danish-German border","6 Gallery","7 See also","8 References"] | Votes on the Denmark–Germany border
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "1920 Schleswig plebiscites" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Schleswig plebiscites were two plebiscites, organized according to section XII, articles 100 to 115 of the Treaty of Versailles of 28 June 1919, in order to determine the future border between Denmark and Germany through the former Duchy of Schleswig. The process was monitored by a commission with representatives from France, the United Kingdom, Norway and Sweden.
The plebiscites were held on 10 February and 14 March 1920, and the result was that the larger northern portion (Zone I) voted to join Denmark, which occurred 15 June 1920, while the smaller southern portion (Zone II) voted to remain part of Germany.
Background
Areas of historic settlements
Map of Schleswig / South Jutland before the plebiscites.
The Duchy of Schleswig had been a fiefdom of the Danish crown since the Middle Ages, but it, along with the Danish-ruled German provinces of Holstein and Lauenburg, which had both been part of the Holy Roman Empire, was conquered by Prussia and Austria in the 1864 Second War of Schleswig. Between 1864 and 1866, Prussia and Austria ruled the entire region as a condominium, and they formalised this arrangement in the 1865 Gastein Convention. The condominium was terminated due to the Austro-Prussian War in 1866.
Article 5 of the Austro-Prussian Peace of Prague (1866) stipulated that a plebiscite should be held within the ensuing six years in order to give the people of the northern part of Schleswig the possibility of voting for the region's future allegiance by allowing regions voting for Danish rule to be restored to Danish administration.
The idea of a plebiscite had been presented earlier. During the early phases of the First Schleswig War, the secessionist government of Schleswig-Holstein had unsuccessfully suggested a plebiscite in parts of Schleswig, but this had been rejected by the Danish government, and during the 1863 London Conference's attempts to defuse the Second Schleswig War, one of the suggestions of Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck was a plebiscite in North Schleswig. Bismarck's initiative was not adopted by the conference, primarily since the option had not been included in the instruction to the Danish delegation. The inclusion of the promise of a plebiscite in the 1866 Austro-Prussian Peace of Prague was a diplomatic concession to Austria, but was not implemented. The reference to it was subsequently dropped in 1877 by Austria and Germany. The 1864 border was confirmed in the 1907 German-Danish Optant Treaty, but Danish North Schleswigers continued to argue for a plebiscite citing the 1866 Peace of Prague.
Danes campaigning for implementation of the plebiscite promise, in the hope that it would result in the area being restored to Danish rule, often made a comparison with the French demand for return of Alsace-Lorraine. This comparison was regarded sympathetically by French public opinion and, although Denmark had not taken part in the First World War, there was considerable backing in France for taking up the Danish claims as part of the post-war settlement.
After Germany's defeat in 1918, the Danish government asked the Allied Powers and the Versailles Conference of 1919 to include a plebiscite in the disputed North Schleswig region based on Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points as part of the Allied Powers' peace settlement with Germany, and this request was granted by the Allies.
Defining the plebiscite boundaries
The three zones in Schleswig/Slesvig
The plebiscites were held on 10 February and 14 March 1920 in two zones that had been defined according to the wishes of the Danish government, and based on lines drawn in the 1890s by Danish historian Hans Victor Clausen . During the 1880s and 1890s, Clausen had travelled extensively on both sides of a possible future Dano-German border, for which he published two suggestions. Clausen's first line delineated a coherent territory that he expected would vote Danish in a future plebiscite, and the second line (about 10–20 km or 6–12 miles further south) included a thinly-populated rural region in Central Schleswig, which Clausen believed had potential for assimilation into Denmark, as the population of Central Schleswig was pro-German in allegiance, but also Danish-speaking.
In 1918, Clausen published a pamphlet "Før Afgørelsen" (Before the Decision) in which he strongly advocated that Denmark annex the zone delineated by his northernmost ("first") line, arguing that the territory north of this line was indisputably pro-Danish and should be considered indivisible. At the same time, he effectively abandoned his second line, as the population of Central Schleswig remained pro-German, and as he considered it vital that the future border should be based on the self-determination of the local populace.: 16 In the 1920 plebiscites, Clausen's first line was closely imitated in what became the plebiscite's Zone I, while his second line became the basis of Zone II, although the plebiscite zone was extended to include the city of Flensburg and the town of Glücksburg. Clausen had excluded both from his two lines.: 24–25
Zone I was based on Clausen's estimations of the local population's national self-identification. When in doubt, Clausen primarily relied on the wishes of the rural communities, which he considered autochtone (indigenous), in contrast with the North Schleswig towns, which he considered largely irrelevant due to their smallness and their less-autochtone population, notably the demographics of the town of Sønderborg (Sonderburg) which had become strongly influenced by the presence of a large German naval base. In addition, Clausen believed that it would minimize the risk of future conflict if the future border in the marshy West Schleswig followed either the Vidå river or a dyke. This caused resentment on the German side, as this implied that the town of Tønder (Tondern) would be included in Zone I.
Plebiscite preparations
French troops stationed as a security forceThis section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
In 1918 and early 1919, the leading Danish political parties argued that the future allegiance of North Schleswig should be decided by a plebiscite, in which the entire region should be counted as one indivisible unit, i.e. vote en bloc. This wish was conveyed to the Paris Peace Conference in Versailles, and became the basis for the plebiscite's Zone I.
During 1919, political wishes in Denmark grew for the extension of the plebiscite area, and the issue became a topic of confrontation between the Social Liberal government and its parliamentary support, the Social Democrats, both parties opposing an extension the area, versus the Liberal and Conservative opposition which both supported an extension of the plebiscite area. As a compromise, it was decided to request the Allied Powers to extend the plebiscite until Clausen's second line, which was adapted to include Flensburg and Glücksburg. In this smaller Zone II, each town – or, in the rural areas, each parish – was to decide its own allegiance. Two other requests were made, which were only partially followed by the Allied Powers. Firstly, Denmark requested that the plebiscite area's German civil administration be replaced by an international administration. The Allied Powers replaced the German garrisons with a small international force, of 400 French soldiers disembarked from the cruiser La Marseillaise, but the civil administration was only partially replaced in Zone I, and not at all in Zone II. Secondly, Denmark had requested that persons previously expelled from the region should be allowed to vote in the plebiscite. This was intended to allow previously expelled "optants" to vote, i.e. the families of locals who had opted to retain their Danish citizenship and who had consequently been expelled from the area by Prussian authorities. The Allied Powers granted this request but extended it, consequently entitling anyone who had previously lived in the region to vote in the plebiscite. Since a large number of German officials (notably railway officials) had been temporarily stationed in the area, this extension implied that these officials as well as their wives and any children of legal age were entitled to vote in the plebiscite. Since many of the expelled pro-Danish "optants" had emigrated to the United States, the net result of this extension was a slight increase for the German results, and it was much more likely for a pro-German emigrant living in Germany to return to the region for the plebiscite than for a pro-Danish expellee who had emigrated to the United States to do the same.
Plebiscite voting and results
On 10 February 1920 the plebiscite was held in Zone I, the later Northern Schleswig, where 74.9% (75,431 votes) voted to become Danish, while 25.1% (25,329 votes) voted to stay German. In three of the four major towns, especially in the southern region directly at the border with Zone II, German majorities existed, with a German majority as large as 70 to 80 percent in and around Tønder (plus southerly Udbjerg) and Højer. It was mostly this area that caused controversy after the voting, especially as these towns had been included north of Clausen's first line. Although Clausen correctly estimated Tønder to be vastly pro-German, he considered the town to be economically dependent on its pro-Danish rural uplands, and placed both the town and its uplands north of his first line.
Local majorities for Germany also existed elsewhere: In the small town of Tinglev, in the city of Sønderborg, site of a substantial German navy base, and the city of Aabenraa. Like Tønder and Højer, Tinglev directly bordered Zone II. Both the latter cities, however, lay kind of "isolated" in pro-Danish surroundings.
The vote in Central Schleswig (Zone II) took place on 14 March 1920, where 80.2% (51,742 votes) voted to stay German, while 19.8% (12,800) voted to become Danish. Since a Danish majority in this zone was produced in only three small villages on the island of Föhr, none of which were near the coming border, the Commission Internationale de Surveillance du Plébiscite au Slesvig decided on a line almost identical to the border between the two zones. The poor result for Denmark in Central Schleswig, particularly in Flensburg, Schleswig's largest city, triggered Denmark's 1920 Easter Crisis.
A plebiscite was not held in the southernmost third of the province (Zone III which included the region south of Zone II until the Schlei, Danevirke, and the city of Schleswig) as the population was almost exclusively pro-German. The Allied Powers had offered to include this region in the plebiscite, but the Danish government had expressly asked for Zone III to be excluded. The small part of the historical province located south of Zone III was not included in plebiscite plans among the Allied Powers, and the same applied in Denmark, since the extreme south of the former duchy was considered to be a completely pro-German area.
Selected results in detail:
Heat map of plebiscite results in Schleswig, with bluer shades indicating Denmark and pinker shades indicating Germany.
Plebiscite results in Zone I, by parish (figures correspond to % vote for Denmark). Based on the official map from Denmark's Ministry of South Jutland Affairs.
Electorate
German name
Danish name
For Germany
For Denmark
percent
votes
percent
votes
Zone I (Northern Schleswig), 10 February 1920
25.1 %
25,329
74.9 %
75,431
District of
Hadersleben
Haderslev
16.0%
6,585
84.0%
34,653
Town of
Hadersleben
Haderslev
38.6%
3,275
61.4%
5,209
District of
Apenrade
Aabenraa
32.3%
6,030
67.7%
12,653
Town of
Apenrade
Aabenraa
55.1%
2,725
44.9%
2,224
District of
Sonderburg
Sønderborg
22.9%
5,083
77.1%
17,100
Town of
Sonderburg
Sønderborg
56.2%
2,601
43.8 %
2,029
Town of
Augustenburg
Augustenborg
48.0%
236
52.0%
256
Northern part of District of
Tondern
Tønder
40.9%
7,083
59.1%
10,223
Town of
Tondern
Tønder
76.5%
2,448
23.5%
750
Town of
Hoyer
Højer
72.6%
581
27.4%
219
Town of
Lügumkloster
Løgumkloster
48.8%
516
51.2%
542
Northern part of District of
Flensburg
Flensborg
40.6%
548
59.4%
802
Zone II (Central Schleswig), 14 March 1920
80.2 %
51,742
19.8 %
12,800
Southern part of District of
Tondern
Tønder
87.9%
17,283
12.1%
2,376
Southern part of District of
Flensburg
Flensborg
82.6%
6,688
17.4%
1,405
Town of
Flensburg
Flensborg
75.2%
27,081
24.8%
8,944
Northern part of District of
Husum
Husum
90.0%
672
10.0%
75
Settlement of the Danish-German border
Directly after the announcement of the results from Zone I, an alternative draft for the frontier was made by the German administrator Johannes Tiedje. The proposed frontier would have incorporated Tønder/Tondern, Højer/Hoyer, Tinglev/Tingleff and neighbouring areas and also some parts north from Flensburg – the so-called Tiedje Belt – and would have created almost equal minorities on both sides of the frontier instead of 30,000 to 35,000 Germans in Denmark and 6,000 to 8,000 Danes in Germany.
Tiedje's Line was strongly criticised in Denmark, as it would have transferred a large number of pro-Danish communities south of the future border, and was refused by all parties in the Danish parliament. The plebiscite's entire Zone I was transferred to Denmark on 15 June 1920, and the territory was officially named the South Jutlandic districts, more commonly Southern Jutland, although the latter name is also the historiographical name for the entire Schleswig region.
Gallery
A pro-German campaign poster. "We have been Schleswigers for 1,000 years. We will remain Schleswigers. That's why we vote for Germany."
A pro-Danish campaign poster in North Frisian "Should we leave this land to the Prussian?"
Pro-Danish post card. Mother Denmark greets South Jutland
Memorial in Stevning. "Reunification 1920. By 314 to 7 we voted ourselves home to Denmark".
Memorial in Øster Lindet. "10 February 1920, 96% of the population of this parish voted for Denmark".
Memorial in Wyk, Föhr, Germany. A reinterpretation of the Deutschlandlied. "... Only in misfortune, will the love show if it is strong and true."
Painting of Danish soldiers returning to Northern part of Schleswig
See also
Easter Crisis
Schleswig-Holstein question
Danish minority of Southern Schleswig
German minority in Denmark
History of Schleswig-Holstein
Southern Schleswig
1920 Danish constitutional referendum
References
^ "Fredsforslag 1848, Peace Concept by the Government of Schleswig-Holstein 1848 (Danish)". Archived from the original on February 26, 2012.
^ "Myter om Slesvig, About the abandoned opportunities to hold plebiscites in 1848 and 1864 (Danish)". Archived from the original on February 26, 2012.
^ "Abstimmungsgebiet, Plebiscite Zones and how they were defined (German), Gesellschaft für Schleswig-Holsteinische Geschichte (Society for History of Schleswig-Holstein)". Archived from the original on May 13, 2009.
^ "Clausen-linien, The Clausen Line and its background (Danish), Grænseforeningen". Archived from the original on July 19, 2011.
^ a b c Clausen, Hans Victor (September 28, 1918). Før Afgørelsen . Copenhagen: Gyldendalske Boghandel Nordisk Forlag. p. 23 – via Google Books.
^ Hejmdal (26 January 1920). "De allierede soldaters indrykning i afstemningsområdet i slutningen af januar 1920 set fra et dansk synspunkt" (in Danish). Flensborg: Grænseforeningen. Archived from the original on 2018-08-27. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
^ "Von der deutschen Niederlage zur Teilung Schleswigs; Tiedje-Linie, Internationalisierungspläne und Grenzfestigung" . www.flensburg-online.de. Archived from the original on 1998-05-29.
^ "Mindretal 1920–1955" . Institut for Historie, Kultur og Samfundsbeskrivelse, Universitet Syddanmark.
^ "Tyskertid og genforening" . Deutsches Historisches Museum. Archived from the original on 2001-02-22.
^ "Statsminister Niels Neergaards genforeningstale på Dybbøl, 1920" . Institut for Historie og Områdestudier / Aarhus Universitet.
vteTerritorial plebiscites after World War I
Åland (1919)
Carinthia (1920)
1920 East Prussian plebiscite
Eupen-Malmedy (1920)
Schleswig (1920)
Sopron (1921)
Upper Silesia (1921)
Saar (1935)
Vorarlberg plebiscite
See also: Treaty of Versailles | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"plebiscites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebiscite"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Schleswig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"}],"text":"The Schleswig plebiscites were two plebiscites, organized according to section XII, articles 100 to 115 of the Treaty of Versailles of 28 June 1919, in order to determine the future border between Denmark and Germany through the former Duchy of Schleswig. The process was monitored by a commission with representatives from France, the United Kingdom, Norway and Sweden.The plebiscites were held on 10 February and 14 March 1920, and the result was that the larger northern portion (Zone I) voted to join Denmark, which occurred 15 June 1920, while the smaller southern portion (Zone II) voted to remain part of Germany.","title":"1920 Schleswig plebiscites"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AreasSettlementSchleswig-HolsteinText.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sonderjylland1918.jpg"},{"link_name":"fiefdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiefdom"},{"link_name":"Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein"},{"link_name":"Lauenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauenburg"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Second War of Schleswig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_War_of_Schleswig"},{"link_name":"condominium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condominium_(international_law)"},{"link_name":"Gastein Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastein_Convention"},{"link_name":"Austro-Prussian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War"},{"link_name":"Peace of Prague (1866)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Prague_(1866)"},{"link_name":"First Schleswig War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Schleswig_War"},{"link_name":"Schleswig-Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Second Schleswig War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Schleswig_War"},{"link_name":"Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"Otto von Bismarck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Germany"},{"link_name":"Alsace-Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Allied Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Versailles Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versailles_Conference"},{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Fourteen Points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteen_Points"}],"text":"Areas of historic settlementsMap of Schleswig / South Jutland before the plebiscites.The Duchy of Schleswig had been a fiefdom of the Danish crown since the Middle Ages, but it, along with the Danish-ruled German provinces of Holstein and Lauenburg, which had both been part of the Holy Roman Empire, was conquered by Prussia and Austria in the 1864 Second War of Schleswig. Between 1864 and 1866, Prussia and Austria ruled the entire region as a condominium, and they formalised this arrangement in the 1865 Gastein Convention. The condominium was terminated due to the Austro-Prussian War in 1866.Article 5 of the Austro-Prussian Peace of Prague (1866) stipulated that a plebiscite should be held within the ensuing six years in order to give the people of the northern part of Schleswig the possibility of voting for the region's future allegiance by allowing regions voting for Danish rule to be restored to Danish administration.The idea of a plebiscite had been presented earlier. During the early phases of the First Schleswig War, the secessionist government of Schleswig-Holstein had unsuccessfully suggested a plebiscite in parts of Schleswig, but this had been rejected by the Danish government,[1] and during the 1863 London Conference's attempts to defuse the Second Schleswig War, one of the suggestions of Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck was a plebiscite in North Schleswig.[2] Bismarck's initiative was not adopted by the conference, primarily since the option had not been included in the instruction to the Danish delegation. The inclusion of the promise of a plebiscite in the 1866 Austro-Prussian Peace of Prague was a diplomatic concession to Austria, but was not implemented. The reference to it was subsequently dropped in 1877 by Austria and Germany. The 1864 border was confirmed in the 1907 German-Danish Optant Treaty, but Danish North Schleswigers continued to argue for a plebiscite citing the 1866 Peace of Prague.Danes campaigning for implementation of the plebiscite promise, in the hope that it would result in the area being restored to Danish rule, often made a comparison with the French demand for return of Alsace-Lorraine. This comparison was regarded sympathetically by French public opinion and, although Denmark had not taken part in the First World War, there was considerable backing in France for taking up the Danish claims as part of the post-war settlement.After Germany's defeat in 1918, the Danish government asked the Allied Powers and the Versailles Conference of 1919 to include a plebiscite in the disputed North Schleswig region based on Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points as part of the Allied Powers' peace settlement with Germany, and this request was granted by the Allies.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ZoneindelingenSlesvig1920.png"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Hans Victor Clausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Victor_Clausen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Victor_Clausen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-F%C3%B8r_Afg%C3%B8relsen-5"},{"link_name":"self-determination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-determination"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-F%C3%B8r_Afg%C3%B8relsen-5"},{"link_name":"Flensburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flensburg"},{"link_name":"Glücksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%BCcksburg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-F%C3%B8r_Afg%C3%B8relsen-5"},{"link_name":"indigenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples"},{"link_name":"Sønderborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8nderborg"},{"link_name":"naval base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_base"},{"link_name":"marshy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh"},{"link_name":"Vidå","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vid%C3%A5"},{"link_name":"dyke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditch"},{"link_name":"Tønder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B8nder"}],"text":"The three zones in Schleswig/SlesvigThe plebiscites were held on 10 February and 14 March 1920 in two zones that had been defined according to the wishes of the Danish government,[3] and based on lines drawn in the 1890s by Danish historian Hans Victor Clausen [de].[4] During the 1880s and 1890s, Clausen had travelled extensively on both sides of a possible future Dano-German border, for which he published two suggestions. Clausen's first line delineated a coherent territory that he expected would vote Danish in a future plebiscite, and the second line (about 10–20 km or 6–12 miles further south) included a thinly-populated rural region in Central Schleswig, which Clausen believed had potential for assimilation into Denmark, as the population of Central Schleswig was pro-German in allegiance, but also Danish-speaking.In 1918, Clausen published a pamphlet \"Før Afgørelsen\" (Before the Decision) in which he strongly advocated that Denmark annex the zone delineated by his northernmost (\"first\") line, arguing that the territory north of this line was indisputably pro-Danish and should be considered indivisible.[5] At the same time, he effectively abandoned his second line, as the population of Central Schleswig remained pro-German, and as he considered it vital that the future border should be based on the self-determination of the local populace.[5]: 16 In the 1920 plebiscites, Clausen's first line was closely imitated in what became the plebiscite's Zone I, while his second line became the basis of Zone II, although the plebiscite zone was extended to include the city of Flensburg and the town of Glücksburg. Clausen had excluded both from his two lines.[5]: 24–25Zone I was based on Clausen's estimations of the local population's national self-identification. When in doubt, Clausen primarily relied on the wishes of the rural communities, which he considered autochtone (indigenous), in contrast with the North Schleswig towns, which he considered largely irrelevant due to their smallness and their less-autochtone population, notably the demographics of the town of Sønderborg (Sonderburg) which had become strongly influenced by the presence of a large German naval base. In addition, Clausen believed that it would minimize the risk of future conflict if the future border in the marshy West Schleswig followed either the Vidå river or a dyke. This caused resentment on the German side, as this implied that the town of Tønder (Tondern) would be included in Zone I.","title":"Defining the plebiscite boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hadersleben_6_mai_1920_troupes_danoises_et_fran%C3%A7aises.JPG"},{"link_name":"Paris Peace Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919"},{"link_name":"Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"Social Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radikale_Venstre"},{"link_name":"Social Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democrats_(Denmark)"},{"link_name":"Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venstre_(Denmark)"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_People%27s_Party_(Denmark)"},{"link_name":"Allied Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Flensburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flensburg"},{"link_name":"Glücksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%BCcksburg"},{"link_name":"parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish"},{"link_name":"La Marseillaise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cruiser_Marseillaise_(1900)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"text":"French troops stationed as a security forceIn 1918 and early 1919, the leading Danish political parties argued that the future allegiance of North Schleswig should be decided by a plebiscite, in which the entire region should be counted as one indivisible unit, i.e. vote en bloc. This wish was conveyed to the Paris Peace Conference in Versailles, and became the basis for the plebiscite's Zone I.During 1919, political wishes in Denmark grew for the extension of the plebiscite area, and the issue became a topic of confrontation between the Social Liberal government and its parliamentary support, the Social Democrats, both parties opposing an extension the area, versus the Liberal and Conservative opposition which both supported an extension of the plebiscite area. As a compromise, it was decided to request the Allied Powers to extend the plebiscite until Clausen's second line, which was adapted to include Flensburg and Glücksburg. In this smaller Zone II, each town – or, in the rural areas, each parish – was to decide its own allegiance. Two other requests were made, which were only partially followed by the Allied Powers. Firstly, Denmark requested that the plebiscite area's German civil administration be replaced by an international administration. The Allied Powers replaced the German garrisons with a small international force, of 400 French soldiers disembarked from the cruiser La Marseillaise,[6] but the civil administration was only partially replaced in Zone I, and not at all in Zone II. Secondly, Denmark had requested that persons previously expelled from the region should be allowed to vote in the plebiscite. This was intended to allow previously expelled \"optants\" to vote, i.e. the families of locals who had opted to retain their Danish citizenship and who had consequently been expelled from the area by Prussian authorities. The Allied Powers granted this request but extended it, consequently entitling anyone who had previously lived in the region to vote in the plebiscite. Since a large number of German officials (notably railway officials) had been temporarily stationed in the area, this extension implied that these officials as well as their wives and any children of legal age were entitled to vote in the plebiscite. Since many of the expelled pro-Danish \"optants\" had emigrated to the United States, the net result of this extension was a slight increase for the German results, and it was much more likely for a pro-German emigrant living in Germany to return to the region for the plebiscite than for a pro-Danish expellee who had emigrated to the United States to do the same.","title":"Plebiscite preparations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern Schleswig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Schleswig"},{"link_name":"Tønder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B8nder"},{"link_name":"Udbjerg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udbjerg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Højer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8jer"},{"link_name":"Tinglev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinglev"},{"link_name":"Sønderborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8nderborg"},{"link_name":"Aabenraa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aabenraa"},{"link_name":"Föhr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6hr"},{"link_name":"Flensburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flensburg"},{"link_name":"Easter Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Crisis_of_1920"},{"link_name":"Schlei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlei"},{"link_name":"Danevirke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danevirke"},{"link_name":"Schleswig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig,_Schleswig-Holstein"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abstimmung-schleswig-1920.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plebiszit_in_Nordschleswig.svg"},{"link_name":"Ministry of South Jutland Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministeriet_for_S%C3%B8nderjylland"}],"text":"On 10 February 1920 the plebiscite was held in Zone I, the later Northern Schleswig, where 74.9% (75,431 votes) voted to become Danish, while 25.1% (25,329 votes) voted to stay German. In three of the four major towns, especially in the southern region directly at the border with Zone II, German majorities existed, with a German majority as large as 70 to 80 percent in and around Tønder (plus southerly Udbjerg) and Højer. It was mostly this area that caused controversy after the voting, especially as these towns had been included north of Clausen's first line. Although Clausen correctly estimated Tønder to be vastly pro-German, he considered the town to be economically dependent on its pro-Danish rural uplands, and placed both the town and its uplands north of his first line.Local majorities for Germany also existed elsewhere: In the small town of Tinglev, in the city of Sønderborg, site of a substantial German navy base, and the city of Aabenraa. Like Tønder and Højer, Tinglev directly bordered Zone II. Both the latter cities, however, lay kind of \"isolated\" in pro-Danish surroundings.The vote in Central Schleswig (Zone II) took place on 14 March 1920, where 80.2% (51,742 votes) voted to stay German, while 19.8% (12,800) voted to become Danish. Since a Danish majority in this zone was produced in only three small villages on the island of Föhr, none of which were near the coming border, the Commission Internationale de Surveillance du Plébiscite au Slesvig decided on a line almost identical to the border between the two zones. The poor result for Denmark in Central Schleswig, particularly in Flensburg, Schleswig's largest city, triggered Denmark's 1920 Easter Crisis.A plebiscite was not held in the southernmost third of the province (Zone III which included the region south of Zone II until the Schlei, Danevirke, and the city of Schleswig) as the population was almost exclusively pro-German. The Allied Powers had offered to include this region in the plebiscite, but the Danish government had expressly asked for Zone III to be excluded. The small part of the historical province located south of Zone III was not included in plebiscite plans among the Allied Powers, and the same applied in Denmark, since the extreme south of the former duchy was considered to be a completely pro-German area.Selected results in detail:Heat map of plebiscite results in Schleswig, with bluer shades indicating Denmark and pinker shades indicating Germany.Plebiscite results in Zone I, by parish (figures correspond to % vote for Denmark). Based on the official map from Denmark's Ministry of South Jutland Affairs.","title":"Plebiscite voting and results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johannes Tiedje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Tiedje&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tønder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B8nder"},{"link_name":"Højer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8jer"},{"link_name":"Tinglev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinglev"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Southern Jutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Jutland"},{"link_name":"Schleswig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig"}],"text":"Directly after the announcement of the results from Zone I, an alternative draft for the frontier was made by the German administrator Johannes Tiedje. The proposed frontier would have incorporated Tønder/Tondern, Højer/Hoyer, Tinglev/Tingleff and neighbouring areas and also some parts north from Flensburg – the so-called Tiedje Belt[7] – and would have created almost equal minorities on both sides of the frontier instead of 30,000 to 35,000 Germans in Denmark and 6,000 to 8,000 Danes in Germany.[8]Tiedje's Line was strongly criticised in Denmark, as it would have transferred a large number of pro-Danish communities south of the future border, and was refused by all parties in the Danish parliament. The plebiscite's entire Zone I was transferred to Denmark on 15 June 1920,[9][10] and the territory was officially named the South Jutlandic districts, more commonly Southern Jutland, although the latter name is also the historiographical name for the entire Schleswig region.","title":"Settlement of the Danish-German border"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Afstemningsplakat3.PNG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Afstemningsplakat4.PNG"},{"link_name":"North Frisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Frisian_language"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Afstemningsplakat2.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StevningGenforeningssten.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%98sterLindetGenforeningsstenBagside.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kulturdenkmaeler_Wyk_Gro%C3%9Fe_Stra%C3%9Fe_006_2016_06_03.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyk_auf_F%C3%B6hr"},{"link_name":"Föhr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6hr"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Deutschlandlied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschlandlied"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Erik_Henningsen_-_Danske_soldater_p%C3%A5_march_efter_indtoget_i_Nordslesvig_-_1920.png"}],"text":"A pro-German campaign poster. \"We have been Schleswigers for 1,000 years. We will remain Schleswigers. That's why we vote for Germany.\"\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA pro-Danish campaign poster in North Frisian \"Should we leave this land to the Prussian?\"\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPro-Danish post card. Mother Denmark greets South Jutland\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMemorial in Stevning. \"Reunification 1920. By 314 to 7 we voted ourselves home to Denmark\".\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMemorial in Øster Lindet. \"10 February 1920, 96% of the population of this parish voted for Denmark\".\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMemorial in Wyk, Föhr, Germany. A reinterpretation of the Deutschlandlied. \"... Only in misfortune, will the love [of your country] show if it is strong and true.\"\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPainting of Danish soldiers returning to Northern part of Schleswig","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"Areas of historic settlements","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/AreasSettlementSchleswig-HolsteinText.png/220px-AreasSettlementSchleswig-HolsteinText.png"},{"image_text":"Map of Schleswig / South Jutland before the plebiscites.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Sonderjylland1918.jpg/220px-Sonderjylland1918.jpg"},{"image_text":"The three zones in Schleswig/Slesvig","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/ZoneindelingenSlesvig1920.png/220px-ZoneindelingenSlesvig1920.png"},{"image_text":"French troops stationed as a security force","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Hadersleben_6_mai_1920_troupes_danoises_et_fran%C3%A7aises.JPG/220px-Hadersleben_6_mai_1920_troupes_danoises_et_fran%C3%A7aises.JPG"},{"image_text":"Heat map of plebiscite results in Schleswig, with bluer shades indicating Denmark and pinker shades indicating Germany.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Abstimmung-schleswig-1920.png/400px-Abstimmung-schleswig-1920.png"},{"image_text":"Plebiscite results in Zone I, by parish (figures correspond to % vote for Denmark). Based on the official map from Denmark's Ministry of South Jutland Affairs.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Plebiszit_in_Nordschleswig.svg/400px-Plebiszit_in_Nordschleswig.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Easter Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Crisis"},{"title":"Schleswig-Holstein question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein_question"},{"title":"Danish minority of Southern Schleswig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_minority_of_Southern_Schleswig"},{"title":"German minority in Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_minority_in_Denmark"},{"title":"History of Schleswig-Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Schleswig-Holstein"},{"title":"Southern Schleswig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Schleswig"},{"title":"1920 Danish constitutional referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Danish_constitutional_referendum"}] | [{"reference":"\"Fredsforslag 1848, Peace Concept by the Government of Schleswig-Holstein 1848 (Danish)\". Archived from the original on February 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120226203018/http://nordslesvig.dk/cms/dan/index.php?Kildetekster:Delingsforslag:Fredsforslag_1848","url_text":"\"Fredsforslag 1848, Peace Concept by the Government of Schleswig-Holstein 1848 (Danish)\""},{"url":"http://nordslesvig.dk/cms/dan/index.php?Kildetekster:Delingsforslag:Fredsforslag_1848","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Myter om Slesvig, About the abandoned opportunities to hold plebiscites in 1848 and 1864 (Danish)\". Archived from the original on February 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120226203010/http://nordslesvig.dk/cms/dan/index.php?Slesvigs_Historie:Myter_om_Slesvig","url_text":"\"Myter om Slesvig, About the abandoned opportunities to hold plebiscites in 1848 and 1864 (Danish)\""},{"url":"http://nordslesvig.dk/cms/dan/index.php?Slesvigs_Historie:Myter_om_Slesvig","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Abstimmungsgebiet, Plebiscite Zones and how they were defined (German), Gesellschaft für Schleswig-Holsteinische Geschichte (Society for History of Schleswig-Holstein)\". Archived from the original on May 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090513051709/http://www.geschichte-s-h.de/zeitreiseindex.htm","url_text":"\"Abstimmungsgebiet, Plebiscite Zones and how they were defined (German), Gesellschaft für Schleswig-Holsteinische Geschichte (Society for History of Schleswig-Holstein)\""},{"url":"http://www.geschichte-s-h.de/zeitreiseindex.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Clausen-linien, The Clausen Line and its background (Danish), Grænseforeningen\". Archived from the original on July 19, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719124504/http://www.graenseforeningen.dk/artikel/3643","url_text":"\"Clausen-linien, The Clausen Line and its background (Danish), Grænseforeningen\""},{"url":"http://www.graenseforeningen.dk/artikel/3643","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Clausen, Hans Victor (September 28, 1918). Før Afgørelsen [Before the Decision]. Copenhagen: Gyldendalske Boghandel Nordisk Forlag. p. 23 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=r69RmgEACAAJ","url_text":"Før Afgørelsen"}]},{"reference":"Hejmdal (26 January 1920). \"De allierede soldaters indrykning i afstemningsområdet i slutningen af januar 1920 set fra et dansk synspunkt\" (in Danish). Flensborg: Grænseforeningen. Archived from the original on 2018-08-27. Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180827142309/https://www.graenseforeningen.dk/node/6092","url_text":"\"De allierede soldaters indrykning i afstemningsområdet i slutningen af januar 1920 set fra et dansk synspunkt\""},{"url":"https://www.graenseforeningen.dk/node/6092","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Von der deutschen Niederlage zur Teilung Schleswigs; Tiedje-Linie, Internationalisierungspläne und Grenzfestigung\" [Tiedje.Linie, About the suggestion of Tiedje to modify the borderline]. www.flensburg-online.de. Archived from the original on 1998-05-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/19980529104554/http://www.flensburg-online.de/geschich/nummer38/stadtgeschichte-9.html","url_text":"\"Von der deutschen Niederlage zur Teilung Schleswigs; Tiedje-Linie, Internationalisierungspläne und Grenzfestigung\""},{"url":"http://www.flensburg-online.de/geschich/nummer38/stadtgeschichte-9.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mindretal 1920–1955\" [The minorities 1920–1955]. Institut for Historie, Kultur og Samfundsbeskrivelse, Universitet Syddanmark.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vimu.info/general_03.jsp?id=top_4&lang=da&u=child&flash=true&s=DE5B3854DF7197266ACA34FB3BAD3601","url_text":"\"Mindretal 1920–1955\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tyskertid og genforening\" [The German Era and Reunification]. Deutsches Historisches Museum. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Shefter | Martin Shefter | ["1 Biography","2 Select publications","3 References"] | American political scientist (1943–2023)
Martin Allen Shefter (1943 – November 3, 2023) was an American political scientist and author who was a professor emeritus in the Department of Government at Cornell University. He is noted for his research on New York City politics and on how changes in the international system shape political institutions and the conduct of politics in the United States.
Biography
Shefter graduated with a B.A. in government from Cornell University in 1964 and completed his PhD degree at Harvard University in 1970. His doctoral dissertation examined "City Hall and State House: State Legislative Involvement in the Politics of New York City and Boston."
Shefter taught political science at Harvard, Cornell, and the University of Chicago, before returning to Cornell University in 1986. Shefter teaches urban politics, political parties and movements, and American political development.
From 1995, Shefter was a member of the executive committee of the Politics and History Section of the American Political Science Association and served as president of the section for 1996–97.
Shefter died on November 3, 2023, at the age of 79.
Select publications
Patronage and its Opponents: A Theory and Some European Cases. 1977. Cornell University.
Political Crisis, Fiscal Crisis: The Collapse and Revival of New York City. 1985. Basic Books.
Politics By Other Means: Politicians, Prosecutors, and the Press from Watergate to Whitewater. 1990. Basic Books. (written with Benjamin Ginsberg).
Capital of the American Century: The National and International Influence of New York City. 1993. Russell Sage Foundation. (editor).
Political Parties and the State: The American Historical Experience. 1994. Princeton University Press.
Shaped By War and Trade: International Influences on American Political Development. 2002. Princeton University Press. (edited with Ira Katznelson).
References
^ faculty page, Cornell University
^ CV at Cornell University
^ "Martin Shefter, professor of government, dies at 79". Cornell Chronicle. 17 November 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
^ Shefter, Martin, Political Parties and the State, Princeton University Press, 1994 ISBN 1-4008-0726-3
^ Katznelson, Ira, and Shefter, Martin (eds.), Shaped by War and Trade, Princeton University Press, 2002, ISBN
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This biography of an American political scientist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"international system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Relations"},{"link_name":"institutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_institutionalism"}],"text":"Martin Allen Shefter (1943 – November 3, 2023) was an American political scientist and author who was a professor emeritus in the Department of Government at Cornell University. 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His doctoral dissertation examined \"City Hall and State House: State Legislative Involvement in the Politics of New York City and Boston.\"Shefter taught political science at Harvard, Cornell, and the University of Chicago, before returning to Cornell University in 1986.[1] Shefter teaches urban politics, political parties and movements, and American political development.From 1995, Shefter was a member of the executive committee of the Politics and History Section of the American Political Science Association and served as president of the section for 1996–97.[2]Shefter died on November 3, 2023, at the age of 79.[3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"Basic Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Books"},{"link_name":"Basic Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Books"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Ginsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Ginsberg_(political_scientist)"},{"link_name":"Russell Sage Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Sage_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Princeton University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Princeton University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press"},{"link_name":"Ira Katznelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_Katznelson"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Patronage and its Opponents: A Theory and Some European Cases. 1977. Cornell University.\nPolitical Crisis, Fiscal Crisis: The Collapse and Revival of New York City. 1985. Basic Books.\nPolitics By Other Means: Politicians, Prosecutors, and the Press from Watergate to Whitewater. 1990. Basic Books. (written with Benjamin Ginsberg).\nCapital of the American Century: The National and International Influence of New York City. 1993. Russell Sage Foundation. (editor).\nPolitical Parties and the State: The American Historical Experience. 1994. Princeton University Press.[4]\nShaped By War and Trade: International Influences on American Political Development. 2002. Princeton University Press. (edited with Ira Katznelson).[5]","title":"Select publications"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Martin Shefter, professor of government, dies at 79\". Cornell Chronicle. 17 November 2023. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McBeth | John McBeth | ["1 Early life and career","2 Move to Southeast Asia","3 Work at the Bangkok Post and in Thailand","4 Career at the Far Eastern Economic Review","5 Books","6 Later work","7 Personal life and death","8 References","9 Sources"] | New Zealand journalist and writer (1944–2023)
John McBeth (31 May 1944 – 7 December 2023) was a New Zealand author and journalist, with the majority of his career spent in Southeast Asia.
Early life and career
McBeth was born on 31 May 1944, in Whanganui, New Zealand, and was the son of Sandy McBeth, a Taranaki dairy farmer, and Isla Dickinson. He attended New Plymouth Boys' High School. McBeth commenced work at the Taranaki Herald on 8 February 1962 and moved to the Auckland Star in late 1965.
Move to Southeast Asia
McBeth left New Zealand around 1970 and headed for Fleet Street in London, but never made it there. The cargo vessel that he was aboard ran aground during its night-time entry into Tanjung Priok Harbour in Indonesia so he spent time in Jakarta before travelling to Singapore and on to Bangkok.
Work at the Bangkok Post and in Thailand
McBeth started employment at the Bangkok Post shortly after arriving in Thailand. He covered stories relating to the Khmer Rouge reign of terror in Cambodia and the Indochinese refugee crisis and appeared briefly as an extra in Michael Cimino's film The Deer Hunter (1978). McBeth also worked as a freelance reporter in Thailand for Agence France-Presse, United Press International (UPI), London's Daily Telegraph and spent three years writing for Hong Kong's Asiaweek.
In 1972, during the Vietnam War, McBeth reported that US Airforce B-52 aircraft were being disproportionately brought down in bombing raids because they were flying at low altitudes and on predictable routes in and out of Hanoi.
In December 1972, four Black September Arab guerrillas took over the Israeli Embassy in Bangkok. Six Israeli hostages were taken but released after a 19-hour drama that ended when Supreme Command Chief of Staff Air Chief Marshall Dawee Chullasapya and Deputy Foreign Minister Chatichai Choonhavan took the places of the hostages. They flew with the terrorists to Egypt. During the siege, McBeth spoke to one of the hostage takers on the telephone. In hindsight, he was of the view that the conversation revealed what was finally to break the siege: the terrorists expressed remorse that, unknown to them, they had made their move on the auspicious day marking the investiture of Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn, King Bhumibol Adulyadej's son.
From 1975 to 1976, McBeth reported on the wave of refugees that washed across Southeast Asia at the end of the Vietnam War, the Thai fishermen/pirates who raped and murdered Vietnamese boat people, and the Thai soldiers who forced Cambodian refugees back into a Khmer Rouge minefield instead of allowing them to enter Thailand. He was one of the few journalists who detected early on the horrifying extent of the Khmer Rouge Killing Fields purges, though this was initially met with incredulity by other correspondents.
Career at the Far Eastern Economic Review
In May 1979, McBeth joined the staff of the Far Eastern Economic Review. In his five years there, he saw five coups in Thailand, including the aborted one that killed his close friend, the Australian cameraman, Neil Davis, in September 1985.
McBeth then went to head the Review's South Korean bureau. In his three years in Seoul, he focused on the country's transformation from an authoritarian to a fledgling democratic state. He reported on the arrest and trial of the North Korean spy Kim Hyon-hui, who helped bring down Korean Air Flight 858 over the Gulf of Martaban in November 1987, later became a Christian, and married her South Korean bodyguard; and the spectacular 1988 Seoul Olympics.
McBeth, together with Nayan Chanda and Shada Islam, revealed in the Review North Korea's efforts to develop a nuclear weapon. American and South Korean officials feared that North Korea was building a reprocessing plant next to a 30 mW nuclear reactor north of Pyongyang. They broke the story in the Review after it was leaked by the Australian Ambassador to South Korea, Richard Broinowski, who had seen American satellite photographs of the Yongbyon site.
McBeth also worked in the Review's offices in Manila in the Philippines, and in Jakarta, Indonesia, where, among other things, he wrote about feuding Filipino warlords and the fall of President Suharto. In Manila, in 1989, he wrote a series of articles in the Review analysing the reasons for the Philippines' continuing economic malaise at a time when other countries in the region were beginning to prosper. In the 1990s, McBeth became the Review's bureau chief in Jakarta. He chronicled growing tensions between President Suharto and some of Indonesia's top politicians and increasing social disturbances, including anti-Chinese riots and troubles in West Kalimantan, which preceded Suharto's resignation and the succession of B. J. Habibie in 1998. In a series of articles in the Review in 2002, McBeth analysed the investigation into the Bali bombings which killed 202 people.
Books
McBeth's 2011 book, Reporter: Forty Years Covering Asia, describes many of his stories. His 2016 book, The Loner: President Yudhoyono's Decade of Trial and Indecision, provides a review of the decade that Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono spent in power.
Later work
McBeth wrote for Singapore's The Straits Times from the end of 2004 until early 2015, specialising in Indonesian affairs. His work also appeared in The National (Abu Dhabi), the Nikkei Asian Review, the South China Morning Post and the Australian Strategic Policy Institute's official blog The Strategist. He wrote for the Asia Times until shortly before his death.
Personal life and death
McBeth lived in Bali and Jakarta with his wife, an Indonesian journalist named Yuli Ismartono . Ismartono is the mother of CNN correspondent Atika Shubert.
John McBeth died on 7 December 2023, at the age of 79.
References
^ McBeth (2011), p. 7.
^ McBeth (2011), p. 3.
^ O'Hare (1995), p. 36.
^ McBeth (2011), p. 9.
^ McBeth (2011), p. 13.
^ Lutfia (2011)
^ a b c McBeth (2011), note 2.
^ Hume (2011)
^ McBeth (2011), p. 90.
^ McBeth (2011), p. 41.
^ McBeth (2011), p. 41.
^ a b c d McBeth (2011), p. 43.
^ Broinowski (2011), p. 67.
^ Long (2011), p. 42.
^ McBeth (2011), p. 168.
^ McBeth (2011), p. 219.
^ Broinowski (2011), p. 67.
^ Chanda, Islam & McBeth (1989), p. 15.
^ McBeth (2011), p. 217.
^ Broinowski (2011), p. 67.
^ a b Broinowski (2011), p. 67.
^ McBeth (2002), p. 15.
^ Broinowski (2011), p. 68.
^ Sarahtika (2017)
^ Rulistia (2015)
^ Hunt, Luke. "John McBeth, Asia's Longest Serving Foreign Correspondent, Dies at 79". The Diplomat. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
Sources
Broinowski, Richard (July–August 2011). "Old-school Scribe". Australian Book Review (333).
Chanda, Nayan; Islam, Shada; McBeth, John (2 February 1989). "Nuclear jitters. Pyongyang could be trying to build the bomb". Far Eastern Economic Review. 143 (5).
Hume, Tim (20 March 2011). "The lost world of a wild tribe". The Sunday Star-Times.
Long, Richard (7 May 2011). "Story behind the news from Asia". The Dominion Post (Wellington).
Lutfia, Ismira (9 March 2011). "Recounting a life reporting on Asia". Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013.
McBeth, John (24 October 2002). "Weak Link in the Anti-Terror Chain". Far Eastern Economic Review. 165 (42): 14–16.
McBeth, John (2011). Reporter: Forty Years Covering Asia. Singapore: Talisman Publishing. ISBN 9789810873646.
O'Hare, Noel (28 October – 3 November 1995). "At home in Asia's hotspots". Listener.
Rulistia, Novia D. (2 September 2015). "Atika Shubert: CNN's storyteller". Jakarta Globe.
Sarahtika, Dhania Putri (23 February 2017). "Veteran Journalist Exposes SBY's Failings in New Book". Jakarta Globe.
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Germany
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"}],"text":"John McBeth (31 May 1944 – 7 December 2023) was a New Zealand author and journalist, with the majority of his career spent in Southeast Asia.","title":"John McBeth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McBeth_7-1"},{"link_name":"Whanganui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whanganui"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"New Plymouth Boys' High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Plymouth_Boys%27_High_School"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Taranaki Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taranaki_Herald"},{"link_name":"Auckland Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Star"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"McBeth was born on 31 May 1944,[1] in Whanganui, New Zealand,[2] and was the son of Sandy McBeth, a Taranaki dairy farmer, and Isla Dickinson. He attended New Plymouth Boys' High School.[3] McBeth commenced work at the Taranaki Herald on 8 February 1962 and moved to the Auckland Star in late 1965.[4]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Tanjung Priok Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Tanjung_Priok"},{"link_name":"Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"McBeth left New Zealand around 1970 and headed for Fleet Street in London, but never made it there.[5] The cargo vessel that he was aboard ran aground during its night-time entry into Tanjung Priok Harbour in Indonesia so he spent time in Jakarta before travelling to Singapore and on to Bangkok.[6]","title":"Move to Southeast Asia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bangkok Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok_Post"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-note2-7"},{"link_name":"Khmer Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Rouge"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Indochinese refugee crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indochina_refugee_crisis"},{"link_name":"Michael Cimino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cimino"},{"link_name":"The Deer Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Deer_Hunter"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Agence France-Presse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_France-Presse"},{"link_name":"United Press International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Press_International"},{"link_name":"Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"Asiaweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiaweek"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"US Airforce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Airforce"},{"link_name":"B-52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-52"},{"link_name":"Hanoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Black September","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_September"},{"link_name":"Dawee Chullasapya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawee_Chullasapya"},{"link_name":"Chatichai Choonhavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatichai_Choonhavan"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harvp|McBeth|2011|p=43-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harvp|McBeth|2011|p=43-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harvp|McBeth|2011|p=43-12"},{"link_name":"Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Prince_Vajiralongkorn"},{"link_name":"Bhumibol Adulyadej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harvp|McBeth|2011|p=43-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Killing Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_Fields"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"McBeth started employment at the Bangkok Post shortly after arriving in Thailand.[7] He covered stories relating to the Khmer Rouge reign of terror in Cambodia and the Indochinese refugee crisis and appeared briefly as an extra in Michael Cimino's film The Deer Hunter (1978).[8] McBeth also worked as a freelance reporter in Thailand for Agence France-Presse, United Press International (UPI), London's Daily Telegraph and spent three years writing for Hong Kong's Asiaweek.[9]In 1972, during the Vietnam War, McBeth reported that US Airforce B-52 aircraft were being disproportionately brought down in bombing raids because they were flying at low altitudes and on predictable routes in and out of Hanoi.[10][11]In December 1972, four Black September Arab guerrillas took over the Israeli Embassy in Bangkok. Six Israeli hostages were taken but released after a 19-hour drama that ended when Supreme Command Chief of Staff Air Chief Marshall Dawee Chullasapya and Deputy Foreign Minister Chatichai Choonhavan took the places of the hostages.[12] They flew with the terrorists to Egypt.[12] During the siege, McBeth spoke to one of the hostage takers on the telephone.[12] In hindsight, he was of the view that the conversation revealed what was finally to break the siege: the terrorists expressed remorse that, unknown to them, they had made their move on the auspicious day marking the investiture of Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn, King Bhumibol Adulyadej's son.[12]From 1975 to 1976, McBeth reported on the wave of refugees that washed across Southeast Asia at the end of the Vietnam War, the Thai fishermen/pirates who raped and murdered Vietnamese boat people, and the Thai soldiers who forced Cambodian refugees back into a Khmer Rouge minefield instead of allowing them to enter Thailand.[13] He was one of the few journalists who detected early on the horrifying extent of the Khmer Rouge Killing Fields purges, though this was initially met with incredulity by other correspondents.[14]","title":"Work at the Bangkok Post and in Thailand"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Far Eastern Economic Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_Eastern_Economic_Review"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Neil Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Davis_(cameraman)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-note2-7"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Kim Hyon-hui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Hyon-hui"},{"link_name":"Korean Air Flight 858","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Air_Flight_858"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Martaban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Martaban"},{"link_name":"Seoul Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harvp|Broinowski|2011|p=67-17"},{"link_name":"Nayan Chanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayan_Chanda"},{"link_name":"Shada Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shada_Islam"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"Pyongyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-18"},{"link_name":"Richard Broinowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Broinowski"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harvp|McBeth|2011|p=217-19"},{"link_name":"Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila"},{"link_name":"President Suharto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_Suharto"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harvp|Broinowski|2011|p=672-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harvp|Broinowski|2011|p=673-21"},{"link_name":"West Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"B. J. Habibie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._J._Habibie"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harvp|Broinowski|2011|p=673-21"},{"link_name":"Bali bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Bali_bombings"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"In May 1979, McBeth joined the staff of the Far Eastern Economic Review.[15] In his five years there, he saw five coups in Thailand, including the aborted one that killed his close friend, the Australian cameraman, Neil Davis, in September 1985.[7]McBeth then went to head the Review's South Korean bureau. In his three years in Seoul, he focused on the country's transformation from an authoritarian to a fledgling democratic state.[16] He reported on the arrest and trial of the North Korean spy Kim Hyon-hui, who helped bring down Korean Air Flight 858 over the Gulf of Martaban in November 1987, later became a Christian, and married her South Korean bodyguard; and the spectacular 1988 Seoul Olympics.[17]McBeth, together with Nayan Chanda and Shada Islam, revealed in the Review North Korea's efforts to develop a nuclear weapon. American and South Korean officials feared that North Korea was building a reprocessing plant next to a 30 mW nuclear reactor north of Pyongyang.[18] They broke the story in the Review after it was leaked by the Australian Ambassador to South Korea, Richard Broinowski, who had seen American satellite photographs of the Yongbyon site.[19]McBeth also worked in the Review's offices in Manila in the Philippines, and in Jakarta, Indonesia, where, among other things, he wrote about feuding Filipino warlords and the fall of President Suharto. In Manila, in 1989, he wrote a series of articles in the Review analysing the reasons for the Philippines' continuing economic malaise at a time when other countries in the region were beginning to prosper.[20] In the 1990s, McBeth became the Review's bureau chief in Jakarta.[21] He chronicled growing tensions between President Suharto and some of Indonesia's top politicians and increasing social disturbances, including anti-Chinese riots and troubles in West Kalimantan, which preceded Suharto's resignation and the succession of B. J. Habibie in 1998.[21] In a series of articles in the Review in 2002, McBeth analysed the investigation into the Bali bombings which killed 202 people.[22]","title":"Career at the Far Eastern Economic Review"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harvp|Broinowski|2011|p=68-23"},{"link_name":"Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susilo_Bambang_Yudhoyono"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harvp|Sarahtika|2017-24"}],"text":"McBeth's 2011 book, Reporter: Forty Years Covering Asia, describes many of his stories.[23] His 2016 book, The Loner: President Yudhoyono's Decade of Trial and Indecision, provides a review of the decade that Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono spent in power.[24]","title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Straits Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Straits_Times"},{"link_name":"The National (Abu Dhabi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_(Abu_Dhabi)"},{"link_name":"Nikkei Asian Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkei_Asian_Review"},{"link_name":"South China Morning Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post"},{"link_name":"Australian Strategic Policy Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Strategic_Policy_Institute"},{"link_name":"Asia Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Times"}],"text":"McBeth wrote for Singapore's The Straits Times from the end of 2004 until early 2015, specialising in Indonesian affairs. His work also appeared in The National (Abu Dhabi), the Nikkei Asian Review, the South China Morning Post and the Australian Strategic Policy Institute's official blog The Strategist. He wrote for the Asia Times until shortly before his death.","title":"Later work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali"},{"link_name":"Yuli Ismartono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yuli_Ismartono&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"id","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuli_Ismartono"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-note2-7"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"Atika Shubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atika_Shubert"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harvp|Rulistia|2015-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"McBeth lived in Bali and Jakarta with his wife, an Indonesian journalist named Yuli Ismartono [id].[7] Ismartono is the mother of CNN correspondent Atika Shubert.[25]John McBeth died on 7 December 2023, at the age of 79.[26]","title":"Personal life and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian Book Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Book_Review"},{"link_name":"\"The lost world of a wild tribe\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.stuff.co.nz/sunday-star-times/features/4784929/The-lost-world-of-a-wild-tribe"},{"link_name":"The Sunday Star-Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Star-Times"},{"link_name":"The Dominion Post (Wellington)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dominion_Post_(Wellington)"},{"link_name":"\"Recounting a life reporting on Asia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20130204033417/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/recounting-a-life-reporting-on-asia/427569"},{"link_name":"Jakarta Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Globe"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/recounting-a-life-reporting-on-asia/427569"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789810873646","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789810873646"},{"link_name":"Listener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Listener_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"\"Atika Shubert: CNN's storyteller\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/09/02/atika-shubert-cnn-s-storyteller"},{"link_name":"\"Veteran Journalist Exposes SBY's Failings in New Book\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/news/veteran-journalist-exposes-sbys-failings-new-book"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6247401#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/5257154387490930970009"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/170166824"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJy8xyXKm3wVfbRwqXbw4q"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/1172211825"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n2010163322"}],"text":"Broinowski, Richard (July–August 2011). \"Old-school Scribe\". Australian Book Review (333).\nChanda, Nayan; Islam, Shada; McBeth, John (2 February 1989). \"Nuclear jitters. Pyongyang could be trying to build the bomb\". Far Eastern Economic Review. 143 (5).\nHume, Tim (20 March 2011). \"The lost world of a wild tribe\". The Sunday Star-Times.\nLong, Richard (7 May 2011). \"Story behind the news from Asia\". The Dominion Post (Wellington).\nLutfia, Ismira (9 March 2011). \"Recounting a life reporting on Asia\". Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013.\nMcBeth, John (24 October 2002). \"Weak Link in the Anti-Terror Chain\". Far Eastern Economic Review. 165 (42): 14–16.\nMcBeth, John (2011). Reporter: Forty Years Covering Asia. Singapore: Talisman Publishing. ISBN 9789810873646.\nO'Hare, Noel (28 October – 3 November 1995). \"At home in Asia's hotspots\". Listener.\nRulistia, Novia D. (2 September 2015). \"Atika Shubert: CNN's storyteller\". Jakarta Globe.\nSarahtika, Dhania Putri (23 February 2017). \"Veteran Journalist Exposes SBY's Failings in New Book\". Jakarta Globe.Authority control databases International\nVIAF\n2\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nUnited States","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Hunt, Luke. \"John McBeth, Asia's Longest Serving Foreign Correspondent, Dies at 79\". The Diplomat. Retrieved 8 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://thediplomat.com/2023/12/john-mcbeth-asias-longest-serving-foreign-correspondent-dies-at-79/","url_text":"\"John McBeth, Asia's Longest Serving Foreign Correspondent, Dies at 79\""}]},{"reference":"Broinowski, Richard (July–August 2011). \"Old-school Scribe\". Australian Book Review (333).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Book_Review","url_text":"Australian Book Review"}]},{"reference":"Chanda, Nayan; Islam, Shada; McBeth, John (2 February 1989). \"Nuclear jitters. Pyongyang could be trying to build the bomb\". Far Eastern Economic Review. 143 (5).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hume, Tim (20 March 2011). \"The lost world of a wild tribe\". The Sunday Star-Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/sunday-star-times/features/4784929/The-lost-world-of-a-wild-tribe","url_text":"\"The lost world of a wild tribe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Star-Times","url_text":"The Sunday Star-Times"}]},{"reference":"Long, Richard (7 May 2011). \"Story behind the news from Asia\". The Dominion Post (Wellington).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dominion_Post_(Wellington)","url_text":"The Dominion Post (Wellington)"}]},{"reference":"Lutfia, Ismira (9 March 2011). \"Recounting a life reporting on Asia\". Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130204033417/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/recounting-a-life-reporting-on-asia/427569","url_text":"\"Recounting a life reporting on Asia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Globe","url_text":"Jakarta Globe"},{"url":"http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/recounting-a-life-reporting-on-asia/427569","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McBeth, John (24 October 2002). \"Weak Link in the Anti-Terror Chain\". Far Eastern Economic Review. 165 (42): 14–16.","urls":[]},{"reference":"McBeth, John (2011). Reporter: Forty Years Covering Asia. Singapore: Talisman Publishing. ISBN 9789810873646.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789810873646","url_text":"9789810873646"}]},{"reference":"O'Hare, Noel (28 October – 3 November 1995). \"At home in Asia's hotspots\". Listener.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Listener_(magazine)","url_text":"Listener"}]},{"reference":"Rulistia, Novia D. (2 September 2015). \"Atika Shubert: CNN's storyteller\". Jakarta Globe.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/09/02/atika-shubert-cnn-s-storyteller","url_text":"\"Atika Shubert: CNN's storyteller\""}]},{"reference":"Sarahtika, Dhania Putri (23 February 2017). \"Veteran Journalist Exposes SBY's Failings in New Book\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream_(opera) | A Midsummer Night's Dream (opera) | ["1 Performance history","2 Roles","3 Instrumentation","4 Analysis","5 Recordings","6 Notes and references","6.1 Notes","6.2 References","7 External links"] | Opera by Benjamin Britten and Peter Pears
A Midsummer Night's DreamOpera by Benjamin BrittenBritten's A Midsummer Night's Dream at the 19th Beijing Music Festival (2016)Librettist
Benjamin Britten
Peter Pears
LanguageEnglishBased onShakespeare's A Midsummer Night's DreamPremiere11 June 1960 (1960-06-11)Aldeburgh Festival
A Midsummer Night's Dream, Op. 64, is an opera with music by Benjamin Britten and set to a libretto adapted by the composer and Peter Pears from William Shakespeare's play, A Midsummer Night's Dream. It was premiered on 11 June 1960 at the Aldeburgh Festival, conducted by the composer and with set and costume designs by Carl Toms. Stylistically, the work is typical of Britten, with a highly individual sound-world – not strikingly dissonant or atonal, but replete with subtly atmospheric harmonies and tone painting. The role of Oberon was composed for the countertenor Alfred Deller. Atypically for Britten, the opera did not include a leading role for his partner Pears, who instead was given the comic drag role of Flute/Thisbe.
Performance history
A Midsummer Night's Dream was first performed on 11 June 1960 at the Jubilee Hall, Aldeburgh, UK as part of the Aldeburgh Festival. Conducted by the composer, it was directed by the choreographer John Cranko.
The work received wide critical approval following its early performances. Howard Taubman in his review of the Aldeburgh premiere wrote that the orchestral colors of the score conveyed a sense of "soaring illusion" that never wavered and concluded:
Not every problem posed by Shakespeare has been solved, but Mr. Britten has accomplished so much that one may safely predict a wide vogue for his latest and happiest opera.
A dissenting voice was Britten's estranged collaborator W. H. Auden. In a letter to Stephen Spender after seeing the 1961 London production, Auden dismissed it as "Dreadful! Pure Kensington".
Dream was performed at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, in 1961, produced by John Gielgud and conducted by Georg Solti. This production was revived six times to 1984.
The English Music Theatre Company staged the opera at Snape Maltings in 1980, directed by Christopher Renshaw and designed by Robin Don; the production was revived at the Royal Opera House for one performance in 1986.
In 2005, the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, produced a version directed by Olivia Fuchs at the Linbury Studio Theatre with the Tiffin Boys' Choir. William Towers was Oberon, and Gillian Keith Tytania.
English National Opera's production of 2011, directed by Christopher Alden, set the opera in a mid-20th-century school, with Oberon (Iestyn Davies) and Tytania (Anna Christy) as teachers and Puck and the fairies as schoolboys. Oberon's relationship with Puck (Jamie Manton) is given overtly sexual overtones, and Puck responds with alternate anger and despair to Oberon's new-found interest in Tytania's Changeling boy. The silent older man who stalks the action in the first two acts is revealed to be Theseus (Paul Whelan); reviewers have suggested that in this staging Theseus himself was once the object of Oberon's attentions, and is either watching history repeating itself, or is in fact daydreaming the magical events of the opera prior to his marriage to Hippolyta.
Baz Luhrmann directed a music video of an arrangement of "Now Until the Break of Day" from the finale of act 3 for his 1998 album Something for Everybody featuring Christine Anu and David Hobson.
Roles
Roles, voice types; premiere cast
Role
Voice type
Premiere cast, 11 June 1960Conductor: Benjamin BrittenDirector: John Cranko
Oberon, King of the Fairies
countertenor
Alfred Deller
Tytania, Queen of the Fairies
coloratura soprano
Jennifer Vyvyan
Puck
speaking role
Lorca Massine (as "Leonide Massine II")
Cobweb
treble
Kevin Platts
Mustardseed
treble
Robert McCutcheon
Moth
treble
Barry Ferguson
Peaseblossom
treble
Michael Bauer
Lysander
tenor
George Maran
Demetrius
baritone
Thomas Hemsley
Hermia, in love with Lysander
mezzo-soprano
Marjorie Thomas
Helena, in love with Demetrius
soprano
April Cantelo
Theseus, Duke of Athens
bass
Forbes Robinson
Hippolyta, Queen of the Amazons
contralto
Johanna Peters
Bottom, a weaver (Pyramus)
bass-baritone
Owen Brannigan
Quince, a carpenter (Director)
bass
Norman Lumsden
Flute, a bellows-mender (Thisbe)
tenor
Peter Pears
Snug, a joiner (Lion)
bass
David Kelly
Snout, a tinker (Wall)
tenor
Edward Byles
Starveling, a tailor (Moonshine)
baritone
Joseph Ward
Instrumentation
woodwinds: 2 flutes (2nd with piccolo), oboe (with English horn), 2 clarinets, bassoon
Brass: 2 horns, trumpet in D, trombone
percussion (2 players): timpani, triangle, cymbals, tambourine, gong, 2 wood blocks, vibraphone, glockenspiel, xylophone, tamburo, snare drum, tenor drum, bass drum, 2 bells
Other: 2 harps, harpsichord (celesta), strings (minimum: 4.2.2.2.2)
Stage band: sopranino recorders, cymbals, 2 wood blocks
Analysis
Britten delineated the three tiers of characters, the rustics being given folk-like "simple" music, the lovers a more romantic sound-world and the fairies being represented in a very ethereal way. Almost all of the action now takes place in the woods around Athens, and the fairies inhabit a much more prominent place in the drama. The comic performance by the rustics of Pyramus and Thisbe at the final wedding takes on an added dimension as a parody of nineteenth-century Italian opera. Thisbe's lament, accompanied by obbligato flute, is a parody of a Donizetti "mad scene" ("Il dolce suono").
The opera contains several innovations: it is extremely rare in opera that the lead male role is written for the countertenor voice to sing. The part of Oberon was created by Alfred Deller. Britten wrote specifically for his voice, which, despite its ethereal quality, had a low range compared to more modern countertenors. Oberon's music almost never requires the countertenor to sing both at the top of the alto range and forte.
The plot of the opera follows that of the play, with several alterations. Most of Shakespeare's act 1 is cut, compensated for by the opera's only added line: "Compelling thee to marry with Demetrius." Therefore, much greater precedence is given to the wood, and to the fairies. This is also indicated by the opening portamenti strings, and by the ethereal countertenor voice that is Oberon, the male lead, who throughout is accompanied by a characteristic texture of harp and celeste, in the same way that Puck's appearance is heralded by the combination of trumpet and snare-drum.
The opera opens with a chorus, "Over hill, over dale" from Tytania's attendant fairies, played by boy sopranos. Other highlights include Oberon's florid – the exotic celeste is especially notable – aria,"I know a bank" (inspired by Purcell's "Sweeter than roses", which Britten had previously arranged for Pears to sing), Tytania's equally florid "Come now, a roundel", the chorus's energetic "You spotted snakes", the hilarious comedy of Pyramus and Thisbe, and the final trio for Oberon, Tytania and the chorus.
The original play is an anomaly among Shakespeare's works, in that it is very little concerned with character, and very largely concerned with psychology. Britten follows this to a large extent, but subtly alters the psychological focus of the work. The introduction of a chorus of boy-fairies means that the opera becomes greatly concerned with the theme of purity. It is these juvenile fairies who eventually quell the libidinous activities of the quartet of lovers, as they sing a beautiful melody on the three "motto chords" (also on the four "magic" chords) of the second act: "Jack shall have Jill/Naught shall go ill/The man shall have his mare again/And all shall be well." Sung by boys, it could be considered that this goes beyond irony, and represents an idealised vision of a paradise of innocence and purity that Britten seems to have been captivated by throughout his life.
Britten also pays attention to the play's central motif: the madness of love. Curiously he took the one relationship in the play that is grotesque (that of Tytania and Bottom) and placed it in the centre of his opera (in the middle of act 2). Women in Britten operas tend to run to extremes, being either predators or vulnerable prey, but Tytania is an amalgam; she dominates Bottom, but is herself completely dominated by Oberon and Puck, the couple that are usually considered to really hold power in The Dream. Their cruel pranks eventually quell her coloratura, which until she is freed from the power of the love-juice is fiendishly difficult to sing.
Britten also parodied operatic convention in less obvious ways than Pyramus and Thisbe. Like many other operas, A Midsummer Night's Dream opens with a chorus, but it is a chorus of unbroken boys' voices, singing in unison. After this comes the entrance of the prima donna and the male lead, who is as far away as possible from Wagner's heldentenors, and as close as it is possible to get to Handel's castrati of the 18th century.: "There is an air of baroque fantasy in the music." Britten's treatment of Puck also suggests parody. In opera, the hero's assistant is traditionally sung by baritones, yet here we have an adolescent youth who speaks, rather than sings.
Britten thought the character of Puck "absolutely amoral and yet innocent." Describing the speaking, tumbling Puck of the opera, Britten wrote "I got the idea of doing Puck like this in Stockholm, where I saw some Swedish child acrobats with extraordinary agility and powers of mimicry, and suddenly realised we could do Puck this way."
Recordings
There are many recordings available, including two conducted by the composer, one a live recording of the 11 June 1960 premiere with the complete original cast, the second a studio recording made in 1967 with some of the original cast, Deller as Oberon, Owen Brannigan as Bottom, and Peter Pears elevated from Flute to Lysander, which omits some music from the lovers' awakening early in act 3.
Notes and references
Notes
^ a b c d e f g h Whittall 1998.
^ Boosey & Hawkes n.d.
^ a b McDonald 2012, p. 140.
^ Taubman 1960.
^ White 1994.
^ ROHC: A Midsummer Night's Dream (1961).
^ ROHC: A Midsummer Night's Dream (1986).
^ ROHC: A Midsummer Night's Dream (2005).
^ Clements 2011.
^ White 2011.
^ McDonald 2012, p. 139.
^ Craine & Mackrell 2010.
^ a b c d e Brett 1990.
^ a b Britten 1960.
^ Capon 2008.
References
"Britten, Benjamin—A Midsummer Night's Dream (1960)". Boosey & Hawkes. Archived from the original on 6 October 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
Brett, Philip (1990). Britten's Dream (Brief essay to accompany the Britten recording). Decca Records.
Britten, Benjamin (2003) . "A New Britten Opera (1960)". In Kildea, Paul Francis (ed.). Britten on Music. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 186–189. ISBN 9780198167143.
Capon, Brian, ed. (September 2008). "Recordings of A Midsummer Night's Dream". Opera Discography. Archived from the original on 27 November 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
Clements, Andrew (20 May 2011). "A Midsummer Night's Dream – review". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016.
Craine, Debra; Mackrell, Judith, eds. (2010). "Massine, Lorca". The Oxford Dictionary of Dance (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199563449.001.0001. ISBN 9780191727658.
McDonald, Russ (2012). "Benjamin Britten's Dreams". In Holland, Peter (ed.). Shakespeare Survey. Vol. 65, A Midsummer Night's Dream. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 138–146. doi:10.1017/SSO9781139170000. ISBN 9781139170000 – via Cambridge Core.
"A Midsummer Night's Dream (1961)". Royal Opera House Collections Online. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
"A Midsummer Night's Dream (1986)". Royal Opera House Collections Online. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
"A Midsummer Night's Dream (2005)". Royal Opera House Collections Online. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
Taubman, Howard (19 June 1960). "Britten's Dream; His Setting of Shakespeare Drama Is Composer's Newest, Happiest Opera" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 9.
White, Michael (22 May 1994). "Sweet Dream, sour looks". The Independent on Sunday. Archived from the original on 11 November 2012.
White, Michael (20 May 2011). "ENO's shocking new paedophile Midsummer Night's Dream is brilliant, and I hated it". The Telegraph Blogs. Archived from the original on 30 July 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
Whittall, Arnold (1998). "Midsummer Night's Dream, A". In Sadie, Stanley (ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of Opera. Vol. 3. London: Macmillan. pp. 379–381. ISBN 1-56159-228-5.
External links
Synopsis of Britten's Midsummer Night's Dream from the English Touring Opera
Midsummer Night's Dream from the Britten-Pears Foundation with audio clips
Benjamin Britten's manuscript score for A Midsummer Night's Dream at the British Library
vteBenjamin BrittenList of compositionsOpera and operetta
Paul Bunyan (1941)
Peter Grimes (1945)
The Rape of Lucretia (1946)
Albert Herring (1947)
The Little Sweep (1949)
Billy Budd (1951)
Gloriana (1953)
The Turn of the Screw (1954)
Noye's Fludde (1958)
A Midsummer Night's Dream (1960)
Owen Wingrave (1971)
Death in Venice (1973)
Church parables
Curlew River (1964)
The Burning Fiery Furnace (1966)
The Prodigal Son (1968)
Film/Ballet
Plymouth Town (1931)
Night Mail (1936)
The Prince of the Pagodas (1956)
Orchestral
Sinfonietta (1932)
Simple Symphony (1934)
Soirées musicales (1937)
Variations on a Theme of Frank Bridge (1937)
Mont Juic (1937)
Sinfonia da Requiem (1940)
Matinées musicales (1941)
The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra (1946)
Concertante
Piano Concerto (1938, rev. 1945)
Violin Concerto (1939, rev. 1958)
Young Apollo (1939)
Diversions for Piano Left Hand and Orchestra (1940 rev. 1954)
Cello Symphony (1963)
Vocal/Choral Orchestral
Our Hunting Fathers (1936)
The Company of Heaven (1937)
Les Illuminations (1939)
Serenade for Tenor, Horn and Strings (1943)
Saint Nicolas (1948)
Spring Symphony (1949)
Nocturne (1958)
Cantata academica (1959)
War Requiem (1961)
Cantata misericordium (1963)
Children's Crusade (1969)
Phaedra (1975)
Vocal
Beware! Three Early Songs (1922–26)
Seven Sonnets of Michelangelo (1940)
The Holy Sonnets of John Donne (1945)
Britten's Purcell realizations (1945)+
5 Canticles (1947–75, including Canticle I: My beloved is mine and I am his, Canticle II: Abraham and Isaac (1952), Canticle III: Still falls the rain (1954) and Canticle IV: The Journey of the Magi (1971)
A Charm of Lullabies (1947)
Winter Words (1954)
Songs from the Chinese (1957)
Sechs Hölderlin-Fragmente (1958)
Songs and Proverbs of William Blake (1965)
The Poet's Echo (1965)
Who Are These Children? (1969)
A Birthday Hansel (1975)
Choral
Friday Afternoons (1932–1935)
A Boy was Born (1933)
Te Deum in C (1934)
Advance Democracy (1938)
A Ceremony of Carols (1942)
Hymn to St Cecilia (1942)
Festival Te Deum (1944)
Rejoice in the Lamb (1943)
Five Flower Songs (1950)
Hymn to St Peter (1955)
Missa Brevis (1959)
A Hymn of St Columba (1962)
The Golden Vanity (1966)
Children's Crusade (1968)
Sacred and Profane (8 medieval lyrics) (1974)
Jubilate Deo (1961)
Chamber/Instrumental
String Quartet in D major (1931)
Phantasy Quartet (oboe quartet, 1932)
String Quartet No. 1 (1941)
String Quartet No. 2 (1945)
Prelude and Fugue on a Theme of Vittoria (organ, 1946)
Six Metamorphoses after Ovid (oboe, 1951)
Fanfare for St Edmundsbury (three trumpets, 1959)
Cello sonata (1961)
Nocturnal after John Dowland (guitar, 1963)
Cello suites (1964, 1967, 1972)
String Quartet No. 3 (1975)
Collaborations
Homage to Paderewski (1941)
Variations on an Elizabethan Theme (1953)
Film adaptations
War Requiem (1989 film)
Legacy
Aldeburgh Festival
Britten Pears Arts
Britten Pears Young Artist Programme
Britten-Pears Orchestra
Snape Maltings Concert Hall
The Red House, Aldeburgh
Named after Britten
Benjamin Britten (train)
Benjamin Britten Academy
Britten Inlet
Britten Hall
Britten Sinfonia
Related articles
Benjamin Britten: A Life in the Twentieth Century
Britten's Children
Cantus in Memoriam Benjamin Britten
English Opera Group
The Dark Tower
Scallop (2003)
Category
vteWilliam Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's DreamCharactersLovers
Theseus and Hippolyta
Oberon and Titania
Hermia and Lysander
Helena and Demetrius
Mechanicals
Nick Bottom
Peter Quince
Francis Flute
Robin Starveling
Tom Snout
Snug
Others
Puck
Egeus
Philostrate
ProductionsFilm
1935
1959
1968
1999
2017
Television
1969
1981
1992
2016
Stage
1970
AdaptationsFilm
A Midsummer Night's Dream (1909, silent)
Wood Love (1925)
Dream of a Summer Night (1983)
Get Over It (2001)
A Midsummer Night's Rave (2002)
Midsummer Dream (2005)
Were the World Mine (2008)
10ml Love (2012)
Strange Magic (2015)
Literature
A Midsummer Tempest (1974)
Lords and Ladies (1992)
A Midsummer Night's Gene (1997)
A Midsummer's Nightmare (1997)
The Great Night (2011)
Music
A Midsummer Night's Dream (1842, Mendelssohn)
"Wedding March" (1842, Mendelssohn)
Three Shakespeare Songs (1951)
Symphony No. 8 (1992, Henze)
Il Sogno (2004)
Opera
The Fairy-Queen (1692)
Pyramus and Thisbe (1745)
Puck (1949)
A Midsummer Night's Dream (1960, opera)
The Enchanted Island (2011)
Stage
The Triumph of Beauty (1646, masque)
St. John's Eve (1852, play)
The Park (1983, play)
The Donkey Show (1999, musical)
The Dreaming (2001, musical)
The Lovers (2022, musical)
Comics
The Sandman: Dream Country (1991)
Auberon
Faerie
Titania
Art
Hermia and Lysander
The Quarrel of Oberon and Titania
Scene from A Midsummer Night's Dream
Titania and Bottom
Ballet
A Midsummer Night's Dream (1962)
The Dream (1964)
Television
"Fascination" (1994, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine)
"A Midsummer Night's Dream" (1994, ShakespeaRe-Told)
A Midsummer's Nightmare (2017)
Related
Love-in-idleness
Pyramus and Thisbe (8 CE)
Dead Poets Society (1989)
The Apartment (1996)
Wicker Park (2004)
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MusicBrainz work | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Op.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opus_number"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Britten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Britten"},{"link_name":"libretto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto"},{"link_name":"Peter Pears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pears"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"A Midsummer Night's Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream"},{"link_name":"Aldeburgh Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldeburgh_Festival"},{"link_name":"Carl Toms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Toms"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhittall1998-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhittall1998-1"},{"link_name":"tone painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_painting"},{"link_name":"Alfred Deller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Deller"}],"text":"A Midsummer Night's Dream, Op. 64, is an opera with music by Benjamin Britten and set to a libretto adapted by the composer and Peter Pears from William Shakespeare's play, A Midsummer Night's Dream. It was premiered on 11 June 1960 at the Aldeburgh Festival, conducted by the composer and with set and costume designs by Carl Toms.[1] Stylistically, the work is typical of Britten, with a highly individual sound-world – not strikingly dissonant or atonal,[1] but replete with subtly atmospheric harmonies and tone painting. The role of Oberon was composed for the countertenor Alfred Deller. Atypically for Britten, the opera did not include a leading role for his partner Pears, who instead was given the comic drag role of Flute/Thisbe.","title":"A Midsummer Night's Dream (opera)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aldeburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldeburgh"},{"link_name":"Aldeburgh Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldeburgh_Festival"},{"link_name":"John Cranko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cranko"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoosey_&_Hawkesn.d.-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald2012140-3"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Howard Taubman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Taubman"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman1960-4"},{"link_name":"W. H. Auden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._H._Auden"},{"link_name":"Stephen Spender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Spender"},{"link_name":"Kensington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington_Gardens"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald2012140-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1994-5"},{"link_name":"Royal Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"John Gielgud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gielgud"},{"link_name":"Georg Solti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Solti"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEROHC:_''A_Midsummer_Night's_Dream''_(1961)-6"},{"link_name":"English Music Theatre Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Opera_Group"},{"link_name":"Snape Maltings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snape_Maltings"},{"link_name":"Christopher Renshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Renshaw"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEROHC:_''A_Midsummer_Night's_Dream''_(1986)-7"},{"link_name":"Olivia Fuchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Fuchs"},{"link_name":"William Towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Towers_(countertenor)"},{"link_name":"Gillian Keith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillian_Keith"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEROHC:_''A_Midsummer_Night's_Dream''_(2005)-8"},{"link_name":"English National Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_National_Opera"},{"link_name":"Christopher Alden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Alden_(director)"},{"link_name":"Iestyn Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iestyn_Davies"},{"link_name":"Anna Christy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Christy"},{"link_name":"Paul Whelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Whelan_(opera_singer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements2011-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2011-10"},{"link_name":"Baz Luhrmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baz_Luhrmann"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"arrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrangement"},{"link_name":"Now Until the Break of Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now_Until_the_Break_of_Day"},{"link_name":"Something for Everybody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_for_Everybody_(Baz_Luhrmann_album)"},{"link_name":"Christine Anu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Anu"},{"link_name":"David Hobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hobson_(tenor)"}],"text":"A Midsummer Night's Dream was first performed on 11 June 1960 at the Jubilee Hall, Aldeburgh, UK as part of the Aldeburgh Festival. Conducted by the composer, it was directed by the choreographer John Cranko.[2]The work received wide critical approval following its early performances.[3][better source needed] Howard Taubman in his review of the Aldeburgh premiere wrote that the orchestral colors of the score conveyed a sense of \"soaring illusion\" that never wavered and concluded:Not every problem posed by Shakespeare has been solved, but Mr. Britten has accomplished so much that one may safely predict a wide vogue for his latest and happiest opera.[4]A dissenting voice was Britten's estranged collaborator W. H. Auden. In a letter to Stephen Spender after seeing the 1961 London production, Auden dismissed it as \"Dreadful! Pure Kensington\".[3][5]Dream was performed at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, in 1961, produced by John Gielgud and conducted by Georg Solti. This production was revived six times to 1984.[6]The English Music Theatre Company staged the opera at Snape Maltings in 1980, directed by Christopher Renshaw and designed by Robin Don; the production was revived at the Royal Opera House for one performance in 1986.[7]In 2005, the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, produced a version directed by Olivia Fuchs at the Linbury Studio Theatre with the Tiffin Boys' Choir. William Towers was Oberon, and Gillian Keith Tytania.[8]English National Opera's production of 2011, directed by Christopher Alden, set the opera in a mid-20th-century school, with Oberon (Iestyn Davies) and Tytania (Anna Christy) as teachers and Puck and the fairies as schoolboys. Oberon's relationship with Puck (Jamie Manton) is given overtly sexual overtones, and Puck responds with alternate anger and despair to Oberon's new-found interest in Tytania's Changeling boy. The silent older man who stalks the action in the first two acts is revealed to be Theseus (Paul Whelan); reviewers have suggested that in this staging Theseus himself was once the object of Oberon's attentions, and is either watching history repeating itself, or is in fact daydreaming the magical events of the opera prior to his marriage to Hippolyta.[9][10]Baz Luhrmann directed a music video of an arrangement of \"Now Until the Break of Day\" from the finale of act 3 for his 1998 album Something for Everybody featuring Christine Anu and David Hobson.","title":"Performance history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"woodwinds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodwind_instrument"},{"link_name":"flutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_concert_flute"},{"link_name":"piccolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccolo"},{"link_name":"oboe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oboe"},{"link_name":"English 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drum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_drum"},{"link_name":"bells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell"},{"link_name":"harps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harp"},{"link_name":"harpsichord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpsichord"},{"link_name":"celesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celesta"},{"link_name":"strings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_orchestra"},{"link_name":"4.2.2.2.2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorthand_for_orchestra_instrumentation"},{"link_name":"Stage band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_band"},{"link_name":"sopranino recorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)"},{"link_name":"cymbals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbal"},{"link_name":"wood blocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodblock_(instrument)"}],"text":"woodwinds: 2 flutes (2nd with piccolo), oboe (with English horn), 2 clarinets, bassoon\nBrass: 2 horns, trumpet in D, trombone\npercussion (2 players): timpani, triangle, cymbals, tambourine, gong, 2 wood blocks, vibraphone, glockenspiel, xylophone, tamburo, snare drum, tenor drum, bass drum, 2 bells\nOther: 2 harps, harpsichord (celesta), strings (minimum: 4.2.2.2.2)\nStage band: sopranino recorders, cymbals, 2 wood blocks","title":"Instrumentation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Pyramus and Thisbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramus_and_Thisbe"},{"link_name":"obbligato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obbligato"},{"link_name":"flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute"},{"link_name":"Donizetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donizetti"},{"link_name":"mad scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_scene"},{"link_name":"Il dolce suono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_dolce_suono"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhittall1998-1"},{"link_name":"countertenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countertenor"},{"link_name":"Alfred Deller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Deller"},{"link_name":"play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhittall1998-1"},{"link_name":"portamenti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portamento"},{"link_name":"Oberon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberon"},{"link_name":"Puck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puck_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhittall1998-1"},{"link_name":"Tytania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titania_(A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhittall1998-1"},{"link_name":"Purcell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Purcell"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett1990-13"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhittall1998-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett1990-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett1990-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett1990-13"},{"link_name":"coloratura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloratura"},{"link_name":"Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner"},{"link_name":"heldentenors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heldentenors"},{"link_name":"Handel's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel"},{"link_name":"castrati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castrati"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhittall1998-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett1990-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritten1960-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritten1960-14"}],"text":"Britten delineated the three tiers of characters, the rustics being given folk-like \"simple\" music, the lovers a more romantic sound-world and the fairies being represented in a very ethereal way. Almost all of the action now takes place in the woods around Athens, and the fairies inhabit a much more prominent place in the drama. The comic performance by the rustics of Pyramus and Thisbe at the final wedding takes on an added dimension as a parody of nineteenth-century Italian opera. Thisbe's lament, accompanied by obbligato flute, is a parody of a Donizetti \"mad scene\" (\"Il dolce suono\").[1]The opera contains several innovations: it is extremely rare in opera that the lead male role is written for the countertenor voice to sing. The part of Oberon was created by Alfred Deller. Britten wrote specifically for his voice, which, despite its ethereal quality, had a low range compared to more modern countertenors. Oberon's music almost never requires the countertenor to sing both at the top of the alto range and forte.The plot of the opera follows that of the play, with several alterations. Most of Shakespeare's act 1 is cut, compensated for by the opera's only added line: \"Compelling thee to marry with Demetrius.\" Therefore, much greater precedence is given to the wood, and to the fairies.[1] This is also indicated by the opening portamenti strings, and by the ethereal countertenor voice that is Oberon, the male lead, who throughout is accompanied by a characteristic texture of harp and celeste, in the same way that Puck's appearance is heralded by the combination of trumpet and snare-drum.[1]The opera opens with a chorus, \"Over hill, over dale\" from Tytania's attendant fairies, played by boy sopranos. Other highlights include Oberon's florid – the exotic celeste is especially notable[1] – aria,\"I know a bank\" (inspired by Purcell's \"Sweeter than roses\", which Britten had previously arranged for Pears to sing),[13] Tytania's equally florid \"Come now, a roundel\", the chorus's energetic \"You spotted snakes\", the hilarious comedy of Pyramus and Thisbe, and the final trio for Oberon, Tytania and the chorus.The original play is an anomaly among Shakespeare's works, in that it is very little concerned with character, and very largely concerned with psychology. Britten follows this to a large extent, but subtly alters the psychological focus of the work.[citation needed] The introduction of a chorus of boy-fairies means that the opera becomes greatly concerned with the theme of purity. It is these juvenile fairies who eventually quell the libidinous activities of the quartet of lovers, as they sing a beautiful melody on the three \"motto chords\" (also on the four \"magic\" chords) of the second act:[1] \"Jack shall have Jill/Naught shall go ill/The man shall have his mare again/And all shall be well.\" Sung by boys, it could be considered that this goes beyond irony, and represents an idealised vision of a paradise of innocence and purity that Britten seems to have been captivated by throughout his life.[13]Britten also pays attention to the play's central motif: the madness of love. Curiously he took the one relationship in the play that is grotesque (that of Tytania and Bottom) and placed it in the centre of his opera (in the middle of act 2).[13] Women in Britten operas tend to run to extremes, being either predators or vulnerable prey, but Tytania is an amalgam; she dominates Bottom, but is herself completely dominated by Oberon and Puck, the couple that are usually considered to really hold power in The Dream.[13] Their cruel pranks eventually quell her coloratura, which until she is freed from the power of the love-juice is fiendishly difficult to sing.Britten also parodied operatic convention in less obvious ways than Pyramus and Thisbe. Like many other operas, A Midsummer Night's Dream opens with a chorus, but it is a chorus of unbroken boys' voices, singing in unison. After this comes the entrance of the prima donna and the male lead, who is as far away as possible from Wagner's heldentenors, and as close as it is possible to get to Handel's castrati of the 18th century.:[1] \"There is an air of baroque fantasy in the music.\" Britten's treatment of Puck also suggests parody.[13] In opera, the hero's assistant is traditionally sung by baritones, yet here we have an adolescent youth who speaks, rather than sings.Britten thought the character of Puck \"absolutely amoral and yet innocent.\"[14] Describing the speaking, tumbling Puck of the opera, Britten wrote \"I got the idea of doing Puck like this in Stockholm, where I saw some Swedish child acrobats with extraordinary agility and powers of mimicry, and suddenly realised we could do Puck this way.\"[14]","title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapon2008-15"}],"text":"There are many recordings available, including two conducted by the composer, one a live recording of the 11 June 1960 premiere with the complete original cast, the second a studio recording made in 1967 with some of the original cast, Deller as Oberon, Owen Brannigan as Bottom, and Peter Pears elevated from Flute to Lysander, which omits some music from the lovers' awakening early in act 3.[15]","title":"Recordings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhittall1998_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhittall1998_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhittall1998_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhittall1998_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhittall1998_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhittall1998_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhittall1998_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhittall1998_1-7"},{"link_name":"Whittall 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWhittall1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoosey_&_Hawkesn.d._2-0"},{"link_name":"Boosey & Hawkes n.d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBoosey_&_Hawkesn.d."},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald2012140_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald2012140_3-1"},{"link_name":"McDonald 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcDonald2012"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman1960_4-0"},{"link_name":"Taubman 1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTaubman1960"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1994_5-0"},{"link_name":"White 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWhite1994"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEROHC:_''A_Midsummer_Night's_Dream''_(1961)_6-0"},{"link_name":"ROHC: A Midsummer Night's Dream (1961)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFROHC:_A_Midsummer_Night's_Dream_(1961)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEROHC:_''A_Midsummer_Night's_Dream''_(1986)_7-0"},{"link_name":"ROHC: A Midsummer Night's Dream (1986)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFROHC:_A_Midsummer_Night's_Dream_(1986)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEROHC:_''A_Midsummer_Night's_Dream''_(2005)_8-0"},{"link_name":"ROHC: A Midsummer Night's Dream (2005)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFROHC:_A_Midsummer_Night's_Dream_(2005)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClements2011_9-0"},{"link_name":"Clements 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFClements2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2011_10-0"},{"link_name":"White 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWhite2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald2012139_11-0"},{"link_name":"McDonald 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcDonald2012"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraineMackrell2010_12-0"},{"link_name":"Craine & Mackrell 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCraineMackrell2010"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett1990_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett1990_13-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett1990_13-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett1990_13-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett1990_13-4"},{"link_name":"Brett 1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBrett1990"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritten1960_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritten1960_14-1"},{"link_name":"Britten 1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBritten1960"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapon2008_15-0"},{"link_name":"Capon 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCapon2008"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"^ a b c d e f g h Whittall 1998.\n\n^ Boosey & Hawkes n.d.\n\n^ a b McDonald 2012, p. 140.\n\n^ Taubman 1960.\n\n^ White 1994.\n\n^ ROHC: A Midsummer Night's Dream (1961).\n\n^ ROHC: A Midsummer Night's Dream (1986).\n\n^ ROHC: A Midsummer Night's Dream (2005).\n\n^ Clements 2011.\n\n^ White 2011.\n\n^ McDonald 2012, p. 139.\n\n^ Craine & Mackrell 2010.\n\n^ a b c d e Brett 1990.\n\n^ a b Britten 1960.\n\n^ Capon 2008.","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Britten, Benjamin—A Midsummer Night's Dream (1960)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.boosey.com/pages/opera/moreDetails.asp?musicID=5633"},{"link_name":"Boosey & Hawkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boosey_%26_Hawkes"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121006094318/http://www.boosey.com/pages/opera/moreDetails.asp?musicID=5633"},{"link_name":"Brett, Philip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Brett"},{"link_name":"Decca Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decca_Records"},{"link_name":"Britten, Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Britten"},{"link_name":"Kildea, Paul Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kildea"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780198167143","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198167143"},{"link_name":"\"Recordings of A Midsummer Night's Dream\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.operadis-opera-discography.org.uk/CLBRMIDS.HTM"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101127220450/http://operadis-opera-discography.org.uk/CLBRMIDS.HTM"},{"link_name":"\"A Midsummer Night's Dream – review\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/music/2011/may/20/midsummer-nights-dream-review"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160310024052/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/may/20/midsummer-nights-dream-review"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/acref/9780199563449.001.0001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199563449.001.0001"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780191727658","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191727658"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare_Survey"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/SSO9781139170000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FSSO9781139170000"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781139170000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139170000"},{"link_name":"Cambridge Core","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Core"},{"link_name":"\"A Midsummer Night's Dream (1961)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rohcollections.org.uk/production.aspx?row=0&production=3763&page=0"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110723031038/http://www.rohcollections.org.uk/production.aspx?row=0&production=3763&page=0"},{"link_name":"\"A Midsummer Night's Dream (1986)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rohcollections.org.uk/production.aspx?row=1&production=3764&page=0"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110723031114/http://www.rohcollections.org.uk/production.aspx?row=1&production=3764&page=0"},{"link_name":"\"A Midsummer Night's Dream (2005)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rohcollections.org.uk/production.aspx?production=3765&row=2"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110723031018/http://www.rohcollections.org.uk/production.aspx?production=3765&row=2"},{"link_name":"Taubman, Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Taubman"},{"link_name":"\"Britten's Dream; His Setting of Shakespeare Drama Is Composer's Newest, Happiest Opera\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1960/06/19/99859475.pdf"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"\"Sweet Dream, sour looks\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/classical-music--sweet-dream-sour-looks-1437690.html"},{"link_name":"The Independent on Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent_on_Sunday"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121111101413/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/classical-music--sweet-dream-sour-looks-1437690.html"},{"link_name":"\"ENO's shocking new paedophile Midsummer Night's Dream is brilliant, and I hated it\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130730065706/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/culture/michaelwhite/100053515/enos-shocking-new-paedophile-midsummer-nights-dream-is-brilliant-and-i-hated-it/"},{"link_name":"The Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//blogs.telegraph.co.uk/culture/michaelwhite/100053515/enos-shocking-new-paedophile-midsummer-nights-dream-is-brilliant-and-i-hated-it/"},{"link_name":"Whittall, Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Whittall"},{"link_name":"Sadie, Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Sadie"},{"link_name":"The New Grove Dictionary of Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Opera"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-56159-228-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56159-228-5"}],"sub_title":"References","text":"\"Britten, Benjamin—A Midsummer Night's Dream (1960)\". Boosey & Hawkes. Archived from the original on 6 October 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2011.\nBrett, Philip (1990). Britten's Dream (Brief essay to accompany the Britten recording). Decca Records.\nBritten, Benjamin (2003) [first published 1960]. \"A New Britten Opera (1960)\". In Kildea, Paul Francis (ed.). Britten on Music. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 186–189. ISBN 9780198167143.\nCapon, Brian, ed. (September 2008). \"Recordings of A Midsummer Night's Dream\". Opera Discography. Archived from the original on 27 November 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2011.\nClements, Andrew (20 May 2011). \"A Midsummer Night's Dream – review\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016.\nCraine, Debra; Mackrell, Judith, eds. (2010). \"Massine, Lorca\". The Oxford Dictionary of Dance (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199563449.001.0001. ISBN 9780191727658.\nMcDonald, Russ (2012). \"Benjamin Britten's Dreams\". In Holland, Peter (ed.). Shakespeare Survey. Vol. 65, A Midsummer Night's Dream. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 138–146. doi:10.1017/SSO9781139170000. ISBN 9781139170000 – via Cambridge Core.\n\"A Midsummer Night's Dream (1961)\". Royal Opera House Collections Online. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2011.\n\"A Midsummer Night's Dream (1986)\". Royal Opera House Collections Online. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2011.\n\"A Midsummer Night's Dream (2005)\". Royal Opera House Collections Online. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2011.\nTaubman, Howard (19 June 1960). \"Britten's Dream; His Setting of Shakespeare Drama Is Composer's Newest, Happiest Opera\" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 9.\nWhite, Michael (22 May 1994). \"Sweet Dream, sour looks\". The Independent on Sunday. Archived from the original on 11 November 2012.\nWhite, Michael (20 May 2011). \"ENO's shocking new paedophile Midsummer Night's Dream is brilliant, and I hated it\". The Telegraph Blogs. Archived from the original on 30 July 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2013.\nWhittall, Arnold (1998). \"Midsummer Night's Dream, A\". In Sadie, Stanley (ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of Opera. Vol. 3. London: Macmillan. pp. 379–381. ISBN 1-56159-228-5.","title":"Notes and references"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Britten, Benjamin—A Midsummer Night's Dream (1960)\". Boosey & Hawkes. Archived from the original on 6 October 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boosey.com/pages/opera/moreDetails.asp?musicID=5633","url_text":"\"Britten, Benjamin—A Midsummer Night's Dream (1960)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boosey_%26_Hawkes","url_text":"Boosey & Hawkes"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121006094318/http://www.boosey.com/pages/opera/moreDetails.asp?musicID=5633","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Brett, Philip (1990). Britten's Dream (Brief essay to accompany the Britten recording). Decca Records.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Brett","url_text":"Brett, Philip"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decca_Records","url_text":"Decca Records"}]},{"reference":"Britten, Benjamin (2003) [first published 1960]. \"A New Britten Opera (1960)\". In Kildea, Paul Francis (ed.). Britten on Music. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 186–189. ISBN 9780198167143.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Britten","url_text":"Britten, Benjamin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kildea","url_text":"Kildea, Paul Francis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198167143","url_text":"9780198167143"}]},{"reference":"Capon, Brian, ed. (September 2008). \"Recordings of A Midsummer Night's Dream\". Opera Discography. Archived from the original on 27 November 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.operadis-opera-discography.org.uk/CLBRMIDS.HTM","url_text":"\"Recordings of A Midsummer Night's Dream\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101127220450/http://operadis-opera-discography.org.uk/CLBRMIDS.HTM","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Clements, Andrew (20 May 2011). \"A Midsummer Night's Dream – review\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/may/20/midsummer-nights-dream-review","url_text":"\"A Midsummer Night's Dream – review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160310024052/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/may/20/midsummer-nights-dream-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Craine, Debra; Mackrell, Judith, eds. (2010). \"Massine, Lorca\". The Oxford Dictionary of Dance (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199563449.001.0001. ISBN 9780191727658.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199563449.001.0001","url_text":"10.1093/acref/9780199563449.001.0001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191727658","url_text":"9780191727658"}]},{"reference":"McDonald, Russ (2012). \"Benjamin Britten's Dreams\". In Holland, Peter (ed.). Shakespeare Survey. Vol. 65, A Midsummer Night's Dream. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 138–146. doi:10.1017/SSO9781139170000. ISBN 9781139170000 – via Cambridge Core.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare_Survey","url_text":"Shakespeare Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FSSO9781139170000","url_text":"10.1017/SSO9781139170000"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139170000","url_text":"9781139170000"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Core","url_text":"Cambridge Core"}]},{"reference":"\"A Midsummer Night's Dream (1961)\". Royal Opera House Collections Online. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rohcollections.org.uk/production.aspx?row=0&production=3763&page=0","url_text":"\"A Midsummer Night's Dream (1961)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723031038/http://www.rohcollections.org.uk/production.aspx?row=0&production=3763&page=0","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"A Midsummer Night's Dream (1986)\". Royal Opera House Collections Online. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rohcollections.org.uk/production.aspx?row=1&production=3764&page=0","url_text":"\"A Midsummer Night's Dream (1986)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723031114/http://www.rohcollections.org.uk/production.aspx?row=1&production=3764&page=0","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"A Midsummer Night's Dream (2005)\". Royal Opera House Collections Online. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rohcollections.org.uk/production.aspx?production=3765&row=2","url_text":"\"A Midsummer Night's Dream (2005)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723031018/http://www.rohcollections.org.uk/production.aspx?production=3765&row=2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Taubman, Howard (19 June 1960). \"Britten's Dream; His Setting of Shakespeare Drama Is Composer's Newest, Happiest Opera\" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Taubman","url_text":"Taubman, Howard"},{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1960/06/19/99859475.pdf","url_text":"\"Britten's Dream; His Setting of Shakespeare Drama Is Composer's Newest, Happiest Opera\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"White, Michael (22 May 1994). \"Sweet Dream, sour looks\". The Independent on Sunday. Archived from the original on 11 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/classical-music--sweet-dream-sour-looks-1437690.html","url_text":"\"Sweet Dream, sour looks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent_on_Sunday","url_text":"The Independent on Sunday"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121111101413/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/classical-music--sweet-dream-sour-looks-1437690.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"White, Michael (20 May 2011). \"ENO's shocking new paedophile Midsummer Night's Dream is brilliant, and I hated it\". The Telegraph Blogs. Archived from the original on 30 July 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130730065706/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/culture/michaelwhite/100053515/enos-shocking-new-paedophile-midsummer-nights-dream-is-brilliant-and-i-hated-it/","url_text":"\"ENO's shocking new paedophile Midsummer Night's Dream is brilliant, and I hated it\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Telegraph"},{"url":"http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/culture/michaelwhite/100053515/enos-shocking-new-paedophile-midsummer-nights-dream-is-brilliant-and-i-hated-it/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Whittall, Arnold (1998). \"Midsummer Night's Dream, A\". In Sadie, Stanley (ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of Opera. Vol. 3. London: Macmillan. pp. 379–381. ISBN 1-56159-228-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Whittall","url_text":"Whittall, Arnold"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Sadie","url_text":"Sadie, Stanley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Opera","url_text":"The New Grove Dictionary of Opera"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56159-228-5","url_text":"1-56159-228-5"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.boosey.com/pages/opera/moreDetails.asp?musicID=5633","external_links_name":"\"Britten, Benjamin—A Midsummer Night's Dream (1960)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121006094318/http://www.boosey.com/pages/opera/moreDetails.asp?musicID=5633","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.operadis-opera-discography.org.uk/CLBRMIDS.HTM","external_links_name":"\"Recordings of A Midsummer Night's Dream\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101127220450/http://operadis-opera-discography.org.uk/CLBRMIDS.HTM","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/may/20/midsummer-nights-dream-review","external_links_name":"\"A Midsummer Night's Dream – review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160310024052/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/may/20/midsummer-nights-dream-review","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199563449.001.0001","external_links_name":"10.1093/acref/9780199563449.001.0001"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FSSO9781139170000","external_links_name":"10.1017/SSO9781139170000"},{"Link":"http://www.rohcollections.org.uk/production.aspx?row=0&production=3763&page=0","external_links_name":"\"A Midsummer Night's Dream (1961)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723031038/http://www.rohcollections.org.uk/production.aspx?row=0&production=3763&page=0","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.rohcollections.org.uk/production.aspx?row=1&production=3764&page=0","external_links_name":"\"A Midsummer Night's Dream (1986)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723031114/http://www.rohcollections.org.uk/production.aspx?row=1&production=3764&page=0","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.rohcollections.org.uk/production.aspx?production=3765&row=2","external_links_name":"\"A Midsummer Night's Dream (2005)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723031018/http://www.rohcollections.org.uk/production.aspx?production=3765&row=2","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1960/06/19/99859475.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Britten's Dream; His Setting of Shakespeare Drama Is Composer's Newest, Happiest Opera\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/classical-music--sweet-dream-sour-looks-1437690.html","external_links_name":"\"Sweet Dream, sour looks\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121111101413/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/classical-music--sweet-dream-sour-looks-1437690.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130730065706/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/culture/michaelwhite/100053515/enos-shocking-new-paedophile-midsummer-nights-dream-is-brilliant-and-i-hated-it/","external_links_name":"\"ENO's shocking new paedophile Midsummer Night's Dream is brilliant, and I hated it\""},{"Link":"http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/culture/michaelwhite/100053515/enos-shocking-new-paedophile-midsummer-nights-dream-is-brilliant-and-i-hated-it/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100212104321/http://englishtouringopera.org.uk/about-eto/opera-synopses/britten-a-midsummer-nights-dream/","external_links_name":"Synopsis of Britten's Midsummer Night's Dream"},{"Link":"http://www.brittenpears.org/?page=britten/repertoire/opera/midsummer.html","external_links_name":"Midsummer Night's Dream from the Britten-Pears Foundation with audio clips"},{"Link":"https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/benjamin-brittens-manuscript-score-for-a-midsummer-nights-dream","external_links_name":"Benjamin Britten's manuscript score for A Midsummer Night's Dream"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/4203150869802922190000","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/300246781","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007362098105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr92022066","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/00c5f74d-8946-4bd8-a134-037bb867c8dc","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_bronze_medal | Olympic medal | ["1 Introduction and early history","2 Production and design","2.1 Trionfo","2.2 Custom reverse designs","2.3 Comparison between Summer and Winter","3 Individual design details","3.1 Summer Olympic medal designs","3.2 Winter Olympic medal designs","4 Participation medals","5 Gallery","6 Presentation","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | For Olympic medal tables by country, see All-time Olympic Games medal table. For Olympic medal records by athlete, see Lists of Olympic medalists.
Award given to successful competitors at one of the Olympic Games
Olympic medalsA silver medal awarded to the winner of an event at the first modern Olympic Games in 1896.Awarded forGiven to successful competitors in various Olympic SportsPresented byInternational Olympic CommitteeHistoryFirst award1896Websitewww.olympic.org/
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An Olympic medal is awarded to successful competitors at one of the Olympic Games. There are three classes of medal to be won: gold, silver, and bronze, awarded to first, second, and third place, respectively. The granting of awards is laid out in detail in the Olympic protocols.
Medal designs have varied considerably since the Games in 1896, particularly in the size of the medals for the Summer Olympic Games. The design selected for the 1928 Games remained for many years, until its replacement at the 2004 Games in Athens as the result of controversy surrounding the use of the Roman Colosseum rather than a building representing Greek roots. The medals of the Winter Olympic Games never had a common design, but regularly feature snowflakes and the event where the medal has been won.
In addition to generally supporting their Olympic athletes, some countries provide sums of money and gifts to medal winners, depending on the classes and number of medals won.
Introduction and early history
The olive wreath was the prize for the winner at the Ancient Olympic Games. It was an olive branch, off the wild-olive tree that grew at Olympia, intertwined to form a circle or a horse-shoe. According to Pausanias, it was introduced by Heracles as a prize for the winner of the running race to honour Zeus.
When the modern Olympic Games began in 1896 medals started to be given to successful olympian competitors. However, gold medals were not awarded at the inaugural Olympics in 1896 in Athens, Greece. The winners were instead given a silver medal and an olive branch, while runners-up received a laurel branch and a copper or bronze medal.
A silver medal from the 1900 Summer Olympics, designed by Frédérique Vernon
The 1900 Summer Olympics is unique in being the only Olympic Games to feature rectangular medals, which were designed by Frédérique Vernon. Gilt silver medals were awarded for 1st place in shooting, lifesaving, automobile racing and gymnastics. Whilst 2nd place silver medals were awarded in shooting, rowing, yachting, tennis, gymnastics, sabre, fencing, equestrian and athletics. With 3rd place bronze medals being awarded in gymnastics, firefighting and shooting. In many sports, however, medals were not awarded. With most of the listed prizes being cups and other trophies.
The custom of the sequence of gold, silver, and bronze for the first three places in all events dates from the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri in the United States. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) has retroactively assigned gold, silver and bronze medals to the three best-placed athletes in each event of the 1896 and 1900 Games. If there is a tie for any of the top three places all competitors are entitled to receive the appropriate medal according to IOC rules. Some combat sports (such as boxing, judo, taekwondo and wrestling) award two bronze medals per competition, resulting in, overall, more bronze medals being awarded than the other colours.
Medals are not the only awards given to competitors; every athlete placed first to eighth receives an Olympic diploma. Also, at the main host stadium, the names of all medal winners are written onto a wall. Finally, as noted below, all athletes receive a participation medal and diploma.
Production and design
A collection of medals won by Polish athletes, at the Museum of Sport and Tourism in Warsaw
The IOC dictates the physical properties of the medals and has the final decision about the finished design. Specifications for the medals are developed along with the National Olympic Committee (NOC) hosting the Games, though the IOC has brought in some set rules:
Recipients: The top three competitors receive medals
Shape: Usually circular, featuring an attachment for a chain or ribbon
Diameter: A minimum of 60 mm
Thickness: A minimum of 3 mm
Material:
First place (the gold medal): It is composed at least 92.5% of silver, plated with 6 grams of gold; the metal value was about US$494 in 2010. At the 2020 Summer Olympics held in 2021 in Tokyo, Japan, the medal at current prices is worth about $800.
Second place (the silver medal): 92.5% silver; the metal value was about US$260 in 2010. At Tokyo, Japan, the medal is worth $460.
Third place (the bronze medal): In 2010 it was 97% copper with 0.5% tin and 2.5% zinc; the metal value was about US$3 in 2010. At the Tokyo games it was 95% copper and 5% zinc with a metal value of about $5.
Event details: The sport for which the medal has been awarded should be written on the medal.
The first Olympic medals in 1896 were designed by French sculptor Jules-Clément Chaplain and depicted Zeus holding Nike, the Greek goddess of victory, on the obverse and the Acropolis on the reverse. They were made by the Paris Mint, which also made the medals for the 1900 Olympic Games, hosted by Paris. This started the tradition of giving the responsibility of minting the medals to the host city. For the next few Olympiads, the host city also chose the medal design. Until 1912 the gold medals were made of solid gold.
Trionfo
The bronze medal from the 1980 Summer Olympics showing Cassioli's obverse design portraying Nike, the Greek goddess of victory
In 1923 the International Olympic Committee (IOC) launched a competition for sculptors to design the medals for the Summer Olympic Games. Giuseppe Cassioli's Trionfo design was chosen as the winner in 1928. The obverse brought back Nike but this time as the main focus, holding a winner's crown and palm with a depiction of the Colosseum in the background. In the top right section of the medal, a space was left for the name of the Olympic host and the Games numeral.
The reverse features a crowd of people carrying a triumphant athlete. His winning design was first presented at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. The medals for the 1960 Games in Rome inverted the design, with the obverse featuring the crowd and the reverse featuring Nike. The competition saw this design used for 40 years until the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich became the first Games with a different design for the reverse side of the medal.
Cassioli's design continued to inspire the obverse of the medal for many more years, though recreated each time, with the Olympic host and numeral updated. The obverse remained true to the Trionfo design until the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, where the IOC allowed an updated version to be created. For the next few events , they mandated the use of the Nike motif but allowed other aspects to change.
The trend ended after 2000, due to the negative reaction to the medal design for the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. The designer of the 2000 medal (Wojciech Pietranik) had originally featured the Sydney Opera House on the obverse instead of the traditional Roman Colosseum but the International Olympic Committee decided that the Colosseum should remain. The Greek press criticised the design for ignorance of the birthplace of the Olympic Games, pointing out that the long-standing feature on the front of medals was mistakenly depicting the Roman Colosseum rather than the Greek Parthenon. The Sydney Organising Committee decided to continue with the design as it was, noting that there was insufficient time to complete another version and that it would be too costly. After 76 years a new style by designer Elena Votsi depicting the Panathenaic Stadium was introduced at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. This new obverse design remains in use.
Custom reverse designs
The German Olympic Committee, Nationales Olympisches Komitee für Deutschland, was the first Summer Games organisers to elect to change the reverse of the medal. The 1972 design was created by Gerhard Marcks, an artist from the Bauhaus, and features mythological twins Castor and Pollux. Since then the Organising Committee of the host city has been given the freedom of the design of the reverse, with the IOC giving final approval.
Comparison between Summer and Winter
The IOC has the final decision on the specifications of each design for all Olympic medals, including the Summer Games, Winter Games, Summer Paralympic Games and Winter Paralympic Games. There has been a greater variety of design aplications for the Winter Games; unlike with the Summer Games, the IOC never mandated one particular design. The medal at the inaugural 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France did not even feature the Olympic rings. Nike was featured on the medals of the 1932 and 1936 Games but has only appeared on one medal design since then. One regular motif is the use of the snowflake, while laurel leaves and crowns appear on several designs. The Olympic motto Citius, Altius, Fortius features on four Winter Games medals but does not appear on any Summer Games medal.
For three events in a row, hosts of the Winter Games included different materials in the medals: glass (1992), sparagmite (1994), and lacquer (1998). It was not until the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China that a Summer Olympic host chose to use something different, in this case, jade. While every Summer Olympic medal except for the 1900 Games has been circular, the shapes of the Winter Games have been considerably more varied. The designs for the Winter Games medals are also generally larger, thicker, and heavier than those for the Summer Games.
Individual design details
Summer Olympic medal designs
Details about the medals from each of the Summer Olympic Games:
Games
Host
Details
Designer(s)
Mint
Diameter(mm)
Thickness(mm)
Weight(g)
image
1896
Athens, Greece
Obverse: Zeus holding NikeReverse: The Acropolis
Jules-Clément Chaplain
Paris Mint
48
3.8
047
1900
Paris, France
Obverse: Winged goddess (possible Nike) holding laurel branches; Paris in the backgroundReverse: A victorious athlete holding a laurel branch; the Acropolis in the background Note: The only Summer Olympic medal that is not circular
Frédérique Vernon
Paris Mint
59 x 41
3.2
053
1904
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Obverse: Nike holding a laurel crown and a palm leafReverse: An athlete holding a laurel crown; Greek temple in the background
Dieges & Clust
Dieges & Clust
37.8
3.5
021
1908
London, Great Britain
Obverse: An athlete receiving a laurel crown from two female figuresReverse: Saint George atop a horseEdge: "Vaughton", event name and winner
Bertram Mackennal
Vaughton & Sons
33
4.4
021
1912
Stockholm, Sweden
Obverse: An athlete receiving a laurel crown from two female figuresReverse: A herald opening the Games with a statue of Pehr Henrik Ling behind him
Bertram Mackennal (obverse)Erik Lindberg (reverse)
C.C. Sporrong & Co
33.4
1.5
024
1920
Antwerp, Belgium
Obverse: An athlete holding a laurel crown and a palm leafReverse: Statue of Silvius BraboEdge: Name, event, team, "Antwerp", and the date
Josué Dupon
Coosmans
59
4.4
079
1924
Paris, France
Obverse: An athlete helping another to standReverse: A harp and various items of sports equipment
André Rivaud
Paris Mint
55
4.8
079
1928
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Design: TrionfoNote: This obverse design, sometimes recreated, remains until 2004, the reverse design remained until 1972
Giuseppe Cassioli
Dutch State Mint
55
3
066
1932
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Design: Trionfo
Giuseppe Cassioli
Whitehead & Hoag
55.3
5.7
096
1936
Berlin, Germany
Design: Trionfo
Giuseppe Cassioli
B.H. Mayer
55
5
071
1948
London, Great Britain
Design: Trionfo
Giuseppe Cassioli
John Pinches
51.4
5.1
060
1952
Helsinki, Finland
Design: TrionfoEdge: 916 M / Y6 (Factory Stamp)
Giuseppe Cassioli
Kultakeskus Oy
51
4.8
046.5
1956
Melbourne, Australia
Design: Trionfo
Giuseppe Cassioli
K.G. Luke
51
4.8
068
1960
Rome, Italy
Design: TrionfoSurround: A bronze laurel wreath and laurel leaf chain
(The Rome games were the first to place the medal around the athletes neck)
Giuseppe Cassioli
Artistice Fiorentini
68
6.5
211
1964
Tokyo, Japan
Design: Trionfo
Giuseppe Cassioli and Toshikaka Koshiba
Japan Mint
60
7.5
062
1968
Mexico City, Mexico
Design: Trionfo
Giuseppe Cassioli
60
6
130
1972
Munich, West Germany
Obverse: TrionfoReverse: Castor and Pollux, twin sons of Zeus and LedaEdge: Winner's name and sport
Giuseppe Cassioli (obverse)Gerhard Marcks (reverse)
Bavarian Mint
66
6.5
102
1976
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Obverse: TrionfoReverse: A stylised laurel crown and the Montreal Games logoEdge: Name of the sport
Giuseppe Cassioli (obverse)
Royal Canadian Mint
60
5.8
154
1980
Moscow, Russia
Obverse: TrionfoReverse: A stylised Olympic flame and the Moscow Games logo
Giuseppe Cassioli (obverse)Ilya Postol (reverse)
Moscow Mint
60
6.8
125
1984
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Obverse: TrionfoReverse: An Olympic champion held aloft by a crowdNote: The reverse returns to the Cassioli design
Giuseppe Cassioli
Jostens, Inc
60
7.9
141
1988
Seoul, South Korea
Obverse: TrionfoReverse: An outline of a dove carrying a laurel branch and the Seoul Olympic logo
Giuseppe Cassioli (obverse)
Korea Minting and Security Printing Corporation
60
7
152
1992
Barcelona, Spain
Obverse: Updated interpretation of TrionfoReverse: Barcelona Games logo
Xavier Corbero
Royal Mint of Spain
70
9.8
231
1996
Atlanta, U.S.
Obverse: Updated interpretation of TrionfoReverse: A stylised olive branch, the Atlanta Games logo, and "Centennial Olympic Games"Edge: "Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games"
Malcolm Grear Designers
Reed & Barton
70
5
181
2000
Sydney, Australia
Obverse: Updated interpretation of TrionfoReverse: The Sydney Opera House, Olympic Flame, and Olympic ringsEdge: Event name
Wojciech Pietranik
Royal Australian Mint
68
5
180
2004
Athens, Greece
Obverse: Nike of Paionios with Panathenaic Stadium in the backgroundReverse: The Olympic Flame, the opening lines of Pindar's Eighth Olympic Ode, and the Athens Games logo
Elena Votsi
60
5
135
2008
Beijing, China
Obverse: Nike with Panathenaic Stadium in the backgroundReverse: A jade ring with the Beijing Games logo in the centre and the event details on the outer edge
Xiao Yong
China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation
70
6
200
2012
London, United Kingdom
Obverse: Nike with Panathenaic Stadium in the backgroundReverse: The River Thames and the London Games logo with angled lines in the background
David Watkins
Royal Mint
85
8–10
357–412
2016
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Obverse: Nike with Panathenaic Stadium in the backgroundReverse: The Rio 2016 logo and name, surrounded by a laurel leaf design in the form of the wreathsEdge: The name of the event for which the medal was won is engraved by laser along the outside edge.Note: For the first time, the medals are slightly thicker at their central point compared with their edges.
Casa da Moeda do Brasil
85
6–11
500
2020
Tokyo, Japan
Obverse: Nike with Panathenaic Stadium in the backgroundReverse: The Tokyo 2020 logo and name, surrounded by rays of sun.
Junichi Kawanishi
Japan Mint
85
7.7–12.1
450–556
Winter Olympic medal designs
Details about the medals from each of the Winter Olympic Games:
Games
Host
Details
Designer(s)
Mint
Diameter(mm)
Thickness(mm)
Weight(g)
Image
1924
Chamonix, France
Obverse: A skier holding skates and skis and the designer's nameReverse: Written information about the Games
Raoul Bénard
Paris Mint
055
04
075
1928
St. Moritz, Switzerland
Obverse: A skater surrounded by snowflakesReverse: Olive branches and host details
Arnold Hunerwadel
Huguenin Frères
050.4
03
051
1932
Lake Placid, U.S.
Obverse: Nike with the Adirondack Mountains in the backgroundReverse: Laurel leaves and written host detailsShape: Circular but not with a straight edge
Robbins Company
055
03
051
1936
Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Obverse: Nike atop a horse-drawn chariot traversing an arch over winter sporting equipmentReverse: Large Olympic rings
Richard Klein
Deschler & Sohn
100
04
324
1948
St. Moritz, Switzerland
Obverse: The Olympic torch with snowflakes in the background and the Olympic motto Citius, Altius, FortiusReverse: A snowflake and written host details
Paul Andre Droz
Huguenin Frères
060.2
03.8
103
1952
Oslo, Norway
Obverse: The Olympic torch and the Olympic motto Citius, Altius, FortiusReverse: A pictogram of Oslo City Hall with three snowflakes and written host details
Vasos Falireus and Knut Yvan
Th. Marthinsen
070
03
137.5
1956
Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy
Obverse: An "ideal woman" and written host detailsReverse: A large snowflake with Pomagagnon in the background, the Olympic motto Citius, Altius, Fortius, and further host details
Costanttino Affer
Lorioli Bros.
060.2
03
120.5
1960
Squaw Valley, U.S.
Obverse: The head of a male and female with host details written around themReverse: Large Olympic rings, the Olympic motto Citius, Altius, Fortius, and the name of the sport
Herff Jones
Herff Jones Company
055.3
04.3
095
1964
Innsbruck, Austria
Obverse: Torlauf Mountains, "Innsbruck 1964", and "Torlauf"Reverse: The Olympic rings above the emblem of Innsbruck with host details around them
Martha Coufal (obverse)Arthur Zegler (reverse)
Austrian Mint
072
04
110
1968
Grenoble, France
Obverse: Three snowflakes and the red rose emblem of Grenoble surrounded by host detailsReverse: A stylised image of each sport
Roger Excoffon
Paris Mint
061
03.3
124
1972
Sapporo, Japan
Obverse: Pictogram of lines in the snowReverse: A snowflake, the Sun, and the Olympic ringsShape: Square with rounded, wavy lines
Yagi Kazumi (obverse) Ikko Tanaka (reverse)
Mint Bureau of the Finance Ministry
057.3 x 61.3
05
130
1976
Innsbruck, Austria
Obverse: The Olympic rings above the emblem of Innsbruck with host details around themReverse: The Alps, Bergisel, and the Olympic flame
Martha Coufal (obverse)Arthur Zegler (reverse)
Austrian Mint
070
05.4
164
1980
Lake Placid, U.S.
Obverse: The Olympic torch held in front of the Adirondack MountainsReverse: A pine cone sprig and the Lake Placid logo
Gladys Gunzer
Medallic Art Company
081
06.1
205
1984
Sarajevo, Yugoslavia
Obverse: Event logo with host details surrounding itReverse: An athlete's head wearing a laurel crownShape: Circular but set in a large rounded rectangular shape
Nebojša Mitrić
Zlatara Majdanpek and Zavod za izradu novčanica
71.1 x 65.1
03.1
164
1988
Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Obverse: Event logo with host details surrounding itReverse: Two people, one wearing a laurel and the other wearing a headdress made up of winter sports equipment
Fridrich Peter
Jostens
069
05
193
1992
Albertville, France
Obverse: Glass set into the metal, showing the Olympic rings in front of mountainsReverse: Rear side of glass section
René Lalique
René Lalique
092
09.1
169
1994
Lillehammer, Norway
Sparagmite partially covered in gold, one side showing the Olympic rings and host details, the other depicting the sport in which the medal was won and the Games emblem
Ingjerd Hanevold
Th. Marthinsen
080
08.5
131
1998
Nagano, Japan
Obverse: Partly lacquered, shows the Games emblemReverse: Mainly lacquer, containing the Games emblem over the Shinshu mountains
Takeshi Ito
Kiso Kurashi Craft Center
080
08
261
2002
Salt Lake City, U.S.
Obverse: An athlete carrying the Olympic torch steps out of flamesReverse: Nike holding a victory leaf surrounded by event detailsShape: Irregular circle, like the rocks in Utah's rivers
Scott Given, Axiom Design
O.C. Tanner
085
10
567
2006
Turin, Italy
Obverse: Graphic elements of the GamesReverse: Pictogram of the specific eventEdge: words "XX Olympic Winter Games" in Italian, English, and FrenchShape: Circular with a hole representing a piazza
Dario Quatrini
Ottaviani
107
10
469
2010
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Obverse: An individually cropped section of a large First Nations artwork (orca or raven), making each medal uniqueReverse: Emblem of the Games and event detailsShape: Circular but with undulations stopping it from being flat
Corrine Hunt and Omer Arbel
Royal Canadian Mint
100
06
500–576
2014
Sochi, Russian Federation
Obverse: "Patchwork quilt" design representing different regions of RussiaReverse: Name of the competition in English and the Sochi logoEdge: words "XXII Olympic Winter Games" in Russian, English, and FrenchShape: Circular
ADAMAS
ADAMAS
100
10
460, 525, 531
2018
Pyeongchang County, South Korea
Hangul "symbolising the effort of athletes from around the world"Edge: words "Olympic Winter Games Pyeongchang 2018" in Korean (stylized) and English
Lee Suk-woo
92.5
586, 580, 493
2022
Beijing, China
The design and concept were a joint reinterpretation of the 2008 Summer Olympics as Beijing is the first Olympic dual host city.This medal design also incorporate the chinese astronomy and astrology ideals as the games were held coinciding with the Chinese New Year festivities.
Hang Hai
Participation medals
1964 Summer Olympic Games competitor medal awarded to Irish yachtsman Eddie Kelliher
Since the beginning of the modern Olympics the athletes and their support staffs, event officials, and certain volunteers involved in planning and managing the games have received commemorative medals and diplomas. Like the winners' medals, these are changed for each Olympic Festival, with different ones issued for the summer and winter games.
Gallery
Reverse of the plaque from the 1900 Olympic Games in France
James Graves wearing a bronze medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics, the last version of the Trionfo design
Vincent Hancock with his gold medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics, the heaviest Summer Olympics medal prior to the 2016 Rio Olympics
Presentation
Jim Thorpe receives his medal at the 1912 Summer Olympics
The presentation of the medals and awards varied significantly until the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles brought in what has now become standard. Before 1932 all the medals were awarded at the closing ceremony, with the athletes wearing evening dress for the first few Games. Originally the presenting dignitary was stationary while the athletes filed past to receive their medals. The victory podium was introduced upon the personal instruction in 1931 of Henri de Baillet-Latour, who had seen one used at the 1930 British Empire Games. The winner is in the middle at a higher elevation, with the silver medallist to the right and the bronze to the left. At the 1932 Winter Olympics, medals were awarded in the closing ceremony, with athletes for each event in turn mounting the first-ever podium. At the 1960 Summer Olympics, competitors in the Coliseum received their medals immediately after each event for the first time; competitors at other venues came to the Coliseum the next day to receive their medals. Later Games have had a victory podium at each competition venue.
The 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy were the first in which the medals were placed around the neck of the athletes. The medals hung from a chain of laurel leaves, while they are now hung from a coloured ribbon. When Athens hosted the 2004 Summer Olympics the competitors on the podium also received an olive wreath crown. In the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, each medalist received a wooden statuette of the Olympic logo.
It is customary for many medals at the Winter Olympics to be presented in a separate ceremony on the evening of or the evening after competition. At the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, the "medals plaza" was popularized as a way for the public to see presentations that would have otherwise taken place at far-flung, low-capacity or high-altitude venues and to have an evening program that often included musical performances.
See also
Olympics portal
Summer Olympic coins
Winter Olympic coins
Lists of Olympic medalists
James Brendan Connolly, recipient of the first winner's medal
Pierre de Coubertin medal, a special medal awarded by the International Olympic Committee for sportsmanship or exceptional service to the Olympic movement
References
^ Stewart, Emily (22 July 2021). "The price of Olympic glory". Vox. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
^ Theophrastus, Enquiry into Plants, IV.13.2: 'the wild-olive at Olympia near the temple of zeus, from which the wreaths for the games are made".
^ Pausanias, Description of Greece, 5.7.7
^ a b c d e f "London 2012: Olympic medals timeline". BBC News. 26 July 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
^ De Coubertin, Pierre; Timoleon J. Philemon; N.G. Politis; Charalambos Anninos (1897). The Olympic Games: BC 776–AD 1896 (PDF). The Olympic Games in 1896 - Second Part. Athens: Charles Beck. pp. 232–4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 August 2007.
^ "After this followed the distribution of the second prizes. The King presented each winner a bronze medal and a laurel branch". (English version) But: "Darauf treten die zweiten Sieger einzeln heran und empfangen aus den Händen des Königs einen Lorbeerzweig und eine kupferne Medaille" (German version) Pierre de Coubertin and others, The Olympic Games In 1 8 9 6, Archived 1 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Athens, London, Leipzig 1897, p.114 and p. 115. In: The Olympic Games B.C. 776. — A. D. 1896. Part II
^ "Paris 1900 the Medals". International Olympic Committee. 16 December 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
^ Greensfelder, Jim; Vorontsov, Oleg; Lally, Jim (1998). Olympic Medals: a reference guide. GVL Enterprises. pp. 9–10.
^ "Olympic Summer Games Medals from Athens 1896 to Tokyo 2020" (PDF). Olympic Studies Centre. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 September 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
^ Greensfelder, Jim; Vorontsov, Oleg; Lally, Jim (1998). Olympic Medals: a reference guide. GVL Enterprises. pp. 9–10.
^ "Olympic Summer Games Medals from Athens 1896 to Tokyo 2020" (PDF). Olympic Studies Centre. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 September 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
^ Greensfelder, Jim; Vorontsov, Oleg; Lally, Jim (1998). Olympic Medals: a reference guide. GVL Enterprises. pp. 9–10.
^ a b Mallon, Bill (1998). The 1900 Olympic Games, Results for All Competitors in All Events, with Commentary. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. ISBN 0-7864-0378-0.
^ "Athens 1896–Medal Table". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 5 May 2008.
^ a b c d e Report 268. International Olympic Committee. 31 January 2002. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
^ a b c The fine art of victory, Archived 17 July 2005 at the Wayback Machine. Powerhouse Museum. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
^ a b c Rigel Celeste (2 May 2010). "How Much is a Gold Medal Really Worth?". Luxist. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
^ "Olympic Minerals: The Medals". 4 February 2005. Archived from the original on 4 February 2005. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
^ a b c "How much are Olympic medals worth?". CNN. 31 July 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
^ "The Live Updating Scrap Gold Value Calculator - Dendritics ".
^ "Olympics 2016: Everything You Need to Know About Gold Medals". ABC News. 12 August 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
^ a b Winner's medal for the 1948 Olympic Games in London, Olympic.org. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
^ Olympic Summer Games Medals, Athens Info Guide. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
^ IOC (17 December 2020). "Rome 1960 Olympic Medals - Design, History & Photos". Olympics.com. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
^ The fine art of victory, Archived 17 July 2005 at the Wayback Machine. Powerhouse Museum. Accessed 11 September 2011.
^ Greek anger at Olympic medal design, The Telegraph. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
^ Athens' New Olympic Medal Design Win IOC's Nod, People Daily. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
^ a b c IOC: All Medals. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
^ Magnay, Jacquelin. London 2012 Olympics: medal designs unveiled. The Telegraph. 27 July 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
^ Xiao Yong Archived 27 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine. icograda. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
^ The Making of the London 2012 Victory Medals Archived 13 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine. The Royal Mint. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
^ Rio 2016 reveals Olympic medals, celebrating nature and sustainability Archived 15 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Rio 2016. 14 June 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
^ Medalhas Olímpicas e Paralímpicas são as mais sustentáveis da história dos Jogos. Casa da Moeda do Brasil. 14 June 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
^ Innovative Medal Design Unveiled for Rio 2016. International Olympic Committee. 15 June 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
^ Tokyo 2020 Olympic Medal Design Archived 22 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine.Tokyo 2020. 25 July 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
^ Behind the Making of the Tokyo 2020 Medals. nippon.com 20 August 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
^ Olympic Winter Games Medals from Chamonix 1924 to Vancouver 2010. Archived 16 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine. International Olympic Committee. April 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
^ The Sochi Olympic medals introduced by the ADAMAS jewellery company on YouTube
^ "PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Medal Table - Gold, Silver & Bronze".
^ "Beijing 2022 Olympic medals design unveiled with 100 days to go". Beijing2022.cn. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
^ Olympic Museum
^ "London's Olympic Gold Medal Worth the Most in the History of the Games". Forbes.
^ a b c Barney, Robert K. (1998). "A Research Note on the Origins of the Olympic Victory Podium" (PDF). International Symposium for Olympic Research. Fourth: Global and Cultural Critique: Problematizing the Olympic Games: 219–226. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
^ "What's the little figurine athletes are receiving with their medals in Rio?". ABC News. 16 August 2016.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Olympic medals.
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Commons | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All-time Olympic Games medal table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-time_Olympic_Games_medal_table"},{"link_name":"Lists of Olympic medalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_Olympic_medalists"},{"link_name":"Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_medal"},{"link_name":"silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_medal"},{"link_name":"bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_medal"},{"link_name":"awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Award"},{"link_name":"Summer Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"1928 Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2004 Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Colosseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Winter Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"which?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words"},{"link_name":"quantify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For Olympic medal tables by country, see All-time Olympic Games medal table. For Olympic medal records by athlete, see Lists of Olympic medalists.Award given to successful competitors at one of the Olympic GamesAn Olympic medal is awarded to successful competitors at one of the Olympic Games. There are three classes of medal to be won: gold, silver, and bronze, awarded to first, second, and third place, respectively. The granting of awards is laid out in detail in the Olympic protocols.Medal designs have varied considerably since the Games in 1896, particularly in the size of the medals for the Summer Olympic Games. The design selected for the 1928 Games remained for many years, until its replacement at the 2004 Games in Athens as the result of controversy surrounding the use of the Roman Colosseum rather than a building representing Greek roots. The medals of the Winter Olympic Games never had a common design, but regularly feature snowflakes and the event where the medal has been won.In addition to generally supporting their Olympic athletes, some countries[which?] provide sums of money and gifts[quantify] to medal winners, depending on the classes and number of medals won.[1]","title":"Olympic medal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"olive wreath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_wreath"},{"link_name":"Ancient Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"olive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive"},{"link_name":"wild-olive tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olea_oleaster"},{"link_name":"Olympia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympia,_Greece"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Pausanias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)"},{"link_name":"Heracles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracles"},{"link_name":"running race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion_(running_race)"},{"link_name":"Zeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"gold medals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_medal"},{"link_name":"inaugural Olympics in 1896","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-4"},{"link_name":"silver medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_medal"},{"link_name":"olive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-official_report-5"},{"link_name":"laurel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurus_nobilis"},{"link_name":"bronze medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_medal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Med_1900.jpg"},{"link_name":"silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver"},{"link_name":"1900 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Frédérique Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9rique_Vernon"},{"link_name":"1900 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Frédérique Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9rique_Vernon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Gilt silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver-gilt"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mallon-13"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"},{"link_name":"silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver"},{"link_name":"bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze"},{"link_name":"1904 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"St. Louis, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"International Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mallon-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rep268-15"},{"link_name":"boxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"judo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo_at_the_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"taekwondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Olympic diploma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_diploma"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rep268-15"}],"text":"The olive wreath was the prize for the winner at the Ancient Olympic Games. It was an olive branch, off the wild-olive tree that grew at Olympia,[2] intertwined to form a circle or a horse-shoe. According to Pausanias, it was introduced by Heracles as a prize for the winner of the running race to honour Zeus.[3]When the modern Olympic Games began in 1896 medals started to be given to successful olympian competitors. However, gold medals were not awarded at the inaugural Olympics in 1896 in Athens, Greece.[4] The winners were instead given a silver medal and an olive branch,[5] while runners-up received a laurel branch and a copper or bronze medal.[6]A silver medal from the 1900 Summer Olympics, designed by Frédérique VernonThe 1900 Summer Olympics is unique in being the only Olympic Games to feature rectangular medals, which were designed by Frédérique Vernon.[7] Gilt silver medals were awarded for 1st place in shooting, lifesaving, automobile racing and gymnastics.[8][9] Whilst 2nd place silver medals were awarded in shooting, rowing, yachting, tennis, gymnastics, sabre, fencing, equestrian and athletics.[10] With 3rd place bronze medals being awarded in gymnastics, firefighting and shooting.[11][12] In many sports, however, medals were not awarded. With most of the listed prizes being cups and other trophies.[13]The custom of the sequence of gold, silver, and bronze for the first three places in all events dates from the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri in the United States. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) has retroactively assigned gold, silver and bronze medals to the three best-placed athletes in each event of the 1896 and 1900 Games.[14][13] If there is a tie for any of the top three places all competitors are entitled to receive the appropriate medal according to IOC rules.[15] Some combat sports (such as boxing, judo, taekwondo and wrestling) award two bronze medals per competition, resulting in, overall, more bronze medals being awarded than the other colours.Medals are not the only awards given to competitors; every athlete placed first to eighth receives an Olympic diploma. Also, at the main host stadium, the names of all medal winners are written onto a wall.[15] Finally, as noted below, all athletes receive a participation medal and diploma.","title":"Introduction and early history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MST21_DSC0873.JPG"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Museum of Sport and Tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Sport_and_Tourism"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"National Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rep268-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArtVictory-16"},{"link_name":"silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver"},{"link_name":"plated with","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_plating"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US$"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"2020 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9Cmedal%E2%80%9D-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US$"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9Cmedal%E2%80%9D-19"},{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"tin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin"},{"link_name":"zinc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US$"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9Cmedal%E2%80%9D-19"},{"link_name":"Jules-Clément Chaplain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules-Cl%C3%A9ment_Chaplain"},{"link_name":"Zeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeus"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Greek goddess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology"},{"link_name":"Acropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acropolis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-4"},{"link_name":"Paris Mint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Mint"},{"link_name":"minting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mint_(coin)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"A collection of medals won by Polish athletes, at the Museum of Sport and Tourism in WarsawThe IOC dictates the physical properties of the medals and has the final decision about the finished design. Specifications for the medals are developed along with the National Olympic Committee (NOC) hosting the Games, though the IOC has brought in some set rules:[15][16]Recipients: The top three competitors receive medals\nShape: Usually circular, featuring an attachment for a chain or ribbon\nDiameter: A minimum of 60 mm\nThickness: A minimum of 3 mm\nMaterial:\nFirst place (the gold medal): It is composed at least 92.5% of silver, plated with 6 grams of gold; the metal value was about US$494 in 2010.[17][18] At the 2020 Summer Olympics held in 2021 in Tokyo, Japan, the medal at current prices is worth about $800.[19]\nSecond place (the silver medal): 92.5% silver;[20] the metal value was about US$260 in 2010.[17] At Tokyo, Japan, the medal is worth $460.[19]\nThird place (the bronze medal): In 2010 it was 97% copper with 0.5% tin and 2.5% zinc; the metal value was about US$3 in 2010.[17] At the Tokyo games it was 95% copper and 5% zinc with a metal value of about $5.[19]\nEvent details: The sport for which the medal has been awarded should be written on the medal.The first Olympic medals in 1896 were designed by French sculptor Jules-Clément Chaplain and depicted Zeus holding Nike, the Greek goddess of victory, on the obverse and the Acropolis on the reverse.[4] They were made by the Paris Mint, which also made the medals for the 1900 Olympic Games, hosted by Paris. This started the tradition of giving the responsibility of minting the medals to the host city. For the next few Olympiads, the host city also chose the medal design. Until 1912 the gold medals were made of solid gold.[21]","title":"Production and design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1980_Summer_Olympics_bronze_medal.JPG"},{"link_name":"bronze medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_medal"},{"link_name":"1980 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"International Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"Summer Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Cassioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Cassioli"},{"link_name":"Trionfo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trionfo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-4"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-olympicorg-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aig-23"},{"link_name":"Colosseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-olympicorg-22"},{"link_name":"1928 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"1960 Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"1972 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-4"},{"link_name":"1992 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArtVictory-16"},{"link_name":"2000 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"Wojciech Pietranik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojciech_Pietranik"},{"link_name":"Sydney Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Colosseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum"},{"link_name":"International Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArtVictory2-25"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Parthenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-4"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-26"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArtVictory-16"},{"link_name":"Elena Votsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Votsi"},{"link_name":"Panathenaic Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panathenaic_Stadium"},{"link_name":"2004 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peopledaily-27"}],"sub_title":"Trionfo","text":"The bronze medal from the 1980 Summer Olympics showing Cassioli's obverse design portraying Nike, the Greek goddess of victoryIn 1923 the International Olympic Committee (IOC) launched a competition for sculptors to design the medals for the Summer Olympic Games. Giuseppe Cassioli's Trionfo design was chosen as the winner in 1928.[4][22][23] The obverse brought back Nike but this time as the main focus, holding a winner's crown and palm with a depiction of the Colosseum in the background.[22] In the top right section of the medal, a space was left for the name of the Olympic host and the Games numeral.The reverse features a crowd of people carrying a triumphant athlete. His winning design was first presented at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. The medals for the 1960 Games in Rome inverted the design, with the obverse featuring the crowd and the reverse featuring Nike.[24] The competition saw this design used for 40 years until the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich became the first Games with a different design for the reverse side of the medal.[4]Cassioli's design continued to inspire the obverse of the medal for many more years, though recreated each time, with the Olympic host and numeral updated. The obverse remained true to the Trionfo design until the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, where the IOC allowed an updated version to be created. For the next few events , they mandated the use of the Nike motif but allowed other aspects to change.[16]The trend ended after 2000, due to the negative reaction to the medal design for the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. The designer of the 2000 medal (Wojciech Pietranik) had originally featured the Sydney Opera House on the obverse instead of the traditional Roman Colosseum but the International Olympic Committee decided that the Colosseum should remain.[25] The Greek press criticised the design for ignorance of the birthplace of the Olympic Games, pointing out that the long-standing feature on the front of medals was mistakenly depicting the Roman Colosseum rather than the Greek Parthenon.[4][26] The Sydney Organising Committee decided to continue with the design as it was, noting that there was insufficient time to complete another version and that it would be too costly.[16] After 76 years a new style by designer Elena Votsi depicting the Panathenaic Stadium was introduced at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.[27] This new obverse design remains in use.","title":"Production and design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nationales Olympisches Komitee für Deutschland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationales_Olympisches_Komitee_f%C3%BCr_Deutschland"},{"link_name":"Gerhard Marcks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Marcks"},{"link_name":"Bauhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaus"},{"link_name":"Castor and Pollux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IOCrefdoc-28"}],"sub_title":"Custom reverse designs","text":"The German Olympic Committee, Nationales Olympisches Komitee für Deutschland, was the first Summer Games organisers to elect to change the reverse of the medal. The 1972 design was created by Gerhard Marcks, an artist from the Bauhaus, and features mythological twins Castor and Pollux.[28] Since then the Organising Committee of the host city has been given the freedom of the design of the reverse, with the IOC giving final approval.","title":"Production and design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Winter Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"Summer Paralympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Paralympic_Games"},{"link_name":"Winter Paralympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Paralympic_Games"},{"link_name":"1924 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Chamonix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamonix"},{"link_name":"Olympic rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_symbols#Olympic_rings"},{"link_name":"Citius, Altius, Fortius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_symbols#Motto_and_creed"},{"link_name":"sparagmite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparagmite"},{"link_name":"lacquer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacquer"},{"link_name":"2008 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"jade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade"}],"sub_title":"Comparison between Summer and Winter","text":"The IOC has the final decision on the specifications of each design for all Olympic medals, including the Summer Games, Winter Games, Summer Paralympic Games and Winter Paralympic Games. There has been a greater variety of design aplications for the Winter Games; unlike with the Summer Games, the IOC never mandated one particular design. The medal at the inaugural 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France did not even feature the Olympic rings. Nike was featured on the medals of the 1932 and 1936 Games but has only appeared on one medal design since then. One regular motif is the use of the snowflake, while laurel leaves and crowns appear on several designs. The Olympic motto Citius, Altius, Fortius features on four Winter Games medals but does not appear on any Summer Games medal.For three events in a row, hosts of the Winter Games included different materials in the medals: glass (1992), sparagmite (1994), and lacquer (1998). It was not until the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China that a Summer Olympic host chose to use something different, in this case, jade. While every Summer Olympic medal except for the 1900 Games has been circular, the shapes of the Winter Games have been considerably more varied. The designs for the Winter Games medals are also generally larger, thicker, and heavier than those for the Summer Games.","title":"Production and design"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Individual design details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IOCrefdoc-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Summer Olympic medal designs","text":"Details about the medals from each of the Summer Olympic Games:[28][29]","title":"Individual design details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-4"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IOCwinter-37"}],"sub_title":"Winter Olympic medal designs","text":"Details about the medals from each of the Winter Olympic Games:[4][37]","title":"Individual design details"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olympics_Competitor_medal.jpg"},{"link_name":"1964 Summer Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"Eddie Kelliher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Kelliher"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"1964 Summer Olympic Games competitor medal awarded to Irish yachtsman Eddie KelliherSince the beginning of the modern Olympics the athletes and their support staffs, event officials, and certain volunteers involved in planning and managing the games have received commemorative medals and diplomas. Like the winners' medals, these are changed for each Olympic Festival, with different ones issued for the summer and winter games.[41]","title":"Participation medals"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Med_1900.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Graves_-_2000_Olympics_in_Sydney.JPEG"},{"link_name":"James Graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Graves_(sport_shooter)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vincent_Hancock_wins_Olympic_gold.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vincent Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Hancock"},{"link_name":"2012 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"Reverse of the plaque from the 1900 Olympic Games in France\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJames Graves wearing a bronze medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics, the last version of the Trionfo design\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVincent Hancock with his gold medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics, the heaviest Summer Olympics medal prior to the 2016 Rio Olympics[42]","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thorpe_gold_medal.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jim Thorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Thorpe"},{"link_name":"1912 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1932 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"evening dress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_tie"},{"link_name":"podium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podium"},{"link_name":"Henri de Baillet-Latour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_de_Baillet-Latour"},{"link_name":"1930 British Empire Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930_British_Empire_Games"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-podium1998-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-podium1998-43"},{"link_name":"1932 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Coliseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Memorial_Coliseum"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rep268-15"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-podium1998-43"},{"link_name":"1960 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IOCrefdoc-28"},{"link_name":"2016 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"2002 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City"}],"text":"Jim Thorpe receives his medal at the 1912 Summer OlympicsThe presentation of the medals and awards varied significantly until the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles brought in what has now become standard. Before 1932 all the medals were awarded at the closing ceremony, with the athletes wearing evening dress for the first few Games. Originally the presenting dignitary was stationary while the athletes filed past to receive their medals. The victory podium was introduced upon the personal instruction in 1931 of Henri de Baillet-Latour, who had seen one used at the 1930 British Empire Games.[43] The winner is in the middle at a higher elevation, with the silver medallist to the right and the bronze to the left.[43] At the 1932 Winter Olympics, medals were awarded in the closing ceremony, with athletes for each event in turn mounting the first-ever podium. At the 1960 Summer Olympics, competitors in the Coliseum received their medals immediately after each event for the first time; competitors at other venues came to the Coliseum the next day to receive their medals.[15][43] Later Games have had a victory podium at each competition venue.The 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy were the first in which the medals were placed around the neck of the athletes. The medals hung from a chain of laurel leaves, while they are now hung from a coloured ribbon.[28] When Athens hosted the 2004 Summer Olympics the competitors on the podium also received an olive wreath crown. In the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, each medalist received a wooden statuette of the Olympic logo.[44]It is customary for many medals at the Winter Olympics to be presented in a separate ceremony on the evening of or the evening after competition. At the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, the \"medals plaza\" was popularized as a way for the public to see presentations that would have otherwise taken place at far-flung, low-capacity or high-altitude venues and to have an evening program that often included musical performances.","title":"Presentation"}] | [{"image_text":"A silver medal from the 1900 Summer Olympics, designed by Frédérique Vernon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Med_1900.jpg/150px-Med_1900.jpg"},{"image_text":"A collection of medals won by Polish athletes, at the Museum of Sport and Tourism in Warsaw","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/MST21_DSC0873.JPG/220px-MST21_DSC0873.JPG"},{"image_text":"The bronze medal from the 1980 Summer Olympics showing Cassioli's obverse design portraying Nike, the Greek goddess of victory","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/1980_Summer_Olympics_bronze_medal.JPG/220px-1980_Summer_Olympics_bronze_medal.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Losanna%2C_museo_olimpico%2C_medaglie_di_1900_parigi.JPG/52px-Losanna%2C_museo_olimpico%2C_medaglie_di_1900_parigi.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/London_1908_Medals.jpg/125px-London_1908_Medals.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Losanna%2C_museo_olimpico%2C_medaglie_di_1912_stoccolma.JPG/51px-Losanna%2C_museo_olimpico%2C_medaglie_di_1912_stoccolma.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Losanna%2C_museo_olimpico%2C_medaglie_di_1924_parigi.JPG/52px-Losanna%2C_museo_olimpico%2C_medaglie_di_1924_parigi.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Losanna%2C_museo_olimpico%2C_medaglie_di_1928_amsterdam.JPG/52px-Losanna%2C_museo_olimpico%2C_medaglie_di_1928_amsterdam.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Medaille-sommerspiele-1936-berlin.jpg/168px-Medaille-sommerspiele-1936-berlin.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/H%C3%A1zen%C3%A1_p.Kone%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_002.jpg/145px-H%C3%A1zen%C3%A1_p.Kone%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_002.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/1980_Summer_Olympics_bronze_medal.JPG/138px-1980_Summer_Olympics_bronze_medal.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Seoul_88_olympic_medals.jpg/138px-Seoul_88_olympic_medals.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/1996_Summer_Olympics_medals%2C_Atlanta_History_Center.jpg/138px-1996_Summer_Olympics_medals%2C_Atlanta_History_Center.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Beijing_2008.png/138px-Beijing_2008.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/As_close_as_I%27m_going_to_get_to_an_Olympic_gold_medal_%287654484286%29.jpg/138px-As_close_as_I%27m_going_to_get_to_an_Olympic_gold_medal_%287654484286%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Marta_Martyanova_%282021-08-04%29_03.jpg/138px-Marta_Martyanova_%282021-08-04%29_03.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Medal_uczestnika_ZIO_1956_04.JPG/181px-Medal_uczestnika_ZIO_1956_04.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Losanna%2C_museo_olimpico%2C_medaglie_di_1960_squaw_valley.JPG/68px-Losanna%2C_museo_olimpico%2C_medaglie_di_1960_squaw_valley.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/1964_Winter_Olympics_medals.JPG/112px-1964_Winter_Olympics_medals.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/1968_Winter_Olympics_gold_medal.jpg/117px-1968_Winter_Olympics_gold_medal.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Stoleti_ceskeho_hokeje_33.JPG/147px-Stoleti_ceskeho_hokeje_33.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/1984_Winter_Olympics_gold_medal.JPG/129px-1984_Winter_Olympics_gold_medal.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/1998_Winter_Olympics_medals.JPG/157px-1998_Winter_Olympics_medals.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/SochiOlympicMedals.jpg/149px-SochiOlympicMedals.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/2018_Winter_Olympics_medal.jpg/220px-2018_Winter_Olympics_medal.jpg"},{"image_text":"1964 Summer Olympic Games competitor medal awarded to Irish yachtsman Eddie Kelliher","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Olympics_Competitor_medal.jpg/170px-Olympics_Competitor_medal.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jim Thorpe receives his medal at the 1912 Summer Olympics","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Thorpe_gold_medal.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Olympics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Olympics"},{"title":"Summer Olympic coins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympic_coins"},{"title":"Winter Olympic coins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_coins"},{"title":"Lists of Olympic medalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_Olympic_medalists"},{"title":"James Brendan Connolly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brendan_Connolly"},{"title":"Pierre de Coubertin medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Coubertin_medal"},{"title":"International Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee"}] | [{"reference":"Stewart, Emily (22 July 2021). \"The price of Olympic glory\". Vox. Retrieved 26 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vox.com/the-goods/22586868/olympics-athletes-pay-medal-sponsors-ioc","url_text":"\"The price of Olympic glory\""}]},{"reference":"\"London 2012: Olympic medals timeline\". BBC News. 26 July 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14291544#summer-1928","url_text":"\"London 2012: Olympic medals timeline\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"De Coubertin, Pierre; Timoleon J. Philemon; N.G. Politis; Charalambos Anninos (1897). The Olympic Games: BC 776–AD 1896 (PDF). The Olympic Games in 1896 - Second Part. Athens: Charles Beck. pp. 232–4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 August 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070801121643/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1896/1896.pdf","url_text":"The Olympic Games: BC 776–AD 1896"},{"url":"http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1896/1896.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Paris 1900 the Medals\". International Olympic Committee. 16 December 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/paris-1900/medal-design","url_text":"\"Paris 1900 the Medals\""}]},{"reference":"Greensfelder, Jim; Vorontsov, Oleg; Lally, Jim (1998). Olympic Medals: a reference guide. GVL Enterprises. pp. 9–10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Olympic Summer Games Medals from Athens 1896 to Tokyo 2020\" (PDF). Olympic Studies Centre. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 September 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Factsheets-Reference-Documents/Games/Records-and-Medals/Reference-document-OG-Medals.pdf","url_text":"\"Olympic Summer Games Medals from Athens 1896 to Tokyo 2020\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903041318/https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Factsheets-Reference-Documents/Games/Records-and-Medals/Reference-document-OG-Medals.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Greensfelder, Jim; Vorontsov, Oleg; Lally, Jim (1998). Olympic Medals: a reference guide. GVL Enterprises. pp. 9–10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Olympic Summer Games Medals from Athens 1896 to Tokyo 2020\" (PDF). Olympic Studies Centre. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 September 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Factsheets-Reference-Documents/Games/Records-and-Medals/Reference-document-OG-Medals.pdf","url_text":"\"Olympic Summer Games Medals from Athens 1896 to Tokyo 2020\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903041318/https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Factsheets-Reference-Documents/Games/Records-and-Medals/Reference-document-OG-Medals.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Greensfelder, Jim; Vorontsov, Oleg; Lally, Jim (1998). Olympic Medals: a reference guide. GVL Enterprises. pp. 9–10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mallon, Bill (1998). The 1900 Olympic Games, Results for All Competitors in All Events, with Commentary. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. ISBN 0-7864-0378-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/1900olympicgames00mall","url_text":"The 1900 Olympic Games, Results for All Competitors in All Events, with Commentary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0378-0","url_text":"0-7864-0378-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Athens 1896–Medal Table\". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 5 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/table_uk.asp?OLGT=1&OLGY=1896","url_text":"\"Athens 1896–Medal Table\""}]},{"reference":"Rigel Celeste (2 May 2010). \"How Much is a Gold Medal Really Worth?\". Luxist. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130521015729/http://www.luxist.com/2010/03/02/how-much-is-a-gold-medal-really-worth/","url_text":"\"How Much is a Gold Medal Really Worth?\""},{"url":"http://www.luxist.com/2010/03/02/how-much-is-a-gold-medal-really-worth/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Olympic Minerals: The Medals\". 4 February 2005. Archived from the original on 4 February 2005. Retrieved 12 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050204134253/http://www.minerals.org.au/olympics/themedals.html","url_text":"\"Olympic Minerals: The Medals\""},{"url":"http://www.minerals.org.au/olympics/themedals.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"How much are Olympic medals worth?\". CNN. 31 July 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/31/sport/olympic-medals-value-explainer-scli-intl/index.html","url_text":"\"How much are Olympic medals worth?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]},{"reference":"\"The Live Updating Scrap Gold Value Calculator - Dendritics [USD]\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dendritics.com/scales/metal-calc.asp","url_text":"\"The Live Updating Scrap Gold Value Calculator - Dendritics [USD]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olympics 2016: Everything You Need to Know About Gold Medals\". ABC News. 12 August 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/olympics-2016-gold-medals/story?id=41318405","url_text":"\"Olympics 2016: Everything You Need to Know About Gold Medals\""}]},{"reference":"IOC (17 December 2020). \"Rome 1960 Olympic Medals - Design, History & Photos\". Olympics.com. Retrieved 19 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/rome-1960/medal-design","url_text":"\"Rome 1960 Olympic Medals - Design, History & Photos\""}]},{"reference":"\"PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Medal Table - Gold, Silver & Bronze\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olympic.org/pyeongchang-2018-medals","url_text":"\"PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Medal Table - Gold, Silver & Bronze\""}]},{"reference":"\"Beijing 2022 Olympic medals design unveiled with 100 days to go\". Beijing2022.cn. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.beijing2022.cn/sv1/wog.html?cmsid=MHI2021102700345400","url_text":"\"Beijing 2022 Olympic medals design unveiled with 100 days to go\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211028085843/https://www.beijing2022.cn/sv1/wog.html?cmsid=MHI2021102700345400","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"London's Olympic Gold Medal Worth the Most in the History of the Games\". Forbes.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonydemarco/2012/07/26/a-closer-look-at-the-olympic-gold-medal/","url_text":"\"London's Olympic Gold Medal Worth the Most in the History of the Games\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]},{"reference":"Barney, Robert K. (1998). \"A Research Note on the Origins of the Olympic Victory Podium\" (PDF). International Symposium for Olympic Research. Fourth: Global and Cultural Critique: Problematizing the Olympic Games: 219–226. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Barney","url_text":"Barney, Robert K."},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140202173614/http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/ISOR/ISOR1998x.pdf","url_text":"\"A Research Note on the Origins of the Olympic Victory Podium\""},{"url":"http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/ISOR/ISOR1998x.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"What's the little figurine athletes are receiving with their medals in Rio?\". ABC News. 16 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-08-17/rio-2016-what-is-the-figurine-athletes-are-receiving-with-medal/7749814","url_text":"\"What's the little figurine athletes are receiving with their medals in Rio?\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.olympic.org/","external_links_name":"www.olympic.org/"},{"Link":"https://www.vox.com/the-goods/22586868/olympics-athletes-pay-medal-sponsors-ioc","external_links_name":"\"The price of Olympic glory\""},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+5.7.7&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160","external_links_name":"5.7.7"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14291544#summer-1928","external_links_name":"\"London 2012: Olympic medals timeline\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070801121643/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1896/1896.pdf","external_links_name":"The Olympic Games: BC 776–AD 1896"},{"Link":"http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1896/1896.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1896/1896.pdf","external_links_name":"Pierre de Coubertin and others, The Olympic Games In 1 8 9 6,"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070801121643/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1896/1896.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/paris-1900/medal-design","external_links_name":"\"Paris 1900 the Medals\""},{"Link":"https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Factsheets-Reference-Documents/Games/Records-and-Medals/Reference-document-OG-Medals.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Olympic Summer Games Medals from Athens 1896 to Tokyo 2020\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903041318/https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Factsheets-Reference-Documents/Games/Records-and-Medals/Reference-document-OG-Medals.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Factsheets-Reference-Documents/Games/Records-and-Medals/Reference-document-OG-Medals.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Olympic Summer Games Medals from Athens 1896 to Tokyo 2020\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200903041318/https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Factsheets-Reference-Documents/Games/Records-and-Medals/Reference-document-OG-Medals.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/1900olympicgames00mall","external_links_name":"The 1900 Olympic Games, Results for All Competitors in All Events, with Commentary"},{"Link":"http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/table_uk.asp?OLGT=1&OLGY=1896","external_links_name":"\"Athens 1896–Medal Table\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111211010920/http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Reports/EN/en_report_268.pdf","external_links_name":"Report 268"},{"Link":"http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/sydney2000games/files/modules/63BF7DF2-4224-4A35-AF03B3B732AEEAF2/olympic_victory_medals.pdf","external_links_name":"The fine art of victory"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050717184328/http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/sydney2000games/files/modules/63BF7DF2-4224-4A35-AF03B3B732AEEAF2/olympic_victory_medals.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130521015729/http://www.luxist.com/2010/03/02/how-much-is-a-gold-medal-really-worth/","external_links_name":"\"How Much is a Gold Medal Really Worth?\""},{"Link":"http://www.luxist.com/2010/03/02/how-much-is-a-gold-medal-really-worth/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050204134253/http://www.minerals.org.au/olympics/themedals.html","external_links_name":"\"Olympic Minerals: The Medals\""},{"Link":"http://www.minerals.org.au/olympics/themedals.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/31/sport/olympic-medals-value-explainer-scli-intl/index.html","external_links_name":"\"How much are Olympic medals worth?\""},{"Link":"http://www.dendritics.com/scales/metal-calc.asp","external_links_name":"\"The Live Updating Scrap Gold Value Calculator - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard_Coachlines | Leopard Coachlines | ["1 Urban buses","2 Fleet","3 References","4 External links"] | Leopard CoachlinesLocaleNew ZealandService areaChristchurch, AucklandService typeCoach operatorFuel typeDiesel, BiodieselWebsitewww.leopard.co.nz
Leopard Coachlines is a tour bus service operator based in Christchurch, New Zealand, with a depot in Auckland. It operates tourist coach trips, charter services to Mount Hutt ski field, and tours for schools and groups.
Urban buses
From 1993 until mid 2013 it also ran many urban bus routes in Christchurch for Canterbury Regional Council. It received praise from the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority for being the first bus company in New Zealand to run its entire fleet on a five percent biodiesel blend; some buses run on a higher proportion of biodiesel, but also had two buses ordered off the road during a widely publicised vehicle check on buses, conducted by the New Zealand Police on 18 November 2010
In late July 2013 the urban bus operation was sold to Go Bus Transport.
Fleet
As at May 2018, Leopard Coachlines operated 41 vehicles.
References
^ Leopard Coachlines website Archived 2010-07-03 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b Coachline promises jobs safe in crossover Stuff.co.nz 1 June 2013
^ "EECA congratulates Leopard Coachlines". Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority. 18 May 2007.
^ "Metro - The Biodiesel Trial". 12 July 2010. Archived from the original on 10 January 2007. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
^ 'Safety paramount for bus services' - Environment Canterbury Website Archived 2010-12-15 at the Wayback Machine
^ Gates, Charlie (19 November 2010). "Police take 28 Christchurch buses off the road". The Press. Retrieved 14 October 2011.
^ Leopard Coachlines Australian Bus Fleet Lists
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Buses portal New Zealand portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tour bus service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_bus_service"},{"link_name":"Christchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"Mount Hutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hutt"}],"text":"Leopard Coachlines is a tour bus service operator based in Christchurch, New Zealand, with a depot in Auckland. 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It received praise from the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority for being the first bus company in New Zealand to run its entire fleet on a five percent biodiesel blend;[3] some buses run on a higher proportion of biodiesel,[4] but also had two buses ordered off the road during a widely publicised vehicle check on buses, conducted by the New Zealand Police on 18 November 2010[5][6]In late July 2013 the urban bus operation was sold to Go Bus Transport.[2]","title":"Urban buses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"As at May 2018, Leopard Coachlines operated 41 vehicles.[7]","title":"Fleet"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"EECA congratulates Leopard Coachlines\". Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority. 18 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO0705/S00369.htm","url_text":"\"EECA congratulates Leopard Coachlines\""}]},{"reference":"\"Metro - The Biodiesel Trial\". 12 July 2010. Archived from the original on 10 January 2007. Retrieved 4 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20070110194333/http://www.metroinfo.org.nz/biodiesel_results_update.html","url_text":"\"Metro - The Biodiesel Trial\""},{"url":"http://www.metroinfo.org.nz/biodiesel_results_update.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gates, Charlie (19 November 2010). \"Police take 28 Christchurch buses off the road\". The Press. Retrieved 14 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/4362202/Police-take-28-Christchurch-buses-off-the-road","url_text":"\"Police take 28 Christchurch buses off the road\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Press","url_text":"The Press"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://leopard.co.nz/","external_links_name":"www.leopard.co.nz"},{"Link":"http://www.leopard.co.nz/leopard-environmental-commitment.php","external_links_name":"Leopard Coachlines website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100703050948/http://www.leopard.co.nz/leopard-environmental-commitment.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/industries/8743850/Coachline-promises-jobs-safe-in-crossover","external_links_name":"Coachline promises jobs safe in crossover"},{"Link":"http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO0705/S00369.htm","external_links_name":"\"EECA congratulates Leopard Coachlines\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20070110194333/http://www.metroinfo.org.nz/biodiesel_results_update.html","external_links_name":"\"Metro - The Biodiesel Trial\""},{"Link":"http://www.metroinfo.org.nz/biodiesel_results_update.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://ecan.govt.nz/news-and-notices/news/pages/safety-paramount-for-bus-services.aspx","external_links_name":"'Safety paramount for bus services' - Environment Canterbury Website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101215141612/http://ecan.govt.nz/news-and-notices/news/Pages/safety-paramount-for-bus-services.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/4362202/Police-take-28-Christchurch-buses-off-the-road","external_links_name":"\"Police take 28 Christchurch buses off the road\""},{"Link":"https://fleetlists.busaustralia.com/nz.php?search=LEP","external_links_name":"Leopard Coachlines"},{"Link":"http://leopard.co.nz/","external_links_name":"Leopard Coachlines"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_My_Life | Draw My Life | ["1 References"] | Type of internet video
Frame from a Draw My Life video
Draw My Life is an internet video genre in which the author narrates their life history, set to a fast-motion video of the author drawing illustrations usually on a whiteboard of key figures and events in their life. Drawings can be as simple as stick figures, or fully fleshed-out, created digitally or digitised. Often, the videos reveal previously hidden upsetting or unfortunate histories or stories, and end in the author thanking their audience for aiding in their success.
The first video of its kind was posted to YouTube by Irish YouTuber and musician Bry in September 2011. The style of video became a popular trend on YouTube in 2013, when several other popular YouTube personalities began uploading such videos, some of which were featured in popular online news publications. Eventually, Draw My Life videos were created for fictional characters and non-YouTubers such as Harry Potter.
References
^ a b Ed Carrasco (April 11, 2013). "The 5 Best 'Draw My Life' Videos on YouTube". New Media Rockstars. Archived from the original on June 11, 2015. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
^ de Jesus, Marco Aurelio; Batista Diniz, João (2014). "The study of the life and work of great names of modern and contemporary Physics through the production of videos with the Draw My Life technique". South American Journal of Basic Education, Technical and Technological. 1 (1), 2014. Archived from the original on January 31, 2022. Retrieved April 2, 2021. O Draw My Life (Desenhe Minha Vida, em inglês) é uma técnica de animação na qual uma pessoa com uma câmera filmadora fixa, pincéis ou canetas, folhas de papel ou quadro branco, conta sua história de vida em forma de desenho, depois por meio de programas de edição de vídeo é possível acelerar as filmagens e inserir narrações e músicas . A técnica foi lançada pelo jovem britânico Sam Pepper e postada no site YouTube, onde após milhões de visualizações passou a ser copiada por inúmeros usuários, inclusive brasileiros .
^ Kemp, Mariah (2017). Identity conveyance through multimedia: Kat Blaque's transformative narrative using Draw My Life (MA thesis). Iowa State University. pp. 32–37. doi:10.31274/etd-180810-5166. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2021.
^ "Five of the Best: Draw My Life". TenEighty. April 20, 2014. Archived from the original on January 18, 2021. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
^ Carrasco, Ed (April 12, 2013). "5 More of the Best 'Draw My Life' Videos on YouTube". NewMediaRockstars. Retrieved February 19, 2022.
^ Kleinman, Alexis (April 13, 2013). "Watch The Top YouTube Videos Of The Week: A 100-Pound Chocolate Bar, Surprise Shark And More". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on April 21, 2013. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
^ Perle, Elizabeth (May 7, 2013). "Harry Potter Tries His Hand At YouTube Phenomenon 'Draw My Life' (VIDEO)". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on June 27, 2013. Retrieved May 15, 2013.
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Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Draw_my_Life.jpg"},{"link_name":"fast-motion video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-lapse_photography"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMR1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"YouTuber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTuber"},{"link_name":"Bry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bry_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMR1-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HuffPost-6"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Frame from a Draw My Life videoDraw My Life is an internet video genre in which the author narrates their life history, set to a fast-motion video of the author drawing illustrations usually on a whiteboard of key figures and events in their life.[1][2] Drawings can be as simple as stick figures, or fully fleshed-out, created digitally or digitised.[3] Often, the videos reveal previously hidden upsetting or unfortunate histories or stories, and end in the author thanking their audience for aiding in their success.[citation needed]The first video of its kind was posted to YouTube by Irish YouTuber and musician Bry in September 2011.[4] The style of video became a popular trend on YouTube in 2013, when several other popular YouTube personalities began uploading such videos, some of which were featured in popular online news publications.[1][5][6] Eventually, Draw My Life videos were created for fictional characters and non-YouTubers such as Harry Potter.[7]","title":"Draw My Life"}] | [{"image_text":"Frame from a Draw My Life video","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Draw_my_Life.jpg/220px-Draw_my_Life.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Ed Carrasco (April 11, 2013). \"The 5 Best 'Draw My Life' Videos on YouTube\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_U.S._Colored_Infantry | 18th United States Colored Infantry Regiment | ["1 Service","2 Detailed Service","3 Commanders","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | 18th United States Colored Infantry RegimentActiveSeptember 28, 1864, to February 21, 1866CountryUnited StatesAllegianceUnited States of AmericaUnionBranchInfantryEngagements
Defense of Nashville
Battle of Nashville
Pursuit of Hood
Skirmish at Elrod's Tan Yard
Military unit
The 18th United States Colored Infantry Regiment was an African-American infantry regiment, raised in the state of Missouri, which served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
Service
Organized in Missouri at large February 1 to September 28, 1864. Unlike other African-American regiments from the State of Missouri, the regiment was mustered directly into U.S., rather than state service.
Attached to District of St. Louis, Mo., Department of Missouri, to December 1864. Unassigned, District of the Etowah, Department of the Cumberland, December 1864. 1st Colored Brigade, District of the Etowa, Dept. of the Cumberland, to January 1865. Unassigned, District of the Etowah, Dept. of the Cumberland, March 1865. 1st Colored Brigade, Dept. of the Cumberland, to July 1865. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, District of East Tennessee and Department of the Tennessee, to February 1866.
Detailed Service
Duty in District of St. Louis, Mo., and at St. Louis until November 1864. Ordered to Nashville, Tenn., November 7. Moved to Paducah, Kentucky, November 7–11, thence to Nashville, Tenn. Occupation of Nashville during Hood's investment December 1–15. Battles of Nashville December 15–16. Pursuit of Hood to the Tennessee River December 17–28. At Bridgeport, Alabama, guarding railroad until February 1865. Action at Elrod's Tan Yard January 27. At Chattanooga, Tennessee, and in District of East Tennessee until February 1866. Mustered out February 21, 1866.
Commanders
Colonel
See also
American Civil War portal
List of Missouri Civil War Units
List of United States Colored Troops Civil War units
Missouri in the American Civil War
1st Missouri Regiment of Colored Infantry
2nd Missouri Regiment of Colored Infantry
3rd Missouri Regiment of Colored Infantry
4th Missouri Regiment of Colored Infantry
Lincoln University of Missouri
References
Footnotes
^ The 62nd, not 63rd, was the first black regiment raised in Missouri. The 62nd, 65th, 67th and 68th were initially mustered in as Missouri Volunteers of African Descent.
^ The four other African-American infantry regiments raised in Missouri (the 63rd, 65th, 67th, and 68th U.S. Colored Troops) were initially organized as state regiments in Federal service: the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Missouri Regiments of Colored Infantry. Later all were later converted to "U.S." regiments in accordance with Department of War policy.
^ For further details of the action at Elrod's Tan Yard and a map of the skirmish.
Citations
^ Dyer (1908), p. 1726.
^ U.S. War Dept., Official Records, Vol. 49/1, pp. 10–12Report of Col. Felix Prince Salm, Sixty-eighth New York Infantry, January 31, 1865, pp. 10–12
Bibliography
Dobak, William A. (2011). Freedom by the Sword: The U.S. Colored Troops, 1862-1867, CMH Pub 30-24 (PDF) (1st ed.). Washington, DC: U.S. Army, Center of Military History. pp. 289, 291, 294. OCLC 1239417670. GPO SerNo 008-029-00543-3. Retrieved March 11, 2023.
Dyer, Frederick Henry (1908). A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion (PDF). Des Moines, IA: Dyer Pub. Co. pp. 35, 248, 469, 471, 473, 1726. ASIN B01BUFJ76Q. OCLC 08697590. Retrieved August 8, 2015. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
U.S. War Department (1889). Operations in Kentucky, Southwestern Virginia, Tennessee, Northern and Central Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama, and West Florida. January 1-June 30, 1865., Part I - Reports, Union and Confederate Correspondence, etc. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Vol. XLIX-LXI-I. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 10–12. hdl:2027/coo.31924077730103. OCLC 857196196. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
External links
slavestosoldiers.org - 18th US Colored Infantry
The Civil War Archive
Web site discussing the organization of Missouri "Colored Infantry", including discussions of conditions at Benton Barracks during the winter of 1863-1864. http://www.usgennet.org/usa/mo/county/stlouis/ct.htm
Web side discussing participation of veterans of Missouri's Civil War African-American regiments in the founding of Lincoln University. http://www.buffalosoldier.net/62nd65thRegimentsU.S.ColoredInfantry.htm
Lincoln University web site discussing the role of veterans of Missouri's African-American regiments in the establishment of the University. http://www.lincolnu.edu/web/about-lincoln/our-history
Link to waymarking site for the Soldier-Founder's Memorial at Lincoln University. http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM5QWY | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"African-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiment"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"Union Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyer19081726-1"}],"text":"Military unitThe 18th United States Colored Infantry Regiment was an African-American infantry regiment, raised in the state of Missouri, which served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.[1]","title":"18th United States Colored Infantry Regiment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Department of Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Etowah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etowah_River"},{"link_name":"Department of the Cumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_the_Cumberland"},{"link_name":"East Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Department of the Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_the_Tennessee"}],"text":"Organized in Missouri at large February 1 to September 28, 1864.[note 1] Unlike other African-American regiments from the State of Missouri, the regiment was mustered directly into U.S., rather than state service.[note 2]Attached to District of St. Louis, Mo., Department of Missouri, to December 1864. Unassigned, District of the Etowah, Department of the Cumberland, December 1864. 1st Colored Brigade, District of the Etowa, Dept. of the Cumberland, to January 1865. Unassigned, District of the Etowah, Dept. of the Cumberland, March 1865. 1st Colored Brigade, Dept. of the Cumberland, to July 1865. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, District of East Tennessee and Department of the Tennessee, to February 1866.","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paducah, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paducah,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Bridgeport, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgeport,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Chattanooga, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee"}],"text":"Duty in District of St. Louis, Mo., and at St. Louis until November 1864. Ordered to Nashville, Tenn., November 7. Moved to Paducah, Kentucky, November 7–11, thence to Nashville, Tenn. Occupation of Nashville during Hood's investment December 1–15. Battles of Nashville December 15–16. Pursuit of Hood to the Tennessee River December 17–28. At Bridgeport, Alabama, guarding railroad until February 1865. Action at Elrod's Tan Yard January 27.[note 3] At Chattanooga, Tennessee, and in District of East Tennessee until February 1866. Mustered out February 21, 1866.","title":"Detailed Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"}],"text":"Colonel","title":"Commanders"}] | [] | [{"title":"American Civil War portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War"},{"title":"List of Missouri Civil War Units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Missouri_Union_Civil_War_units"},{"title":"List of United States Colored Troops Civil War units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Colored_Troops_Civil_War_units"},{"title":"Missouri in the American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War"},{"title":"1st Missouri Regiment of Colored Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Missouri_Regiment_of_Colored_Infantry"},{"title":"2nd Missouri Regiment of Colored Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Missouri_Regiment_of_Colored_Infantry"},{"title":"3rd Missouri Regiment of Colored Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Missouri_Regiment_of_Colored_Infantry"},{"title":"4th Missouri Regiment of Colored Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Missouri_Regiment_of_Colored_Infantry"},{"title":"Lincoln University of Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_University_of_Missouri"}] | [{"reference":"Dobak, William A. (2011). Freedom by the Sword: The U.S. Colored Troops, 1862-1867, CMH Pub 30-24 (PDF) (1st ed.). Washington, DC: U.S. Army, Center of Military History. pp. 289, 291, 294. OCLC 1239417670. GPO SerNo 008-029-00543-3. Retrieved March 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.army.mil/catalog/pubs/30/30-24.html","url_text":"Freedom by the Sword: The U.S. Colored Troops, 1862-1867, CMH Pub 30-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1239417670","url_text":"1239417670"}]},{"reference":"Dyer, Frederick Henry (1908). A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion (PDF). Des Moines, IA: Dyer Pub. Co. pp. 35, 248, 469, 471, 473, 1726. ASIN B01BUFJ76Q. OCLC 08697590. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dies_sind_die_heilgen_Zehn_Gebot | Dies sind die heilgen zehn Gebot | ["1 History","2 Melody and settings","3 References","4 Sources","5 External links"] | Lutheran hymn
"Dies sind die heilgen zehn Gebot"Hymn by Martin LutherThe hymn in Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn, 1524EnglishThese are the holy Ten CommandmentsCatalogueZahn 1951Textby Martin LutherLanguageGermanPublished1524 (1524)
"Dies sind die heilgen zehn Gebot" (These are the holy Ten Commandments) is a hymn by the Protestant reformer Martin Luther based on the Ten Commandments. It appeared first in 1524 in the Erfurt Enchiridion.
History
The reformer Martin Luther wrote the hymn in twelve stanzas of four lines each as a catechetical setting of the Ten Commandments. The commandments were used for confession and for instructions. After an introduction, stanzas 2 to 10 are related to the ten commandments; 11 and 12 provide a conclusion, related to Jesus. In 1524, Luther published the hymn in the Erfurt Enchiridion with a hymn tune, Zahn No. 1951, based on an older melody ("In Gottes Namen Fahren wir"). The hymn is a "Leise", concluding each stanza by "Kyrieleis".
The hymn also appeared in Johann Walter's choral hymnal Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn in 1524. It appeared in 1854 in Schircks's edition of Luther‘s hymns (Geistliche Lieder), and in the hymnal Unverfälschter Liedersegen in 1851. In the current Protestant German hymnal, the Evangelisches Gesangbuch, it is EG 231.
An early English translation was titled "That men a godly life might live". It was published in Richard Massie's M. Luther's Spiritual Songs in 1854, and in the Ohio Lutheran Hymnal in 1880. Another English translation, used in various Lutheran hymnals since the 1950s, is titled "These Are the Holy Ten Commands."
Melody and settings
The melody was assigned as for "In Gottes Namen fahren wir", but other melodies were also used, such as "Wär Gott nicht mit uns diese Zeit".
Johann Michael Bach composed a chorale prelude, Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck wrote two variations for the organ, and Johann Hermann Schein composed a setting for two soprano voices and continuo. Johann Sebastian Bach wrote a four-part setting, BWV 298; he used the chorale in the opening movement of cantata Du sollt Gott, deinen Herren, lieben, BWV 77. The chorale juxtaposes the topic of the cantata, the commandment of love. In his Clavier-Übung III, he dedicated two pieces to the chorale, a chorale prelude with five voices and a fughetta for a single manual, BWV 678-679. Bach also wrote the first of the catechism chorale preludes, BWV 635, for the Orgelbüchlein.
References
^ a b c Hymnary 2017.
^ a b Gesellschaft 2017.
^ Zahn 1889.
^ a b c Hahn 2015.
^ Liedersegen.
^ Hymnary 2023.
^ Chafe 2003.
^ Jones 2013.
^ Chorale Preludes, BWV 669-689 (Bach, Johann Sebastian): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
^ Williams 2003
Sources
Books
Chafe, Eric (2003). Analyzing Bach Cantatas. Oxford University Press. pp. 161–173. ISBN 9780199882977.
Hahn, Gerhard (2015). EG 231. Dies sind die heilgen zehn Gebot (in German) (20 ed.). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 18–20. ISBN 9783647503431.
Jones, Richard D. P. (2013). The Creative Development of Johann Sebastian Bach, Volume II: 1717–1750: Music to Delight the Spirit. Oxford University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-19-969628-4.
Stip, G.Ch. H. Unverfälschter Liedersegen. Рипол Классик. p. 61. ISBN 9785883760111.
Williams, Peter (2003), The Organ Music of J. S. Bach (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 300–302, ISBN 0-521-89115-9
Zahn, Johannes (1889). Die Melodien der deutschen evangelischen Kirchenlieder (in German). Gütersloh: Bertelsmann. p. 524. volume I
Online sources
"14. Dies sind die heilgen Zehn Gebot" (PDF) (in German). Luther Gesellschaft. 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
"Dies sind die heil'gen zehn Gebot". hymnary.org. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
"These Are the Holy Ten Commands". hymnary.org. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
External links
Dies sind die heilgen zehn Gebot (Bach, Johann Michael): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
Dies sind die heilgen zehn Gebot (Schein, Johann Hermann): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
Dies sind die heilgen zehn Gebot (Sweelinck, Jan Pieterszoon): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
That Man a Godly Life Might Live hymntime.org
Dies sind die heilgen zehn Gebot BWV 298; BC F 46.1 Bach Digital
Dies sind die heiligen zehen Gebot ("Klavierübung, Teil 3") BWV 678 Bach Digital
Fughetta super: Dies sind die heiligen zehen Gebot ("Klavierübung, Teil 3") BWV 679 Bach Digital
vteHymn tunes by Zahn number
58
159
192
198
294–295
297a–c
345–346
350
352
423
533, 547–549
624
983
1174
1217–1222
1576
1689a
1706
1743
1887–1889
1947
1951
1976–1978
2029a
2164
2293
2459
2460b–2465
2561
2585
2778
3449
3498
3986
4297a
4360–4361
4427–4429a
4430
4431–4432a
4434–4435
4437–4438
4440–4441a
4442–4443
4457
4486
4947
5142
5385a
5403–5404a
5629
6283
6288
6424
6543
6551
6634–6635
6923
7012
7173
7246
7247
7377
7445a–b
7568
7663
7971
8013–8018a
8032
8244
8303
8326
8359
8405a
8584
8652
vteGerman Lutheran hymns
Ach Gott, vom Himmel sieh darein
Ach Gott, wie manches Herzeleid
Ach lieben Christen seid getrost
Ach wie flüchtig, ach wie nichtig
Allein Gott in der Höh sei Ehr
An Wasserflüssen Babylon
Aus der Tiefen rufe ich, Herr, zu dir
Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir
Befiehl du deine Wege
Christe, du Lamm Gottes
Christ lag in Todesbanden
Christum wir sollen loben schon
Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam
Christus, der uns selig macht
Christus ist erstanden
Da der Herr Christ zu Tische saß
Da Jesus an dem Kreuze stund
Der Mond ist aufgegangen
Die beste Zeit im Jahr ist mein
Die güldne Sonne voll Freud und Wonne
Dies sind die heilgen zehn Gebot
Du meine Seele singe
Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott
Ein Lämmlein geht und trägt die Schuld
Erhalt uns, Herr, bei deinem Wort
Erschienen ist der herrlich Tag
Es ist das Heil uns kommen her
Es ist genug
Es spricht der Unweisen Mund wohl
Es woll uns Gott genädig sein
Freuet euch der schönen Erde
Geh aus, mein Herz, und suche Freud
Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ
Gelobt sei Gott im höchsten Thron
Gott sei gelobet und gebenedeiet
Herr Christ, der einig Gotts Sohn
Herr Gott, dich loben wir
Herr Jesu Christ, dich zu uns wend
Herr Jesu Christ, du höchstes Gut
Herr Jesu Christ, wahr Mensch und Gott
Herr, stärke mich, dein Leiden zu bedenken
Herzlich lieb hab ich dich, o Herr
Herzlich tut mich verlangen
Herzliebster Jesu
Heut triumphieret Gottes Sohn
Ich hab in Gottes Herz und Sinn
Ich singe dir mit Herz und Mund
Ich steh an deiner Krippen hier
Im Frieden dein, o Herre mein
In dich hab ich gehoffet, Herr
Jerusalem, du hochgebaute Stadt
Jesu Leiden, Pein und Tod
Jesu, meine Freude
Jesu, meines Glaubens Zier
Jesus Christus, unser Heiland, der den Tod überwand
Jesus Christus, unser Heiland, der von uns den Gotteszorn wandt
Komm, Gott Schöpfer, Heiliger Geist
Komm, Heiliger Geist, Herre Gott
Liebster Gott, wann werd ich sterben
Liebster Jesu, wir sind hier
Lob Gott getrost mit Singen
Lobt Gott, ihr Christen alle gleich
Macht hoch die Tür
Meinen Jesum laß ich nicht
Mit Fried und Freud ich fahr dahin
Mitten wir im Leben sind
Nun bitten wir den Heiligen Geist
Nun danket alle Gott
Nun danket all und bringet Ehr
Nun freut euch, lieben Christen g'mein
Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland
Nun lasst uns den Leib begraben
Nun lasst uns gehn und treten
Nun laßt uns Gott dem Herren
Nun liebe Seel, nun ist es Zeit
Nun lob, mein Seel, den Herren
Nun preiset alle Gottes Barmherzigleit
O Ewigkeit, du Donnerwort
O Haupt voll Blut und Wunden
O Jesu Christe, wahres Licht
O komm, du Geist der Wahrheit
O Lamm Gottes, unschuldig
O Mensch, bewein dein Sünde groß
O Welt, sieh hier dein Leben
Schmücke dich, o liebe Seele
Sie ist mir lieb, die werte Magd
Singet dem Herrn ein neues Lied
Straf mich nicht in deinem Zorn
Such, wer da will, ein ander Ziel
Valet will ich dir geben
Vater unser im Himmelreich
Vom Himmel hoch, da komm ich her
Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme
Wär Gott nicht mit uns diese Zeit
Warum betrübst du dich, mein Herz
Warum sollt ich mich denn grämen
Was Gott tut, das ist wohlgetan
Was willst du dich betrüben
Weißt du, wie viel Sternlein stehen
Werde munter, mein Gemüte
Wer nur den lieben Gott läßt walten
Wer weiß, wie nahe mir mein Ende
Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern
Wie soll ich dich empfangen
Wir glauben all an einen Gott
Wir wollen alle fröhlich sein
Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält
Wo soll ich fliehen hin
Lutheran chorale
List of hymns by Martin Luther | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hymn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymn"},{"link_name":"Protestant reformer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformers"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther"},{"link_name":"Ten Commandments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Commandments"},{"link_name":"Erfurt Enchiridion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt_Enchiridion"}],"text":"\"Dies sind die heilgen zehn Gebot\" (These are the holy Ten Commandments) is a hymn by the Protestant reformer Martin Luther based on the Ten Commandments. 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The commandments were used for confession and for instructions.[1] After an introduction, stanzas 2 to 10 are related to the ten commandments; 11 and 12 provide a conclusion, related to Jesus.[2] In 1524, Luther published the hymn in the Erfurt Enchiridion with a hymn tune, Zahn No. 1951, based on an older melody (\"In Gottes Namen Fahren wir\").[1][3] The hymn is a \"Leise\", concluding each stanza by \"Kyrieleis\".[2][4]The hymn also appeared in Johann Walter's choral hymnal Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn in 1524.[4] It appeared in 1854 in Schircks's edition of Luther‘s hymns (Geistliche Lieder), and in the hymnal Unverfälschter Liedersegen in 1851.[5] In the current Protestant German hymnal, the Evangelisches Gesangbuch, it is EG 231.An early English translation was titled \"That men a godly life might live\". It was published in Richard Massie's M. Luther's Spiritual Songs in 1854, and in the Ohio Lutheran Hymnal in 1880.[1] Another English translation, used in various Lutheran hymnals since the 1950s, is titled \"These Are the Holy Ten Commands.\"[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wär Gott nicht mit uns diese Zeit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A4r_Gott_nicht_mit_uns_diese_Zeit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHahn2015-4"},{"link_name":"Johann Michael Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Michael_Bach"},{"link_name":"chorale prelude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorale_prelude"},{"link_name":"Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Sweelinck"},{"link_name":"Johann Hermann Schein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Hermann_Schein"},{"link_name":"Johann Sebastian Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach"},{"link_name":"Du sollt Gott, deinen Herren, lieben, BWV 77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du_sollt_Gott,_deinen_Herren,_lieben,_BWV_77"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChafe2003-7"},{"link_name":"commandment of love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Commandment"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2013-8"},{"link_name":"Clavier-Übung III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavier-%C3%9Cbung_III"},{"link_name":"fughetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugue_(music)"},{"link_name":"BWV 678-679","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWV_678"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"BWV 635","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWV_635"},{"link_name":"Orgelbüchlein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orgelb%C3%BCchlein"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The melody was assigned as for \"In Gottes Namen fahren wir\", but other melodies were also used, such as \"Wär Gott nicht mit uns diese Zeit\".[4]Johann Michael Bach composed a chorale prelude, Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck wrote two variations for the organ, and Johann Hermann Schein composed a setting for two soprano voices and continuo. Johann Sebastian Bach wrote a four-part setting, BWV 298; he used the chorale in the opening movement of cantata Du sollt Gott, deinen Herren, lieben, BWV 77. [7] The chorale juxtaposes the topic of the cantata, the commandment of love.[8] In his Clavier-Übung III, he dedicated two pieces to the chorale, a chorale prelude with five voices and a fughetta for a single manual, BWV 678-679.[9] Bach also wrote the first of the catechism chorale preludes, BWV 635, for the Orgelbüchlein.[10]","title":"Melody and settings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Analyzing Bach Cantatas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=wVXP165e-uEC&pg=PA161"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780199882977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199882977"},{"link_name":"EG 231. Dies sind die heilgen zehn Gebot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=X-v3CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18"},{"link_name":"Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandenhoeck_%26_Ruprecht"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9783647503431","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783647503431"},{"link_name":"The Creative Development of Johann Sebastian Bach, Volume II: 1717–1750: Music to Delight the Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=AzBoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA126"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-969628-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969628-4"},{"link_name":"Unverfälschter Liedersegen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=USMUAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA614"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9785883760111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785883760111"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-89115-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-89115-9"},{"link_name":"Zahn, Johannes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Zahn"},{"link_name":"Die Melodien der deutschen evangelischen Kirchenlieder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//imslp.org/wiki/Die_Melodien_der_deutschen_evangelischen_Kirchenlieder_(Zahn,_Johannes)"},{"link_name":"Bertelsmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertelsmann"},{"link_name":"524","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/1508283124bsb11304498/page/n531"},{"link_name":"volume I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/1508283124bsb11304498"},{"link_name":"\"14. Dies sind die heilgen Zehn Gebot\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.luther-gesellschaft.de/assets/pdf/lieder/dies_sind_die_heilgen_zehn_gebot.pdf"},{"link_name":"\"Dies sind die heil'gen zehn Gebot\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hymnary.org/text/dies_sind_die_heilgen_zehn_gebot"},{"link_name":"\"These Are the Holy Ten Commands\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hymnary.org/text/these_are_the_holy_ten_commands_god_gave"}],"text":"BooksChafe, Eric (2003). Analyzing Bach Cantatas. Oxford University Press. pp. 161–173. ISBN 9780199882977.\nHahn, Gerhard (2015). EG 231. Dies sind die heilgen zehn Gebot (in German) (20 ed.). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 18–20. ISBN 9783647503431.\nJones, Richard D. P. (2013). The Creative Development of Johann Sebastian Bach, Volume II: 1717–1750: Music to Delight the Spirit. Oxford University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-19-969628-4.\nStip, G.Ch. H. Unverfälschter Liedersegen. Рипол Классик. p. 61. ISBN 9785883760111.\nWilliams, Peter (2003), The Organ Music of J. S. Bach (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 300–302, ISBN 0-521-89115-9\nZahn, Johannes (1889). Die Melodien der deutschen evangelischen Kirchenlieder (in German). Gütersloh: Bertelsmann. p. 524. volume IOnline sources\"14. Dies sind die heilgen Zehn Gebot\" (PDF) (in German). Luther Gesellschaft. 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2017.\n\"Dies sind die heil'gen zehn Gebot\". hymnary.org. Retrieved 4 June 2017.\n\"These Are the Holy Ten Commands\". hymnary.org. Retrieved 28 June 2023.","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Chafe, Eric (2003). Analyzing Bach Cantatas. Oxford University Press. pp. 161–173. ISBN 9780199882977.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wVXP165e-uEC&pg=PA161","url_text":"Analyzing Bach Cantatas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199882977","url_text":"9780199882977"}]},{"reference":"Hahn, Gerhard (2015). EG 231. Dies sind die heilgen zehn Gebot (in German) (20 ed.). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 18–20. ISBN 9783647503431.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=X-v3CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18","url_text":"EG 231. Dies sind die heilgen zehn Gebot"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandenhoeck_%26_Ruprecht","url_text":"Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783647503431","url_text":"9783647503431"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Richard D. P. (2013). The Creative Development of Johann Sebastian Bach, Volume II: 1717–1750: Music to Delight the Spirit. Oxford University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-19-969628-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AzBoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA126","url_text":"The Creative Development of Johann Sebastian Bach, Volume II: 1717–1750: Music to Delight the Spirit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969628-4","url_text":"978-0-19-969628-4"}]},{"reference":"Stip, G.Ch. H. Unverfälschter Liedersegen. Рипол Классик. p. 61. ISBN 9785883760111.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=USMUAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA614","url_text":"Unverfälschter Liedersegen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785883760111","url_text":"9785883760111"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Peter (2003), The Organ Music of J. S. Bach (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 300–302, ISBN 0-521-89115-9","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-89115-9","url_text":"0-521-89115-9"}]},{"reference":"Zahn, Johannes (1889). Die Melodien der deutschen evangelischen Kirchenlieder (in German). Gütersloh: Bertelsmann. p. 524.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Zahn","url_text":"Zahn, Johannes"},{"url":"https://imslp.org/wiki/Die_Melodien_der_deutschen_evangelischen_Kirchenlieder_(Zahn,_Johannes)","url_text":"Die Melodien der deutschen evangelischen Kirchenlieder"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertelsmann","url_text":"Bertelsmann"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/1508283124bsb11304498/page/n531","url_text":"524"}]},{"reference":"\"14. Dies sind die heilgen Zehn Gebot\" (PDF) (in German). Luther Gesellschaft. 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.luther-gesellschaft.de/assets/pdf/lieder/dies_sind_die_heilgen_zehn_gebot.pdf","url_text":"\"14. Dies sind die heilgen Zehn Gebot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dies sind die heil'gen zehn Gebot\". hymnary.org. Retrieved 4 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://hymnary.org/text/dies_sind_die_heilgen_zehn_gebot","url_text":"\"Dies sind die heil'gen zehn Gebot\""}]},{"reference":"\"These Are the Holy Ten Commands\". hymnary.org. Retrieved 28 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://hymnary.org/text/these_are_the_holy_ten_commands_god_gave","url_text":"\"These Are the Holy Ten Commands\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wVXP165e-uEC&pg=PA161","external_links_name":"Analyzing Bach Cantatas"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=X-v3CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18","external_links_name":"EG 231. Dies sind die heilgen zehn Gebot"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AzBoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA126","external_links_name":"The Creative Development of Johann Sebastian Bach, Volume II: 1717–1750: Music to Delight the Spirit"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=USMUAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA614","external_links_name":"Unverfälschter Liedersegen"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/1508283124bsb11304498/page/n531","external_links_name":"524"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/1508283124bsb11304498","external_links_name":"volume I"},{"Link":"http://www.luther-gesellschaft.de/assets/pdf/lieder/dies_sind_die_heilgen_zehn_gebot.pdf","external_links_name":"\"14. Dies sind die heilgen Zehn Gebot\""},{"Link":"http://hymnary.org/text/dies_sind_die_heilgen_zehn_gebot","external_links_name":"\"Dies sind die heil'gen zehn Gebot\""},{"Link":"https://hymnary.org/text/these_are_the_holy_ten_commands_god_gave","external_links_name":"\"These Are the Holy Ten Commands\""},{"Link":"http://www.hymntime.com/tch/htm/t/h/a/thatmana.htm","external_links_name":"That Man a Godly Life Might Live"},{"Link":"https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000368","external_links_name":"Dies sind die heilgen zehn Gebot BWV 298; BC F 46.1"},{"Link":"https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000794","external_links_name":"Dies sind die heiligen zehen Gebot (\"Klavierübung, Teil 3\") BWV 678"},{"Link":"https://www.bach-digital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000795","external_links_name":"Fughetta super: Dies sind die heiligen zehen Gebot (\"Klavierübung, Teil 3\") BWV 679"}] |
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